Question: who came up with the idea of a satellite

Answer: Isaac Newton

This is a document about Project Orbiter
  in Wireless World magazine. Clarke described the concept as useful for communications satellites.  In 1954, Wernher von Braun proposed the idea of placing a satellite into orbit at a meeting of Spaceflight committee of the American Rocket Society. His plan was to use a Redstone rocket with clusters of small solid-fuel rockets on top. Also in 1954, in a private discussion about the Redstone project with Ernst Stuhlinger, Wernher von Braun expressed his belief that they should have a "real, honest-to-goodness scientist" involved in their little unofficial satellite project (Project Orbiter). "I'm sure you know a scientist somewhere who would fill the bill, possibly in the Nobel Prize class, willing to work with us and to put some

This is a document about Satellite
   The first published mathematical study of the possibility of an artificial satellite was Newton's cannonball, a thought experiment by Isaac Newton to explain the motion of natural satellites, in his Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687). The first fictional depiction of a satellite being launched into orbit was a short story by Edward Everett Hale, "The Brick Moon" (1869). The idea surfaced again in Jules Verne's The Begum's Fortune (1879). In 1903, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857–1935) published Exploring Space Using Jet Propulsion Devices, which is the first academic treatise on the use of rocketry to launch spacecraft. He calculated the orbital speed required for a minimal orbit, and that a

This is a document about Satellite Internet access
  Following the launch of the first satellite, Sputnik 1, by the Soviet Union in October 1957, the US successfully launched the Explorer 1 satellite in 1958. The first commercial communications satellite was Telstar 1, built by Bell Labs and launched in July 1962. The idea of a geosynchronous satellite—one that could orbit the Earth above the equator and remain fixed by following the Earth's rotation—was first proposed by Herman Potočnik in 1928 and popularised by the science fiction author Arthur C. Clarke in a paper in Wireless World in 1945. The first satellite to successfully reach geostationary orbit was Syncom3, built by Hughes Aircraft for NASA

This is a document about Satellite system (astronomy)
  The notion of satellite systems pre-dates history. The Moon was known by the earliest humans. The earliest models of astronomy were based around celestial bodies (or a "celestial sphere") orbiting the Earth. This idea was known as geocentrism (where the Earth is the centre of the universe). However the geocentric model did not generally accommodate the possibility of celestial objects orbiting other observed planets, such as Venus or Mars. Seleucus of Seleucia (b. 190 BCE) made observations which may have included the phenomenon of tides, which he supposedly theorized to be caused by the attraction to the Moon and by the revolution of the Earth around an Earth-Moon 'center of mass'. As heliocentrism (the doctrine that the Sun is the centre of the universe) began to gain in popularity in the 16th century, the focus shifted to planets and the idea of systems

This is a document about Very-small-aperture terminal
  The concept of the geostationary orbit was originated by Russian theorist Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, who wrote articles on space travel around the beginning of the 20th century. In the 1920s, Hermann Oberth and Herman Potocnik, also known as Herman Noordung, described an orbit at an altitude of 35,900 km whose period exactly matched the Earth's rotational period, making it appear to hover over a fixed point on the Earth's equator. Arthur C. Clarke's October 1945 Wireless World article (called "Extra-Terrestrial Relays: Can Rocket Stations Give World-wide Radio Coverage?") discussed the necessary orbital characteristics for a geostationary orbit and the frequencies and power

This is a document about Project Echo
  The concept of using orbital satellites to relay communications predated space travel, first being advanced by Arthur C. Clarke in 1945. Experiments using the moon as a passive reflecting way station for messages began as early as 1946. With the launching of Sputnik 1, Earth's first artificial satellite, in 1957, interest quickly developed in orbiting communications satellites. In July 1958, at an US Air Force sponsored meeting on communications satellites, Bell Telephone Laboratories engineer John R. Pierce put forth a presentation on passive satellite relay, describing how a reflective orbiting body could be used to bounce transmissions from one point on the Earth to another. William H. Pickering, director of Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), also attended the conference and suggested that JPL facilities, specifically a 26 m diameter polar-mounted antenna installed near Goldstone Dry Lake in the Mojave Desert, might be

This is a document about Satellite
  and was followed in June 1955 with "The Scientific Use of an Artificial Satellite", by H.K. Kallmann and W.W. Kellogg. In the context of activities planned for the International Geophysical Year (1957–58), the White House announced on 29 July 1955 that the U.S. intended to launch satellites by the spring of 1958. This became known as Project Vanguard. On 31 July, the Soviets announced that they intended to launch a satellite by the fall of 1957. The first artificial satellite was Sputnik 1, launched by the Soviet Union on 4 October 1957 under the Sputnik program, with Sergei Korolev as chief designer. Sputnik 1 helped to identify the

This is a document about Geosynchronous satellite
  The concept was first proposed by Herman Potočnik in 1928 and popularised by the science fiction author Arthur C. Clarke in a paper in Wireless World in 1945. Working prior to the advent of solid-state electronics, Clarke envisioned a trio of large, crewed space stations arranged in a triangle around the planet. Modern satellites are numerous, uncrewed, and often no larger than an automobile. Widely known as the "father of the geosynchronous satellite", Harold Rosen, an engineer at Hughes Aircraft Company, invented the first operational geosynchronous satellite, Syncom 2. It was launched on a Delta rocket B booster from Cape Canaveral July 26, 1963. The first geostationary communication satellite was Syncom 3, launched on August 19, 1964, with a Delta D launch vehicle from Cape Canaveral. The satellite, in orbit approximately above the International Date Line, was used to telecast the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo to the United States. Westar 1 was America's first domestic and commercially launched geostationary communications satellite, launched by Western Union and NASA on April 13, 1974.

This is a document about Communications satellite
  In October 1945, Arthur C. Clarke published an article titled "Extraterrestrial Relays" in the British magazine Wireless World. The article described the fundamentals behind the deployment of artificial satellites in geostationary orbits for the purpose of relaying radio signals. Because of this, Arthur C. Clarke is often quoted as being the inventor of the concept of the communications satellite, and the term 'Clarke Belt' is employed as a description of the orbit. The first artificial Earth satellite was Sputnik 1 which was put into orbit by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957. It was developed by Mikhail Tikhonravov and Sergey Korolev, building on work by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky. Sputnik 1 was equipped with an on-board radio-transmitter that worked on two frequencies of 20.005 and 40.002 MHz, or 7 and 15 meters wavelength. The satellite was not placed in orbit for the purpose of sending data from one point on earth to another; the radio transmitter was meant to study the properties of radio wave distribution throughout the ionosphere. The launch of Sputnik 1 was a major step in the exploration of space and rocket development, and marks the beginning of the Space Age.

This is a document about Satellite
  rocket fueled by liquid propellants could achieve this. In 1928, Herman Potočnik (1892–1929) published his sole book, The Problem of Space Travel – The Rocket Motor. He described the use of orbiting spacecraft for observation of the ground and described how the special conditions of space could be useful for scientific experiments. In a 1945 Wireless World article, the English science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke described in detail the possible use of communications satellites for mass communications. He suggested that three geostationary satellites would provide coverage over the entire planet. In May 1946, the United States Air Force's Project RAND released the Preliminary Design of an Experimental

This is a document about Project Orbiter
  In the 1920s and 1930s, the German Society for Space Travel (Verein für Raumschiffahrt, referred to as VfR by its founders) began to gain in popularity, with membership growing from outside of Germany as well as within. The primary cause for the VfR's gaining worldwide appeal was due to the writings of mathematician Hermann Oberth who detailed, in a 1923 publication entitled The Rocket into Interplanetary Space, the mechanics of placing a satellite into Earth orbit. Herman Potočnik was the first to publish the concept of placing a geosynchronous satellite in geostationary orbit, in 1928. Arthur C. Clarke popularized this concept even further in 1945, in a paper entitled "Extra-Terrestrial Relays — Can Rocket Stations Give Worldwide Radio Coverage?",

This is a document about Telstar 1
  The idea of transmitting information by means of satellites was hardly new. As early as October 1945, the mathematician and visionary Arthur C. Clarke published an article talking about it in the specialized magazine Wireless World. His idea was to take advantage of the immensity of space to transmit information, using a satellite system for this purpose. During the Cold War, the shock caused by the successful launch of the first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, by the Soviets increased the United States' interest in aerospace research. Soon thereafter, the Americans began their attempts to launch orbital communications satellites for transmitting telephone, radio, and television signals. In December 1958, the United States successfully launched its first communications satellite, SCORE. Through it, then-President Dwight D. Eisenhower sent a Christmas message to the entire world. However, SCORE stayed in orbit for only a few months, its enormous surface area and very low Earth orbit forcing reentry after only 500 laps around the planet due to aerodynamic resistance. Also, SCORE relied on a passive reflector, which greatly reduced signal strength, since it did not amplify the signal before sending it back to earth.

This is a document about 1954 in spaceflight
   By 1954, there was growing consensus in the United States that rocket technology had evolved to the point the launch of an Earth orbiting satellite was becoming feasible. A 16 March meeting in Washington D.C. involving several of the nation's leading space specialists was arranged by past president of the American Rocket Society Frederick C. Durant III. They included Fred Singer, proposer of the "MOUSE" (Minimum Orbiting Unmanned Satellite of the Earth), rocket scientist Wernher von Braun, David Young of the Army Ballistic Missile Agency, Commander George Hoover and Alexander Satin of the Air Branch of the Office of Naval Research (ONR), and noted astronomer, Fred Whipple. They determined that a slightly modified Redstone (a 200 miles) range surface-to-surface missile developed the prior year) combined with upper stages employing

This is a document about Yuri Artsutanov
  Artsutanov was a graduate of Leningrad Technological Institute. In 1960, he wrote an article "V Kosmos na Electrovoze (en. Into space with the help of an electric locomotive)", where he discussed the concept of the space elevator as an economic, safe and convenient way to access orbit and facilitate space exploration. Artsutanov developed his idea independently from Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, who in 1895 proposed an idea of building an orbital tower. Artsutanov's concept was based on the linking of geosynchronous satellites to the ground with a cable. He suggested using the satellite as the base from which to construct the tower since a geosynchronous satellite will remain over a fixed

This is a document about Geostationary orbit
  as useful for broadcast and relay communications satellites, is sometimes called the Clarke Orbit. Similarly, the collection of artificial satellites in this orbit is known as the Clarke Belt. In technical terminology the orbit is referred to as either a geostationary or geosynchronous equatorial orbit, with the terms used somewhat interchangeably. The first geostationary satellite was designed by Harold Rosen while he was working at Hughes Aircraft in 1959. Inspired by Sputnik 1, he wanted to use a geostationary satellite to globalise communications. Telecommunications between the US and Europe was then possible between just 136 people at a time, and reliant on high frequency radios and an

This is a document about Satellite television
  In 1945 British science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke proposed a worldwide communications system which would function by means of three satellites equally spaced apart in earth orbit. This was published in the October 1945 issue of the Wireless World magazine and won him the Franklin Institute's Stuart Ballantine Medal in 1963. The first public satellite television signals from Europe to North America were relayed via the Telstar satellite over the Atlantic ocean on 23 July 1962, although a test broadcast had taken place almost two weeks earlier on 11 July. The signals were received and broadcast in North American and European countries and watched by over 100 million. Launched in 1962,

This is a document about Earth observation satellite
  Herman Potočnik explored the idea of using orbiting spacecraft for detailed peaceful and military observation of the ground in his 1928 book, The Problem of Space Travel. He described how the special conditions of space could be useful for scientific experiments. The book described geostationary satellites (first put forward by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky) and discussed communication between them and the ground using radio, but fell short of the idea of using satellites for mass broadcasting and as telecommunications relays.

