Question: is copper ii nitrate a compound or element

Answer: compound

This is a document about Copper(I) nitrate
  Copper(I) nitrate is a proposed inorganic compound with formula of CuNO3. It has not been characterized by X-ray crystallography. It is the focus of one publication, which describes unsuccessful efforts to isolate the compound. Another nonexistent simple copper(I) compound derived from an oxyanion is cuprous perchlorate. On the other hand, cuprous sulfate is known.

This is a document about Copper(II) nitrate
  Copper(II) nitrate describes any member of the family of inorganic compounds with the formula Cu(NO3)2(H2O)x. The hydrates are blue solids. Anhydrous copper nitrate is blue-green crystals and sublimes in a vacuum at 150-200 °C. Common hydrates are the hemipentahydrate and trihydrate.

This is a document about Curium(III) nitrate
  Curium(III) nitrate is an inorganic compound, a salt of curium and nitric acid with the chemical formula Cm(NO3)3.

This is a document about Copper(II) nitrate
 [[file:Copper(II)-nitrate-monomer-2D-dimensions.png|thumb|left|Structure of anhydrous copper(II) nitrate.]] Anhydrous copper(II) nitrate has been crystallized in two solvate-free polymorphs. α- and β-Cu(NO3)2 are fully 3D coordination polymer networks. The alpha form has only one Cu environment, with [4+1] coordination, but the beta form has two different copper centers, one with [4+1] and one that is square planar. The nitromethane solvate also features "[4+ 1] coordination", with four short Cu-O bonds of approximately 200 pm and one longer bond at 240 pm. They are coordination polymers, with infinite chains of copper(II) centers and nitrate groups. In the gas phase, copper(II) nitrate features two bidentate nitrate ligands (see image at upper right). Thus, evaporation of the solid entails "cracking" to give the copper(II) nitrate molecule.

This is a document about Plutonium(IV) nitrate
  Plutonium (IV) nitrate is an inorganic compound, a salt of plutonium and nitric acid with the chemical formula Pu(NO3)4. The compound dissolves in water and forms crystalline hydrates as dark green crystals.

This is a document about Copper(II) nitrate
  No mineral of the ideal Cu(NO3)2 formula, or the hydrate, are known. Likasite, Cu3(NO3)(OH)5.2H2O and buttgenbachite, Cu19(NO3)2(OH)32Cl4·2H2O are related minerals. Natural basic copper nitrates include the rare minerals gerhardtite and rouaite, both being polymorphs of Cu2(NO3)(OH)3 substance. A much more complex, basic, hydrated and chloride-bearing natural salt is buttgenbachite.

This is a document about Copper(II) nitrate
 Cu +  2 N2O4   →   Cu(NO3)2  +  2 NO Two polymorphs of anhydrous Cu(NO3)2 are known. The so-called β-form is a covalent molecular complex, as evidenced by its tendency to sublime. It is one of the few anhydrous transition metal nitrates. It cannot be prepared by reactions containing or producing water. Instead, anhydrous Cu(NO3)2 forms when copper metal is treated with dinitrogen tetroxide: The α-form of anhydrous copper(II) nitrate is a coordination polymer.

This is a document about Copper peroxide
  Copper peroxide is an inorganic compound with the formula CuO2. It is an oxide of copper(II), with the two oxygen atoms as a peroxide unit. It appears as a dark olive green solid or similarly colored suspension and is unstable, decomposing to oxygen and other copper oxides.

This is a document about Copper(III) oxide
  Copper(III) oxide is a hypothetical inorganic compound with the formula Cu2O3. It has not been isolated as a pure solid. Copper(III) oxides are constituents of cuprate superconductors. Copper(III) is typically stabilized in an ionic environment, e.g. potassium hexafluorocuprate(III).

This is a document about Copper oxide
 Copper(I) oxide (cuprous oxide, Cu2O) ; Copper(II) oxide (cupric oxide, CuO) ; Copper peroxide (CuO2) ; Copper(III) oxide (Cu2O3) ; Copper(IV) oxide (CuO2) Copper oxide is a compound from the two elements copper and oxygen. Copper oxide may refer to:

This is a document about Manganese(II) nitrate
  Manganese(II) nitrate refers to the inorganic compounds with formula Mn(NO3)2·(H2O)n. These compounds are nitrate salts containing varying amounts of water. A common derivative is the tetrahydrate, Mn(NO3)2·4H2O, but mono- and hexahydrates are also known as well as the anhydrous compound. Some of these compounds are useful precursors to the oxides of manganese. As a manganese(II) compound, it is paramagnetic and usually pale pink.

This is a document about Beryllium nitrate
  Beryllium nitrate is an inorganic compound with the idealized chemical formula Be(NO3)2. The formula suggests a salt, but, as for many beryllium compounds, the compound is highly covalent. Little of its chemistry is well known. "When added to water, brown fumes are evolved; when hydrolyzed in sodium hydroxide solution, both nitrate and nitrite ions are produced. "

This is a document about Copper(II) nitrate
  Copper(II) nitrate finds a variety of applications, the main one being its conversion to copper(II) oxide, which is used as catalyst for a variety of processes in organic chemistry. Its solutions are used in textiles and polishing agents for other metals. Copper nitrates are found in some pyrotechnics. It is often used in school laboratories to demonstrate chemical voltaic cell reactions. It is a component in some ceramic glazes and metal patinas.

This is a document about Lutetium(III) nitrate
  Lutetium(III) nitrate is an inorganic compound, a salt of lutetium and nitric acid with the chemical formula Lu(NO3)3. The compound forms colorless crystals, dissolves in water, and also forms crystalline hydrates. The compound is poisonous.

This is a document about Neptunium(IV) nitrate
  Neptunium(IV) nitrate is an inorganic compound, a salt of neptunium and nitric acid with the chemical formula Np(NO3)4. The compound forms gray crystals, dissolves in water, and forms crystal hydrates.

This is a document about Nitrate nitrite
  A nitrate nitrite is a chemical compound or salt that contains nitrite and nitrate anions (NO3− and NO2−). These are mixed anion compounds. Some have third anions. Many nitrite nitrate compounds are actually coordination complexes of cobalt. Such a substance was discovered by Wolcott Gibbs and Frederick Genth in 1857.

This is a document about Ytterbium(III) nitrate
  Ytterbium (III) nitrate is an inorganic compound, a salt of ytterbium and nitric acid with the chemical formula Yb(NO3)3. The compound forms colorless crystals, dissolves in water, and also forms crystalline hydrates.

This is a document about Promethium(III) nitrate
  Promethium(III) nitrate is an inorganic compound, a salt of promethium and nitric acid with the chemical formula Pm(NO3)3. The compound is radioactive, soluble in water and forms crystalline hydrates.

This is a document about Thulium(III) nitrate
  Thulium(III) nitrate is an inorganic compound, a salt of thulium and nitric acid with the chemical formula Tm(NO3)3. The compound forms dark-green crystals, readily soluble in water, also forms crystalline hydrates.

This is a document about IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry
  An ionic compound is named by its cation followed by its anion. See polyatomic ion for a list of possible ions. For cations that take on multiple charges, the charge is written using Roman numerals in parentheses immediately following the element name. For example, Cu(NO3)2 is copper(II) nitrate, because the charge of two nitrate ions is 2 × −1 = −2, and since the net charge of the ionic compound must be zero, the Cu ion has a 2+ charge. This compound is therefore copper(II) nitrate. In the case of cations with a +4 oxidation state, the only acceptable format for the Roman numeral 4 is IV and not IIII. The Roman numerals in fact show the oxidation number, but in simple ionic compounds (i.e., not metal complexes) this will always equal the ionic charge on the metal. For a simple overview see, for more details see selected pages from IUPAC rules for naming inorganic compounds.

Copper(II) nitrate is a compound. It is a salt formed by the reaction of copper(II) ions and nitrate ions.


Question: who is the voice of patchy in walking with dinosaurs

Answer: Justin Long

This is a document about Walking with Dinosaurs (film)
  Walking with Dinosaurs is a 2013 3D live-action/CGI family film about dinosaurs set in the Late Cretaceous period, 70 million years ago. The production features computer-animated dinosaurs in live-action settings with actors Justin Long, John Leguizamo, Tiya Sircar, and Skyler Stone providing voice-overs for the main characters. It was directed by Neil Nightingale and Barry Cook from a screenplay by John Collee. The film was produced by BBC Earth and Evergreen Films and was titled after the BBC's 1999 television documentary miniseries of the same name. The film, with a budget of US$80 million, was one of the largest independent productions at the time. It was financed by Reliance Big Entertainment and IM Global instead of a major studio. The majority of distribution rights were eventually sold to 20th Century Fox. The crew filmed footage on location in the U.S. state of

This is a document about Walking with Dinosaurs
  Released in 2013, Walking with Dinosaurs is a feature-length film about dinosaurs in the Late Cretaceous period 70 million years ago. The production features computer-animated dinosaurs in live-action settings with actors Justin Long, John Leguizamo, Tiya Sircar, and Skyler Stone providing voiceovers for the main characters. It was directed by Neil Nightingale and Barry Cook from a screenplay by John Collee. The film was produced by BBC Earth and Evergreen Films and was named after the original BBC miniseries. The film, with a budget of US$80 million, was one of the largest independent productions to date; it was financed by Reliance Entertainment and IM Global, with 20th Century Fox handling distribution. The crew filmed footage on location in the U.S. state of Alaska and in New Zealand, which were chosen for their similarities to the dinosaurs' surroundings millions

This is a document about Gigantosaurus (TV series)
  Marsh (voiced by Benjamin Jacobson) – A young Stegosaurus. He is the only young dinosaur who walks on all fours. Despite being younger than the main characters, he is as big as the adults of his species. While most of the characters find stinky flowers repulsive, Marsh finds the smell pleasant. ; Patchy (voiced by Michael Daingerfield) – A Pachycephalosaurus with poor eyesight, and short arms that cannot reach his head. ; Dragonfly — A Meganeura who is friends with Mazu. ; Weird Fish — A school of Eusthenopteron who are friends with Bill. ; Dino Bees — A swarm of honeybees. ; Leon (voiced by

This is a document about Dino (The Flintstones)
  Dino's barks and sound effects were provided by Mel Blanc for 29 years, from 1960–1989; archive audio of Blanc was used for Dino in the 1994 live-action film and its prequel in 2000. Jerry Mann provided the speaking voice of Dino in the 1961 episode "The Snorkasaurus Hunter". Frank Welker provided Dino's vocal effects for 20 years, from The Flintstones: Jogging Fever in 1981, until The Flintstones: On the Rocks in 2001 (a role he shared with Mark Mangini). Bill Farmer provided the vocal effects in the 2000 video game The Flintstones: Bedrock Bowling. Mark Mangini shared vocal duties with Frank Welker for The Flintstones: On the Rocks. Eric Bauza provided the vocal effects for the 2015 direct-to-video The Flintstones & WWE: Stone Age SmackDown! and the 2020 spin-off Yabba-Dabba Dinosaurs.

