Question: who is the current mayor of los angeles

Answer: Eric Garcetti

This is a document about Mayor of Los Angeles
  The Mayor of the City of Los Angeles is the official head and chief executive officer of Los Angeles, California, United States. The officeholder is elected for a four-year term and limited to serving no more than two terms. Under the Constitution of California, all judicial, school, county and city offices, including those of chartered cities, are nonpartisan. There are 42 people who have served as mayor in Los Angeles since 1850, when California became a state following the American Conquest of California. Prior to the conquest, Californios served as Mayor of Los Angeles during the Spanish and Mexican eras since 1781. Eric Garcetti has been the city's current mayor since 2013.

This is a document about Los Angeles City Clerk
  Los Angeles City Clerk is in charge of record keeping for the city and elections. Mayor Eric Garcetti appointed the current City Clerk, Holly L. Wolcott, on August 13, 2014. Wolcott has a long record of service to the City of Los Angeles, having served in the City Clerk's office before working in the Fire Department, Department of Aging, Police Department and Office of the Chief Legislative Analyst. She returned to the Office of the City Clerk as the Chief of Administrative Services in 2004, become the Executive Officer in 2008, and has served under the administrations of Mayors Tom Bradley, Richard Riordan, James Hahn and Antonio Villaraigosa. Wolcott was preceded by June Lagmay (2009-2013), Frank Martinez (2004–2008), and J. Michael Carey (1997–2005).

This is a document about 2017 Los Angeles mayoral election
  The 2017 Los Angeles mayoral election was held on March 7, 2017, to elect the mayor of Los Angeles. Due to a change in the city's election calendar to align mayoral elections with statewide elections, the winner stood to serve a term of five years and six months instead of the usual four years. Municipal elections in California are officially non-partisan. Incumbent Eric Garcetti won a record 81.4% share of the vote in the primary, eliminating the need for a run-off. Voting turnout was relatively low at 20.1%.

This is a document about 2018 California gubernatorial election
 Xavier Becerra, Attorney General of California (ran for re-election) ; Scooter Braun, music manager ; George Clooney, actor and activist ; Kevin de León, President pro tempore of the California State Senate (ran for the U.S. Senate) ; Eric Garcetti, Mayor of Los Angeles ; Bob Iger, CEO of The Walt Disney Company ; Sheryl Sandberg, Facebook COO ; Libby Schaaf, Mayor of Oakland (ran for re-election) ; Jackie Speier, U.S. Representative ; Tom Steyer, hedge fund manager, philanthropist, and environmentalist

This is a document about Eric Garcetti
  Eric Michael Garcetti (born February 4, 1971) is an American politician and diplomat serving as the 42nd and current mayor of Los Angeles since 2013. A member of the Democratic Party, he was first elected in the 2013 election, and reelected in 2017. A former member of the Los Angeles City Council, Garcetti served as City Council President from 2006 to 2012. He is the city's first elected Jewish mayor, and its second consecutive Mexican American mayor. He was elected as the youngest mayor in over 100 years, having been 42 at the time of his inauguration. In July 2021, President Biden announced he will nominate Garcetti to the position of United States Ambassador to India.

This is a document about Jackie Lacey
  In June 2020, amid the George Floyd protests for criminal justice reform, Eric Garcetti, the incumbent Mayor of Los Angeles rescinded his prior endorsement of Lacey as Los Angeles County District Attorney, in the lead-up to the 2020 election, where she lost to re-election to George Gascón. Representative Adam Schiff also rescinded his endorsement of Lacey.

This is a document about List of Michael Bloomberg 2020 presidential campaign endorsements
 Keith James, Mayor of West Palm Beach, Florida since 2019 ; Frank Scott Jr., Mayor of Little Rock, Arkansas since 2019 (previously endorsed Kamala Harris) ; Ethan Berkowitz, Mayor of Anchorage, Alaska since 2015 ; Mary Salas, Mayor of Chula Vista, California since 2014 ; Aja Brown, Mayor of Compton, California since 2013 (previously endorsed Kamala Harris) ; Serge Dedina, Mayor of Imperial Beach, California since 2014 ; London Breed, Mayor of San Francisco, California since 2018; former acting Mayor (2017–2018) (previously endorsed Kamala Harris) ; Sam Liccardo, Mayor of San Jose, California since 2014 (previously endorsed Kamala Harris) ; Michael Tubbs, Mayor of Stockton, California since 2016. ; Greg Fischer, Mayor of Louisville, Kentucky since 2011 ; Adrian Perkins, Mayor of Shreveport, Louisiana since 2018 ; Ken Miyagishima, Mayor of Las Cruces, New Mexico since 2007 ;

This is a document about 2022 Los Angeles mayoral election
  The 2022 Los Angeles mayoral election will take place on November 8, 2022, to elect the Mayor of Los Angeles. The primary for this election, a top-two primary by California law, will take place on June 7, 2022. Incumbent Mayor Eric Garcetti will be ineligible to seek a third term due to term limits, but is serving an extended second term due to a law moving election dates. Garcetti is the nominee to become United States Ambassador to India, but it is unknown if he will remain mayor before his term ends. Should Garcetti leave office before his term ends, the Los Angeles City Council will appoint an interim replacement to finish the remainder of that term.

This is a document about Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles
  sitting on MOCA's board include John Baldessari, Barbara Kruger, Catherine Opie, Mark Grotjahn, Mark Bradford and Lari Pittman. Life trustees include MOCA's founding chairman Eli Broad as well as Betye Monell Burton, Blake Byrne, Lenore S. Greenberg, Audrey Irmas, Frederick M. Nicholas and Thomas E. Unterman. The current Los Angeles mayor (Eric Garcetti) and LA City Council president (Herb J. Wesson Jr.), chief financial officer (Michael Harrison) and museum director (Philippe Vergne) are ex-officio members. The current mayor and president of the city council have votes; their presence on the board is a condition for MOCA's long-term $1 a year lease on the Geffen Contemporary building. In accordance with a policy enacted in 1993, trustees serve three-year, renewable terms and rotate off

This is a document about Antonio Villaraigosa
  Antonio Ramón Villaraigosa (né Villar Jr.; born January 23, 1953) is an American politician who served as the 41st Mayor of Los Angeles from 2005 to 2013. A member of the Democratic Party, Villaraigosa was a national co-chairman of Hillary Clinton's 2008 presidential campaign, a member of President Barack Obama's Transition Economic Advisory Board, and chair of the 2012 Democratic National Convention. Before becoming mayor, he was a member of the California State Assembly (1994–2000), where he served as the Democratic Majority Leader (1996–98), and the Speaker of the California State Assembly (1998–2000). As Speaker, Villaraigosa was an advocate for working families and helped to write legislation protecting the environment, expanding healthcare access, and increasing funding for public schools. He ran for mayor in 2001 against Los Angeles City Attorney James Hahn, but lost in the second round of voting. Villaraigosa ran for and was elected to the Los

This is a document about Mayor of Los Angeles
  As of June 2022, three former mayors of Los Angeles were alive, the oldest being Richard J. Riordan (1993–2001, born 1930). The most recent mayor to die was Thomas Bradley (1973–1993), on September 29, 1998.

This is a document about William Haynes (comedian)
  Haynes was one of 23 candidates running in the 2017 Los Angeles mayoral election against incumbent mayor Eric Garcetti. He decided to run as a reaction to President Donald Trump's win in the 2016 United States presidential election. His platform was based on improving Los Angeles' water supply. Haynes subsequently withdrew his bid on December 9, 2016.

This is a document about 2016 United States Senate election in California
  U.S. Representative ; Sheryl Sandberg, COO of Facebook ; Adam Schiff, U.S. Representative ; Hilda Solis, Los Angeles County Supervisor, former United States Secretary of Labor and former U.S. Representative ; Jackie Speier, U.S. Representative and candidate for the lieutenant governorship in 2006 ; Darrell Steinberg, former President pro tempore of the California State Senate ; Tom Steyer, hedge fund manager, philanthropist and environmentalist ; Eric Swalwell, U.S. Representative ; Mark Takano, U.S. Representative ; Ellen Tauscher, former Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Affairs and former U.S. Representative ; Antonio Villaraigosa, former Mayor of Los Angeles ; Steve Westly, former California State Controller and candidate for the governorship in 2006 (running for the governorship in 2018)

This is a document about 2017 Los Angeles mayoral election
 Paul E. Amori ; Y.J. Draiman, businessman, member of the Northridge East Neighborhood Council, father of David Draiman and candidate for Mayor in 2013 ; Eric Garcetti, incumbent Mayor of Los Angeles (Party preference: Democratic) ; David Hernandez, activist (Party preference: Republican) ; David "Zuma Dogg" Saltsburg, activist ; Rudy Melendez, laborer ; Frantz Pierre, activist ; Eric Preven, writer ; Mitchell Schwartz, political strategist, environmentalist and entrepreneur (Party preference: Democratic) ; Diane "Pinky" Harman, retired teacher ; Yuval Kremer, teacher ; Dennis Richter, factory worker

This is a document about 2017 Los Angeles election
  The 2017 Los Angeles elections were held on March 7, 2017 in Los Angeles, California. Voters elected candidates in a nonpartisan primary, with runoff elections scheduled for May 16, 2017. Eight of the fifteen seats in the City Council were up for election, as well as the offices of Mayor, City Attorney, and City Controller. Four ballot measures were also on the ballot. Municipal elections in California are officially nonpartisan; candidates' party affiliations do not appear on the ballot.