This is a document about South West England
  William Herschel, previously a clarinet player, of Bath discovered infrared radiation on 11 February 1800, and the planet Uranus in March 1781; he had made important improvements to the reflecting telescope by increasing the mirror diameter. Herschel then built a 20-ft reflecting telescope and invented the star count, working out that the Milky Way is a disc, which he called a grindstone, and that it is a galaxy. Sir Arthur C. Clarke of Minehead invented the idea of artificial satellites; he sent a letter to Harry Wexler who then developed the first weather satellite TIROS-1. Sir Arthur Eddington of Weston-super-Mare was the

This is a document about Spaceflight
  producing missiles such as Juno I and Atlas. At that time the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin was developing intercontinental ballistic missiles to carry nuclear weapons as a counter measure to United States bomber planes. The Tsiolkovsky influenced Sergey Korolev became the chief rocket designer, derivatives of his R-7 Semyorka missiles were used to launch the world's first artificial Earth satellite, Sputnik 1, on October 4, 1957, and later the first human to orbit the Earth, Yuri Gagarin in Vostok 1, on April 12, 1961. The first US satellite was Explorer 1, launched on February 1, 1958, and the first American in orbit, became John Glenn in Friendship 7 on February 20, 1962. As director of the Marshall Space

This is a document about Arthur C. Clarke
   Clarke contributed to the popularity of the idea that geostationary satellites would be ideal telecommunications relays. He first described this in a letter to the editor of Wireless World in February 1945 and elaborated on the concept in a paper titled Extra-Terrestrial Relays – Can Rocket Stations Give Worldwide Radio Coverage?, published in Wireless World in October 1945. The geostationary orbit is now sometimes known as the Clarke Orbit or the Clarke Belt in his honour. It is not clear that this article was actually the inspiration for the modern telecommunications satellite. According to John R. Pierce, of Bell Labs, who was involved in the Echo satellite and Telstar

The idea of a satellite was first proposed by Johannes Kepler in 1609, but the first artificial satellite, Telstar 1, was built by Bell Labs in 1962. The concept of a geostationary satellite was first described by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky in 1929 and Hermann Oberth in 1923.


Question: where does diffusion occur in the excretory system

Answer: diffusion

This is a document about Gastrotrich
  the excretory system consists of a single pair of protonephridia, which open through separate pores on the lateral underside of the animal, usually in the midsection of the body. In the macrodasyidans, there are several pairs of these opening along the side of the body. Nitrogenous waste is probably excreted through the body wall, as part of respiration, and the protonephridia are believed to function mainly in osmoregulation. Unusually, the protonephridia do not take the form of flame cells, but, instead, the excretory cells consist of a skirt surrounding a series of cytoplasmic rods that in turn enclose a central flagellum. These cells, termed cyrtocytes, connect to

This is a document about Fiona pinnata
  Excretory system: The renal pore is between heart and anus.

This is a document about ADME
 Glomerular filtration of unbound drug. ; Active secretion of (free & protein-bound) drug by transporters (e.g. anions such as urate, penicillin, glucuronide, sulfate conjugates) or cations such as choline, histamine. ; Filtrate 100-fold concentrated in tubules for a favorable concentration gradient so that it may be secreted by passive diffusion and passed out through the urine. Compounds and their metabolites need to be removed from the body via excretion, usually through the kidneys (urine) or in the feces. Unless excretion is complete, accumulation of foreign substances can adversely affect normal metabolism. There are three main sites where drug excretion occurs. The kidney is the most important site and it is where products are excreted through urine. Biliary excretion or fecal excretion is the process that initiates in the liver and passes through to the gut until the products are finally excreted along with waste products or feces. The last main method of excretion is through the lungs (e.g. anesthetic gases). Excretion of drugs by the kidney involves 3 main mechanisms:

This is a document about Excretion
  Excretion is a process in which metabolic waste is eliminated from an organism. In vertebrates this is primarily carried out by the lungs, kidneys, and skin. This is in contrast with secretion, where the substance may have specific tasks after leaving the cell. Excretion is an essential process in all forms of life. For example, in mammals, urine is expelled through the urethra, which is part of the excretory system. In unicellular organisms, waste products are discharged directly through the surface of the cell. During life activities such as cellular respiration, several chemical reactions take place in the body. These are known as metabolism. These chemical reactions produce

This is a document about Brittle star
  Gas exchange and excretion occur through cilia-lined sacs called bursae; each opens between the arm bases on the underside of the disk. Typically ten bursae are found, and each fits between two stomach digestive pouches. Water flows through the bursae by means of cilia or muscular contraction. Oxygen is transported through the body by the hemal system, a series of sinuses and vessels distinct from the water vascular system. The bursae are probably also the main organs of excretion, with phagocytic "coelomocytes" collecting waste products in the body cavity and then migrating to the bursae for expulsion from the body.

This is a document about Kidney
  The last step in the processing of the ultrafiltrate is excretion: the ultrafiltrate passes out of the nephron and travels through a tube called the collecting duct, which is part of the collecting duct system, and then to the ureters where it is renamed urine. In addition to transporting the ultrafiltrate, the collecting duct also takes part in reabsorption.

This is a document about Kidney
  The kidneys are two reddish-brown bean-shaped organs found in vertebrates. They are located on the left and right in the retroperitoneal space, and in adult humans are about 12 cm in length. They receive blood from the paired renal arteries; blood exits into the paired renal veins. Each kidney is attached to a ureter, a tube that carries excreted urine to the bladder. The kidney participates in the control of the volume of various body fluids, fluid osmolality, acid–base balance, various electrolyte concentrations, and removal of toxins. Filtration occurs in the glomerulus: one-fifth of the blood volume that enters the kidneys is filtered. Examples of substances reabsorbed are solute-free water, sodium, bicarbonate, glucose, and amino acids. Examples of substances secreted are hydrogen, ammonium, potassium

This is a document about Earthworm
  The excretory system contains a pair of nephridia in every segment, except for the first three and the last ones. The three types of nephridia are: integumentary, septal, and pharyngeal. The integumentary nephridia lie attached to the inner side of the body wall in all segments except the first two. The septal nephridia are attached to both sides of the septa behind the 15th segment. The pharyngeal nephridia are attached to the fourth, fifth and sixth segments. The waste in the coelom fluid from a forward segment is drawn in by the beating of cilia of the nephrostome. From there it is carried through the septum (wall) via a tube which forms a series of loops entwined by blood capillaries that also transfer waste into the tubule of the nephrostome. The excretory wastes are then finally discharged through a pore on the worm's side.

This is a document about Urine
  Most animals have excretory systems for elimination of soluble toxic wastes. In humans, soluble wastes are excreted primarily by the urinary system and, to a lesser extent in terms of urea, removed by perspiration. The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The system produces urine by a process of filtration, reabsorption, and tubular secretion. The kidneys extract the soluble wastes from the bloodstream, as well as excess water, sugars, and a variety of other compounds. The resulting urine contains high concentrations of urea and other substances, including toxins. Urine flows from the kidneys through the ureter, bladder, and finally the urethra before passing from the body.

This is a document about Excretory system
  The excretory system is a passive biological system that removes excess, unnecessary materials from the body fluids of an organism, so as to help maintain internal chemical homeostasis and prevent damage to the body. The dual function of excretory systems is the elimination of the waste products of metabolism and to drain the body of used up and broken down components in a liquid and gaseous state. In humans and other amniotes (mammals, birds and reptiles) most of these substances leave the body as urine and to some degree exhalation, mammals also expel them through sweating. Only the organs specifically used for the excretion are considered a part of the excretory system. In the narrow sense, the term refers to the urinary system. However, as excretion involves several functions that are only superficially related, it is not usually used in more formal classifications of anatomy or function. As most healthy functioning organs produce metabolic and other wastes, the entire organism depends on the function of the system. Breaking down of one of more of the systems is a serious health condition, for example kidney failure.

