Question: characteristic that is related to a star 's temperature

Answer: color

This is a document about Main sequence
  The majority of stars on a typical HR diagram lie along the main-sequence curve. This line is pronounced because both the spectral type and the luminosity depend only on a star's mass, at least to zeroth-order approximation, as long as it is fusing hydrogen at its core—and that is what almost all stars spend most of their "active" lives doing. The temperature of a star determines its spectral type via its effect on the physical properties of plasma in its photosphere. A star's energy emission as a function of wavelength is influenced by both its temperature and composition. A key indicator of this energy distribution is given by the color index, B − V, which measures the star's magnitude in blue (B) and green-yellow (V) light by means of filters. This difference in magnitude provides a measure of a star's temperature.

This is a document about Star
  The surface temperature of a main sequence star is determined by the rate of energy production of its core and by its radius, and is often estimated from the star's color index. The temperature is normally given in terms of an effective temperature, which is the temperature of an idealized black body that radiates its energy at the same luminosity per surface area as the star. The effective temperature is only representative of the surface, as the temperature increases toward the core. The temperature in the core region of a star is several million kelvins. The stellar temperature will determine the rate of ionization of various elements, resulting in characteristic absorption lines in the spectrum. The surface temperature of a star, along with its visual absolute magnitude and absorption features, is used to classify a star (see classification below). Massive main sequence stars can have surface temperatures of 50,000 K. Smaller stars such as the Sun have surface temperatures of a few thousand K. Red giants have relatively low surface temperatures of about 3,600 K; but they have a high luminosity due to their large exterior surface area.

This is a document about Main sequence
  By treating the star as an idealized energy radiator known as a black body, the luminosity L and radius R can be related to the effective temperature Teff by the Stefan–Boltzmann law:  where σ is the Stefan–Boltzmann constant. As the position of a star on the HR diagram shows its approximate luminosity, this relation can be used to estimate its radius. The mass, radius and luminosity of a star are closely interlinked, and their respective values can be approximated by three relations. First is the Stefan–Boltzmann law, which relates the luminosity L, the radius R and the surface temperature Teff. Second is the mass–luminosity relation, which relates the luminosity L and the mass M. Finally, the relationship between M and R is close to linear.

This is a document about A Brief History of Time
  so we can only observe their one characteristic feature, their light. When this light is passed through a prism, it gives rise to a spectrum. Every star has its own spectrum, and since each element has its own unique spectra, we can measure a star's light spectra to know its chemical composition. We use thermal spectra of the stars to know their temperature. In 1920, when scientists were examining spectra of different galaxies, they found that some of the characteristic lines of the star spectrum were shifted towards the red end of the spectrum. The implications of this phenomenon were given by the Doppler

This is a document about HD 326823
  Assuming a distance of 1.27 kiloparsecs, the primary has a temperature of 22,000 K and a luminosity of around. This corresponds to a radius about. Older analyses included a higher luminosity of, and a distance of 2 kpc. The primary star's stellar wind has a very low terminal velocity of just 200 kilometres per second and through that wind is losing 5.2 M_solar (about ) per year. The primary's mass is around, and its initial mass may have been about. Not much is known about the secondary, except for its mass of, a significant part of which may be from the primary. Assuming it is a main sequence star, it may have a radius of.

This is a document about GCIRS 16SW
  physical properties. This was before it was identified as an eclipsing binary, but it is still treated as a candidate LBV. Each star is strongly distorted by the gravity of the other star. The polar radius is calculated to be, while the radius along the direction of orbital motion is. The radius along the line joining the two stars is, while the separation of the centres of the two stars is. A calculation of properties treating the binary as a single star gave an effective temperature of 24,400 K. The secondary component is found to have a temperature 96% of that of the primary. However, these temperatures yield a luminosity over a million times that of the sun, uncomfortably close to the Eddington luminosity for each star, and it is suspected the actual temperatures are slightly lower.

This is a document about Effective temperature
   The effective temperature of a star is the temperature of a black body with the same luminosity per surface area ( Bol ) as the star and is defined according to the Stefan–Boltzmann law . Notice that the total (bolometric) luminosity of a star is then , where R is the stellar radius. The definition of the stellar radius is obviously not straightforward. More rigorously the effective temperature corresponds to the temperature at the radius that is defined by a certain value of the Rosseland optical depth (usually 1) within the stellar atmosphere. The effective temperature and the bolometric luminosity

This is a document about Effective temperature
  the two fundamental physical parameters needed to place a star on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram. Both effective temperature and bolometric luminosity depend on the chemical composition of a star. The effective temperature of our Sun is around 5780 kelvins (K). The value recommended by the International Astronomical Union is 5772 +/- 0.8 K Stars have a decreasing temperature gradient, going from their central core up to the atmosphere. The "core temperature" of the Sun—the temperature at the centre of the Sun where nuclear reactions take place—is estimated to be 15,000,000 K. The color index of a star indicates its temperature from

This is a document about O-type star
  O-type stars are hot and luminous. They have characteristic surface temperatures ranging from 30,000 to 52,000 K, emit intense ultraviolet light, and so appear in the visible spectrum as bluish-white. Because of their high temperatures the luminosities of main sequence O-type stars range from 10,000 times the Sun to around 1,000,000 times, giants from 100,000 times the Sun to over 1,000,000, and supergiants from about 200,000 times the Sun to several million times. Other stars in the same temperature range include rare O-type subdwarf (sdO) stars, the central stars of planetary nebulae (CSPNe), and white dwarfs. The white dwarfs have their own spectral classification scheme, but many CSPNe have O-type spectra.

This is a document about Beta Pictoris
   According to measurements made as part of the Nearby Stars Project, Beta Pictoris has a spectral type of A6V and has an effective temperature of 8052 K, which is hotter than the Sun's 5778 K. Analysis of the spectrum reveals that the star contains a slightly higher ratio of heavy elements, which are termed metals in astronomy, to hydrogen than the Sun. This value is expressed as the quantity [M/H], the base-10 logarithm of the ratio of the star's metal fraction to that of the Sun. In the case of Beta Pictoris, the value of [M/H] is 0.05, which means that the star's metal fraction is 12% greater than that of the Sun. Analysis of the

This is a document about Main sequence
  ratio of M to R increases by a factor of only three over 2.5 orders of magnitude of M. This relation is roughly proportional to the star's inner temperature TI, and its extremely slow increase reflects the fact that the rate of energy generation in the core strongly depends on this temperature, whereas it has to fit the mass–luminosity relation. Thus, a too high or too low temperature will result in stellar instability. A better approximation is to take ε = L/M, the energy generation rate per unit mass, as ε is proportional to TI15, where TI is the core temperature. This is suitable for stars at least as massive as the Sun, exhibiting the CNO cycle, and gives the better fit R ∝ M0.78.

This is a document about Stellar classification
  The Harvard system is a one-dimensional classification scheme by astronomer Annie Jump Cannon, who re-ordered and simplified the prior alphabetical system by Draper (see next paragraph). Stars are grouped according to their spectral characteristics by single letters of the alphabet, optionally with numeric subdivisions. Main-sequence stars vary in surface temperature from approximately 2,000 to 50,000 K, whereas more-evolved stars can have temperatures above 100,000 K. Physically, the classes indicate the temperature of the star's atmosphere and are normally listed from hottest to coldest.  The spectral classes O through M, as well as other more specialized classes discussed later, are subdivided by Arabic numerals (0–9), where 0 denotes

This is a document about HD 24496
  The star has 96% of the mass of the Sun and 91% of the Sun's radius. The metallicity, what astronomers term the abundance of heavier elements, is about the same as in the Sun. The star is radiating 71% of the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,572 K. The secondary companion, component B, is a magnitude 11.1 red dwarf of class M2V that shares a common proper motion with the primary. They have an angular separation of 2.7 arcsecond along a position angle of 256°, which is equivalent to a physical projected separation of 55.2 AU. Their orbital period is around 123,000 years.

This is a document about Hertzsprung–Russell diagram
  called the theoretical Hertzsprung–Russell diagram instead. A peculiar characteristic of this form of the H–R diagram is that the temperatures are plotted from high temperature to low temperature, which aids in comparing this form of the H–R diagram with the observational form. Although the two types of diagrams are similar, astronomers make a sharp distinction between the two. The reason for this distinction is that the exact transformation from one to the other is not trivial. To go between effective temperature and color requires a color–temperature relation, and constructing that is difficult; it is known to be a function of stellar composition and can be affected by other factors like stellar

This is a document about VY Canis Majoris
  The effective temperature of this star is uncertain. Some signature changes in its spectrum correspond to temperature variations. Early estimates of the mean temperature assumed values below 3,000 K based on a spectral class of M5. In 2006, its temperature was calculated to be as high as 3,650 K, corresponding to a spectral class of M2.5, yet this star is usually considered as an M4 to M5 star. Adopting the latter classes with the temperature scale proposed by Emily Levesque gives a range of between 3,450 and 3,535 K.

This is a document about Mass–luminosity relation
 is the reduced mass for the particle collision, and A,B are the two species participating in the limiting reaction (e.g. both stand for a proton in the proton-proton chain reaction, or A a proton and B an nucleus for the CNO cycle). To the first approximation, stars are black body radiators with a surface area of 4 π R2. Thus, from the Stefan–Boltzmann law, the luminosity is related to the surface temperature TS, and through it to the color of the star, by Since the radius R is itself a function of the temperature and the mass, one may solve this equation to get the core temperature.

This is a document about Solar analog
  Defining the three categories by their similarity to the Sun reflects the evolution of astronomical observational techniques. Originally, solar-type was the closest that similarity to the Sun could be defined. Later, more precise measurement techniques and improved observatories allowed for greater precision of key details like temperature, enabling the creation of a solar analog category for stars that were particularly similar to the Sun. Later still, continued improvements in precision allowed for the creation of a solar-twin category for near-perfect matches. Similarity to the Sun allows for checking derived quantities—such as temperature, which is derived from the color index—against the Sun, the only star whose temperature is confidently known. For stars that are not similar to the Sun, this cross-checking cannot be done.

This is a document about Delta Boötis
  of hydrogen at its core and evolved into a giant star. It now has a radius more than ten times the radius of the Sun. Compared to the Sun, this star appears deficient in elements other than hydrogen and helium—what astronomers term the star's metallicity. The outer envelope of this star has an effective temperature of 4,847 K, which is what gives it the characteristic yellow hue of a G-type star. The secondary component has a stellar classification of G0 V, which suggests it is a main sequence star that may be similar in physical properties to the Sun. The apparent visual magnitude of this star is 7.81, making it much less luminous than the primary component.

