Question: who coined the term survival of the fittest

Answer: Herbert Spencer

This is a document about Survival of the fittest
   "Survival of the fittest" is a phrase that originated from Darwinian evolutionary theory as a way of describing the mechanism of natural selection. The biological concept of fitness is defined as reproductive success. In Darwinian terms the phrase is best understood as "Survival of the form that will leave the most copies of itself in successive generations." Herbert Spencer first used the phrase, after reading Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species, in his Principles of Biology (1864), in which he drew parallels between his own economic theories and Darwin's biological ones: "This survival of the fittest, which I have here sought to express in mechanical terms, is that which Mr. Darwin has called 'natural selection', or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life." Darwin responded positively to Alfred Russel Wallace's suggestion of using Spencer's new phrase "survival of the fittest" as an alternative to "natural selection", and adopted the phrase in The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication published in 1868. In On the Origin of Species, he introduced the phrase in the fifth edition published in 1869, intending it to mean "better designed for an immediate, local environment".

This is a document about Unilineal evolution
  writings of Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer (who coined the phrase "survival of the fittest") and William Graham Sumner. In many ways Spencer's theory of 'cosmic evolution' has much more in common with the works of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and Auguste Comte than with contemporary works of Charles Darwin. Spencer also developed and published his theories several years earlier than Darwin. In regard to social institutions, however, there is a good case that Spencer's writings might be classified as 'Social Evolutionism'. Although he wrote that societies over time progressed, and that progress was accomplished through competition, he stressed that the individual (rather than the collectivity) is the unit of analysis that evolves, that evolution takes place through natural selection and that it affects social as well as biological phenomenon.

This is a document about Fitness (biology)
  The British sociologist Herbert Spencer coined the phrase "survival of the fittest" in his 1864 work Principles of Biology to characterise what Charles Darwin had called natural selection. The British biologist J.B.S. Haldane was the first to quantify fitness, in terms of the modern evolutionary synthesis of Darwinism and Mendelian genetics starting with his 1924 paper A Mathematical Theory of Natural and Artificial Selection. The next further advance was the introduction of the concept of inclusive fitness by the British biologist W.D. Hamilton in 1964 in his paper on The Genetical Evolution of Social Behaviour.

This is a document about Natural selection
  the phrase survival of the fittest, which became a popular summary of the theory. The fifth edition of On the Origin of Species published in 1869 included Spencer's phrase as an alternative to natural selection, with credit given: "But the expression often used by Mr. Herbert Spencer of the Survival of the Fittest is more accurate, and is sometimes equally convenient." Although the phrase is still often used by non-biologists, modern biologists avoid it because it is tautological if "fittest" is read to mean "functionally superior" and is applied to individuals rather than considered as an averaged quantity over populations.

This is a document about On the Origin of Species
  from Charles Kingsley, and the phrase "by the Creator" added to the closing sentence. During Darwin's lifetime the book went through six editions, with cumulative changes and revisions to deal with counter-arguments raised. The third edition came out in 1861, with a number of sentences rewritten or added and an introductory appendix, An Historical Sketch of the Recent Progress of Opinion on the Origin of Species, while the fourth in 1866 had further revisions. The fifth edition, published on 10 February 1869, incorporated more changes and for the first time included the phrase "survival of the fittest", which had been coined by the philosopher Herbert Spencer in his Principles of Biology (1864). In January 1871, George Jackson Mivart's On the Genesis of Species listed detailed arguments against natural selection, and claimed it

This is a document about Where Adam Stood
  the case of fossils which pretend to be the bones of dead animals; but in the one single case of your newly created scars on the pandanus trunk, your newly created Adam's navel, you make God tell a lie. It is not my reason, but my conscience which revolts here ... I cannot ... believe that God has written on the rocks one enormous and superfluous lie for all mankind." In the play, the use of the expression "survival of the fittest" is attributed to Darwin; in reality it was first coined by Herbert Spencer in his Principals of Biology (1864).

This is a document about Social effects of evolutionary theory
  The theory of evolution by natural selection has also been adopted as a foundation for various ethical and social systems, such as social Darwinism, an idea that preceded the publication of The Origin of Species, popular in the 19th century, which holds that "the survival of the fittest" (a phrase coined in 1851 by Herbert Spencer, 8 years before Darwin published his theory of evolution) explains and justifies differences in wealth and success among societies and people. A similar interpretation was one created by Darwin's cousin, Francis Galton, known as eugenics, which claimed that human civilization was subverting natural selection by allowing the less bright and less healthy to survive and out-breed the more smart and more healthy. Later

This is a document about Falsifiability
  In the 5th and 6th editions of On the Origin of Species, following a suggestion of Alfred Russel Wallace, Darwin used "Survival of the fittest", an expression first coined by Herbert Spencer, as a synonym for "Natural Selection". Popper and others said that, if one uses the most widely accepted definition of "fitness" in modern biology (see subsection ), namely reproductive success itself, the expression "survival of the fittest" is a tautology. In practice, as illustrated by the peppered moth example of section, the questions asked are of the kind how specific traits affect the survival rate or fitness of a species when confronted by an environmental factor such as industrial pollution. Great Darwinist Ronald Fisher worked out mathematical theorems to help answer this kind of questions. But, for Popper and others, there is no (falsifiable) law of Natural Selection in this, because it only applies to some rare traits. Instead, for Popper, the work of Fisher and others on Natural Selection is part of an important metaphysical research program.

This is a document about Sociocultural evolution
  culture, and society was the result, paralleling the evolution of the human species: “Modern savages [sic] became, in effect, living fossils left behind by the march of progress, relics of the Paleolithic still lingering on into the present.” Classical social evolutionism is most closely associated with the 19th-century writings of Auguste Comte and of Herbert Spencer (coiner of the phrase "survival of the fittest"). In many ways, Spencer's theory of "cosmic evolution" has much more in common with the works of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and Auguste Comte than with contemporary works of Charles Darwin. Spencer also developed and published his theories

This is a document about Introduction to evolution
  implication that all life on Earth has a common ancestor has met with objections from some religious groups. Their objections are in contrast to the level of support for the theory by more than 99 percent of those within the scientific community today. Natural selection is commonly equated with survival of the fittest, but this expression originated in Herbert Spencer's Principles of Biology in 1864, five years after Charles Darwin published his original works. Survival of the fittest describes the process of natural selection incorrectly, because natural selection is not only about survival and it is not always the fittest that survives.

This is a document about Survival of the fittest
  By his own account, Herbert Spencer described a concept similar to "survival of the fittest" in his 1852 "A Theory of Population". He first used the phrase – after reading Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species – in his Principles of Biology of 1864 in which he drew parallels between his economic theories and Darwin's biological, evolutionary ones, writing, "This survival of the fittest, which I have here sought to express in mechanical terms, is that which Mr. Darwin has called 'natural selection', or the preservation of favored races in the struggle for life." In July 1866 Alfred Russel Wallace wrote to Darwin about readers thinking that the phrase "natural selection" personified nature

This is a document about American philosophy
  The release of Charles Darwin's evolutionary theory in his 1859 publication of On the Origin of Species had a strong impact on American philosophy. John Fiske and Chauncey Wright both wrote about and argued for the re-conceiving of philosophy through an evolutionary lens. They both wanted to understand morality and the mind in Darwinian terms, setting a precedent for evolutionary psychology and evolutionary ethics. Darwin's biological theory was also integrated into the social and political philosophies of English thinker Herbert Spencer and American philosopher William Graham Sumner. Herbert Spencer, who coined the oft-misattributed term "survival of the fittest," believed that societies were in a struggle for survival, and that groups within society are where they are because of some level of fitness. This struggle is beneficial to human kind, as

This is a document about Philosophy of history
  Maine described the direction of progress as "from status to contract," from a world in which a child's whole life is pre-determined by the circumstances of his birth, toward one of mobility and choice. The publication of Darwin's The Origin of Species in 1859 introduced human evolution. However, it was quickly transposed from its original biological field to the social field, in social Darwinist theories. Herbert Spencer, who coined the term "survival of the fittest", or Lewis Henry Morgan in Ancient Society (1877) developed evolutionist theories independent from Darwin's works, which would be later interpreted as social Darwinism. These nineteenth-century unilineal

This is a document about Darwinism
  "Darwinism" soon came to stand for an entire range of evolutionary (and often revolutionary) philosophies about both biology and society. One of the more prominent approaches, summed in the 1864 phrase "survival of the fittest" by Herbert Spencer, later became emblematic of Darwinism even though Spencer's own understanding of evolution (as expressed in 1857) was more similar to that of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck than to that of Darwin, and predated the publication of Darwin's theory in 1859. What is now called "Social Darwinism" was, in its day, synonymous with "Darwinism"—the application of Darwinian principles of "struggle" to society, usually in support of anti-philanthropic political agenda. Another interpretation, one notably favoured by Darwin's half-cousin Francis Galton, was that "Darwinism" implied that because natural selection was apparently

