Question: who wrote the song up on the housetop

Answer: Benjamin Hanby

This is a document about Up on the Housetop
  "Up on the Housetop" is a Christmas song written by Benjamin Hanby in 1864. It has been recorded by a multitude of singers, most notably Gene Autry in 1953.

This is a document about Up on the Housetop
  According to William Studwell in The Christmas Carol Reader, "Up on the Housetop" was the second-oldest secular Christmas song, outdone only by "Jingle Bells", which was written in 1857. It is also considered the first Yuletide song to focus primarily on Santa Claus. It was originally published in the magazine Our Song Birds by Root & Cady. According to Readers Digest Merry Christmas Song Book, Hanby probably owes the idea that Santa and his sleigh land on the roofs of homes to Clement C. Moore's 1822 poem, "A Visit from St. Nicholas" (also commonly known as "The Night Before Christmas"). Benjamin Russell Hanby was born in 1833 near Rushville, Ohio, the son of a minister involved with the Underground Railroad. During his short life, he wrote some 80 songs before dying of tuberculosis in 1867. Other than "Up on the Housetop", his best-known song is "Darling Nelly Gray".

This is a document about We Need a Little Christmas (Andy Williams album)
  Of the three songs on the album that Williams had not recorded before, "Jolly Old Saint Nicholas" is the least traceable in origin, although it is estimated that it was written in the late 19th century. The year in which "Up on the House Top" was written is also uncertain, but because its creator, Benjamin Hanby, was in his mid-30s when he died in 1867, the 1850s or 1860s is the estimate. The third newcomer, "We Need a Little Christmas", comes from the 1966 Broadway musical Mame.

This is a document about Christmas music
  Hawaiian language. ; 1951: "Christmas Choir", released by Patti Page on Christmas with Patti Page. ; 1951: "Suzy Snowflake", written by Sid Tepper and Roy C. Bennett; released by Rosemary Clooney as a 78 RPM record through Columbia Records. ; 1953: "Up on the House Top", written by Benjamin Hanby in 1864; popularized by Gene Autry. ; 1954: "The Christmas Waltz", written by Sammy Cahn and Jule Styne; released by Frank Sinatra on the B-side of his version of "White Christmas" and later A Jolly Christmas from Frank Sinatra (1957) and The Sinatra Family Wish You a Merry Christmas (1968). ; 1955: "The First Snowfall"

This is a document about List of songs recorded by the Jackson 5
 "Under the Boardwalk" ; Arthur Resnick Arthur Resnick Arthur Resnick Steeltown track ; An overdubbed version of this song was released on the 1989 album The Beginning Years 1967-1968, prior to the inclusion of the original recording being featured on Big Boy in 1993 ; "Up on the House Top" ; The Jackson 5 Christmas Album ; Benjamin Hanby ; align=center|— ; "Up On The Roof" ; Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls ; Gerry Goffin "Up On The Roof" ; Come and Get It: The Rare Pearls ; Gerry Goffin The Drifters cover ; "Uppermost" ; Skywriter ; Clifton Davis ; align=center|— ; bgcolor="#EEEEEE" colspan="4" | align=center|— ; bgcolor="#EEEEEE" colspan="4" | bgcolor="#EEEEEE" colspan="4" | ! width="20%" | Title ! width="15%" | Originating album ! width="15%" | Writer(s) ! width="25%" | Notes Kenny Young Carole King

This is a document about Christmas music
  "Jolly Old Saint Nicholas" originated with a poem by Emily Huntington Miller (1833-1913), published as "Lilly's Secret" in The Little Corporal Magazine December 1865. Lyrics have also been attributed to Benjamin Hanby, who wrote Up on the Housetop in 1864, but the words commonly heard today resemble Miller's 1865 poem. James R. Murray is attributed as composer in the first publication of the music in School Chimes, A New School Music Book by S. Brainard's Sons in 1874. Early notable recordings were made by Ray Smith (1949), Chet Atkins (1961), Eddy Arnold (1962), and Alvin and the Chipmunks (1963). "I've Got My Love to Keep Me Warm", introduced in the musical film On the Avenue by Dick Powell and Alice Faye in 1937, was written by Irving Berlin. "The Little Boy that Santa Claus Forgot" – written by Michael Carr, Tommie Connor, and Jimmy

This is a document about List of Billboard Adult Contemporary number ones of 2006
  Adult Contemporary is a chart published by Billboard ranking the top-performing songs in the United States in the adult contemporary music (AC) market. In 2006, 9 different songs topped the chart in 52 issues of the magazine, based on weekly airplay data from radio stations compiled by Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems. In the first issue of Billboard of the new year, the number one song was "Up on the Housetop" by Kimberley Locke, which was in its fourth week atop the chart. Canadian singer Daniel Powter's song "Bad Day" had the longest unbroken run of the year at number one, spending consecutive

This is a document about Benjamin Hanby
  to the campus of Otterbein University. After graduation in 1858, Hanby briefly taught school and then became a minister in the Church of the United Brethren in Christ. In 1860, he became principal of Seven Mile Academy in Seven Mile, Ohio. In 1864, Hanby was minister of a church in New Paris, Ohio, but by Christmas 1864, he was no longer working as a pastor, but operating a singing school in New Paris. He composed "Up On The Housetop" as a Christmas sing-along. It was originally titled Santa Claus. The following year, Chicago publisher George Frederick Root published "Up On The Housetop" and brought Hanby to Chicago to pursue other publishing ventures. At age 33, Hanby died from tuberculosis in Chicago on March 16, 1867. He is buried in Otterbein Cemetery in Westerville.

This is a document about Come On Up to the House
  "Come On Up to the House" is a song originally sung by American singer-songwriter Tom Waits and co-written by Waits and Kathleen Brennan for his 1999 album Mule Variations. Andrew Borger, Joe Gore, Charlie Musselwhite, Nik Phelps, Larry Taylor perform the song with Waits. The name of the song was used for a tribute album of Tom Waits covers by well known female singer-songwriters, called Come On Up to the House: Women Sing Waits.

This is a document about Benjamin Hanby
   Benjamin Russell Hanby (July 22, 1833 – March 16, 1867), also given as Benjamin Russel Hanby, was an American composer, educator, and pastor who wrote approximately 80 songs. The most famous are "Darling Nelly Gray" and the Christmas songs "Up on the House Top" and "Who Is He In Yonder Stall?". Hanby was born in Rushville, Ohio. He moved to Westerville, Ohio in 1849, at the age of sixteen, to enroll at Otterbein University. He was involved in the Underground Railroad with his father, Bishop William Hanby. Hanby composed "Darling Nelly Gray" in 1856 in what is now a national historical site, the Hanby House, located at the corner of Grove and Main Streets (in the 1830s, when Hanby was still a child his family moved to 160 West Main Street) in Westerville,

This is a document about Fujiyama Mama
  The song was written in 1954 by Jack Hammer, best known as the co-writer of "Great Balls of Fire". Jack Hammer was a pseudonym used by Earl Solomon Burroughs. Hammer wrote the song from the perspective of a Japanese woman. She says she has drunk a quart of sake and is about to "blow my top". The lyrics assert that "when I start you up, there ain't nobody gonna make me stop," and compare the woman's energy to the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the iconic Japanese volcano, Mount Fuji.

This is a document about List of Otterbein University alumni
 Benjamin Hanby, composer of over 80 songs and hymns, including "Darling Nelly Gray" and the Christmas songs "Up on the House Top" and "Jolly Old Saint Nicholas"

This is a document about Glee: The Music, The Christmas Album
 Notes ; "Deck the Rooftop" is a medley of "Deck the Halls" and "Up on the Housetop". ; "Deck the Halls": Earliest sound recording performed by Voco Orchestra ; "Up on the Housetop": Earliest sound recording performed by Bill Boyd and His Cowboy Ramblers.

This is a document about Up to the Mountain (MLK Song)
  "Up to the Mountain (MLK Song)" is a contemporary folk song written by Patty Griffin. The song touches upon emotions surrounding Martin Luther King Jr.'s famous 1968 "I've Been to the Mountaintop" speech, given the day before his assassination in Memphis, Tennessee. Originally recorded by Solomon Burke in 2006 and Griffin herself in 2007, it has found greater prominence in performances and recordings since then by Kelly Clarkson and Jeff Beck, Susan Boyle, Crystal Bowersox, and Kree Harrison.

This is a document about 20th Century Masters – The Christmas Collection: The Best of Reba
  20th Century Masters – The Christmas Collection: The Best of Reba McEntire received three out of five stars from William Ruhlmann of Allmusic. In his review, Ruhlmann describes McEntire's versions of "Silent Night" and "Up on the Housetop" as "appropriately reverent," while "This Is My Prayer for You" is the "most memorable" of the non-standards.

This is a document about High on the Mountain Top
  "High on the Mountain Top" is an 1850s hymn written by Latter Day Saint hymn writers Joel H. Johnson and Ebenezer Beesley. Originally named "Deseret", it is hymn number 5 in the current LDS Church hymnal. The lyrics to the hymn were written by Johnson in 1853, five years after Brigham Young preached on Ensign Peak as the Mormon pioneers first arrived in the Salt Lake Valley. Even though Johnson's journal contains more than 700 hymns, "High on the Mountain Top" is his most notable contribution to LDS music. In 1854, Beesley composed music to accompany Johnson's poem. The Mormon Tabernacle Choir adopted Beesley's rendition and it has since become one of the choir's standard numbers. The hymn has five verses and centers on the theme that God has restored the gospel to the earth.