This is a document about Los Angeles
  Los Angeles is a charter city as opposed to a general law city. The current charter was adopted on June 8, 1999, and has been amended many times. The elected government consists of the Los Angeles City Council and the mayor of Los Angeles, which operate under a mayor–council government, as well as the city attorney (not to be confused with the district attorney, a county office) and controller. The mayor is Eric Garcetti. There are 15 city council districts. The city has many departments and appointed officers, including the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD), the Los Angeles Board of Police Commissioners, the Los Angeles Fire Department (LAFD),

This is a document about 2022 United States House of Representatives elections in California
   Democrat Karen Bass, who has represented the district since 2013, was re-elected with 85.9% of the vote in 2020. Bass announced that she would be retiring to run for mayor of Los Angeles. The boundaries of the district will be determined during the 2020 redistricting cycle.

This is a document about 2012 Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach strike
  Port of Long Beach. Following this, Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa sent a letter to both the union and representatives for the employers, urging them to resume negotiations. Speaking to the Associated Press that same day, a spokesperson for the Port of Los Angeles stated that the strike was "not crippling the port by any means". However, a report by KPCC on November 29 stated that there were 18 cargo ships in the area that were docked and not being serviced. That same day, the Los Angeles Business Journal stated that U.S. Representatives Judy Chu, Janice Hahn, and Grace Napolitano (all members of the Democratic Party) had voiced their support for the striking workers, while Bloomberg News stated

This is a document about La Habra, California
  La Habra's mayor is rotated among current city council members. The current Mayor is Rose Espinoza as of 2021. Current council members include Tim Shaw, Jose Medrano, James Gomez, and Steve Simonian. Though he has previously served as mayor several times, Gomez is often mistaken as the incumbent mayor of La Habra because of his nickname "Mr. La Habra" and community fame. In the California State Legislature, La Habra is in, and in. In the United States House of Representatives, La Habra is in California's 39th congressional district, which has a Cook PVI of EVEN and is currently represented by.

This is a document about 2022 United States House of Representatives elections in California
 Karen Bass (Democratic), incumbent U.S. Representative (running for mayor of Los Angeles)

The current mayor of Los Angeles is Eric Garcetti.


Question: what type of government does kenya have 2018

Answer: Republic

This is a document about Lists of rulers of Kenya
 Heads of Government of Kenya

This is a document about Kenya
   Kenya is a presidential representative democratic republic with a multi-party system. The president is both the head of state and head of government. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the National Assembly and the Senate. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. There has been growing concern, especially during former president Daniel arap Moi's tenure, that the executive was increasingly meddling with the affairs of the judiciary. Kenya has high levels of corruption according to Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), a metric which attempts to gauge the prevalence of public-sector corruption

This is a document about Outline of Kenya
 Head of State: President of Kenya, Uhuru Kenyatta ; Cabinet of Kenya

This is a document about Government of Kenya
  in the election of its president, who is leader of the Executive branch of government. The current president of the Republic of Kenya is Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta. Kenya's constitution states that it is a multi-party democratic state founded on the national values and principles of governance referred to in Article 10. There are three arms of government, which operate independently and work to balance each other, based upon the "Separation of powers" principle. Before the 2013 general election the Judiciary wouldn't be considered as independent as it is today, and before the 1992 elections Kenya wasn't a multiparty state - all power was centered in the Executive with Daniel arap Moi as President.

This is a document about Politics of Kenya
  Assembly. These were duly filled up with elected candidates. The nation was also divided into counties headed by governors and represented in the senate by senators. Women in these counties were also represented by electing women Representatives. The five-year term ended on 2017 and the country went in for the elections. The President Uhuru Kenyatta and Deputy William Samoei Ruto were re-elected on 30 October 2017. This will run up to 2022 when the next elections will be conducted. The historical handshake in March 2018 between president Uhuru Kenyatta and his long-time opponent Raila Odinga meant reconciliation followed by economic growth and increased stability.

This is a document about Government of Kenya
 1) Central ; 2) Coast ; 3) Eastern ; 4) Nairobi ; 5) North Eastern ; 6) Nyanza ; 7) Rift Valley ; 8) Western The government was formed in 1963. However, Kenya didn't become a republic until 1964. Initially, the head of government was the Prime Minister who was Jomo Kenyatta. He later on became the first President of Kenya. The current structure of government allows power to be held on two levels: The national level and the county level. This allows the Counties of Kenya a form of autonomy. Before the 2013 elections Kenya was under a central government with eight provinces: The country is a representative democracy legislatively, and a direct

This is a document about Outline of Kenya
 Form of government: ; Capital of Kenya: Nairobi ; Elections in Kenya ; Political parties in Kenya Politics of Kenya

This is a document about 2018 in Kenya
  Events in the year 2018 in Kenya.

This is a document about 2017 Kenyan general election
  General elections were held in Kenya on 8 August 2017 to elect the President, members of the National Assembly and Senate. They coincided with the 2017 Kenyan local elections which elected Governors and representatives in the devolved governments. The published results showed that incumbent President Uhuru Kenyatta of the Jubilee Party had been re-elected with 54% of the vote. However, his main opponent, Raila Odinga of the Orange Democratic Movement, refused to accept the results and contested them in the Supreme Court. The results of the presidential election were subsequently annulled by the court and fresh presidential elections was ordered to be held within 60 days. It was later announced that the elections would be held in October. The results of the parliamentary and local elections remained valid. The Jubilee Party retained its majority in the Senate, winning 34 of the 67 seats, and remained the largest party in the National Assembly with 171 of the 341 seats. The Orange Democratic Movement won 20 seats in the Senate and 76 in the National Assembly.

This is a document about Senate of Kenya
  Source: Kenyan Parliament (2020)

This is a document about Kenya
  Following the passage of the new constitution, Kenya became a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Kenya is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. The new constitution also states that executive powers are exercised by the executive branch of government, headed by the president, who chairs a cabinet composed of people chosen from outside parliament. Legislative power is vested exclusively in Parliament. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.

This is a document about Women in Kenya
  and many others. Following the new constitution in 2010, politics in Kenya took a different turn. There was a shift from the unitary system and structure of government to a decentralized one where authority and responsibility of public functions were redistributed to local governments. The country was divided into 47 counties, and each has its own local government, headed by a Governor. All 47 seats were won by men during the first election under the new constitution in 2013. It was just in the 2017 elections that three women were voted into the Governors seat for the first time. The elected governors were Joyce Laboso for Bomet County, Anne Waiguru for Kirinyaga County and Charity Ngilu for Kitui County.

This is a document about Government of Kenya
  The Government of the Republic of Kenya (GoK) is the national government of the republic of Kenya which is composed of 47 Counties, each county with its own semi-autonomous governments. The national government is composed of three arms: The Legislature, the Executive and the Judiciary. Each arm is independent of the other and their individual roles are set by the Constitution of Kenya. The full name of the country is the "Republic of Kenya". Its official Swahili name is 'Jamhuri ya Kenya'. Other terms such as GoK, GK and Serikali are popularly used to refer to the Kenyan government.

This is a document about Outline of Kenya
  Government of Kenya

This is a document about Kenya Vision 2030
  first quarter of year 2018. This has been attributed to the trickle down effect of the " Handshake " leading to stabilized political environment.The country is continuing with the governance and institutional reforms necessary to accelerate economic growth. Other critical problems being addressed include poor infrastructure and high energy costs. The six key sectors described below are being given priority as the key growth drivers for achievement of the economic vision:  It is notable that with each Government comes spheres of interest but with the change of guard this has not been necessarily so in Kenya. The New administration of Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta has rather picked

This is a document about Politics of Kenya
  The politics of Kenya take place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Kenya is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system in accordance with a new constitution passed in 2010. Executive power is exercised by the executive branch of government, headed by the President, who chairs the cabinet, that is composed of people chosen from outside parliament. Legislative power is vested exclusively in Parliament. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. The Political terror scale gave the country a rating of a 4 meaning that Civil and political rights violations had expanded to large numbers of the population. Murders, disappearances, and torture were a common part of life. In spite of its generality, this level terror affected those who interested themselves in politics or ideas.

This is a document about 2021 in East Africa
 Chief of state and Head of government: President Uhuru Kenyatta (since 2013) ; Deputy President: William Ruto (since 2013) 🇰🇪 kenya

This is a document about Lists of rulers of Kenya
 Heads of State of Kenya

This is a document about Government of Kenya
   Elections in Kenya that predate 1992 were not multiparty elections. On independence, Kenya voted for Kenyatta as President. However, over the next few years Kenya slowly transitioned from being a democracy to being a one-party state. Kenyatta's regime greatly oversaw the gradual limitation of the democratic system. Kenyatta died in 1978; his vice President Moi took over and in 1982 the country was officially made a one-party state with every other party being outlawed. This was met by resistance over the next decade or so. In 1992 Kenya's first multiparty elections were held. Ever since then elections have been held every 5 years. In 2013 the general election paved the way for semi-autonomy of the 47 counties of Kenya. Uhuru Kenyatta, the incumbent won and his coalition the Jubilee Alliance now controls the majority in both houses of Parliament, i.e. the National Assembly and the Senate. The state allows universal suffrage based on the aspiration for fair representation and equality. The only people not allowed to vote are people convicted of an election offence during the preceding five years. Elections in Kenya are overseen by the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission.

This is a document about Ndindi Nyoro
  Ndindi has distinguished himself as a stalwart supporter and an adherent of Kenya's Deputy President Dr William Ruto, and a figurehead behind Team Tangatanga - a large contingent of Members of Parliament (MPs) that supports William Ruto's 2022 presidential bid. Team Tangatanga is seen as a group of dissenters opposed to Uhuru-Raila Handshake (2018 Peace Agreement between President Uhuru Kenyatta and opposition leader Raila Odinga) due to its politically perceived ramifications of changing Kenya 2010 constitution to substitute the presidential system with parliamentary system and have Raila Odinga as the Prime Minister. Tangataga has its match in a loose political

Kenya is a presidential representative democratic republic in 2018.