This is a document about Human ecology
  species with the necessaries of life" The work of Linnaeus influenced Charles Darwin and other scientists of his time who used Linnaeus' terminology (i.e., the economy and polis of nature) with direct implications on matters of human affairs, ecology, and economics. Ecology is not just biological, but a human science as well. An early and influential social scientist in the history of human ecology was Herbert Spencer. Spencer was influenced by and reciprocated his influence onto the works of Charles Darwin. Herbert Spencer coined the phrase "survival of the fittest", he was an early founder of sociology where he developed the idea of society as an organism,

This is a document about Bolesław Prus
  coined the phrase, "survival of the fittest." Prus called Spencer "the Aristotle of the 19th century" and wrote: "I grew up under the influence of Spencerian evolutionary philosophy and heeded its counsels, not those of Idealist or Comtean philosophy." Prus interpreted "survival of the fittest," in the societal sphere, as involving not only competition but also cooperation; and he adopted Spencer's metaphor of society as organism. He used this metaphor to striking effect in his 1884 micro-story "Mold of the Earth," and in the introduction to his 1895 historical novel, Pharaoh. After Prus began writing regular weekly newspaper columns, his finances stabilized, permitting him on 14 January

This is a document about Henri Bergson
  throw itself in water, and only then can thought consider swimming as possible. Intelligence, for Bergson, is a practical faculty rather than a pure speculative faculty, a product of evolution used by man to survive. If metaphysics is to avoid "false problems", it should not extend the abstract concepts of intelligence to pure speculation, but rather use intuition. The Creative Evolution in particular attempted to think through the continuous creation of life, and explicitly pitted itself against Herbert Spencer's evolutionary philosophy. Spencer had attempted to transpose Charles Darwin's theory of evolution in philosophy and to construct a cosmology based on this theory (Spencer also coined the expression "survival of the fittest"). Bergson disputed what he saw as

This is a document about Survival of the fittest
  in the context of societies at war, and the form of his reference suggests that he is applying a general principle. "Thus by survival of the fittest, the militant type of society becomes characterized by profound confidence in the governing power, joined with a loyalty causing submission to it in all matters whatever". Though Spencer's conception of organic evolution is commonly interpreted as a form of Lamarckism, Herbert Spencer is sometimes credited with inaugurating Social Darwinism. The phrase "survival of the fittest" has become widely used in popular literature as a catchphrase for any topic related or analogous to evolution and natural selection. It has thus been applied to principles of unrestrained competition,

This is a document about Objections to evolution
  A related claim to the supposed unfalsifiability of evolution is that natural selection is tautological. Specifically, it is often argued that the phrase "survival of the fittest" is a tautology, in that fitness is defined as ability to survive and reproduce. This phrase was first used by Herbert Spencer in 1864 but is rarely used by biologists. Additionally, fitness is more accurately defined as the state of possessing traits that make survival more likely; this definition, unlike simple "survivability", avoids being trivially true. Similarly, it is argued that evolutionary theory is circular reasoning, in that evidence is interpreted as supporting evolution, but evolution is required to interpret the evidence. An example of this is the claim that geological strata are dated through the fossils they hold, but that fossils are in turn dated by the strata they are in. However, in most cases strata are not dated by their fossils, but by their position relative to other strata and by radiometric dating, and most strata were dated before the theory of evolution was formulated.

This is a document about Social theory
  At the turn of the 20th century, the first of German sociologists, including Max Weber and Georg Simmel, developed sociological antipositivism. The field may be broadly recognized as an amalgam of three modes of social scientific thought in particular; Durkheimian sociological positivism and structural functionalism, Marxist historical materialism and conflict theory, and Weberian antipositivism and verstehen critique. Another early modern theorist, Herbert Spencer (1820–1903), coined the term "survival of the fittest". Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923) and Pitirim A. Sorokin argued that "history goes in cycles," and presented the social cycle theory to illustrate their point. Ferdinand Tönnies (1855–1936) made community and society (Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft, 1887)

Herbert Spencer coined the term "survival of the fittest" in 1864, but Charles Darwin popularized it in his 1868 book "The Descent of Man."


Question: when are you issued with a national insurance number

Answer: shortly after birth

This is a document about National Insurance number
  The National Insurance number is a number used in the United Kingdom in the administration of the National Insurance or social security system. It is also used for some purposes in the UK tax system. The number is sometimes referred to as a NI No or NINO.

This is a document about National Insurance
  In order to administer the National Insurance system, a National Insurance number is allocated to every child shortly after their birth when a claim to Child Benefit is made. People coming from overseas have to apply for a NI number before they can qualify for benefits, though holding a NI number is not a prerequisite for working in the UK. An NI number is in the format: two letters, six digits, and one further letter or a space. The example used is typically QQ123456C. It is usual to pair off the digits - such separators are seen on forms used by government departments (both internal and external, notably the P45 and P60).

This is a document about National Insurance number
  Shortly before a person's 16th birthday, HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) notifies them of their NI number. In 1993, a one-off mass allocation of NI numbers was made to all children under the age of 16 whose parents were in receipt of Child Benefit. As a result of this, siblings who met the criteria above were allocated NI numbers sequentially. People from abroad who wish to work in the UK, or those to whom a number was not initially allocated as children, must apply for a number through the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP).

This is a document about National Insurance
  The current system of National Insurance has its roots in the National Insurance Act 1911, which introduced the concept of benefits based on contributions paid by employed persons and their employer. William Martin-Smith was issued with the First NI number A1. The chosen means of recording the contributions required the employer to buy special stamps from a Post Office and affix them to contribution cards. The cards formed proof of entitlement to benefits and were given to the employee when the employment ended, leading to the loss of a job often being referred to as being given your cards, a phrase which endures to this

This is a document about National Insurance number
  Prior to 1984, when a person was allocated an NI number, a manila notification card was issued to them. From 1984 until 2011, they received a plastic 'numbercard', of similar proportions to a credit card, with the number raised on the front. The card was only used as a reminder of the number; it was not needed to start work, and was not considered a valid identity card. Numbercards were phased out after September 2010 and their issue ceased in October 2011. NI numbers are now notified by letter.

This is a document about Revenue stamps of Barbados
  National Insurance stamps were first issued in 1966, with a numeral design. Six values from 55c to $3.50 as well as twelve values for self-employed from 35c to $6 were issued. Similar issues appeared in 1967, 1972 and 1977, with several differences in the design. In all at least 36 different stamps were issued.

This is a document about National identification number
  A national identification number, national identity number, or national insurance number is used by the governments of many countries as a means of tracking their citizens, permanent residents, and temporary residents for the purposes of work, taxation, government benefits, health care, and other governmentally-related functions. The ways in which such a system is implemented vary among countries, but in most cases citizens are issued an identification number upon reaching legal age, or when they are born. Non-citizens may be issued such numbers when they enter the country, or when granted a temporary or permanent residence permit. Many countries issued such numbers for a singular purpose, but over time, they become a de facto national identification number. For example, the United States developed its Social Security number (SSN) system as a means

This is a document about National Insurance number
  National Insurance numbers issued in the Isle of Man hold the prefix MA. Similarly, those issued in Jersey start with JY, and those issued in Guernsey hold the prefix GY. Only Channel Island NINOs issued prior to 1975 are validated, and recognised for UK use by HMRC.

This is a document about National Insurance number
  NICs by tax years. In Great Britain, expired NI cards were sorted into one hundred separate groups corresponding to the final two numbers of the NI number and were posted to the individual insured person's NI account (the RF1) by the corresponding one hundred ledger sections at the Records Branch of the Central Office of the Ministry of Labour and its successors—the Ministry of National Insurance (from 1945), Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance (1953), the Department of Health and Social Security (1968), Department of Social Security (1988), and Department for Work and Pensions (since 2001). These 100 sections dealt not only with the recording of NI contributions but with requests for information

This is a document about National Insurance
  National Insurance (NI) is a fundamental component of the welfare state in the United Kingdom. It acts as a form of social security, since payment of NI contributions establishes entitlement to certain state benefits for workers and their families. Introduced by the National Insurance Act 1911 and expanded by the Labour government in 1948, the system has been subjected to numerous amendments in succeeding years. Initially, it was a contributory form of insurance against illness and unemployment, and eventually provided retirement pensions and other benefits. Currently, workers pay contributions from the age of 16 years, until the age they become eligible for the State pension. Contributions are due from employed persons earning at or above a threshold called the Lower Earnings Limit, the value of which is reviewed each year. Self-employed persons contribute partly through a fixed weekly or monthly payment, and partly on

This is a document about National identification number
  for income tax purposes. The number is stylised as LL NN NN NN L, for example AA 01 23 44 B. Each baby born in the England and Wales is issued a National Health Service number, taking the form NNN-NNN-NNNN, for example 122-762-9257 (the last number being a check digit ). They were formerly of the style "LLLNNL NNN", for example KWB91M 342, which continued patterns used in World War II identity cards. However, due to the decentralised nature of local NHS organisations issuing the numbers, some patients have been allocated several numbers, the ratio is more often more (one person:many numbers) than (one

