Question: 1 foot is equal to how much metre

Answer: 0.3048

This is a document about Fathom
 1.8288 metres exactly (outside US) ; 1.828804 m (in the U.S. until 2023) ; 2 yards (1 yard is exactly 1⁄2 fathom) ; 6 feet (1 foot is exactly 1⁄6 fathom) ; 18 hands ; 72 inches ; 1 metre is about 0.5468 fathoms One fathom is equal to: In the international yard and pound agreement of 1959 the United States, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United Kingdom defined the length of the international yard to be exactly 0.9144 metre. In 1959 United States kept the US survey foot as definition for the fathom. In October 2019, U.S. National Geodetic Survey and National Institute of Standards and Technology announced their joint intent to retire the U.S. survey foot, with effect from the end of 2022. The fathom in U.S. Customary units is thereafter defined based on the International 1959 foot, giving the length of the fathom as exact 1.8288 meters in the United States as well.

This is a document about Foot (unit)
  In the United States, the foot was defined as 12 inches, with the inch being defined by the Mendenhall Order of 1893 as 39.37 inches = 1 m (making a US foot exactly 1200⁄3937meters, approximately 0.305 m). Out of 50 states and six other jurisdictions, 40 have legislated that surveying measures should be based on the U.S. survey foot, six have legislated that they be made on the basis of the international foot, and ten have not specified the conversion factor from metric units. State legislation is also important for determining the conversion factor to be used for everyday land surveying and real estate transactions, although the difference (2 ppm) is of no practical significance given the precision of normal surveying measurements over short distances (usually much less than a mile). The National Institute of Standards and Technology, National Geodetic Survey and the Department of Commerce's Office of the General Counsel are planning to phase out the US survey foot beginning in 2023.

This is a document about Foot (unit)
  The foot ( pl. feet), standard symbol: ft, is a unit of length in the British imperial and United States customary systems of measurement. The prime symbol,, is a customarily used alternative symbol. Since the International Yard and Pound Agreement of 1959, one foot is defined as 0.3048 meters exactly. In both customary and imperial units, one foot comprises 12 inches and one yard comprises three feet. Historically the "foot" was a part of many local systems of units, including the Greek, Roman, Chinese, French, and English systems. It varied in length from country to country, from city to city, and sometimes from trade to trade. Its length was usually between 250 mm and 335 mm and was generally, but not always, subdivided into 12 inches or 16 digits. The United States is the only industrialized nation that uses the international foot and the

This is a document about Glossary of fuel cell terms
 Meter (m), Basic metric unit of length equal to 3.28 feet, 1.09 yards or 39.37 inches. Related units are the decimeter (dm) at 10 per meter, the centimeter (cm) at 100 per meter, the millimeter (mm) at 1000 per meter and the kilometer (km) at 1000 meters.

This is a document about Metre
 "≈" means "is approximately equal to"; ; "≡" means "equal by definition" or "is exactly equal to". 1 metre is nearly equivalent to 3feet 3 3⁄8inches. This gives an overestimate of 0.125mm; however, the practice of memorising such conversion formulas has been discouraged in favour of practice and visualisation of metric units. Within this table, "inch" and "yard" mean "international inch" and "international yard" respectively, though approximate conversions in the left column hold for both international and survey units. One metre is exactly equivalent to 5 000⁄127inches and to 1 250⁄1 143yards. A simple mnemonic aid exists to assist with conversion, as three "3"s: The ancient Egyptian cubit was about 0.5m (surviving rods are 523–529mm). Scottish and English definitions of the ell (two cubits) were 941mm (0.941m) and 1143mm (1.143m) respectively. The ancient Parisian toise (fathom) was slightly shorter than 2m and was standardised at exactly 2m in the mesures usuelles system, such that 1m was exactly 1⁄2toise. The Russian verst was 1.0668km. The Swedish mil was 10.688km, but was changed to 10km when Sweden converted to metric units.

This is a document about United States customary units
  For measuring length, the U.S. customary system uses the inch, foot, yard, and mile, which are the only four customary length measurements in everyday use. Since July 1, 1959, these have been defined on the basis of 1 yard = 0.9144 meters except for some applications in surveying. The U.S., the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries agreed on this definition per the International Yard and Pound Agreement of 1958. At the time of the agreement, the basic geodetic datum in North America was the North American Datum of 1927 (NAD27), which had been constructed by triangulation based on the definition of the foot in the Mendenhall Order of 1893, that is 1 foot = 1200⁄3937 m: this

This is a document about Foot (unit)
  In 1799 the meter became the official unit of length in France. This was not fully enforced, and in 1812 Napoleon introduced the system of mesures usuelles which restored the traditional French measurements in the retail trade, but redefined them in terms of metric units. The foot, or pied métrique, was defined as one third of a meter. This unit continued in use until 1837.

