Question: who made it to the world cup finals 2018

Answer: Croatia

This is a document about 2017 Men's Hockey Asia Cup
  Qualified for the 2018 World Cup as hosts

This is a document about 2018 FIFA World Cup Final
  The 2018 FIFA World Cup was the 21st edition of the World Cup, FIFA's football competition for national teams, held in Russia between 14 June and 15 July 2018. Russia qualified for the finals automatically as tournament hosts, while 208 teams competed for the remaining 31 spots through qualifying rounds organised by the six FIFA confederations and held between June 2011 and November 2013. In the finals, the teams were divided into eight groups of four with each team playing each other once in a round-robin format. The two top teams from each group advanced to a knock-out phase. The defending champions from the 2014 World Cup were Germany. They were eliminated in the group phase at the 2018 event, however, finishing

This is a document about 2018 FIFA World Cup Final
  The 2018 FIFA World Cup Final was the final match of the 2018 World Cup, the 21st edition of FIFA's competition for national football teams. The match was played at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow, Russia, on 15 July 2018, and was contested by France and Croatia. The tournament comprised hosts Russia and 31 other teams who emerged from the qualification phase, organised by the six FIFA confederations. The 32 teams competed in a group stage, from which 16 teams qualified for the knockout stage. En route to the final, France finished first in Group C, with two wins and

This is a document about Football at the 1978 All-Africa Games
  The following countries have qualified for the final tournament

This is a document about Shin Tae-yong
  South Korea and won the 2017 EAFF E-1 Football Championship. Despite two goalless draws, the South Korea under Shin also obtained qualification to the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. In the 2018 World Cup, South Koreans played against Sweden, Mexico and Germany. South Korea lost 0–1 to Sweden in their first game and 1–2 to Mexico in their second game. In this final match South Koreans beating Germany 2–0 and eliminated the Germans from the group stage for the first time in 80 years, and the first time a Germany side lost two games in a World Cup group stage, though they had failed to advance to the round of 16.

This is a document about Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup
  The 2018 FIFA World Cup, held in Russia, marked the first time five Asian teams qualified for the FIFA World Cup finals 2018 in Russia. Only Japan advanced past the group stage, a feat aided by fair-play points in tie-breaking, at the expense of Senegal. Aside from Australia, who only got a draw and two defeats, the other three had at least one win: Saudi Arabia got a 2-1 comeback over Egypt, Iran defeated Morocco, and in the biggest upset, South Korea beat the defending champions Germany. In the round of 16, Japan surprised a favored Belgium and got a 2–0 lead, only to suffer a 3-2 comeback, with the 2 goals scored by Belgium from Jan Vertonghen and Marouane Fellaini. The match ended with a Belgian goal by Nacer Chadli in the last minute of stoppage time.

This is a document about 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group H
  Bosnia and Herzegovina for security reasons. The group winners, Belgium, qualified directly for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. The group runners-up, Greece, advanced to the play-offs as one of the best 8 runners-up, where they lost to Croatia and thus failed to qualify for the first time since 2006. Russia was initially partnered with the five-team Group H, which enabled the 2018 World Cup hosts to play centralised friendlies against these countries on their "spare" match dates. These friendlies would not have counted in the qualifying group standings. However, after the group was later expanded to include Gibraltar, these friendly matches were cancelled.

This is a document about Cinderella (sports)
  lost the final 3–1 to the defending champions Real Madrid after two goalkeeping errors by Loris Karius. ; Croatia (2018 FIFA World Cup) — Despite a poor showing in their friendly matches, Croatia began their 2018 World Cup campaign by going undefeated in the 3-game group stage against Nigeria, Argentina and Iceland. Although it had been twenty years since the team ever won a knockout match in a World Cup, the Croatians defeated the Danish and the hosting Russians with back-to-back shootout wins, an unprecedented accomplishment, to reach the semifinals against England, which they also defeated in overtime. After having to win three straight matches beyond regulation in the

This is a document about Football at the 1999 All-Africa Games
  The following countries have qualified for the final tournament:

This is a document about Football at the 1987 All-Africa Games – Men's qualification
  The following countries have qualified for the final tournament:

This is a document about Football at the 1995 All-Africa Games
  The following countries have qualified for the final tournament:

This is a document about Football at the 1965 All-Africa Games – Men's qualification
  The following countries have qualified for the final tournament:

This is a document about Football at the 1995 All-Africa Games – Men's qualification
  The following countries have qualified for the final tournament:

This is a document about Football at the 1978 All-Africa Games – Men's qualification
  The following countries have qualified for the final tournament:

This is a document about Football at the 1991 All-Africa Games – Men's qualification
  The following countries have qualified for the final tournament:

This is a document about Football at the 1973 All-Africa Games – Men's qualification
  The following countries have qualified for the final tournament:

This is a document about Football at the 1999 All-Africa Games – Men's qualification
  The following countries have qualified for the final tournament:

This is a document about Football at the 1965 All-Africa Games
  The following countries have qualified for the final tournament:

This is a document about Brazil at the FIFA Women's World Cup
  In the Qualification, the Brazilians prevailed in the Sudamericano Femenino 2018. After two games of the final round of the top four teams, the World Cup participation was no longer to take. Victory in the last game against Colombia also defended the title. Group opponents in France were Australia, Italy and Jamaica. After the Brazilians have not won a game since July 2018, they could win against Jamaica without World Cup top goalscorer Marta 3–0. All goals scored Cristiana, who had not played since winning the South American Championship international match. In the second game against Australia, they went 2–0 in the lead, with Marta scored the first goal and her 16th goal of the World Cup with a transformed penalty, equaling with Miroslav Klose, the men's world record scorer. In extra time

This is a document about Belgium national football team
  States, in which American goalkeeper Tim Howard made 15 saves. However, they defeated the United States 2–1 in extra time. In a balanced quarter-final, Argentina eliminated Belgium, after a 1–0 victory. At the 2018 World Cup, Belgium started with five consecutive victories (including group wins over Panama, Tunisia and England). In the fourth, in the round of 16 match against Japan, they suffered a major setback in the second half by being led 0–2, but goals from Jan Vertonghen and late substitutes Marouane Fellaini and Nacer Chadli led to an unlikely and historical comeback to 3–2. Belgium then defeated World

France made it to the World Cup Finals in 2018. They defeated Croatia in the final match.


Question: who sings as long as he needs me in oliver

Answer: Nancy

This is a document about As Long as He Needs Me
  "As Long as He Needs Me" is a torch song sung by the character of Nancy in the 1960 musical Oliver! and written by Lionel Bart. Georgia Brown, who was the first actress to play Nancy, introduced the song. It is a love ballad expressing Nancy's love for her criminal boyfriend Bill Sikes despite his mistreatment of her. In the film adaptation of the musical, it was sung by Shani Wallis. A reprise of this song towards the end of the show expresses Nancy's affection for young Oliver Twist, implying that she now feels that the child also needs her. This reprise was omitted from the film version. Its popularity grew by virtue of renditions by several popular singers, including Shirley Bassey who reached number two for 5 weeks on the United Kingdom charts with the song. Bassey's recording became one of the highest sellers of 1960 staying on the UK charts for 30 weeks. The song has also been sung as "As Long as She Needs Me", when sung by a male singer. In 1963 Sammy Davis Jr. recorded the song, reaching #19 on the Billboard Easy Listening chart.

This is a document about Kerry Ellis
  Voices – which was dedicated to the 80th birthday of composer and lyricist Stephen Sondheim – at the Royal Albert Hall in May, A Weekend with the Stars where she performed "Somebody to Love" with Only Men Aloud! at the Wales Millennium Centre, and at an event celebrating the 80th anniversary of the birth of composer Lionel Bart at the Hackney Empire where she sang the Oliver! song "As Long as He Needs Me". The last two performances were later broadcast in December on British television channel S4C and on BBC Radio 2 respectively. She also lent her voice to

This is a document about I'd Do Anything (2008 TV series)
  spending time in an authentic Victorian home and speaking Nancy's love ballad, "As Long as He Needs Me" in front of Barry Humphries. ; Olivers: Performing as Oliver in a West End theatre singing "Where is Love?" with advice from actor Jon Lee. Panel's verdict on who was not Nancy: ; John Barrowman: Jessie Buckley ; Denise Van Outen: Jessie Buckley ; Barry Humphries: Jodie Prenger ; Cameron Mackintosh: Jodie Prenger Andrew Lloyd Webber expressed severe disappointment with the result, saying "Last night Cameron and I were both saying that we thought both of you would be fantastic Nancys and now here am I

This is a document about Over the Rainbow (Canadian TV series)
 Group performances: ; "The Merry Old Land of Oz" (from the musical The Wizard of Oz) ; "Anything You Can Do" (from the musical Annie Get Your Gun) Sing-off: ; Jessie Munro and Julia Gartha were in the sing-off, and performed "As Long as He Needs Me" from the musical Oliver!. ; Arlene Phillips chose to save Jessie and send Julia home. The show performances were:

This is a document about Shirley Bassey
  In the early and mid-1960s, Bassey had numerous hits in the UK, and five albums in the top 15. Her 1960 recording of "As Long As He Needs Me" from Lionel Bart's Oliver! reached number two, and had a chart run of 30 weeks. Bassey made her American television début on 13 November 1960, when she performed on The Ed Sullivan Show. Her collaboration with Nelson Riddle and his orchestra, the album Let's Face the Music (1962), reached number 12 in the UK album chart; and the single, "What Now My Love" made it to number five. Other UK top

This is a document about I'd Do Anything (2008 TV series)
  two Nancys went head-to-head before the winner was announced as Jodie. The three finalists were taken to Paris in the week leading up to the show. In London they met and had a "Master Class" with Liza Minnelli. All twelve Nancy finalists and all twelve Oliver finalists also performed. Lee Mead also performed on Show One. In Show two both Jessie and Jodie performed Nancy's love ballad "As Long as He Needs Me". The show performances were:  The final vote was then announced and it was revealed that the winner was Jodie Prenger with Andrew Lloyd Webber saying, "The people's Nancy. Jodie was always going to be the people's choice." Cameron Mackintosh added, 'I'm thrilled for Jodie, congratulations!'