This is a document about National identification number
  There is no legal requirement in UK to obtain or carry any identification document or other proof of identity, however some form of identification is required for many things like renting a flat. A National Insurance number is used to administer state benefits, but has not gained the ubiquity of its US equivalent, and is not considered proof of identity. As it is the only number that is unique to each individual, does not change during the course of the person's lifetime, and is issued to virtually every adult throughout the UK, it is used by Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs (HMRC) to track

This is a document about National Insurance
  National Insurance contributions for all UK residents and some non-residents are recorded using the NPS computer system (National Insurance and PAYE Service). This came into use in June and July 2009 and brought NIC and Income Tax records together onto a single system for the first time. The original National Insurance Recording System (NIRS) was a more archaic system first used in 1975 without direct user access to its records. A civil servant working within the Contributions Office (NICO) would have to request paper printouts of an individual's account which could take up to two weeks to arrive. New information to be added to the account would be sent to specialised data

This is a document about National identification number
  In Sri Lanka, all citizens over the age of 16 need to apply for a National Identity Card (NIC). NICs issued before 1 January 2016, each NIC has a unique 9 digit number and one letter, in the format 000000000A (where 0 is a digit and A is a letter). The first two digits of the number are the holder's year of birth (e.g.: 91xxxxxxxx for someone born in 1991). The next three digits contain the number of days in the year of the person's birth. For females, 500 is added to the number of days. The next three digits are serial number of the issued day. The next digit is the check digit. The final letter is generally a

This is a document about National Insurance number
  qualifying contributions necessary to pay sickness, unemployment, widows, and other benefits and also with any correspondence arising from those NI accounts and NI cards. Within each of the 100 sections, NI numbers were allocated among 16 splits with one clerk administering each split. To trace unknown NI numbers, a general index contained millions of small RF2 index slips, filed in order of surname and listing the name(s), date of birth, and NI number for every person within the National Insurance scheme. The Northern Ireland National Insurance scheme is funded and administered separately from the scheme in Great Britain but operates identically so that, in practice, the same rules apply throughout the United Kingdom.

This is a document about Personal identity number (Sweden)
  medical record) and some more (e.g. for special privacy protection such as HIV tests), will get a reserve number (reservnummer) which is temporary and used only for the health care. They have the birth date (if known) and four more digits that can't be a real identity number. Also, all organisations, including companies, have organisation numbers (organisationsnummer). They look like personal identity numbers but have a "month" number of 20 or higher. They are used for tax purposes etc. and have to be printed on receipts. The taxable assets of deceased people are, if not fully sold or inherited within 1-2 years, reassigned to organisation numbers, in order to free up Personal identity numbers for future children.

This is a document about National Insurance number
  The National Insurance number is used as a reference number in the Pay As You Earn system, and also by the self-employed. It is also used in applications for Individual Savings Accounts (ISAs), to check that an individual has opened only one ISA in a tax year. However, the NI number is not used universally as a tax identification number. Taxpayers who need to file a tax return are given a different number, a Unique Taxpayer Reference (UTR), which is used as a reference number in the self-assessment tax system.

This is a document about Identity documents in the United States
   The Social Security number (SSN) and card are issued by the Social Security Administration. Almost all parents voluntarily apply for a Social Security number shortly after the birth of a child. In the absence of a national identity card (and concordant national identity number), the Social Security number has become the de facto national identifier for a large variety of purposes, both governmental and non-governmental. The SSN was created to ensure accurate reporting of a worker's wages to the Social Security Administration. Prior to 1986, it was common to apply for a SSN shortly before it might be needed, most often when a teenager. Tax reform acts of 1986, 1988, and 1990 required parents to supply the SSN of children over age 5, 2, or 1 respectively, to receive an income tax

This is a document about National Registration Act 1939
  enumerators across the country delivered forms ahead of the chosen day. On Friday 29 September 1939, householders were required to record details on the registration forms. On the following Sunday and Monday the enumerators visited every householder, checked the form and then issued a completed identity card for each of the residents. All cards at this time were the same brown/buff colour. Some 45 million identity cards were issued. The estimate of the population of England and Wales for 1939 was 41.465 million exclusive of army, navy and merchant seamen abroad, and some sources record the register as so the figure of 45 million may include the members of the armed forces abroad or in Scotland. Three main reasons for the introduction of the identity cards were:

This is a document about National identification number
  In Spain, all resident Spanish citizens can obtain (mandatorily after 14 years old) a National Identity Document (Spanish: Documento Nacional de Identidad (DNI)), with a unique number, in the format 00000000-A, where 0 is a digit and A is a checksum letter. Since 2010, foreign residents are no longer issued with identity cards, although they are assigned a number in the format X-0000000-A (again, 0 is a digit, A is a checksum letter, and X is a letter, generally X but lately also Y), called an NIE Number (Número de Identificación de Extranjeros, Foreigner's Identification Number). The DNI is required for all transactions related with tax authority, as well as to access the ubiquitous Spanish National Health System (although it has its own insured identification document), apply for marriage licences, receive unemployment compensation, and in general all interactions with law enforcement and any government or government-supervised institution. Foreign residents are required to use their passports together with the document containing their NIE number

A National Insurance number is usually issued to a child shortly after their birth, and to adults who are not already in possession of one when they apply for one. In the UK, HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) sends a notification of a child's number before their 16th birthday. For adults, they can apply for a number through the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) if they were not born in the UK or if they did not receive a number as a child.


Question: who plays the hairdresser in she 's the man

Answer: Jonathan Sadowski

This is a document about She's the Man
  She's the Man is a 2006 American romantic comedy teen sports film directed by Andy Fickman and starring Amanda Bynes, Channing Tatum, Laura Ramsey, Vinnie Jones, and David Cross. Inspired by William Shakespeare's play Twelfth Night, the film centers on teenager Viola Hastings, who enters her brother's new boarding school, Illyria Prep, in his place and pretends to be a boy in order to play on the boys' soccer team. The film was a moderate commercial success, grossing $57.2 million against a budget of $20–25 million. The film received mixed reviews from critics, but Bynes' performance was praised.

This is a document about Amanda Bynes
  Bynes was named one of Teen Peoples "25 Hottest Stars Under 25" in 2006. In 2006, Bynes starred in the sport comedy film She's the Man, based on William Shakespeare's Twelfth Night. She portrays Viola Hastings, a girl who pretends to be a boy to play with the boys' soccer team after her team gets cut at her school. Critic Roger Ebert wrote "Of Amanda Bynes let us say that she is sunny and plucky and somehow finds a way to play her impossible role without clearing her throat more than six or eight times. More importantly, we like her." Magazine Bustle wrote in 2018: "She's The Man was hot and hilarious and anxiety-inducing. It was perfect, and Bynes

This is a document about Diane Keaton
  Diane Hall Keaton (born Diane Hall; January 5, 1946) is an American actress. Known for her idiosyncratic personality and fashion style, she has received various accolades throughout her career, including an Academy Award, a British Academy Film Award, two Golden Globe Awards, and the AFI Life Achievement Award. Keaton began her career on stage appearing in the original 1968 Broadway production of the musical Hair. The next year, she received a Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play nomination for her performance in Woody Allen's comic play Play it Again, Sam. She then made her screen debut in a small role

This is a document about She's the Man
  Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gave She's the Man a rating of 44%, based on 114 reviews, and an average rating of 5.10/10. The critical consensus reads, "Shakespeare's wit gets lost in translation with She's the Man's broad slapstick, predictable jokes, and unconvincing plotline." Metacritic, gave the film has a weighted average score of 45 out of 100 based on reviews from 28 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "B+" on scale of A to F. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times wrote "...Amanda Bynes let us say that she is sunny and plucky and somehow finds a way to play her

This is a document about The Starting Line
  radio and TV airplay, securing The Starting Line a spot on the Warped Tour. A clip of "Up & Go" was played during an episode of the short-lived television series from Fox, John Doe. The episode aired December 13, 2002, and was entitled 'The Mourner.' "Up & Go" was also included in the full-length trailer for the movie She's The Man, which starred Amanda Bynes. Due to their desire to put out new material, the band decided to release an all-unplugged EP, recorded in three sessions over the following year. The first three songs ("Make Yourself at Home", "Selective", and "Playing Favorites")

This is a document about She's a Lady
 1973 film That Man Bolt. Sung by Samantha Nightingale (Teresa Graves) in a Nightclub sequence. ; 1995 film To Wong Foo, Thanks for Everything! Julie Newmar. "She's a Lady" was re-released in Europe in 1995. The single included remixes by American DJ Junior Vasquez. ; 1993 film Wilder Napalm. ; 1996 film Bound. ; 1998 film Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas. ; 1998 film Così ridevano. ; 1999 film Agnes Browne. ; 2000 film Miss Congeniality. ; 2002 film The Wild Thornberrys Movie. ; 2003 film Bend It Like Beckham. ; 2006 film Flushed Away. Hugh Jackman's character Roddy St. James sings it in the film, but Jones' version is in the

This is a document about Thank U, Next (song)
  She's the Man and Girl, Interrupted, but declined. Grande began teasing the music video on her Instagram account on November 20. Later that day, she shared more images including one with actress Jennifer Coolidge, who starred in the Legally Blonde. On November 22, Grande posted a photo of herself in a cheerleader's outfit, alongside a quote from the movie Bring It On. On November 27, Grande released a teaser video featuring cameos from singer-songwriter Troye Sivan, YouTube stars Colleen Ballinger and Gabi DeMartino, Mean Girls actors Jonathan Bennett and Stefanie Drummond, and Grande's former Victorious co-stars Elizabeth Gillies, Daniella Monet and Matt Bennett. The video made its official premiere on YouTube on November 30 through a new feature called "YouTube Premiere".