This is a document about Hyperkalemia
  Potassium is the most abundant intracellular cation and about 98% of the body's potassium is found inside cells, with the remainder in the extracellular fluid including the blood. Membrane potential is maintained principally by the concentration gradient and membrane permeability to potassium with some contribution from the Na+/K+ pump. The potassium gradient is critically important for many physiological processes, including maintenance of cellular membrane potential, homeostasis of cell volume, and transmission of action potentials in nerve cells. Potassium is eliminated from the body through the gastrointestinal tract, kidney and sweat glands. In the kidneys, elimination of potassium is passive (through the glomeruli), and reabsorption is active in the proximal tubule and the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. There is active excretion

This is a document about Osmoregulation
 filtration – fluid portion of blood (plasma) is filtered from a nephron (functional unit of vertebrate kidney) structure known as the glomerulus into Bowman's capsule or glomerular capsule (in the kidney's cortex) and flows down the proximal convoluted tubule to a "u-turn" called the Loop of Henle (loop of the nephron) in the medulla portion of the kidney. ; reabsorption – most of the viscous glomerular filtrate is returned to blood vessels that surround the convoluted tubules. ; secretion – the remaining fluid becomes urine, which travels down collecting ducts to the medullary region of the kidney. ; excretion – the urine (in mammals) is stored in the urinary bladder and exits via the urethra; in other vertebrates, the urine mixes with other wastes in the cloaca before leaving the body (frogs also have a urinary bladder). Four processes occur:

This is a document about Peritubular capillaries
  In the renal system, peritubular capillaries are tiny blood vessels, supplied by the efferent arteriole, that travel alongside nephrons allowing reabsorption and secretion between blood and the inner lumen of the nephron. Peritubular capillaries surround the cortical parts of the proximal and distal tubules, while the vasa recta go into the medulla to approach the loop of Henle. About one-fifth of the blood plasma is filtered into Bowman's capsule as the blood passes through the glomerular capillaries; four-fifths continues into the peritubular capillaries. Ions and minerals that need to be saved in the body are reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries through active transport, secondary active transport, or transcytosis. The ions that need to be excreted as waste are secreted from the capillaries into the nephron to be sent towards the bladder and out of the body. Essentially, the peritubular capillaries reabsorb useful substances such as glucose and amino acids

This is a document about Malpighian tubule system
  Pre-urine is formed in the tubules, when nitrogenous waste and electrolytes are transported through the tubule walls. Wastes such as urea and amino acids are thought to diffuse through the walls, while ions such as sodium and potassium are transported by active pump mechanisms. Water follows thereafter. The pre-urine, along with digested food, merge in the hindgut. At this time, uric acid precipitates out, and sodium and potassium ions are actively absorbed by the rectum, along with water via osmosis. Uric acid is left to mix with feces, which are then excreted.

This is a document about Mollusca
  opens into the hemocoel. The atria of the heart also function as part of the excretory system by filtering waste products out of the blood and dumping it into the coelom as urine. A pair of nephridia ("little kidneys") to the rear of and connected to the coelom extracts any re-usable materials from the urine and dumps additional waste products into it, and then ejects it via tubes that discharge into the mantle cavity. Exceptions to the above are the molluscs Planorbidae or ram's horn snails, which are air-breathing snails that use iron-based hemoglobin instead of the copper-based hemocyanin to carry oxygen through their blood.

This is a document about Leptospirosis
  The bacteria can be found in ponds, rivers, puddles, sewers, agricultural fields and moist soil. Pathogenic Leptospira have been found in the form of aquatic biofilms, which may aid survival in the environment. Leptospira live in the kidneys of various wild and domestic animals. When animals ingest the bacteria, they circulate in the bloodstream, then lodge themselves into the kidneys through the glomerulular or peritubular capillaries. The bacteria then pass into the lumens of the renal tubules and colonise the brush border of the proximal convoluted tubule. This causes the continuous shedding of bacteria in the urine without the animal experiencing significant ill effects. This relationship between the animal and the bacteria is known as a commensal

This is a document about Urinary system
  The urinary system refers to the structures that produce and transport urine to the point of excretion. In the human urinary system there are two kidneys that are located between the dorsal body wall and parietal peritoneum on both the left and right sides. The formation of urine begins within the functional unit of the kidney, the nephrons. Urine then flows through the nephrons, through a system of converging tubules called collecting ducts. These collecting ducts then join together to form the minor calyces, followed by the major calyces that ultimately join the renal pelvis. From here, urine continues its flow from the renal pelvis into the ureter, transporting urine into the urinary bladder. The anatomy of the human urinary system differs between males and females at the level of the urinary bladder. In males, the urethra begins at the internal urethral orifice in the trigone of the bladder, continues through the external urethral orifice, and then becomes the prostatic, membranous, bulbar, and penile urethra. Urine exits through the external urethral meatus. The female urethra is much shorter, beginning at the bladder neck and terminating in the vaginal vestibule.

This is a document about Osmoregulation in rock doves
  The integumentary system functions in osmoregulation by acting as a barrier between the extracellular compartment and the environment to regulate water gain and loss, as well as solute flux. The permeability of the integument to water and solutes varies from animal to animal. The excretory system is responsible for regulating water and solute levels in the body fluids. Pigeons can produce hyperosmotic urine, but their renal system is different from other animals. They do not produce concentrated urine to reduce water loss, but produce a whitish part called urate. It is considered as solid crystals of uric acid and it is less toxic than urea. The wastes move from the blood of the peritubular capillaries, passes through the tubule cells and into the collecting ducts, and is transported as urate (uric acid) to the cloaca and

This is a document about Metolazone
   The primary target of all thiazide diuretics, including metolazone, is the distal convoluted tubule, part of the nephron in the kidney, where they inhibit the sodium-chloride symporter. In the kidney, blood is filtered into the lumen, or open space, of the nephron tubule. Whatever remains in the tubule will travel to the bladder as urine and eventually be excreted. The cells lining the tubule modify the fluid inside, absorbing some material and excreting others. One side of the cell (the apical side) faces the lumen; the opposite side (the basolateral side) faces the interstitial space near blood vessels. The other sides are tightly joined to neighboring cells. As with other regions, tubule cells in the distal convoluted tubule possess the ATP-powered sodium-potassium antiporter (Na+/K+-ATPase), which

This is a document about Cephalopod
  stomach and caecum before entering the intestine. Most digestion, as well as the absorption of nutrients, occurs in the digestive gland, sometimes called the liver. Nutrients and waste materials are exchanged between the gut and the digestive gland through a pair of connections linking the gland to the junction of the stomach and caecum. Cells in the digestive gland directly release pigmented excretory chemicals into the lumen of the gut, which are then bound with mucus passed through the anus as long dark strings, ejected with the aid of exhaled water from the funnel. Cephalopods tend to concentrate ingested heavy metals in their body tissue. However, octopus arms use a family of cephalopod-specific chemotactile receptors (CRs) to be their "taste by touch" system.

In the excretory system of bivalves, such as bryozoans, diffusion occurs through the cilia-lined pores or ostia on the underside of the body, which open into the water-filled sacs called bursae. These bursae are the primary site for gas exchange and excretion in bivalves.


Question: what season of greys anatomy was the plane crash

Answer: the eighth season

This is a document about One Flight Down (Grey's Anatomy)
  "One Flight Down" is the twentieth episode of the eleventh season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy, and is the 240th episode overall. It aired on April 16, 2015 on ABC in the United States. The episode was written Austin Guzman and directed by David Greenspan (filmmaker). The episode features a plane crash in Seattle bringing patients to Grey Sloan Memorial and old memories of the season 8's tragic plane crash that claimed the lives of Mark Sloan (Eric Dane) and Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh) back to Meredith Grey, Arizona Robbins, Derek Shepherd and Cristina Yang.

This is a document about Flight (Grey's Anatomy)
  "Flight" is the twenty-fourth episode and the season finale of the eighth season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy, and the show's 172nd episode overall. It was written by series creator Shonda Rhimes, and directed by Rob Corn. The episode was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States on May 17, 2012. In the episode, 6 doctors from Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital who are victims of an aviation accident fight to stay alive, but Dr. Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh) ultimately dies. Other storylines occur in Seattle where Dr. Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.) plans his annual dinner for the departing residents, Dr. Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd) fires Dr. Teddy Altman (Kim Raver), and Dr. Miranda Bailey       (Chandra Wilson) gets engaged to Dr. Ben Warren (Jason George).

This is a document about Grey's Anatomy (season 17)
  as part of Williams' departure. Grey's Anatomy centers around the professional and personal lives of a group of medical professionals that work at the fictional Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital. Nearly every main storyline in the season centered around the COVID-19 pandemic with a number of plot points also connecting to spin-off series Station 19 through fictional crossover events. The season primarily received mixed reviews from critics and remained ABC's most-watched scripted series even though viewing figures dropped significantly from the previous season. The season eventually concluded on June 3, 2021. Despite initial uncertainty from the cast, crew, and the network, the series was eventually renewed for an eighteenth season.

This is a document about One Flight Down (Grey's Anatomy)
  A plane crash in downtown Seattle brings a crop of new patients to Grey Sloan Memorial and old memories back to Meredith, Arizona, and Owen. Meredith tries to make it through the day without freaking out about not knowing where Derek is; Bailey gives her a 5:00 time frame for freaking out. No freaking out until 5:00 pm. Alex sticks close to Arizona to make sure that she's okay, but she finds him more annoying than helpful. Alex tells Arizona that it was he who cut off her leg, not Callie. When asked, Callie tells Arizona that she was the one to make the call anyway, and she wanted her to have Alex and just be mad at her alone. Owen and Amelia's separation becomes exacerbated when he's reminded of how he “failed his men” when he hired the service of the plane that went down with his doctors on it. Stephanie, who's obsessed with finding love, is determined to make her patient remember the pilot with whom she fell in love. The clock finally strikes 5:00 pm, but when Meredith goes to the phone to call Derek, she sees lights from a cop car pulling in her driveway.

This is a document about LAM Mozambique Airlines Flight 470
  The accident is featured in the ninth episode of Season 20 of Mayday, also known as Air Crash Investigation. The episode is titled "Cockpit Killer".

This is a document about List of American Heiress episodes
  Original Air Date: 13 March 2007 While flying Elizabeth back to see Lionel, the plane crashed in the jungles of Guatemala. The co-pilot was killed on impact while it appeared that Elizabeth and JD survived. Elizabeth pulled JD from the plane and worked on retrieving her luggage. When JD awoke, he worried that they would not be saved for days; while Elizabeth kept high hopes about being found within days. Back in the hospital, the Wakefield family continued to deal with the condition of their father and the family learned that their daughter's and sister's plane had crashed. With the news that his sister may be dead, Damien requested that they stop searching for Elizabeth. He figured that his plan may work out yet; if his sister had died and his father did not survive surgery.

This is a document about AIRES Flight 8250
  The accident is featured in the fifth episode of Season 20 of Mayday, also known as Air Crash Investigation. The episode is titled "Runway Breakup".

This is a document about The plane crash (Neighbours)
  "The plane crash" is a storyline from the Australian television soap opera Neighbours that began on 24 October 2005 when an aeroplane, carrying several characters, crashed in Bass Strait after a bomb was detonated during the journey. The storyline aired as part of the show's 20th anniversary and would be the catalyst for several major storylines that aired the following year. "The plane crash" also saw the departures of three established characters; David (Kevin Harrington), Liljana (Marcella Russo) and Serena Bishop (Lara Sacher). The actors' departures had been announced in May 2005, but it was not confirmed they would depart during "The plane crash" until their last scenes aired. The scenes

This is a document about FedEx Express Flight 14
  The crashes of FedEx Express Flight 14, and a similar crash in 2009 of another McDonnell Douglas MD-11, FedEx Express Flight 80 at Narita International Airport in Japan, are both covered on Season 14 of Mayday (Air Crash Investigation, Air Disasters), episode 5, titled "The Final Push".