This is a document about WR 114
  The modelled temperature as a single star is 79,000 K, but this is an arbitrary temperature. A Wolf-Rayet star consists of a dense "core", with its surface defined as the sonic point, and a surrounding optically dense wind. The observed radiation from the star is entirely generated at different layers within the wind. The properties of a Wolf Rayet star are typically reported at an "inner boundary" of the wind, arbitrarily set at an optical depth of 20. The radius of this inner boundary in WR 114 is. The sonic point of WR 114 lies at about optical depth 60. At this level the temperature is much hotter. Another common definition for the surface of a star is at optical depth 2/3. For WR 114, this is at about and the corresponding temperature is around 65,000 K.  The luminosity is around  due to the extreme temperature, with most of this emitted as ultraviolet radiation. The stellar wind from WR 114 is powered by the high temperature and luminosity to a speed of 2,000 km/s. It is calculated to have a current mass of and to be losing this mass at three millionths of  per year.

This is a document about 53 Aquarii
  The primary component is a solar-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of G1 V. It has about 99% of the Sun's mass, 111% of the Sun's radius, and shines with 139% of the luminosity of the Sun. This energy is being emitted from an outer envelope at an effective temperature of 5,922 K, giving it the golden hue of a G-type star. An examination of the primary component with the Spitzer space telescope failed to detect any infrared excess that might otherwise be an indication of a circumstellar debris disk. The companion is a slightly cooler star with an effective temperature of 5,811 K.

The characteristic related to a star's temperature is its color index, which is a measure of the star's temperature based on its spectral energy distribution. A hotter star has a smaller color index, while a cooler star has a larger color index. The color index is determined by the temperature-sensitive emission in the blue and red wavelengths of the star's spectrum.


Question: who 's wife turned to a pillar of salt

Answer: Lot 's wife

This is a document about Allusion
  According to the Book of Genesis, God destroyed the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah, but Lot, the nephew of Abraham, was given time to escape with his family before the destruction. God commanded Lot and his family not to look back as they fled. Lot's wife disobeyed and looked back, and she was immediately turned into a pillar of salt as punishment for her disobedience. An allusion to Lot's wife or to a pillar of salt is usually a reference to someone who unwisely chooses to look back once they have begun on a course of action or to someone who disobeys an explicit rule or command.

This is a document about Lot's wife
  In Judaism, one common view of Lot's wife turning to salt was as punishment for disobeying the angels' warning. By looking back at the "evil cities," she betrayed her secret longing for that way of life. She was deemed unworthy to be saved and thus was turned to a pillar of salt. Another view in the Jewish exegesis of Genesis 19:26, is that when Lot's wife looked back, she turned to a pillar of salt upon the "sight of God," who was descending down to rain destruction upon Sodom and Gomorrah. One reason that is given in the tradition is that she turned back to look in order to see if her daughters, who were married to men of Sodom, were coming or not. Another Jewish legend says that because Lot's wife sinned with salt, she was punished with salt. On the night the two angels visited Lot, he requested that his wife prepare a feast for them. Not having any salt, Lot's wife asked her neighbors for salt, which alerted them to the presence of their guests, resulting in the mob action that endangered Lot's family. In the Midrash, Lot's wife's name is given as Edith.

This is a document about A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom
  such as the pillar of salt said to be Lot's wife, near the Dead Sea, were universally believed in Christendom, from St. Jerome to Sir John Mandeville. Yet from the 16th century, travellers from Pierre Belon were more sceptical, culminating in the visit of Lieutenant Lynch of the US Navy who sailed on the Dead Sea in 1847 and claimed justification for the Biblical story, but described the pillar of salt as a superstition. White welcomes the change by theologians and concludes "the worst enemy of Christianity could wish nothing more than that its main leaders should prove that it

This is a document about Salt in the Bible
   The fate of Lot's wife, being turned to a pillar of salt, is found in. This is the reason for the naming of the pillar on Mount Sodom, which is often called "Lot's Wife". and illustrate the requirement of salt as part of ancient Hebrew religious sacrifices. Leviticus 2:13 reads: "And every offering of your grain offering you shall season with salt; you shall not allow the salt of the covenant of your God to be lacking from your grain offering. With all your offerings you shall offer salt." Salt was cast on the burnt offering (Ezekiel ) and was part of the incense (Exodus ). Part of the temple offering included salt (Ezra ). Salt was widely and variably

This is a document about Lot's wife
  In the Bible, Lot's wife is a figure first mentioned in. The Book of Genesis describes how she became a pillar of salt after she looked back at Sodom. She is not named in the Bible but is called "Ado" or "Edith" in some Jewish traditions. She is also referred to in the deuterocanonical books at the Book of Wisdom and the New Testament at Luke 17:32. Islamic accounts also talk about the wife of Prophet Lut (Lot) when mentioning 'People of Lut'.

This is a document about Sodom and Gomorrah
  up into the heavens, the turning point that was revealed to have provoked God to enact judgement upon Sodom and Gomorrah in the first place in Genesis 18:20. Lot's wife (who came from Sodom) had disapproved of her husband welcoming the strangers into their home; her asking for salt from neighbors had alerted the mob which came to Lot's door. As punishment she was turned into a pillar of salt. Jon D. Levenson views a rabbinic tradition described in the Mishnah as postulating that the sin of Sodom was a violation of conventional hospitality in addition to homosexual conduct, describing Sodom's lack of generosity with the saying, "What is mine

This is a document about Lot's wife
  The story of Lot's wife begins in after two angels arrived in Sodom at eventide and were invited to spend the night at Lot's home. The men of Sodom were exceedingly wicked and prompted Lot to offer up these men/angels; instead, Lot offered up his two daughters but they were refused. As dawn was breaking, Lot's visiting angels urged him to get his family and flee, so as to avoid being caught in the impending disaster for the iniquity of the city. The command was given, "Flee for your life! Do not look behind you, nor stop anywhere in the Plain; flee to the hills, lest you be swept away." While fleeing, Lot's wife turned to look back, and was turned into a pillar of salt.

This is a document about Lot's Wife (student newspaper)
  back. As a consequence she turned into a pillar of salt for disobeying God's orders. The message of never looking back has been enshrined in Lot's Wife since its inception and continues to be reflected in each edition of the publication. Many of Lot's Wife’s contributors have achieved considerable notoriety in later life. Lot's Wife found itself in the middle of a media storm when an article was published and distributed to first year students at the traditional O-Week events discussing different ways to consume and prepare marijuana. The article titled "Cooking with Schapelle" drew the ire of anti-drug groups.

This is a document about List of mythological objects
  pillars after the time when Heaven and Earth were in disruption. (Chinese mythology) ; Pillar of salt, Lot's wife was turned into a pillar of salt when she looked back at the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah as they were destroyed. (Christian mythology) ; Pillars of Hercules, Hercules raised two pillars at the Strait of Gibraltar when he passed by during one of his ten labours. The tenth labour was to obtain the Cattle of Geryon. (Greek mythology) ; Ame-no-mihashira (Heavenly Pillar), Izanagi and Izanami came down from heaven and spontaneously built a central support column called the Ame-no-mihashira which upheld the "hall measuring eight fathoms" that the gods caused to appear afterwards. (Japanese mythology)

This is a document about Lot's wife
  The story appears to be based in part on a folk legend explaining a geographic feature. A pillar of salt named "Lot's wife" is located near the Dead Sea at Mount Sodom in Israel. The Mishnah states that a blessing should be said at the place where the pillar of salt is. The term "Lot's wife" for such geographical features subsequently entered common parlance, as one of the outcrops comprising Long Ya Men was also nicknamed thus. The Jewish historian Josephus claimed to have seen the pillar of salt which was Lot's wife. Its existence is also attested to by the early church fathers Clement of Rome and Irenaeus.

This is a document about Crime and punishment in the Torah
 Noah cursed Canaan to be a servant to his brother's servants and a servant to his fathers brothers. (see Curse of Ham) ; Lot's wife "became a pillar of salt" when she "looked back" when fleeing Sodom and Gomorrah's destruction. ; God killed Onan for depriving his sister-in-law of child by having sex with her with no intention of impregnating her as agreed. After Onan's brother Er died, his father Judah told him to fulfill his duty as a brother-in-law to Tamar, by giving her offspring. Centuries later, in the days of Moses, this practice was formulated into a law of a Levirate marriage, where the brother of the deceased would provide offspring to the childless widow to preserve the family line. However, when Onan had sex with Tamar, he disregarded this principle when he withdrew before climax and spilled his semen on the ground, since any child born would not legally be considered his heir.

This is a document about Salt
  evil and attracting patrons. In the Hebrew Bible, there are thirty-five verses which mention salt. One of these mentions Lot's wife, who was turned into a pillar of salt when she looked back at the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah (Genesis 19:26) as they were destroyed. When the judge Abimelech destroyed the city of Shechem, he is said to have "sown salt on it," probably as a curse on anyone who would re-inhabit it (Judges 9:45). The Book of Job contains the first mention of salt as a condiment. "Can that which is unsavoury be eaten without salt? or is there any taste in the white of an egg?" (Job 6:6).

This is a document about Vayeira
  Lot's wife Edith was stirred with pity for her daughters, who were married in Sodom, and she looked back behind her to see if they were coming after her. And she saw behind the Shechinah, and she became a pillar of salt, as reports, “And his wife looked back from behind him, and she became a pillar of salt.” The Gemara asked what differed between the incident involving Abraham, where the angels acquiesced immediately to Abraham's request to remain with him, as in, they said, “So do, as you have said,” and the incident involving Lot, where the angels first displayed reluctance, as reports,

This is a document about Lot (biblical person)
  agreed and the village was then known as Zoar. When God rained sulfur and fire on Sodom and Gomorrah, Lot's wife looks back at them and turned into a pillar of salt.  "The sun was risen upon the earth when Lot came unto Zoar. Then the LORD caused to rain upon Sodom and upon Gomorrah brimstone and fire from the LORD out of heaven; and He overthrow those cities, and all the Plain, and all the inhabitants of the cities, and that which grew upon the ground. But his wife looked back from behind him, and she became a pillar of salt. And Abraham got

This is a document about Biblical and Quranic narratives
  male visitors, converge upon his house and demand that the men be brought out so that they can have sex with them. Lot offers his daughters in their place, but the men insist upon raping the angels instead. After blinding the city's inhabitants, the angels tell Lot and his family to flee by night and to not look back. The following morning, God destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah with a shower of fiery stones from the sky. Lot's wife looked back to see the burning city and was turned into a pillar of salt. The story continues further after the destruction of the twin cities, with Lot leaving Zoar (where he had fled

This is a document about Spilling salt
  tradition, and after a funeral, salt is thrown over the left shoulder to prevent evil spirits from entering the house. ; In Shinto, salt ritually purifies locations and people and piles of salt are placed in dishes by the entrance of businesses to ward off evil and attract patrons. In the Old Testament thirty-five verses mention salt, some examples are: ; Lot's wife was turned into a pillar of salt when she looked back at the Sodom and Gomorrah (Genesis 19:26) as they were destroyed. ; When the judge Abimelech destroyed Shechem he is said to have "sown salt on it," (Judges 9:45). ; The Book of Job mentions salt as a condiment. "Can that which is unsavoury be eaten without salt? or

This is a document about Sodom and Gomorrah (1962 film)
  into the streets, still committing vile and selfish acts to save themselves or exploit the chaos, and are killed by collapsing buildings and fire. Meanwhile, Ildith now wishes she were back in Sodom. Despite her love for Lot, she cannot accept his God, choosing to believe in Lot rather than in a Divine plan. Despite Lot's warnings, Ildith looks back at Sodom. God turns her into a pillar of salt just as He destroys the city with a final fiery explosion. Lot collapses in grief. Maleb and Shuah attempt to comfort Lot. Distraught, he staggers off with the Hebrews, who wander the desert once more.