Question: the meridian opposite of earth 's prime meridian ( 0 ° longitude ) is called

Answer: International Date Line

This is a document about Prime meridian
  A prime meridian is the meridian (a line of longitude) in a geographic coordinate system at which longitude is defined to be 0°. Together, a prime meridian and its anti-meridian (the 180th meridian in a 360°-system) form a great circle. This great circle divides a spheroid into two hemispheres. If one uses directions of East and West from a defined prime meridian, then they can be called the Eastern Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere.  A prime meridian for a body not tidally locked (or at least not synchronous) is entirely arbitrary, unlike an equator, which is determined by the axis of rotation. For celestial objects that are tidally locked (more specifically, synchronous), however, their prime meridians are determined by the face always inward of the orbit (a planet facing its star, or a moon facing its planet), just as equators are determined by

This is a document about IERS Reference Meridian
  opposite, stations must move in opposite directions by the same amount. The 180th meridian (the meridian at 180° both east and west of the Prime Meridian) is opposite the IERS Reference Meridian and forms a great circle with it dividing the earth into Western Hemisphere and Eastern Hemisphere. Universal Time is notionally based on the WGS84 meridian. Because of changes in the rate of Earth's rotation, standard international time UTC can differ from the mean observed solar time at noon on the prime meridian by up to 0.9 of a second. Leap seconds are inserted periodically to keep UTC close to Earth's angular position relative to the Sun; see mean solar time.

This is a document about Meridian (geography)
  circle, the meridian on the opposite side of the earth from Greenwich, the antimeridian, forms the other half of a circle with the one through Greenwich, and is at 180° longitude  near the International Date Line (with land mass and island deviations for boundary reasons). The meridians from West of Greenwich (0°) to the antimeridian (180°) define the Western Hemisphere and the meridians from East of Greenwich (0°) to the antimeridian (180°) define the Eastern Hemisphere. Most maps show the lines of longitude. The position of the prime meridian has changed a few times throughout history, mainly due to the transit observatory

This is a document about Meridian (geography)
   In geography and geodesy, a meridian (or line of longitude) is the half of an imaginary polar great circle or great ellipse on the Earth's surface, a coordinate line terminated by the North Pole and the South Pole. A meridian is the locus connecting points of equal longitude, which is the angle (in degrees or other units) east or west of a given prime meridian (currently, the IERS Reference Meridian). The position of a point along the meridian is given by that longitude and its latitude, measured in angular degrees north or south of the Equator. Each meridian is perpendicular to all circles of latitude. Meridians are half of a great circle on the Earth's surface. The length of a meridian on a modern ellipsoid model of the earth (WGS 84) has been estimated at 20,003.93 km (12,429.9 miles).

This is a document about Longitude by chronometer
  known as the Prime Meridian and is now accepted by most nations as the starting point for all longitude measurements. The Prime Meridian of zero degrees longitude runs along the meridian passing through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England. Longitude is measured east and west from the Prime Meridian. To determine "longitude by chronometer," a navigator requires a chronometer set to the local time at the Prime Meridian. Local time at the Prime Meridian has historically been called Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), but now, due to international sensitivities, has been renamed as Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), and is known colloquially as "zulu time".

This is a document about ISO 6709
  Longitude is a number preceded by a sign character. A plus sign denotes east longitude or the prime meridian, and a minus sign  denotes west longitude or 180° meridian (opposite of the prime meridian). Rules about the number of digits are the same as for latitude.

This is a document about Maidenhead Locator System
  eastward from the antimeridian of Greenwich, giving the Prime Meridian a false easting of 180° and the equator a false northing of 90°. To simplify manual encoding, the base for the first pair of letters—traditionally called a field—was chosen to be 18, thus dividing the globe into 18 zones of longitude of 20° each, and 18 zones of latitude 10° each. These zones are encoded with the letters "A" through "R". The second pair of numbers, called a square and placed after the first pair of letters, uses a base number of 10, and is encoded using the digits "0" to

This is a document about Geographic coordinate system
   The "latitude" (abbreviation: Lat., φ, or phi) of a point on Earth's surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through (or close to) the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the Equator and to each other. The North Pole is 90° N; the South Pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the Equator, the fundamental plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The Equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The "longitude" (abbreviation: Long., λ, or

This is a document about Eastern Hemisphere
  "the West". Consequently, the meridians of 20°W and the diametrically opposed 160°E are often used outside of matters of physics and navigation, which includes all of the European and African mainlands, but also includes a small portion of northeast Greenland (typically reckoned as part of North America) and excludes more of eastern Russia and Oceania (e.g., New Zealand). Prior to the global adoption of standard time, numerous prime meridians were decreed by various countries where time was defined by local noon (thereby, local ). The center of the Eastern Hemisphere is located in the Indian Ocean at the intersection of the equator and the 90th meridian east, 910 km west of Indonesia in the Ninety East Ridge. The nearest land is Simeulue Island at 2.58333°N, 96.08333°W. The land mass of the Eastern Hemisphere is larger than that of the Western Hemisphere and has a wide variety of habitats.

This is a document about Geodetic coordinates
  Longitude measures the rotational angle between the zero meridian and the measured point. By convention for the Earth, Moon, and Sun it is expressed in degrees ranging from −180° to +180°. For other bodies a range of 0° to 360° is used. For this purpose it is necessary to identify a zero meridian, which for Earth is usually the Prime Meridian. For other bodies a fixed surface feature is usually referenced, which for Mars is the meridian passing through the crater Airy-0. It is possible for many different coordinate systems to be defined upon the same reference ellipsoid. Geodetic latitude measures how close to the poles or equator a point is along a meridian, and is represented as an

This is a document about Longitude
   Longitude (, AU and UK also ) is a geographic coordinate that specifies the east–west position of a point on the Earth's surface, or the surface of a celestial body. It is an angular measurement, usually expressed in degrees and denoted by the Greek letter lambda (λ). Meridians (lines running from pole to pole) connect points with the same longitude. The prime meridian, which passes near the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, England, is defined as 0° longitude by convention. Positive longitudes are east of the prime meridian, and negative ones are west. Because of the Earth's rotation, there is a close connection between longitude and time. Local time (for example from the position of the Sun) varies with longitude: a difference of 15° longitude corresponds to a one-hour difference

This is a document about Prime meridian
  For Earth's prime meridian, various conventions have been used or advocated in different regions throughout history. The most widely used modern meridian is the IERS Reference Meridian. It is derived but deviates slightly from the Greenwich Meridian, which was selected as an international standard in 1884. Longitudes for the Earth and Moon are measured from their prime meridian at 0° to 180° east and to 180° west. For all other Solar System bodies, longitude is measured from 0° (their prime meridian) to 360°. West longitudes are used if the rotation of the body is direct, that is, it follows the right hand rule. East longitudes are used if the rotation is retrograde. However, °E that are greater than 180 can be converted to °W by subtracting the value from 360. The same is true of °W greater than 180, converting to °E.

This is a document about Prime meridian
  In October 1884 the Greenwich Meridian was selected by delegates (forty-one delegates representing twenty-five nations) to the International Meridian Conference held in Washington, D.C., United States to be the common zero of longitude and standard of time reckoning throughout the world. The modern prime meridian, the IERS Reference Meridian, is placed very near this meridian and is the prime meridian that currently has the widest use.

This is a document about Sphere
  If a particular point on a sphere is (arbitrarily) designated as its north pole, its antipodal point is called the south pole. The great circle equidistant to each is then the equator. Great circles through the poles are called lines of longitude (or meridians). A line not on the sphere but through its center connecting the two poles may be called the axis of rotation. Circles on the sphere that are parallel (i.e. not great circles) to the equator are lines of latitude.

This is a document about Geographic coordinate system
  of a point on Earth's surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses (often called great circles), which converge at the North and South Poles. The meridian of the British Royal Observatory in Greenwich, in southeast London, England, is the international prime meridian, although some organizations—such as the French Institut national de l'information géographique et forestière—continue to use other meridians for internal purposes. The prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The

This is a document about Meridian (geography)
  Toward the ending of the 12th century there were two main locations that were acknowledged as the geographic location of the meridian, France and Britain. These two locations often conflicted and a settlement was reached only after there was an International Meridian Conference held, in which Greenwich was recognized as the 0° location. The meridian through Greenwich (inside Greenwich Park), England, called the Prime Meridian, was set at zero degrees of longitude, while other meridians were defined by the angle at the center of the earth between where it and the prime meridian cross the equator. As there are 360 degrees in

This is a document about Prime meridian (Greenwich)
  (aligns with) the modern celestial meridian (the intersection of the prime meridian plane with the celestial sphere), it does not pass through the Earth's rotation axis. As a result of this, the ITRF zero meridian, defined by a plane passing through the Earth's rotation axis, is 102.478 metres to the east of the prime meridian. A 2015 analysis by Malys et al. shows the offset between the former and the latter can be explained by this deflection of the vertical alone; other possible sources of the offset that have been proposed in the past are smaller than the current uncertainty in the deflection of the vertical, locally. The astronomical

This is a document about Selenographic coordinate system
  Longitude on the Moon is measured both east and west from its prime meridian. When no direction is specified, east is positive and west is negative. Roughly speaking, the Moon's prime meridian lies near the center of the Moon's disc as seen from Earth. For precise applications, many coordinate systems have been defined for the Moon, each with a slightly different prime meridian. The IAU recommends the "mean Earth/polar axis" system, in which the prime meridian is the average direction (from the Moon's center) of the Earth's center.

This is a document about IERS Reference Meridian
   The IERS Reference Meridian (IRM), also called the International Reference Meridian, is the prime meridian (0° longitude) maintained by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS). It passes about 5.3 arcseconds east of George Biddell Airy's 1851 transit circle which is 102 m at the latitude of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. It is also the reference meridian of the Global Positioning System (GPS) operated by the United States Space Force, and of WGS84 and its two formal versions, the ideal International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS) and its realization, the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF).