This is a document about Grey's Anatomy (season 7)
  The seventh season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy, began airing on September 23, 2010 on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC), and concluded on May 19, 2011 ending the season with a total of 22 episodes. The season was produced by ABC Studios, in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company; the showrunner being Shonda Rhimes and head writer Krista Vernoff. The season follows the aftermath of the season 6 shooting, in which Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey), Alex Karev (Justin Chambers) Reed, and Charles are shot, and a total of 11 people died. Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh) was the most affected by the shooting, quitting her

This is a document about Oceanic Airlines
  October 1965): Sandy and Flipper's plane Oceanic Flight 17 crashes in the sea. ; Fringe "The Dreamscape" (25 November 2008): When the FBI was checking the apartment of a murdered Massive Dynamic employee, Special Agent Olivia Dunham found an airline ticket from Oceanic Air. The flight destination printed on the ticket was Omaha, Nebraska, and the date of the flight, 22 December. Fringe and Lost were both created by J.J. Abrams. ; “Total Drama Action” “The Aftermath: Pt. Four” (10 December 2009) When Chris McLean and Chef Hatchet are at the airport and about to board the plane, the Oceanic Airlines logo can be seen in front

This is a document about Grey's Anatomy (season 8)
  have surgery, and Ben plans something for Miranda, who is preoccupied with work. Meredith, Derek, Cristina, Mark, Lexie and Alex are scheduled to fly to assist in a surgery at a hospital in Boise, though Arizona takes Alex's place after she discovers he is planning to leave Seattle Grace for Johns Hopkins Hospital. However, en route their plane crashes in the woods, leaving their fates unknown. ; LineColor      = 0059A1 EpisodeNumber  = 172 ; EpisodeNumber2 = 24 ; Title          = Flight ; DirectedBy     = Rob Corn ; WrittenBy      = Shonda Rhimes ; Viewers= 11.44 ; OriginalAirDate = May 17, 2012

This is a document about Kenya Airways Flight 507
  The accident is featured in the tenth episode of Season 20 of Mayday, also known as Air Crash Investigation. The episode is titled "Stormy Cockpit".

This is a document about List of Grey's Anatomy cast members
  Grey's Anatomy is an American television medical drama that debuted on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC), as a mid-season replacement for Boston Legal on March 27, 2005. While creating the show, producers put an emphasis on the casting process. The series has aired for seventeen seasons, and focuses on the fictional lives of surgical interns and residents, as they gradually evolve into seasoned doctors, while trying to maintain personal lives. The show's premise originated with Shonda Rhimes, who serves as an executive producer, along with Betsy Beers, Mark Gordon, Krista Vernoff, Rob Corn, Mark Wilding, and Allan Heinberg. It is primarily filmed in Los Angeles, California.  The series

This is a document about Grey's Anatomy (season 11)
  The eleventh season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy premiered on September 25, 2014 in the United States on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) and consists of 25 episodes. The season was produced by ABC Studios, in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company; the showrunners being Stacy McKee and William Harper. The season commenced airing with the episode "I Must Have Lost It On The Wind" and concluded with the season finale "You're My Home" airing on May 14, 2015. The season was officially released on DVD as a 6-disc boxset under the title of Grey's Anatomy: The Complete Eleventh Season – Life Changes on August 18, 2015 by Buena

This is a document about China Airlines Flight 120
  This incident was featured in Season 16 of Mayday/Air Crash Investigation/Air Disaster. The episode was titled "Deadly Detail".

This is a document about Manx2 Flight 7100
  in the accident. An inquest was held in June 2014, in which a jury returned verdicts of accidental death on all six victims. On 9 February 2015, the accident was featured in the episode "Third Time Unlucky" of Mayday, which was known as Air Crash Investigation in UK, Australia, South Africa and Asia and Air Disasters in the United States. The investigative team of the incident, however, declined to co-operate with the program makers out of respect for the survivors and victims' families. In February 2017, it was featured in the installment titled "No Clear Options," installment 9 in Season 8 of Air Disasters, which was transmitted on the Smithsonian Institution's basic-cable Smithsonian Channel.

This is a document about Final Destination (film)
  On May 13, 2000, high school student Alex Browning boards Volée Airlines Flight 180, a Boeing 747 with his classmates for their senior trip to Charles de Gaulle Airport from John F. Kennedy Airport. Before takeoff, Alex has a premonition that the plane will explode in mid-air, killing everybody on board. When the events from his vision began to occur in reality, he panics until a fight breaks out between him and his rival Carter Horton, resulting in both of them being removed from the plane, along with Alex's best friend Tod Waggner, Carter's girlfriend Terry Chaney, teacher Valerie Lewton, and students Billy Hitchcock and Clear Rivers. None of the other passengers, except Clear, believe

This is a document about Perfect Storm (Grey's Anatomy)
  "Perfect Storm" is the twenty-fourth episode and the season finale of the ninth season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy, and is the 196th episode overall. It aired on May 16, 2013 on ABC in the United States. The episode was written by Stacy McKee and directed by Rob Corn. On its initial airing it was watched by 8.99 million viewers. The episode received highly positive reviews from critics. In the episode, Grey-Sloan Memorial Hospital experienced power outages and a bus crash during an intense superstorm. The episode was loosely based on Hurricane Sandy, which hit the East Coast in 2012. A bus crashes in front of the hospital in the midst of the storm, and the doctors try to rescue the survivors.

This is a document about Flight (Grey's Anatomy)
  The episode received positive reviews among television critics, and it outperformed the previous episode in terms of both viewership and ratings. "Flight" was originally broadcast on May 17, 2012 in the United States on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC). The episode was watched in the United States by a total of 11.44 million people, a 16.5% (1.62 million) increase from the previous episode "Migration", which garnered 9.82 million viewers. In terms of viewership, "Flight" ranked fourth for the night, behind the season finales of Fox's American Idol, and CBS's Person of Interest and The Mentalist. As compared to Grey's Anatomy other season finales, the episode was the show's second least-viewed finale, just

The plane crash occurred in the eighteenth season of Grey's Anatomy. Specifically, it was in the twenty-first episode, titled "One Flight Down."


Question: when did ben stone leave law and order

Answer: 1994

This is a document about Benjamin Stone (Law & Order)
  Benjamin "Ben" Stone is a fictional character portrayed by Michael Moriarty in the TV drama Law & Order. He was the Executive Assistant District Attorney for New York County until his resignation at the end of season four. He appeared in 88 episodes.

This is a document about Michael Moriarty
  on the issue of TV violence. On September 20, 1994, on The Howard Stern Show, he made an offer to NBC, claiming that he would return to his role on the show if Dick Wolf was fired. Moriarty published a full-page advertisement in a Hollywood trade magazine calling upon fellow artists to stand up with him against attempts to censor TV show content. He subsequently wrote and published The Gift of Stern Angels, his account of this time in his life. In the fictional Law & Order universe, the Ben Stone character resigns from the D.A.'s office in 1994 after a witness in one of his cases

This is a document about Michael Moriarty
  planes as they approached Soviet air space. From 1990 to 1994, Moriarty starred as Ben Stone on Law & Order. He left the show in 1994, alleging that his departure was a result of his threatening a lawsuit against then-Attorney General Janet Reno, who had cited Law & Order as offensively violent. Moriarty criticized Reno's comment and claimed that she wanted to censor not only shows like Law & Order but also such fare as Murder, She Wrote. He later accused Law & Order executive producer Dick Wolf of not taking his concerns seriously and claimed that Wolf and other network executives were "caving in" to Reno's

This is a document about Law & Order (season 4)
  The fourth season of Law & Order aired on NBC between September 15, 1993, and May 25, 1994. This is the final season to feature Michael Moriarty as Ben Stone. It is also the first season to include a shorter opening sequence and theme (at 46 seconds), which would be used for the remainder of the series' run. Season four was released on DVD December 6, 2005.

This is a document about Benjamin Stone (Law & Order)
  "Uncertainty Principle", Stone receives a call from his son, Peter, who had just faced off against his former colleague Paul Robinette. The opening scene of the Law & Order: Special Victims Unit episode "The Undiscovered Country" (aired in 2018) reveals that Stone has died. His successor, Jack McCoy, gives the eulogy at the funeral. The Special Victims Unit episode "Dear Ben" mentions Stone several times. The plot of the episode revolves around the cold case of a serial rapist whom Stone repeatedly attempted to track down and prosecute, to no avail. The Special Victims Unit detectives eventually bring the rapist to justice.

This is a document about Benjamin Stone (Law & Order)
  Stone became Executive Assistant DA in 1985 after convicting con artist and murderer Philip Swann (Željko Ivanek), who years later enters a civil suit against Stone when the validity of the conviction is called into question. Swann is ultimately found guilty, however, and sent back to prison. Stone's assistants have been Paul Robinette (Richard Brooks) and Claire Kincaid (Jill Hennessy). A strict, unyielding boss, Stone can be very difficult to work with; in the pilot episode, Sergeant Max Greevey (George Dzundza) and Detective Mike Logan (Chris Noth) intimate that Stone "eats ADAs for lunch." Nevertheless, Stone is usually rather soft-spoken, and is fond of using harmless words like "sir" to convey his contempt for the people he prosecutes. Stone makes his last appearance in the show in the episode "Old Friends," the final episode of season four. The episode portrays a racketeering case in which the main witness Ann Madsen (Allison Janney), whose testimony Stone had secured by threatening to send her to prison, is murdered by the Russian Mafia. He feels responsible for her death and resigns from the DA's office. He is succeeded by Jack McCoy (Sam Waterston) as Executive ADA.

This is a document about Benjamin Stone (Law & Order)
  Stone's departure from Law & Order stemmed from actor Michael Moriarty's dispute with the network and U.S. Attorney General Janet Reno, who in 1993 began promoting legislation to limit portrayals of violence on television. Moriarty, who was outspoken against Reno and what he felt was government censorship, was scheduled to appear on NBC shows Today and Now with Tom Brokaw and Katie Couric, but both ended up canceled. Moriarty had already taped his segment for Now; for his Today show appearance, during which he was scheduled to debate Senator Kent Conrad, he was replaced by FCC chairman Reed Hundt. Both appearances were scheduled to air on January 26, 1994. Moriarty submitted his resignation to producer series creator Dick Wolf on January 25, 1994, and his departure was written into the series.