This is a document about Better Things (TV series)
  • Julie Bowen as Herself ("Sam/Pilot") • Bradley Whitford as Gary ("Sam/Pilot") • Constance Zimmer as Herself ("Sam/Pilot") • Cleopatra Coleman as Dr. Okoye ("Period") • Rae Dawn Chong as Patty Donner ("Period" and "Only Women Bleed") • Lenny Kravitz as Mel Trueblood ("Brown") • David Choe as Postmates Guy ("Easter") • David Duchovny as Himself ("Brown") • Danny Pudi as Danny ("Woman Is the Something of the Something") • Zach Woods as Zach ("Woman Is the Something of the Something") • Joe Walsh as Himself ("Hair of the Dog") • John Ales as Rodney ("Rising") • Tom Kenny as Himself ("Robin") • Billy West as Himself ("Robin") • Robert Michael Morris as Ray ("Eulogy") • Rade Šerbedžija as Arnold Hall ("Arnold Hall") • Jane Carr as Jarita ("White Rock") • Nigel Havers as Lester ("White Rock") • Sharon Stone as Reiki ("Nesting") • Mark Feuerstein as Himself ("The Unknown") • Molly Shannon ("New Orleans") • Randy Rainbow as Andrew ("New Orleans") • Ellen Geer as the lady ghost ("Listen to the Roosters") • Mike Judge as Himself ("She's Fifty") • Lance Henriksen as Virgil ("She's Fifty")

This is a document about List of Brooklyn Nine-Nine characters
  she is. Olga Merediz as Julia Diaz, Rosa's mother. Unlike her husband, it took longer for her to fully accept her daughter's bisexuality. Sarah Baker as Kylie, Amy's only friend outside of the precinct, who works for the Department of Records. Cameron Esposito as Jocelyn Pryce, Rosa's former girlfriend who works as a cosmetologist. Joel McKinnon Miller as Earl Scully, Norm's twin brother who looks and behaves identically to him. The two had a brief falling out when Norm's wife cheated on him with Earl. Winston Story as Bill Hummertrout, a male prostitute whom Charles and Jake hire on the fifth Halloween heist

This is a document about Actor
  by a woman) dresses up and acts like a woman; the other characters in the scene are aware of a single level of gender role obfuscation, while the audience is aware of two levels. A few modern roles are played by a member of the opposite sex to emphasize the gender fluidity of the role. Edna Turnblad in Hairspray was played by Divine in the 1988 original film, Harvey Fierstein in the Broadway musical, and John Travolta in the 2007 movie musical. Eddie Redmayne was nominated for an Academy Award for playing Lili Elbe (a trans woman) in 2015's The Danish Girl.

This is a document about Actor
  in a hit comedy film (Tootsie and Mrs. Doubtfire, respectively) in which they played most scenes dressed as a woman. Occasionally, the issue is further complicated, for example, by a woman playing a woman acting as a man—who then pretends to be a woman, such as Julie Andrews in Victor/Victoria, or Gwyneth Paltrow in Shakespeare in Love. In It's Pat: The Movie, film-watchers never learn the gender of the androgynous main characters Pat and Chris (played by Julia Sweeney and Dave Foley). Similarly, in the aforementioned example of The Marriage of Figaro, there is a scene in which Cherubino (a male character

This is a document about Meg Ryan
  her with a shop girl, played by Eva Mendes. Ryan was the first actress to join the long-delayed production, which had struggled to find financing since the early 1990s, resulting in an independent production budgeted at $18 million. Upon its release, The Women received a disastrous response from critics, with Richard Schickel of Time calling it "one of the worst movies I've ever seen". The film was a financial success, however, becoming Ryan's most successful film since 2001's Kate & Leopold with a worldwide gross of $50 million. In 2009, Ryan starred alongside Kristen Bell and Justin Long in the independent comedy film Serious Moonlight. In this

This is a document about Taxi (TV series)
  she is changing, which he almost got fired over. He lives with his mother (DeVito's real mother, Julia, in two episodes). On some occasions he helps his workers, as in the episode in which a cruel hairstylist (played by Ted Danson) gives Elaine a garish makeover just before a very important event, it is Louie who bolsters her confidence to confront him. Louie is very superstitious, in one episode exhibiting great concern when Jim has a premonition that Alex is going to die later that night. In 1999, TV Guide ranked De Palma first on its list of the 50 greatest TV

This is a document about 2 Broke Girls
  Sheryl Lee Ralph as Genet, Deke's mother ; Lindsay Lohan as Claire Guinness, a soon-to-be-bride who asks Max and Caroline to make her wedding cake but drives them crazy with her inability to make decisions. ; Hal Linden as Lester. Lester is the real named tenant of Max and Caroline's apartment. He originally plans to evict them, then says he will let them stay if Max sleeps with him, and finally is conned into letting them renew their lease for several years. ; Kim Kardashian as herself ; Jesse Metcalfe as Sebastian, Max's brief fling. He works as a DJ at a grocery chain and Max cannot get over

This is a document about It's Complicated (film)
  It's Complicated is a 2009 American romantic comedy film written and directed by Nancy Meyers. It stars Meryl Streep as a bakery owner and single mother of three who starts a secret affair with her ex-husband, played by Alec Baldwin, ten years after their divorce – only to find herself drawn to another man: her architect, Adam (portrayed by Steve Martin). The film also features supporting performances by Lake Bell, Hunter Parrish, Zoe Kazan, John Krasinski, Mary Kay Place, Robert Curtis Brown, and Rita Wilson, among others. The film was met with average reviews from critics, who praised the acting of its ensemble cast but declared its story rather predictable. It became another commercial hit for Meyers, however, upon its Christmas Day 2009 opening

This is a document about The Veronicas
  television show Related which had featured songs from their debut album. They appeared in an episode that aired 6 February 2006. In March 2006, their debut single "4ever" was featured in the Amanda Bynes comedy She's the Man. It was featured in the promotional television spots, the film itself and the soundtrack. Their song "Revolution" appeared in another Amanda Bynes film, "Sydney White", in 2007. The girls also appeared on The Suite Life of Zack & Cody episode "The Suite Life Goes Hollywood" as guest stars and performed their song "Cry". The twins have also created a fashion line called

This is a document about Channing Tatum
  In 2006, Tatum starred in She's The Man opposite Amanda Bynes, which was named "the greatest Shakespeare adaptation since '10 Things I Hate About You'" by Business Insider. Later on that year, Tatum starred opposite his former wife Jenna Dewan in Step Up, which was his breakout role. Although it was widely panned, it has earned $115 million worldwide. In 2008, Tatum co-starred in director Kimberly Peirce's film Stop-Loss, about soldiers returning home from the Iraq War, and in director Stuart Townsend's film Battle in Seattle, about the 1999 protest of the World Trade Organization meeting in Seattle. Tatum played in the short film The Trap, directed by Rita Wilson. Tatum and Dito Montiel, who worked together on A Guide to Recognizing

This is a document about She's the One (1996 film)
  'Barbara' or 'Dorothy' while offering ill-advised sarcasm in place of fatherly wisdom." For Louise Keller, "Burns, Diaz, Bahns and Aniston inject an energy and charisma of their own, and they're fun to watch." Paul Fischer found that Diaz and Aniston are "both in fine form". Alison Macor said, "As Francis' wife Renee, Aniston provides one of the few bright spots in She's the One. Playing Renee as the wry voice of sanity among the rest of the characters, Aniston shows that she's the one who makes this film somewhat enjoyable." Critics were less forgiving of Maxine Bahns. Mick LaSalle said about her, "The graduate student, Hope, is played by Maxine Bahns, Burns' real-life girlfriend, who