This is a document about We're Back! A Dinosaur's Story (film)
 John Goodman as Rex, a kind Tyrannosaurus rex. ; René Le Vant as Woog, a gluttonous Triceratops. ; Felicity Kendal as Elsa, an elegant Pterodactyl. ; Charles Fleischer as Dweeb, a half-witted Parasaurolophus; (originally intended to be an Apatosaurus). ; Walter Cronkite as Captain Neweyes, an inventor who brings the dinosaurs to the present. ; Jay Leno as Vorb, an alien that works for Captain Neweyes. ; Joey Shea as Louie, a brave young boy from a lower-class background who runs away to join a circus. ; Julia Child as Dr. Juliet Bleeb, a worker at the Museum of Natural History. ; Kenneth Mars as Professor Screweyes, Captain Neweyes' evil twin brother who runs a circus. ; Yeardley Smith as Cecilia Nuthatch, a young girl from a wealthy family who is neglected by her parents. ; Martin Short as Stubbs the Clown, a clown who used to work for Professor Screweyes. ; Blaze Berdahl as Buster the Bird, a bird who is running away from home and is told the film's plot by Rex. ; Rhea Perlman as Buster's Mother

This is a document about The Land Before Time VIII: The Big Freeze
 Thomas Dekker as Littlefoot ; Anndi McAfee as Cera ; Aria Curzon as Ducky ; Jeff Bennett as Petrie / Corythosaurus ; Rob Paulsen as Spike / Leading Stegosaurus ; Tress MacNeille as Ducky's Mom / Petrie's Mom ; Susan Krebs as Tippy's Mom / Ankylosaurus ; Jeremy Suarez as Tippy ; Robert Guillaume as Mr. Thicknose ; Kenneth Mars as Grandpa Longneck / Lambeosaurus ; Miriam Flynn as Grandma Longneck ; John Ingle as Narrator / Topsy

This is a document about When Dinosaurs Roamed America
  When Dinosaurs Roamed America was directed by Pierre de Lespinois with Evergreen Films, and was narrated by actor John Goodman (voice of Rex in We're Back! A Dinosaur Story). The featured dinosaurs were designed by paleo-artist and art director Mark Dubeau, noted for creating dinosaurs for many other Discovery Channel and National Geographic specials. The dinosaur animation was accomplished by animator Don Waller at Meteor Studios, in Montreal, Canada, while the music was composed by Christopher Franke (ex-member from Tangerine Dream). Unlike Walking with Dinosaurs, the show's creatures are almost entirely composed of computer-generated imagery, and is also one of

This is a document about Walking with Dinosaurs
  Walking with Dinosaurs is a six-part nature documentary television miniseries created by Tim Haines and produced by BBC Natural History Unit. The series first aired on the BBC in the United Kingdom in 1999 with narration by Kenneth Branagh. The series was subsequently aired in North America on the Discovery Channel in 2000, with Avery Brooks replacing Branagh. The programme explores ancient life of the Mesozoic Era, portraying dinosaurs and their contemporaries in the style of a traditional nature documentary. Developed by Haines and producer Jasper James, Walking with Dinosaurs recreated extinct species through the combined use of computer-generated imagery and animatronics that were incorporated with live action footage shot at various locations. The Guinness Book of World Records reported that the series was the

This is a document about Christopher Knights
 We're Back! A Dinosaur's Story (1993) (line tester as Chris Knights)

This is a document about Dinotopia (miniseries)
  to the Scott boys and has a platonic fondness for Marion. He speaks with an English accent. ; Terry Jones as Messenger Bird (voice). A Prehistoric parrot-like bird who acts as a long distance mailman and telegram deliverer. In a running gag, he says "End of Message." whenever he completes finishing a message. ; Stuart Wilson as Frank Scott; the father of David and Karl, believed killed in the storm that brought his sons to Dinotopia. ; Anna Maguire as Samantha, daughter of Waldo and Rosemary Seville and sister of Marion Waldo. ; Geraldine Chaplin as Grandmother Oriana; the only character from the books to appear in person in the series.

This is a document about The Good Dinosaur
 Raymond Ochoa as Arlo, a young Apatosaurus ; Jack McGraw as Young Arlo ; Jack Bright as Spot, a 7-year-old human caveboy who befriends Arlo ; Sam Elliott as Butch, a Tyrannosaurus who runs a "ranch" filled with prehistoric "longhorns" ; Anna Paquin as Ramsey, Butch's daughter ; A. J. Buckley as Nash, Butch's son ; Steve Zahn as Thunderclap, a Nyctosaurus and the leader of a gang of pterodactyls ; Mandy Freund as Downpour, a Caulkicephalus who is a member of Thunderclap's flock ; Steven Clay Hunter as Coldfront, a Ludodactylus who is a member of Thunderclap's flock ; Jeffrey Wright as Poppa Henry, the father of

This is a document about Forky Asks a Question
 Tony Hale as Forky, a homemade toy who, having been recently created, asks his friends questions about life. ; John Ratzenberger as Hamm, a piggy bank. ; Wallace Shawn as Rex, a toy tyrannosaurus rex. ; Kristen Schaal as Trixie, a toy triceratops. ; Carol Burnett as Chairol Burnett, a toy chair, whom Bonnie used to play with. ; Mel Brooks as Melephant Brooks, a toy elephant, whom Bonnie used to play with. ; Carl Reiner as Carl Reineroceros, a toy rhino, whom Bonnie used to play with. This was Reiner's last time reprising this role, before his death in June 2020. ; Betty White as Bitey White, a toy tiger, whom Bonnie used to play with. ; Robin Atkin Downes as Mr. Pricklepants, a stuffed hedgehog toy, with a fascination with

This is a document about Ice Age: Collision Course
 Ray Romano as Manny, a woolly mammoth, leader of the Herd, Ellie's husband and Peaches’ father. ; John Leguizamo as Sid, a ground sloth and the founder of the Herd and best friend to Manny & Diego. ; Denis Leary as Diego, a saber-toothed tiger and the member of the Herd, Shira's husband. ; Queen Latifah as Ellie, a female woolly mammoth – Manny's wife, Peaches’ mother and Crash and Eddie's adoptive sister. ; Simon Pegg as Buck, a one-eyed weasel and a dinosaur hunter who reunites with The Herd to warn them of the coming asteroid. Pegg also voices Pythagoras Buck and Robo Buck who exist in his mind along with Neil Weasel. ;

This is a document about The Land Before Time III: The Time of the Great Giving
 Scott McAfee as Littlefoot ; Candace Hutson as Cera ; Heather Hogan as Ducky ; Jeff Bennett as Petrie / Mutt / Iguanodon ; Rob Paulsen as Spike / Kosh ; Whit Hertford as Hyp ; Scott Menville as Nod ; Kenneth Mars as Grandpa Longneck ; Linda Gary as Grandma Longneck / Mother Quetzalcoatlus ; Nicholas Guest as Hyp's Father ; Tress MacNeille as Stegosaurus / Spike & Ducky's mother / Petrie's Mother ; John Ingle as Narrator / Cera's father ; Frank Welker as The Velociraptors

This is a document about The Ark and the Aardvark
  The Ark and the Aardvark (originally titled Noah's Ark) is an upcoming American computer animated adventure comedy film directed by John Stevenson and written by Philip LaZebnik and Glen Dolman. The film tells the story of an aardvark who becomes the leader of a group of misfit animals in order to bring all the animals onto Noah's Ark. The film stars the voices of Miles Teller, Aubrey Plaza, Jenny Slate, Rob Riggle, Craig Robinson and Stephen Merchant.

This is a document about List of The Land Before Time characters
  Ducky, voiced by Judith Barsi (I), Heather Hogan (II-IV) and Aria Noelle Curzon (V-XIV), is a green female Saurolophus, known colloquially as a "Big Mouth", "Duck Bill" or "Swimmer". She was one of the young dinosaurs who accompanied Littlefoot to the Great Valley when she was separated from her family. After arriving in her new home, her mother adopted the orphaned Spike, who became her foster younger brother. She has numerous biological siblings, with many being born in the original film and Journey of the Brave. Characterized as having an energetic, cheerful and child-like personality, she speaks enthusiastically often replies to things in triplicate ("Yep, yep, yep!" or "Nope, nope, nope!") and sometimes avoids using contractions. The series' official website referred to her as a Parasaurolophus, while other sources have referred to her as an Anatosaurus.

This is a document about The Land Before Time VII: The Stone of Cold Fire
 Thomas Dekker as Littlefoot ; Anndi McAfee as Cera ; Aria Curzon as Ducky ; Jeff Bennett as Petrie / Spokes Dinosaur ; Michael York as Pterano ; Rob Paulsen as Rinkus/ Spike ; Jim Cummings as Sierra ; Kenneth Mars as Grandpa Longneck/Narrator ; Miriam Flynn as Grandma Longneck ; John Ingle as Cera's father ; Tress MacNeille as Ducky's Mom / Petrie's Mom ; Charles Kimbrough as Rainbow Face #1 ; Patti Deutsch as Rainbow Face #2

This is a document about Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom
  as Iris: The Lockwood Estate housekeeper, Maisie's nanny, and protector of the Lockwood family secrets. ; Jeff Goldblum as Dr. Ian Malcolm: An expert in chaos theory who once consulted for InGen's Jurassic Park. In a podcast interview, Goldblum spoke of his role "It's small... who knows, they may cut me out entirely! But if I stay in, I'll be a sprig of parsley or a little garnish, hopefully with some impact!" Director Bayona confirmed that Goldblum's role is simply a cameo, stating, "He doesn't have a major role in the action but it's definitely a very meaningful one in terms of the story." ; Peter Jason as Senator Sherwood: An American politician who debates about saving the dinosaurs before the volcano erupts.