This is a document about Danielle Melnick
  Danielle Rose Melnick is a fictional character on the NBC crime drama Law & Order, portrayed by Tovah Feldshuh. She featured on the show starting in 1991. (In Tovah Feldshuh's first Law & Order appearance in the 1991 episode "Aria", she plays a character very similar to Melnick, but is a probate lawyer, not a litigator, and is unnamed.) Melnick is a New York City–based defense attorney with a practice spanning more than 20 years. A well-established, high-profile litigator, she regularly goes up against the toughest, most powerful prosecutors in the New York City District Attorney's office. Her role in the Law & Order universe has been as a foil for Ben Stone (Michael

This is a document about Peter Stone (Chicago Justice and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit)
  Stone is the son and second child of former Law & Order character, Benjamin Stone, and the younger brother of Pamela Stone. He has an aunt Carol who raised him for most of his life. He was born circa 1981. Before becoming a lawyer, Stone was a pitcher for the Chicago Cubs. He was forced to retire from baseball after tearing his UCL, and decided to follow in his father’s footsteps by going to law school and becoming an assistant district attorney. Nevertheless, he has described having a difficult relationship with his workaholic father, who he felt cared more about prosecuting criminals than about his own family.

This is a document about Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 20)
  Law & Order: Special Victims Unit was renewed for a twentieth season on May 9, 2018. Production started on July 16, 2018. On July 12, 2018, Executive Producer Julie Martin posted a photo of a script on Twitter, teasing that the first hour of the two-hour season premiere was tentatively titled "Man Up". Martin teased on August 14, 2018, that the fourth episode of the season, titled "Revenge", would be "a devious twist and turn edge-of-your-seater". The episode also featured Callie Thorne as defense attorney Nikki Staines. A deleted scene featuring Benson and Noah from the previous season was re-shot and placed into the episode "Dear Ben", the scene being where Noah has a question about his father followed up by ADA Stone (Philip Winchester) taking Noah out to

This is a document about Michael Moriarty
  murdered. The February 7, 2018, episode of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit shows Sam Waterston's character, Jack McCoy, delivering a eulogy at Stone's funeral. Wolf and others working on Law & Order tell a different story, however. On November 18, 1993, Moriarty and Wolf, along with other television executives, met with Reno to dissuade her from supporting any law that would censor the show. Wolf said that Moriarty overreacted to any effect the law was likely to have on the show. Law & Order producers claim they were forced to remove Moriarty from the series because of "erratic behavior," an example of which reportedly happened during

This is a document about Jack McCoy
  Jack McCoy brings 24 years of experience with him as he is appointed Executive Assistant District Attorney by Adam Schiff (Steven Hill) in the season five premiere episode "Second Opinion". He quickly establishes himself as more unconventional and ruthless than his predecessor as Executive Assistant District Attorney, Ben Stone (Michael Moriarty). He often bends—and sometimes breaks—trial rules to get convictions, finds tenuous rationales for charging defendants with crimes when the original charges fail to stick, and charges innocent people to frighten them into testifying against the actual guilty parties. McCoy is found in contempt of court 80 times for such behavior, and his tactics occasionally incur negative publicity for the DA's office. His underlying

This is a document about Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
  On May 20, 2015, it was revealed that Danny Pino would be leaving the cast after the season 16 finale "Surrendering Noah". In August 2017, it was announced that Philip Winchester would recur in season 19 as ADA Peter Stone, his character from Chicago P.D. and Chicago Justice, who is the son of Benjamin Stone, the first ADA on the original Law & Order series. It was later also announced that Brooke Shields was enlisted to assume a major recurring role (Sheila Porter, maternal grandmother of Noah Porter-Benson, Olivia's adopted son) starting in season 19 of the long-running dramatic series. On February 7,

This is a document about Rafael Barba
  insists on prosecuting him for murder. Although he is acquitted, Barba decides that it is time to move on, after 21 years as a prosecutor. He was replaced by Peter Stone (Philip Winchester). Barba is later seen in the 21st season episode "Redemption in Her Corner", video chatting with Benson while he is investigating voter fraud in Iowa. He wishes Benson an early happy birthday and promises to meet up with her in New York at a later time. Barba is next seen in the 22nd season episode "Sightless in a Savage Land", having returned to New York to work with the Innocence Project.

This is a document about List of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit characters
 Portrayed by Philip Winchester ; Episodes: "The Undiscovered Country" - "End Game"   Assistant District Attorney Peter Stone is appointed by District Attorney Jack McCoy as special counsel prosecuting Rafael Barba in the death of a terminally ill child in the episode "The Undiscovered Country". First introduced in the Chicago P.D. third season episode "Justice" and appearing in his own show, Chicago Justice, Stone, the son of the late Executive ADA Ben Stone (Michael Moriarty) has spent most of his adult life in Chicago, primarily as prosecutor with the State's Attorney's office in Cook County. In his first appearance at Law & Order: SVU, Stone attends his father's funeral before being brought in to prosecute Barba. However, when Benson confronts

This is a document about List of Law & Order episodes
 Angie Harmon joins the cast as Abbie Carmichael in this season. Benjamin Bratt (Rey Curtis) leaves the cast after this season but returns in the twentieth-season episode "Fed". ; Exiled: A Law & Order Movie was broadcast during this season.

This is a document about Law & Order (season 5)
  Jack McCoy (played by Sam Waterston) replaced season 4's Ben Stone (Michael Moriarty) as Executive Assistant District Attorney. Mike Logan (played by Chris Noth) departed the cast after this season, thus making Adam Schiff (played by Steven Hill) the last remaining first-season cast member.

This is a document about List of Law & Order episodes
 Benjamin Bratt (Rey Curtis) left the cast at the end of the ninth season, and was replaced by Jesse L. Martin (Ed Green) this season. Steven Hill (Adam Schiff) left the cast at the end of the season; he was the last first-season cast member to leave the series. ; This was also the season that aired with the creation of the series’ first spin-off Law & Order: Special Victims Unit.

This is a document about List of Law & Order episodes
 S. Epatha Merkerson (Anita Van Buren) and Jill Hennessy (Claire Kincaid) joined the cast. ; Carolyn McCormick (Elizabeth Olivet) and Michael Moriarty (Benjamin Stone) left the cast at the end of the season. Moriarty was replaced by Sam Waterston (Jack McCoy) in season 5. ; This season the opening sequence changed to a shorter version with more bass which applies to the rest of the season. ; Beginning with this season, Florek directed several episodes before joining the cast of its 1999 spin-off, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit.

This is a document about Raúl Esparza
  In 2012, Esparza became a recurring actor on the long-running NBC drama series Law & Order: Special Victims Unit as Manhattan Assistant District Attorney Rafael Barba, starting in the third episode of the show's 14th season, "Twenty-Five Acts". He appeared in 11 episodes of the show's 14th season. On July 17, 2013, he was promoted to series regular for the show's 15th season. His character became the first series-regular ADA since Stephanie March in the 11th season and the first regular male ADA in series history. His role on SVU was not his first Law & Order role, however, as he had previously portrayed an ADA in a 2009 episode of Law & Order: Criminal Intent, and a suspect in a 2010 episode of the original Law & Order. On February 7, 2018, Esparza left SVU in the episode "The Undiscovered Country” after six seasons on the show. Although having left the series to return to the stage, Esparza has been back on the show, making a very brief cameo before the main title in the Season 21 episode "Redemption in Her Corner". He made another guest appearance in Season 22 episode "Sightless in a Savage Land".


Question: what is the corn palace in mitchell south dakota

Answer: a multi-purpose arena / facility

This is a document about Corn Palace
  The Corn Palace, commonly advertised as The World's Only Corn Palace and the Mitchell Corn Palace, is a multi-purpose arena/facility located in Mitchell, South Dakota, United States. The Moorish Revival building is decorated with crop art; the murals and designs covering the building are made from corn and other grains, and a new design is constructed each year. The Corn Palace is a popular tourist destination, visited by up to 500,000 people each year. The Corn Palace serves the community as a venue for concerts, sports events, exhibits and other community events. Each year, the Corn Palace is celebrated with a citywide festival, the Corn Palace Festival. Historically it was held at harvest time in September, but recently it has been held at the end of August. Other popular annual events include the Corn Palace Stampede Rodeo in July and the Corn Palace Polka Festival in September. It is also home to the Dakota Wesleyan University Tigers and the Mitchell High School Kernels basketball teams.

This is a document about Corn Palace
  in 1892 to showcase the rich soil of South Dakota and encourage people to settle in the area. It was a wooden castle structure on Mitchell's Main Street, constructed on land donated by Louis Beckwith, a member of the First Corn Palace Committee. In 1904–1905, the city of Mitchell mounted a challenge to the city of Pierre in an unsuccessful attempt to replace it as the state capital of South Dakota. As part of this effort, the Corn Palace was rebuilt in 1905. In 1921, the Corn Palace was rebuilt once again, with a design by the architectural firm Rapp and Rapp of

This is a document about Onion dome
  The World's Only Corn Palace, a tourist attraction and basketball arena in Mitchell, South Dakota, also features onion domes on the roof of the structure.

This is a document about Mitchell Kernels
  The Mitchell Kernels first played as members of the Class D level 1920 South Dakota League, winning the first of their three consecutive championships. The Mitchell Kernels then played in the Dakota League (1921–1922), South Dakota League (1923), Nebraska State League (1936–1937) and Western League (1939–1940). The Kernels were an affiliate of the St. Louis Cardinals in 1936 and 1937. The Mitchell Kernels won league championships in 1920, 1921, 1922 and 1936. The Mitchell Kernels moniker undoubtedly derived from Mitchell, South Dakota being home to the famed Corn Palace, which was built in 1892. The Mitchell Kernels resumed play in 1953 as charter members of the Basin League (1953–1973), an independent collegiate minor league. In its duration the Basin League evolved

This is a document about Mitchell, South Dakota
  Mitchell is home of the Corn Palace. The Corn Palace is decorated with several colors of dried corn and grains, creating murals. The theme of the external murals is changed yearly at fall harvest; internal murals are changed approximately every ten years. The building itself is used for several purposes including a basketball arena, the local high school prom, trade shows, staged entertainment, and the Shriner's Circus.  Mitchell is also the home of the Dakota Discovery Museum, whose mission is to present and preserve the history of the prairie and the people who settled it. The museum covers the time period from 1600, when the Native

This is a document about Corn Palace
  In the late 19th century, a number of cities on the Great Plains constructed "crop palaces" (also known as "grain palaces") to promote themselves and their products. As the idea succeeded, it spread, including: a Corn Palace in Sioux City, Iowa, that was active from 1887–1891; a Corn Palace in Gregory, South Dakota; a Grain Palace in Plankinton, South Dakota; and a Bluegrass Palace in Creston, Iowa. From 1887 to 1930, at least thirty-four corn palaces were built across the Midwest United States; only the Mitchell Corn Palace has remained intact. The original Mitchell Corn Palace (known as "The Corn Belt Exposition") was

This is a document about Mitchell High School (South Dakota)
  The school athletic teams are the Mitchell Kernels; the moniker was adopted in the 1930s. The school mascot is called Cornelius. Both are references to the Mitchell Corn Palace. Kernel athletic teams compete in the Eastern South Dakota Conference.