This is a document about Glenn Douglas Tubb
  The song "Skip a Rope" written by him and Jack Moran, performed by Henson Cargill was nominated for a Grammy in 1969. Glenn Douglas Tubb is a nephew of Ernest Tubb and performed at The Ernest Tubb Record Shop Texas Troubadour Theater Midnite Jamboree. In addition to "Skip A Rope", he co-wrote the hit "Home of the Blues" with Johnny Cash, and he co-wrote the George Jones and Tammy Wynette hit "Two Story House", with Dave Lindsey and Tammy Wynette. He wrote a gospel song for Johnny Cash titled "I Talk To Jesus Every Day" that was later recorded by Bob Dylan and others. He also wrote

This is a document about Curly Top (film)
  Ray Henderson composed the five songs for Curly Top. Johnny Mercer wanted to write the lyrics but the job went to Ted Koehler, a former partner of Harold Arlen. Edward Heyman and Irving Caesar also wrote lyrics for the film. With the exception of "When I Grow Up", the film's songs are introduced in the film through the device of having characters Mary Blair and Edward Morgan sideline as composers. In an early scene in the orphanage dining room, for example, Mary tells Morgan she composed "Animal Crackers in My Soup", and in another scene, Morgan composes and sings "It's All So New to Me" at his piano. At the Gala, Mary sings "The Simple Things in Life", a tune presumably composed by Morgan as he mentioned at one early point in the film that he would likely do so. At the end of the film, he sings his newly composed "Curly Top" to Elizabeth as she sits, then tap dances, atop his grand piano.

This is a document about Up on the Roof (song)
  "Up on the Roof" is a song written by Gerry Goffin and Carole King and recorded in 1962 by The Drifters. Released late that year, the disc became a major hit in early 1963, reaching number 5 on the U.S. pop singles chart and number 4 on the U.S. R&B singles chart. In the UK it was a top ten success for singer Kenny Lynch, whose version was also released in 1962.

This is a document about Christmas music
  written later by Fred Jay); released by Johnny Mathis as single entitled "When A Child Is Born (Soleado)" with "Every Time You Touch Me (I Get High)" on the B-side. ; 1977: "Celebrate Me Home", written by Kenny Loggins and Bob James; recorded by Loggins as title track of his debut solo album Celebrate Me Home. ; 1977: "Father Christmas", written by Ray Davies; released by The Kinks as a single (with "Prince of the Punks" on B-side). ; 1977: "Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy", "The Little Drummer Boy" written in 1941 by Katherine Kennicott Davis; "Peace on Earth" written by Ian Fraser, Larry Grossman, and Alan Kohan; medley

Benjamin Hanby wrote the song "Up on the Housetop" in 1864.


Question: who sings the song everybody 's talkin at me

Answer: Fred Neil

This is a document about Everybody's Talkin'
  "Everybody's Talkin ' (Echoes)" is a song written and recorded by American singer-songwriter Fred Neil in 1966 and released two years later. A version of the song performed by American singer-songwriter Harry Nilsson became a hit in 1969, reaching No. 6 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and winning a Grammy Award after it was featured in the film Midnight Cowboy. The song, which describes the singer's desire to retreat from the harshness of the city to a more peaceful place and an easier life, is among the most famous works of both artists, and has been covered by many other notable performers.

This is a document about Everybody's Talkin' (Tedeschi Trucks Band album)
 October 25, 2011 at The Danforth Music Hall, Toronto, ON by Embrace Presents ; October 28, 2011 at the Warner Theatre, Washington, D.C. ; October 29, 2011 at Fairfield Theatre Compagny at The Klein, Bridgeport, CT Everybody's Talkin' is the second album and the first live album by the 11-piece Tedeschi Trucks Band and was released in 2012 by Sony Masterworks. It's been released as a 2-CD and 3-CD set as well as a three disc vinyl set. The title comes from the song carrying the same name, formerly a hit for Harry Nilsson. The band's cover is a hybrid of the Nilsson and Bill Withers versions. The songs on the album are a compilation of recordings from the following three nights In an interview with Rolling Stone magazine, Trucks stated many of the tracks came from the almost-cancelled Bridgeport, CT show. "There was a real loose feeling to it, which ended up being great. We used a lot of stuff from that night."

This is a document about Everybody's Talkin'
  2005, according to figures from Broadcast Music Incorporated reported in The New York Times, the song had aired on radio and television 6.7 million times. In 2004, the song was listed by the American Film Institute as No. 20 in its "top 100 movie songs" for the first 100 years of film. In 2007, this song was used by the UK government for TV promos about the UK's digital television transition until 2012, when it completed in Northern Ireland in October that year. Harry Dean Stanton described "Everybody's Talkin'" as "a heroin song" which he claimed was "inspired by Luke Askew, an actor."

This is a document about Graham Webb (broadcaster)
  and feature film director Russell Mulcahy. In need of material for the new show, Graham approached Mulcahy, who was a staffer in the ATN-7 newsroom, and asked him to film some footage to accompany popular songs, for which there were no purpose-made clips (e.g. Kris Kristofferson's "Why Me" and Harry Nilsson's "Everybody's Talking"). Using this method, Webb and Mulcahy assembled a collection of around 25 clips for the first show. The success of his early efforts encouraged Mulcahy to quit his TV job to become a full-time director. He made clips for popular Australian acts including Stylus, Marcia Hines, Hush and AC/DC, before moving to the UK,

This is a document about Adiós (Glen Campbell album)
  The album was released on June 9, 2017. The first track, a remake of the Fred Neil classic "Everybody's Talkin'", was released on YouTube and to the media on April 14, 2017. The title track was made available for streaming on May 3, 2017.

This is a document about Nilsson Sings Newman
  I need more current voice. Forget the one that's saying 'more first voice. Besides piano, other instruments were sometimes used in the studio, including bass drum, tambourine and various electronic keyboards. On the song "Cowboy", Nilsson used electronic harpsichord to bring in a different concluding theme, quoting John Barry's theme from the film Midnight Cowboy, an inside joke that referenced Fred Neil's "Everybody's Talkin'" from the same film, a major success for Nilsson earlier that year. A number of alternate takes and songs were recorded but left off the 1970 album. Two such songs were "Snow" and "Linda". Newman wrote one song specifically for the album: "Caroline",

This is a document about Ballad of Easy Rider
  The Byrds' version of the song was recorded on June 18, 1969, and is performed at a quicker tempo than the soundtrack version. The song was also lengthened by producer Terry Melcher by editing a copy of the first verse onto the end of the second, effectively creating a third verse. In addition, Melcher added an orchestral overdub to the track in an attempt to emulate recent hit singles like Glen Campbell's "Gentle on My Mind" and Harry Nilsson's "Everybody's Talkin'". As recording sessions for the Byrds' eighth studio album continued, interest in the band mounted as a result of their involvement with the Easy Rider film, leading McGuinn to announce in interviews that the band's next album would be titled Captain America, in

This is a document about Pills 'n' Thrills and Bellyaches
  Blair to contribute to "Loose Fit" and "Bob's Yer Uncle". Spurred on by the laidback nature of the sessions, the band attempted a cover of "Everybody's Talkin'" (1966) by Fred Neil. With the guidance of Oakenfold, kept the feel of the song, while scrapping everything else, eventually causing the band to write "Bob's Yer Uncle". Shaun Ryder would attempt to get out of recording vocals frequently, claiming he was not in the right mood. Osborne had to talk him into the idea, as he learned from working on "Step On", Ryder was "not somebody who is a super-confident vocalist. Doing vocals for Shaun [Ryder] is not an easy

This is a document about All the People Are Talkin'
  All The People Are Talkin' is the fifth studio album by country artist John Anderson. It was released in 1983 under Warner Bros. Records. Singles from it include the Number One country hit "Black Sheep" and "Let Somebody Else Drive".

This is a document about Everybody Talks
  million digital downloads. It also hit No. 7 on the Alternative Songs chart, their first Top 10 hit after Animal. It also hit No. 1 on the Adult Pop Songs, their first song to do so. "Everybody Talks" was inspired by early 1960s pop music; Tyler Glenn said that "We fell in love with a lot of like Roy Orbison and the Motown music that my dad listens to." Glenn later revealed via Twitter, during National Coming Out Day in 2020, that he had written the song while closeted about an ex-girlfriend who had spread rumors that he was gay.

This is a document about Harry Nilsson
  inviting him to London to meet the Beatles, watch them at work, and possibly sign with Apple. Pandemonium Shadow Show was followed in 1968 by Aerial Ballet, an album that included Nilsson's rendition of Fred Neil's song "Everybody's Talkin'". A minor US hit at the time of release (and a top 40 hit in Canada), the song would become more popular a year later when it was featured in the film Midnight Cowboy, and it would earn Nilsson his first Grammy Award. The song would also become Nilsson's first US top 10 hit, reaching No. 6, and his first Canadian #1. Aerial Ballet also contained Nilsson's version of his

This is a document about Jesse Malin
  containing covers of songs by, among others, The Ramones, Sam Cooke, Neil Young and The Hold Steady, as well as a studio recording of a long-time live favourite, Fred Neil's "Everybody's Talkin'." In 2010, Malin formed a band called Jesse Malin and the St. Mark's Social and released a new album called Love It To Life; the title comes from a quote by Joe Strummer. (The title was previously used on a 2007 UK release of live material on the One Little Indian label.) Featuring a more rockier approach, the album's first single was "Burning The Bowery" and next

This is a document about Natural Resources
 Martha Reeves - lead vocals; background vocals on "Everybody's Talking" ; The Andantes - background vocals (side 1, tracks 2, 4, 5; side 2, tracks 2, 5 and 6) ; Lois Reeves - backing vocals (side 1, track 1; side 2, track 5) ; Sandra Tilley - background vocals (side 1, track 1; side 2, track 5) ; Valerie Simpson - background vocals (side 2, track 4) ; Nick Ashford - background vocals (side 2, track 4) ; The Funk Brothers - instrumentation

This is a document about Gilles Marchal
  a French translation appeared this same year ("Le vin de l'été" by Marie Laforêt and Gérard Klein). One of Marchal's greater successes, "Un étranger dans la ville", is a version of "Everybody's Talkin'" by Fred Neil. (Harry Nilsson sang the original version for the credits of John Schlesinger's film Midnight Cowboy.) Marchal also sang "Je suis né sous une étoile filante" (a Lerner and Loewe song translated to French by Mr. Vidalin) and "Buddy River" (a Lee Hazlewood song translated by Vline Buggy and Yves Dessca). The success of these two singles during the summer of 1970 propelled Marchal to the front of the French music

This is a document about Everybody Talks
  "Everybody Talks" is the lead single from the second studio album, Picture Show, by American rock band Neon Trees. It was released on December 20, 2011, in the United States as a digital download on iTunes. It soon became a sleeper hit. The song made it to No. 6 on the Billboard Hot 100, making this song their highest charting single to date as well as their first Top 10 hit. The song was produced by Justin Meldal-Johnsen, engineered by Greg Collins, mixed by Billy Bush, and mastered by Joe LaPorta. As of October 2012, the song has sold over

This is a document about Everybody's Talkin'
  Harry Nilsson was searching for a successful song when Rick Jarrard played the track for him, and he decided to release it on his 1968 album Aerial Ballet. When released as a single in July 1968, it managed to reach only No. 13 on the Billboard Bubbling Under the Hot 100 chart. After the song was featured as the theme song in the film Midnight Cowboy in 1969, the song was re-released as a single and became a hit, peaking at No. 6 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and No. 2 on the Billboard Easy Listening chart. When Derek Taylor recommended Nilsson for the Midnight Cowboy soundtrack to director John Schlesinger, Schlesinger selected "Everybody's Talkin, preferring the cover to the song Nilsson proposed, "I Guess the Lord Must Be in New York City". The song was used as the theme song for the movie and became closely identified with it; Nilsson's cover is also known as "Everybody's Talkin' (Theme from Midnight Cowboy)". William J. Mann, in his biography of Schlesinger, noted that "one cannot imagine Midnight Cowboy now without 'Everybody's Talkin ' ".