This is a document about Mercator 1569 world map
   In Legend 5 Mercator argues that the Prime Meridian should be identified with that on which the magnetic declination is zero, namely the meridian through the Cape Verde islands, or alternatively that through the island of Corvo in the Azores. (He cites the varying opinions of the Dieppe mariners). The prime meridian is labelled as 360 and the remainder are labelled every ten degrees eastwards. He further claims that he has used information on the geographical variation of declination to calculate the position of the (single) magnetic pole corresponding to the two possible prime meridians: they are shown on [[Media:Mercator 1569 world map sheet 06.PNG|Sheet6]] with appropriate

The meridian opposite of Earth's prime meridian (0° longitude) is the 180° meridian.


Question: when did robert frost wrote stopping by the woods

Answer: 1922

This is a document about Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
  "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" is a poem by Robert Frost, written in 1922, and published in 1923 in his New Hampshire volume. Imagery, personification, and repetition are prominent in the work. In a letter to Louis Untermeyer, Frost called it "my best bid for remembrance."

This is a document about Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
  Frost wrote the poem in June 1922 at his house in Shaftsbury, Vermont. He had been up the entire night writing the long poem "New Hampshire" and had finally finished when he realized morning had come. He went out to view the sunrise and suddenly got the idea for "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening". He wrote the new poem "about the snowy evening and the little horse as if I'd had a hallucination" in just "a few minutes without strain."

This is a document about Robert Frost
 Robert Frost Hall is an academic building at Southern New Hampshire University in Manchester, New Hampshire. ; In the early morning of November 23, 1963, Westinghouse Broadcasting's Sid Davis reported the arrival of President John F. Kennedy's casket at the White House. Since Frost was one of the President's favorite poets, Davis concluded his report with a passage from "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening", but was overcome with emotion as he signed off. ; Jawaharlal Nehru (1889–1964), the first Prime Minister of India, had kept a book of Robert Frost's close to him towards his later years, even at

This is a document about Promises to Keep (Biden book)
  The title of the book was inspired by Robert Frost's 1922 poem "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening."

This is a document about 1923 in poetry
  And miles to go before I sleep.—From Robert Frost's "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening", first published this year in his collection New Hampshire Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).

This is a document about Bennington College
  In 2017, Bennington College acquired the Robert Frost Stone House Museum through a gift from the Friends of Robert Frost. Robert Frost lived in the colonial era home in Shaftsbury, VT from 1920 to 1929, during which time he wrote many of his well known works including the poem "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening." Frost was involved in the founding of Bennington during the 1930s, suggesting the use of narrative evaluations which became a core aspect of the college's academic process. After acquiring the museum, the college created educational opportunities for students with relevant areas of study to engage with the museum's resources.

This is a document about John Ciardi
  stand, noting that it was the reviewer's duty to damn when warranted." In similar circumstances, Ciardi "described Robert Frost's 'Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening' as expressing the death wish of its speaker". May Sarton, for example, accused Ciardi of "hat[ing her] guts and [of doing] everything he could to destroy [her]" in describing the difficulties faced by women poets. Working for The Saturday Review while overseas, Ciardi sent Harold Norse's poem, "Victor Emmanuel Monument (Rome)", back to the U.S. to be published in the April 13, 1957 issue. The poem described Italian soldiers as flamboyant prostitutes. In Ciardi's biography, Cifelli quotes several lines from the poem indicating

This is a document about 1923 in poetry
 Conrad Aiken, The Pilgrimage of Festus ; Stephen Vincent Benet: ; King David ; ''The Ballad of William Sycamore, 1790–1880 ; Louise Bogan, Body of This Death ; E.E. Cummings, Tulips and Chimneys ; Djuna Barnes, A Book, collection of prose and poetry ; Robert Frost, New Hampshire including "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening", "Fire and Ice", "Nothing Gold Can Say" ; Elsa Gidlow, On A Grey Thread, the first volume of openly lesbian love poetry published in North America. ; D.H. Lawrence, Birds, Beasts and Flowers, including "Snake", published in the United States in October, published in the United Kingdom

This is a document about 1922 in poetry
  and completes his Duino Elegies (Duineser Elegien). ; April – The Fugitive is established in Nashville, Tennessee, by John Crowe Ransom and other members of the Vanderbilt University English faculty who become known collectively as the Fugitives. ; June – Over a single night at his home in Shaftsbury, Vermont, Robert Frost completes the long poem "New Hampshire" and at sunrise writes "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening". ; July – Having issued a 2nd edition of António Botto's poetry collection Canções through his Portuguese publishing house Olisipo, Fernando Pessoa publishes a magazine article praising Botto's courage and sincerity in

This is a document about 1959 in poetry
 March – at a dinner celebrating Robert Frost's 85th birthday, the critic Lionel Trilling gives some brief remarks about Frost's poetry and "permanently changed the way people think about his subject", according to critic Adam Kirsch. Trilling says that Frost had been long viewed as a folksy, unobjectionable poet, "an articulate Bald Eagle" who gave readers comfortable truths in traditional meter and New England dialect in such schoolbook favorites such as "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" and "The Road Not Taken"; but was instead was "a terrifying poet" not so much like Longfellow as Sophocles, "who made plain ... the terrible things of human life." Trilling is severely criticized at the time, but his

This is a document about 1922 in literature
  Diaghilev, Igor Stravinsky, Pablo Picasso, Erik Satie and Clive Bell, hosted by English art patron and novelist Sydney Schiff, dine in Paris at the Hotel Majestic: their one joint meeting. ; May 27 – F. Scott Fitzgerald's short story "The Curious Case of Benjamin Button" is published in The Smart Set magazine. ; June ; F. Scott Fitzgerald's short story "The Diamond as Big as the Ritz" appears in Collier's magazine. ; Over one night at his home in Shaftsbury, Vermont, Robert Frost completes the poem "New Hampshire" and at sunrise writes "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening". ; July – Having issued a

This is a document about Shaftsbury, Vermont
 Irving Adler, author, mathematician, scientist, and educator ; Joyce Sparer Adler, literary critic, playwright, and teacher ; George L. Buck, Wisconsin state senator and businessman ; Robert Frost, American poet, writer of Stopping By Woods On A Snowy Evening and Fire And Ice ; Jonas Galusha, sixth governor of Vermont ; Jacob M. Howard, US senator from Michigan ; Norman Lear, television writer and producer ; Andy Newell, US Nordic skier and Olympian ; Gideon Olin, US congressman from Vermont ; Henry Olin, US congressman from Vermont and sixth Lieutenant Governor of Vermont ; Jane Stickle, quilter

This is a document about Poetry Please
  that I was now going to be working with the most beautiful material ever written in the English language, spoken by the most beautiful voices currently working in the English language, and that was nothing but a joy in prospect. It's wonderfully democratic, because you open the postbag and there is a request there for a poem you have either never heard of, by a poet whose name is completely strange to you, or something you have adored since childhood and whose phrases have been part of your many inner soundtracks, and either of those is a delight." As of 2013, the most frequently-requested and broadcast poem was Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening by Robert Frost.

This is a document about 2019 in public domain
  public domain in 2024. However, all sheet music published in 1923 in the United States entered the public domain in 2019. Some of the works that entered public domain are The Great American Novel by William Carlos Williams, Charlie Chaplin’s The Pilgrim, Harold Lloyd's Safety Last!, Robert Frost's Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, Kahlil Gibran's The Prophet, The Murder on the Links by Agatha Christie, Cecil B. DeMille’s The Ten Commandments, Aldous Huxley’s Antic Hay, and Winston Churchill’s The World Crisis. While Christie, Huxley, and Churchill were all non-American authors, these works were also published in the United States and their copyright was registered and renewed. Hence, copyright expired in 2019.

This is a document about H. P. Lovecraft bibliography
  in a Rural Bower [September 29, 1923] ; Lines for Poets' Night at the Scribblers' Club [October? 1923] ; On a Scene in Rural Rhode Island [November 8, 1923] ; Damon and Lycë [December 13, 1923] ; To Mr. Hoag [c. February 3, 1924] ; On the Pyramids [c. February 1924] ; Stanzas on Samarkand I-III [February–March 1924] ; Providence [September 26, 1924] ; On The Thing in the Woods by Harper Williams [c. November 29, 1924] ; Solstice [December 25, 1924] ; To Saml Loveman, Esq. [c. January 14, 1925] ; To George Kirk, Esq. [January 18, 1925]

This is a document about 1895 in poetry
 December 19 – Robert Frost marries Elinor Miriam White at Lawrence, Massachusetts. ; Rudyard Kipling writes the poem If—. ; Ernest Thayer recites Casey at the Bat at a Harvard class reunion, resolving the "mystery" of the poem's authorship.

This is a document about July 4
  Thoreau's account of his two years there, Walden, will become a touchstone of the environmental movement. ; 1855 – The first edition of Walt Whitman's book of poems, Leaves of Grass, is published in Brooklyn. ; 1862 – Lewis Carroll tells Alice Liddell a story that would grow into Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and its sequels. ; 1863 – American Civil War: Siege of Vicksburg: Vicksburg, Mississippi surrenders to U.S. forces under Ulysses S. Grant after 47 days of siege. ; 1863  – American Civil War: Union forces repulse a Confederate army at the Battle of Helena in Arkansas. The

This is a document about Conversation poems
  <div style="float:right; border:1px solid black; padding:10px; margin:0 0 .5em .5em; text-align:left; background:lightgray"> Therefore all seasons shall be sweet to thee, Whether the summer clothe the general earth With greenness, or the redbreast sit and sing Betwixt the tufts of snow on the bare branch Of mossy apple-tree, while the nigh thatch Smokes in the sun-thaw; whether the eave-drops fall Heard only in the trances of the blast, Or if the secret ministry of frost Shall hang them up in silent icicles, Quietly shining to the quiet Moon. —"Frost at Midnight" (lines 65–74) Frost at Midnight was written in February 1798. It is based on Coleridge's childhood as well as his friendship with Wordsworth, who first exposed Coleridge to the wild beauty of the Lake District. The poem was published in a small work containing his France: An Ode and Fears in Solitude.