This is a document about History of Sioux City, Iowa
  scene. The city's building boom included an elevated railroad (the Sioux City Elevated Railway) and early "skyscrapers". These changes mirrored growth that was occurring nationwide, especially in the transition of small pioneer settlements to thriving urban centers. President Grover Cleveland visited in 1887, by then Fourth Street was the center of the business district. Sioux City is also the birthplace of the Corn Palace, a temporary building made each year as part of the Corn Festival. The Sioux City Corn Palaces were large wooden buildings with corn cobs nailed to their walls. The first Corn Palace was built in 1887, and was designed by architect W.E. Loft. The Corn Palace became larger and grander every year. The last Sioux City Corn Palace,

This is a document about Western use of the swastika in the early 20th century
  the KiMo was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In 1907, the Corn Palace in Mitchell, South Dakota, featured a design that had a swastika on one of the towers as an "Indian good luck sign". Each year the exterior is covered with elaborate murals made of South Dakota corn, grain and grasses. The building is the centrepiece of a historic district that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In Rapid City, South Dakota, there are swastikas in the lobby of the Hotel Alex Johnson, which opened in 1928. They are decorations honouring the Native American culture of Western South Dakota. The

This is a document about Index of South Dakota–related articles
 Capital of the State of South Dakota ; Capitol of the State of South Dakota ; commons:Category:South Dakota State Capitol ; commons:Category:Caves of South Dakota ; Census statistical areas of South Dakota ; Cities in South Dakota ; commons:Category:Cities in South Dakota ; Climate of South Dakota ; Colleges and universities in South Dakota ; commons:Category:Universities and colleges in South Dakota ; commons:Category:Communications in South Dakota ; Congressional districts of South Dakota ; Corn Palace ; Coteau des Prairies ; Counties of the State of South Dakota ; commons:Category:Counties in South Dakota ; commons:Category:South Dakota culture Coteau des Prairies ; Counties of the State of South Dakota ; commons:Category:Counties in South Dakota ; commons:Category:South Dakota culture commons:Category:South Dakota culture

This is a document about Mitchell, South Dakota
  were still largely undiscovered, to 1939, the end of the Great Depression. The museum holds one of the most complete and pristine collections of American Indian quill and bead-works. The Dakota Discovery Museum also features artists such as Harvey Dunn, James Earle Fraser, Charles Hargens and Oscar Howe. In the village area behind the main building are four authentic historical buildings, including an 1885 one-room school house and the fully furnished 1886 Victorian-Italianate home of the co-founder of the Corn Palace, Louis Beckwith. Two new features of the museum are Discovery Land, a hands-on activity area for children ages five to ten, and the Heritage

This is a document about Mitchell Site
  The Mitchell Site, designated by the Smithsonian trinomial 39DV2, is an important archaeological site in Mitchell, Davison County, South Dakota. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964. At that time it was the only reliably dated site of the Lower James River Phase (Initial Variant). The site, sheltered under a dome, is managed by a nonprofit organization and is open to the public as Mitchell Prehistoric Indian Village. Visitors can watch archaeologists uncover artifacts in the Thomsen Center Archeodome. The Boehnen Memorial Museum features a reconstructed lodge and many of the artifacts found at the site.

This is a document about O'Gorman Catholic High School
  The school fields two competitive show choirs, the mixed-gender "Ovation!" and the all-female "Infinity". Ovation! won a competition at the Mitchell Corn Palace in 2012. The school hosted the first South Dakota state championship competition in 2016.

This is a document about Mitchell, South Dakota
  Mitchell is a city in and the county seat of Davison County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 15,254 at the 2010 census making it the sixth most populous city in South Dakota. Mitchell is the principal city of the Mitchell Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Davison and Hanson counties.

This is a document about Corn Palace
  The exterior corn murals are replaced and redesigned each year with a new theme, with designs created by local artists. From 1948 to 1971, the artist Oscar Howe designed the panels. Calvin Schultz designed the murals from 1977 to 2002. From 2003 to 2017, the murals have been designed by Cherie Ramsdell. No new mural was created in 2006 due to an extreme drought. Beginning in 2018, designs have been created by Dakota Wesleyan University students. As of 2018, it costs an estimated $175,000 each time the Palace is redecorated. Twelve naturally-occurring shades of corn are grown by local farmers to create the artwork. Artists' drawings are transferred to black tar paper labeled with codes corresponding to colors, providing a "corn-by-numbers" pattern showing where each colored cob should be nailed. Corn cobs are split in two lengthwise and nailed to the exterior of the building, using approximately 1.5 million nails and 325,000 ears of corn.

This is a document about Corn Palace
  Russian-style onion domes and Moorish minarets were added in 1937, giving the Palace the distinctive appearance that it has today. In 2004, national media attention was drawn to the Corn Palace, when it received Homeland Security funding. This drew criticism of the Department of Homeland Security and its grant program. In 2007, the Corn Palace subsequently received $25,000 in DHS funding for a camera system useful for purposes including Barack Obama's visit in 2008, and as reported by the Mitchell Daily Republic, to protect a "new Fiberglass statue of the Corn Palace mascot Cornelius" in 2009. This statue sits across Main Street, west

This is a document about Interstate 90 in South Dakota
  Chamberlain across the Missouri River on the nearby Chamberlain Bridge, and returns to I-90 at exit 265. Beginning there is a short concurrency with SD 50 heading to Pukwana, and also in Brule County is another short concurrency with SD 45 starting at Kimball. I-90 then continues through Aurora County (connecting to White Lake and Plankinton), Davison County (where Mt. Vernon, Mitchell and the Corn Palace are located), Hanson County (Alexandria), and McCook County (Salem). Then comes the state's most populous county, Minnehaha. After passing the communities of Humboldt and Hartford, the interstate intersects the only other major interstate in

This is a document about Corn construction
  Corn has long been used in manufacturing. There were a number innovations in the United States in the early 1900s. For example, Henry Ford's conceptual Model U car featured tires with corn-based filler and a corn-based fabric roof. The Corn Palace, a building in Mitchell, South Dakota, is decorated with murals and designs made from corn and other grains.

This is a document about Alexander Mitchell (Wisconsin politician)
  Mitchell owned a mansion across the street from the Milwaukee County Courthouse, which is now the site of the Wisconsin Club. The Historic Mitchell Street neighborhood was named in his honor, as was the city of Mitchell, South Dakota, incorporated in 1881. The Mackie Building, which was constructed by Mitchell as an investment property, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Additionally, the Mitchell Building, which he also built, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as well. His papers, along with those of his son John, are in the archives of the Wisconsin Historical Society.

This is a document about Tourist attraction
  Novelty attractions are oddities such as the "biggest ball of twine" in Cawker City, Kansas, the Corn Palace in Mitchell, South Dakota, or Carhenge in Alliance, Nebraska, where old cars serve in the place of stones in a replica of Stonehenge. Novelty attractions are not limited to the American Midwest, but are part of Midwestern culture.

The Corn Palace in Mitchell, South Dakota, is a multi-purpose arena and tourist attraction decorated with corn and other grains. It is the home of the Corn Palace Stampede Rodeo and other community events. The design is changed annually, and the exterior is decorated with murals made from corn and other grains. The Corn Palace was first built in 1892 and has undergone several renovations since then. It is a popular tourist destination and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.


Question: who sang where do you go to my lovely when you 're alone in your bed

Answer: Ray Singer

This is a document about Hotel Chevalier
  of the song "Where Do You Go To (My Lovely)?" by Peter Sarstedt on his stereo system – and runs a bath. Jack is again lying on the bed, now in a gray suit. Hearing a knock, he starts the song playing again before opening the door to Rhett (Natalie Portman). After staring at him for several seconds, Rhett breaks the silence by asking what music is playing. Receiving no response, she steps into the room and presents Jack with a bouquet of flowers. When she moves to kiss him on the mouth, he turns his head away and they

This is a document about Where Do You Go To (My Lovely)?
  "Where Do You Go To (My Lovely)?" is a song by the British singer-songwriter Peter Sarstedt. Its recording was produced by Ray Singer, engineered by John Mackswith at Lansdowne Recording Studios and released in 1969. The music has been described as "a faux European waltz tune," and the arrangement is a very simple one of strummed acoustic guitar and bass guitar, with brief bursts of French-style accordion at the start and the end. The arranger and conductor was Ian Green.

This is a document about Frances Line
  Line was born in Croydon on 22 February 1940, the first child of Charles Edward Line, a bank manager, and Leoni Lucy Line (née Hendriks). Her maternal grandfather, Theodore Johan Hubert Hendriks, was Dutch and worked as a hairdresser at the Elizabeth Arden salon under the name of "Mr Robert". On 24 July 1947, her sister, Julia (aka Jools) Evelyn Line, was born and would become a writer on the occult and a cross stitch sampler designer. Line grew up in Norbury, where she lived opposite Peter Sarstedt, with whom she would later work as a producer and who would top the charts in 1969 with his song "Where Do You Go To (My Lovely)?". Line went to Winterbourne Primary School and then won a scholarship to

This is a document about Peter Sarstedt
  Peter Eardley Sarstedt (10 December 1941 – 8 January 2017), briefly billed early in his career as Peter Lincoln, was an English singer-songwriter and instrumentalist. He was the brother of musicians Eden Kane and Clive Sarstedt. Although his music was classified as pop, it generally encompassed ballads derived from traditional folk music rather than traditional rock and roll. He was best known for writing and performing the song "Where Do You Go To (My Lovely)?", which topped the UK Singles Chart in 1969. Set to a "faux European waltz tune" and described as "a romantic novel in song", it won an Ivor Novello Award. The record remained Sarstedt's biggest hit. He had 1 more hit single and 1 hit album but despite numerous releases never had chart success again. He continued to tour throughout the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, mainly in 1960s revival-type shows, until his retirement in 2010 due to ill health.