This is a document about Ice Age (2002 film)
 Ray Romano as Manfred "Manny", a woolly mammoth ; Denis Leary as Diego, a Smilodon ; John Leguizamo as Sid, a Megalonyx ; Chris Wedge as Scrat, a Cronopio ; Goran Višnjić as Soto, a Smilodon ; Jack Black as Zeke, a Smilodon ; Diedrich Bader as Oscar, a Smilodon ; Alan Tudyk as Lenny, a Homotherium ; Cedric the Entertainer as Carl, an Embolotherium ; Stephen Root as Frank, a Brontops ; Jane Krakowski and Lorri Bagley as Rachel and Jennifer, respectively, a pair of female giant ground sloths ; Tara Strong as Roshan, a human infant The characters are all prehistoric animals. The animals can talk to and understand each other and are voiced by a variety of famous actors. Like many films of prehistoric life, the rules of time periods apply very loosely, as many of the species shown in the film never actually lived in the same time periods or the same geographic regions.

This is a document about List of SpongeBob SquarePants characters
  Patchy the Pirate (portrayed and voiced by Tom Kenny) is the host of the series' special episodes. He is a live-action pirate and the president of the fictional SpongeBob fan club. He lives in an unnamed suburb of Encino, Los Angeles, and segments hosted by him are often presented in a dual narrative with the animated stories. He made a special guest star appearance on Big Time Rush in the episode "Big Time Beach Party" with Carlos Pena Jr. and Logan Henderson.

Justin Long provides the voice for Patchy in "Walking with Dinosaurs."


Question: when did the us invaded europe in ww2

Answer: 9 July 1943

This is a document about Outline of United States history
  United States declares war on the German Reich and the Italian Empire, December 11, 1941 ; Aleutian Islands Campaign, June 3, 1942 – August 15, 1943 ; The United States declares war on Bulgaria, Hungary, and Romania, June 5, 1942 ; Allied Forces invade Sicily, July 9, 1943 ; Allied Forces invade Italy, September 3, 1943 ; Italy secretly signs an armistice with Allied Forces, September 3, 1943 ; Allied Forces invade Normandy, June 6, 1944 ; Japan launches Fu-Go balloon bombs into the northwestern United States, November 3, 1944 – April 15, 1945 ; Allied Forces invade Okinawa, March 18, 1945 ; German Instrument of Surrender signed May 7, 1945 and May 8, 1945 ; The United States tests the first atomic

This is a document about 1940s
 World War II (1939–1945) ; Nazi Germany invades Poland, Denmark, Norway, Benelux, and the French Third Republic from 1939 to 1941. ; Soviet Union invades Poland, Finland, occupies Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania and Romanian region of Bessarabia from 1939 to 1941. ; Germany faces the United Kingdom in the Battle of Britain (1940). It was the first major campaign to be fought entirely by air forces, and was the largest and most sustained aerial bombing campaign up until that date. ; Germany attacks the Soviet Union (June 22, 1941). ; The United States enters World War II after the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. It would face the

This is a document about 78th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)
  Army retreated from its gains in Libya over the Frontier Wire into Egypt, where several battles were fought that culminated in the Second Battle of El Alamein (23 October – 11 November). On 7 December 1941, the Empire of Japan entered the war by attacking the British colony of Malaya and the American naval base at Pearl Harbor. Four days later, Germany declared war on the United States, bringing the Americans into the European conflict. The United States military favoured Operation Sledgehammer, a cross-channel invasion of German-occupied France. Such a move was opposed by the British, who acknowledged the military weakness of the Allies to undertake such

This is a document about Heinrich Hoffmann (pilot)
  World War II in Europe began on Friday, 1 September 1939, when German forces invaded Poland. Hoffmann claimed his first aerial victory over a Royal Air Force (RAF) aircraft on 7 September 1940 in the Battle of Britain. In total, he flew 147 combat missions over the English Channel and Britain. Hoffmann's most successful period as a fighter pilot began in July 1941 during Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. He claimed his second aerial victory on 23 June, the second day of the invasion, when he shot down a Tupolev SB bomber. After his 12th victory, he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class (Eisernes Kreuz 2. Klasse) on 10 July 1941 followed by

This is a document about List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
  The first began in Asia in 1937 as the Second Sino-Japanese War; the other began in Europe in 1939 with the German and Soviet invasion of Poland. This global conflict split the majority of the world's nations into two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. The United States was drawn into World War II on December 8, 1941, a day after the Axis-member Japan launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in Honolulu that killed almost 2,500 people in what was considered the biggest peacetime loss on American soil inflicted by foreign people at that time. For actions during World War II, 472 United States military personnel received

This is a document about United States theaters of operations in World War II
  1945, the allied spring offensive 1945 Western Europe campaigns: ; Air Offensive Europe: 4 July 1942 – 5 June 1944, from the first American bombing mission over enemy-occupied territory in Europe to the night before D-day ; Normandy: 6 June – 24 July 1944, the allied landings in Normandy ; Northern France: 25 July – 14 September 1944, from Operation Cobra to the beginning of Operation Market Garden ; Southern France: 15 August – 14 September 1944, the allied landings in Southern France ; Rhineland: 15 September 1944 – 21 March 1945, from Operation Market Garden to the start of the allied invasion of Germany ; Ardennes-Alsace: 16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945, the Battle of the Bulge ; Central Europe: 22 March – 11 May 1945, the allied invasion of Germany The 16 officially recognized US Army campaigns in the European Theater of Operations are:

This is a document about Martin Drewes
  World War II in Europe began on Friday, 1 September 1939, when German forces invaded Poland. On 8 February 1941, Drewes was posted to 4. Staffel (4th squadron) of Zerstörergeschwader 76 (ZG 76—76th Destroyer Wing). 4. Staffel was a squadron of II. Gruppe (2nd group) and was equipped with the Messerschmitt Bf 110 twin-engine heavy fighter, flying combat air patrols over the North Sea and German Bight. II. Gruppe of ZG 76, also known as the "Shark Group" (Haifischgruppe) due to their distinct coloring scheme, was then transferred to Greece during the Balkans campaign. In May 1941, 4. Staffel of ZG 76 was order by Sonderkommando Junck (Special Force Junck), named after its commander Oberst Werner Junck and later renamed to Fliegerführer Irak

This is a document about Military history of the United States
  1942, Sicily and Italy in 1943, France in 1944, and the invasion of Germany in 1945, parallel with the Soviet invasion from the east. That led to the surrender of Nazi Germany in May 1945. While the final European Axis Powers were defeated within a year of Operation Overlord, the fighting in Central Europe was especially bloody for the United States, with more US military deaths occurring in Germany than in any other country during the war. In the Pacific, the U.S. experienced much success in naval campaigns during 1944, but bloody battles at Iwo Jima and Okinawa in 1945 led the U.S.

This is a document about European Theater of Operations, United States Army
  the allied spring offensive 1945 ; Western Europe campaigns: ; Air Offensive Europe: 4 July 1942 – 5 June 1944, from the first American bombing mission over enemy-occupied territory in Europe to the night before D-day ; Normandy: 6 June - 24 July 1944, the allied landings in Normandy ; Northern France: 25 July - 14 September 1944, from Operation Cobra to the beginning of Operation Market Garden ; Southern France: 15 August - 14 September 1944, the allied landings in Southern France ; Rhineland: 15 September 1944 – 21 March 1945, from Operation Market Garden to the start of the allied invasion of Germany ; Ardennes-Alsace: 16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945, the Battle of the Bulge ; Central Europe: 22 March - 11 May 1945, the allied invasion of Germany The 16 officially recognized US military campaigns in the European Theater of Operations are:

This is a document about History of Europe
  of Stalingrad and at Kursk. Meanwhile, Japan (allied to Germany and Italy since September 1940) attacked Britain and the United States on 7 December 1941; Germany then completed its over-extension by declaring war on the United States. War raged between the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan) and the Allied Forces (British Empire, Soviet Union, and the United States). The Allied Forces won in North Africa, invaded Italy in 1943, and recaptured France in 1944. In the spring of 1945 Germany itself was invaded from the east by the Soviet Union and from the west by the other Allies. As the Red Army conquered the Reichstag in Berlin, Hitler committed suicide and Germany surrendered in early May.

This is a document about Wehrmacht
  throughout the war, and artillery was primarily horse-drawn. The motorized formations received much attention in the world press in the opening years of the war, and were cited as the reason for the success of the invasions of Poland (September 1939), Denmark and Norway (April 1940), Belgium, France, and Netherlands (May 1940), Yugoslavia and Greece (April 1941) and the early stage of Operation Barbarossa in the Soviet Union (June 1941). After Hitler declared war on the United States in December 1941, the Axis powers found themselves engaged in campaigns against several major industrial powers while Germany was still in transition to a war economy. German units were then overextended, undersupplied, outmaneuvered, outnumbered and defeated by

This is a document about Foreign interventions by the Soviet Union
  in summer 1944. In 1944–45, the Red Army completely or partially occupied Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Denmark, Finland, and Norway. As agreed with the Allies at the Tehran Conference in November 1943 and the Yalta Conference in February 1945, the Soviet Union entered World War II's Pacific Theater within three months of the end of the war in Europe. The invasion began on 9 August 1945, exactly three months after the German surrender on 8 May (9 May, 0:43 Moscow time). Although the commencement of the invasion fell between the American atomic bombing of Hiroshima, on 6 August, and only hours before the Nagasaki bombing on 9 August, the

This is a document about Naval history of World War II
  Eastern Mediterranean, 1940–1945 (1993) online ; Morison, Samuel Eliot. History of United States Naval Operation in World War II in 15 Volumes (1947–62, often reprinted). vol 1 The Battle of the Atlantic, September 1939 – May 1943; vol 2 Operations in North African Waters, October 1942 – June 1943; vol 9. Sicily – Salerno – Anzio, January 1943 – June 1944; vol 10. The Atlantic Battle Won, May 1943 – May 1945; vol 11 "The Invasion of France and Germany, 1944–1945'' ; Morison, Samuel Eliot. The Two-Ocean War: A Short History of the United States Navy in the Second World War (2007), condensed version ; Offley,

This is a document about Outline of United States history
 The United States assumes the defense of Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat), April 9, 1941 – 1946 ; The United States assumes the defense of Iceland, July 27, 1941 – 1946 ; The United States and Brazil assume the defense of Surinam, November 24, 1941 – 1946 ; World War II, September 1, 1939 – September 2, 1945 ; The Empire of Japan invades Manchuria, September 19, 1931 ; The Italian Empire invades Ethiopia, October 3, 1935 ; The German Reich invades Poland, September 1, 1939 ; The Empire of Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941 ; The United States declares war on the Empire of Japan, December 8, 1941 ; The German Reich declares war on the United States, December 11, 1941 ;