This is a document about Birches (poem)
  Frost's writing of this poem was inspired by another similar poem "Swinging on a Birch-tree" by American poet Lucy Larcom and his own experience of swinging birch trees at his childhood. Frost once said "it was almost sacrilegious climbing a birch tree till it bent, till it gave and swooped to the ground, but that's what boys did in those days". Written in 1913–1914, "Birches" first appeared in The Atlantic Monthly in the August issue of 1915 and was later collected in Frost's third book Mountain Interval (1916).

This is a document about Robert Frost
  Far Nor In Too Deep", "Provide, Provide", "Acquainted with the Night", "After Apple Picking", "Mending Wall", "The Most of It", "An Old Man's Winter Night", "To Earthward", "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening", "Spring Pools", "The Lovely Shall Be Choosers", "Design", and "Desert Places". In 2003, the critic Charles McGrath noted that critical views on Frost's poetry have changed over the years (as has his public image). In an article called "The Vicissitudes of Literary Reputation," McGrath wrote, "Robert Frost ... at the time of his death in 1963 was generally considered to be a New England folkie ... In 1977, the third volume of Lawrance Thompson's biography suggested

Robert Frost wrote "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" in June 1922.


Question: what type of literature is the great gatsby

Answer: novel

This is a document about The Great Gatsby
  for the title of the "Great American Novel". By the mid-2000s, many literary critics considered The Great Gatsby to be one of the greatest novels ever written, and the work was part of the assigned curricula in the near majority of U.S. high schools. As of early 2020, The Great Gatsby had sold almost 30 million copies worldwide and continues to sell an additional 500,000 copies annually. Numerous foreign editions of the novel have been published, and the text has been translated into 42 different languages. The work is Scribner's most popular title; in 2013, the e-book alone sold 185,000 copies. The novel's U.S. copyright expired on January 1, 2021, when all works published in 1925 entered the public domain.

This is a document about F. Scott Fitzgerald
  led The New York Times editorialist Arthur Mizener to proclaim the novel a masterwork of American literature. By the 21st century, The Great Gatsby had sold millions of copies, and the novel is required reading in many high school and college classes. Despite its publication over a century ago, the work continues to be cited by scholars as relevant to understanding contemporary America. According to Professor John Kuehl of New York University: "If you want to know about Spain, you read Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises. If you want to know about the South, you read Faulkner. If you want to know what America's like, you read The Great Gatsby. Fitzgerald is the quintessential American writer."

This is a document about Maureen Corrigan
  Corrigan investigates what makes F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby so captivating and influential, through "archives, high school classrooms, and even out onto the Long Island Sound, to explore the novel's hidden depths, a journey whose revelations include Gatsby's surprising debt to hard-boiled crime fiction, its rocky path to recognition as a "classic," and its profound commentaries on the national themes of race, class, and gender." Corrigan pinpoints restlessness as a quintessential American quality, one she perceives in Fitzgerald's knowing depiction of New York City, the great mecca for dreamers with its promise of freedom, new identities, success, and "unsentimental sex." She explains why she considers The Great Gatsby to be "America's greatest novel about class" as well as the vanquishing of God and the worship of idols in the aftermath of World War I, the fantasy that one can truly reinvent one's self, the grandeur of longing, and the spell of illusion.

This is a document about The Great Gatsby
  The Great Gatsby is a 1925 novel by American writer F. Scott Fitzgerald. Set in the Jazz Age on Long Island, near New York City, the novel depicts first-person narrator Nick Carraway's interactions with mysterious millionaire Jay Gatsby and Gatsby's obsession to reunite with his former lover, Daisy Buchanan. The novel was inspired by a youthful romance Fitzgerald had with socialite Ginevra King, and the riotous parties he attended on Long Island's North Shore in 1922. Following a move to the French Riviera, Fitzgerald completed a rough draft of the novel in 1924. He submitted it to editor Maxwell Perkins, who persuaded Fitzgerald to revise the work over the following winter. After making revisions, Fitzgerald was satisfied

This is a document about F. Scott Fitzgerald
  on how Fitzgerald's fiction dissects the entrenched class disparities in American society. His novel, The Great Gatsby, underscores the limits of the American lower class to transcend their station of birth. Although scholars posit different explanations for the continuation of class differences in the United States, there is a consensus regarding Fitzgerald's belief in its underlying permanence. Although fundamental conflict occurs between entrenched sources of socio-economic power and upstarts who threaten their interests, Fitzgerald's fiction shows that a class permanence persists despite the country's capitalist economy that prizes innovation and adaptability. Even if the poorer Americans become rich, they remain inferior to those Americans with "old money". Consequently, Fitzgerald's characters are trapped in a rigid American class system.

This is a document about Adaptations and portrayals of F. Scott Fitzgerald
  F. Scott Fitzgerald was an American writer known for his novels and short stories which often celebrated the decadence and excess of the Jazz Age. Many of his literary works were adapted into cinematic films, television episodes, and theatrical productions. Although a number of his works were adapted during his lifetime, the number of adaptations greatly increased following his death, and several cinematic adaptations gained considerable critical acclaim. The earliest adaptations of Fitzgerald's work were flapper film comedies such as The Husband Hunter (1920) and The Off-Shore Pirate (1921). Notable film adaptations of his novel The Great Gatsby include a 1974 film—which featured a script by Francis Ford Coppola and starred Robert Redford and Mia Farrow—and a 2013 adaptation which featured Leonardo DiCaprio in the titular role. His later novel The Last Tycoon was adapted by Elia Kazan into a 1976 film, with an ensemble cast featuring Robert De Niro and Jack Nicholson among others. Beyond adaptations of his novels and stories, Fitzgerald himself has been portrayed in a variety of media, including novels and theatrical productions. On film, he has been portrayed by actors such as Tom Hiddleston, Jeremy Irons, and Gregory Peck.

This is a document about Yao Naiqiang
 The Great Gatsby (了不起的盖茨比) ; The Scarlet Letter (红字) ; Xinhua Dictionary with English Translation (汉英双解新华字典)

This is a document about The Great Gatsby
  the text, but remained ambivalent about the book's title and considered several alternatives. Painter Francis Cugat's cover art greatly impressed Fitzgerald, and he incorporated aspects of it into the novel. After its publication by Scribner's in April 1925, The Great Gatsby received generally favorable reviews, though some literary critics believed it did not equal Fitzgerald's previous efforts. Compared to his earlier novels, Gatsby was a commercial disappointment, selling fewer than 20,000 copies by October, and Fitzgerald's hopes of a monetary windfall from the novel were unrealized. When the author died in 1940, he believed himself to be a failure and his work forgotten. During World War II, the novel experienced an abrupt surge in popularity when the

This is a document about The Great Gatsby
  on Books in Wartime distributed free copies to American soldiers serving overseas. This new-found popularity launched a critical and scholarly re-examination, and the work soon became a core part of most American high school curricula and a part of American popular culture. Numerous stage and film adaptations followed in the subsequent decades. Gatsby continues to attract popular and scholarly attention. Contemporary scholars emphasize the novel's treatment of social class, inherited versus self-made wealth, race, and environmentalism, and its cynical attitude towards the American dream. One persistent item of criticism is an allegation of antisemitic stereotyping. The Great Gatsby is widely considered to be a literary masterwork and a contender for the title of the Great American Novel.

This is a document about Lost Generation
  The writings of the Lost Generation literary figures often pertained to the writers' experiences in World War I and the years following it. It is said that the work of these writers was autobiographical based on their use of mythologized versions of their lives. One of the themes that commonly appears in the authors' works is decadence and the frivolous lifestyle of the wealthy. Both Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald touched on this theme throughout the novels The Sun Also Rises and The Great Gatsby. Another theme commonly found in the works of these authors was the death of the American dream, which is exhibited throughout many of their novels. It is particularly prominent in The Great Gatsby, in which the character Nick Carraway comes to realize the corruption that surrounds him.

This is a document about F. Scott Fitzgerald
  As one of the leading authorial voices of the Jazz Age, Fitzgerald's literary style influenced a number of contemporary and future writers. As early as 1922, critic John V. A. Weaver noted that Fitzgerald's literary influence was already "so great that it cannot be estimated." Similar to Edith Wharton and Henry James, Fitzgerald's style often used a series of disconnected scenes to convey plot developments. His lifelong editor Max Perkins described this particular technique as creating the impression for the reader of a railroad journey in which the vividness of passing scenes blaze with life. In the style of Joseph Conrad, Fitzgerald often employed a narrator's device to unify these passing scenes and imbue them with deeper meaning. Gatsby remains Fitzgerald's most influential literary work as an author. The publication of The Great Gatsby prompted poet T. S. Eliot

This is a document about Merton College Library
  I's Welsh Bibles, a matching pair of 16th-century globes (one of the earth, the other of the heavens), and a collection of astrolabes and other early scientific instruments. Although the main academic library is housed elsewhere, the Upper Library is still regularly used by members of the college and is open to visitors by arrangement. The library also has important collections of papers and manuscripts from three former Mertonians: mountaineer Andrew "Sandy" Irvine and authors T. S. Eliot and Max Beerbohm. The Library is mentioned in the 1925 novel The Great Gatsby written by American author F. Scott Fitzgerald, where the young and mysterious millionaire Jay Gatsby claims to be an "Oxford man".