This is a document about Vayeira
  Women's Commentary. Edited by Tamara Cohn Eskenazi and Andrea L. Weiss, pages 85–110. New York: URJ Press, 2008. ; Amos Frumkin. "How Lot's Wife Became a Pillar of Salt." Biblical Archaeology Review, volume 35 (number 3) (May/June 2009): pages 39–44, 64. ; Reuven Hammer. Entering Torah: Prefaces to the Weekly Torah Portion, pages 23–28. New York: Gefen Publishing House, 2009. ; Timothy Keller. "All You've Ever Wanted." In Counterfeit Gods: The Empty Promises of Money, Sex, and Power, and the Only Hope that Matters. Dutton Adult, 2009. (binding of Isaac). ; Gwynn Kessler. "Looking Back to Look Forward: Parashat

This is a document about Taboo
  might "know" them; instead, Lot offered up his two daughters, whom had not "known" man, but they refused. As dawn was breaking, Lot's visiting angels urged him to get his family and flee, so as to avoid being caught in the impending disaster for the iniquity of the city. The command was given, "Flee for your life! Do not look behind you, nor stop anywhere in the Plain; flee to the hills, lest you be swept away." Whilst fleeing, however, Lot's wife broke the looking taboo by turning to look back at the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah and was turned into a pillar of salt as punishment for disobeying the angels' warning.

This is a document about Joseph ben Isaac Bekhor Shor
  Besides tosafot on the greater part of the Talmud, Joseph wrote a notable Biblical commentary. Even more than Rashi, to whose exegetical school he belonged, he confined himself to literal interpretations (peshat). Anticipating later Biblical criticism, he assumed the presence of duplicate narratives in the Bible, and he strove to give rational explanations to the miraculous stories. Thus he interprets "tree of life" as "tree of healing", explaining that the fruit of the tree possessed the virtue of healing the sick, without, however, bestowing eternal life. In regard to the transformation of Lot's wife into a pillar of salt he explains that, disbelieving in the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah, she lingered on the road, and was overtaken by the rain of brimstone and fire, which

Lot's wife turned into a pillar of salt in the Book of Genesis.


Question: which is the eighth planet from the sun ( in order of increasing mean distance or semimajor axis )

Answer: Neptune

This is a document about 61 Cygni
  eight times that of Jupiter, a calculated orbital period of 4.8 years, and a semi-major axis of 2.4 AU, where 1 AU is the average distance from the Earth to the Sun. In 1977, Soviet astronomers at the Pulkovo Observatory near Saint Petersburg suggested that the system included three planets: two giant planets with six and twelve Jupiter masses around 61 Cyg A, and one giant planet with seven Jupiter masses around 61 Cygni B. In 1978, Wulff-Dieter Heintz of the Sproul Observatory proved that these claims were spurious, as they were unable to detect any evidence of such motion down to six percent of the Sun's mass—equivalent to about

This is a document about 8
 Messier object M8, a magnitude 5.0 nebula in the constellation of Sagittarius. ; The New General Catalogue object NGC 8, a double star in the constellation Pegasus. ; Since the demotion of Pluto to a dwarf planet on 24 August 2006, in our Solar System, eight of the bodies orbiting the Sun are considered to be planets.

This is a document about Neptune
  Neptune is the eighth and farthest-known Solar planet from the Sun. In the Solar System, it is the fourth-largest planet by diameter, the third-most-massive planet, and the densest giant planet. It is 17 times the mass of Earth, slightly more massive than its near-twin Uranus. Neptune is denser and physically smaller than Uranus because its greater mass causes more gravitational compression of its atmosphere. The planet orbits the Sun once every 164.8 years at an average distance of 30.1 AU. It is named after the Roman god of the sea and has the astronomical symbol ♆, a stylised version of the god Neptune's trident or the Greek

This is a document about Retrograde and prograde motion
  All eight planets in the Solar System orbit the Sun in the direction of the Sun's rotation, which is counterclockwise when viewed from above the Sun's north pole. Six of the planets also rotate about their axis in this same direction. The exceptions – the planets with retrograde rotation – are Venus and Uranus. Venus's axial tilt is 177°, which means it is rotating almost exactly in the opposite direction to its orbit. Uranus has an axial tilt of 97.77°, so its axis of rotation is approximately parallel with the plane of the Solar System. The reason for Uranus's unusual axial tilt is

This is a document about Beta Pictoris
  of the planets Jupiter and Saturn are 5.2 AU and 9.5 AU respectively. The separation in the radial direction is unknown, so this is a lower limit on the true separation. Estimates of its mass depend on theoretical models of planetary evolution, and predict the object has about 8 Jupiter masses and is still cooling, with a temperature ranging from 1400 to 1600 K. These figures come with the caveat that the models have not yet been tested against real data in the likely ranges of mass and age for the planet. The semimajor axis is 8–9 AU and its orbital period is 17–21 years. A

This is a document about (505478) 2013 UT15
  With a semi-major axis of 196 AU, orbits the Sun at a distance of 43.9–348 AU once every 2,742 years. Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.78 and an inclination of 11° with respect to the ecliptic. It has a similar orbit to, except for a smaller inclination. belongs to a small number of detached objects with perihelion distances of 30 AU or more, and semi-major axes of 150 AU or more. Such objects can not reach such orbits without some perturbing object, which lead to the speculation of planet nine.

This is a document about HAT-P-8b
  HAT-P-8b is an extrasolar planet located approximately 720 light years away in the constellation of Pegasus, orbiting the 10th magnitude star GSC 02757-01152. This planet was discovered by transit on December 5, 2008. Despite the designation as HAT-P-8b, it is the 11th planet discovered by the HATNet Project. The mass of the planet is 50% more than Jupiter while the radius is also 50% more than Jupiter. The mass of this planet is exact since the inclination of the orbit is known, typical for transiting planets. This is a so-called “hot Jupiter” because this Jupiter-like gas giant planet orbits in a really close torch orbit around

This is a document about HD 3443
  This binary star system, with an orbital semimajor axis 8.9 AU, has not had any circumstellar dust detected as of 2020. While the habitable zones of the stars stretch from 0.55 to 0.95 AU from the stars, planetary orbits with a semimajor axis beyond 1.87 AU would become unstable due to the influence of the binary companion.

This is a document about Planet Nine
  smaller semi-major axes when the other planets were included in simulations. Although other mechanisms have been offered for many of these peculiarities, the gravitational influence of Planet Nine is the only one that explains all four. The gravity of Planet Nine would also increase the inclinations of other objects that cross its orbit, however, which could leave the scattered disk objects, bodies orbiting beyond Neptune with semi-major axes greater than 50 AU, and short-period comets with a broader inclination distribution than is observed. Previously Planet Nine was hypothesized to be responsible for the 6 degree tilt of the Sun's axis relative to the orbits of the planets, but recent updates to its predicted orbit and mass limit this shift to ~1 degree.

This is a document about Kepler-8
  Kepler-8b is the only planet that has been discovered orbiting of Kepler-8. With a mass of .603 MJ and a radius of 1.419 RJ, the planet is 60% the mass of, but 42% larger than planet Jupiter. The planet is diffuse, with a density of .261 grams/cc, especially in comparison to Jupiter and its density of 5.515 grams/cc. At a distance of .0483 AU, Kepler-8b orbits its star every 3.5225 days. The eccentricity of Kepler-8 is assumed to be 0, which would give the planet a circular orbit. In comparison, planet Mercury orbits the Sun at .3871 AU every 87.97 days. Mercury also has an elliptical orbit, with an eccentricity of .2056.

This is a document about Kepler-8
  Kepler-8 is situated some 1050 pc (or 1050 pc light years) from Earth. With a mass of 1.213 Msun and a radius of 1.486 Rsun, Kepler-8 is more massive than the Sun by about a fifth of the Sun's mass, and is nearly three halves its size. The star is predicted to be 3.84 (± 1.5) billion years old, compared to the Sun's age at 4.6 billion years. Kepler-8 has a metallicity of [Fe/H] = -0.055 (± 0.03), making it 12% less metal-rich than the metal-rich Sun; metallicity is important in stars because stars richer in metal are more likely to harbor planets. The star also has an effective temperature of 6213 (± 150) K, meaning that it is hotter than the Sun, which has an effective temperature of 5778 K. Kepler-8 has an apparent magnitude of 13.9; in other words, as seen from Earth, Kepler-8 is an extremely dim star. It cannot be seen with the naked eye.

This is a document about Kepler-8b
  Kepler-8 is an F-type star in the Lyra constellation that lies approximately 1050 parsecs away from Earth. With a mass and radius of, respectively, 1.213 Msun and 1.486 Rsun, the star is both more massive and wider than the Sun. With an effective temperature of 6213 K, Kepler-8 is also hotter than the Sun, although it is approximately three quarters of a billion years younger and is slightly less metal-rich.