This is a document about Music video
  for which there were no purpose-made clips (e.g. Harry Nilsson's "Everybody's Talkin"). Using this method, Webb and Mulcahy assembled a collection of about 25 clips for the show. The success of his early efforts encouraged Mulcahy to quit his TV job and become a full-time director, and he made clips for several popular Australian acts including Stylus, Marcia Hines, Hush and AC/DC. As it gained popularity, Countdown talent coordinator Ian "Molly" Meldrum and producer Michael Shrimpton quickly realized that "film clips" were becoming an important new commodity in music marketing. Despite the show's minuscule budget, Countdown's original director Paul Drane was able to create several memorable music videos especially for the show, including the classic

This is a document about Everybody's Talkin'
  remembered for his covers of "Everybody's Talkin and "Without You". Neil, too, is largely remembered for this song. But although Neil's second album was re-released in 1969 under the title Everybody's Talkin to capitalize on the success of the song, Neil himself shunned the limelight, retiring from the industry after his final album in 1971 to live quietly in the Florida Keys with the millions of dollars he is estimated to have earned on royalties from the song.  In keeping with the song's position in the works of both artists, it has been used to title several "greatest hits" compilation albums—a 1997 release

This is a document about WLS-FM
  WYTZ again became WLS-FM at 7 p.m. on October 25, 1991. After playing "Everybody's Talkin'" by Harry Nilsson, the station switched formats to talk, again simulcasting WLS AM much of the time. On June 13, 1994, WLS-FM split off from simulcasting and launched its own "Young Talk" format featuring Robert Murphy ("Murphy in the Morning"), Rich Roeper, Rush Limbaugh (in simulcast with the AM), Jay Marvin, Lise Dominique, Turi Ryder and Johnny Vonn, as a way to compete against WLUP-FM's hot talk format. This failed to turn around ratings, and WLS-FM went back to a full-time simulcast once again with WLS (AM) on June 2, 1995. After still achieving low ratings, WLS-FM separated from WLS AM again on November 22, 1995. After stunting with Christmas music throughout November and December, the station

This is a document about Ballad of Easy Rider (album)
  The album opens with the McGuinn and Dylan penned title track, which is performed at a substantially quicker tempo than McGuinn's solo version from the Easy Rider soundtrack. The Byrds' version of the song also features the addition of an orchestra, which had been added by Melcher in an attempt to emulate the then-recent hit singles "Gentle on My Mind" by Glen Campbell and "Everybody's Talkin'" by Harry Nilsson. "Ballad of Easy Rider" was McGuinn's only songwriting contribution to the Ballad of Easy Rider album, due to his being preoccupied with composing music for a country rock adaptation of Henrik Ibsen's Peer Gynt,

The song "Everybody's Talkin'" was originally recorded by Harry Nilsson, but it was also covered by the Tedeschi Trucks Band. The version by Tedeschi Trucks Band is a hybrid of the Nilsson and Bill Withers versions.


Question: gollum 's real name in lord of the rings

Answer: Sméagol

This is a document about Ingerophrynus gollum
  It is called "gollum" with reference of the eponymous character of The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien.

This is a document about Gollum
  Gollum is a fictional monstrous character from J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium. He was introduced in the 1937 fantasy novel The Hobbit, and became important in its sequel, The Lord of the Rings. Gollum was a Stoor Hobbit of the River-folk who lived near the Gladden Fields. In The Lord of the Rings it is stated that he was originally known as Sméagol, he was corrupted by the One Ring and later named Gollum after his habit of making "a horrible swallowing noise in his throat". Sméagol obtained the Ring by murdering his relative Déagol, who found it in the River Anduin. Gollum referred to the Ring as "my precious" or "precious", and it extended his life far beyond natural limits. Centuries of the Ring's influence

This is a document about Gollum
   In Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, Gollum is a CGI character voiced and performed by actor Andy Serkis. He is smaller than both Frodo and Sam, but still has considerable strength and agility. Barely glimpsed in The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001), he becomes a central character in The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002) and The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003). The CGI character was built around Serkis's facial features, voice, and acting choices, and is depicted naked but for a loincloth. Serkis based the iconic "gollum" throat noise on the sound of

This is a document about Gollum
  Gollum's real name was Sméagol, and he had once been a member of the secluded branch of the early Stoorish Hobbits. He spent the early years of his life with his extended family under a matriarch, his grandmother. On Sméagol's birthday, he and his relative Déagol went fishing in the Gladden Fields. There, Déagol found the Ring in the riverbed after being pulled into the water by a fish. Sméagol fell immediately under the Ring's influence and demanded it as a birthday present; when Déagol refused, Sméagol strangled him. Sméagol later used the Ring for thieving, spying and antagonising his friends and relatives, who nicknamed him "Gollum" for

This is a document about Smeagol (gastropod)
  The name of the genus is in honour of Tolkien's fictional character Gollum, who was originally known as Sméagol.

This is a document about Gollum
  Gollum is the eponymous character in The Hunt for Gollum, an independently produced 2009 prequel to the Jackson films directed by Chris Bouchard. Bouchard's CGI Gollum, voiced by Gareth Brough, looks much like the Gollum of the Jackson films.

This is a document about The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring
  voice shouting and in Moria, only his eyes and his nose appear. Serkis was working on the 1999 six-episode Oliver Twist miniseries when his agent told him that Jackson wanted to approach him to play Gollum. Despite ultimately accepting the role, Serkis was initially doubtful about taking the part as one of his Oliver Twist fellow actors opined that it wasn't a good idea if his face wasn't going to appear onscreen, aside that Jackson was unsure if Gollum could be portrayed with motion-capture performance as they wished. Sala Baker as Sauron the Deceiver: The Dark Lord of Mordor and the One Ring's true

This is a document about One Ring
   In the 1981 BBC Radio serial of The Lord of the Rings, the Nazgûl chant the Ring-inscription; the BBC Radiophonic Workshop's sound effects for the Nazgul and the Black Speech of Mordor have been described as "nightmarish". In Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, the wearer of the Ring is portrayed as moving through a shadowy realm where everything is distorted. The effects of the Ring on Bilbo and Frodo are obsessions that have been compared with drug addiction; the actor Andy Serkis, who played Gollum, cited drug addiction as an inspiration for his performance. The actual ring

This is a document about Gollum
  Gollum speaks in an idiosyncratic manner, often referring to himself in the third person, and frequently talks to himself. In The Hobbit, he always refers to himself as "my precious". When not referring to himself in third person, he sometimes speaks of himself in the plural as "we", hinting at his alter ego. The rare occasions when he actually says "I" are interpreted by Frodo as an indication that Sméagol's better self has the upper hand. Gollum also uses his own versions of words similar to the original words. He usually adds -es to the end of a plural, resulting in words such as "hobbitses" instead of hobbits or "birdses" instead of birds. When forming the present tense of verbs, he frequently extends the third person singular ending -s to other persons and numbers, resulting in constructions like "we hates it" (by analogy with "he hates it"). Gollum's speech emphasises sibilants, often drawing them out.

This is a document about Gollum
  In Canada, Gollum was portrayed by Michael Therriault in the three-hour stage production of The Lord of the Rings, which opened in 2006 in Toronto. He won a Dora Award for the performance. Gollum appears in a 1989 three-part comic book adaptation of The Hobbit, scripted by Chuck Dixon and Sean Deming and illustrated by David Wenzel. The Lord of the Rings: Gollum, a video game centered on Gollum, is currently under development by Daedalic Entertainment.

This is a document about The Hobbit (film series)
 colspan="3" | Benedict Cumberbatch colspan="3" | Manu Bennett Conan Stevens ; Lawrence Makoare ; John Tui colspan="2" | Stephen Ure ; style="background:lightgrey;" | Andy Serkis ; colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;" | Barry Humphries ; colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;" | Kiran Shah ; colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;" | Stephen Ure ; colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;" | style="background:lightgrey;" | ; Ben Mitchell ; style="background:lightgrey;" | John Rawls ; colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;" | ! Sauron The Necromancer ! Azog the Defiler The Pale Orc ! Bolg ! Fimbul ! Gollum ! Great Goblin ! Goblin scribe ! Grinnah ! Narzug ! Yazneg ! colspan="4" style="background:lightblue;" |

This is a document about Gollum
  A variety of commentators have suggested that Gollum constitutes a "shadow figure" for Frodo, as his dark alter ego ("other self") according to Carl Jung's theory of psychological individuation. Some have identified many such "pairings", such as Denethor as a shadow for Théoden, Boromir for Aragorn, Saruman for Gandalf, Ted Sandyman for Sam Gamgee, the Barrow-wight for Tom Bombadil, and Shelob for Galadriel, but the Gollum/Frodo pairing is by far the most widely accepted.