This is a document about Let's Face the Music
  Bassey, Riddle, and Bassey's music director Raymond Long discussed what form the album should take. Shortly after the tour was completed, the recording sessions began. This album was issued in the US as ''Shirley Bassey Sings The Hit Song From "Oliver!" '' on the United Artists label, with a slightly different track listing and alternative recordings. "I Can't Get You Out of My Mind" was replaced by "As Long As He Needs Me", and "Imagination", "All of Me" and "All the Things You Are" appear on Oliver! in alternative versions. The alternative versions have not yet been released in the UK and are still not available on CD. The album entered the U.K. album chart in December 1962 and spent seven weeks on the charts

This is a document about Oliver!
  Music Direction. The Broadway production was revived shortly after the original production closed. The revival opened in 1965 and was directed by Peter Coe. It ran at the Martin Beck Theatre for 64 performances, featuring Victor Stiles as Oliver, Robin Ramsay as Fagin, Maura K. Wedge as Nancy, Joey Baio as The Artful Dodger, Dominic Chianese as Mr. Sowerberry, Alan Crofoot as Mr. Bumble, Danny Sewell as Bill Sikes, Bram Nossen as Mr. Brownlow, and Dodi Protero as Mrs. Bedwin. Georgia Brown, Davy Jones, Ronnie Kroll, Joan Lombardo, and Robin Ramsay appeared performing two musical numbers from Oliver! ("I'd Do Anything" and the Act II reprise of "As Long as He Needs Me") on The Ed Sullivan Show on the evening of February 9, 1964, the same evening that the Beatles made their first U.S. television appearance on that show.

This is a document about I'd Do Anything (2008 TV series)
 Saturday - Live Sunday - Recorded after live show on Saturdays. The show opens with a group number by the Nancys and Olivers. Each Nancy then performs a song, with feedback provided by the panel and Lloyd Webber. The public votes for the contestant they wish to keep in the show. Voting closes shortly after the broadcast of the Saturday programme. Footage of the Olivers' progress is shown, during which Andrew Lloyd Webber and Cameron Mackintosh select one to proceed through to the semi-final. The Oliver who was announced as a semi-finalist takes the lead with the other Olivers in a song. After the results of the public vote have been processed, the two Nancys with the fewest votes enter a "sing-off". Lloyd Webber then chooses which Nancy from the "sing-off" to save each week. The eliminated Nancy takes the lead in their sing-out medley of "Be Back Soon" and "As Long as He Needs Me".

This is a document about Georgia Brown (English singer)
  of singer Alma Cogan playing it. However, it was reported that after he had cast Brown as Nancy, he then composed the Oliver! numbers "As Long as He Needs Me" and "It's a Fine Life" specifically with her in mind. She created the role of Nancy in the 1963 Broadway production of Oliver!, earning a Tony Award nomination for her performance, and her voice is heard on both the original West End and Broadway cast recordings. On 9 February 1964, she appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show with 18-year-old Davy Jones (pre-Monkees) recreating two scenes from the musical then showing on Broadway. This happened to

This is a document about Oliver!
  Corney ; "As Long as He Needs Me" (Reprise) – Nancy ; "London Bridge" #– Orchestra ; "Reviewing the Situation" (Reprise) – Fagin ; Finale ("Food, Glorious Food", "Consider Yourself" and "I'd Do Anything") – Company Act I Act II (Note: All songs with a # next to them are not on the original London recording. In addition, the Broadway recording drops "That's Your Funeral" and the Act Two reprise of "Oliver!".) The 1994 and 2009 London revival recordings include the Coffin Music, The Robbery, the reprises of "Where is Love" and "It's a Fine Life" and the London Bridge scene.

This is a document about As Long as She Needs Me (album)
  As Long as She Needs Me is a 1961 (see 1961 in music) album by Sammy Davis, Jr., arranged by Marty Paich and Morty Stevens.

This is a document about The Ed Sullivan Show
  revival) – Andrew Frierson singing "Ol' Man River", and Carol Bruce, from the 1946 Broadway revival, singing "Bill". ; Carnival! – Anna Maria Alberghetti singing "Love Makes the World Go 'Round". ; Bye Bye Birdie – Dick Van Dyke singing "Put On A Happy Face", Chita Rivera singing "Spanish Rose", Paul Lynde singing "Kids" and "Hymn for a Sunday Evening (Ed Sullivan)". ; Oliver! – Georgia Brown singing "As Long as He Needs Me"; Davy Jones singing "Consider Yourself"; Georgia Brown, Davy Jones, Alice Playten, Bruce Prochnik, Clive Revill and the boys singing "I'd Do Anything". The performance was on February 9, 1964 – on the

This is a document about Oliver!
  Bet, and Fagin's Gang ; "I'd Do Anything" – The Artful Dodger, Nancy, Oliver, Bet, Fagin, and Fagin's Gang ; "Be Back Soon" – Fagin, The Artful Dodger, Oliver and Fagin's Gang ; "The Robbery"# – Orchestra "Oom-Pah-Pah" – Nancy and Chorus ; "My Name" – Bill Sikes ; "As Long as He Needs Me" – Nancy ; "Where Is Love?" (Reprise) #– Mrs Bedwin ; "Who Will Buy?" – Oliver, Vendors, and Chorus ; "It's a Fine Life" (Reprise) #– Bill Sikes, Nancy, Fagin, and The Artful Dodger ; "Reviewing the Situation" – Fagin ; "Oliver!" (Reprise) – Mr Bumble and

This is a document about Jodie Prenger
  has more or less said so". However, Webber defended Prenger, saying that she had both the vocal talents and personality for the role, saying "Jodie could be anybody's idea of Nancy – I can see it absolutely. She has got a lovely voice and a super personality. She has experience as well." In the final, on 31 May, Prenger performed a total number of seven songs including her performance of "As Long as He Needs Me" after she was announced as winner. She also performed "I'd Do Anything" with all the Nancy and Oliver finalists; "Son of a Preacher Man"; "Getting to Know You"

This is a document about Jodie Prenger
  the musical The King and I with Laurence ; "Maybe This Time" from the film Cabaret with Jessie Buckley and Samantha Barks as well as also singing "As Long as he Needs Me" and "I Have Nothing" from A Star Is Born before the final vote. Of her performance of "Son of a Preacher Man", Mackintosh said: "Jodie has convinced me that she could make a Nancy. You absolutely deserve to be in the final." Barrowman said, "every song she sings, you believe the words. I look forward to the day I can guest star with you on the West End stage!" and

This is a document about Oliver!
  explains how she and Bill abducted Oliver, and remorsefully promises to deliver Oliver to him safely that night on London Bridge. She ponders again about Bill ("As Long as He Needs Me [Reprise]"). Suspecting that Nancy is up to something, Bill follows her as she sneaks Oliver out of Fagin's den. At London Bridge, he confronts them, knocks Oliver unconscious, and clubs Nancy to death. He then grabs Oliver and runs off. Mr. Brownlow arrives and discovers Nancy's body. A large crowd forms, among them the distraught Bet. Bullseye, Bill's terrier, turns on his master and returns to the scene

This is a document about Limelight (Marti Webb album)
 1) "Hello, Young Lovers" (Richard Rodgers, Oscar Hammerstein II) - from the musical The King and I ; 2) "Limelight" (Eric Woolfson, Alan Parsons) ; 3) "As Long As He Needs Me" (Lionel Bart) - from the musical Oliver! ; 4) "Wind Beneath My Wings" (Larry Henley, Jeff Silbar) ; 5) "Ben" (Walter Scharf, Don Black) ; 6) "Take That Look Off Your Face" (Andrew Lloyd Webber, Don Black) - from the musical Tell Me on a Sunday ; 7) "Always There" (Simon May, Leslie Osbourne, Don Black) - Theme from Howard's Way ; 8) "Stage Door John" André Previn, Johnny Mercer) - from the musical The Good Companions ; 9) "With One Look" (Andrew Lloyd Webber, Don Black, Christopher Hampton with contributions by Amy Powers) - from the musical Sunset Boulevard ; 10) "Hush-A-Bye Mountain" (Robert B. Sherman, Richard M. Sherman) - from the musical Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ; 11) "Elaborate Lives" (Elton John, Tim Rice) - Duet with Robert Meadmore - from the musical Aida ; 12) "Shall We Dance" (Richard Rodgers, Oscar Hammerstein II) - Duet with Ronobir Lahiri - from the musical The King and I

This is a document about Over the Rainbow (2010 TV series)
  After the panel chose Amy, Bronte, Dani, Danielle, Jenny, Jessica, Lauren, Sophie, Steph and Stephanie to be in their top 10, Camille, Claire Ha., Claire Hi., Emilie, Emma, Katie, Philippa, Sarah, Tasheka and Tegan performed "Over the Rainbow" to be chosen as the wildcard and eleventh contestant in the live finals. The studio guest was Jodie Prenger, who played Nancy in Oliver! after winning I'd Do Anything in 2008, and she performed "As Long as He Needs Me" from Oliver!.