This is a document about LP 658-2
  According to a 2009 paper, it is the eighth closest known white dwarf to the Sun (after Sirius B, Procyon B, van Maanen's star, Gliese 440, 40 Eridani B, Stein 2051 B and GJ 1221). Its trigonometric parallax from the CTIOPI (Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO) Parallax Investigation) 0.9 m telescope program, published in 2009, is 0.15613 ± 0.00084 arcsec, corresponding to a distance 6.40 ± 0.03 pc, or 20.89 ± 0.11 ly. Also, previous less precise parallax measurements of LP 658-2 present in YPC (Yale Parallax Catalog) and among results of CTIOPI 1.5 m telescope program: LP 658-2 parallax measurements

This is a document about Arecibo message
  <pre style="width: 60em">                 Earth Sun Mercury Venus      Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto A graphic depicting the Solar System, showing the Sun and nine planets in the order of their distance from the Sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. (Pluto has since been reclassified as a dwarf planet by the International Astronomical Union, but it was considered a planet at the time the message was transmitted.) Earth is the third planet from the Sun; its graphic is shifted up to identify it as the planet from which the signal was sent. Additionally, the human figure is shown just above the Earth graphic. In addition to showing position, the graphic also provides a general, not-to-scale size reference of each planet and the Sun.

This is a document about WASP-8b
  WASP-8b is an extrasolar planet discovered (with their stars) in the SuperWASP batch -6b to -15b. On 1 April 2008, Dr. Don Pollacco of Queen's University Belfast announced them at the RAS National Astronomy Meeting (NAM 2008). This system is located 89 parsecs away, which is closer than most Hot Jupiters. It is denser than Jupiter. The planet orbits retrograde to the spin of the parent star, spin-orbit angle been equal to -123°. Its measured dayside temperature is 1552 K, much hotter than equilibrium temperature of 948 K.

This is a document about 2003 SS422
  Based on an observation arc of 14.9 years with 26 observations in total,  orbits the Sun at a distance of 39.6–356.8 AU once every 2790 years (1,019,048 days; semi-major axis of 198.2 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.80 and an inclination of 17° with respect to the ecliptic. ,  belongs to a small number of 21 high-eccentricity and large-perihelia objects (q > 38 AU) with a semi-major axis of larger than 150 AU, which are the defining orbital parameters of the group of extreme scattered disc object, or ESDO. It is thought that objects cannot reach such orbits without some perturbing object outside the eight planets, which has led to the speculation of Planet Nine.

This is a document about 8 Aquarii
  8 Aquarii (abbreviated 8 Aqr) is a blue-white sub-giant of the spectral class A4IV in the constellation Aquarius. 8 Aquarii is the Flamsteed designation. It has an absolute magnitude of 6.775. It is approximately 290 light-years away from Earth, based on parallax. It is approximately 1.7 solar masses and about 3 times hotter than the Sun and thus allows lines of ionized metals with an abundance of metals.

This is a document about Kepler-8b
  Kepler-8b has a mass of .603 MJ, but a radius of 1.419 RJ. This means that although Kepler is approximately 60% the mass of planet Jupiter, it is more diffuse, as it is 41.9% wider. Based on its size and the distance from its star, Kepler-8b is a Hot Jupiter planet, orbiting Kepler-8 from a distance of .0483 AU every 3.52254 days. To compare, planet Mercury orbits the Sun at an average distance of .3871 AU every 87.97 days. With an equilibrium temperature of 1764 K, Kepler-8b was the hottest of the five planets announced during the conference stating its discovery. Kepler-8b has an eccentricity of 0, which means that its orbit is very circular. The planet also has a

This is a document about Planets in astrology
  and so he rules the next highest sphere. Next is Venus, who takes about 260 days to revolve around the Sun. Following that is the Sun, then Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. The astrological descriptions attached to the seven classical planets have been preserved since ancient times. Astrologers call the seven classical planets "the seven personal and social planets", because they are said to represent the basic human drives of every individual. The personal planets are the Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus and Mars. The social or transpersonal planets are Jupiter and Saturn. Jupiter and Saturn are often called the first of the "transpersonal" or "transcendent" planets as they represent a transition from the inner personal planets to the outer modern, impersonal planets. The following is a list of the planets and their associated characteristics.

This is a document about Kepler-8
  Kepler-8 is a star located in the constellation Lyra in the field of view of the Kepler Mission, a NASA-led operation tasked with discovering terrestrial planets. The star, which is slightly hotter, larger, and more massive than the Sun, has one gas giant in its orbit, Kepler-8b. This gas giant is larger than Jupiter, but is less massive, and thus more diffuse. The planet's discovery was announced to the public on January 4, 2010 along with four other planets. As the fifth confirmed planetary system verified by Kepler, it helped demonstrate the capabilities of the Kepler spacecraft.

Neptune is the eighth planet from the Sun in our Solar System, with a mean distance or semimajor axis of approximately 30.1 astronomical units (AU).


Question: who won the world rapid chess championship in riyadh in 2017

Answer: Indian grandmaster Vishwanathan Anand

This is a document about Magnus Carlsen
  awarded him 7 additional points in the Grand Chess Tour standings, which was enough to crown him the 2017 Grand Chess Tour champion. From 26 to 30 December, Carlsen played in the 2017 World Rapid and World Blitz Chess Championships, held in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. He finished fifth in the rapid event, scoring 10/15 (+8−3=4). Anand shared first place with Vladimir Fedoseev on 10½/15, and won the tournament after defeating Fedoseev on tiebreak. Carlsen won the blitz event, scoring 16/21 (+13−2=6), one and a half points ahead of his nearest competitors, Karjakin and Anand. This was Carlsen's third World Blitz Chess Championship victory.

This is a document about Viswanathan Anand
  Anand won the 2017 World Rapid Chess Championship, defeating Vladimir Fedoseev 2–0 in the final tiebreak after he, Fedoseev and Ian Nepomniachtchi tied for first with 10.5/15 points. He won the tournament ahead of Carlsen, his first victory in a world championship since losing the classical championship to Carlsen in 2013.

This is a document about 2018 in Russia
 26 to 28 December – The 2018 World Rapid Chess Championship was held in Saint Petersburg. Winner and world champion was Daniil Dubov from Russia, ahead of Shakhriyar Mamedyarov and Hikaru Nakamura.

This is a document about Levon Aronian
  Rapid & Blitz with a score of 24½/36. In September 2017, Aronian won the World Cup, and in doing so qualified for the Candidates Tournament for the 2018 World Chess Championship. In November 2017, Aronian won the gold medal for individual performance in the European Team Chess Championship. In the same month, he tied for first with Dmitry Jakovenko in the FIDE Grand Prix in Palma de Mallorca. In December 2017, Aronian took fifth place in the World Blitz Chess Championship in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, with a score of 14/21 including wins over Maxime Vachier-Lagrave and defending champion Sergey

This is a document about 2017 in sports
  U11 winners: 🇹🇷 Efe Hakan Öztürk (m) / 🇵🇱 Martyna Starosta (f) ; U13 winners: 🇹🇷 Enes Tanrıverdi (m) / 🇰🇿 Nazerke Nurgali (f) ; U15 winners: 🇺🇿 Nodirbek Yakubboev (m) / 🇰🇿 Assel Serikbay (f) ; U17 winners: 🇲🇩 Andrei Macovei (m) / 🇮🇪 Diana Mîrza (f) ; April 24 – May 4: World Team Chess Championship 50+, 65+ in Crete ; +50 winners: 1st: 🇷🇺 Saint Petersburg, 2nd: 🇦🇲, 3rd: 🏴 I ; +65 winners: 1st: 🇷🇺, 2nd: 🇫🇷, 3rd: 🇸🇪 I ; June 1 – 5: 1st FIDE World Cadets Rapid & Blitz Chess Championships 2017 in 🇧🇾 Minsk ; Rapid U8 winners: Phạm Trần Gia

This is a document about Magnus Carlsen
  Sven Magnus Øen Carlsen (born 30 November 1990) is a Norwegian chess grandmaster who is the reigning five-time World Chess Champion, three-time World Rapid Chess Champion, and five-time World Blitz Chess Champion. Carlsen has held the No. 1 position in the FIDE world chess rankings since July 1, 2011, and trails only Garry Kasparov in time spent as the highest rated player in the world. His peak classical rating of 2882 is the highest in history. He also holds the record for the longest unbeaten streak at the top level in classical chess. A chess prodigy, Carlsen finished first in the C group of the Corus chess tournament shortly after

This is a document about World Rapid Chess Championship
  The World Rapid Chess Championship is a chess tournament held to determine the world champion in chess played under rapid time controls. Prior to 2012, the FIDE gave such recognition to a limited number of tournaments, with non-FIDE recognized tournaments annually naming a world rapid champion of their own. Since 2012, FIDE has held an annual joint rapid and blitz chess tournament and billed it as the World Rapid & Blitz Chess Championships. FIDE also holds the Women's World Rapid & Blitz Chess Championship. The current rapid world champion is the Norwegian grandmaster Magnus Carlsen. Humpy Koneru from India is the current women's rapid world champion.

This is a document about Kings Tournament
  In 2017, the Kings Tournament consisted of two rapid tournaments (mixed and women's) and two blitz tournaments (mixed and women's). Vassili Ivantchouk won the blitz and rapid tournaments beating Sergueï Kariakine, Wei Yi and Bogdan-Daniel Deac. Anna Muzychuk won the two women's tournaments, beating Elisabeth Pähtz, Pia Cramling and Corina-Isabela Peptan.

This is a document about July 2012 in sports
 World Rapid and Blitz Championships in Astana, Kazakhstan: ; Rapid Chess: Sergey Karjakin   Magnus Carlsen   Veselin Topalov ; Blitz Chess: Alexander Grischuk   Magnus Carlsen   Sergey Karjakin

This is a document about Fast chess
  "weird" that Board 1 would be reserved for him. Alexander Grischuk won the Blitz Championship. In 2015, FIDE did not receive the expected 80,000 euros from Agon's organization of the event, causing a budget shortfall of 55,000 euros. It was later announced that approximately 200,000 euros were lost on the event. In 2016, the World Rapid Championships were held at the Ali Bin Hamad Al Attiya Arena in Doha, Qatar. Vassily Ivanchuk of Ukraine won the 2016 World Rapid Championship, while Carlsen, after defending his title with difficulty in 2015, came in third place. In the Blitz Championship, Sergey Karjakin of Russia and contender in the recently held World Chess

This is a document about Magnus Carlsen
  From October 2017 to January 2018, Carlsen played in the second edition of Chess.com's Speed Chess Championship. He defeated Gadir Guseinov, So and Grischuk in the first three rounds 20½–5½, 27½–9½ and 15½–10½, respectively. On 3 January he defeated Nakamura 18–9 in the final, thus winning the tournament for a second time in a row. From 13 to 28 January, Carlsen competed in the 80th Tata Steel Chess Tournament. He placed joint first with Giri, scoring 9/13 (+5−0=8). Carlsen then defeated Giri 1½–½ in the blitz playoff, thus winning the tournament for a record sixth time. In February, Carlsen won the unofficial Fischer Random Chess Championship, defeating Nakamura by a score of 14–10. Carlsen placed second with a score of 5½/9 (+2−0=7)

This is a document about Fabiano Caruana
  Caruana finished fourth with 4½ points out of 9 games. In June at the FIDE World Rapid Championship held in Dubai, Caruana finished second with 10½ points out of 15 games, after tiebreaks with Viswanathan Anand, Levon Aronian and Alexander Morozevich, half point behind the winner Magnus Carlsen. With this result Caruana in July topped the FIDE rapid ranking with 2858 points. In FIDE World Blitz Championship, also held in Dubai, Caruana finished in the middle of the group, confirming some difficulties with short time control. In July, Caruana won with 5½ points out of 7 games the Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting, breaking for the first time the 2800 Elo points bar. By August

This is a document about Daniil Dubov
  Dubov served as one of Magnus Carlsen's seconds for the World Chess Championship 2018. In December, Dubov won the World Rapid Chess Championship ahead of Carlsen, Shakhriyar Mamedyarov and Hikaru Nakamura.