This is a document about Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards 2011
  Tilda Swinton – We Need to Talk About Kevin as Eve Khatchadourian Albert Brooks – Drive as Bernie Rose ; Kenneth Branagh – My Week with Marilyn as Laurence Olivier ; John Hawkes – Martha Marcy May Marlene as Patrick ; Christopher Plummer – Beginners as Hal ; Andy Serkis – Rise of the Planet of the Apes as Caesar Octavia Spencer – The Help as Minny Jackson ; Bérénice Bejo – The Artist as Peppy Miller ; Melissa McCarthy – Bridesmaids as Megan ; Carey Mulligan – Shame as Sissy Sullivan ; Shailene Woodley – The Descendants as Alexandra King The Descendants – Nat Faxon, Jim Rash, and Alexander Payne ; The Help – Tate Taylor ; Hugo – John

This is a document about Adam Shankman
  In August 2014, Shankman directed and choreographed a production of Hair at the Hollywood Bowl. Zach Woodlee assisted Shankman in choreography and Lon Hoyt served as music director. The show presented an all-star cast including Benjamin Walker as Berger, Kristen Bell as Sheila and Hunter Parrish as Claude. Other cast members included Sarah Hyland, Jenna Ushkowitz, Mario, Kevin Chamberlin, Beverly D'Angelo and Amber Riley. As is customary with the annual Bowl musicals, the Hair cast had fewer than 14 days to get the semi-staged show up and running. Shankman and his team had the task of teaching dialogue, choreography, music and lyrics for over forty numbers to a cast of thirty, in just ten days before going on to dress rehearsals. The cast and crew had only two dress

The document does not provide information on who plays the hairdresser in "She's the Man."


Question: who is the chief of indian navy now

Answer: Admiral Sunil Lanba

This is a document about Chief of the Naval Staff (India)
  The Chief of the Naval Staff (India), also known as the Navy Chief, abbreviated to CNS, is the chief commanding authority of the naval branch of the Indian Armed Forces and is the principal advisor to the Minister of Defence on matters pertaining the navy. The CNS is, in principle, the highest ranking officer to currently serve in solely the Indian Navy and the most senior admiral on active duty unless the Chief of Defence is a navy officer. The CNS heads the military staff of the Indian Navy and advises both the president of the Republic and the prime minister on naval affairs. The current CNS is Admiral R. Hari Kumar. The 25th Navy Chief, he took over from Karambir Singh, who retired on 30 November 2021 after four decades of service from the navy.

This is a document about Indian Navy
   While the President of India serves as the Supreme Commander of the Indian Armed Forces, the organizational structure of Indian Navy is headed by the Chief of Naval Staff (CNS), who holds the rank of Admiral. While the provision for the rank of Admiral of the Fleet exists, it is primarily intended for major wartime use and honour. No officer of the Indian Navy has yet been conferred this rank. The CNS is assisted by the Vice Chief of Naval Staff (VCNS), a vice-admiral; the CNS also heads the Integrated Headquarters (IHQ) of the Ministry of Defence (Navy), based in New Delhi. The Deputy Chief of Naval Staff (DCNS), a vice-admiral, is a Principal

This is a document about Indian Navy
  The Indian Navy is the naval branch of the Indian Armed Forces. The President of India is the Supreme Commander of the Indian Navy. The Chief of Naval Staff, a four-star admiral, commands the navy. As a blue-water navy, it operates significantly in Persian Gulf Region and the Horn of Africa to the Strait of Malacca, and routinely conducts anti-piracy operations and partners with other navies in the region. It also conducts routine two to three month-long deployments in the South and East China seas as well as the western Mediterranean sea simultaneously. The primary objective of the navy is to safeguard the nation's maritime borders, and in conjunction with other Armed Forces of the union, act to deter or defeat any threats or

This is a document about Sureesh Mehta
  Admiral Sureesh Mehta, PVSM, AVSM (born August 18, 1947) served as Chief of the Indian Navy from 31 October 2006 until 31 August 2009. He was succeeded by Nirmal Kumar Verma. He is the first service chief from India's armed forces to be born post Indian Independence. He is married to Maria Teresa Mehta and they have two children.

This is a document about Navy Day (India)
  The Indian Navy is the naval branch of the Indian Armed Forces and is led by the President of India as Commander-in-Chief. The Maratha Emperor, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj is considered as "Father of the Indian Navy". The Indian Navy has an important role in securing the marine borders of the country as well as enhancing the international relations of India through seaport visits, joint exercises, humanitarian calamity relief and so on. The modern Indian Navy has as undergone speedy renovation in order to improve its position in the Indian Ocean region. The strength of the Indian Navy includes over 67,000 personnel and about 150 ships and submarines.

This is a document about 7th Central Pay Commission (CPC) and Defence Forces
  He adds: "the sad state of soldiers seems to be of no one's concern: least of all the military's top brass".  Prime Minister Narendra Modi, address Combined Commanders' Conference on board INS Vikramaditya. Defence Minister Manohar Parrikar says "analysing armed forces demands"  Manohar Parrikar, Defence Minister, after laying wreath at Amar Jawan Jyoti at India Gate to mark Vijay Diwas (India), with the General Dalbir Singh, Chief of army Staff (COAS) Air Chief Marshal Arup Raha, Chief of Air Staff, and Admiral R.K. Dhowan, Chief of naval Staff, tells reporters "We are analyzing them (7th Pay Commission)" and that "by

This is a document about Chief of Navy (Singapore)
  The chief of Navy is the head of the Republic of Singapore Navy. The incumbent chief is Aaron Beng, who was appointed on 23 March 2020.

This is a document about International Fleet Review 2016
  The Indian Navy fleet and foreign naval ships were reviewed by the supreme commander of the Indian armed forces, President of India Pranab Mukherjee. Ships from the Indian Coast Guard and the mercantile marine and the Indian Naval Air Arm were also reviewed. The naval band presented a concert at the Samudrika Naval Auditorium. The Indian Navy hosted a presidential banquet in the Eastern Naval Command officers' mess attended by central- and state-government dignitaries, chiefs of foreign navies, heads of delegations, and Indian and foreign participants in the IFR.

This is a document about Chief of Personnel (Indian Navy)
  The Chief of Personnel (COP) in the Indian Navy is a senior appointment in the rank of Vice-Admiral. As a Principal Staff Officer (PSO) at Naval Headquarters (NHQ), the COP is responsible for personnel-related matters. The present COP is Vice-Admiral Dinesh K Tripathi, who was appointed on 1 June 2021.

This is a document about President's Colour Award
 Indian Navy 1) Naval Commands and Fleets ; 2) Southern Naval Command was awarded on 26 November 1984 by the President Giani Zail Singh. ; 3) Eastern Naval Command was awarded on 25 March 1987 by the President Giani Zail Singh. ; 4) Western Naval Command was awarded on 22 February 1990 by the President Ramaswamy Venkataraman. ; 5) Western Fleet was awarded on 9 March 1997 by the President Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma. ; 6) Eastern Fleet ; 7) Submarine Arm. [[File:President Ram Nath Kovind awards the President’s Colour to the Submarine Arm of Indian Navy (2).jpg|thumb|The President Ramnath Kovind awards the President's Colour to the Submarine Arm of the Indian Navy.]] On 8 December 2017, the Submarine Arm of the Indian Navy was

This is a document about Arun Prakash
  Admiral Arun Prakash, PVSM, AVSM, VrC, VSM (born October 1944) is a former Flag Officer of the Indian Navy. He served as the Chief of the Naval Staff from 31 July 2004 to 31 October 2006 and as the Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee from 31 January 2005 to 31 October 2006. He is one of India's most decorated naval officers. Prakash was born in a military family and raised in Jammu and Kashmir. He joined the National Defence Academy, graduating in 1964. He was commissioned into the Indian Navy in 1966. Trained as a naval aviator, he served on India's first aircraft carrier. During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, he was attached with the No. 20 Squadron IAF. He

This is a document about Pakistan Navy
  on 14 August 1947, the defensive role of the Navy has expanded from securing the sealines and becoming the custodian of Pakistan's second strike capability with an ability to launch underwater missile system to target enemy positions. The Navy is commanded by the Chief of Naval Staff, a four-star admiral, who is a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee. The Chief of Naval Staff is nominated by the Prime Minister and appointed by the President of Pakistan. The current Chief is Admiral Amjad Khan Niazi who was appointed on 7 October 2020. Admiral Niazi is the 22nd Chief of the Pakistan Navy, taking charge after Zafar Mahmood Abbasi.

This is a document about Chief of Navy (Malaysia)
  The Chief of Navy (Panglima Tentera Laut) is the most senior appointment in the Royal Malaysian Navy and has been held by a four-star officer in the rank of Admiral since 2002. The Chief of Navy is a member of the Malaysian Armed Forces Council and directly reports to the Chief of Defence Forces. The current Chief of Navy is Laksamana Tan Sri Mohd Reza bin Mohd Sany who succeeded Laksamana Tan Sri Ahmad Kamarulzaman Hj Ahmad Badaruddin on 30 November 2018.