This is a document about Warren Fales Draper
  1939 to 1941, the direct involvement of the United States appeared imminent. While isolationists clamored against U.S. involvement, the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 put an end to such sentiments, and the subsequent declaration of war against the United States by Germany and Italy allowed for a clean entry by the Americans into the European Theater. Planning for the invasion of Europe began almost immediately, but the organization of the invasion force did not materialize until early in 1944. On January 15 of that year the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF) was created with the mission to invade Europe and destroy the German armed forces. Reports

This is a document about Hans "Assi" Hahn
  World War II in Europe began on Friday, 1 September 1939, when German forces invaded Poland. In February 1940, II. Gruppe of JG 2 "Richthofen" relocated to Nordholz. Following the start of the Battle of France on 10 May, the Gruppe moved to Münster and then to airfields in Belgium. Hahn claimed his first victory on 14 May 1940 over a Royal Air Force (RAF) Hawker Hurricane fighter. Hahn would claim five victories during the Battle of France, before becoming even more successful in the Battle of Britain. After 20 claims by September 1940, Hahn was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes), promoted to the rank of Hauptmann and Gruppenkommandeur (group

This is a document about History of the United States
  and other countries – saw Germany as the main threat and gave the highest priority to Europe. The U.S. dominated the war against Japan and stopped Japanese expansion in the Pacific in 1942. After losing Pearl Harbor and the Philippines, and drawing the Battle of the Coral Sea (May 1942), the American Navy inflicted a decisive blow at Midway (June 1942). American ground forces assisted in the North African Campaign that eventually concluded with the collapse of Mussolini's fascist government in 1943, as Italy switched to the Allied side. A more significant European front was opened on D-Day, June 6, 1944,

This is a document about 1st Army Group (Kingdom of Yugoslavia)
  The invasion of Yugoslavia, was a German-led attack on the Kingdom of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers which began on 6 April 1941 during World War II. The order for the invasion was put forward in "Führer Directive No. 25", which Adolf Hitler issued on 27 March 1941, following the Yugoslav coup d'état. The invasion commenced with an overwhelming air attack on Belgrade and facilities of the Royal Yugoslav Air Force (VVKJ) by the Luftwaffe (German Air Force) and attacks by German land forces from southwestern Bulgaria. These attacks were followed by German thrusts from Romania, Hungary and the Ostmark. Italian forces were limited to air and artillery attacks until

This is a document about Ludwig Franzisket
  World War II in Europe began on Friday, 1 September 1939, when German forces invaded Poland. On 11 May 1940, Franzisket claimed his first two victories, ending the French campaign with nine aerial victories. On 9 July, 1./JG 1 was redesignated and became 7./JG 27. On 1 October 1940 Franzisket was appointed Adjutant of I./Jagdgeschwader 27 (JG 27—27th Fighter Wing). Franzisket had achieved 14 victories at the time of the units relocation to North Africa. A notable success in this period occurred on 14 June 1941 when Franzisket intercepted and shot down South African ace Captain Kenneth Driver. The air

This is a document about Joachim Brendel
  World War II in Europe had begun on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. JG 51, under the command of Oberst Werner Mölders, was preparing for Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union which was launched on 22 June 1941. On 29 June, Brendel claimed his first aerial victory. On 1 July, he was promoted to Leutnant (second lieutenant) and two days later he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class (Eisernes Kreuz zweiter Klasse). Brendel then flew a number of ground support missions, was awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class (Eisernes Kreuz erster Klasse) on 21 April 1942. On 8

The United States did not invade Europe during World War II until the D-Day invasion on June 6, 1944. However, they did enter the war in Europe on December 11, 1941, after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Prior to that, the US was primarily involved in the Pacific War.


Question: who was the famous indo greek king who embraced buddhism

Answer: Menander I Soter

This is a document about Greco-Buddhist monasticism
  The Indo-Greek king Menander I (reigned 160- 135 BCE) had his capital in Sagala, in today’s northern Punjab, and is described by Strabo as one of the most powerful Greek kings of the period, even greater than Alexander the Great. Menander probably converted to Buddhism, and seems to have encouraged the spread of the faith within the Indian subcontinent, and possibly into Central Asia as well. A documented example of the influence of a Greek Buddhist monk is found in the Mahavamsa again:

This is a document about Greco-Buddhist monasticism
  as the Mediterranean Basin. The contemporary stone inscriptions of the Edicts of Ashoka also relate this activity in detail. Following these efforts, the Buddhist faith seems to have expanded among Greek communities under the rule of Ashoka, and tens of thousands were converted. About 50 years laters, the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom invaded North India as far as Pāṭaliputra and founded the Indo-Greek Kingdom. Buddhism flourished under the Indo-Greek kings, and it has been suggested that their invasion of India was intended to show their support for the Maurya Empire and to protect Buddhism from the religious persecutions of the new Shunga Empire (185–73 BCE). Greek Buddhist monks continued to play a key role during the time of Menander, as far as Sri Lanka.

This is a document about Buddhism and Christianity
  eastern Greek world and became the official religion of the eastern Greek successor kingdoms to Alexander the Great's empire (Greco-Bactrian Kingdom (250 BC – 125 BC) and Indo-Greek Kingdom (180 BC – 10 CE)). Several prominent Greek Buddhist missionaries are known (Mahadharmaraksita and Dharmaraksita) and the Indo-Greek king Menander I converted to Buddhism, and is regarded as one of the great patrons of Buddhism. (See Milinda Panha.) Some modern historians have suggested that the pre-Christian monastic order in Egypt of the Therapeutae is possibly a deformation of the Pāli word "Theravāda", a form of Buddhism, and the movement may have

This is a document about Legacy of the Indo-Greeks
  The impact of the Indo-Greeks on Indian thought and religion is unknown, although many influences have been suggested. Initially Greek settlers followed a pantheon of gods and goddesses assimilating with other deities. For example, Eucratides I depicted coinage with Zeus/Indra riding Airavata. Buddhism was spread to Greek communities by the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka. Scholars believe that Mahayana Buddhism began around the 1st century BCE in the North-western Indian subcontinent, corresponding to the time and place of Indo-Greek florescence. Intense multi-cultural influences have indeed been suggested in the appearance of Mahayana. According to Richard Foltz, "Key formative influences on the early development of the Mahayana and Pure Land movements, which became so much part of East Asian civilization, are to be sought in Buddhism's earlier encounters along the Silk Road". As Mahayana Buddhism emerged, it received "influences from popular Hindu devotional cults (bhakti), Persian and Greco-Roman theologies which filtered into India from the northwest".

This is a document about List of Buddhists
  emperor who converted to Buddhism ; Jayavarman VII (1181–1219), king of Cambodia ; Kanishka the Great, ruler of the Kushan Empire ; Kublai Khan, Mongol khagan and founder of the Yuan dynasty of China ; Hulagu Khan, Mongol ruler who conquered much of Southwest Asia, he converted to Buddhism on his deathbed, spending most of his life as a Nestorian Christian ; Menander I (Pali: Milinda), 2nd century BCE, a king of the Indo-Greek Kingdom of Northwestern India who questioned Nāgasena about Buddhism in the Milinda Pañha and is said to have become an arhat ; Mindon Min (1808–1878), penultimate King of Burma and facilitator of the Fifth Buddhist council ; Emperor Ming of Han ; Mongkut, king

This is a document about Ancient Greece–Ancient India relations
  Buddhism flourished under the Indo-Greeks, leading to the Greco-Buddhist cultural syncretism. The arts of the Indian sub-continent were also quite affected by Hellenistic art during and after these interactions. (Hellenistic influence on Indian art). The iconography of Vajrapani is clearly that of the hero Heracles, with varying degrees of hybridization. Menander I was one of the patrons of Buddhism, he also was the subject of the Milinda Panha. Dharmaraksita was a Greek who was converted to Buddhism. He was one of the missionaries sent by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka to proselytize Buddhism. Mahadharmaraksita was a Greek Buddhist master, who according to Mahāvaṃsa traveled to Anuradhapura in Sri Lanka together with 30,000 Greek Buddhist

This is a document about Indo-Greek Kingdom
  Several Indo-Greek kings use the title "Dharmikasa", i.e. "Follower of the Dharma", in the Kharoshti script on the obverse of their coins. The corresponding legend in Greek is "Dikaios" ("The Just"), a rather usual attribute on Greek coins. The expression "Follower of the Dharma" would of course resonate strongly with Indian subjects, used to this expression being employed by pious kings, especially since the time of Ashoka who advocated the Dharma in his inscriptions. The seven kings using "Dharmakasa", i.e. "Follower of the Dharma", are late Indo-Greek kings, from around 150 BC, right after the reign of Menander I, and mainly associated with the area of Gandhara: Zoilos I (130–120 BC), Strato (130–110 BC), Heliokles II (95–80 BC), Theophilos (130 or 90 BC), Menander II (90–85 BC), Archebios (90–80 BC) and Peukolaos (c. 90 BC). The attribute of Dharmika was again used a century later by a known Buddhist practitioner, Indo-Scythian king Kharahostes, to extoll on his coins the virtues of his predecessor king Azes.

This is a document about Greco-Buddhism
  each of the rulers of the Hellenistic period: "The conquest by Dharma has been won here, on the borders, and even six hundred yojanas [4,000 miles] away, where the Greek king Antiochos (Antiyoga) rules, and beyond there where the four kings named Ptolemy (Turamaya), Antigonos (Antikini), Magas (Maka) and Alexander (Alikasu[n]dara) rule, likewise in the south among the Cholas, the Pandyas, and as far as Tamraparni." Ashoka also claims he converted to Buddhism Greek populations within his realm: "Here in the king's domain among the Greeks, the Kambojas, the Nabhakas, the Nabhapamkits, the Bhojas, the Pitinikas, the Andhras and the Palidas, everywhere people are following Beloved-of-the-Gods' instructions in Dharma." Finally, some of the emissaries of Ashoka, such as the famous Dharmaraksita, are described in Pali sources as leading Greek ("Yona") Buddhist monks active in Buddhist proselytism (the Mahavamsa, XII ), founding the eponymous Dharmaguptaka school of Buddhism.

This is a document about Bactria
  position of the Greeks was undermined even more quickly than would otherwise have been the case. After Demetrius and Eucratides, the kings abandoned the Attic standard of coinage and introduced a native standard, no doubt to gain support from outside the Greek minority. In the Indus valley, this went even further. The Indo-Greek king Menander I (known as Milinda in India), recognized as a great conqueror, converted to Buddhism. His successors managed to cling to power until the last known Indo-Greek ruler, a king named Strato II, who ruled in the Punjab region until around 55 BCE. Other sources, however, place the end of Strato II's reign as late as 10 CE.