This is a document about Viswanathan Anand
  behind Sergey Karjakin at 14.5/21 (ahead on tie-break) and Magnus Carlsen at 16/21. Viswanathan Anand participated in several high-level tournaments in 2017 including the World Rapid and Blitz Championship, the Isle of Man Championship, the Norway chess tournament, the Zurich Chess Challenge, the Leon Chess Masters Rapid Tournament and the FIDE World Cup, to which he returned after fifteen years. He also played in the Grand Chess Tour a series of five events: the Paris, Leuven and St. Louis rapid and blitz tournaments, the 2017 Sinquefield Cup and the 2017 London Chess Classic, with Anand declining to participate in the Paris Rapid and Blitz tournament. Anand made more than $450 000 in prize money in 2017.

This is a document about Ian Nepomniachtchi
  Nepomniachtchi won the 7th Hainan Danzhou tournament in July and the Tal Memorial in October. At the 42nd Chess Olympiad, held in 2016, he won the team bronze medal and an individual silver playing board 4 for Russia. On 10 December 2017, Ian won a chess game against world champion Magnus Carlsen at the super tournament in London. In the tournament Nepomniachtchi, who was the leader after 8 rounds (+3-0=5), lost in a tie-break to Fabiano Caruana, who managed to catch up with the leader in the 9th round, and took 2nd place. On 27 December 2017, he took third place in the World Rapid Chess Championship, which ended in Riyadh. In July 2018, he won the 46th Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting, scoring 5/7 (+3–0=4) to finish

This is a document about Cheating in chess
  of this was at the 2017 World Blitz Chess Championship in Riyadh. Ernesto Inarkiev was playing Magnus Carlsen, and with little time left on both players' clocks, Inarkiev made an illegal move by checking Carlsen's king. However, Inarkiev's own king was in check, and Inarkiev's move did not remove Carlsen's check. Carlsen automatically moved his king out of check, but Inarkiev then claimed that Carlsen had made an illegal move, and that Carlsen's only legal play had been to point out Inarkiev's illegal move. The deputy arbiter agreed with Inarkiev's interpretation of the rules and awarded him the win. The decision was appealed and the initial ruling was overturned, with the new ruling to resume play. Inarkiev received criticism for gamesmanship for attempting to use his own illegal move as a way to win, and Carlsen took the win after Inarkiev refused to resume play.

This is a document about World Chess Championship 2016
  – earned some criticism from Yasser Seirawan and former world champion Anatoly Karpov as inappropriate, considering that there is also a World Rapid Chess Champion title. Speaking on the format during the postmatch conference, Carlsen reiterated his preference for a different format for the title (probably a knockout format he had proposed in 2015), while Karjakin indicated he was happy with the match format. Because of the even score in the classical portion of the match, Carlsen lost 13 rating points in the December 2016 FIDE ratings list, while Karjakin gained 13 points. Carlsen remained the top player in the world, 17 points ahead of Fabiano Caruana, while Karjakin rose to sixth. Carlsen and Karjakin played their next classical game at the 2017 Tata Steel tournament, and the game was drawn. The next decisive classical game was at Norway Chess 2017, with Carlsen winning.

This is a document about Fast chess
   Fast chess is a type of chess in which each player is given less time to consider their moves than normal tournament time controls allow. Fast chess is subdivided, by decreasing time controls, into rapid chess, blitz chess, and bullet chess. Armageddon chess is a particular variation of fast chess in which different rules apply for each of the two players. The top ranked 2021 world rapid chess and blitz chess player is Magnus Carlsen from Norway, who is also the top ranked classical chess player. The top ranked 2021 women's rapid and blitz chess player is Hou Yifan from China, who is also the top ranked women's classical chess player.

This is a document about 2017 in sports
 February 10 – March 5: Women's World Chess Championship 2017 in Tehran ; Winner: 🇨🇳 Tan Zhongyi ; April 1 – 9: World Amateur Chess Championship in 🇮🇹 Spoleto ; U2300 Open winner: Tun Win ; U2000 winners: 🇵🇱 Maciej Koziej (m) / Zainab Saumy (f) ; U1700 winners: 🏴 Hope Mkhumba (m) / 🇷🇺 Vilena Popova (f) ; Blitz tournament #1 winner: 🇷🇺 Ruslan Pahomov ; Blitz tournament #2 winner: 🇭🇰 Daniel King-wai Lam ; April 21 – 30: World Schools Chess Championship in 🇷🇴 Iași ; U7 winners: 🇺🇿 Khumoyun Begmuratov (m) / Tselmuun Dorjsuren (f) ; U9 winners: Erdenebat Azjargal (m) / 🇺🇿 Afruza Khamdamova (f)

This is a document about 2017 in sports
 December 28, 2016 – January 5, 2017: Hastings International Chess Congress in 🏴 Hastings ; Winner: 🇮🇳 Deep Sengupta ; January 14 & 15: Paul Keres Memorial Tournament in 🇪🇪 Tallinn ; Winner: 🇱🇻 Igor Kovalenko ; January 23 – February 2: Gibraltar Chess Festival in 🇬🇮 ; Winners: 🇺🇸 Hikaru Nakamura (m) / 🇨🇳 Ju Wenjun (f) ; February 21 – March 1: Aeroflot Open in 🇷🇺 Moscow ; Winner: 🇷🇺 Vladimir Fedoseev ; June 5 – 17: Norway Chess in 🇳🇴 Stavanger ; Winner: 🇦🇲 Levon Aronian, 2nd place: 🇺🇸 Hikaru Nakamura, 3rd place: 🇷🇺 Vladimir Kramnik ; August 13 – 23: Abu Dhabi Chess Festival in Abu Dhabi

Magnus Carlsen won the 2017 World Rapid Chess Championship in Riyadh.


Question: when did leonardo da vinci finish painting the mona lisa

Answer: 1517

This is a document about Two-Mona Lisa theory
  Disparate dates proposed for the initiation and completion or abandonment of the Mona Lisa are claimed to indicate that there were actually two different paintings worked on at different times, with one version being begun in 1503 and left unfinished, and the Louvre Mona Lisa being begun after 1513. Specifically, it is believed by some that Leonardo da Vinci had begun working on a portrait of Lisa del Giocondo, the model of the Mona Lisa, in Florence by October 1503. Although the Louvre states that it was "doubtless painted between 1503 and 1506", Leonardo experts such as Carlo Pedretti and Alessandro Vezzosi, are of the opinion that

This is a document about Mona Lisa
  that there are some difficulties in confirming the dates with certainty. Alessandro Vezzosi believes that the painting is characteristic of Leonardo's style in the final years of his life, post-1513. Other academics argue that, given the historical documentation, Leonardo would have painted the work from 1513. According to Vasari, "after he had lingered over it four years, [he] left it unfinished". In 1516, Leonardo was invited by King Francis I to work at the Clos Lucé near the Château d'Amboise; it is believed that he took the Mona Lisa with him and continued to work on it after he moved to

This is a document about 1503 in art
 Leonardo da Vinci probably begins painting the Mona Lisa in Florence ; Giuliano Bugiardini joins the painter's guild in Florence ; First record of Matthias Grünewald painting

This is a document about Lisa del Giocondo
  delay his work on Mona Lisa when he received payment for starting The Battle of Anghiari, which was a more valuable commission and one he was contracted to complete by February 1505. In 1506, Leonardo considered the portrait unfinished. He was not paid for the work and did not deliver it to his client. The artist's paintings traveled with him throughout his life, and he may have completed the Mona Lisa many years later in France, in one estimation by 1516. The painting's title dates to 1550. An acquaintance of at least some of Francesco's family, Giorgio Vasari, wrote, "Leonardo undertook to paint, for Francesco del Giocondo, the portrait of Mona Lisa, his wife"

This is a document about Isleworth Mona Lisa
  It is generally agreed that the Isleworth Mona Lisa was painted in the early sixteenth century. Those who believe that Leonardo painted it contend that disparate dates proposed for the initiation of the Mona Lisa indicate that two different paintings were worked on at different times, with the Isleworth Mona Lisa being begun in 1503 and left unfinished, and the Louvre Mona Lisa being begun after 1513. Specifically, it is believed by some that Leonardo da Vinci had begun working on a portrait of Lisa del Giocondo, the model of the Mona Lisa, in Florence by October 1503. Although the Louvre states that it

This is a document about Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations
  At the beginning of the 16th century, Leonardo da Vinci was commissioned by Florentine nobleman Francesco del Giocondo to paint a portrait of his wife, Lisa. The painting is believed to have been undertaken between 1503 and 1506. Leonardo's portrait of Mona Lisa ("Mona" or "Monna" being the Italian honorific for "Madame") has been on display as part of the permanent collection at Paris' Louvre museum since 1797. It is also known as La Joconde in French and La Gioconda in Italian, and has been known by other names in the past. There is a new study setting the beginning of the Mona Lisa to an earlier date than previously thought,

This is a document about Mona Lisa (Prado)
  a request to include the Prado's work in a temporary exhibition in the Louvre called Leonardo's last masterpiece: The Sainte Anne, from 29 March to 25 June 2012. The oxidized varnishes indicated that the black repaint had been made 200 years after the copy was painted, that is to say, not before 1750. During this restoration process, the copy was also submitted to a study of infrared reflectography and radiography, where the results revealed that the painting had been made in the workshop of Leonardo da Vinci at the same time the original Mona Lisa was painted. The "key" of this discovery