This is a document about Vice Chief of the Naval Staff (India)
  The Vice Chief of the Naval Staff (VCNS) is the second-highest ranking officer of the Indian Navy and the deputy to the Chief of the navy. The VCNS is a PSO (Principal Staff Officer) at Naval Headquarters in New Delhi. The office is held by a Three Star Officer in the rank of Vice Admiral. He is responsible for the operation of naval related tasks as well as deputising for the Chief. The current VCNS is Vice Admiral Satish Namdeo Ghormade who took over from Vice Admiral G. Ashok Kumar on 31 July 2021.

This is a document about Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff (India)
  The Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff (DCNS) is a senior appointment in the Indian Navy. The DCNS is a PSO (Principal Staff Officer) at Naval Headquarters in New Delhi. The office is held by a Three Star Officer in the rank of Vice Admiral. The current DCNS is Vice Admiral Ravneet Singh who took over Vice Admiral Murlidhar Sadashiv Pawar on 1 June 2021.

This is a document about Commandant of Indian Naval Academy
  The Commandant of the Indian Naval Academy is the head and in-charge of all the functioning of the Indian Naval Academy. The Commandant of the Academy is a Three-star rank officer holding the rank of Vice Admiral. He is supported by the Deputy Commandant, a Two star appointment and the heads of the Academic Wing (Rear Admiral Principal), Training Wing (Commodore rank officer) and the Admin wing (Commodore rank officer). The current Commandant is Vice Admiral

This is a document about Republic of Singapore Navy
  The Republic of Singapore Navy is led by the Chief of Navy (CNV), who reports directly to the Chief of Defence Force (CDF). The CNV is responsible for the RSN's overall operational capabilities and administration. His deputies are the Chief of Staff-Naval Staff, Commander Maritime Security Task Force, Fleet Commander and Master Chief Navy. The organisational chart shows the peacetime administrative chain of command with six formations: the Fleet, Maritime Security Command, Naval Logistics Command, Naval Diving Unit, Navy Medical Service and the Maritime Training and Doctrine Command. The current Chief of Navy is Rear Admiral Aaron Beng, who took over command on 23 March 2020.

This is a document about Indian order of battle in the 2020–2021 China–India skirmishes
 Flag Officer Naval Aviation (FONA) & Flag Officer Goa Naval Area (FOGNA): RAdm. Philipose George Pynumootil Chief of the Naval Staff (CNS): Adm. Karambir Singh Western Naval Command (VAdm. Ajit Kumar P to 28 February 2021, FOC-in-C)

This is a document about Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet
  Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet (FOCWF) is the title of the Indian Navy Officer who commands the Western Fleet, headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra. The FOCWF is a Two Star Officer holding the rank of Rear Admiral. The appointment is considered to be an important and a coveted one. The Current FOCWF is Rear Admiral Ajay Kochhar, NM, who assumed office on 24 February 2021.

This is a document about Indian Armed Forces
  of India. General Manoj Mukund Naravane is the Chief of the Army Staff (COAS), Admiral R.Hari Kumar is the Chief of the Naval Staff (CNS) and Air Chief Marshal Vivek Ram Choudhari is the Chief of the Air Staff (CAS). The Indian armed force are split into different groups based on their region of operation. The Indian Army is divided administratively into seven tactical commands, each under the control of different Lieutenant Generals. The Indian Air Force is divided into five operational and two functional commands. Each command is headed by an air officer commanding-in-chief with the rank of air marshal. The Indian Navy operates three commands. Each command is

The current Chief of the Naval Staff of the Indian Navy is Admiral R. Hari Kumar.


Question: the flag of indonesia is red and what other color

Answer: white

This is a document about National symbols of Indonesia
   The national flag of Indonesia, which is known as Sang Merah Putih ("The Red-and-White") in Indonesian, is based on the banner of the 13th century Majapahit Empire in East Java. The flag itself was introduced and hoisted in public at the Indonesian Independence Day ceremony, on 17 August 1945. The design of the flag has remained the same ever since.

This is a document about Flag of Indonesia
  The Flag of Indonesia is a simple bicolor with two equal horizontal bands, red (top) and white (bottom) with an overall ratio of 2:3. It was introduced and hoisted in public during the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence on 17 August 1945 in at 56 Jalan Proklamasi (formerly Jalan Pegangsaan Timur) in Jakarta, and again when the Dutch formally transferred sovereignty on 27 December 1949. The design of the flag has remained unchanged since. The flag of Indonesia is graphically similar to the Flag of Monaco, with a slight difference in the shade of red, and ratio of its dimensions. The flag of Poland has similar

This is a document about Flag of Indonesia
  South Sulawesi is called Woromporang. The Balinese Badung (Puri Pamecutan) royal banner is red, white, and black. During the Java War (1825–1830) Prince Diponegoro also used a red and white banner. In the early 20th century these colours were revived by students and then nationalists, as an expression of nationalism against the Dutch. The modern red and white flag which was first flown in Java in 1928, was prohibited under Dutch rule. It became the flag adopted by the Kesatuan Melayu Muda to symbolise Malay Nationalism against European Colonialism. Upon Indonesia's declaration of independence on 17 August 1945 it was adopted as the national flag, and has been in use ever since. After Indonesia's independence was recognized, Monaco, which had a similar flag, filed a complaint which was largely ignored.

This is a document about Flag of Indonesia
  Several opinions have been expressed on the meaning of the red and white in the Indonesian flag. One of them is that the red stands for courage, while the white stands for purity. Another opinion is that red represents the human body or physical life, while white represents the soul or spiritual life; together they stand for a complete human being.'' As Sukarno said: "Red is the symbol of courage, White is the symbol of purity. Our flag has been there for 600 years." The colours are the same as those used in the flag of the Majapahit.

This is a document about Constitution of Indonesia
  Specifies the flag, official language, coat of arms, and national anthem of Indonesia.

This is a document about Red
  of red's association with blood. The flags of Japan and Bangladesh both have a red circle in the middle of different colored backgrounds. The flag of the Philippines has a red trapezoid on the bottom signifying blood, courage, and valor (also, if the flag is inverted so that the red trapezoid is on top and the blue at the bottom, it indicates a state of war). The flag of Singapore has a red rectangle on the top. The field of the flag of Portugal is green and red. The Ottoman Empire adopted several different red flags during the six centuries of its rule, with the successor Republic of Turkey continuing the 1844 Ottoman Flag.

This is a document about Flag of Indonesia
 2 May: National Education Day. ; 20 May: National Awakening Day. ; 1 June: Day of the Birth of Pancasila. ; 17 August: Indonesia Independence Day. ; 28 October: Youth Pledge Day. ; 10 November: Heroes Day. The flag is described in Article 35, Chapter XV, of the Constitution of Indonesia; Government Regulation No. 24/2009; and Government Regulation No. 40/1958. "The national flag of Indonesia is the Red and White (Sang Merah Putih)" The raising of the flag should be conducted in the time between sunrise until sunset, but in certain circumstances, it can be done at night. In daily use, the flag should be flown at every commemoration such as Indonesian Independence Day on 17 August every year, by the citizens who have a right to use it at

This is a document about Indonesia national football team
   During the Dutch colonial era, the team competed as Dutch East Indies in international matches and played in an orange jersey, the national colour of the Netherlands. There are no official documents about the team's kit, only several black-and-white photos from the match against Hungary in the 1938 FIFA World Cup; but unofficial documents stated that the kit consisted of an orange jersey, white shorts and light blue socks. Since Indonesia's independence, the kit consists red and white, the colours of the country's flag. A combination of green and white has also been used for the away kits and was used for the team's participation in the

This is a document about 100% Cinta Indonesia
 The colors in the logo represent the colors of Indonesian archipelago. Yellow represents the land and blue represents the sea. Red and white represent the national colors of the Indonesian flag. Red symbolizes bravery and white symbolizes purity. ; The colors also symbolize Indonesian diversity and creativity. ; The typography of the letters exceeding the color rectangular borders was meant to imply creativity beyond the lines, or thinking "out of the box", to express that Indonesia is a creative nation. ; The simple message contained in the logo is easily and widely understood internationally crossed boundaries of cultures. The logo is meant to express that Indonesia deserves to be recognized as an advanced and creative nation. ; International

This is a document about Indonesian Presidential Aircraft
  The Indonesian presidential aircraft is painted red on top and white on the bottom, the colors of the national flag. The two color fields is separated by a golden strip, the Indonesian national colors, creating a long curved golden ribbon along the fuselage. On top and along the windows there are the Indonesian National Emblem Garuda Pancasila followed by the text Republik Indonesia in white, on each sides. On the front directly below the cockpit windows there is the Indonesian presidential emblems of a gold star on each side. On vertical stabilizer there is a print of Indonesian flag on each sides. After the aircraft was unveiled, its livery and color scheme was sky blue on top and white on the bottom, and was attracted criticism. Some deemed it "unattractive", while others noted the similarity of sky blue color scheme to the United States Air

This is a document about Flag of the Netherlands
  For the majority of the existence of the Netherlands East Indies the flag of the Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (English: Dutch East India Company) was used. When the VOC became bankrupt and was formally dissolved in 1800. its possessions and debt were taken over by the government of the Batavian Republic. The VOC's territories became the Netherlands East Indies and were expanded over the course of the 19th century to include the whole of the Indonesian archipelago. As such the flag of the Batavian Republic and Kingdom of the Netherlands were used. The flag of the Netherlands has been said to be the origin of the Indonesian flag. To symbolise the intention of forcing out the Dutch, the Indonesian nationalists would rip apart the Dutch flag. They tore off the bottom third of the flag, and separated the red and white colours from the blue colour.