This is a document about Gollum
   The band Led Zeppelin mention Gollum and Mordor in their 1969 song "Ramble On", with the lyrics "Twas in the darkest depths of Mordor / I met a girl so fair / But Gollum, and the evil one crept up / And slipped away with her". In 2014, the Turkish physician Bilgin Çiftçi shared an image comparing Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan to Gollum; he was banned from serving in the Turkish civil service, and Erdoğan sued Çiftçi for insulting him. Jackson stated that the image concerned was of Sméagol, not the evil Gollum. In 1973, a genus of ground sharks was named Gollum by the taxonomist Leonard Compagno, who noted that the slender smooth-hound "bears some resemblance in form and habits" to the Tolkien character. In 1992, a genus of intertidal sea slugs was named Smeagol in reference to the original name of the Tolkien character. In 2015, a species of cave-dwelling harvestmen was named Iandumoema smeagol. In 2016 a new species, the precious stream toad, Ansonia smeagol, was described from Malaysia; the specific epithet was chosen for the toad's "long thin limbs and bulbous eyes".

This is a document about Bored of the Rings
  the outline of The Lord of the Rings, lampooning the prologue and map of Middle-earth; its main text is a short satirical summary of Tolkien's plot. The witty text combines slapstick humour and deliberately inappropriate use of brand names. For example, the carbonated beverages Moxie and Pepsi replace Merry and Pippin. Tom Bombadil appears as "Tim Benzedrine", a stereotypical hippie married to "Hashberry", a reference to Haight-Ashbury, a district of San Francisco nicknamed Hashbury for its hippie counterculture at that time. Other characters include Dildo Bugger of Bug End and Frito Bugger (Bilbo and Frodo Baggins), Goddam (Gollum), and Arrowroot, son of Arrowshirt (Aragorn, son of Arathorn). The book includes:

This is a document about Mirkwood
  at Dol Guldur, and as he flees to Mordor his influence in Mirkwood diminishes. Years later, Gollum, after his release from Mordor, is captured by Aragorn and brought as a prisoner to Thranduil's realm. Out of pity, they allow him to roam the forest under close guard, but he escapes during an Orc raid. After the downfall of Sauron, Mirkwood is cleansed by the elf-queen Galadriel and renamed Eryn Lasgalen, Sindarin for "Wood of Greenleaves". Thranduil's son, Legolas, leaves Mirkwood for Ithilien. The wizard Radagast lived at Rhosgobel on the western eaves of Mirkwood, as depicted in the film The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey.

This is a document about Gollum
   Tolkien describes Gollum's personality after he had been captured by Frodo and Sam: "For that moment a change, which lasted for some time, came over him. He spoke with less hissing and whining, and he spoke to his companions direct, not to his precious self. He would cringe and flinch, if they stepped near him or made any sudden movement, and he avoided the touch of their elven-cloaks; but he was friendly, and indeed pitifully anxious to please. He would cackle with laughter and caper if any jest was made, or even if Frodo spoke kindly to him, and weep if Frodo rebuked him." Gollum hates everything Elf-made. In The Two Towers, Sam bound Gollum's neck with Elven rope, which caused Gollum excruciating pain by its mere presence. He was unable or unwilling to eat the lembas bread Sam and Frodo carried with them, and rejects cooked rabbit in favour of raw meat or fish.

This is a document about Tennesseellum gollum
  Tennesseellum gollum is a species of spider in the family Linyphiidae. The species is named after the fictional character Gollum from the works of J. R. R. Tolkien, in reference to "the 'evil look' of the male of this species due to the large cheliceral tubercles." Native to the Southwestern United States, it was described based on an individual collected in Anza-Borrego Desert State Park, Southern California.

This is a document about The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)
  his body and mind, and he becomes the creature Gollum (Peter Woodthorpe) who takes it with him into the Misty Mountains. Hundreds of years later, Bilbo Baggins (Norman Bird) finds the Ring in Gollum's cave and brings it back with him to the Shire. Decades later, during Bilbo's birthday celebration, the wizard Gandalf (William Squire) tells him to leave the Ring for his nephew Frodo (Christopher Guard). Bilbo reluctantly agrees, and departs for Rivendell. Seventeen years pass, during which Gandalf learns that evil forces have discovered that the Ring is in the possession of a Baggins. Gandalf meets Frodo to explain the Ring's history and the danger

This is a document about Gollum
  too, that Gollum is not wholly evil, and that he has a part to play in the will of the omnipotent god of Middle-earth, necessary to the destruction of the Ring. For Gollum's literary origins, scholars have compared Gollum to the shrivelled hag Gagool in Rider Haggard's 1885 novel King Solomon's Mines and to the subterranean Morlocks in H. G. Wells' 1895 novel The Time Machine. Gollum was voiced by Brother Theodore in Rankin-Bass' animated adaptations of The Hobbit and Return of the King, and by Peter Woodthorpe in Ralph Bakshi's animated film version and the BBC's 1981 radio adaptation of The Lord of the Rings. He was portrayed through motion capture by Andy Serkis in Peter Jackson's Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit film trilogies.

This is a document about Gollum (genus)
  Gollum is a genus of ground sharks in the family Pseudotriakidae, native to the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The genus was described in 1973 by biologist Leonard Compagno, who named it named after the character Gollum from J. R. R. Tolkien's works, noting the species Gollum attenuatus (the slender smooth-hound) "bears some resemblance in form and habits".

Sméagol is Gollum's real name in "The Lord of the Rings."


Question: where was the movie gifted filmed in florida

Answer: Tybee Island , Georgia

This is a document about Pinellas County, Florida
 Gifted (2017)– set in Pinellas County, with scenes in the Pinellas County Courthouse, but filmed in Chatham County, Georgia ; The Infiltrator (2016)– Some scenes filmed at Derby Lane Greyhound Track and St. Pete Beach ; Sunlight Jr. (2013) Some shots filmed in Clearwater at the Floridian Inn at Gulf-to-Bay Blvd. ; Spring Breakers (2013) Primarily filmed in Treasure Island, St. Pete Beach, and Gulfport. ; Magic Mike (2012)– While the film is set in Tampa, Florida it was actually filmed in St. Petersburg, Treasure Island, and Ybor City alongside set filming in Los Angeles, California. ; Dolphin Tale (2011)– Filmed and set at the

This is a document about Bending All the Rules
  It was filmed in Florida.

This is a document about Tricking the Government
  The film was shot in Florida.

This is a document about The Idle Rich (1914 film)
  The film was shot in Florida.

This is a document about RX (The Gifted)
  In May 2017, the Dallas Film Commission announced that the rest of The Gifteds episodes would not be filmed in that city, like the pilot, after a decision on tax rebates in the state was made too late for the series' schedule. Filming was moved to Atlanta, Georgia, beginning July 17. This caused the series' setting to be changed from Dallas to Atlanta (with the pilot episode retroactively changed to match this). Nix said the production was "very fortunate" to have Wiseman directing the episode, and noted that it was a "bigger" episode than the pilot, with more time allocated to it for filming than the usual eight or nine days per episode for the series. Acker described Wiseman as very "detail-oriented ... he

This is a document about Chris Evans (actor)
  worldwide, respectively. The Hollywood Reporter later learned that his salary for Civil War was $15 million. Evans starred in the family drama Gifted in 2017, about an intellectually gifted seven-year-old who becomes the subject of a custody battle between her uncle (Evans) and grandmother (Lindsay Duncan). Although set in Florida, filming took place in Georgia to take advantage of the state's financial incentive of $3 million. The film received a favorable response; Empire magazine opined that Evans played his part with "conviction" despite a predictable plot. In the same year, he was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.

This is a document about The Gifted (season 1)
  Singer, the director of several of the X-Men films, decided to direct the series' pilot episode himself after a change in schedule for a film he was directing. He stressed that "tonally and visually it will be very, very different" from the films, and said that there will be "some stuff go down, visually, but at its heart it is a story about a family". Singer began prepping for production on January 27, 2017. Filming for the pilot, under the working title Heaven, began on March 13, 2017, in Dallas, Texas, and was completed by April 11. Some reshoots for the pilot had also been carried out by the end of that month. In May 2017, the Dallas Film Commission announced that the rest of The Gifteds episodes would not be filmed in the city. The series' production had put off the decision as long

This is a document about The Florida Project
  The Florida Project was shot on 35mm film and entirely on location in Osceola County, Florida. The film's fictional Magic Castle motel was shot at the existing Magic Castle Inn & Suites located on U.S. Highway 192 in Kissimmee, nearly six miles away from the Walt Disney World Resort, in the summer of 2016. Baker filmed the final scene at Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom Park clandestinely, using an iPhone 6S Plus without Disney's knowledge. To maintain secrecy, the filming at the resort used only the bare minimum crew, including Baker, Bergoch, cinematographer Alexis Zabe, acting coach Samantha Quan, Cotto, Prince, and the girls' guardians. Baker intended the ending to be left up to audience interpretation: "We've been watching Moonee use her imagination and wonderment throughout the entire film to make the best of the situation she's in—she can't go to Disney's Animal

This is a document about Lonely Hearts (2006 film)
  Filming began on March 21, 2005, with the majority of shooting taking place on location in and around historic venues in Jacksonville, Florida. Portions were filmed in the historic Springfield district north of Downtown. The scene of the bungalow court was filmed at "Dancey Terrace" (Redell Street) which was at the time vacant but is now being restored. Additional shooting occurred in nearby Fernandina and Amelia Island. Several scenes were shot in the Davenport Hotel in Spokane, Washington. Shots of the famous fireplace and Peacock Lounge can be seen in the background. Jacksonville competed with Orlando and Ocala, Florida, and the state of Louisiana for the film. The film crew consisted of 218 local technicians, actors, and actresses, and 833 extras who generated a $3.28 million influx to the region.

This is a document about First Time Felon
  Filmed in Green Cove Springs, Florida. Filmed also in Cincinnati Ohio and Jacksonville Florida

This is a document about Baywatch (film)
  Principal photography on the film began on February 22, 2016, in Deerfield Beach, Florida, with the setting in Broward County, Florida, while the TV series was set in Malibu, California. The film was shot in Miami and Savannah, Georgia. In late March 2016, filming started in Tybee Island, Georgia. Filming wrapped on May 18, 2016.

This is a document about Bernie the Dolphin
  The film was shot in St. Augustine, Florida, Clearwater, Florida and Marineland of Florida. Filming also occurred in St. Petersburg, Florida, as well as Palm Harbor, Florida. Filming began in January 2018.