This is a document about Isleworth Mona Lisa
  from 1513. Proponents of the Islewoth point to the account of sixteenth-century biographer Giorgio Vasari, who wrote of the Mona Lisa that "after he had lingered over it four years, [he] left it unfinished". The record of an October 1517 visit by Luigi d'Aragon states that the Mona Lisa was executed for Giuliano de' Medici, Leonardo's patron at the Belvedere Palace between 1513 and 1516 —though this has been suspected an error. According to Vasari, the painting was created for the model's husband, Francesco del Giocondo. It has been asserted that Leonardo "almost invariably commenced two versions of each of his works, which he

This is a document about Cultural references to Leonardo da Vinci
   Leonardo da Vinci (April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519) was an Italian Renaissance painter and polymath who achieved legendary fame and iconic status within his own lifetime. His renown primarily rests upon his brilliant achievements as a painter, the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, being two of the most famous artworks ever created, but also upon his diverse skills as a scientist and inventor. He became so highly valued during his lifetime that the King of France bore him home like a trophy of war, supported him in his old age and, according to legend, cradled his head as he died. Leonardo's portrait was used, within his own lifetime, as the iconic image of Plato in Raphael's School of Athens. His biography was written in

This is a document about Italian Renaissance painting
  for the next half millennium. Many other Renaissance artists painted versions of the Last Supper, but only Leonardo's was destined to be reproduced countless times in wood, alabaster, plaster, lithograph, tapestry, crochet and table-carpets. More than any other artist, he advanced the study and painting of "atmosphere". In his paintings such as the Mona Lisa (c.1503-1517) and Virgin of the Rocks (1483-1486) (the earliest complete work fully of his hand), he used light and shade with such subtlety that, for want of a better word, it became known as Leonardo's "sfumato" or "smoke". He exhibited a revolutionary use of colour by defining the

This is a document about Mona Lisa
  the Mona Lisa comes from his biography of Leonardo published in 1550, 31 years after the artist's death. It has long been the best-known source of information on the provenance of the work and identity of the sitter. Leonardo's assistant Salaì, at his death in 1524, owned a portrait which in his personal papers was named la Gioconda, a painting bequeathed to him by Leonardo.  That Leonardo painted such a work, and its date, were confirmed in 2005 when a scholar at Heidelberg University discovered a marginal note in a 1477 printing of a volume by ancient Roman philosopher Cicero. Dated

This is a document about Mona Lisa
  to the Giocondo family, and later it is believed he left it in his will to his favored apprentice Salaì. It had been believed to have been painted between 1503 and 1506; however, Leonardo may have continued working on it as late as 1517. It was acquired by King Francis I of France and is now the property of the French Republic itself, on permanent display at the Louvre, Paris since 1797. The Mona Lisa is one of the most valuable paintings in the world. It holds the Guinness World Record for the highest known insurance valuation in history at US$100 million in 1962 (equivalent to $870 million in 2021).

This is a document about Two-Mona Lisa theory
  Vinci was painting, in 1503, the portrait of a Florentine lady by the name of Lisa del Giocondo. About this we are now certain. Unfortunately, we cannot be absolutely certain that this portrait of Lisa del Giocondo is the painting of the Louvre". Art historian Martin Kemp, while doubting the two-painting theory, nevertheless notes difficulties in confirming the dates with certainty, and sixteenth-century biographer Giorgio Vasari wrote of Leonardo's work on the Mona Lisa that "after he had lingered over it four years, [he] left it unfinished", though the painting in the Louvre appears to be a finished piece. Proponents of the theory explain that the hypothetical

This is a document about Mona Lisa
  Of Leonardo da Vinci's works, the Mona Lisa is the only portrait whose authenticity has never been seriously questioned, and one of four works – the others being Saint Jerome in the Wilderness, Adoration of the Magi and The Last Supper – whose attribution has avoided controversy. He had begun working on a portrait of Lisa del Giocondo, the model of the Mona Lisa, by October 1503. It is believed by some that the Mona Lisa was begun in 1503 or 1504 in Florence. Although the Louvre states that it was "doubtless painted between 1503 and 1506", art historian Martin Kemp

This is a document about Mona Lisa
  had been trimmed. However, by 1993, Frank Zöllner observed that the painting surface had never been trimmed; this was confirmed through a series of tests in 2004. In view of this, Vincent Delieuvin, curator of 16th-century Italian painting at the Louvre, states that the sketch and these other copies must have been inspired by another version, while Zöllner states that the sketch may be after another Leonardo portrait of the same subject. The record of an October 1517 visit by Louis d'Aragon states that the Mona Lisa was executed for the deceased Giuliano de' Medici, Leonardo's steward at the Belvedere

This is a document about Leonardo da Vinci
  overlay of the land and greater strategic position. He created this map in conjunction with his other project of constructing a dam from the sea to Florence, in order to allow a supply of water to sustain the canal during all seasons. Leonardo had left Borgia's service and returned to Florence by early 1503, where he rejoined the Guild of Saint Luke on 18 October of that year. By this same month, Leonardo had begun working on a portrait of Lisa del Giocondo, the model for the Mona Lisa, which he would continue working on until his twilight years. In January 1504, he

This is a document about Isleworth Mona Lisa
  finished". A number of experts have argued that Leonardo made two versions of the Mona Lisa (because of the uncertainty concerning its dating and commissioner, as well as its fate following Leonardo's death in 1519, and the difference of details in Raphael's sketch—which may reflect that he made the sketch from memory). Experts universally agree that Raphael's pen-and-ink sketch, in which the columns flanking the subject are more apparent, is based on Leonardo's portrait. Other later copies of the Mona Lisa, such as those in the National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design and The Walters Art Museum, also display large flanking columns.

This is a document about Timeline of art
 1509 in art ; 1508 in art ; 1507 in art ; 1506 in art – Leonardo da Vinci completes the Mona Lisa (approximately) ; 1505 in art ; 1504 in art – Michelangelo completes the David, Hieronymus Bosch completes The Garden of Earthly Delights ; 1503 in art – Birth of Agnolo di Cosimo ; 1502 in art ; 1501 in art – Birth of Girolamo da Carpi ; 1500 in art – Birth of Benvenuto Cellini

This is a document about Mona Lisa
  Art historian Carmen C. Bambach has concluded that Leonardo probably continued refining the work until 1516 or 1517. Leonardo's right hand was paralytic circa 1517, which may indicate why he left the Mona Lisa unfinished. Circa 1505, Raphael executed a pen-and-ink sketch, in which the columns flanking the subject are more apparent. Experts universally agree that it is based on Leonardo's portrait. Other later copies of the Mona Lisa, such as those in the National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design and The Walters Art Museum, also display large flanking columns. As a result, it was thought that the Mona

This is a document about 1508 in science
 approx. date – Leonardo da Vinci completes writing the Codex Leicester.

The Mona Lisa is believed to have been completed by Leonardo da Vinci around 1516, but it is also suggested that he may have started painting it as early as 1503. The painting was likely moved to France in 1516 and continued to be worked on there. The title "Mona Lisa" was given to the painting by the French in the 16th century.


Question: who was the murderer in the movie in the heat of the night

Answer: Ralph

This is a document about Sidney Poitier
  the weak moments are saved by Poitier, who invests his role with a subtle warmth." In Norman Jewison's mystery drama In the Heat of the Night, Poitier played Virgil Tibbs, a police detective from Philadelphia who investigates a murder in the deep south in Mississippi alongside a cop with racial prejudices played by Rod Steiger. The film was a critical success with Bosley Crowther of The New York Times calling it "the most powerful film I have seen in a long time." Roger Ebert placed it at number ten on his top ten list of 1967 films. Art Murphy of Variety felt that the excellent Poitier and outstanding Steiger

This is a document about In the Heat of the Night (film)
  real America at the moment" and that it is "essentially a primitive rah-rah story about an underdog's triumph over a bully". The Japanese filmmaker Akira Kurosawa cited In the Heat of the Night as one of his favorite films. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 95% based on 55 reviews, with an average rating of 8.30/10. Its consensus states, "Tense, funny, and thought-provoking all at once, and lifted by strong performances from Sydney [sic] Poitier and Rod Steiger, director Norman Jewison's look at murder and racism in small-town America continues to resonate today." Metacritic assigned a score of 75 based on 14 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

This is a document about Sidney Poitier
  In the Heat of the Night featured his most successful character, Virgil Tibbs, a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania detective whose subsequent career was the subject of two sequels: They Call Me MISTER Tibbs! (1970) and The Organization (1971). Poitier has directed several films, the most successful being the Richard Pryor-Gene Wilder comedy Stir Crazy, which for many years was the highest-grossing film directed by a person of African descent. His feature film directorial debut, in 1972, was the Western Buck and the Preacher, in which Poitier also starred, alongside Harry Belafonte. Poitier replaced the original director, Joseph Sargent. The following year, Poitier also directed and starred

This is a document about In the Heat of the Night (film)
  In the Heat of the Night is a 1967 American mystery drama film directed by Norman Jewison. It is based on John Ball's 1965 novel of the same name and tells the story of Virgil Tibbs, a black police detective from Philadelphia, who becomes involved in a murder investigation in a small town in Mississippi. It stars Sidney Poitier and Rod Steiger, and was produced by Walter Mirisch. The screenplay was written by Stirling Silliphant. The film won five Academy Awards, including the 1967 awards for Best Picture and Rod Steiger for Best Actor. The quote "They call me Mister Tibbs! was listed as number 16 on the American Film Institute's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes, a list of top film quotes. The film also appears on AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies, a list of the 100 greatest movies in American cinema. In 2002, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

This is a document about In the Heat of the Night (TV series)
  guest appearances, and others were newcomers who went on to become well-known. Some of those appearing in In The Heat of the Night episodes were:  Future Dr. Quinn Medicine Woman stars, Helene Udy, William Shockley and Chad Allen made guest appearances. Future Desperate Housewives star Doug Savant and veteran actor Kevin McCarthy also made their guest appearances on the two-part pilot episode, as well as O. J. Simpson (whom NBC executives originally wanted for the role of Virgil Tibbs, but O'Connor selected Rollins), who made a cameo appearance in Season 2. William Schallert, who played Mayor Schubert in the original 1967 film, also made an appearance on the show in Season 4.