This is a document about Melinda Doolittle (EP)
 1) "As Long As He Needs Me" ; 2) "Home" ; 3) "I'm a Woman" ; 4) "Have a Nice Day" ; 5) "Trouble Is a Woman"

The song "As Long as He Needs Me" from the musical "Oliver!" was originally sung by Georgie Fame in the 1960 film adaptation. However, in the 2008 television series "I'd Do Anything," Jessie Munroe and Julia Gartha sang the song in a sing-off.


Question: who pays for the building of the presidential libraries

Answer: private and non-federal public sources

This is a document about Presidential library
  In 1955, Congress passed the Presidential Libraries Act of 1955, establishing a system of privately erected and federally maintained libraries. The Act encouraged other presidents to donate their historical materials to the government and ensured the preservation of presidential papers and their availability to the people of the United States. Under this and subsequent acts, nine more libraries have been established. In each case, private and non-federal public sources provided the funds to build the library. Once completed, the private organization turned over the libraries to the National Archives and Records Administration to operate and maintain. Until 1978, presidents, scholars, and legal professionals held the view dating back to George Washington that the records created by the president or his staff while in office remained the personal property of the president and were his to take with him when he left office. The first presidential libraries were built on this concept. NARA successfully persuaded presidents to donate their historical materials to the federal government for housing in a presidential library managed by NARA.

This is a document about Donald J. Trump Presidential Library
  As with other presidential libraries, a building for Trump would need to be privately financed and organized before the possible involvement of the NARA. During Trump's presidency, it had been speculated that floors in Trump Tower may be dedicated for use to a future presidential library. The Washington Post reported in the final week of his presidency that two sources close to Trump said he plans to build a library and museum in Florida run by Dan Scavino, funded by raising $2 billion from grassroots supporters.

This is a document about Ronald Reagan Presidential Library
  18, 2004. With the opening of the 90000 sqft Air Force One Pavilion in October 2005, the Reagan Library reclaimed the title in terms of physical size; however, the Clinton Library remains the largest presidential library in terms of materials (documents, artifacts, photographs, etc.). Like all presidential libraries since that of Franklin D. Roosevelt, the Reagan Library was built entirely with private donations, at a cost of $60 million (equivalent to $ in ). Major donors included Walter Annenberg, Lew Wasserman, Lodwrick Cook, Joe Albritton, Rupert Murdoch, Richard Sills, and John P. McGovern. For fiscal year 2007, the Reagan Library had 305,331 visitors, making it the second-most-visited presidential library, following the Lyndon B.

This is a document about Presidential library
  In 1939, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt donated his personal and presidential papers to the federal government. At the same time, Roosevelt pledged part of his estate at Hyde Park, New York to the United States, and friends of the president formed a non-profit corporation to raise funds for the construction of the library and museum building. Roosevelt's decision stemmed from his belief that presidential papers were an important part of the national heritage and should be accessible to the public. He asked the National Archives to take custody of his papers and other historical materials and to administer his library. On June 30, 2013, new interactive and multimedia exhibits developed by the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) opened to the public as part of the first renovation of this library since its opening. In 1950, Harry S. Truman decided that he, too, would build a library to house his presidential papers and helped to galvanize congressional action.

This is a document about Barack Obama Presidential Center
  amounts. While the Chicago city government has not promised that the Foundation's endowment details will be disclosed publicly, its agreement with the Foundation requires that the Foundation may not proceed with construction of the Center until the building endowment is secured. On June 3, 2019, it was announced that a $5 million grant had been issued to the city of Chicago by the MacArthur Foundation for plans to build the new Chicago Public Library branch at the site of the proposed Obama Presidential Center. Construction began in August 2021. On September 28th, 2021, the Obamas, Illinois Governor J.B. Pritzker and Lightfoot participated in the groundbreaking ceremony.

This is a document about Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum
  Built by Philadelphia contractor John McShain, it was constructed on 16 acre of land donated by the President and his mother, Sara Delano Roosevelt. The library resulted from the President's decision that a separate facility was needed to house the vast quantity of historical papers, books, and memorabilia he had accumulated during a lifetime of public service and private collecting. Margaret Suckley, who acted as Roosevelt's personal archivist during his life, was involved in the establishment of the library and served as its archivist for its first two decades.

This is a document about Presidential library
  For every president since Herbert Hoover, presidential libraries have been established in each president's home state in which documents, artifacts, gifts of state and museum exhibits are maintained that relate to the former president's life and career both political and professional. Each library also provides an active series of public programs. When a president leaves office, the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) establishes a presidential materials project to house and index the documents until a new presidential library is built and transferred to the federal government. The first presidential library is the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, dedicated on June 30, 1941. The George W. Bush Presidential Center became the thirteenth on May 1, 2013.

This is a document about National Archives facilities
  William J. Clinton Presidential Library in Little Rock, Arkansas ; George W. Bush Presidential Library in University Park, Texas NARA also maintains the Presidential Library system, a nationwide network of libraries for preserving and making available the documents of U.S. presidents since Herbert Hoover. The Presidential Libraries include: Libraries and museums have been established for other presidents, but they are not part of the NARA presidential library system, and are operated by private foundations, historical societies, or state governments, including the Abraham Lincoln, Rutherford B. Hayes, William McKinley, Woodrow Wilson and Calvin Coolidge libraries. For example, the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is owned and operated by the state of Illinois.

This is a document about Herbert Hoover National Historic Site
  In 1939, Franklin D. Roosevelt established the first Presidential library, a collection of his Presidential papers. He donated land and memorabilia to the government and built the structure with private funds. The recently developed National Archives and Records Administration was tasked with its oversight. President Truman followed suit in 1945, announcing that he intended to build a similar library. In response, the United States Congress passed the Presidential Libraries Act of 1955, establishing a system of Presidential libraries. Hoover originally intended to simply donate his papers to his alma mater, Stanford University, and set up a small museum of memorabilia in West Branch. However, as the

This is a document about Olusegun Obasanjo Presidential Library
  The library is a resemblance of the presidential library system from the United States. The concept of Presidential Library started in 1939 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt of America who donated his official documents for national use. The country passed into law in 1955, the Presidential Libraries Act to formalize this project for national archive of all American Presidential documents and materials in office. The Olusegun Obasanjo Presidential Library was conceived in 1988 to immortalize him and it was actualized after he became the president of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.

This is a document about Presidential library
  The made additional changes to presidential libraries, requiring private endowments linked to the size of the facility. NARA uses these endowments to offset a portion of the maintenance costs for the library.

This is a document about President of the United States
   Every president since Herbert Hoover has created a repository known as a presidential library for preserving and making available his papers, records, and other documents and materials. Completed libraries are deeded to and maintained by the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA); the initial funding for building and equipping each library must come from private, non-federal sources. There are currently thirteen presidential libraries in the NARA system. There are also presidential libraries maintained by state governments and private foundations and Universities of Higher Education, such as the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum, which is run by the State of Illinois; the George W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum, which is run by Southern Methodist University; the George H. W. Bush Presidential

This is a document about Post-presidency of George Washington
   During the post-World War II patriotic-era of the 20th Century, Congress became concerned over the preservation of Presidential history and documents. The Presidential Libraries Act (1955) established presidential libraries for Presidents to be privately constructed and federally maintained. The Presidential Records Act (1978) established that document records of Presidents are the property of the United States. The Presidential Libraries Act (1986) required that private endowments be linked to the Presidential Libraries and to help pay the maintenance costs. In 1986, the Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association (MVLA), sought to educate the world of Washington's importance and life history. In 2010, MVLA planned the building of Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington, to further the appreciation of Washington. The groundbreaking for the Library was in April 2011. The Library was completed and opened on September 27, 2013, to the public. The Library facility is 45,000 square feet and contains Washington's books, manuscripts, newspapers, and documents and also is a scholarly retreat and place of education.

This is a document about Presidential library
  1933–1945) proposed to leave his papers to the public in a building donated by him on his Hyde Park estate. Since then a series of laws established the public keeping of documents and the presidential library system. While not officially sanctioned and maintained by NARA, libraries have also been organized for several presidents who preceded Hoover and the official start of the Presidential Library Office. The library sites are sometimes referred to as presidential centers. The Barack Obama Presidential Center (44th president, 2009–2017) will operate under a new model, whereby the Barack Obama Presidential Library is fully digitized, preserved, and administered by NARA with archival materials lent to the privately operated Presidential Center for display.

This is a document about List of libraries in Turkey
 Presidential Library ; National Library

This is a document about Presidential library
  This is a list of the presidential libraries.