This is a document about Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
  typically attributed to Menander. The invasion was completed by 175 BC. This established in the northwestern Indian Subcontinent what is called the Indo-Greek Kingdom, which lasted for almost two centuries until around AD 10. The Buddhist faith flourished under the Indo-Greek kings, foremost among them Menander I. It was also a period of great cultural syncretism, exemplified by the development of Greco-Buddhism. <!--The Indo-Greek Kingdom or Graeco-Indian Kingdom[1] covered various parts of the northwest regions of the Indian subcontinent during the last two centuries BC, and was ruled by more than 30 Hellenistic kings,[2] often in conflict with each other. The kingdom was founded when the Graeco-Bactrian king Demetrius invaded

This is a document about Greco-Buddhism
   Greco-Buddhism, or Graeco-Buddhism, is the cultural syncretism between Hellenistic culture and Buddhism, which developed between the fourth century BCE and the fifth century CE in Bactria (parts of modern-day Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan) and the Gandhara (parts of modern-day Pakistan and Afghanistan). It was a cultural consequence of a long chain of interactions begun by Greek forays into India from the time of Alexander the Great. The Macedonian satraps were then conquered by the Mauryan Empire, under the reign of Chandragupta Maurya. The Mauryan Emperor Ashoka would convert to Buddhism and spread the religious philosophy throughout his domain, as recorded

This is a document about Buddhist influences on Christianity
  Will Durant, noting that the Emperor Ashoka sent missionaries, not only to elsewhere in India and to Sri Lanka, but to Syria, Egypt and Greece, first speculated in the 1930s that they may have helped prepare the ground for Christian teaching. Buddhism was prominent in the eastern Greek world (Greco-Buddhism) and became the official religion of the eastern Greek successor kingdoms to Alexander the Great's empire (Greco-Bactrian Kingdom (250 BC-125 BC) and Indo-Greek Kingdom (180 BC - 10 CE)). Several prominent Greek Buddhist missionaries are known (Mahadharmaraksita and Dharmaraksita) and the Indo-Greek king Menander I converted to Buddhism, and is regarded as one of the great patrons of Buddhism. (See Milinda Panha.) Some modern historians have suggested that

This is a document about Indo-Greek religions
  The Indo-Greeks practiced numerous religions during the time they ruled in present-day northwestern India from the 2nd century BCE to the beginning of the 1st century CE. In addition to the worship of the Classical pantheon of the Greek deities found on their coins (e.g., Zeus, Herakles, Athena, Apollo), the Indo-Greeks were involved with local faiths, particularly with Buddhism, but also with Hinduism and Zoroastrianism.

This is a document about Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
  The Indian emperor Chandragupta, founder of the Mauryan dynasty, conquered the northwestern subcontinent upon the death of Alexander the Great around 323 BC. However, contacts were kept with his Greek neighbours in the Seleucid Empire, a dynastic alliance or the recognition of intermarriage between Greeks and Indians were established (described as an agreement on Epigamia in Ancient sources), and several Greeks, such as the historian Megasthenes, resided at the Mauryan court. Subsequently, each Mauryan emperor had a Greek ambassador at his court.  Chandragupta's grandson Ashoka converted to the Buddhist faith and became a great proselytizer in the line of the traditional Pali canon of Theravada Buddhism, directing his efforts towards the

This is a document about Greco-Buddhist monasticism
  charge: `Ye shall found in the lovely island of Lanka the lovely religion of the Conqueror.'" (Mahavamsa, XII) According to Edicts of Ashoka, Greek populations (generally described in ancient times throughout the Classical world as Yona, Yojanas or Yavanas, lit. "Ionians" ) were under his rule in northwestern India. "Here in the king's domain among the Greeks, the Kambojas, the Nabhakas, the Nabhapamkits, the Bhojas, the Pitinikas, the Andhras and the Palidas, everywhere people are following Beloved-of-the-Gods' instructions in Dhamma." - S. Dhammika Far from just being on the receiving end of conversion to Buddhism, the Mahavamsa indicates that Greeks took an active role in spreading the Buddhist faith as emissaries of Ashoka. These Greek missionaries appear in the list of the "elders" (Pali: "thera") sent far and wide by Emperor Ashoka:

This is a document about Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
  as the Greek transliteration of the ubiquitous Kushan royal title "Shau" ("Shah", "King").[123] Ideology Buddhism flourished under the Indo-Greek kings, and their rule, especially that of Menander, has been remembered as benevolent. It has been suggested, although direct evidence is lacking, that their invasion of India was intended to show their support for the Mauryan empire which may have had a long history of marital alliances,[124] exchange of presents,[125] demonstrations of friendship,[126] exchange of ambassadors[127] and religious missions[128] with the Greeks. The historian Diodorus even wrote that the king of Pataliputra had "great love for the Greeks".[129][130] The Greek

This is a document about Indo-Greek religions
  There are records of the involvement of Greeks in Buddhist pilgrimages. During the reign of Menander, the Greek (Pali: Yona, lit: "Ionian") Buddhist monk Mahadhammarakkhita (Sanskrit: Mahadharmaraksita, lit. "Great protector of the Dharma") is said to have come from Alasandra (thought to be Alexandria of the Caucasus, the city founded by Alexander the Great, near today's Kabul) with 30,000 monks for the foundation ceremony of the Maha Thupa ("Great stupa") built by king Dutthagamani at Anuradhapura in Sri Lanka around 130 BCE, indicating the importance of Buddhism within Greek communities in northwestern India, and the prominent role Greek Buddhist monks played in them: ""From Alasanda the city of the Yonas came the elder Yona Mahadhammarakkhita with thirty thousand bhikkhus."" - Mahavamsa, XXIX) Several Buddhist dedications by

This is a document about Greco-Buddhism
  The Indian emperor Chandragupta Maurya, founder of the Maurya Empire, reconquered around 322 BC the northwest Indian territory that had been lost to Alexander the Great. However, contacts were kept with his Greco-Iranian neighbors in the Seleucid Empire. Emperor Seleucus I Nicator came to a marital agreement as part of a peace treaty, and several Greeks, such as the historian Megasthenes, resided at the Mauryan court. Chandragupta's grandson Ashoka embraced the Buddhist faith and became a great proselytizer in the line of the traditional Pali canon of Theravada Buddhism, insisting on non-violence to humans and animals (ahimsa), and general precepts regulating the life of laypeople. According to the Edicts of Ashoka, set in stone, some of them written in Greek and some in Aramaic, the official language of the Achaemenids, he sent Buddhist emissaries to the Greek lands in Asia and as far as the Mediterranean. The edicts

This is a document about Maurya Empire
  The fall of the Mauryas left the Khyber Pass unguarded, and a wave of foreign invasion followed. The Greco-Bactrian king, Demetrius, capitalized on the break-up, and he conquered southern Afghanistan and parts of northwestern India around 180 BCE, forming the Indo-Greek Kingdom. The Indo-Greeks would maintain holdings on the trans-Indus region, and make forays into central India, for about a century. Under them, Buddhism flourished, and one of their kings, Menander, became a famous figure of Buddhism; he was to establish a new capital of Sagala, the modern city of Sialkot. However, the extent of their domains and the lengths of their rule are subject to much debate. Numismatic evidence indicates that they retained holdings in the subcontinent right up to the birth of Christ. Although the extent of their successes against indigenous powers such as the Shungas, Satavahanas, and Kalingas are unclear, what is clear is that Scythian tribes, renamed Indo-Scythians, brought about the demise of the Indo-Greeks from around 70 BCE and retained lands in the trans-Indus, the region of Mathura, and Gujarat.

This is a document about Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
  the Greco-Bactrians militarily occupied parts of northern India from around 180 BC, numerous instances of interaction between Greeks and Buddhism are recorded. Menander I, the "Saviour king", seems to have converted to Buddhism,[143] and is described as a great benefactor of the religion, on a par with Ashoka or the future Kushan emperor Kanishka.[144] The wheel he represented on some of his coins was probably Buddhist,[145] and he is famous for his dialogues with the Buddhist monk Nagasena, transmitted to us in the Milinda Panha, which explain that he became a Buddhist arhat: "And afterwards, taking delight in the

Menander I Soter, the Indo-Greek king, is known for his conversion to Buddhism. He is believed to have spread the faith within the Indian subcontinent and possibly into Central Asia.


Question: how many members are in the massachusetts senate

Answer: 40

This is a document about Massachusetts General Court
  There are 40 senatorial districts in Massachusetts, named for the counties in which they are located. Each state Senate district contains about 164,000 constituents. The current composition of the Senate is 37 Democrats and 3 Republicans.

This is a document about List of Massachusetts Senate delegations
  The Massachusetts Senate is the upper house of the Massachusetts General Court, the bicameral state legislature of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The Senate comprises 40 elected members from 40 single-member senatorial districts in the state. Descended from the colonial legislature, the current Massachusetts Senate was established in June 1780 upon the adoption of the Massachusetts Constitution. The first General Court met in October 1780 and consisted of one-year elected terms for both houses. This was expanded to two-year terms starting with the 142nd General Court in January 1921. The current delegation is the 191st General Court (2019–2020), consisting of 34 Democrats (D) and 6 Republicans (R).

This is a document about Massachusetts Senate
  The Massachusetts Senate is the upper house of the Massachusetts General Court, the bicameral state legislature of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The Senate comprises 40 elected members from 40 single-member senatorial districts in the state. All but one of the districts are named for the counties in which they are located (the "Cape and Islands" district covers Dukes, Nantucket, and parts of Barnstable counties). Senators serve two-year terms, without term limits. The Senate convenes in the Massachusetts State House, in Boston. The current session is the 192nd General Court, which convened January 6, 2021. It consists of 37 Democrats and 3 Republicans. The President of the Senate is Karen E. Spilka of Ashland. The Senate Minority Leader, from the Republican Party, is Bruce Tarr of Gloucester. The last state general election was on November 3, 2020.

This is a document about 2008 Massachusetts elections
  All 40 seats in the Massachusetts Senate were up for election in 2008. The Massachusetts Democratic Party maintained a supermajority of 35 seats, with the remaining 5 seats under the control of the Massachusetts Republican Party.

This is a document about 1901 United States Senate election in Massachusetts
  At the time, the Massachusetts legislature was controlled by the Republican Party, as it had been since that party's founding, typically in dominant fashion. The Senate was composed of 31 Republicans and 9 Democrats, and the House had 179 Republicans, 58 Democrats, 2 Social Democrats, and one independent.