This is a document about Bendera Pusaka
  The Bendera Pusaka Sang Saka Merah Putih (The Sacred Red and White Heirloom Flag) was the first Indonesian flag. Sewn by Sukarno's wife Fatmawati, it was raised for the first time when Sukarno proclaimed Indonesia's independence on 17 August 1945. Although required by law to be housed in the National Monument, the flag is still kept at the Presidential Palace.

This is a document about National flag
  obverse of the other. Unlike horizontally mirrored flags (like Poland and Indonesia) the direction in which these flags fly is crucial to identify them. There are three colour combinations that are used on several flags in certain regions. Blue, white, and red is a common combination in Slavic countries such as the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia, and Croatia as well as among Western nations including Australia, France, Iceland, Norway, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and the United States of America. Many African nations use the Pan-African colours of red, yellow, and green, including Ethiopia, Ghana, Cameroon, Mali and Senegal. Flags containing red, white, and black (a subset

This is a document about Flag of the Netherlands
  The flag of the Netherlands (de Nederlandse vlag) is a horizontal tricolour of red, white, and blue. The current design originates as a variant of the late 16th century orange-white-blue Prinsenvlag ("Prince's Flag"), evolving in the early 17th century as the red-white-blue Statenvlag ("States Flag"), the naval flag of the States-General of the Dutch Republic, making the Dutch flag perhaps the oldest tricolour flag in continuous use. It has inspired the Russian and French flags. During the economic crisis of the 1930s, the old Prince's Flag with the colour orange gained some popularity among some people. To end the confusion, the colours red, white and blue and its official status as the national flag of the Kingdom of the Netherlands were reaffirmed by royal decree on 19 February 1937.

This is a document about Flag of Indonesia
  the kingdom's banner in the Kediri era (1042-c.1222). Red and white textile colouring was available in ancient Indonesia. White is the natural colour of woven cotton fabrics, while red is one of the earliest natural dyes, acquired either from teak leaves, the flowers of Averrhoa bilimbi, or the skin of mangosteen fruits. It was not only the Javanese kingdoms that used red and white. The battle flag of King Sisingamangaraja IX of Batak lands bore an image of white twin swords called piso gaja dompak against a red background. During the Aceh War of 1873-1904, Aceh warriors used a battle flag with the image of a sword, star and crescent, sun, and some Quranic script in white on a red background. The red and white flag of the Buginese Bone kingdom

This is a document about Flag of Caernarfonshire
  The colours for the flag are:

This is a document about Flag of Indonesia
  but has the colours reversed: white on top and red on the bottom. In both, the red is of a slightly darker shade. The Naval Jack of Indonesia is reserved for sole use by the Indonesian Navy. It flies from the mast of every active Indonesian war ship. The design of the jack is described as nine alternating stripes of red and white. It is nicknamed Ular-ular Perang (War Pennant or literally "War Snakes"), probably due to the stripes' design. The naval jack dates to the age of Majapahit Empire. This empire, renowned for its great maritime strength, flew similar jacks on its vessels.

This is a document about Military colours, standards and guidons
 Indonesian National Armed Forces Tri-Service Colour: Red with coat of arms on the observe and the national emblem on the reverse ; Indonesian National Police Colour: Black ; Municipal Police Colour: Dark blue ; Indonesian Army Colour: Green with coat of arms on the obverse ; Indonesian Navy Colour: Dark blue with coat of arms on the obverse ; Indonesian Air Force Colour: Sky blue with coat of arms on the obverse During graduation and passing out parades, whenever the enlistment or commissioning pledge is taken, the flag of Indonesia is used as a national colour. Mostly seen in parades are the service colours of the Indonesian National Armed Forces or TNI, the Indonesian National Police and the Municipal Police Units (known as the Panji-Panji Kesatuan/Lambang-Lambang Kesatuan). Within the TNI, service colours exist for all three service branches. Panji-Panji means the military/service colours in Indonesian.

This is a document about List of flag names
 ("Flag"), Basque Country (the autonomous community, the region, and more generally the Basque people, culture and language) ; ("The Maroon"), Qatar ; ("The Tricolour"), India ; ("Irish tricolour"), Ireland ; ("The Flag of Iran"), Iran ; ("The red and white"), Indonesia

This is a document about Flag of Poland
  national flag on national holidays and other special occasions of national significance. Current Polish law does not restrict the use of the national flag without the coat of arms, as long as the flag is not disrespected. Horizontal bicolours of white and red being a relatively widespread design, several flags are similar but unrelated to the Polish one. Two national flags (Indonesia and Monaco) have the red stripe above the white one. In Poland, many flags based on the national design also feature the national colours. It is one of five flags that use the 5:8 ratio. The other four flags include those of Argentina, Guatemala, Palau, and Sweden.


Question: what is the wall in a mosque called that is toward mecca

Answer: Mihrab

This is a document about Direction of prayer
   In Islam, the direction of prayer is known as the qibla and this direction is towards the Sacred Mosque (al-Masjid al-Ḥarām) of Mecca. Originally the qibla of Muhammad and his followers in Medina was towards Jerusalem, but it was changed to Mecca after the Quranic verses (Al-Bakarah 2:144, 2:145) that Muslims believe was revealed in the second Hijri year (624 CE), about 15 or 16 months after Muhammad's migration to Medina. If a person does not know which direction they are facing, that individual should pray in the direction that he/she feels is towards Mecca. All mosques are supposed to be designed to be oriented towards the qibla. A niche known as the mihrab is built into the wall of a mosque that faces Mecca so that Muslims know in which

This is a document about Jameh Mosque of Nain
  courtyard that is surrounded with hypostyles on three sides. At one of these hypostyles the mihrab of the mosque is located. The mihrab at Islamic mosque is a niche at wall that shows the direction of "Qebleh" that is the direction of Mecca the holy city that Muslims prays towards it five times daily. This mihrab has an amazingly beautiful stucco work decoration, created probably during the 9th or 10th century. Also right beside it, there as an altar made of wood with delicate wooden inlay work. The Mosque also has a 28-meter-high minaret belonging to the Seljuk era,10th century.

This is a document about Jumeirah Mosque
  The interior architecture of the mosque has features of Islam. The mosque is an Islamic architectural mosque as there is certain things you see. The mosque has multiple columns as a support structure on the inside which is known as a hypostyle design which is seen commonly in many islamic architectural mosques. There is a prayer hall and Qibla wall which is also part of the inside of the mosque. The Qibla wall is facing the direction of Mecca. The interior of the mosque is influenced by the architecture of the Fatimids empire dating back to the 9th century of Egypt. The inside of

This is a document about Kabuli Bagh Mosque
  The mosque built with bricks and stucco plaster within a compound wall faces north. The corners of the mosque have towers of octagonal shape on the northwest and south west directions. Its entry gate built with bricks and red sandstone has an enclosed "bracket type lintel" opening of which is shaped like a large arch; its spandrels have ornamentation, enclosed in rectangular panels provided with arched recesses. The prayer hall is large and measures 53.75 by, and is covered by a large dome. There is a Qibla, a niche in the prayer chamber wall which is oriented towards Mecca. This central bay is visible even from the outside through its wide entrance

This is a document about Mosque
  A mosque (from مَسْجِد, ; literally "place of ritual prostration"), also called masjid, is a place of worship for Muslims. Any act of worship that follows the Islamic rules of prayer can be said to create a mosque, whether or not it takes place in a special building. Informal and open-air places of worship are called musalla, while mosques used for communal prayer on Friday are known as jāmiʿ. Mosque buildings typically contain an ornamental niche (mihrab) set into the wall that indicates the direction of Mecca (qiblah), ablution facilities and minarets from which calls to prayer are issued. The pulpit (minbar), from which the Friday (jumu'ah) sermon (khutba) is

This is a document about Bajrakli Mosque, Belgrade
  on the northwest exterior side. Opposite the entrance, in the interior of the mosque, there is the most sacred space - the mihrab, a shallow niche with elaborate vault decoration, set in the direction of the holy city of Mecca to the southeast, while the raised wooden pulpit (minber or mimbar) is set to the right of the mihrab, in the south-west corner. Above the  entrance,  there  is  a  wooden  gallery (mahfil) from which one can come to the serefa, terrace on the minaret. Interior decoration of the mosque is very modest. The walls are without plaster  with  shallow  moldings,  rare  stylized  floral  and geometrical motifs and calligraphic inscriptions of verses from the Muslim holy  book  Koran,  then  with  the  names  of  the  first  righteous  religious  leaders caliphs,  as  well

This is a document about Mihrab
   Mihrab (محراب, miḥrāb, pl. محاريب maḥārīb) is a niche in the wall of a mosque that indicates the qibla, the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca towards which Muslims should face when praying. The wall in which a mihrab appears is thus the "qibla wall". The minbar, which is the raised platform from which an imam (leader of prayer) addresses the congregation, is located to the right of the mihrab.