This is a document about Case of the Full Moon Murders
  The movie was filmed in Miami, Florida.

This is a document about I Am Number Four (film)
  plot, and its surrounding hills. The school was also selected for its one floor layout, wide hallways, and its football stadium in front. Teachers and recent graduates appear in the film, and a set that replicates the school was built in a studio in Monroeville for filming explosion scenes. In the last few weeks of production, scenes were filmed at the 200-year-old St. John's Lutheran Stone Church in Lancaster Township. Additional filming took place in the Florida Keys in the beginning of the film in Big Pine Key, Florida as well as the spanning of the drive over the bridge showcases the keys 7 mile bridge.

This is a document about A Florida Feud
  The film was shot in Jacksonville, Florida. The first of a series shot for Kalem during winter and spring. Other title : Love in the Everglades

This is a document about The New Kids
  Filming took place in Homestead, Florida.

This is a document about The Librarians (film)
  Shooting took place in Palm Beach County, Florida. Local schoolchildren worked on the set as interns, recruited from an educational program begun by producer Greg Hauptner.

This is a document about Bart Got a Room
  Filming took place in Hollywood, Florida. The film is a semi-autobiographical story inspired by Hecker's life growing up as a nerd in South Florida. Hollywood Hills High School was used for the shooting of some scenes in the film. This movie marked the first time that Alia Shawkat, Dinah Manoff, and Michael Mantell have worked together since their appearances on the 2001-2002 TV series State of Grace.

This is a document about The Waterboy
  Despite taking place in Louisiana, The Waterboy was mostly filmed in Central Florida and the Orlando area, as well as Daytona Beach, DeLand, and Lakeland. The Mud Dogs home games were filmed at Spec Martin Stadium in DeLand, home of the local high school’s football team. The classrooms and gym where Bobby takes the GED are part of Stetson University, also located in DeLand. Stetson's Carlton Student Union building is featured in the scene where Bobby is told his mother has been hospitalized. The scenes involving mama's cabin were shot on Lake Louisa in Clermont. Coach Klein's office was a stage built inside of the Florida Army National Guard Armory in DeLand. It is home of Btry B 1st Bn

This is a document about The Devil's Advocate (1997 film)
  water sequence. For court scenes, New Jersey's Bergen County Court House was employed for production, as were historic courthouses in New York. After the completion of the New York shoot in March 1997, production moved to Florida in July 1997. In Jacksonville, Florida, the interior of the Mrs. Howard's business in Riverside and Avondale was used for New York scenes. Its co-owner Jim Howard remodeled the store and appeared as an extra. The Gainesville church scenes were shot at an actual Gainesville church, after Hackford persuaded the pastor and his members to participate, and that his story was about combating Satan.

The movie "Gifted" was filmed in Florida, specifically in Pinellas County. However, some scenes were filmed at the Chatham County Courthouse in Savannah, Georgia, and at Derby Lane Greyhound Track in St. Petersburg, Florida.


Question: harry potter and the philosiphers stone release date

Answer: 16 November 2001

This is a document about Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)
  Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone had its world premiere at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on 4 November 2001, with the cinema arranged to resemble Hogwarts School. The film had previews in the United Kingdom on 1,137 screens at 491 theatres on 10 and 11 November 2001. It officially opened on 16 November 2001 on 1,168 screens at 507 theatres in the United Kingdom and Ireland; in 3,672 theatres in the United States and Canada. It was the widest release of all-time in the UK and the US.

This is a document about Harry Potter and the Cursed Child
  its world premiere in mid-2016 at London's Palace Theatre. The announcement marked the eighteenth anniversary of the publication of the first Harry Potter novel, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, published on 26 June 1997. On announcing plans for the project, Rowling stated that the play would not be a prequel. In response to queries regarding the choice of a play rather than a new novel, Rowling stated that she "is confident that when audiences see the play they will agree that it is the only proper medium for the story". Rowling also assured audiences that the play would contain an

This is a document about Harry Potter in translation
 Maori (2020) ; a second Macedonian translation (2020) ; Yiddish (2020) ; Kazakh (2020) ; a second Korean translation (2019) ; Belarusian (2019) ; Hawaiian (2018) ; Scots (2017) ; and a second Mongolian translation (2017) It has been difficult to accurately determine with any degree of certainty exactly how many languages Harry Potter has been translated into. As best as can be determined (as of March 2021), The Philosopher's Stone has been officially translated from the original English into other languages, the most recent being Maori in November 2020 preceded by Kazakh and Yiddish, in February 2020. Both Bloomsbury's and J.K. Rowling's sites stated

This is a document about Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
  An illustrated version of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was released on 6 October 2015, with illustrations by Jim Kay. The book carries over 100 illustrations and will be followed by illustrated versions of all seven books from the series by the same artist.

This is a document about Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)
  $974million at the worldwide box office, $317million of that in the US and $657million elsewhere, which made it the second-highest-grossing film in history at the time, as well as the year's highest-grossing film. It is the second-highest-grossing Harry Potter film after Deathly Hallows – Part 2. Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 55.9million tickets in the US and Canada. In August 2020, Philosopher's Stone was re-released in several countries, including a 4K 3D restoration in China, where it earned $26.4million, for a global $1.017billion, making it the second film in the series to surpass the billion-dollar mark, after Deathly Hallows – Part 2.

This is a document about Harry Potter
  Rowling), using her grandmother's name as her second name because she has no middle name. Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was published by Bloomsbury, the publisher of all Harry Potter books in the United Kingdom, on 26 June 1997. It was released in the United States on 1 September 1998 by Scholastic – the American publisher of the books – as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone, after Rowling had received US$105,000 for the American rights – a record amount for a children's book by an unknown author. Fearing that American readers would not associate the word "philosopher" with magic (although the Philosopher's Stone

This is a document about Lego Harry Potter
  Harry Potter sets were released on June 1, 2019.

This is a document about Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (film)
  18 November 2016 in 2D, 3D, 4D, Dolby Cinema, and IMAX formats, by Warner Bros. Pictures. It received generally positive reviews from critics and emerged a commercial success after grossing $814 million worldwide, making it the eighth highest-grossing film of 2016. The film was nominated for five British Academy Film Awards, including Best British Film, and won for Best Production Design. It was nominated for two Academy Awards and won for Best Costume Design, becoming the first Wizarding World film to win an Academy Award. The first sequel, Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald, was released on 16 November 2018; a second sequel, Fantastic Beasts: The Secrets of Dumbledore, is scheduled to release in April 2022.

This is a document about Harry Potter
  Stone (titled "Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone" in the United States), with Warner Bros. citing his work on other family films such as Home Alone and Mrs. Doubtfire and proven experience with directing children as influences for their decision. After extensive casting, filming began in October 2000 at Leavesden Film Studios and in London itself, with production ending in July 2001. Philosopher's Stone was released on 14 November 2001. Just three days after the film's release, production for Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, also directed by Columbus, began. Filming was completed in summer 2002, with the film being released on 15 November

This is a document about Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows
  Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, the first book in the series, was published by Bloomsbury on 30 June 1997. The second book, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets was published on 2 July 1998. Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was then published a year later on 8 July 1999. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was published on 8 July 2000. Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix was published on 21 June 2003. Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince was published on 16 July 2005, and sold 9 million copies in the first 24 hours of its worldwide release.

This is a document about Wizarding World
  adhered to. On 8 August 2000, the virtually unknown Daniel Radcliffe and newcomers Rupert Grint and Emma Watson were selected to play Harry Potter, Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger respectively. Chris Columbus was hired to direct the film adaptation of Philosopher's Stone, with Steve Kloves selected to write the screenplay. Filming began on 29 September 2000 at Leavesden Film Studios and concluded on 23 March 2001, with final work being done in July. Principal photography took place on 2 October 2000 at North Yorkshire's Goathland railway station. Warner Bros. had initially planned to release the film over 4 July 2001 weekend, making for such a short production window that several proposed directors removed themselves from consideration. Because of time constraints, the date was put back, and Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was released in the United Kingdom and the United States on 16 November 2001.

This is a document about Lego Harry Potter
  Harry Potter sets were released in Europe on June 1, 2020, and in North America on August 24, 2020 (Originally planned for August 1).

This is a document about Harry Potter (film series)
  The rights for the first four novels in the series were sold to Warner Bros. for £1,000,000 by J.K. Rowling. After the release of the fourth book in July 2000, the first film, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, was released on 16 November 2001. In its opening weekend, the film grossed $90 million in the United States alone, which set a record opening worldwide. The succeeding three motion picture adaptations followed suit in financial success, while garnering positive reviews from fans and critics. The fifth film, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, was released by Warner Bros. on 11 July 2007 in English-speaking countries, except for the UK and Ireland, which released the movie on 12 July. The sixth, Harry Potter

This is a document about Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film)
  Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets held its world premiere at Odeon Leicester Square on 3 November 2002, and was released in the United Kingdom and the United States on 15 November 2002. The film broke multiple records upon its opening. In the US and Canada, the film opened to an $88.4million opening weekend at 3,682 cinemas, the third-largest opening at the time, behind Spider-Man and Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone. It was also No. 1 at the box office for two non-consecutive weekends. In the United Kingdom, the film broke all opening records that were previously held by Philosopher's Stone. It made

This is a document about J. K. Rowling
  while on a delayed train from Manchester to London. The seven-year period that followed saw the death of her mother, birth of her first child, divorce from her first husband, and relative poverty until the first novel in the series, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, was published in 1997. There were six sequels, of which the last was released in 2007. Since then, Rowling has written several books for adult readers: The Casual Vacancy (2012) and—under the pseudonym Robert Galbraith—the crime fiction Cormoran Strike series. In 2020, her "political fairytale" for children, The Ickabog, was released in instalments in an online version. Rowling has lived a "rags to riches" life in which she progressed from living

This is a document about J. K. Rowling
 1) Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (26 June 1997) ; 2) Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2 July 1998) ; 3) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (8 July 1999) ; 4) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (8 July 2000) ; 5) Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (21 June 2003) ; 6) Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (16 July 2005) ; 7) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (21 July 2007)

This is a document about J. K. Rowling
  In October 1998, Warner Bros. purchased the film rights to the first two novels for a seven-figure sum. A film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was released on 16 November 2001, and Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets on 15 November 2002. Both films were directed by Chris Columbus. The film version of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was released on 4 June 2004, directed by Alfonso Cuarón. The fourth film, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, was directed by Mike Newell, and released on 18 November 2005. The film of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix was released on 11 July 2007. David Yates directed, and

This is a document about Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
  In 1999, Rowling sold the film rights of the first four Harry Potter books to Warner Bros. for a reported £1 million ($1.65 million in 1999). Rowling demanded that the principal cast be kept strictly British but allowed for the casting of Irish actors such as the late Richard Harris as Dumbledore and of foreign actors as characters of the same nationalities in later books. After extensive casting, filming began in September 2000 at Leavesden Film Studios and in London, with production ending in July 2001. Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was released in London on 14 November 2001. Reviewers' comments were positive, as reflected by an 80% Fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes and by a score of 64% at Metacritic, representing "generally favourable reviews".