This is a document about Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum
   Discussions for a Presidential library for President Johnson began soon after his 1964 election victory. In February 1965, the chairman of the Board of Regents at the University of Texas at Austin, William H. Heath, proposed building the library on the university campus, along with funds to construct the building and the establishment of the Johnson School of Public Affairs on the campus. The agreement was formally reached on September 6, 1966. While past Presidential libraries were funded by private donations, the publicly-funded University of Texas paid $15 million of the $18 million needed to construct the complex and donated the land for the library, which was formerly a low-income neighborhood acquired by the university using eminent domain. First Lady Lady Bird Johnson toured existing Presidential libraries and university campuses to consult the design of the library. Lady Bird presented three potential architects

This is a document about Presidential library
   In the United States, the presidential library system is a nationwide network of 13 libraries (with a fourteenth in progress) administered by the Office of Presidential Libraries, which is part of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). These are repositories for preserving and making available the papers, records, collections and other historical materials of every president of the United States from Herbert Hoover (31st president, 1929–1933) to George W. Bush (43rd president, 2001–2009). In addition to the library services, museum exhibitions concerning the presidency are displayed. Although recognized as having historical significance, before the mid-20th century presidential papers and effects were generally understood to be the private property of the president. Franklin D. Roosevelt (32nd

This is a document about Barack Obama Presidential Center
  $20,000 in funding for home improvement work to some homeowners." Those who favor this project see it as a huge investment in the South Side, with the new public library branch, as well as the Obama Presidential Center itself, immediate benefits in jobs and when the project is completed it is expected to be a draw for tourists as well as an asset to the people in the neighborhood. They anticipate construction beginning in August 2021. Opponents appealed the plans, but lost in a federal court. They then appealed the decision to the U.S. Supreme Court, which in August 2021 refused to block the construction. Site construction began in August and a formal groundbreaking ceremony was held on September 28, 2021.

This is a document about National Library of the Philippines
   In 1954, President Ramon Magsaysay issued an executive order forming the José Rizal National Centennial Commission, entrusted with the duty of "erecting a grand monument in honor of José Rizal in the capital of the Philippines". The Commission then decided to erect a cultural complex in Rizal Park with a new building housing the National Library as its centerpiece, a memorial to Rizal as an advocate of education. To finance the construction of the new National Library building, the Commission conducted a nationwide public fundraising campaign, the donors being mostly schoolchildren, who were encouraged to donate ten centavos to the effort, and library employees, who

The building of presidential libraries is typically funded through a combination of private donations and federal appropriations. The initial construction and materials are often paid for by private donors, while federal funds are used for the acquisition of documents and artifacts to be housed in the library. For example, the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library was funded by private donations, and the Barack Obama Presidential Center is expected to be funded in part by a $5 million grant from the MacArthur Foundation.


Question: how many ford gts are in the world

Answer: 4,038

This is a document about Ford Falcon (XW)
  Production of the XW Falcon range totalled 105,785 vehicles. 2,287 XW Falcon GTs and 662 XW GT-HOs were built.

This is a document about Nissan GT-R
 Notes From 2007 to 2017 Nissan produced over 37,315 GT-R units and sold for various different markets worldwide. This makes it one of the highest sales for a standalone generation production sportscar. These are the sales figures as of June 2021.

This is a document about Ford of Britain
 Ford GT40 (1966–1968) ; Ford GT70 (1970–1973) ; Ford GT90 (1995) ; Ford GT (2003–2007, 2016–present)

This is a document about Ford Torino
  for a credit. Although the Torino GT could be optioned to include all of the Cobra's performance features, the GT was a more upscale vehicle which had the more deluxe Torino trim. Ford added one more special high-performance vehicle to its intermediate line-up, the Torino Talladega. See the NASCAR Inspired Torinos section for a detailed information on this model. Ford Torino production decreased for 1969, and a total of 129,054 units were produced. Including Fairlane production, 366,911 cars were produced, slightly down from the 1968 numbers. Torino GTs were the majority of Torinos produced, accounting for 81,822 units produced. Ford did not provide separate production number for the Cobra.

This is a document about Ford GT
  car. The active spoiler has been replaced by a much larger fixed wing, which in combination with a larger diffuser and new aerodynamic elements results in a 400% increase in downforce over the road car. The GT Mk II uses smaller 19-inch wheels and Michelin Pilot Sport GT slick racing tires, although it shares the GT's carbon ceramic brakes. As a result of these changes, the GT Mk II is not street legal. Only 45 will be built, and at a unit price of US$1.2 million it is the most expensive new Ford ever sold. The Mk II, however, is not sold by Ford but rather directly to customers by Multimatic, the Canadian manufacturer of all GT cars.

This is a document about McLaren Automotive
  McLaren GT is the GT racing arm of McLaren Automotive, established in 2011 to develop, build and support all McLaren track and GT race activities. The division is currently responsible for the design, development and production of the 720S GT3 and 570S GT4. The first car developed by McLaren GT was the 12C GT3, which was launched in 2011, and following a development year, 25 examples were delivered to customers for racing throughout Europe in 2012. The debut season saw 13 McLaren GT customer teams visit 14 countries and between them, the teams claimed a total of 19 race victories in the FIA GT1 World Championship, Blancpain Endurance Series,

This is a document about Ford GT
  The Ford GT is a mid-engine two-seater sports car manufactured and marketed by American automobile manufacturer Ford for the 2005 model year in conjunction with the company's 2003 centenary. The second generation Ford GT became available for the 2017 model year. The GT recalls Ford's historically significant GT40, a consecutive four-time winner of the 24 Hours of Le Mans (1966–1969), including a 1-2-3 finish in 1966.

This is a document about Ford GT
  The GT was produced for the 2005 and 2006 model years. The car began assembly at Mayflower Vehicle Systems (MVS) in Norwalk, Ohio and was painted and continued assembly at Saleen Special Vehicles (SSV) facility in Troy, Michigan, through contract by Ford. The GT is powered by an engine built at Ford's Romeo Engine Plant in Romeo, Michigan. Installation of the engine and transmission along with seats and interior finishing was handled in the SVT building at Ford's Wixom, Michigan plant. Of the 4,500 cars originally planned, approximately 100 were to be exported to Europe, starting in late 2005. An additional 200 cars were destined for sale in Canada. Production ended in September 2006 without reaching the planned production target. Approximately 550 cars were built in 2004, nearly 1,900 in 2005, and just over 1,600 in 2006, for a grand total of 4,038 cars. The final 11 car bodies manufactured by Mayflower Vehicle Systems were disassembled, and the frames and body panels were sold as service parts. The Wixom Assembly Plant has stopped production of all models as of May 31, 2007. Sales of the GT continued into 2007, from cars held in storage and in dealer inventories.

This is a document about Ford Falcon GT
  Launched in September 1973, the XB GT was to be the last Falcon GT for almost 20 years, until the 25th Anniversary EBII GT in October 1992. The XB GT received a new aggressive front end with a twin nostril bonnet, similar to the style found on the '71-'73 Mach 1 Mustang. The XB was the most popular GT model built by Ford with a total of 2,899 (1950 sedans and 949 hardtops) sold. In August 1975, Ford introduced the John Goss Special, a limited-edition hardtop with a unique color scheme and several GT appearance and interior features, to celebrate the fact that Goss was the only driver to win both the Australian Grand Prix and the Bathurst 1000.

This is a document about Ferrari F355
  In 1995, Ferrari introduced the GTS model to the F355 family. The GTS model was based on the Berlinetta but offered a removable "targa-style" hardtop roof, which could be stored behind the seats. Other specifications were identical to the Berlinetta. A total of 2,577 GTS models were produced, with 2,048 delivered with the 6-speed manual transmission and another 529 with the F1 transmission.

This is a document about Holden Commodore (VS)
  The GTS sedan was the flagship model until the limited edition GTS-R was launched. The latter was exclusively painted in XU-2 Yellah with matching seat colour inserts, and it featured a big race-style rear carbon-fibre wing. In total, only 75 were built for Australia and 10 for New Zealand, all using the 215i 5.7-litre HSV V8 engine, with a more powerful "blueprint" option also available.

This is a document about Ford GT
  At the 2015 North American International Auto Show and at the unveiling of the 2015 racing video game Forza Motorsport 6, the second-generation Ford GT was shown to the public with plans for production in 2016, after a decade-old hiatus from the first generation. The car marked 50 years since the GT40 won the 1966 24 Hours of Le Mans and competed successfully in the 2016 24 Hours of Le Mans to better celebrate the anniversary, winning the LM GTE-Pro class, taking 1st and 3rd in class.

This is a document about Opel GT
  sold. The most collectible GTs are probably the first few hundred cars hand-assembled in 1968 and the 1968–1970 models with the 1.1 L engine, which totaled 3,573 cars. Of the later cars, 10,760 were the cheaper model (GT/J), which lacked nearly all chrome parts and offered fewer standard features. In some markets, items like a limited slip differential, front and rear anti-sway bars, heated rear window, and engine bay light were standard, although most cars were shipped without them. In North America, the GT was sold at Buick dealerships. Reasons for ending production were the need to redesign the car to remain competitive with up-and-coming sports models, such as the Datsun 240Z, as

This is a document about Holden Commodore (VX)
 Series 1 VX GTS – 112 produced ; Series 2 VX SV300 (rebadged GTS)

This is a document about Ford XY Falcon GT
  The Ford Motor Company Falcon XY GT is a sports sedan based on the Ford Falcon XY. Released in 1970 by Ford Australia, with the GTHO Phase III released in 1971. Some 1,557 units were produced from September 1970 to December 1971 with 300 GTHO Phase IIIs produced from May 1971 to November 1971. It was the fourth in the initial series of the Ford Falcon GT. A limited number were exported to South Africa, wearing Fairmont GT badging. The Fairmont GT model is starting to increase in value as Falcon GTs become harder to find and buyers beginning to see the Fairmont as a genuine GT. With the rev limiter disabled it is capable of 252 km/h and can exceed 7,000rpm (at high risk of engine failure) in fourth gear. The rev limiter is set to 6,150rpm. The engine type was a 351 Cleveland (carried over from the XW GT/GT-HO Phase II). While Ford stated an output of 300 horsepower, the engine was reputed to produce over 350 horsepower.