This is a document about F. Scott Fitzgerald
  opine that the novel was the most significant evolution in American fiction since the works of Henry James. Charles Jackson, author of The Lost Weekend, wrote that Gatsby was the only flawless novel in the history of American literature. Later authors Budd Schulberg and Edward Newhouse were deeply affected by it, and John O'Hara acknowledged its influence on his work. Richard Yates, a writer often compared to Fitzgerald, hailed The Great Gatsby as showcasing Fitzgerald's miraculous talent and triumphal literary technique. An editorial in The New York Times summarized the considerable influence of Fitzgerald upon contemporary writers and Americans in general during the Jazz Age: "In the literary sense he invented a 'generation' ... He might have interpreted them, and even guided them, as in their middle years they saw a different and nobler freedom threatened with destruction."

This is a document about Jay Gatsby
  Jay Gatsby (originally named James Gatz) is the titular fictional character of F. Scott Fitzgerald's 1925 novel The Great Gatsby. Fitzgerald based many details about the fictional character on Max Gerlach, a mysterious neighbor and World War I veteran whom the author met while living on Long Island near New York City during the raucous Jazz Age. Like Gerlach, Gatsby is an enigmatic nouveau riche millionaire who lives in a luxurious mansion where he often hosts extravagant parties and who illicitly gained his vast fortune by bootlegging during prohibition in the United States. The character of Jay Gatsby has been analyzed by scholars

This is a document about The Great Gatsby
  The artwork for the first edition of The Great Gatsby is among the most celebrated in American literature and represents a unique instance in literary history in which a novel's commissioned artwork directly influenced the composition of the text. Rendered in the contemporary Art Deco visual style, the artwork depicts the disembodied face of a Jazz Age flapper with celestial eyes and rouged mouth over a dark blue skyline. A little-known Barcelonan painter named Francis Cugat—born Francisco Coradal-Cougat—was commissioned by an unknown individual in Scribner's art department to illustrate the cover while Fitzgerald was composing the novel. In a preliminary sketch, Cugat drew

This is a document about The Education of Charlie Banks
  Greg Quill of the Toronto Star pointed out that Elkoff's script carried elements of F. Scott Fitzgerald and his novel The Great Gatsby and had predictable revelations, but gave praise to the "sensitively and intelligently" written characters and Durst for being a storyteller with "great care and assurance" and an attention to detail on time period without being showy about it, calling it "an earnest, if romanticized, examination of the American class system in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and the eternally confounding politics of acceptance and exclusion." Despite being skeptic towards Durst's attempt to have viewers sympathize with the

This is a document about A Lost Lady
  The novel had an acknowledged influence on writer F. Scott Fitzgerald who borrowed many of its themes and elements. Marian Forrester, in particular, partly inspired his Daisy Buchanan character in The Great Gatsby. Fitzgerald later wrote a letter to Cather apologizing for any unintentional plagiarism.

This is a document about The Great Gatsby
  Set on the prosperous Long Island of 1922, The Great Gatsby provides a critical social history of Prohibition-era America during the Jazz Age. F. Scott Fitzgerald's fictional narrative fully renders that period—known for its jazz music, economic prosperity, flapper culture, libertine mores, rebellious youth, and ubiquitous speakeasies. Fitzgerald uses many of these 1920s societal developments to tell his story, from simple details like petting in automobiles to broader themes such as bootlegging as the illicit source of Gatsby's fortune. Fitzgerald conveys the hedonism of Jazz Age society by placing a relatable plotline within the historical context of the most raucous and flashiest era in American history. In Fitzgerald's eyes, the era represented a morally permissive

This is a document about Lawn
  class and societal norms by subtly excluding those who may not have been able to afford a house with a lawn. The lawn as a reflection of someone's character and the neighborhood at large is not restricted to films; the same theme appears in The Great Gatsby (1925), by American novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald. Character Nick Carraway rents the house next to Gatsby's and fails to maintain his lawn according to West Egg standards. The rift between the two lawns troubles Gatsby to the point that he dispatches his gardener to mow Nick's grass and thereby establish uniformity. Most lawn-care equipment over the decades has been advertised to men, and

This is a document about Yonnondio
  The Pre-Depression Era: Though this novel was written during the Great Depression, the main plot of the story takes place during the 1920s. Though the themes of the great depression are visible in the family's struggles and tribulations, as Burkom and Williams put it, Yonnondio actually represents the 1920s more realistically than The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald which shows the life of the stereotypical flappers of the time. By exploring the lives of the working class, the novel portrays a “realistic depiction of the squalid conditions in which the unknown of America’s working class miraculously endure." Had the novel been completed, it would have more precisely represented the depression era via

The Great Gatsby is a novel. It is a work of fiction that tells a story through the use of characters, plot, and narrative techniques. In this case, it is a modernist novel that explores themes of class, wealth, and the American Dream.


Question: who played melissa on two and a half men

Answer: Kelly Stables

This is a document about Amber Tamblyn
  student Martha M. Masters in the seventh season of the Fox medical drama series House. She returned for the series finale in 2012. In August 2013, Tamblyn was cast as Charlie Harper's long-lost (and previously unknown) lesbian daughter, Jenny, on the sitcom Two and a Half Men, opposite Ashton Kutcher and Jon Cryer. Her first appearance was on the season 11 opener, September 26, 2013. She has appeared on numerous episodes of Comedy Central's Inside Amy Schumer, including the "Milk Milk Lemonade" sketch which aired in 2015. She has also guest starred on IFC's Portlandia and Comedy Bang! Bang!, as well as numerous shows on Adult Swim, including The Heart, She Holler opposite Patton Oswalt and Metalocalypse.

This is a document about Kelly Stables
  Kelly Stables (born January 26, 1978) is an American actress who has appeared on stage, as well as in film and television. She is known for her television roles, such as Melissa on Two and a Half Men, Eden Konkler on The Exes, and Kelly on Superstore.

This is a document about Jennifer Taylor (actress)
  Jennifer Taylor (née Bini, and sometimes credited as Jennifer Bini Taylor; born April 19, 1972) is an American actress, best known for her role as Chelsea on CBS sitcom Two and a Half Men, and earlier, for three other roles on the show. She also appeared in the 1998 erotic thriller Wild Things.

This is a document about Marin Hinkle
  starred on the CBS sitcom Two and a Half Men with Charlie Sheen, Jon Cryer, Angus T. Jones and later Ashton Kutcher as Alan's (Cryer) neurotic ex-wife, Judith. Despite being a main cast member, she rarely made appearances after the show's eighth season. She was quietly phased out of the series, and her last appearances as a regular were in the ninth season of the series. She made only one appearance each in the last three seasons, though she was still credited as a regular. This may have been due to commitments to her new role as Samantha Bowers in the NBC drama series Deception with Tate Donovan, Victor

This is a document about Kelly Stables
  Us Weekly. From 2004 to 2006, she voiced Will Vandom on W.I.T.C.H., and had roles on General Hospital and St. Bartes-Aspen. She also briefly appeared in the unaired pilot for The Grubbs in 2002, and had a role in an episode of Cavemen in November 2007, playing a 12-year-old cavekid boy. Stables had a recurring role as Melissa, Alan Harper's receptionist (and recurring/former girlfriend) in Seasons 6–8 of Two and a Half Men. She also worked on a film called My Life Untitled, guest-starred on 'Til Death as a travel agent, and appeared in a Burger King commercial as a woman who is selling things on infomercials. In 2010, she co-starred on the ABC show Romantically Challenged playing Lisa Thomas, Alyssa Milano's character's sister.

This is a document about Conchata Ferrell
  known for portraying Berta the Housekeeper in the CBS sitcom Two and a Half Men, appearing in a total of 212 episodes from 2003 to 2015. She had received two nominations for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series in 2005 and 2007, but lost to Doris Roberts for Everybody Loves Raymond and Jaime Pressly for My Name Is Earl. In 2012, she voiced the role of Bob's Mom in Frankenweenie, which was directed by Tim Burton. She was slated to appear in the upcoming feature film Deported (2020), and had earlier acted in A Very Nutty Christmas (2018), a holiday-themed television movie.

This is a document about Melissa Molinaro
 School Dance (2013) as Tequila ; Hit the Floor (2013–2016) (TV series) as Lexi ; Second Generation Wayans (2013) (TV series) (episode "The Beginning of the End of the Beginning") as Nadine ; The Last Stand (2013 film) as EMT (scenes deleted) ; Jersey Shore Shark Attack (2012) as Nooki ; The Game (2012) (TV series) (episode "Catfight on the Catwalk") as Kylie ; Honey 2 (2011) as Carla (as Melissa Smith) ; Balls to the Wall (2011) as Melissa ; How I Met Your Mother (2010) (TV series) (episode "False Positive") as Noelle ; Brothers (2009) (TV series) (episode "Week in the Chair") as Girl No. 2 (as Melissa Smith) ; Command Performance (2009) as Venus (as Melissa Smith) ; The Aubrey O'Day Show (2009) as Herself (as Melissa) ; Pussycat Dolls Present: The Search for the Next Doll (2007) (TV series) as

This is a document about Missi Pyle
  female lead in BachelorMan. She also appears in Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story. She also had a brief appearance in 50 First Dates and starred in A Cinderella Story: Once Upon a Song. Pyle played Jake's Elementary School teacher Ms. Pasternak on Two and a Half Men. The role was recast in 2009 for undisclosed reasons, but Pyle returned to the series in the same role in 2011 and again in the series finale "Of Course He's Dead" in 2015. In 2008, Missi starred in the Broadway play Boeing-Boeing opposite Christine Baranski, Mark Rylance, Greg Germann, Paige Davis and Rebecca Gayheart. The