This is a document about Scott Wilson (actor)
  Wilson was born in the small Southern town of Thomasville, Georgia. He made his screen debut portraying characters suspected of murder in his first three films. In his debut film, Wilson played a murder suspect in In the Heat of the Night (1967). Wilson appeared in Sparta, Mississippi where (In the Heat of the Night) takes place, on March 15, 2014, to celebrate the city's 175th anniversary in reference to his debut appearance in the film. His follow-up role, in the same year, was in the film version of In Cold Blood, based on the book of the same name by Truman Capote. Wilson portrayed real-life murderer Richard Hickock, while Robert Blake played his partner,

This is a document about Timeline of African-American history
  in Detroit, Michigan, for five days following a raid by the Detroit Police Department on an unlicensed club which celebrated the returning Vietnam Veteran hosted by mostly African Americans. More than 43 (33 were black and ten white) were killed, 467 injured, 7,231 arrested, and 2,509 stores looted or burned during the riot. It was one of the deadliest and most destructive riots in United States history, lasting five days and surpassing the violence and property destruction of Detroit's 1943 race riot. ; August 2 – The film In the Heat of the Night is released, starring Sidney Poitier. ; November

This is a document about Rod Steiger
  Rodney Stephen Steiger (April 14, 1925 – July 9, 2002) was an American actor, noted for his portrayal of offbeat, often volatile and crazed characters. Cited as "one of Hollywood's most charismatic and dynamic stars," he is closely associated with the art of method acting, embodying the characters he played, which at times led to clashes with directors and co-stars. He starred as Marlon Brando's mobster brother Charley in On the Waterfront (1954), the title character Sol Nazerman in The Pawnbroker (1964), and as police chief Bill Gillespie opposite Sidney Poitier in the film In the Heat of the Night (1967) which won him the Academy

This is a document about William James Royce
  Television William Royce began his television career writing for the NBC television series In the Heat of the Night, starring Emmy Award winning actor Carroll O'Connor as Chief William O. Gillespie and Academy Award nominee Howard Rollins as Detective Virgil Tibbs. Royce wrote 22 episodes while serving as Executive Story Editor, a position he inherited from writer Matt Harris (Carroll O'Connor). In 1991, Royce wrote the screenplay, as well as the music and lyrics, for the award winning episode entitled, Sweet, Sweet Blues, inspired by the real life saga of Medgar Evers. That season In the Heat of the Night won its first NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Dramatic Series. In 1994,

This is a document about Heat (1995 film)
  Heat is based on the true story of Neil McCauley, a calculating criminal and ex-Alcatraz inmate who was tracked down by Detective Chuck Adamson in 1964. In 1961, McCauley was transferred from Alcatraz to McNeil, as mentioned in the film. When he was released, in 1962, he immediately began planning new heists. With Michael Parille and William Pinkerton, they used bolt cutters and drills to burgle a manufacturing company of diamond drill bits, a scene which is recreated in the film. Detective Chuck Adamson, upon whom Al Pacino's character is largely based, began keeping tabs on McCauley's crew around this time, knowing that he had

This is a document about Stirling Silliphant
  Silliphant wrote or co-wrote 47 feature films, including Maracaibo (produced and directed by and starring Cornel Wilde); the Jacques Tourneur noir Nightfall; Village of the Damned; the Charles Bronson spy thriller Telefon; The Liberation of L.B. Jones (director William Wyler's final film); The Killer Elite (directed by Sam Peckinpah); the Dirty Harry crime drama The Enforcer; The Towering Inferno, nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture (1974);  and the arm wrestling story Over the Top (the latter with its star Sylvester Stallone). In addition to the Academy Award, In the Heat of the Night also earned Silliphant an Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America, for Best Motion Picture Screenplay. He helped to pull film concepts together. He penned the screenplay for Shaft in Africa, the third film in the Shaft series. With Chatrichalerm Yukol, he co-wrote the screenplay to the 1994 Thai

This is a document about Fictional portrayals of psychopaths
  Tommy Udo (Richard Widmark) in Kiss of Death, Cody Jarrett (James Cagney) in White Heat, and Antonio 'Tony' Camonte (Paul Muni) in the 1932 version of Scarface. Homosexuals were also referred to as psychopaths under the broad definition then in use; the American Psychiatric Association in the first Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders in 1952 would list it under 'sociopathic personality disturbance'. One exceptional depiction in this period was the character of child murderer Hans Beckert (Peter Lorre) in the 1931 Fritz Lang film M. Lorre portrays Beckert as an outwardly unremarkable man tormented by a compulsion to ritualistically murder children. A German film (allegedly based on the real life serial killer Peter Kürten), it was released in America in 1933 and has been seen as

This is a document about Edward Bunker
  Quentin Tarantino, had studied Straight Time while attending Robert Redford's Sundance Institute. Bunker was the inspiration for Nate, Jon Voight's character in Michael Mann's 1995 crime film Heat; Bunker also worked as an adviser on the film. In The Long Riders, he had a brief role as Bill Chadwell, one of two members of the James-Younger Gang killed during a bank robbery in Northfield, Minnesota. Prior to his death Bunker assisted in production of short films alongside Canadian director Sudz Sutherland such as "The Confessions of a Taxicab Man", "The Spooky House on Lundy's Lane" and "Angie's Bang". He also wrote and directed a Molson Canadian Cold Shot commercial.

This is a document about Haskell Wexler
  Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966), for which he won the last Academy Award for Best Cinematography (Black & White) handed out. The following year had Wexler as the cinematographer for the Oscar-winning detective drama, In the Heat of the Night (1967), starring Sidney Poitier. His work was notable for being the first major film in Hollywood history to be shot in color with proper consideration for a person of African descent. Wexler recognized that standard lighting tended to produce too much glare on that kind of dark complexion and rendered the features indistinct. Accordingly, Wexler toned it down to feature Poitier with better photographic results. Wexler was fired as cinematographer for

This is a document about Rugg Williams
  Ricky Calls a Meeting, directed by Sheldon Epps. Rugg is best known for his portrayal of Eugene Glendon on In the Heat of the Night for four seasons, playing opposite the late Carroll O'Connor and Denise Nicholas. His other television credits include Dangerous Minds, Family Matters, Silk Stalkings, Hunter, Real Ghosts, a guest-starring role in CBS’ MOW Crosses on the Lawn, a recurring role on Beverly Hills, 90210, Sister, Sister and Walker, Texas Ranger. Rugg has also captured roles in films such as Good Kids Die Too, Family Prayers, Biker Boyz, Renegade Radio, Trippin  and Social Misfits. When Rugg was cast in BET’s original comedy sketch show L.A. Friday's, he

This is a document about Heat (1995 film)
  In April 1994, Mann was reported to have abandoned his earlier plan to shoot a biopic of James Dean in favor of directing Heat, producing it with Art Linson. The film was marketed as the first on-screen appearance of Al Pacino and Robert De Niro together in the same scene – both actors had previously starred in The Godfather Part II, but owing to the nature of their roles, they were never seen in the same scene. Pacino and De Niro were Mann's first choices for the roles of Hanna and McCauley, respectively, and they both immediately agreed to act. Initially, Keanu Reeves was offered the role of Chris Shiherlis, which he turned down in favor of playing Hamlet at the Manitoba Theatre Centre. As a result, Val Kilmer was given the role. Mann assigned Janice Polley, a former collaborator on The Last of the Mohicans, as the

This is a document about Sweet, Sweet Blues
  his deathbed that the story about Louis Sweet's disappearance that was originally told was, in fact, a lie, but wouldn't implicate himself being involved. After investigating various clues and finally learning the complete story and the location of his grandfather's remains from Collins, Sweet confronts Bedford at the end of the episode. He informs the older man that he now knows the truth, and is aware of his complicity in his grandfather's murder, which leaves Bedford visibly shaken. That season, In the Heat of the Night won its first NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Dramatic Series and James Best won the Crystal Reel Award for Best Actor.

This is a document about Sam Reese
  Sammy Pharr Reese (September 11, 1930 – September 11, 1985 or September 12, 1985 (sources differ) ) was an American film and television actor. He is notable for playing the role of the "Clerk" in the 1967 film In the Heat of the Night. Reese was born in Montgomery, Alabama. He guest-starred in television programs, including The Andy Griffith Show, Gunsmoke, I Spy, The Big Valley, Iron Horse, Death Valley Days and That Girl. He also appeared in a few episodes of The Alfred Hitchcock Hour and Dr. Kildare, playing the role of "Dr. Dan Shanks", but only appeared in the first season on four episodes. He died on September 11, 1985 or September 12, 1985 (sources differ), at his 55th birthday of a stroke in Montgomery, Alabama.

This is a document about Heat (1995 film)
  Heat is a 1995 American crime drama film written and directed by Michael Mann. It features an ensemble cast led by Al Pacino and Robert De Niro, with Tom Sizemore, Jon Voight, and Val Kilmer in supporting roles. The film follows the conflict between an LAPD detective, played by Pacino, and a career thief, played by De Niro, while also depicting its effect on their professional relationships and personal lives. Mann wrote the original script for Heat in 1979, basing it on Chicago police officer Chuck Adamson's pursuit of criminal Neil McCauley, after whom De Niro's character is named. The script was first used for a television pilot developed by Mann, which became the 1989 television film L.A. Takedown after the pilot did not

This is a document about Carroll O'Connor
  While coping with his son's drug problem, O'Connor starred as Sparta, Mississippi, Police Chief Bill Gillespie, a tough veteran cop on In the Heat of the Night. Based on the novel by John Ball and the 1967 movie of the same name, the series debuted on NBC in March 1988 and performed well. He cast his son Hugh O'Connor as Officer Lonnie Jamison. The headquarters of the Sparta Police Department was actually the library in Covington, Georgia. In 1989, while working on the set, O'Connor was hospitalized and underwent open heart surgery, which caused him to miss four episodes at the end of the second season (Actor Joe Don Baker took his place in those episodes as an acting police chief.) O'Connor would later serve as one of the executive producers for the series, starting with the third season. The series was transferred from NBC to CBS in 1992

The murderer in the movie "In the Heat of the Night" is not identified in the provided text. The focus of the text is on the film's production, reception, and the careers of its cast and crew.


Question: where did italy win the world cup in 2006

Answer: Germany

This is a document about 2006 FIFA World Cup Final
  The 2006 FIFA World Cup Final was a football match that took place on 9 July 2006 at the Olympiastadion in Berlin, Germany, to determine the winner of the 2006 FIFA World Cup. The match was contested between Italy and France. Italy won the World Cup after beating France 5–3 in a penalty shoot-out following a 1–1 draw at the conclusion of extra time. The match had been surrounded mostly around France's Zinedine Zidane and Italy's Marco Materazzi: this was the last match for the former for France, both were scorers in the final, and also embroiled in an incident in extra time that led to Zidane's sending off

This is a document about 2006–07 in Italian football
  Italy won the 2006 FIFA World Cup in a penalty shootout against France on 9 July 2006.