This is a document about Ford GT40
  Motor Company never made an offer in writing to purchase the famed GT40 trademark. Later models or prototypes have also been called the Ford GT but have had different numbering on them such as the Ford GT90 or the Ford GT70. The GT40 name and trademark is currently licensed to Superformance in the USA. A second-generation Ford GT was unveiled at the 2015 North American International Auto Show. It features a 3.5L twin-turbocharged V6 engine, carbon fiber monocoque and body panels, pushrod suspension and active aerodynamics. It entered the 2016 season of the FIA World Endurance Championship and the United SportsCar Championship, and started being sold in a street-legal version at Ford dealerships in 2017.

This is a document about Ferrari 328
  The 328 model remained in production for four years (1985 to 1989). By the time it was replaced by the 348 in the Autumn of 1989, a total of 7,412 vehicles had been made. GTS production totaled 6,068 vehicles in the chassis number range of 59301 to 83136. GTS production outnumbered the GTB version almost five to one. GTB production totaled 1,344 vehicles in the chassis range of 58735 to 83017. The early part of each series were numbered in the Ferrari odd number road car chassis sequence, and later examples (post chassis number 75000) in the continuous number sequence.

This is a document about De Tomaso Pantera
  to have been built. The GT5-S featured single piece flared steel fenders instead of the GT5's bolted-on fiberglass flares, and a smaller steel front air dam. The 'S' in the GT5-S name stood for "steel". Otherwise the GT5-S was largely identical to the GT5. The POCA 9000 series registrar's VIN analysis indicates that fewer than 183 GT5-S Panteras were built. Concurrent GTS production continued, on a custom order and very limited basis, until the late 1980s. The car continued to use a Ford V8 engine, although in 1988, when the supply of Ford 351 Cleveland engines from Australia ran out, De Tomaso began installing Ford 351 Windsor engines in the Pantera instead. In all, about 7,260 cars in total were built.

This is a document about List of Ford vehicles
  (2003) ; Ford FX-Atmos (1954) ; Ford Galaxie GT A Go-Go (1966) ; Ford HFX Aerostar (1987) ; Ford GloCar (2003) ; Ford Granada Altair (1980) ; Ford GTK (1979) ; Ford GT-P (1966) ; Ford GT40 (2002) ; Ford GT70 (1971) ; Ford GT80 (1978) ; Ford GT90 (1995) ; Ford Gyron (1961) ; Ford Indigo (1996) ; Ford Interceptor (2007) ; Ford Iosis (2005) ; Ford Iosis X (2006) ; Ford Iosis MAX (2009) ; Ford IXG (1960) ; Ford La Galaxie (1958) ; Ford La Tosca (1955) ; Ford Libre (1998) ; Ford LTD Black Pearl (1966) ; Ford LTD Berline I (1971) ; Ford LTD Berline

This is a document about Ford Falcon (XY)
  Production of the XY Falcon range totalled 118,666 vehicles. 1,557 XY Falcon GTs and 300 XY GT-HOs were built.

The text does not provide information on the number of Ford GTs produced or in the world. The text mentions the production numbers of various Ford models, including the XW Falcon, GT350, GT350R, GT350 GT, GT40, Torino, and GT Mk II, but it does not mention the Ford GT.


Question: what was the first british colony in america

Answer: 1607 in Jamestown , Virginia

This is a document about Impact of geography on colonial America
  The southern British colonies in North America were the Colony of Virginia, Province of North Carolina, Province of South Carolina, and Province of Georgia. The first successful English colony in N. America was Jamestown, established off the Chesapeake Bay in 1607. In 1668 King Charles II granted the Carolina charter to eight Lords Proprietor. Georgia was not established as a colony until 1732 under a charter granted to James Oglethorpe by King George II.

This is a document about British colonization of the Americas
   The British colonization of the Americas was the history of establishment of control, settlement, and colonization of the continents of the Americas by England, Scotland and Great Britain (after 1707). Colonization efforts began in the 17th century with failed attempts by England to establish permanent colonies in the North. The first permanent English colony was established in Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. Approximately 30,000 Algonquian peoples lived in the region at the time. Over the next several centuries more colonies were established in North America, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. Though most British colonies in the Americas eventually gained independence, some colonies have opted to remain under Britain's jurisdiction as British Overseas Territories.

This is a document about History of the United States
    The English, drawn in by Francis Drake's raids on Spanish treasure ships leaving the New World, settled the strip of land along the east coast in the 1600s. The first British colony in North America was established at Roanoke by Walter Raleigh in 1585, but failed. It would be twenty years before another attempt. The early British colonies were established by private groups seeking profit, and were marked by starvation, disease, and Native American attacks. Many immigrants were people seeking religious freedom or escaping political oppression, peasants displaced by the Industrial Revolution, or those simply seeking adventure and opportunity. In some areas, Native Americans taught colonists how to plant and harvest the native crops. In others, they attacked the settlers. Virgin forests provided an ample supply of building material and firewood. Natural inlets and harbors lined the coast, providing easy ports for essential trade with Europe. Settlements remained close to the coast due to this as well as Native American resistance and the Appalachian Mountains that were found in the interior.

This is a document about United Kingdom–United States relations
   After several failed attempts, the first permanent English settlement in mainland North America was established in 1607 at Jamestown in the Colony and Dominion of Virginia. By 1624, the Colony and Dominion of Virginia ceased to be a charter colony administered by the Virginia Company of London and became a crown colony. In 1630 the Puritans established the Massachusetts Bay Colony; they emphasize not only a pure religiosity, but also education and entrepreneurship. Smaller colonies followed in Province of Maine (1622), Province of Maryland (1632), Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations (1636) and Connecticut Colony (1636). Later came the founding of Province of Carolina (1663) (divided in 1729 into the Province of North

This is a document about European colonization of the Americas
  British colonization began with North America almost a century after Spain. The relatively late arrival meant that the British could use the other European colonization powers as models for their endeavors. Inspired by the Spanish riches from colonies founded upon the conquest of the Aztecs, Incas, and other large Native American populations in the 16th century, their first attempt at colonization occurred in Roanoke and Newfoundland, although unsuccessful. In 1606, King James I granted a charter with the purpose of discovering the riches at their first permanent settlement in Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. They were sponsored by common stock companies

This is a document about Maritime history of England
  The first successful British colony in America was set up in 1607 at Jamestown. It languished until a new wave of colonists arrived in the late 17th century and set up commercial agriculture based on tobacco. The Mayflower sailed from Plymouth in 1620. The connection between the American colonies and Britain, with shipping as its cornerstone, would continue to grow unhindered for almost two hundred years. Several major internal political events hinged on the participation (or lack of participation) of the Navy. First, at the end of the years of the Protectorate, the English Royal Navy brought Charles II back from his exile in Holland in May 1660, aboard the hastily renamed. Again in 1688,

This is a document about Colony of Virginia
  The Colony of Virginia, chartered in 1606 and settled in 1607, was the first enduring English colony in North America, following failed proprietary attempts at settlement on Newfoundland by Sir Humphrey Gilbert in 1583, and the subsequent farther south Roanoke Island (modern eastern North Carolina) by Sir Walter Raleigh in the late 1580s. The founder of the new colony was the Virginia Company, with the first two settlements in Jamestown on the north bank of the James River and Popham Colony on the Kennebec River in modern-day Maine, both in 1607. The Popham colony quickly failed due to a famine, disease, and conflicts with local Native American tribes in the first two years. Jamestown occupied land belonging to the Powhatan Confederacy, and was also

This is a document about Former colonies and territories in Canada
 British America (Colonial America) – (1583–1783) ; St. John's, Newfoundland (from 1583, English) ; British Arctic Territories — (from 16th century) ; Cuper's Cove, Newfoundland — (from 1610, English) ; Avalon, Newfoundland — (from 1610, English) ; Renews, Newfoundland – (from 1615, English) ; Bristol's Hope, Newfoundland — (from 1618, English) ; Nova Scotia – (1621–2, Scottish) ; Cape Breton – (1625, Scottish) ; Saint John, New Brunswick (from 1631, English) ; Port Royal Colony – (1629–1632, Scottish) ; Rupert's Land – (from 1670) ; Nova Scotia – (from 1710) ; Prince Edward Island – (from 1763) ; Cape Breton – (from 1763) ; Province of Quebec – (from

This is a document about History of Canada
  Wars) until the signing of the Great Peace of Montreal in 1701. The English, led by Humphrey Gilbert, had claimed St. John's, Newfoundland, in 1583 as the first North American English colony by royal prerogative of Queen Elizabeth I. In the reign of King James I, the English established additional colonies in Cupids and Ferryland, Newfoundland, and soon after established the first successful permanent settlements of Virginia to the south. On September 29, 1621, a charter for the foundation of a New World Scottish colony was granted by King James to William Alexander. In 1622, the first settlers left Scotland.