This is a document about Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
  Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone is a fantasy novel written by British author J. K. Rowling. The first novel in the Harry Potter series and Rowling's debut novel, it follows Harry Potter, a young wizard who discovers his magical heritage on his eleventh birthday, when he receives a letter of acceptance to Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. Harry makes close friends and a few enemies during his first year at the school, and with the help of his friends, he faces an attempted comeback by the dark wizard Lord Voldemort, who killed Harry's parents, but failed to kill Harry when he was just 15 months

This is a document about Harry Potter
  Harry Potter is a series of seven fantasy novels written by British author J. K. Rowling. The novels chronicle the lives of a young wizard, Harry Potter, and his friends Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley, all of whom are students at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. The main story arc concerns Harry's struggle against Lord Voldemort, a dark wizard who intends to become immortal, overthrow the wizard governing body known as the Ministry of Magic and subjugate all wizards and Muggles (non-magical people). Since the release of the first novel, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, on 26 June 1997, the books have found immense popularity, positive reviews, and commercial success worldwide. They have attracted a wide adult audience as

The first Harry Potter film, "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone," was released in the United Kingdom on 16 November 2001 and in the United States on 16 November 2001.


Question: when was the world 's first camera invented

Answer: circa 1550

This is a document about Alexander S. Wolcott
  experimenting with it. Wolcott improved on Daguerre's lens camera by making a camera that used a concave mirror to gather more light instead of a simple refractive lens that gathered little light. On October 7, 1839, Wolcott took a photograph of Johnson with his daguerreotype reflector camera, creating the first photograph portrait in the world. Wolcott patented the camera on May 8, 1840 (US #1,582). It became known as "Wolcott's camera" and the "mirror camera". It was the first U.S. patent in photography. Wolcott started using his camera available to the public on March 4, 1840, in a business

This is a document about Photography
  Photography is the result of combining several technical discoveries, relating to seeing an image and capturing the image. The discovery of the camera obscura ("dark chamber" in Latin) that provides an image of a scene dates back to ancient China. Greek mathematicians Aristotle and Euclid independently described a camera obscura in the 5th and 4th centuries BCE. In the 6th century CE, Byzantine mathematician Anthemius of Tralles used a type of camera obscura in his experiments. The Arab physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) (965–1040) also invented a camera obscura as well as the first true pinhole camera. The invention of the

This is a document about Chronophotography
  Soon after the introduction of photography in 1839, the camera became the dominant source of accurate depiction of life. As the technology became more sophisticated, so did the activities for which people used cameras. Around 1840/1841 Francis Ronalds documented his first idea to use photographic methods to make scientific recordings. His first machine was built in April 1845 to continuously trace the varying indications of meteorological equipment on photographic paper. The cameras were supplied to numerous observatories around the world and some remained in use until well into the 20th century. The earliest Daguerreotype photographers already took multiple shots of a subject, mostly to increase their chances

This is a document about History of photography
   The history of photography began in remote antiquity with the discovery of two critical principles: camera obscura image projection and the observation that some substances are visibly altered by exposure to light. There are no artifacts or descriptions that indicate any attempt to capture images with light sensitive materials prior to the 18th century. Around 1717, Johann Heinrich Schulze captured cut-out letters on a bottle of a light-sensitive slurry, but he apparently never thought of making the results durable. Around 1800, Thomas Wedgwood made the first reliably documented, although unsuccessful attempt at capturing camera images in permanent form. His experiments did produce detailed photograms, but Wedgwood

This is a document about Cinematography
  In the 1830s, three different solutions for moving images were invented on the concept of revolving drums and disks, the stroboscope by Simon von Stampfer in Austria, the phenakistoscope by Joseph Plateau in Belgium, and the zoetrope by William Horner in Britain. In 1845, Francis Ronalds invented the first successful camera able to make continuous recordings of the varying indications of meteorological and geomagnetic instruments over time. The cameras were supplied to numerous observatories around the world and some remained in use until well into the 20th century. William Lincoln patented a device, in 1867, that showed animated pictures called the "wheel

This is a document about Thomas Sutton (photographer)
  In 1859, Sutton developed the earliest panoramic camera with a wide-angle lens. The lens consisted of a glass sphere filled with water, which projected an image onto a curved plate. The camera was capable of capturing an image in a 120 degree arc. In 1861, Sutton created the first single lens reflex camera. Sutton was the photographer for James Clerk Maxwell's pioneering 1861 demonstration of colour photography. In a practical trial of a thought-experiment Maxwell had published in 1855, Sutton took three separate black-and-white photographs of a multicoloured ribbon, one through a blue filter, one through a green filter, and one through

This is a document about History of the single-lens reflex camera
  The photographic single-lens reflex camera (SLR) was invented in 1861 by Thomas Sutton, a photography author and camera inventor who ran a photography related company together with Louis Désiré Blanquart-Evrard on Jersey. Only a few of his SLRs were made. The first production SLR with a brand name was Calvin Rae Smith's Monocular Duplex (USA, 1884). Other early SLR cameras were constructed, for example, by Louis van Neck (Belgium, 1889), Thomas Rudolphus Dallmeyer (England, 1894) and Max Steckelmann (Germany, 1896), and Graflex of the United States and Konishi in Japan produced SLR cameras as early as 1898 and 1907 respectively. These first

This is a document about Photo booth
  The patent for the first automated photography machine was filed in 1888 by William Pope and Edward Poole of Baltimore. The first known really working photographic machine was a product of the French inventor T. E. Enjalbert (March 1889). It was shown at the 1889 World's Fair in Paris. The German-born photographer Mathew Steffens from Chicago filed a patent for such a machine in May 1889. These early machines were not reliable enough to be self-sufficient. The first commercially successful automatic photographic apparatus was the "Bosco" from inventor Conrad Bernitt of Hamburg (patented July 16, 1890). All of these early machines produced ferrotypes. The first photographic automate with

This is a document about Susse Frères
  On the 19th of August 1839, François Arago publicly unveiled the previously secret details of the daguerreotype process, the first publicly announced photographic process. Two months earlier, on the 22nd of June 1839, its inventor Louis Daguerre had signed contracts with two manufacturers, Alphonse Giroux and Maison Susse Frères, Place de la Bourse 31, Paris, to produce the first commercially available photographic cameras. The two companies were granted exclusive rights to make and sell the special camera obscura designed by Daguerre, as well as the several lesser items of equipment needed to work the process.  The only known surviving Susse Frères daguerreotype camera,

This is a document about Photograph
  The first permanent photograph, a contact-exposed copy of an engraving, was made in 1822 using the bitumen-based "heliography" process developed by Nicéphore Niépce. The first photographs of a real-world scene, made using a camera obscura, followed a few years later at Le Gras, France, in 1826, but Niépce's process was not sensitive enough to be practical for that application: a camera exposure lasting for hours or days was required. In 1829 Niépce entered into a partnership with Louis Daguerre and the two collaborated to work out a similar but more sensitive and otherwise improved process.  After Niépce's death in 1833 Daguerre concentrated on silver halide-based alternatives. He exposed a

This is a document about Camera lucida
  The camera lucida was patented in 1806 by the English chemist William Hyde Wollaston. The basic optics were described 200 years earlier by the German astronomer Johannes Kepler in his Dioptrice (1611), but there is no evidence he or his contemporaries constructed a working camera lucida. By the 19th century, Kepler's description had fallen into oblivion, so Wollaston's claim was never challenged. The term "camera lucida" (Latin "well-lit room" as opposed to camera obscura "dark room") is Wollaston's. (cf. Edmund Hoppe, Geschichte der Optik, Leipzig 1926) While on honeymoon in Italy in 1833, the photographic pioneer William Fox Talbot used a camera lucida as a sketching aid. He later wrote that it was a disappointment with his resulting efforts which encouraged him to seek a means to "cause these natural images

This is a document about Daguerreotype
  Daguerreotype ( daguerréotype) was the first publicly available photographic process; it was widely used during the 1840s and 1850s. "Daguerreotype" also refers to an image created through this process. Invented by Louis Daguerre and introduced worldwide in 1839, the daguerreotype was almost completely superseded by 1860 with new, less expensive processes, such as ambrotype, that yield more readily viewable images. There was a revival of daguerreotype in the late 20th century by a small number of photographers interested in making artistic use of early photographic processes.  To make the image, a daguerreotypist polished a sheet of silver-plated copper to a mirror finish; treated it with fumes that made its surface light sensitive; exposed it

This is a document about List of German inventions and discoveries
 c. 1151: The earliest known morality play (Ordo Virtutum) by St. Hildegard of Bingen, OSB ; 1505: The world's first (pocket) watch (Watch 1505) by Peter Henlein ; 1663: First magazine (Erbauliche Monaths Unterredungen) ; 1885: Nipkow disk (fundamental component in the earliest televisions) by Paul Gottlieb Nipkow ; 1895: First moving picture show to a paying audience, and thereby creating the first cinema, by Emil and Max Skladanowsky in the Berlin Wintergarten theatre ; 1897: Cathode-ray tube (CRT) and the oscilloscope by Ferdinand Braun ; 1903: Printed circuit board by Albert Hanson of Berlin ; 1907: Earplug by Max Negwer (Ohropax) ; 1907: Pigeon photography by Julius Neubronner ; 1920s: Small format camera (35mm format) by Oskar Barnack ; 1928: Magnetic tape in Dresden, later developed and commercialized by AEG ; 1930s: (Modern) tape recorder by BASF (then part of the chemical giant

This is a document about Digital single-lens reflex camera
   In 1969, Willard S. Boyle and George E. Smith invented the first successful imaging technology using a digital sensor, a CCD (Charge-Coupled Device). CCD would allow the rapid development of digital photography. For their contribution to digital photography Boyle and Smith were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2009. In 1975 Kodak engineer Steven Sasson invented the first digital still camera, which used a Fairchild 100×100 pixel CCD. On August 25, 1981, Sony unveiled a prototype of the Sony Mavica. This camera was an analogue electronic camera that featured interchangeable lenses and an SLR viewfinder. At Photokina in 1986, Japanese

This is a document about 1830s
 1833 – Joseph Plateau invented an early stroboscopic device, the "phenakistoscope", which gives the illusion of a moving image. This invention was an important precursor to cinema. ; August 1835 – H. Fox Talbot exposes the world's first known photographic negatives at Lacock Abbey in England. ; Louis Daguerre develops the daguerreotype. ; January 2, 1839 – First photo of the Moon taken by photographer Louis Daguerre ; January 9, 1839 – The French Academy of Sciences announces the Daguerreotype photography process. ; June 22, 1839 – Louis Daguerre receives a patent for his camera (commercially available by September at the price of 400 francs). ; August 19, 1839 – The French government gives Louis Daguerre a pension and gives the daguerreotype "for the whole world".