This is a document about Government of Massachusetts
  For Congressional representation outlined in the United States Constitution, Massachusetts elects two Senators to the Senate, as well as a number of Representatives to the House of Representatives proportional to the state's population in the US Census. From the 2010 Census, Massachusetts has nine representatives. As of the 2020 election, all these officials have been from the Democratic Party. This makes the Massachusetts federal delegation the largest single-party federal delegation in the United States.

This is a document about 2006 Massachusetts Senate election
  As a result of the Massachusetts general election, 2006, the Democrats picked up one open seat in the Massachusetts State Senate, the only change from the previous session. The current session began in January, 2007, and consists of 35 Democrats and 5 Republicans. The 2006 Massachusetts House election was held on the same date as the Senate election, as well as Federal and Gubernatorial elections (see Massachusetts general election, 2006). Massachusetts Senators serve two-year terms.

This is a document about List of Massachusetts General Courts
  The legislature of the U.S. state of Massachusetts is known as the General Court. It has a 40-member upper house (Massachusetts Senate) and a 160-member lower house (Massachusetts House of Representatives). Descended from the colonial legislature, the first Massachusetts General Court met in October 1780 and consisted of one-year elected terms for both houses. This was expanded to two-year terms starting with the 142nd General Court in January 1921.

This is a document about Massachusetts
  House of Representatives and Massachusetts Senate comprise the legislature of Massachusetts, known as the Massachusetts General Court. The House consists of 160 members while the Senate has 40 members. Leaders of the House and Senate are chosen by the members of those bodies; the leader of the House is known as the Speaker while the leader of the Senate is known as the President. Each branch consists of several committees. Members of both bodies are elected to two-year terms. The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court (a chief justice and six associates) are appointed by the governor and confirmed by the executive council, as are all other judges in the state. The Congressional

This is a document about Massachusetts House of Representatives
  The Massachusetts House of Representatives is the lower house of the Massachusetts General Court, the state legislature of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. It is composed of 160 members elected from 14 counties each divided into single-member electoral districts across the Commonwealth. The House of Representatives convenes at the Massachusetts State House in Boston.

This is a document about 2018 Massachusetts elections
  All 40 seats in the Massachusetts Senate were up for election in 2018. In the general election, the Democratic Party captured 33 seats, while the Republican Party captured six seats. The Republicans had previously held seven seats. The seat gained by the Democrats was in the Norfolk, Bristol and Middlesex district, where challenger Becca Rausch defeated incumbent Richard J. Ross by a two percent margin.

This is a document about Government of Massachusetts
  The state legislature is formally known as the Massachusetts General Court, reflecting its colonial-era judicial duties. It has two houses: the 40-member Senate and the 160-member House of Representatives. Members of both houses have two-year terms. The Speaker of the House presides over the House of Representatives and controls the flow of legislation. The President is the presiding officer of the Senate. The General Court is responsible for enacting the state's laws. A bill signed by the governor, or passed by two-thirds of both houses over his or her veto, becomes law. Its session laws are published in the Acts and Resolves of Massachusetts, which are codified as the General Laws of Massachusetts. On June 9, 2017, S&P Global Ratings downgraded Massachusetts' bond rating to AA (the third-highest tier) due to the legislature's inability to replenish the state's rainy day fund in the face of above-average economic growth.

This is a document about 1895 United States Senate election in Massachusetts
  At the time, the Massachusetts legislature was controlled by the Republican Party, as it had been since that party's founding, typically in dominant fashion. The 1894 election in particular, which coincided with the landslide election of Governor Frederic Greenhalge, returned the strongest Republican majority in 21 years. The Senate was composed of 36 Republicans and only 4 Democrats, and the House had 194 Republicans and 45 Democrats.

This is a document about Sal DiDomenico
 colspan=10 style="text-align:center;" |Massachusetts Senate, Middlesex and Suffolk District (General Election) colspan=10 style="text-align:center;" |Massachusetts Senate, Middlesex and Suffolk District (General Election) style="text-align: left;" | 2010 (Special Election) ; style="background:#ccf;"| Sal DiDomenico (D) ; style="background:#ccf;"| 3,802 ; style="background:#fff;"| John Cesan (I) ; style="background:#fff;"| 515 ; style="text-align: left;" | 2010 ; style="background:#ccf;"| Sal DiDomenico (D) ; style="background:#ccf;"| 29,472 ; style="background:#fcc;"| Barbara Bush (R) ; style="background:#fcc;"| 8,494 ; style="text-align: left;" | 2012 ; style="background:#ccf;"| Sal DiDomenico (D) ; style="background:#ccf;"| 47,586 ; style="background:#fff;"| None ; style="background:#fff;"| N/A ; style="text-align: left;" | 2014 ; style="background:#ccf;"| Sal DiDomenico (D) ; style="background:#ccf;"| 31,575 ; style="background:#fff;"| None ; style="background:#fff;"| N/A ; style="text-align: left;" | 2016 ; style="background:#ccf;"|

This is a document about Massachusetts General Court
  The Massachusetts General Court (formally styled the General Court of Massachusetts) is the state legislature of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The name "General Court" is a hold-over from the earliest days of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, when the colonial assembly, in addition to making laws, sat as a judicial court of appeals. Before the adoption of the state constitution in 1780, it was called the Great and General Court, but the official title was shortened by John Adams, author of the state constitution. It is a bicameral body. The upper house is the Massachusetts Senate which is composed of 40 members. The lower body, the Massachusetts House of Representatives, has 160 members. (Until 1978, it had 240 members. ) It meets in the Massachusetts State House on Beacon Hill in Boston. The current President of

This is a document about New Hampshire General Court
  The New Hampshire Senate has been meeting since 1784. It consists of 24 members representing Senate districts based on population. As of the 2021-22 legislative session, there will be 14 Republicans and 10 Democrats in the Senate.

This is a document about 217th New Jersey Legislature
  The Senate has 40 members, one for each district. † First appointed to the seat

This is a document about List of current United States senators
  [[File:117th United States Congress Senators.svg|alt=Map of the Senate composition by state and party|thumb|360px|Senate composition by state and party ]] The United States Senate consists of 100 members, two from each of the 50 states. This list includes all current senators serving in the 117th United States Congress.

This is a document about 1887 United States Senate election in Massachusetts
  Massachusetts had been a solidly Republican state since the start of the American Civil War. The Senate consisted of 25 Republicans and 14 Democrats, and the House consisted of 158 Republicans, 78 Democrats, and 5 independents.

This is a document about 1883 United States Senate election in Massachusetts
  At the time, the Massachusetts legislature was controlled by the Republican Party, as it had been since that party's founding. However, 1883 was the high point of the Massachusetts Democratic Party in the latter half of the 19th century. The upcoming Senate election was a dominant issue in the 1882 legislature elections. The Senate was composed of 22 Republicans and 18 Democrats, and the House had 151 Republicans, 84 Democrats, and 5 independents. Unless the Republicans could emerge unanimously in favor of one candidate, it was possible for the Democratic Party to choose the winner from among the Republican candidates.

The Massachusetts Senate currently has 40 members.


Question: when did halloween become a holiday in the us

Answer: 19th century

This is a document about Geography of Halloween
   In the United States, Halloween did not become a holiday until the 19th century. The transatlantic migration of nearly two million Irish following the Great Irish Famine (1845–1849) brought the holiday to the United States. American librarian and author Ruth Edna Kelley wrote the first book length history of the holiday in the U.S., The Book of Hallowe'en (1919), and references souling in the chapter "Hallowe'en in America": "All Hallowe'en customs in the United States are borrowed directly or adapted from those of other countries. The taste in Hallowe'en festivities now is to study old traditions, and hold a Scotch party, using Robert Burns's poem Halloween as a guide; or to go a-souling as the English used. In short, no custom that was once

This is a document about Geography of Halloween
  other neighborhood organizations came together to encourage a safe celebration that would end the destruction that had become so common on this night. The commercialization of Halloween in the United States did not start until the 20th century, beginning perhaps with Halloween postcards (featuring hundreds of designs), which were most popular between 1905 and 1915. Dennison Manufacturing Company (which published its first Halloween catalog in 1909) and the Beistle Company were pioneers in commercially made Halloween decorations, particularly die-cut paper items. German manufacturers specialised in Halloween figurines that were exported to the United States in the period between the two World Wars. Halloween is now the United States' second most popular holiday (after Christmas) for decorating; the sale of candy and costumes is also

This is a document about Halloween
   Lesley Bannatyne and Cindy Ott write that Anglican colonists in the southern United States and Catholic colonists in Maryland "recognized All Hallow's Eve in their church calendars", although the Puritans of New England strongly opposed the holiday, along with other traditional celebrations of the established Church, including Christmas. Almanacs of the late 18th and early 19th century give no indication that Halloween was widely celebrated in North America. It was not until after mass Irish and Scottish immigration in the 19th century that Halloween became a major holiday in America. Most American Halloween traditions were inherited from the Irish and Scots, though "In Cajun areas, a nocturnal Mass was said in cemeteries on Halloween night. Candles that had been blessed were placed on graves, and families sometimes spent the entire night at the graveside". Originally confined to these immigrant communities, it was gradually assimilated into mainstream society and was celebrated coast to coast by people of all social, racial, and religious backgrounds by the early 20th century. Then, through American influence, these Halloween traditions spread to many other countries by the late 20th and early 21st century, including to mainland Europe.

This is a document about Trick-or-treating
  the 1930s, with the first U.S. appearance of the term in 1932, and the first use in a national publication occurring in 1939. Behavior similar to trick-or-treating was more commonly associated with Thanksgiving from 1870 (shortly after that holiday's formalization) until the 1930s. In New York City, a Thanksgiving ritual known as Ragamuffin Day involved children dressing up as beggars and asking for treats, which later evolved into dressing up in more diverse costumes. Increasing hostility toward the practice in the 1930s eventually led to the begging aspects being dropped, and by the 1950s, the tradition as a whole had ceased.