This is a document about Peter Sarstedt
  Sarstedt was best known for his 1969 UK number one single, released on the United Artists label, "Where Do You Go To (My Lovely)?", a portrait of a poor-born girl Marie-Claire who becomes a member of the European jet set. The song topped the chart in 14 countries. It was also awarded the 1970 Ivor Novello Award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically. He later cited his first wife, Anita, as the inspiration for the song. His debut album in 1969 reached number eight on the British charts and his follow-up single, "Frozen Orange Juice", reached number 10 in the UK in 1969. However, subsequent releases failed to chart. Sarstedt recorded songs include "Beirut", "Take Off Your Clothes", and "I Am a Cathedral". Another selection from the album Where Do You Go To (My Lovely)?, from which his single of the same title had been released, was called "Overture." This instrumental, whose music Sarstedt had composed in collaboration with Ian Green and Ray Singer, was later used as the theme music for Keep America Beautiful's famous "Crying Indian" public service announcement, which starred Iron Eyes Cody.

This is a document about Clive Sarstedt
  Clive Sarstedt's brothers are: Eden Kane (born; Richard Graham Sarstedt, 29 March 1940, in New Delhi, British India) a teen idol, who topped the UK Singles Chart in 1961, with "Well I Ask You". Peter Sarstedt (born Peter Eardley Sarstedt, 10 December 1941 Delhi, British India; died 8 January 2017 Sussex, England) best known for writing and performing the single "Where Do You Go To (My Lovely)?", which topped the UK Singles Chart in 1969.

This is a document about Ray Singer (record producer)
  Whilst working in Paris he discovered a busker from London, the singer-songwriter Peter Sarstedt. Singer took him into the studios for Island and recorded Peter Sarstedt, an album of his compositions. From these sessions came the million selling "Where Do You Go To (My Lovely)?" Sarstedt hits that followed included "Frozen Orange Juice" and "I'm A Cathedral".

This is a document about Sophia Loren
  Gina Lollobrigida instead. Loren preferred devoting more time to raising her sons. Loren has recorded more than two dozen songs throughout her career, including a best-selling album of comedic songs with Peter Sellers; reportedly, she had to fend off his romantic advances. Partly owing to Sellers's infatuation with Loren, he split with his first wife, Anne Howe. Loren has made it clear to numerous biographers that Sellers's affections were reciprocated only platonically. This collaboration was covered in The Life and Death of Peter Sellers where actress Sonia Aquino portrayed Loren. The song "Where Do You Go To (My Lovely)?" by Peter Sarstedt was said to have been inspired by Loren.

This is a document about List of songs about Paris
  I Play in Paris the Fellows I Know, All Are Crazy, Don't Know Why" from Kissing Time ; "When I Take My Morning Promenade" by Marie Lloyd ; "When Paris Cries" by Erroll Garner ; "When Paris Goes to Sleep" by Franck Pourcel ; "When Paris Was a Woman" by Melissa Manchester ; "When Strolling Down a Boulevard" from the musical comedy 'The Circus Girl' ; "Where Do You Go to My Lovely?" by Peter Sarstedt ; "Where Is the Elysses Montmartre?" by Mad Professor ; "While Paris Sleeps" by Adriano ; "Who Said Gay Paris?" by Cole Porter

This is a document about The Easybeats
  In 1969, the band parted ways with United Artists and their production company Albert Productions to sign with Polydor Records. In April, the group went into London's Olympic Studios to record their first single for Polydor. They teamed up with producer Ray Singer, a former member of UK band Nirvana, who had made a name for himself as a producer with Peter Sarstedt's "Where Do You Go To (My Lovely)". "St. Louis" was released on 27 June 1969, but failed to chart in the UK. However it reached No. 21 on the Go-Set charts in Australia. In July 1969, it was announced that the working relationship between manager Mike Vaughan and the group had

This is a document about Zizi Jeanmaire
  Jeanmaire is mentioned in the lyrics of the song by Peter Sarstedt, "Where Do You Go To (My Lovely)?", in the first line: "You talk like Marlene Dietrich, and you dance like Zizi Jeanmaire / Your clothes are all made by Balmain and there's diamonds and pearls in your hair". She is also mentioned in the Steve Harley song "Nothing Is Sacred".

This is a document about Bedsit
  locked in solitary confinement. Scottish folk-rock singer Al Stewart's debut album is titled Bedsitter Images. In "I Fought in a War" by Scottish indie band Belle and Sebastian, mention is made of the "bedsit infamy of the decade gone before". The subject is also referenced for a similar purpose in "Legend in My Living Room" by Annie Lennox ["...Bright lights and trains and bedsit stains"] as well as the Soft Cell song "Bedsitter", about club life. David Bowie in "Song for Bob Dylan" from Hunky Dory (1971) sings: "You gave your heart to every bedsit room". The Clash song "Capitol Radio" remarks "phone in from your bedsit room".

This is a document about Ray Singer (record producer)
  Singer set up his own recording studio in London and his own label, Singer Records. The success of the Wes Anderson movie, The Darjeeling Limited, with Owen Wilson, Adrien Brody and Anjelica Huston, which featured Peter Sarstedt's "Where Do You Go To, My Lovely", led to Singer Records releasing The Lost Album by Peter Sarstedt, which has become an iTunes best seller. Other artists featured on Singer Records are Suggs from Madness, Toyah Willcox and Imaani from Incognito. He worked on singer-songwriter Ana Silvera's album, The Aviary, co-produced alongside Brad Albetta.

This is a document about Where Do You Go (La Bouche song)
  "Where Do You Go" is a dance track with a 4/4 rhythm structure, running at a speed of 127 beats per minute. It is built around a drum beat that was sampled from the Todd Terry remix of the song "Missing", by English act Everything But The Girl. The chorus hook "where do you go, my lovely?" references Peter Sarstedt's 1969 hit "Where Do You Go To (My Lovely)".

This is a document about Wingmen (Flight of the Conchords)
  As Bret walks into the apartment, he picks up a guitar and launches into song about his day and the girl that he met and romanced. Jemaine adds humorous skeptical comments between Bret's lines. At the end of the song Bret admits that "95% of the song is made up", and that he invented most of it after simply noticing a girl at the local pet store. The song is a parody of Peter Sarstedt's "Where Do You Go To (My Lovely)" and also of Billy Joel's "Piano Man".

This is a document about Wind of Time
 Notes ; "Tears in Heaven" is a cover of Eric Clapton. ; "If Only " is a cover of Rod Stewart. ; "A Whiter Shade of Pale" is a cover of Procol Harum. ; "She" is a cover of Charles Aznavour. ; "When I See You Smile" is a cover of Bad English. ; "The Rose" is a cover of Bette Midler. ; "Streets of London" is a cover of Ralph McTell. ; "Blowin' In The Wind" is a cover of Bob Dylan. ; "Fragile" is a cover of Sting. ; "With Or Without You" is a cover of U2. ; "Where Do You Go to My Lovely" is a cover of Peter Sarstedt.

This is a document about Lovely (Billie Eilish and Khalid song)
  "Lovely" first entered the Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart at number two on May 4, 2018. The track rose to number 64 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart on January 25, 2019. Following the release of Eilish's debut studio album When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go?, "Lovely" re-entered the chart at number 85. At the same time, Eilish broke the record for the most simultaneous Hot 100 entries for a female artist. "Lovely" received a double-platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), which denotes track-equivalent sales of two million units based on sales and streams. In the United Kingdom, the single peaked at

This is a document about Howard Greenfield
  "Theme to Where the Boys Are," the film in which she starred. When, in 1958, Sedaka signed to RCA Records as a solo artist, he and Greenfield composed a string of hits for Sedaka to record – among them "The Diary", "Oh! Carol", "Stairway to Heaven", "Calendar Girl", "Little Devil", "Happy Birthday Sweet Sixteen", "Next Door to an Angel" and the chart-topping "Breaking Up Is Hard to Do". Sedaka's recordings eventually sold a combined 25 million records. As Sedaka's promotional and touring commitments began taking up more and more of his time, Kirshner encouraged Greenfield to collaborate with other Aldon writers. Beginning in 1960, Greenfield began a

This is a document about Marlene Dietrich
  with the Operation Entertainment Medal. The French Government made her a Chevalier (later upgraded to Commandeur) of the Légion d'honneur and a Commandeur of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. Her other awards include the Medallion of Honor of the State of Israel, the Fashion Foundation of America award and a Chevalier de l'Ordre de Leopold (Belgium). Dietrich is referenced in a number of popular 20th century songs, including Rodgers and Hart's "The Most Beautiful Girl in the World" (1935), Peter Sarstedt's "Where Do You Go To, My Lovely?" (1969), Suzanne Vega's "Marlene On The Wall" (1985), Peter Murphy (musician)'s "Marlene Dietrich's Favourite Poem" (1989),and Madonna's

This is a document about 1969 in music
  Guess Who • "Viva Bobby Joe" – The Equals • "When I Die" – Motherlode • "Where Do You Go To (My Lovely)?" – Peter Sarstedt • "Who Do You Love?" – Juicy Lucy • "Whole Lotta Love" – Led Zeppelin • "Why?" – The Cats • "Workin' On a Groovy Thing" – The 5th Dimension • "Worst That Could Happen" – The Brooklyn Bridge • "Yester-Me, Yester-You, Yesterday" – Stevie Wonder • "You Showed Me" – The Turtles • "You've Lost That Lovin' Feeling" – Dionne Warwick • "You've Made Me So Very Happy" – Blood, Sweat & Tears

Peter Sarstedt sang "Where Do You Go To (My Lovely)" when he is alone in his bed in the song.