This is a document about Johann Heinrich Schulze
  exposure to light obliterated them. Because they were produced by the action of light, an extremely broad and literal definition of what a photograph is may allow even these fluid, ephemeral sun printings to qualify as such, and on that basis many German sources credit Schulze as the inventor of photography. Though Schulze's work did not provide a means of permanently preserving an image, it did provide a foundation for later efforts toward that end. Thomas Wedgwood and Humphry Davy produced more substantial but still impermanent shadow images on coated paper and leather around the year 1800. Nicéphore Niépce succeeded in photographing camera images on paper coated with silver chloride in 1816 but he, too, could not make his results light-fast. The first permanent camera photograph of this type was made in 1835 by Henry Fox Talbot.

This is a document about Daguerreotype
  or, the date the first photograph was taken by or with a camera (using the asphalt process or heliography), thought to have been 1822, but Eder's research indicates that the date was more probably 1826 or later. Fox Talbot's first photographs, on the other hand, were made "in the brilliant summer of 1835." Daguerre and Niépce had together signed a good agreement in which remuneration for the invention would be paid for by subscription. However, the campaign they launched to finance the invention failed. François Arago, whose views on the system of patenting inventions can be gathered from speeches he made later in the House of Deputies

This is a document about History of the camera
  was Thomas Wedgwood. To create images, Wedgwood placed items, such as leaves and insect wings, on ceramic pots coated with silver nitrate, and exposed the set-up to light. These images weren't permanent, however, as Wedgwood didn't employ a fixing mechanism. He ultimately failed at his goal of using the process to create fixed images created by a camera obscura.  The first permanent photograph of a camera image was made in 1825 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce using a sliding wooden box camera made by Charles and Vincent Chevalier in Paris. Niépce had been experimenting with ways to fix the images of a camera

This is a document about John Johnson (inventor)
  partner Wolcott started experimenting with the Daquerre camera design on October 6, 1839. Wolcott had constructed a workable camera within 24 hours and took a picture of Johnson. Wolcott took this picture on October 7, the first portrait in the world. On March 4, 1840, they opened the first studio in the world as a commercial enterprise for taking portrait pictures of people. The customer would sit for their likeness to be captured on a permanent medium for future viewing. The commercial photography studio was located in New York City at Broadway and Chambers Street. Johnson, with Wolcott, created the world's first photography portrait studio as a business. They opened their commercial daguerreotype photography portrait studio in March 1840.

This is a document about History of photography
  for example, Robert Macpherson's broad range of photographs of Rome, the interior of the Vatican, and the surrounding countryside became a sophisticated tourist's visual record of his own travels. In 1839, François Arago reported the invention of photography to stunned listeners by displaying the first photo taken in Egypt; that of Ras El Tin Palace. In America, by 1851 a broadsheet by daguerreotypist Augustus Washington was advertising prices ranging from 50 cents to $10. However, daguerreotypes were fragile and difficult to copy. Photographers encouraged chemists to refine the process of making many copies cheaply, which eventually led them back to Talbot's process.  Ultimately, the

The world's first camera with a lens was invented by Alexander S. Wolcott in 1839. However, the earliest known photographic image was taken by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce in 1826 or 1827. The first successful attempts to make reliable, durable photographs were made by William Henry Fox Talbot in the 1830s and 1840s.


Question: what type of mutation produces the bcr-abl chimeric protein

Answer: retrotransposition

This is a document about Chimeric RNA
  Numerous putative chimeric transcripts have been identified among the expressed sequence tags using high throughput RNA sequencing technology. In humans, chimeric transcripts can be generated in several ways such as trans-splicing of pre-mRNAs, RNA transcription runoff, from other errors in RNA transcription or they can also be the result of gene fusion following inter-chromosomal translocations or rearrangements. Among the few corresponding protein products that have been characterized so far, most result from chromosomal translocations and are associated with cancer. For instance, gene fusion in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) leads to an mRNA transcript that encompasses the 5′ end of the breakpoint cluster region protein (BCR) gene and the 3′ end of the Abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog 1 (ABL)

This is a document about Chimeric RNA
  Translation of this transcript results in a chimeric BCR–ABL protein that possesses increased tyrosine kinase activity. Chimeric transcripts characterize specific cellular phenotypes and are suspected to function not only in cancer, but also in normal cells. One example of a chimera in normal human cells is generated by trans-splicing of the 5′ exons of the JAZF1 gene on chromosome 7p15 and the 3′ exons of JJAZ1 (SUZ12) on chromosome 17q1. This chimeric RNA is translated in endometrial stroma cells and encodes an anti-apoptotic protein. Notable examples of chimeric genes in cancer are the fused BCR-ABL, FUS-ERG, MLL-AF6, and MOZ-CBP genes expressed in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and the TMPRSS2-ETS chimera associated with overexpression of the oncogene in prostate cancer.

This is a document about Bcr-Abl tyrosine-kinase inhibitor
  Point mutations can cause amino acid substitutions inside the kinase domain of the Bcr-Abl protein and disrupt the binding site of imatinib on the tyrosine kinase, resulting in a loss of sensitivity to the drug. These mutations normally affect the structure of the Bcr-Abl protein, leading either to interruption of critical contact points between the drug and the Bcr-Abl protein or induction of a conformational change, resulting in a protein that imatinib is unable to bind to. Mutational frequencies appear to increase as the disease, CML, progresses from chronic phase to the blast phase. The most important mutations are the P-loop mutations and the T315I mutation. Mutations on other sites of the kinase have also been reported, for example on the C-helix, SH2 domain, substrate binding site, activation loop and C-terminal lobe. Some of these mutations have clinical significance, but none as much as P-loop and T315I mutations.

This is a document about Bcr-Abl tyrosine-kinase inhibitor
  Bcr-Abl tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKI) are the first-line therapy for most patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). More than 90% of CML cases are caused by a chromosomal abnormality that results in the formation of a so-called Philadelphia chromosome. This abnormality was discovered by Peter Nowell in 1960 and is a consequence of fusion between the Abelson (Abl) tyrosine kinase gene at chromosome 9 and the break point cluster (Bcr) gene at chromosome 22, resulting in a chimeric oncogene (Bcr-Abl) and a constitutively active Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of CML. Compounds have been developed to selectively inhibit the tyrosine

This is a document about Philadelphia chromosome
  a leukemia virus which carries a similar protein. The symbol BCR is derived from breakpoint cluster region, a gene which encodes a protein that acts as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rho GTPase proteins Translocation results in an oncogenic BCR-ABL1 gene fusion that can be found on the shorter derivative chromosome 22. This gene encodes for a BCR-ABL1 fusion protein. Depending on the precise location of fusion, the molecular weight of this protein can range from 185 to 210 kDa. Consequently, the hybrid BCR-ABL1 fusion protein is referred to as p210 or p185. Three clinically important variants encoded by the fusion gene are the p190, p210, and

This is a document about ABL (gene)
  Mutations in the ABL1 gene are associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). In CML, the gene is activated by being translocated within the BCR (breakpoint cluster region) gene on chromosome 22. This new fusion gene, BCR-ABL, encodes an unregulated, cytoplasm-targeted tyrosine kinase that allows the cells to proliferate without being regulated by cytokines. This, in turn, allows the cell to become cancerous. This gene is a partner in a fusion gene with the BCR gene in the Philadelphia chromosome, a characteristic abnormality in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and rarely in some other leukemia forms. The BCR-ABL transcript encodes a tyrosine kinase, which activates mediators of the cell cycle regulation system, leading to a clonal myeloproliferative disorder. The BCR-ABL protein can be inhibited by various small molecules. One such inhibitor is imatinib mesylate, which occupies the tyrosine kinase domain and inhibits BCR-ABL's influence on the cell cycle. Second generation BCR-ABL tyrosine-kinase inhibitors are also under development to inhibit BCR-ABL mutants resistant to imatinib.

This is a document about Chronic myelogenous leukemia
  product is also a tyrosine kinase. The fused BCR-ABL protein interacts with the interleukin 3beta(c) receptor subunit. The BCR-ABL transcript is continuously active and does not require activation by other cellular messaging proteins. In turn, BCR-ABL activates a cascade of proteins that control the cell cycle, speeding up cell division. Moreover, the BCR-ABL protein inhibits DNA repair, causing genomic instability and making the cell more susceptible to developing further genetic abnormalities. The action of the BCR-ABL protein is the pathophysiologic cause of chronic myelogenous leukemia. With improved understanding of the nature of the BCR-ABL protein and its action as a tyrosine kinase, targeted therapies (the first of which was imatinib) that specifically inhibit the activity of the BCR-ABL protein have been developed. These tyrosine kinase inhibitors can induce complete remissions in CML, confirming the central importance of bcr-abl as the cause of CML.