This is a document about Georgia Engel
  in Mame as Agnes Gooch, in June 2007, she appeared in Oklahoma! as Aunt Eller, and in July 2009, she appeared as Mrs. Paroo in The Music Man. In June 2010, Engel appeared at the Ogunquit Playhouse in Ogunquit, Maine, production of The Drowsy Chaperone as Mrs. Tottendale. In October through December 2010, Engel was featured in the Vineyard Theatre's off-Broadway production of Middletown, written by Will Eno. In 2012, she appeared in episodes of The Office as Irene, an older lady being helped by Erin Hannon (Ellie Kemper). She also appeared in two episodes of Two and a Half Men as the mother of Lyndsey McElroy, Alan's girlfriend. The character would

This is a document about List of people from Seattle
  sitcom Melissa & Joey ; Omari Salisbury – journalist, videographer, media company owner ; Derek Sheen – stand-up comedian ; Jean Smart – actress, known for Designing Women, Kim Possible, Frasier, 24 ; Ryan Stiles – comedian, known for Whose Line Is It Anyway? (both U.S. and U.K. versions), and playing Lewis Kiniski on The Drew Carey Show, and Herb Melnick on Two and a Half Men ; Alison Sudol – actress, singer, songwriter ; Jen Taylor – video game voice actress ; Maiara Walsh – actress, Cory in the House, Desperate Housewives, Switched at Birth ; Zoe Weizenbaum – actress, 12 and Holding, Memoirs of a Geisha ; Rainn Wilson – actor, The Office

This is a document about Melissa Sue Anderson
  Melissa Sue Anderson (born September 26, 1962) is an American-Canadian actress. She began her career as a child actress after appearing in several commercials in Los Angeles. Anderson is known for her role as Mary Ingalls in the NBC drama series Little House on the Prairie (1974–1981), for which she received a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series. She is also known for film roles that include Vivian in Midnight Offerings (1981), Ginny in the slasher film Happy Birthday to Me (1981), and Alex in the ABC Afterschool Special, Which Mother Is Mine? (1979). Anderson became a naturalized citizen of Canada in 2007. In 2010, she published The Way I See It: A Look Back at My Life on Little House, an autobiographical account of her years acting in Little House on the Prairie.

This is a document about The Last Man on Earth (TV series)
  to twin daughters Bezequille and Mike, the latter named for Phil's brother. ; January Jones as Melissa Shart ("Chartres" was used in the season 2 episode, "The Boo", ) a former real estate agent from Akron, Ohio who used to be married to the late Greg until he cheated on her with a police officer. She meets Phil and Carol after they crash their pickup truck into her limousine. She saw Phil's original "Alive in Tucson" sign and traveled to Tucson before Carol. Phil is initially very attracted to her and frequently vies for her affection despite having just married Carol, but Melissa does not like or trust him.

This is a document about Melissa McCarthy
  Melissa Ann McCarthy (born August 26, 1970) is an American actress, comedian, producer, writer, and fashion designer. She is the recipient of numerous accolades, including two Primetime Emmy Awards and nominations for two Academy Awards and two Golden Globe Awards. McCarthy was named by Time as one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2016, and she has been featured multiple times in annual rankings of the highest-paid actresses in the world. In 2020, The New York Times ranked her #22 in its list of the 25 Greatest Actors of the 21st Century. McCarthy began appearing in television and film in the late 1990s and first gained recognition for

This is a document about Nangnangnangnang
  "Nangnangnangnang" is the eleventh-season premiere of the comedy series Two and a Half Men and the first appearance of Amber Tamblyn as Charlie Harper's estranged daughter, Jenny. The episode aired on September 26, 2013.

This is a document about Melissa Thomas
  Melissa Thomas is an Australian actress.

This is a document about Melissa Francis
  Francis started her acting career on television by appearing in a Johnson & Johnson shampoo commercial at 6 months old. She was known for her role as Cassandra Cooper Ingalls on Little House on the Prairie, for two seasons. Other television appearances include two series regular roles: Morningstar/Eveningstar and Joe’s World, and three films including Man, Woman and Child, where she played Paula Beckwith. She has also had appearances in the television series St. Elsewhere in 1986 and the 1988 film Bad Dreams, where she played young Cynthia. Melissa appeared in nearly 100 commercials during her acting career. She is reportedly the inspiration for the fictional character Avery Jessup (conceived of and played by Elizabeth Banks) in the show 30 Rock, although Banks herself has denied this.

This is a document about Melissa Gilbert
  Melissa Ellen Gilbert (born May 8, 1964) is an American actress, television director, producer, politician and former president of the Screen Actors Guild. Gilbert began her career as a child actress in the late 1960s, appearing in numerous commercials and guest starring roles on television. From 1974 to 1983, she starred as Laura Ingalls Wilder, the second oldest daughter of Charles Ingalls (played by Michael Landon) on the NBC series Little House on the Prairie. During the run of Little House, Gilbert appeared in several television films, including The Diary of Anne Frank and The Miracle Worker. As an adult, she continued her career mainly in television films. Gilbert has also continued with guest starring roles on television and has completed voice work for animation such as Batman: The Animated Series as Barbara Gordon

This is a document about Mulholland Drive (film)
  has only two lines and is seated in an enormous wooden wheelchair, was fitted with oversized foam prosthetic arms and legs in order to portray his head as abnormally small. During Adam and Camilla's party, Diane watches Camilla (played by Harring) with Adam on one arm, lean over and deeply kiss the same woman who appeared as Camilla (Melissa George) before the blue box was opened. Both then turn and smile pointedly at Diane. Film critic Franklin Ridgway writes that the depiction of such a deliberate "cruel and manipulative" act makes it unclear if Camilla is as capricious as she seems, or if Diane's paranoia

This is a document about Alessia Amendola
  Half Men ; Sarah Russell in The Russell Girl ; Darlene Alderson in Mr. Robot ; Jess Day in New Girl ; Zoey Brooks in Zoey 101 ; Jenny Humphrey in Gossip Girl ; Lainey Lewis in The Goldbergs ; Courtney Callum in Cow Belles ; Jen Kaznyk in Super 8 ; Charlotte Drake in Pretty Little Liars ; Mercedes Jones in Glee ; Rebecca Harper in Brothers & Sisters ; Emily Thorne in Revenge ; Nic Nevin in The Resident ; Andrea Jackson in The Big C ; Odessa Montero in Tower Heist ; Claireece "Precious" Jones in

This is a document about List of Two and a Half Men characters
  Melissa (Kelly Stables, seasons 6–8), Alan's receptionist who briefly dated Charlie before starting a relationship with Alan. She broke off the relationship after discovering Alan in bed with her mother (Alan was under the influence of marijuana, provided by Melissa's mother). The two reconcile and begin dating again, but Alan's cheapness and lack of a private area for them to make love causes a second breakup. She reappeared in Alan's life in the second episode of season 8 ("A Bottle of Wine and a Jackhammer"), complicating Alan's relationship with Lyndsey. Alan and she had a bad breakup and she violently forced Charlie to reveal Alan's location with Lyndsey, but she never showed up there, wasn't a factor in Alan and Lyndsey's breakup at the time, and has not been seen since. She was mentioned in "A Giant Cat Holding a Churro" when Alan was sharing his secrets with Lyndsey, saying he "cheated on her with an old girlfriend."

Amber Tamblyn played Melissa on "Two and a Half Men."


Question: who discovered that dna can be transferred from one bacterium to another

Answer: British bacteriologist Frederick Griffith

This is a document about Transformation (genetics)
  DNA by bacteria "transformation" (See Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment) The results of Avery et al.'s experiments were at first skeptically received by the scientific community and it was not until the development of genetic markers and the discovery of other methods of genetic transfer (conjugation in 1947 and transduction in 1953) by Joshua Lederberg that Avery's experiments were accepted. It was originally thought that Escherichia coli, a commonly used laboratory organism, was refractory to transformation. However, in 1970, Morton Mandel and Akiko Higa showed that E. coli may be induced to take up DNA from bacteriophage λ without the use of helper phage after treatment with calcium chloride solution. Two years later in 1972, Stanley Norman Cohen, Annie Chang

This is a document about History of molecular biology
  up of DNA (see Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment). In 1952, Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase confirmed that the genetic material of the bacteriophage, the virus which infects bacteria, is made up of DNA (see Hershey–Chase experiment). In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the double helical structure of the DNA molecule based on the discoveries made by Rosalind Franklin. In 1961, François Jacob and Jacques Monod demonstrated that the products of certain genes regulated the expression of other genes by acting upon specific sites at the edge of those genes. They also hypothesized the existence of an intermediary between DNA and its protein

This is a document about Nirenberg and Matthaei experiment
  Discoveries by Frederick Griffith and improved on by Oswald Avery discovered that the substance responsible for producing inheritable change in the disease-causing bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae) was neither a protein nor a lipid, rather deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). In 1944, he and his colleagues Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty suggested that DNA was responsible for transferring genetic information. Later, Erwin Chargaff(1950) discovered that the makeup of DNA differs from one species to another. These experiments helped pave the way for the discovery of the structure of DNA. In 1953, with the help of Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin's X-ray crystallography, James Watson and Francis Crick proposed DNA is structured as a double helix. In the 1960s, one main DNA mystery scientists needed to figure out was the number of

This is a document about Inferring horizontal gene transfer
  Horizontal gene transfer was first observed in 1928, in Frederick Griffith's experiment: showing that virulence was able to pass from virulent to non-virulent strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Griffith demonstrated that genetic information can be horizontally transferred between bacteria via a mechanism known as transformation. Similar observations in the 1940s and 1950s showed evidence that conjugation and transduction are additional mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer. To infer HGT events, which may not necessarily result in phenotypic changes, most contemporary methods are based on analyses of genomic sequence data. These methods can be broadly separated into two groups: parametric and phylogenetic methods. Parametric methods search for sections of a genome that significantly differ from