Question: who landed the first quad jump in figure skating

Answer: Kurt Browning

This is a document about Figure skating records and statistics
 History of first jumps ; Quad (figure skating)

This is a document about Quad (figure skating)
  on his 4Lz, landing it for the second time in one competition. ; Boyang Jin (CHN) at the 2015-16 Grand Prix Final lands six quad jumps in two programs: 4Lz-3T combination and 4T in a short program, and 4Lz, 4S, 4T-2T, 4T in a free skate, although he steps out on the quad Salchow. ; 2016 ; Nathan Chen (USA) at the 2016 U.S. Figure Skating Championships becomes the first American to have landed two quads (4T and 4S) in his short program, four quads (4T-2T, 4S-2T-2Lo, 4T and 4S) in the free skate, and also six quads in two programs.

This is a document about 1988 World Figure Skating Championships
  Kurt Browning of Canada landed the first ratified quadruple jump (a toe loop) in his free skating. Jozef Sabovcik of Czechoslovakia had landed a quad toe loop at the 1986 European Championships which was recognized at the event but then ruled invalid three weeks later due to a touchdown with his free foot.

This is a document about Quad (figure skating)
  A quad, or quadruple, is a figure skating jump with at least four (but fewer than five) revolutions. All quadruple jumps have four revolutions, except for the quadruple Axel, which has four and a half revolutions. No figure skater to date has landed the quadruple Axel in competition. The quadruple toe loop and quadruple Salchow are the two most commonly performed quads. Quadruple jumps have become increasingly common among World and Olympic level men's single skaters, to the point that not performing a quad in a program has come to be seen as a severe handicap. This phenomenon is often referred to as the "quad revolution". Since 2018, quadruple jumps have also become an increasingly common feature of women's skating, although they are not allowed under the ISU rules in the ladies' short program. The first person to land a ratified quadruple jump in competition was Canadian Kurt Browning in 1988. Miki Ando became the first female to do so, in 2002, and is now one of six women to have landed a ratified quadruple jump in international competition.

This is a document about Quad (figure skating)
  U.S. Nationals. ; Elvis Stojko (CAN) lands the first quad-triple combination (the first quad toe-triple toe) at the Champions Series Final. Three different skaters each land a quad jump at this competition: Elvis Stojko, Ilia Kulik (RUS), and Alexei Urmanov (RUS). ; Guo Zhengxin (CHN) is the first to land two quads in a single performance at the World Championships: a quad toe, plus a quad toe-double toe combination, thus also making him the first to land a single quad and a quad in combination together in one performance. ; Elvis Stojko repeats his quad toe-triple toe at the World Championships.

This is a document about Quad (figure skating)
  the Olympics. ; Vincent Zhou (USA) becomes the first skater to land a quad Lutz at the Olympics. ; Nathan Chen (USA) was the first to land six quads in a free skate (five of them cleanly), also at the 2018 Winter Olympics. ; Vincent Zhou (USA) successfully lands a quad flip in competition at the World Championships. ; Stephen Gogolev (CAN) becomes the youngest person to land quad Lutz, quad Salchow and quad toe in international competition, at the age of 13, landing three quad jumps in his free skate at the 2018 Junior Grand Prix Slovakia. ; Dmitri

This is a document about 1999 Skate America
  Timothy Goebel made history by becoming the first person to land three quadruple jumps in one program. In the men's free skating, he landed a quad salchow, a quad toe loop in combination, and a quad toe loop as a solo jump.

This is a document about Quad (figure skating)
  (USA) becomes the first American to land a quadruple jump (a quad Salchow in combination with a double toe loop) in competition at the Junior Champions Series Final. In so doing he also lands the first quadruple Salchow and the first quad Salchow in combination (as well as the first quad combination by an American). The jump is ratified by the ISU a month later. ; Ilia Kulik (RUS) becomes the first Olympic champion to land a quad in a winning program. ; The ISU votes to permit solo quadruple jumps in the men's short program at their biennial congress in

This is a document about Quad (figure skating)
  but falls and loses his title to Brian Orser (CAN). ; 1988 ; Kurt Browning (CAN) lands the first ratified quadruple jump, a toe loop, at the World Championships (with three turns on the landing).  Browning said: "I remember that there were a few people landing the jump (in practice) long before I did, and by watching them I was inspired to try it myself. After landing it, I certainly expected more skaters to start doing it in competition. I was surprised in the next few years when that really did not happen." ; Brian Boitano (USA) attempts a quad toe

This is a document about Quadruple jump controversy
  Though the argument over the quad has attracted attention mostly following the men's figure skating competition at the Vancouver Olympic Games of 2010, the controversy itself is rooted in the quad's history, and its role at major figure skating competitions, including the Winter Olympics. The jump had become so common in men's figure skating since Kurt Browning first landed it in 1988 that it came to be viewed as a deciding element in a winning program and the lack of it almost a handicap. Since the 1994 Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway, where Alexei Urmanov won gold without one, the quad, if landed in a competition (absent major weaknesses), made a difference between the first and

This is a document about Quad (figure skating)
  (Lutz, flip, toeloop, Salchow), 2) five quads in total in a free skating program, and 3) seven quads in total in both his short program and free skating. ; Shoma Uno (JPN) successfully lands a quad loop in his free skate at the 2017 Four Continents Championships. He also lands a quad flip and two quad toe loops in the same programs. ; Yuzuru Hanyu (JPN) becomes the first competitor to land three quads in the second half of a free skating program. ; Nathan Chen (USA) becomes the first figure skater to have landed five different types of quads

This is a document about Quad (figure skating)
  Boyang Jin (CHN) at his debut Four Continents Championships in Taipei lands six clean quad jumps in two programs: 4Lz-3T combination and 4T in a short program, and 4Lz, 4S, 4T-2T, 4T in a free skate. ; Shoma Uno (JPN) becomes the first skater to successfully land a quadruple flip in the competition at the 2016 Team Challenge Cup. ; Alexei Krasnozhon (USA) at a JGP in Slovenia lands a quad loop but steps out on the landing; the jump is counted as fully rotated. ; Yuzuru Hanyu (JPN) becomes the first skater to successfully land a quad loop in competition

This is a document about Kevin Reynolds (figure skater)
  was the first skater to successfully land five quads in one competition (at the 2013 Four Continents; two quads in the short program — 4S+3T, 4T and three in the free skate — 4S, 4T+3T and 4T). ; He was the first Canadian skater to land six quads in one competition (in the 2017 World Championships; in the short program — 4S+3T and 4T; in the free skate — 4S+2T, 4T+3T, 4S and 4T). ; He was the first skater to attempt a quad salchow-triple toe loop-triple loop (4S+3T+3Lo) combination in his free skater at 2018 Four Continents Championships. Unfortunately a quad salchow was underrotated.  (Usually, ISU does not homologate national records.)

This is a document about Yaroslav Paniot
 The first European skater to have completed a quad flip in international competition. He landed the jump in his free skate at the 2017 US International Figure Skating Classic.

This is a document about Quad (figure skating)
  Michael Weiss (USA) is the first American to land a quadruple toe at the World Championships. ; Ilia Klimkin (RUS) becomes the first man to land two different quadruple jumps (salchow and toe loop) in a program at the 1999 Nebelhorn Trophy. ; Timothy Goebel (USA) becomes the first man to land three quadruple jumps in a program (long program) at 1999 Skate America in October: a quad salchow, a quad toe loop in combination, and a quad toe as a solo jump. ; Evgeni Plushenko (RUS) performs the world's first quad-triple-double (quadruple toe-triple toe-double loop) combination at the NHK Trophy.

This is a document about Quad (figure skating)
  a quadruple Lutz in international competition. ; Kevin Reynolds (CAN) attempts quad loop at 2011 Cup of China. The jump was downgraded, then he fell. ; 2012 ; Kevin Reynolds (CAN) attempts quad loop at 2012 World Team Trophy. The jump was underrotated, then he fell. ; Javier Fernández (ESP) becomes the second European skater to land three quads (two salchows and a toe-loop) in a free program and the first one to do it with a quad-triple combination (4S+3T) at the 2012 Grand Prix Final in Sochi, Russia. ; 2013 ; Brian Joubert (FRA) becomes the first skater to land

This is a document about Timothy Goebel
  Early in his career, Goebel was coached by Carol Heiss Jenkins and Glyn Watts near his Illinois home and then moved to California to work with Frank Carroll. Goebel was sometimes referred to as the "Quad King" because of his ability to land quadruple jumps. On March 7, 1998, in Lausanne, Switzerland, at the Junior Grand Prix Final, Goebel became the first skater in the world to land a quadruple Salchow, and the first American skater to land a quadruple jump of any kind in competition. International Skating Union officials ratified the jump at the end of the month after watching a video provided by the parents of

This is a document about Quad (figure skating)
  ; Timothy Goebel (USA) lands a clean (solo) quad Salchow at the Goodwill Games in July. ; Derek Schmidt (CAN) attempts quad toe loops in his short programs during two minor regional Canadian summer competitions but fails to complete the jumps cleanly. ; Elvis Stojko (CAN) is the first to attempt a quad (toe loop) in a short program at a major international competition at Skate America, but falls on the attempt. ; 1999 ; Zhang Min (CHN) becomes the first man to land a quadruple jump (a toe loop) in a short program at the Four Continents Championship in February.

This is a document about Quad (figure skating)
 On March 25, 1988, at the World Championships in Budapest, Hungary, Canadian skater Kurt Browning landed the first ratified quadruple jump (a quad toe loop) in competition. ; On March 7, 1998, at the Junior Grand Prix Final in Lausanne, Switzerland, American skater Timothy Goebel landed the first ratified quadruple Salchow and, in particular, a quad Salchow in combination. ; On September 16, 2011, in the short program at the Colorado Springs Invitational, American skater Brandon Mroz landed the first ratified quad Lutz in a sanctioned competition.    On November 12, he landed a ratified quad Lutz at the NHK Trophy, becoming the first skater to land successfully a quad Lutz in international competition. ; On

This is a document about 2018 Winter Olympics
 Noriaki Kasai of Japan became the first athlete in history to participate in eight Winter Olympics when he took part in the ski jumping qualification the day before the opening of the Games. The previous record of seven Winter Olympics was held by Russian luger Albert Demchenko. ; Japanese athlete Yuzuru Hanyu became the fourth male figure skater (after Gillis Grafström, Karl Schäfer, and Dick Button) to win two consecutive Olympic gold medals. ; American Nathan Chen became the first figure skater to land five quadruple jumps in one program. ; German figure skaters Aliona Savchenko and Bruno Massot set a new ISU best free skating score of 159.31 in pair skating. ; Canadian figure skaters Tessa Virtue

Kurt Browning landed the first ratified quadruple jump (toe loop) in figure skating at the 1988 World Championships.