This is a document about Halloween
  North America occurs in 1911, another reference to ritual begging on Halloween appears, place unknown, in 1915, with a third reference in Chicago in 1920. The earliest known use in print of the term "trick or treat" appears in 1927, in the Blackie Herald, of Alberta, Canada. The thousands of Halloween postcards produced between the turn of the 20th century and the 1920s commonly show children but not trick-or-treating. Trick-or-treating does not seem to have become a widespread practice in North America until the 1930s, with the first US appearances of the term in 1934, and the first use in a national publication occurring in

This is a document about Ragamuffin parade
  Ragamuffin Day formed around 1870, a few years after US President Abraham Lincoln declared Thanksgiving a national holiday. Ragamuffin Day took place on Thanksgiving, and typically involved children going from door to door asking for candy or money. These children were originally dressed in the style of the homeless of New York, with rags and oversized and exaggerated imitations of beggars. In further years, the children dressed as sailors, bandits and Disney characters. In the 1930s, the begging tradition was superseded by Ragamuffin parades, a predecessor of Thanksgiving Day parades. As Halloween became popular after the Great Depression, Ragamuffin events became less popular, however, children continued the traditions into the 1940s. Around 1930, The New York Times published several articles in an attempt to end the tradition, that

This is a document about Trick-or-treating
  Almost all pre-1940 uses of the term "trick-or-treat" are from the United States and Canada. Trick-or-treating spread throughout the United States, stalled only by World War II sugar rationing that began in April, 1942 and lasted until June, 1947. Early national attention to trick-or-treating was given in October, 1947 issues of the children's magazines Jack and Jill and Children's Activities, and by Halloween episodes of the network radio programs The Baby Snooks Show in 1946 and The Jack Benny Show and The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet in 1948. Trick-or-treating was depicted in the Peanuts comic strip in 1951. The custom had become firmly established in popular culture

This is a document about All Saints' Day
  Being the vigil of All Saints' Day (All Hallows' Day), in many countries, such as Ireland, the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada, Halloween is celebrated on 31 October. During the 20th century the observance largely became a secular one, although some traditional Christian groups have continued to embrace the Christian origins of Halloween whereas others have rejected such celebrations.

This is a document about Trick-or-treating
  be rewarded with cakes, fruit, and money. The earliest known occurrence of the practice of guising at Halloween in North America is from 1911, when a newspaper in Kingston, Ontario, Canada reported on children going "guising" around the neighborhood. American historian and author Ruth Edna Kelley of Massachusetts wrote the first book length history of the holiday in the US; The Book of Hallowe'en (1919), and references souling in the chapter "Hallowe'en in America"; "The taste in Hallowe'en festivities now is to study old traditions, and hold a Scotch party, using Burn's poem Hallowe'en as a guide; or to go a-souling as

This is a document about Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF
  of it to UNICEF. In 1953, the United States Committee for UNICEF, later renamed the U.S. Fund for UNICEF, started actively promoting the program. By the 1960s, the concept had expanded throughout the United States, with small orange collection boxes distributed to millions of trick-or-treaters. When UNICEF won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1965, U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson said in his congratulatory letter: "Your UNICEF Trick or Treat Day has helped turn a holiday too often marred by youthful vandalism into a program of basic training in world citizenship." In 1967, Johnson declared Halloween, October 31, to be "UNICEF Day"

This is a document about Culture of Scotland
  Halloween, on the night of October 31, is a traditional and much celebrated holiday in Scotland. The name Halloween was first attested in the 16th century as a Scottish shortening of All-Hallows-Eve, and according to some historians it has its roots in the Gaelic festival of Samhain, when the Gaels believed the border between this world and the otherworld became thin, and the dead would revisit the mortal world. In 1780, Dumfries poet John Mayne noted Halloween pranks: "What fearfu' pranks ensue!", as well as the supernatural associations of that night, "Bogies" (ghosts). The bard of Scotland Robert Burns' 1785 poem Halloween

This is a document about Halloween
  Halloween or Hallowe'en (a contraction of "All Hallows' evening"), less commonly known as Allhalloween, All Hallows' Eve, or All Saints' Eve, is a celebration observed in many countries on 31 October, the eve of the Western Christian feast of All Hallows' Day. It begins the observance of Allhallowtide, the time in the liturgical year dedicated to remembering the dead, including saints (hallows), martyrs, and all the departed. One theory holds that many Halloween traditions were influenced by Celtic harvest festivals, particularly the Gaelic festival Samhain, which are believed to have pagan roots. Some go further and suggest that Samhain may have been Christianized as All Hallow's Day, along with its eve, by the early Church. Other academics believe Halloween began solely as a Christian holiday, being the vigil of All Hallow's Day.<ref name="FoleyO’Donnell2008"> Celebrated in Ireland and Scotland

This is a document about Culture of the United Kingdom
  Halloween is a traditional and much celebrated holiday in Scotland and Ireland on the night of 31 October. The name "Halloween" is first attested in the 16th century as a Scottish shortening of the fuller All-Hallows-Even, and according to some historians has its roots in the Gaelic festival Samhain, when the Gaels believed the border between this world and the otherworld became thin, and the dead would revisit the mortal world. In 1780, Dumfries poet John Mayne makes note of pranks at Halloween; "What fearfu' pranks ensue!", as well as the supernatural associated with the night, "Bogies" (ghosts). Robert Burns' 1785 poem "Halloween" is recited by Scots at Halloween, and Burns was influenced

This is a document about Halloween card
  An early reference to a Halloween card is made in volume 4 of Ingall's Home and Art Magazine published in 1891, in which a sample design is depicted in the article Domestic Helps for the Home by Laura Willis Lathrop. Early Halloween cards typically depicted the same themes as Easter cards and Christmas cards, as publishers reused images for various holidays, with the caption signifying the specific holiday. From about 1900 to 1915, the United States experienced a Halloween "postcard craze" that continued the commercialization of the holiday that began in the 1800s. By 1909, the Souvenir Post Card Company of New York City produced 12 Halloween card designs. The popularity of Halloween cards rivaled that of Christmas cards until about 1930, by which time telephones were common household items and began supplanting the

This is a document about Trick-or-treating
  to ritual begging on Halloween appears, place unknown, in 1915, with a third reference in Chicago in 1920. The earliest known use in print of the term "trick or treat" appears in 1927, from Blackie, Alberta:"Hallowe’en provided an opportunity for real strenuous fun. No real damage was done except to the temper of some who had to hunt for wagon wheels, gates, wagons, barrels, etc., much of which decorated the front street. The youthful tormentors were at back door and front demanding edible plunder by the word “trick or treat” to which the inmates gladly responded and sent the robbers away

This is a document about Candy pumpkin
  hour of daylight, they would collect more candy. During the 1985 U.S Congressional hearings on Daylight Saving, the industry went so far as to put candy pumpkins on the seat of every senator, hoping to win a little favor. On July 8, 1986, President Ronald Reagan signed the Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1986 into law; it contained a daylight saving rider which continued daylight saving time until the early morning of last Sunday in October; this did not include Halloween night. In 2005, daylight saving time was extended to the first Sunday in November—just long enough to include Halloween.

This is a document about Halloween
  Halloween is thought to have roots in Christian beliefs and practices. The name 'Halloween' comes from "All Hallows' Eve", being the evening before the Christian holy days of All Hallows' Day (All Saints' Day) on 1 November and All Souls' Day on 2 November. Since the time of the early Church, major feasts in Christianity (such as Christmas, Easter and Pentecost) had vigils that began the night before, as did the feast of All Hallows'. These three days are collectively called Allhallowtide and are a time for honoring the saints and praying for recently departed souls who have yet to reach Heaven. Commemorations

This is a document about Geography of Halloween
  at Hallowe'en is out of fashion now." The main event for children of modern Halloween in the United States and Canada is trick-or-treating, in which children, teenagers, (sometimes) young adults, and parents (accompanying their children) disguise themselves in costumes and go door-to-door in their neighborhoods, ringing each doorbell and yelling "Trick or treat!" to solicit a gift of candy or similar items. Teenagers and adults will more frequently attend Halloween-themed costume parties typically hosted by friends or themed events at nightclubs either on Halloween itself or a weekend close to the holiday. At the turn of the 20th century, Halloween had turned into a night of vandalism, with destruction of property and cruelty to animals and people. Around 1912, the Boy Scouts, Boys Clubs,

This is a document about Common year starting on Friday
  on September 6, Columbus Day is on October 11, Election Day in the United States is on its earliest possible date, November 2, Thanksgiving is on November 25, and Christmas is on a Saturday. This common year is also the longest gap between Halloween (October 31) and the end of daylight saving time in the USA (November 7) by seven days or one week. Prior to 2007, Halloween and the end of daylight savings time in the US fell on the same day in this common year and the last such year where Daylight Savings Time ended on this day was 1999. The first year when Daylight Savings Time ended on the new date was 2010.

This is a document about Halloween costume
  various strata of society", and suggested this was the origin of Halloween costume parties. The custom of guising at Halloween in North America is first recorded in 1911, where a newspaper in Kingston, Ontario reported children going "guising" around the neighborhood. In 19th century America, Halloween was often celebrated with costume parades and "licentious revelries". However, efforts were made to "domesticate" the festival to conform with Victorian era morality. Halloween was made into a private rather than public holiday, celebrations involving liquor and sensuality de-emphasized, and only children were expected to celebrate the festival. Early Halloween costumes emphasized the gothic nature of Halloween, and were

Halloween became a holiday in the US in the late 19th century, but it was not widely celebrated until the 1920s and 1930s. The first use of the term "trick-or-treat" in a US publication was in 1932.


Question: who wrote the song lift every voice and sing

Answer: James Weldon Johnson

This is a document about African-American culture
  in the United States. Slaveholders discovered African-American slaves used drums to communicate. Many African Americans sing "Lift Every Voice and Sing" in addition to the American national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner", or in lieu of it. Written by James Weldon Johnson and John Rosamond Johnson in 1900 to be performed for the birthday of Abraham Lincoln, the song was, and continues to be, a popular way for African Americans to recall past struggles and express ethnic solidarity, faith, and hope for the future. The song was adopted as the "Negro National Anthem" by the NAACP in 1919. Many African-American children are taught the song at school,

This is a document about Protest songs in the United States
  of American poet Emily Dickinson, Higginson had been deeply impressed by the beauty of the devotional songs he heard the soldiers singing around the regiment's campfires. Higginson wrote down the texts, in dialect, as he heard them, but failed to provide tunes. The second influential book about African-American spirituals was the 1872 collection Jubilee Songs as Sung by the Jubilee Singers of Fisk University, by Thomas F. Steward, comprising songs sung by students of Fisk University on their fund-raising tours throughout the county, arranged and harmonized according to 19th-century classical music conventions. One of the known African-American spirituals is the anthem "Lift Every Voice and Sing". Originally written as a poem by African-American novelist and

This is a document about Lift Every Voice and Sing
  "Lift Every Voice and Sing" – often referred to as the Black national anthem in the United States – is a hymn with lyrics by James Weldon Johnson (1871–1938) and set to music by his brother, J. Rosamond Johnson (1873–1954), for the 91st anniversary of President Abraham Lincoln's birthday in 1900.