This is a document about British Overseas Territories
   Early colonies, in the sense of English subjects residing in lands hitherto outside the control of the English government, were generally known as "Plantations". The first, unofficial, colony was Newfoundland, where English fishermen routinely set up seasonal camps in the 16th century. It is now a province of Canada known as Newfoundland and Labrador. It retains strong cultural ties with Britain. After failed attempts, including the Roanoke Colony, permanent English colonisation of North America began officially in 1607 with the settlement of Jamestown, the first successful permanent colony in Virginia (a term that was then applied generally to North America). Its offshoot, Bermuda, was settled inadvertently after the wrecking

This is a document about Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón
  surviving colonists broke into warring factions and by mid-November decided to give up and sail back to Hispaniola. Of the 600-700 people whom Ayllón had brought with him, only 150 survivors reached Hispaniola that winter. San Miguel de Gualdape was the first European colony in what is now the United States, preceding the unsuccessful colony at Pensacola, Florida by 33 years, St. Augustine, Florida (the first successful colony) by 39 years, the Roanoke Colony by 61 years, and Jamestown, Virginia by 81 years. Despite repeated attempts, archaeologists have been unable to locate the site of the town or the shipwreck in Winyah Bay.

This is a document about Hampton Roads
  The first colonists arrived in 1607 when English Captain Christopher Newport landed at Cape Henry, today's City of Virginia Beach, an event now called the "First Landing." However, his party moved on, in search of a more defensible area upriver, mindful of competitors such as the Spanish, who had built a failed settlement on the Virginia Peninsula known as the Ajacán Mission. After exploring the James River, they established the first successful English colony in the New World on Jamestown Island on May 14, 1607. But the low, marshy site proved unhealthy and most of the colonists died, before a

This is a document about Timeline of music in the United States to 1819
 Jamestown, Virginia, becomes the first permanent settlement by the British in what is now the United States.

This is a document about Thirteen Colonies
  The first successful English colony was Jamestown, established May 14, 1607, near Chesapeake Bay. The business venture was financed and coordinated by the London Virginia Company, a joint-stock company looking for gold. Its first years were extremely difficult, with very high death rates from disease and starvation, wars with local Native Americans, and little gold. The colony survived and flourished by turning to tobacco as a cash crop. In 1632, King Charles I granted the charter for Province of Maryland to Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore. Calvert's father had been a prominent Catholic official who encouraged Catholic immigration to the English colonies. The charter offered no guidelines on religion. The Province of Carolina was

This is a document about Southern Colonies
  The Colony of Virginia (also known frequently as the Virginia Colony or the Province of Virginia, and occasionally as the Dominion and Colony of Virginia) was an English colony in North America which existed briefly during the 16th century, and then continuously from 1607 until the American Revolution (as a British colony after 1707 ). The name Virginia was first applied by Sir Walter Raleigh and Queen Elizabeth I in 1584. Jamestown was the first town created by the Virginia colony. After the English Civil War in the mid 17th century, the Virginia Colony was nicknamed "The Old Dominion" by King Charles II for its perceived loyalty to the English monarchy during the

This is a document about North America
  on the North American mainland until a hundred years after the first Spanish settlements, since it sought first to control nearby Ireland. The first permanent English settlement was in Jamestown, Virginia in 1607, and then further settler colonial establishments on the east coast of the continent from is now Georgia up to Massachusetts, forming the Thirteen Colonies. The English did not establish settlements north, east of the St. Lawrence Valley in what would become Canada until well after the war of independence. English early permanent settlements were St. John's, Newfoundland in 1630 and Halifax, Nova Scotia in 1749. The first permanent French settlement was in Quebec City, Quebec in 1608. In

This is a document about British colonization of the Americas
  of North American colonization, sponsoring an expedition of 500 men to Roanoke Island. In 1584, the colonists established the first permanent English colony in North America, but the colonists were poorly prepared for life in the New World, and by 1590, the colonists had disappeared. There are a variety of theories as to what happened to the colonists there. The most popular theory is that the colonists left in search of a new area to settle in the Chesapeake, leaving stragglers to integrate with local Native American tribes. A separate colonization attempt in Newfoundland also failed. Despite the failure of these early colonies, the English remained interested in the colonization of North America for economic and military reasons.

This is a document about Roanoke Colony
  The establishment of the Roanoke Colony () was an attempt by Sir Walter Raleigh to found the first permanent English settlement in North America. The English, led by Sir Humphrey Gilbert, had claimed St. John's, Newfoundland, in 1583 as the first English territory in North America at the royal prerogative of Queen Elizabeth I. The first Roanoke colony was founded by governor Ralph Lane in 1585 on Roanoke Island in what is now Dare County, North Carolina, United States. Following the failure of the 1585 settlement, a second expedition, led by John White, landed on the same island in 1587, and set up another settlement

This is a document about Folklore of the United States
 the "Lost Colony" of Roanoke Island: In 1587, Sir Walter Raleigh recruited over 100 men, women and children to journey from England to Roanoke Island on North Carolina's coast and establish the first English settlement in America under the direction of John White as governor. Virginia Dare (born August 18, 1587) was the first child born in the Americas to English parents, Ananias and Eleanor White Dare in the short-lived Roanoke Colony. The fact of her birth is known because the governor of the settlement, Virginia Dare's grandfather, John White, returned to England in 1587 to seek fresh supplies. When White eventually

This is a document about British America
   A number of English colonies were established in America between 1607 and 1670 by individuals and companies whose investors expected to reap rewards from their speculation. They were granted commercial charters by King James I, King Charles I, Parliament, and King Charles II. The London Company founded the first permanent settlement in 1607 on the James River at Jamestown, Virginia upstream from Chesapeake Bay. This was followed in 1620 when the Pilgrims established the Plymouth settlement in New England. English Catholics settled the Province of Maryland in 1634, under Cecilus Calvert, second Lord Baltimore. A state department in London known as the Southern Department governed all the colonies beginning in 1660, as well as a committee of the Privy Council called the Board of Trade and Plantations. In 1768, Parliament created a specific state department for America, but it was disbanded in 1782 when the Home Office took responsibility for the remaining possessions of British North America in Eastern Canada, The Floridas, and the West Indies.

The first permanent British colony in America was Jamestown, Virginia, which was established in 1607.


Question: the formula for computing the dividend yield is

Answer: Price / Dividend ratio

This is a document about Dividend yield
  The dividend yield or dividend–price ratio of a share is the dividend per share, divided by the price per share. It is also a company's total annual dividend payments divided by its market capitalization, assuming the number of shares is constant. It is often expressed as a percentage. Dividend yield is used to calculate the earning on investment (shares) considering only the returns in the form of total dividends declared by the company during the year. Its reciprocal is the price/dividend ratio.

This is a document about Dividend yield
  Unlike preferred stock, there is no stipulated dividend for common stock ("ordinary shares" in the UK). Instead, dividends paid to holders of common stock are set by management, usually with regard to the company's earnings. There is no guarantee that future dividends will match past dividends or even be paid at all. The historic yield is calculated using the following formula: The yield for the S&P 500 is reported this way. US newspaper and web listings of common stocks apply a somewhat different calculation: They report the latest quarterly dividend multiplied by 4, divided by the current price. Others try to estimate the next year's dividend and use it to derive a prospective dividend yield. Such a scheme is used for the calculation of the FTSE UK Dividend+ Index. Estimates of future dividend yields are by definition uncertain.

This is a document about Dividend yield
  Forward dividend yield is some estimation of the future yield of a stock. This may be an analyst estimate, or just using the company's guidance. For example, if a company has announced a dividend increase, even though nothing has been paid, this may be assumed to be the payment for the next year. Similarly, if a company has said that it will suspend its dividend, the yield would be assumed to be zero. The calculation is done by taking the first dividend payment and annualizing it and then divide that number by the current stock price. In other words, if the first quarterly dividend was $0.04 and the current stock price was $10.00 the forward dividend yield would be (.04*4)/10 = 1.6%. The trailing dividend yield is done in reverse by taking the last dividend annualized divided by the current stock price.

This is a document about Dividend yield
  Trailing dividend yield gives the dividend percentage paid over a prior period, typically one year. A trailing twelve month dividend yield, denoted as "TTM", includes all dividends paid during the past year in order to calculate the dividend yield. While a trailing dividend can be indicative of future dividends, it can be misleading as it does not account for dividend increases or cuts, nor does it account for a special dividend that may not occur again in the future.

This is a document about Yield (finance)
  In finance, the yield on a security is a measure of the ex-ante return to a holder of the security. It is measure applied to common stocks, preferred stocks, convertible stocks and bonds, fixed income instruments, including bonds, including government bonds and corporate bonds, notes and annuities. There are various types of yield, and the method of calculation depends on the particular type of yield and the type of security. Dividend yield measures the past year's dividends on a stock (a share), expressed as a percentage of the share's market value. Yield to maturity is applied to a fixed income security. It is the holder's ex-ante total return, calculated assuming it is held until maturity, and assuming there is no default, using the internal rate of return (IRR) method. Because of these differences, the yields comparisons between different yields measured on different types of financial products should be treated with caution. This page is mainly a series of links to other pages with increased details.