This is a document about 2006 FIFA World Cup
  and the tenth time that it was held in Europe. Italy won the tournament, claiming their fourth World Cup title. They defeated France 5–3 in a penalty shoot-out in the final, after extra time had finished in a 1–1 draw. Germany defeated Portugal 3–1 to finish in third place. Angola, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Trinidad and Tobago, and Togo made their first appearances in the finals. It was also the only appearance of Serbia and Montenegro under that name; they had previously appeared in 1998 as Yugoslavia. In late May 2006, immediately prior to the tournament, Montenegro voted in a referendum to become

This is a document about Vincenzo Iaquinta
  Iaquinta made his international debut for Italy on 30 March 2005, as a half-time substitute for Luca Toni in a 0–0 home friendly draw against Iceland at the Stadio Euganeo in Padua. Iaquinta was a member of the Italian squad that won the 2006 FIFA World Cup under manager Marcello Lippi. His first international goal came in his nation's opening match of the tournament, on 12 June: Iaquinta scored Italy's second goal in the 2–0 victory against Ghana. He played in 5 out of 7 of Italy's matches, including the victorious semi-final against hosts Germany and final against France on 9

This is a document about Sport in Berlin
  The 2006 FIFA World Cup Final was held on 9 July 2006 at Berlin's Olympiastadion to determine the winner of the 2006 FIFA World Cup. Italy beat France in a shootout after the match finished 1–1 after extra time. France's Zinedine Zidane was sent off in his last-ever match, for headbutting Italy's Marco Materazzi's chest in retaliation to verbal insults.

This is a document about Football in Berlin
  The 2006 FIFA World Cup Final was held on 9 July 2006 at Berlin's Olympiastadion to determine the winner of the 2006 FIFA World Cup. Italy beat France in a shootout after the match finished 1–1 after extra time. France's Zinedine Zidane was sent off in his last-ever match, for headbutting Italy's Marco Materazzi's chest in retaliation to verbal insults. According to FIFA, 715.1 million individuals globally watched the final match of this tournament. IPG's independent media agency Initiative Worldwide estimated a 260 million people viewership. The independent firm Initiative Futures Sport + Entertainment estimates it at 322 million viewers.

This is a document about Sport in Italy
  Sport in Italy has a long tradition. In several sports, both individual and team, Italy has good representation and many successes. Football is the most popular sport in Italy. Italy won the 2006 FIFA World Cup, and is (along with Germany) currently the second most successful football team in World Cup history, after Brazil, having won four FIFA World Cup championships. Basketball, volleyball, and cycling are the next most popular/played sports, with Italy having a rich tradition in all three. Italy also has strong traditions in swimming, water polo, rugby union, tennis, athletics, fencing, and Formula One.

This is a document about Italy national football team
  The Italy national football team (Nazionale di calcio dell'Italia) has represented Italy in international football since its first match in 1910. The national team is controlled by the Italian Football Federation (FIGC), the governing body for football in Italy, which is a co-founder and member of UEFA. Italy's home matches are played at various stadiums throughout Italy, and its primary training ground and technical headquarters, Centro Tecnico Federale di Coverciano, is located in Florence. Italy is the reigning European champions, having won UEFA Euro 2020. Italy is one of the most successful national teams in the history of football and the World Cup, having won four titles (1934, 1938, 1982, 2006) and appearing in two other finals (1970, 1994), reaching a third place (1990) and a fourth place (1978). Italy has also

This is a document about Timeline of association football
  FA Premier League unbeaten, the second time an English club goes undefeated for an entire season. The Champions League final in Istanbul sees Liverpool come back from a 0–3 half-time score to defeat A.C. Milan 3–2 in a penalty shootout, following a 3–3 draw. Also, a match-fixing scandal rocks German football, though it does not directly affect the Bundesliga. The Australian A-League is launched in replacement of the NSL to improve the quality of the game in the country. The 2006 World Cup is held in Germany and won by Italy on a penalty kick shootout over France, and

This is a document about Gianluigi Buffon
  A matches, which initially put his place in Italy's 2006 World Cup squad at risk. Buffon was formally interrogated and admitted placing bets on sporting matches until players were forbidden from doing so in October 2005, but denied ever placing wagers on Italian football matches. He was cleared of all charges in December 2006. Following Italy's 2006 World Cup victory celebrations at Circus Maximus in Rome in July, he attracted further controversy when he distractedly displayed a banner he had received from the crowd, with the writing "Fieri di essere italiani" ("Proud to be Italian"), as well as a

This is a document about Football in Italy
  Football (calcio ) is the most popular sport in Italy. The Italy national football team is considered to be one of the best national teams in the world. They have won the FIFA World Cup four times (1934, 1938, 1982, 2006), trailing only Brazil (with 5), runners-up in two finals (1970, 1994) and reaching a third place (1990) and a fourth place (1978). They have also won two European Championships (1968 and 2020), also appearing in two finals (2000, 2012), finished third at the Confederations Cup (2013), won one Olympic football tournament (1936) and two Central European International Cups (1927–30 and 1933–35). Italy's top domestic league, the Serie A, is one of the most popular professional sports leagues in the world and it is often depicted as the most tactical

This is a document about Mauro Camoranesi
  7 September 2005, which the Italians won 4–1. During the 2006 World Cup Finals in Germany, he admitted the reason for not singing Italy's national anthem before their matches was because he did not know the words, although he could be seen singing (at least a part of) the anthem during the World Cup celebrations in Circus Maximus on 10 July 2006. Camoranesi was not the first Juventus player born in Argentina to play for Italy; Omar Sivori played for the Azzurri, as well as Luis Monti and Raimundo Orsi who also won the World Cup while playing for Juventus. At the end of 2006 FIFA World Cup Final match in Germany, in which Italy defeated France 5–3 in a

This is a document about Alessandro Del Piero
  Del Piero took part in the 2006 FIFA World Cup under manager Marcello Lippi, appearing in five matches, and two out of the three group stage matches; he made his first start of the competition in a 1–0 round of 16 win over Australia on 26 June. On 4 July, Del Piero entered as a substitute near the end of regulation and scored Italy's second goal in a 2–0 semi-final win over host Germany. In the final against France, which ended 1–1 after extra time, Del Piero scored a penalty in the shootout as Italy won the tournament for the fourth time. He admitted afterwards

This is a document about Football in Germany
   Germany hosted the 2006 FIFA World Cup. Thirty-two nations competed in the tournament, with matches played in a dozen cities ranging from Hamburg in the north to Munich in the south; Leipzig was the only former East city to hold matches (the matches at Berlin were held at former West Berliner territory). The opening match (Germany vs Costa Rica) was held on 9 June in the Allianz Arena in Munich, with Germany defeating Costa Rica 4–2. The final match took place in Olympiastadion Berlin one month later between Italy and France. The match was drawn 1–1 at full-time and after extra time. Zinedine Zidane was controversially sent off for headbutting Italy's Marco Materazzi with 10 minutes to go before the match went into penalties. France lost to Italy in the shootout 5–3. Germany defeated Portugal 3–1 in the third place play off at the Gottlieb-Daimler-Stadion in Stuttgart on 8 July. Miroslav Klose won the Golden Boot for the highest goalscorer of the tournament with 5 goals. Lukas Podolski received the Best Young Player Award.

This is a document about 2006 in association football
  kick off, as Germany beat Costa Rica 4–2. ; June 21 – Midfielder Philip Cocu plays his 100th international match for the Netherlands, when Holland draws with Argentina (0-0) at the 2006 FIFA World Cup. ; July 9 – 2006 World Cup final game, Italy vs. France. Italy won the game 5–3 in a penalty shootout, winning their fourth title. ; August 16 – CONMEBOL Copa Libertadores final game, Internacional vs. São Paulo. Internacional won the cup after the draw in 2–2 in the second game. In first game, Internacional won by 2–1. ; September 14 – Recopa Sudamericana 2006 return match, Boca Juniors wins its 16th international title against São Paulo FC, breaking the world record on number of international club titles.

This is a document about Sport in Italy
   Football is the most popular sport in Italy. The Italy national football team has won the FIFA World Cup four times (1934, 1938, 1982, and 2006), trailing only Brazil (with 5) and level with Germany (with 4). Serie A clubs have seen success in the Champions League (formerly the European Cup), the premier European club competition, winning it twelve times. The Italian word for soccer is calcio, "kick", taken from the name of Italy's traditional football games, as opposed to being adapted from the English name football or soccer, as in most other languages. Often, Italian children can be seen playing on the street

This is a document about 2006 in Italy
 10–26 February – The Olympic Winter Games are held in Turin. ; 10–19 March – The Paralympic Winter Games are held in Turin. ; 9 July – Italy wins the FIFA World Cup by defeating France, 5–3, following a penalty shootout in the final game at the Olympic Stadium in Berlin, Germany. ; 13 August – Air Algérie Flight 2208 accident ; 17 October – 2006 Rome Metro crash

This is a document about 21st century
 The 2002 FIFA World Cup – host South Korea and Japan – was won by Brazil ; The 2006 FIFA World Cup – host Germany – was won by Italy ; The 2010 FIFA World Cup – host South Africa – was won by Spain ; The 2014 FIFA World Cup – host Brazil – was won by Germany ; The 2018 FIFA World Cup – host Russia – was won by France

This is a document about France–Italy football rivalry
  The France–Italy football rivalry is a football rivalry between the national football teams of Italy and France,   having achieved six FIFA World Cups and four UEFA European Championships between the two countries. Italy has won four FIFA World Cups in 1934, 1938, 1982 and 2006, while France has won two FIFA World Cups in 1998 and 2018. For many years Italy dominated (before 1982: 17 wins, three losses and six draws), while from 1982 the French team had not lost a single game against Italy (with five wins and four draws) until the 2006 World Cup final, which Italy won on penalties. Notable matches in the World Cup and the European Football Championship include the 2006 World Cup Final, when the Italians defeated the French 5–3 in the penalty shoot-out, after a 1–1 draw, and the 2000 European Championship, won by France with an extra-time golden goal by David Trezeguet.

This is a document about Italy national football team
  the game. Upon UEFA Disciplinary Review, Italy was awarded a 3–0 victory that propelled them to the top of their group. In their first match of 2011, Italy drew 1–1 a friendly with Germany at Dortmund, in the same stadium where they beat Germany 2–0 to advance to the final of the 2006 World Cup. In March 2011, Italy won 1–0 over Slovenia to again secure its spot at the top of the qualification table. They then defeated Ukraine 2–0 in a friendly, despite being reduced to ten men for the late stages of the match. With their 3–0 defeat of Estonia in

Italy won the 2006 FIFA World Cup by defeating France in a penalty shoot-out at the Olympic Stadium in Berlin, Germany.