This is a document about Zygotic induction
  In 1947, Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum discovered that nutritional mutants of the bacterium E. coli, when incubated in mixed cultures, exchanged genetic markers to generate new recombinants, although the mating efficiency was inefficient. Later experiments with E. coli strains that mated at a high frequency, which were called Hfr (high frequency of recombinants), revealed how genetic markers were transferred. Élie Wollman and François Jacob showed that genes were transferred in a certain order from the Hfr donor cell to the F− recipient cell during mating. The longer that the Hfr and F− cells were in contact, the more genes that were transferred. They did not believe that the entire donor chromosome was typically transferred to

This is a document about Horizontal gene transfer
  Griffith's experiment, reported in 1928 by Frederick Griffith, was the first experiment suggesting that bacteria are capable of transferring genetic information through a process known as transformation. Griffith's findings were followed by research in the late 1930s and early 40s that isolated DNA as the material that communicated this genetic information. Horizontal genetic transfer was then described in Seattle in 1951, in a paper demonstrating that the transfer of a viral gene into Corynebacterium diphtheriae created a virulent strain from a non-virulent strain, also simultaneously solving the riddle of diphtheria (that patients could be infected with the bacteria but not have any symptoms,

This is a document about History of molecular biology
  Theodore Avery and a team of scientists discovered that traits proper to the "smooth" form of the Pneumococcus could be transferred to the "rough" form of the same bacteria merely by making the killed "smooth" (S) form available to the live "rough" (R) form. Quite unexpectedly, the living R Pneumococcus bacteria were transformed into a new strain of the S form, and the transferred S characteristics turned out to be heritable. Avery called the medium of transfer of traits the transforming principle; he identified DNA as the transforming principle, and not protein as previously thought. He essentially redid Frederick Griffith's experiment. In 1953, Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase did an experiment (Hershey–Chase experiment) that showed, in T2 phage, that DNA is the genetic material (Hershey shared the Nobel prize with Luria).

This is a document about Rollin Hotchkiss
  species. In 1951, Hotchkiss showed that purified bacterial DNA could be used to transfer penicillin resistance from one strain of bacteria to another without changing the capsule type (the main identifying feature of different types of the same bacterial species). His subsequent worked helped establish the basics of bacterial genetics, showing that many features of classical genetics (including genetic linkage) have parallels in bacteria, despite their lack of chromosomes. Hotchkiss continued working in molecular genetics until his retirement in 1982, including significant collaborations with Julius Marmur, Maurice Fox, Alexander Tomasz, Joan Kent, Sanford Lacks, Elena Ottolenghi, and his wife Magda Gabor-Hotchkiss. In the mid-1960s,

This is a document about History of genetic engineering
  Various genetic discoveries have been essential in the development of genetic engineering. Genetic inheritance was first discovered by Gregor Mendel in 1865 following experiments crossing peas. Although largely ignored for 34 years he provided the first evidence of hereditary segregation and independent assortment. In 1889 Hugo de Vries came up with the name "(pan)gene" after postulating that particles are responsible for inheritance of characteristics and the term "genetics" was coined by William Bateson in 1905. In 1928 Frederick Griffith proved the existence of a "transforming principle" involved in inheritance, which Avery, MacLeod and McCarty later (1944) identified as DNA. Edward Lawrie Tatum and George Wells Beadle developed the central dogma that genes

This is a document about Genetics
   Although genes were known to exist on chromosomes, chromosomes are composed of both protein and DNA, and scientists did not know which of the two is responsible for inheritance. In 1928, Frederick Griffith discovered the phenomenon of transformation (see Griffith's experiment): dead bacteria could transfer genetic material to "transform" other still-living bacteria. Sixteen years later, in 1944, the Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment identified DNA as the molecule responsible for transformation. The role of the nucleus as the repository of genetic information in eukaryotes had been established by Hämmerling in 1943 in his work on the single celled alga Acetabularia. The Hershey–Chase experiment in 1952 confirmed that DNA (rather than protein) is the genetic material of the viruses that infect bacteria, providing further evidence that DNA is

This is a document about Francis Crick
  Francis Harry Compton Crick (8 June 1916 – 28 July 2004) was a British molecular biologist, biophysicist, and neuroscientist. He, James Watson, Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin played crucial roles in deciphering the helical structure of the DNA molecule. Crick and Watson's paper in Nature in 1953 laid the groundwork for understanding DNA structure and functions. Together with Maurice Wilkins, they were jointly awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material". Crick was an important theoretical molecular biologist and played a crucial role in research related to revealing the helical structure of DNA. He is widely known for the

This is a document about DNA sequencing
  Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was first discovered and isolated by Friedrich Miescher in 1869, but it remained under-studied for many decades because proteins, rather than DNA, were thought to hold the genetic blueprint to life. This situation changed after 1944 as a result of some experiments by Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty demonstrating that purified DNA could change one strain of bacteria into another. This was the first time that DNA was shown capable of transforming the properties of cells. In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick put forward their double-helix model of DNA, based on crystallized X-ray structures being studied by Rosalind Franklin. According to the model, DNA is composed of

This is a document about Genetic engineering
  and two years before James Watson and Francis Crick showed that the DNA molecule has a double-helix structure – though the general concept of direct genetic manipulation was explored in rudimentary form in Stanley G. Weinbaum's 1936 science fiction story Proteus Island.  In 1972, Paul Berg created the first recombinant DNA molecules by combining DNA from the monkey virus SV40 with that of the lambda virus. In 1973 Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen created the first transgenic organism by inserting antibiotic resistance genes into the plasmid of an Escherichia coli bacterium. A year later Rudolf Jaenisch created a transgenic mouse

This is a document about DNA
  experiment). Erwin Chargaff developed and published observations now known as Chargaff's rules, stating that in DNA from any species of any organism, the amount of guanine should be equal to cytosine and the amount of adenine should be equal to thymine. Late in 1951, Francis Crick started working with James Watson at the Cavendish Laboratory within the University of Cambridge. DNA's role in heredity was confirmed in 1952 when Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase in the Hershey–Chase experiment showed that DNA is the genetic material of the enterobacteria phage T2. In May 1952, Raymond Gosling, a graduate student working under the supervision of Rosalind Franklin, took an

This is a document about Gene
  Advances in understanding genes and inheritance continued throughout the 20th century. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was shown to be the molecular repository of genetic information by experiments in the 1940s to 1950s. The structure of DNA was studied by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins using X-ray crystallography, which led James D. Watson and Francis Crick to publish a model of the double-stranded DNA molecule whose paired nucleotide bases indicated a compelling hypothesis for the mechanism of genetic replication. In the early 1950s the prevailing view was that the genes in a chromosome acted like discrete entities, indivisible by recombination and arranged like beads on a string. The experiments of Benzer using mutants defective in the rII region of bacteriophage T4 (1955–1959) showed that individual genes have a simple linear structure and

This is a document about Nirenberg and Leder experiment
  Oswald Avery discovered that the substance responsible for producing inheritable change in the disease-causing bacteria was neither a protein nor a lipid, rather deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). He and his colleagues Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty suggested that DNA was responsible for transferring genetic information. Later, Erwin Chargaff discovered that the makeup of DNA differs from one species to another. These experiments helped pave the way for the discovery of the structure of DNA. In 1953, with the help of Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin’s X-ray crystallography, James Watson and Francis Crick proposed DNA is structured as a double helix. In the 1960s, one main DNA mystery scientists needed to figure out was in translation how many bases would be in

This is a document about History of biotechnology
  The origins of biotechnology culminated with the birth of genetic engineering. There were two key events that have come to be seen as scientific breakthroughs beginning the era that would unite genetics with biotechnology. One was the 1953 discovery of the structure of DNA, by Watson and Crick, and the other was the 1973 discovery by Cohen and Boyer of a recombinant DNA technique by which a section of DNA was cut from the plasmid of an E. coli bacterium and transferred into the DNA of another. This approach could, in principle, enable bacteria to adopt the genes and produce proteins of

This is a document about Transformation (genetics)
  Transformation in bacteria was first demonstrated in 1928 by the British bacteriologist Frederick Griffith. Griffith was interested in determining whether injections of heat-killed bacteria could be used to vaccinate mice against pneumonia. However, he discovered that a non-virulent strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae could be made virulent after being exposed to heat-killed virulent strains. Griffith hypothesized that some "transforming principle" from the heat-killed strain was responsible for making the harmless strain virulent. In 1944 this "transforming principle" was identified as being genetic by Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty. They isolated DNA from a virulent strain of S. pneumoniae and using just this DNA were able to make a harmless strain virulent. They called this uptake and incorporation

This is a document about Molecular genetics
  For molecular genetics to develop as a discipline, several scientific discoveries were necessary. The discovery of DNA as a means to transfer the genetic code of life from one cell to another and between generations was essential for identifying the molecule responsible for heredity. Molecular genetics arose initially from studies involving genetic transformation in bacteria. In 1944 Avery, McLeod and McCarthy isolated DNA from a virulent strain of S. pneumoniae, and using just this DNA were able to convert a harmless strain to virulence. They called the uptake, incorporation and expression of DNA by bacteria “transformation”. This finding suggested that DNA is the genetic

This is a document about Biology
  the significance of his work was not realized until the early 20th century when evolution became a unified theory as the modern synthesis reconciled Darwinian evolution with classical genetics. In the 1940s and early 1950s, a series of experiments by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase pointed to DNA as the component of chromosomes that held the trait-carrying units that had become known as genes. A focus on new kinds of model organisms such as viruses and bacteria, along with the discovery of the double-helical structure of DNA by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953, marked the transition to the era of molecular

Frederick Griffith discovered that DNA can be transferred from one bacterium to another in 1928. However, the mechanism of this transfer was not fully understood until the work of Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty in 1944, who demonstrated that DNA, not protein, was the substance responsible for the transfer.