This is a document about Quilt
  quilting and musical performance, African-American quilter Gwendolyn Ann Magee created a twelve-piece exhibition based on the lyrics of James Weldon Johnson's "Lift Every Voice and Sing," commonly known as the "Negro National Anthem." Cuesta Benberry, a quilt historian with a special interest in African-American works, published Always There: The African-American Presence in American Quilts in 1992 and organized an exhibition documenting the contributions of black quilters to mainstream American quilting. Eli Leon, a collector of African-American quilts, organized a traveling exhibition in 1987 that introduced both historic and current quilters, some loosely following patterns and others improvising, such as Rosie Lee Tompkins. He argued for the

This is a document about Augusta Savage
  of Design of the 1939 New York World's Fair. She created Lift Every Voice and Sing (also known as "The Harp"), inspired by the song by James Weldon and Rosamond Johnson. The 16-foot-tall plaster sculpture was the most popular and most photographed work at the fair; small metal souvenir copies were sold, and many postcards of the piece were purchased. The work reinterpreted the musical instrument to feature 12 singing African-American youth in graduated heights as its strings, with the harp's sounding board transformed into an arm and a hand. In the front, a kneeling young man offered music in

This is a document about Lift Every Voice and Sing
  was sung by mezzo-soprano Denyce Graves and chorus at the conclusion of the opening ceremonies of the National Museum of African American History and Culture, at which Obama delivered the keynote address. On October 19, 2017, when white supremacist leader Richard Spencer spoke at the University of Florida, the university's carillon played "Lift Every Voice and Sing" to convey a message of unity. On April 14, 2018, Beyoncé included the song in the setlist of her concert at Coachella and as part of the resultant concert film and live album. In May 2018, this song was sung by the Tabernacle Choir at

This is a document about Lift Every Voice and Sing
  In 1923, the male gospel group Manhattan Harmony Four recorded the song as "Lift Every Voice and Sing (National Negro Anthem)". It was added to the National Recording Registry in 2016. In 1939, Augusta Savage received a commission from the New York World's Fair and created a 16 ft plaster sculpture called Lift Every Voice and Sing. Savage did not have funds to have it cast in bronze or to move and store it. Like other Fair temporary installations, the sculpture was destroyed at the close of the fair. The 1939 film Keep Punching features the song. In Maya Angelou's 1969 autobiography,

This is a document about Lift Every Voice and Sing (album)
  Lift Every Voice and Sing is an album by American jazz drummer Max Roach with the J.C. White Singers recorded in 1971 and released on the Atlantic label.

This is a document about Gwendolyn Ann Magee
  including When Hope Unborn Had Died, narrate the impact of slavery in the United States. From 2000 to 2004, Magee worked on a series of twelve quilts inspired by the song "Lift Every Voice and Sing" by James Weldon Johnson. Through her textile art, Magee has also responded to contemporary events. In response to the state of Mississippi voting to keep the Confederate battle cross in their state flag, she created Southern Heritage/Southern Shame in 2001, with layered images of the Confederate flag, bodies hanging from nooses, and the hood of a Ku Klux Klan robe. Her quilt, Requiem, depicts the loss of African-American culture when Hurricane Katrina devastated New Orleans. Magee's work is in the permanent

This is a document about Lift Every Voice and Sing
  "Lift Every Voice and Sing" was publicly performed first as part of a celebration of Abraham Lincoln's birthday. In 1919, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) dubbed it "the Negro national anthem" for its power in voicing a cry for liberation and affirmation for African-American people. The song is a prayer of thanksgiving for faithfulness and freedom, with imagery evoking the biblical Exodus from slavery to the freedom of the "promised land." It is featured in 39 different Christian hymnals, and is sung in churches across North America.

This is a document about Protest songs in the United States
  In 1990, singer Melba Moore released a modern rendition of the 1900 song "Lift Every Voice and Sing" – which had long been considered "The Negro National Anthem" and one of the 20th century's most powerful civil rights anthems – which she recorded along with others, including R&B artists Anita Baker, Stephanie Mills, Dionne Warwick, Bobby Brown, Stevie Wonder, Jeffrey Osborne, and Howard Hewett; and gospel artists BeBe and CeCe Winans, Take 6, and The Clark Sisters. Partly because of the success of this recording, "Lift Ev'ry Voice and Sing" was entered into the Congressional Record as the official African American National Hymn. Rage Against the Machine, formed in 1991, has been one of the most popular 'social-commentary' bands of the last

This is a document about James Weldon Johnson Community Library
  James Weldon Johnson Community Library is named after James Weldon Johnson, native Floridian author, educator, civil rights activist, head of the NAACP. His song "Lift Every Voice and Sing" is considered by many to be the "Negro National Anthem." The history of James Weldon Johnson Community Library is part of African American history in St. Petersburg. Andrew Carnegie intended for the library he funded in St. Petersburg to be racially integrated when it opened in 1915, but the city refused black residents access to the library. In 1944, the city began allowing blacks into only the basement of the Carnegie library. Mrs. S.M. Carter, wife of a pastor, formed an interracial committee and lobbied the city

This is a document about Lift Every Voice and Sing (sculpture)
  Savage was asked to make a sculpture to symbolize African-American music for the 1939 World's Fair. The sculpture was inspired by the poem "Lift Every Voice and Sing" written in 1900 by James Weldon Johnson. Set to music as a hymn in 1905 by his brother John Rosamond Johnson, it became known as the Black National Anthem. A photograph of a preliminary sketch appeared on the cover of the NAACP magazine The Crisis in April 1939. The resulting sculpture was 16 ft high, taking the form of a large harp, with the strings represented by twelve black singers of decreasing size standing in long robes, supported by a long arm and hand representing the arm of god as the sounding board of the instrument – perhaps alluding to the traditional Spiritual "He's Got the Whole World

This is a document about Lift Every Voice (Andrew Hill album)
  Lift Every Voice is a studio album by American jazz pianist Andrew Hill featuring performances recorded in 1969 and released on the Blue Note label in 1970. The original album features Hill with a large choir performing five original compositions and the 2001 CD reissue added six additional compositions recorded in 1970 as bonus tracks.

This is a document about J. Rosamond Johnson
   John Rosamond Johnson (August 11, 1873 – November 11, 1954, usually referred to as J. Rosamond Johnson) was an American composer and singer during the Harlem Renaissance. Born in Jacksonville, Florida, he had much of his career in New York City. Johnson is noted as the composer of the hymn "Lift Every Voice and Sing”. It was first performed live by 500 Black American students from the segregated Stanton School (elementary/middle/junior high-level), Jacksonville, Florida, in 1900. The song was published by Joseph W. Stern & Co., Manhattan, New York (later the Edward B. Marks Music Company). J. Rosamond Johnson was the younger brother of poet and activist James Weldon Johnson, who wrote the lyrics for "Lift Every Voice and Sing". The two also worked together in causes related to the NAACP.

This is a document about Lift Every Voice and Sing (sculpture)
  Lift Every Voice and Sing, also known as The Harp, was a plaster sculpture by African-American artist Augusta Savage. It was commissioned for the 1939 New York World's Fair, and displayed in the courtyard of the Pavilion of Contemporary Art during the fair at Flushing Meadow. The sculpture was destroyed along with other temporary artworks at the site after the closing of the exhibition in 1940.

This is a document about Contemporary Catholic liturgical music
  of Divine Mercy", "Remember Me", "Come To My Mercy") ; Carey Landry, b. 1945 ("Abba, Father", "Hail Mary, Gentle Woman") ; The Dameans – Gary Ault, Mike Balhoff, Buddy Ceaser, Gary Daigle, Darryl Ducote ("Look Beyond", "All That We Have", Remember Your Love") ; Bob Moore, b. 1962 ("All Who Hunger", "Sweet Refreshment") ; Dan Schutte, b. 1947 ("Here I Am, Lord", "Sing a New Song", "You Are Near") ; Bob Dufford, SJ, b. 1943 ("Be Not Afraid", "All the Ends of the Earth") ; John Foley, SJ, b. 1939 ("One Bread, One Body") ; Roc O'Connor, SJ, ("Lift Up Your Hearts") ; Tim Manion, ("I Lift Up

This is a document about James Weldon Johnson
  As noted above, in 1901 Johnson had moved to New York City with his brother J. Rosamond Johnson to work in musical theater. They collaborated on such hits as "Tell Me, Dusky Maiden", "Nobody's Looking but the Owl and the Moon," and the spiritual Dem Bones, for which Johnson wrote the lyrics and his brother the music. Johnson composed a poem which was later set to music to become "Lift Ev'ry Voice and Sing" to honor renowned educator Booker T. Washington who was visiting Stanton School, when the poem was recited by 500 school children as a tribute to Abraham Lincoln's birthday. This

This is a document about List of burials at Green-Wood Cemetery
 Paul Jabara (1948–1992), actor, singer and songwriter ; Abraham Jacobi (1830–1919), the Father of American Pediatrics ; Leonard Jerome (1817–1891), entrepreneur, grandfather of Winston Churchill ; Morris Ketchum Jesup (1830–1908), founder of YMCA New York and president of the American Museum of Natural History ; Eastman Johnson (1824–1906), American painter, and co-founder of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City ; James Weldon Johnson (1871–1938), American author, educator, lawyer, diplomat, songwriter, and civil rights activist. Author of "Lift Every Voice and Sing" with his wife Grace Nail Johnson ; Tom L. Johnson (1854–1911), former mayor of Cleveland, Ohio ; Willard F. Jones (1890–1967), naval architect, head of National Safety Council's marine section and Vice President of Gulf Oil ; Bashar Barakah Jackson (Pop Smoke) (1999–2020), rapper

This is a document about Timeline of music in the United States (1880–1919)
 Violinist and cornetist Helen May Butler's Ladies Military Band begins touring, bucking "stereotypes of the time by showing that women could endure the rigors of touring life and lease enough paying customers to survive in the music business". ; The vaudeville musical theater format begins to take shape. ; Symphony Hall is built in Boston. ; The first permanent orchestra is established in Philadelphia. ; J. Rosamond Johnson and James Weldon Johnson compose "Lift Every Voice and Sing", the official anthem of the NAACP. ; Harry Von Tilzer's "A Bird in a Gilded Cage" is released, becoming his "most famous and enduring" composition. ; Amy

James Weldon Johnson wrote the lyrics for the song "Lift Every Voice and Sing," also known as the "Negro National Anthem." He wrote it in 1900 for his brother J. Rosamond Johnson to set to music.