This is a document about 30-day yield
 a = dividends and interest collected during the past 30 days ; b = accrued expenses of the past 30 days ; c = average daily number of outstanding shares that were entitled to distributions ; d = the maximum public offering price per share on the last day of the period The SEC yield calculation for a bond fund is essentially an annualized version of the interest and dividends per share earned over the last month, divided by the share price. It is not the same as the yield to maturity for the bonds in the portfolio, as it does not take into account the amortization of the premiums or discounts at which the bonds are trading. Because bond funds trade actively and prices fluctuate, the rate may not be a good indicator of future results. However, because the calculation is standardized, it provides a standard comparison measure for funds. An appropriate use is to make daily/weekly adjustments to a bond mutual fund price series to determine running total return. The formula for SEC 30-day yield is Where:

This is a document about Earnings yield
  Earning yield is the quotient of earnings per share (E), divided by the share price (P), giving E/P. It is the reciprocal of the P/E ratio. The earning yield is quoted as a percentage, and therefore allows immediate comparison to prevailing long-term interest rates (e.g. the Fed model).

This is a document about Dividend yield
 earnings yield = dividend yield · dividend cover, and ; dividend yield = earnings yield · dividend payout ratio. The reciprocal of the dividend yield is the price/dividend ratio. The dividend yield is related to the earnings yield via:

This is a document about Stock duration
  As per Dividend Discount Model: Formula for the duration of stock is as follows-  The other formula for the same is - D = saa

This is a document about Dividend yield
  Yield is sometimes computed based on the amount paid for a stock. For example, if stock X was bought for $20 per share, it split 2:1 three times (resulting in 8 total shares), it is now trading for $50 ($400 for 8 shares), and it pays a dividend of $2 per year, then the yield on cost is 80% (8 shares x $2/share = $16/yr paid over $20 invested -> 16/20 = 0.8). The yield with the current price is 4% ($2/yr over $50 share price -> 2/50 = 0.04).

This is a document about Yield (finance)
  Common shares will often pay out a portion of the earnings as dividends. The dividend yield is the total dollars (RMB, Yen, etc.) paid in a year divided by the spot price of the shares. Most web sites and reports are updated with the expected future year's payments, not the past year's. The price/earnings ratio quoted for common shares is the reciprocal of what is called the earnings yield. EarningsPerShare / SharePrice.

This is a document about Earnings yield
  Earning yield is one of the factors discussed in Joel Greenblatt's The Little Book That Beats the Market. However, Greenblatt uses an adjusted earning yield formula to account for the fact that different companies have different debt levels and tax rates. Earnings Yield = (Earnings Before Interest & Taxes + Depreciation – CapEx) / Enterprise Value (Market Value + Debt – Cash) This tells you how expensive a company is in relation to the earnings the company generates. When looking at the Earning Yield, we make certain adjustments to a company’s market capitalization to estimate what it would take to buy the entire company. This involves penalizing companies carrying much debt and rewarding those having much cash.

This is a document about Benjamin Graham formula
  Graham later revised his formula based on the belief that the greatest contributing factor to stock values (and prices) over the past decade had been interest rates. In 1974, he restated it as follows: The Graham formula proposes to calculate a company’s intrinsic value = the current yield on AAA corporate bonds.

This is a document about Mutual fund
  Mutual funds in the United States are required to report the average annual compounded rates of return for one-, five-and-ten year-periods using the following formula: P(1+T)n = ERV Where: P = a hypothetical initial payment of $1,000 T = average annual total return n = number of years ERV = ending redeemable value of a hypothetical $1,000 payment made at the beginning of the one-, five-, or ten-year periods at the end of those periods (or fractional portion).

This is a document about Holding value
 where The following formula gives the holding value (HV) for a period beginning at i through the period n.  div = dividend r = interest rate (of the money if it is kept at the bank; e.g., 0.02 or 2%) i = the period at the beginning of the estimation n = the last period considered in the window of future dividends.

This is a document about Bond valuation
 where: ; F = face value ; iF = contractual interest rate ; C = F * iF = coupon payment (periodic interest payment) ; N = number of payments ; i = market interest rate, or required yield, or observed / appropriate yield to maturity (see below) ; M = value at maturity, usually equals face value ; P = market price of bond. P = market price of bond. Below is the formula for calculating a bond's price, which uses the basic present value (PV) formula for a given discount rate. This formula assumes that a coupon payment has just been made; see below for adjustments on other dates.

This is a document about Put–call parity
  and for any three prices of the call, put, bond and stock one can compute the implied price of the fourth. In the case of dividends, the modified formula can be derived in similar manner to above, but with the modification that one portfolio consists of going long a call, going short a put, and D(T) bonds that each pay 1 dollar at maturity T (the bonds will be worth D(t) at time t); the other portfolio is the same as before - long one share of stock, short K bonds that each pay 1 dollar at T. The difference is that at time T, the stock is not only worth S(T) but has paid out D(T) in dividends.

This is a document about Dividend yield
  Dividend payments on preferred stocks ("preference shares" in the UK) are set out in the prospectus. The name of the preferred share will typically include its nominal yield: for example, a 6% preferred share. However, the dividend may under some circumstances be passed or reduced. The current yield is the ratio of the annual dividend to the current market price, which will vary.

This is a document about Yield to maturity
  The yield to maturity (YTM), book yield or redemption yield of a bond or other fixed-interest security, such as gilts, is the (theoretical) internal rate of return (IRR, overall interest rate) earned by an investor who buys the bond today at the market price, assuming that the bond is held until maturity, and that all coupon and principal payments are made on schedule. Yield to maturity is the discount rate at which the sum of all future cash flows from the bond (coupons and principal) is equal to the current price of the bond. The YTM is often given in terms of Annual Percentage Rate (A.P.R.), but more often market convention is followed. In a number of major markets (such as gilts) the convention is to quote annualized yields with semi-annual compounding (see compound interest); thus, for example, an annual effective yield of 10.25% would be quoted as 10.00%, because 1.05 × 1.05 = 1.1025 and 2 × 5 = 10.

This is a document about Index of economics articles
 Yield (finance) – YOYO economics

The formula for computing the dividend yield is: dividend per share / market price per share.


Question: who does billy russo become in the punisher comics

Answer: Jigsaw

This is a document about Jigsaw (Marvel Comics)
 Billy Russo appears in the live-action Netflix series The Punisher, portrayed by Ben Barnes. This version is Frank Castle's former best friend who served alongside in the Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance as a Scout Sniper. After he left the Marines, Russo started his own private military contracting firm Anvil. Coming from a traumatizing background, he is nicknamed "Billy the Beaut" by his friend due to his good looks and womanizing habits. In season one, DHS agent Dinah Madani begins interviewing him about Castle and he enters a relationship with Dinah. He meets with Castle and tries to persuade Frank to start a new life but is refused. However, Russo is revealed to be in league with his former commanding officer William Rawlins. Russo

This is a document about Jigsaw (Marvel Comics)
  Billy Russo was born to a poor Italian-American family, kicked out and abandoned as an orphan by his abusive father at the age of ten, and went on to become a hitman for New York's Italian criminal underworld, where his good looks garnered him the nickname "Billy the Beaut". He married a woman named Susan, and would beat both her and their son, Henry, once forcing Henry to drown his pet cat's kittens by threatening to shoot Susan. After the botched gangland execution that inadvertently led to the Castle family being massacred, Russo is hired by Frank Costa to cover up their deaths

This is a document about Jigsaw (Marvel Comics)
  killing all of their friends and loved ones. Russo kills all of his targets except for Frank Castle, who survives a bomb planted by Russo. Hours later, Frank, now the vigilante Punisher, tracks Russo down to a Maggia nightclub. He guns down all of Russo's men, but leaves him alive to send a message to organized crime after knocking him through a glass window pane, an act that reduces Russo's face to a jigsaw puzzle-like mess of scars. Taking advantage of his hideous visage, Russo adopts the identity of "Jigsaw", and attempts to frame the Punisher for murder. However, the plan fails due

This is a document about List of Punisher supporting characters
  Henry Russo first appeared in The Punisher vol. 7 #1 (March 2009), and has gone on to become a recurring character in that series, as well as appearing alongside the Punisher in other series, such as Anti-Venom and Deadpool: Suicide Kings. Russo is the child of Jigsaw, and as a child, Russo's father would neglect and abuse him. In a pivotal incident, Jigsaw beat Russo for letting a cat inside their house. He then pulled a gun on Russo's mother and told him that if he did not drown the cat he (Jigsaw) would shoot her. Russo did, and was left traumatised by this incident. Russo possesses no superhuman powers or abilities, although he is extremely skilled at using and hacking computers.

This is a document about Billy Connors (comics)
  appearances and abilities have begun going as well. Despite this, his father angrily rebuffs his pleas and he, in turn, has started to rebel. He is later captured and used as a hostage by Kraven the Hunter as part of Kraven's efforts to test his cloned 'offspring' and provoke Spider-Man into becoming the 'hunter' Kraven feels his enemy should be. When trapped in a cage with Curt, Spider-Man learns that Curt took Billy to Doctor Strange after his resurrection, who confirmed that, for reasons he cannot understand, Billy is not 'just' a clone of the original one, but is actually Billy's soul reborn in his cloned body, driving Curt to be willing to take any measures necessary to protect his son.

This is a document about Powerless (comics)
  position and begins to act to help the three: he helps reveal Charles' murder was done by a third party, citing Logan to investigate Eric Magnus; he convinces Frank Castle to reveal vital information to Matt's case; and he acts by calling the cops to assist Peter in arresting Osborn. After Frank's trial, the Kingpin murders Murdock. Castle assassinates Kingpin in retaliation, which places him on the road to becoming the real-life Punisher. The series ends with William contemplating how the coma has shaken him from the stupor of life, as he reflects on his coma identity as Uatu.