This is a document about Clonal hypereosinophilia
  genes that encode tyrosine kinase proteins; and cause or contribute to the development of hematological malignancies. A classic example of such a disease is chronic myelogenous leukemia, a neoplasm commonly caused by a mutation that creates the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene (see Philadelphia chromosome). The disease is due to conversion of the tightly regulated tyrosine kinase of ABL1 protein to being unregulated and continuously active in the BCR-ABL1 fusion protein. This Philadelphia chromosome positive form of chronic myelogenous leukemia used to be treated with chemotherapy but nonetheless was regarded as becoming lethal within 18-60 months of diagnosis. With the discovery of the uncontrolled tyrosine kinase activity of this disorder and the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Philadelphia chromosome

This is a document about PDGFRA
  typically including either the CHIC2 or LNX gene. The fused gene encodes a FIP1L1-PDGFRA protein that causes: a) chronic eosinophilia which progresses to chronic eosinophilic leukemia; b) a form of myeloproliferative neoplasm/myeloblastic leukemia associated with little or no eosinophilia; c) T-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma associated with eosinophilia; d) myeloid sarcoma with eosinophilia (see FIP1L1-PDGFRA fusion genes); or e) mixtures of these presentations. Variations in the type of malignancy formed likely reflects the specific type(s) of hematopoietic stem cells that bear the mutation. The PDGFRA gene may also mutate through any one of several chromosome translocations to create fusion genes which, like the Fip1l1-PDGFRA fusion gene, encode a fusion protein that possesses continuously active PDGFRA-related tyrosine kinase and causes myeloid and/or lymphoid malignancies. These mutations, including the Fip1l1-PDGFRA mutation, along with

This is a document about Antineoplastic resistance
  myeloid leukemia (CML) involves a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets the BCR/ABL fusion gene called imatinib. In some people resistant to Imatinib, the BCR/ABL gene is reactivated or amplified, or a single point mutation has occurred on the gene. These point mutations enhance autophosphorylation of the BCR-ABL protein, resulting in the stabilization of the ATP-binding site into its active form, which cannot be bound by imatinib for proper drug activation. Topoisomerase is a lucrative target for cancer therapy due to its critical role as an enzyme in DNA replication, and many topoisomerase inhibitors have been made. Resistance can occur when topoisomerase levels are decreased, or when different isoforms of topoisomerase are differentially distributed within the cell. Mutant enzymes have also been reported in patient leukemic cells, as well as mutations in other cancers that confer resistance to topoisomerase inhibitors.

This is a document about Philadelphia chromosome
  The Philadelphia chromosome or Philadelphia translocation (Ph) is a specific genetic abnormality in chromosome 22 of leukemia cancer cells (particularly chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells). This chromosome is defective and unusually short because of reciprocal translocation, t(9;22)(q34;q11), of genetic material between chromosome 9 and chromosome 22, and contains a fusion gene called BCR-ABL1. This gene is the ABL1 gene of chromosome 9 juxtaposed onto the breakpoint cluster region BCR gene of chromosome 22, coding for a hybrid protein: a tyrosine kinase signalling protein that is "always on", causing the cell to divide uncontrollably by interrupting the stability of the genome and impairing various signaling pathways governing the cell cycle. The presence of this translocation

This is a document about Carcinogenesis
  when two separate chromosomal regions become abnormally fused, often at a characteristic location. A well-known example of this is the Philadelphia chromosome, or translocation of chromosomes 9 and 22, which occurs in chronic myelogenous leukemia, and results in production of the BCR-abl fusion protein, an oncogenic tyrosine kinase. Small-scale mutations include point mutations, deletions, and insertions, which may occur in the promoter of a gene and affect its expression, or may occur in the gene's coding sequence and alter the function or stability of its protein product. Disruption of a single gene may also result from integration of genomic material from a DNA virus or retrovirus, and such an event may also result in the expression of viral oncogenes in the affected cell and its descendants.

This is a document about Fusion protein
  Fusion proteins or chimeric (kī-ˈmir-ik) proteins (literally, made of parts from different sources) are proteins created through the joining of two or more genes that originally coded for separate proteins. Translation of this fusion gene results in a single or multiple polypeptides with functional properties derived from each of the original proteins. Recombinant fusion proteins are created artificially by recombinant DNA technology for use in biological research or therapeutics. Chimeric or chimera usually designate hybrid proteins made of polypeptides having different functions or physico-chemical patterns. Chimeric mutant proteins occur naturally when a complex mutation, such as a chromosomal translocation, tandem duplication, or retrotransposition creates a novel coding sequence containing parts of the coding sequences from two different genes. Naturally occurring fusion proteins are commonly found in cancer cells, where they may function as oncoproteins. The bcr-abl fusion protein is a well-known example of an oncogenic fusion protein, and is considered to be the primary oncogenic driver of chronic myelogenous leukemia.

This is a document about Imatinib
   Imatinib is a 2-phenyl amino pyrimidine derivative that functions as a specific inhibitor of a number of tyrosine kinase enzymes. It occupies the TK active site, leading to a decrease in activity. There are a large number of TK enzymes in the body, including the insulin receptor. Imatinib is specific for the TK domain in abl (the Abelson proto-oncogene), c-kit and PDGF-R (platelet-derived growth factor receptor). In chronic myelogenous leukemia, the Philadelphia chromosome leads to a fusion protein of abl with bcr (breakpoint cluster region), termed bcr-abl. As this is now a constitutively active tyrosine kinase, imatinib is used to

This is a document about Chronic myelogenous leukemia
   CML was the first cancer to be linked to a clear genetic abnormality, the chromosomal translocation known as the Philadelphia chromosome. This chromosomal abnormality is so named because it was first discovered and described in 1960 by two scientists from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA: Peter Nowell of the University of Pennsylvania and David Hungerford of Fox Chase Cancer Center. In this translocation, parts of two chromosomes (the 9th and 22nd) switch places. As a result, part of the BCR ("breakpoint cluster region") gene from chromosome 22 is fused with the ABL gene on chromosome 9. This abnormal "fusion" gene generates a protein of p210 or sometimes p185 weight (p210 is short for 210 kDa protein, a shorthand used for characterizing proteins based solely on size). Because abl carries a domain that can add phosphate groups to tyrosine residues (a tyrosine kinase), the bcr-abl fusion

This is a document about PDGFRA
  Somatic mutations that cause the fusion of the PDGFRA gene with certain other genes occur in hematopoietic stem cells and cause a hematological malignancy in the clonal hypereosinophilia class of malignancies. These mutations create fused genes which encode chimeric proteins that possess continuously active PDGFRA-derived tyrosine kinase. They thereby continuously stimulate cell growth and proliferation and lead to the development of leukemias, lymphomas, and myelodysplastic syndromes that are commonly associated with hypereosinophilia and therefore regarded as a sub-type of clonal eosinophilia. In the most common of these mutations, the PDGFRA gene on human chromosome 4 at position q12 (notated as 4q12) fuses with the FIP1L1 gene also located at position 4q12. This interstitial (i.e. on the same chromosome) fusion creates a FIP1L1-PDGFRA fusion gene while usually losing intervening genetic

This is a document about Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1
  In certain rare hematological cancers, the fusion of FGFR1 with various other genes due to Chromosomal translocations or Interstitial deletions create genes that encode chimeric FGFR1 Fusion proteins. These proteins have continuously active FGFR1-derived tyrosine kinase and thereby continuously stimulated the cell growth and proliferation. These mutations occur in the early stages of myeloid and/or lymphoid cell lines and are the cause of or contribute to the development and progression of certain types of hematological malignancies that have increased numbers of circulating blood eosinophils, increased numbers of bone marrow eosinophils, and/or the infiltration of eosinophils into tissues. These neoplasms were initially regarded as eosinophilias, hypereosinophilias, Myeloid leukemias, myeloproliferative neoplasms, myeloid sarcomas, lymphoid leukemias, or non-Hodgkin lymphomas.

This is a document about Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma
  No chromosome translocations, chimeric genes, or fusion proteins have been described in BIA-ALCL although the neoplastic cells in the disease have been described to have gene copy number variations involving gains in gene copies on the p arm of chromosome 19 and losses of gene copies in the p arms of chromosome 10 and 1. The neoplastic cells in BIA-ALCL show mutations of the STAT3 gene in 64% of cases and reports of mutations in JAK1, JAK3, DNMT3A, and TP53 genes. The development of BIA-ALCL, it has often been suggested, may be at least in part a T-cell-induced, inflammation-driven cancer response to the implant.

This is a document about Clonal hypereosinophilia
  is unclear. BCR is located on human chromosome 22 at position q11.23. Translocations between it and JAK2 create the t(9;22)(p24;q11) fusion gene which codes for the BCR-JAK2 fusion protein. Forced expression of BCR-JAK2 in mice induces a fatal myeloid neoplasm involving splenomegaly, megakaryocyte infiltration, and leukocytosis. It is assumed but not yet fully proven that the Malignant transformation effects of these two fusion proteins are due to the effects of a presumptively continuously active JAK2-associated tyrosine kinase. Rare patients with hypereosinophilia carry a somatic point mutation in the JAK2 gene which encodes for the amino acid phenylalanine (notated as F) instead of valine (notated as V) at position 617 of JAK2 protein. This V617F mutation render's the protein's tyrosine kinase continuously active and results in a myeloproliferative neoplasm with eosinophilia.

This is a document about Tyrosine kinase
  BCR-ABL is a constitutively activated tyrosine kinase that is associated with chronic myeloid leukemia. It is formed from a fusion gene when pieces of chromosomes 9 and 22 break off and trade places. The ABL gene from chromosome 9 joins to the BCR gene on chromosome 22, to form the BCR-ABL fusion gene. Tyrosine kinase activity is crucial for the transformation of BCR-ABL. Therefore, inhibiting it improves cancer symptoms. Among currently available inhibitors to treat CML are imatinib, dasatinib, nilotinib, bosutinib and ponatinib.

The bcr-abl chimeric protein is produced as a result of a chromosomal translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, specifically between the BCR and ABL genes. This translocation results in the formation of a fusion oncogene, BCR-ABL, which encodes the chimeric protein.