This is a document about Qibla
   The qibla (قِبْلَة) is the direction towards the Kaaba in the Sacred Mosque in Mecca, which is used by Muslims in various religious contexts, particularly the direction of prayer for the salah. In Islam the Kaaba is believed to be a sacred site built by the prophets Abraham and Ishmael, and that its use as the qibla was ordained by God in several verses of the Quran revealed to Muhammad in the second Hijri year. Prior to this revelation, Muhammad and his followers in Medina faced Jerusalem for prayers. Most mosques contain a mihrab (a wall niche) that indicates the direction of the qibla. The qibla is also the direction for entering the ihram (sacred state

This is a document about Kasbah of the Udayas
  true direction of Mecca but faces mostly south, following an older tradition based on a hadith. The mosque can be entered via four horseshoe arch doorways. Inside is a rectangular courtyard (sahn) surrounded by galleries on three sides and by the prayer hall to the south/southeast. The layout of the prayer hall follows the typical "T"-plan of medieval Moroccan mosques: it is split by rows of arches into seven "naves" running perpendicular to the qibla wall, of which the central one is wider than the others and is aligned with the mihrab (niche symbolizing the direction of prayer). The walls and arches of the mosque's interior are painted white,

This is a document about Islamic Cultural Center of New York
  New York is oriented toward Mecca at a heading of 58°. Consequently, the building is rotated 29° from Manhattan's north-south street grid, which in turn is rotated 29° from due north-south. The precise calculation of the direction from New York to Mecca was based on the great circle that produces the shortest distance between the two cities. As with many mosques, the direction of Mecca is marked inside by a niche on the wall, known as the mihrab. Placed in the center of the large room, the mihrab is ornamented with a large design. Additionally, next to the mihrab is the minbar, which is a staircase from which the imam leads prayer.

This is a document about Gërmova Mosque
  The mosque has 9 square windows are at different heights: the two lower ones on the northern façade were closed by the congregation due to vandalism by individuals throwing bottles of brandy or beer, requiring a guard of two to three during services especially on holidays. The rectangular mosque is 7.35 m by 11.4 m, its stone foundations contrasting with the adobe walls. The four-layer roof conforms to the local fashion, lacking a minaret. While the prayer hall has a mihrab, minbar, and mahfili, it lacks a dikka or lectern. The mihrab faces the qibla (direction of Mecca) and features floral decoration on both sides, otherwise only distinguishing itself from the remainder of the wall through engraving since both are white, though the mihrab may have once have been colored something else. The minbar is separated

This is a document about Great Mosque of Djenné
  to the mosque when the Bani River floods. It is accessed by six sets of stairs, each decorated with pinnacles. The main entrance is on the northern side of the building. The outer walls of the Great Mosque are not precisely orthogonal to one another so that the plan of the building has a noticeable trapezoidal outline. The prayer wall or qibla of the Great Mosque faces east towards Mecca and overlooks the city marketplace. The qibla is dominated by three large, box-like towers or minarets jutting out from the main wall. The central tower is around 16 meters in height. The cone shaped spires or pinnacles at the top of each minaret are

This is a document about Tomb of Isa Khan
  an inner octagonal wall. Other than the southern and western walls, the other walls consist of jalis (latticed screens), which are recessed. These recesses, in turn, contain four-centred arches. The western wall has the main mihrab (a semi-circular niche in the wall which indicates the direction of Mecca, the direction in which Muslims pray). The mihrab is four centred and bordered by Quranic verses. The southern wall includes the main entrance to the building. The medallion located at the centre of the dome is ornamented with Persian floral designs. It also has a Quranic verse. The tomb chamber consists of six tombs—two large and four smaller. Sandstone slabs are used to pave the floor. The cenotaph of Isa Khan Niazi is made of red sandstone and marble.

This is a document about Sitara (textile)
  The Kaaba, situated in the Great Mosque of Mecca, is the most holy site in Islam. It is the qibla, the point that Muslims face towards while praying. The Five Pillars of Islam include the hajj, a pilgrimage to Islam's holiest sites. One of the rites of the hajj is the tawaf which involves walking seven times around the Kaaba. The textile coverings of the Kaaba are the most sacred objects in Islamic art. A sitara, nearly six metres high, covers the door of the Kaaba and forms part of the kiswah: the textile covering of the building. At 5.75 metres by 3.5 metres, this is assembled by sewing together four separate textile panels. This sitara is also known as the burqu'. A smaller sitara covers an internal door

This is a document about Islamic architecture
  The qiblah (قِـبْـلَـة) is the direction in which Mecca is from any given location, and within Islamic architecture it is a major component of both the features and the orientation of the building itself. Ancient Islamic cities and the mihrab in mosques were meant to be built facing in this direction, yet when actually observing the layout of such areas they do not all point to the same place. This is due to discrepancies in the calculations of the Islamic scientists in the past who determined where Mecca was from their individual locations. Scholars note that these differences come about for a multitude of reasons, such as some misunderstanding the meaning of qibla itself, the fact that the geographic coordinates of the past do not line up with the coordinates of today, and that the determination of this direction was more an astronomical calculation, rather than a mathematical one. Early mosques were constructed according to either the calculations of what direction qibla was approximately, or with the mihrab facing south, as that was the direction that Muhammad was facing when he prayed in Medina, which is a city directly north of Mecca.

This is a document about Qibla
  The qibla is the direction of the Kaaba, a cube-like building at the centre of the Sacred Mosque (al-Masjid al-Haram) in Mecca, in the Hejaz region of Saudi Arabia. Other than its role as qibla, it is also the holiest site for Muslims, also known as the House of God (Bait Allah) and where the tawaf (the circumambulation ritual) is performed during the Hajj and umrah pilgrimages. The Kaaba has an approximately rectangular ground plan with its four corners pointing close to the four cardinal directions. According to the Quran, it was built by Abraham and Ishmael, both of whom are prophets in Islam. Few historical records remain detailing the

This is a document about Katib al-Wilaya Mosque
  The main body of the mosque is its prayer hall, which is rectangular in shape and dates to the Mamluk period. The entrance is located at the qibla (indicator of direction towards Mecca) wall.

This is a document about Masjid Abdul Gaffoor
 The prayer hall is raised above the ground and surrounded with verandahs at the entrance and sides. It is oriented towards Mecca and thus skewed away from the lot lines and the street. ; The verandahs are enclosed by a balustrade with circular and lancet-shaped openings and framed by repetitive cinquefoil arches double-framed with heavy mouldings. The bays are marked out with pilasters with ornate capitals. The wide openings give the interior an airiness that contrasts with the heavy columns in the centre of the prayer hall. ; On either side of the main entrance are two graduated cinquefoil arched openings. The larger ones are nearest

This is a document about Mosque of al-Zahir Baybars
  mosque was recognizable by its large wooden dome in front of the mihrab (the niche in the middle of the qibla wall marking the direction of Mecca). Each entrance was topped with a minaret, meaning Baybars's mosque had one minaret more than the mosque of al-Hakim. Reportedly, Baybars wanted the portals to the mosque to resemble his madrassa, however they lack the same architecture or decoration, instead also resembling more closely the mosque of al-Hakim as well. Large pointed arches create the walls for the Mosque's courtyard while they also provided the support for the dome, which was the first of its kind to be built anywhere in Egypt. The mosque's

This is a document about Sacral architecture
  Prayer halls contain no images of people, animals, and spiritual figures although they may be decorated with Arabic calligraphy and verses from the Qur'an on the walls. Usually opposite the entrance to the prayer hall is the qibla wall, which is the visually emphasized area inside the prayer hall. The qibla wall is normally set perpendicular to a line leading to Mecca. Worshippers pray in rows parallel to the qibla wall and thus arrange themselves so they face Mecca. In the qibla wall, usually at its center, is the mihrab, a niche or depression indicating the'qibla wall. Usually the mihrab is not occupied by furniture either. Sometimes, especially during Friday prayers, a

The wall in a mosque that is toward Mecca is called the qibla wall. It is the wall that faces the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, and is where Muslims face during prayer.