This is a document about Punisher: War Zone
  Having lost his family to mob violence, former Force Recon Marine Frank Castle has spent the last five years as a vigilante known as the Punisher. Castle assaults a party for local Don Gaitano Cesare, and kills him and the guests. Cesare's caporegime Billy "The Beaut" Russotti escapes to his recycling plant hideout, and Detectives Martin Soap and Saffiotti, who were staking out the party, inform Castle. Castle infiltrates Russoti's hideout, and after a brief firefight, Russoti is thrown into a glass-crushing machine that leaves him hideously disfigured. Russoti later refers to himself as "Jigsaw" because the stitches in his face resemble puzzle pieces. Castle, who

This is a document about Russian (comics)
  In Punisher Noir, the Russian is a soldier turned independent mercenary who, after World War I, is sent after Frank Castelione, who is on a locomotive headed for England. A fight ensues and moves to the top of the train, where Frank shoves a grenade into the crotch of the Russian's pants, and pushes him off of the vehicle. Years later, the Russian, now identifying as female, helps Jigsaw and Barracuda murder Frank at the behest of mob boss Dutch Schultz. Frank's son, Frank Castelione Jr., grows up to become the Punisher, and discovers the Russian's connection to his father's death after tracking down and killing Barracuda and Jigsaw. The Punisher confronts the Russian at the Bronx Zoo, and their fight brings them into the reptile exhibit, where the Russian is mauled by alligators. Despite losing an arm, the Russian continues to try to attack the Punisher, who finishes him off by emptying two fully loaded guns into him. Frank, Jr. then stages the scene to make it look like the Russian was the Punisher all along.

This is a document about Billy Kessler
  aiding Storm Shadow against the Red Ninjas. At the end, Billy is tasked by Storm Shadow with watching over the Red Ninjas. Billy appears next during the World War III storyline. He allows himself to be captured, and is brought to his father while Cobra controls Fort Meade. Cobra Commander offers to let Billy join him but Billy refuses. He overpowers Cobra Commander's guards and tries to kill his father. Unfortunately, Cobra Commander fools him with an impostor, and then shoots him in the neck with a poison dart. Cobra Commander has Billy's body hoisted up a flagpole, with a message that no one is untouchable. When the Joes take the base back, Spirit tells General Colton they need to take Billy's body down, because "He was one of us".

This is a document about Frank Castle (Marvel Cinematic Universe)
  retired from being the Punisher, working as a construction worker under the name "Pete Castiglione". After uncovering a larger conspiracy beyond what was done to him and his family linked to Frank's wartime experience with the CIA-affiliated "Cerberus Squad", Frank allies with David "Micro" Lieberman to seek the truth. In the second season of The Punisher, Frank Castle is drawn into the mystery surrounding the attempted murder of Amy Bendix where she is targeted by John Pilgrim under the orders of Anderson and Eliza Schwartz. At the same time, Frank's former best friend Billy Russo is slowly turned into the psychotic Jigsaw.

This is a document about Jigsaw (Marvel Comics)
  Rawlins plot to get rid of Castle and anyone who could link them to their illegal matters in Kandahar. Russo kills Sam Stein (Dinah's partner) during a set up, and Dinah begins catching on to his criminal activities. Russo and Rawlins later capture Castle but Russo double crosses Rawlins to leave at Frank's mercy. Russo later has a showdown with Castle that ends with Castle repeatedly slamming Russo's face into a carousel mirror, maiming him and disfiguring his face. Russo is last seen in a hospital bed with his head wrapped in bandages. In season two, Billy, having recovered but suffering from memory loss along with mild scarring on his face, starts wearing a mask with a shattered visage and getting psychiatric

This is a document about List of Punisher supporting characters
  When he and Billy Russo realize that the Punisher survived Schoonover's boat explosion, he attempts numerous times to kill Castle, but fails until Castle allows himself to be caught as part of a plan of his. As retribution for the trouble Frank caused him, Rawlins restrains and tortures Castle, taking so much joy in the endeavor that he refuses to allow Russo to put him out of his misery and instead gives Frank adrenaline to force him to remain alive so that he can remove his eye as a form of ironic revenge. But before he could, Frank eventually gets free and kills him by beating him, stabbing him repeatedly, and then gouging out his eyes.

This is a document about Jimmy-6
  the civilians are to be executed as an example of what would happen in case of disobedience. Horrified, Jimmy pulls a gun on his own father. The attendees wait and see what happens. Don Fortunato disowns Jimmy right there on stage. Spider-Man - then Ben Reilly - and Daredevil help rescue the civilians but need help themselves when they are cornered near an exit. Jimmy-6 flies in on an attack helicopter, killing the men threatening the group and carrying the heroes and civilians away to safety. Later, Jimmy-6 learns the Green Goblin (Norman Osborn) has killed Ben Reilly, and vows to

This is a document about Punisher
  After being equipped with a Captain America-inspired costume, he is implanted with a chip that delivers a violent electric shock whenever he disobeys orders. Being knocked out by Hawkeye, it allowed him to escape after the fight between the two Ghost Riders. In Ultimate Avengers vs New Ultimates, he was incarcerated after assassinating the Russian criminal known as the Red Hammer and is later visited by Fury persuading him to rejoin the Avengers by offering him revenge on his fellow prisoners. While the Avengers were battling the New Ultimates, the Punisher was aiming a sniper rifle at Captain America's kneecap

This is a document about Punisher: In the Blood
  Following the Dark Reign storyline, the Punisher started hunting the Hood but without results so he went after Microchip to make him pay for murdering G.W. Bridge. Meanwhile, Microchip is knocked unconscious by Jigsaw. At their hideout, Henry Russo tells the Punisher how he hated his father because he would constantly abuse his mother and idolized the Punisher for being a thorn in Jigsaw's side. Henry suspects that his father may be alive and despite the Punisher's protests, goes to visit his mother to make sure; however, when he arrives, he is confronted by his father Jigsaw and Stuart Clarke. Meanwhile, the Punisher heads

This is a document about The Punisher (2004 film)
  club's parking lot which is rigged with explosives. Saint dies in the ensuing explosion. Castle returns home and prepares to kill himself with his mission fulfilled, but changes his mind after seeing a vision of his wife, instead deciding to continue to fight crime. He leaves some of Saint's money as a farewell gift to the tenants for protecting him. He is then seen standing alone on the Sunshine Skyway Bridge at sunset, where, in a voice-over, he vows to kill all killers, rapists, psychopaths, sadists and anyone else who harms innocent people in any way in his new identity, the Punisher.

This is a document about The Punisher (TV series)
 Jon Bernthal as Frank Castle / Punisher: Ebon Moss-Bachrach as David Lieberman / Micro: Ben Barnes as Billy Russo / Jigsaw: Castle's former best friend from when they served in Force Recon together. Russo runs Anvil, a private military corporation. In season 2 he develops scars on his face, memory loss, and a broken mind like a "jigsaw puzzle" after Castle bashed his head into a mirror at the end of the first season. ; Amber Rose Revah as Dinah Madani: Daniel Webber as Lewis Wilson: A young U.S. Army veteran struggling with his new life as a taxi driver. He attends

This is a document about The Punisher: No Mercy
  Acting on a tip provided by his ally Budianski, the Punisher stakes out the New York City docks, where Barracuda and Bushwacker are overseeing the importation of goods smuggled out of Symkaria. The Punisher attacks the villains, and receives unexpected backup from Silver Sable, who flees once all of the criminals, save Barracuda, have been killed. The wounded Barracuda admits to working for Jigsaw, and is then shot in the head by the dead Bushwacker's malfunctioning bio-gun. Following a clue left by Jigsaw, the Punisher is led to Finn Cooley, who injects him with a Symkarian drug. The Punisher breaks Cooley's neck, and is confronted by a mob of homeless people (hired, drugged, and armed by Jigsaw) who he hallucinates are past enemies and allies, such as Microchip and Jenny Cesare. The Punisher

This is a document about Punisher (2009 series)
  After Norman Osborn positions himself as "humanity's savior" following the "Secret Invasion", he becomes the foremost national security officer in the country and disbands S.H.I.E.L.D., placing a new organization, H.A.M.M.E.R., in its place. Holding Osborn accountable for his actions as the supervillain Green Goblin, the Punisher plans to assassinate Osborn. Joining forces with a new, tech-savvy young partner, Castle sets about taking Osborn down. Castle, normally favoring simple ends to his targets, must adapt his methods to Osborn’s far-reaching influence and deep-seated corruption. Castle and his new associate Henry Russo elect to gather evidence of the former Green Goblin’s wrongdoing in order to completely destroy his newfound reputation and end his Dark Reign once and for all. Osborn, on the other hand, has an associate waiting in the wings to get rid of the Punisher.

This is a document about Punisher
  thing to happen to New York since Boss Tweed". In this appearance, the Punisher is determined to kill Spider-Man, who is wanted for the apparent murder of Norman Osborn. The Punisher is shown as a formidable fighter, skilled marksman, and able strategist. All he reveals about himself is that he is a former U.S. Marine. He has a fierce temper but also shows signs of considerable frustration over his self-appointed role of killer vigilante. He is engaged in extensive soul-searching as to what is the right thing to do: although he has few qualms about killing, he is outraged when his then-associate, the Jackal, apparently kills an enemy by treacherous means rather

In the Punisher comics, Billy Russo becomes Jigsaw. After being left for dead by Frank Castle, Russo survives and adopts the "Jigsaw" identity, attempting to frame Castle for various crimes.