This is a document about Mile
  foot in the Mendenhall Order of 1893, with 1 foot = 1200⁄3937 (≈0.304800609601) metres and the definition was retained for data derived from NAD27, but renamed the U.S. survey foot to distinguish it from the international foot. Thus a survey mile = 1200⁄3937 × 5280 (≈1609.347218694) metres. An international mile = 1609.344 / (1200⁄3937 × 5280) (=0.999998) survey miles. The exact length of the land mile varied slightly among English-speaking countries until the international yard and pound agreement in 1959 established the yard as exactly 0.9144 metres, giving a mile of exactly 1,609.344 metres. The U.S. adopted this international mile for

This is a document about Newton-metre
 1 kilogram-force metre = 9.80665 N⋅m 1 newton-metre ≈ 0.73756215 pound-force-feet ; 1 pound-foot ≡ 1 pound-force-foot ≈ 1.35581795 N⋅m ; 1 ounce-inch ≡ 1 ounce-force-inch ≈ 7.06155181 mN⋅m (millinewton-metres) ; 1 dyne-centimetre = 10−7 N⋅m

This is a document about Alexander Ross Clarke
  French metre, and the British copy of the metre. In each case one of the yard standards was taken as the basic unit. Next, extended the comparisons to a second Russian toise, the Austrian klafter (and two of its copies), and Spanish and American copies of the metre. Clarke found that nominally identical standards differed by small amounts measurable in millionths of a yard (or thousandths of a millimetre). includes an appendix in which Clarke considers the Figure of the Earth once again. He finds: The conversion is 1 metre = 3.280869367 feet (as given in the 1866 paper). This ellipsoid became important because the USCGS adopted it for surveys in 1880. It remains relevant because many US topographic maps are still based on Clarke's 1866 ellipsoid. Moreover, many US legal documents include boundary definitions in terms of latitude and longitude values defined on that ellipsoid.

This is a document about Guide number
  devices are marketed in the U.S. is to provide two guide numbers—which can be expressed in a variety of formats—so distances and fnumbers may be calculated using either feet or meters, e.g. Guide number: 30 m   /   98 ft. Though nomenclature conventions such as these can make guide numbers misleadingly appear to be length-based units of measure, they serve as notations to eliminate ambiguity as to which length-based system of measurement underlies the guide numbers. As with metric-based guide numbers, foot-based guide numbers are a two-factor unit of measure except the units are fnumber⋅feet. To convert a guide number given in meters to feet, divide by 0.3048. To convert a guide number given in feet to meters, multiply by 0.3048.

This is a document about Link (unit)
  most accurate measurement ever made of its length (much later) was 0.914 398 416 meters. In the U.S., the Mendenhall Order of 1893 tied the length of the U.S. yard to the meter, with the equivalence 39.37 inches = 1 meter, or approximately 0.914 401 828 803 658 meters per yard. In 1959, the international yard and pound agreement established the "international" yard length of 0.9144 meters, upon which both the customary U.S. and imperial units of length have since been based. Even so, the Mendenhall Order length of the yard continues in use even in 2013 in the United States as the basis for the survey foot. The prior land survey data for

This is a document about List of examples of lengths
 1 metres = 1 ym = 1 yoctometre, the smallest named subdivision of the metre in the SI base unit of length. ; 1 metres = 10 ym ; 2 metres = 20 ym, the effective cross-section radius of 1 MeV neutrinos as measured by Clyde Cowan and Frederick Reines

This is a document about List of unusual units of measurement
  Valve's Source game engine uses the Hammer unit as its base unit of length. The exact definition varies from game to game, but a Hammer unit is usually defined as a sixteenth of a foot (16 Hammer units = 1 foot). This means that one Hammer unit is equal to exactly 0.01905 meters.

This is a document about Metre
  The metre (Commonwealth spelling) or meter (American spelling; see spelling differences) (from the French unit mètre, from the Greek noun μέτρον, "measure") is the base unit of length in the International System of Units (SI). The SI unit symbol is m. The metre is currently defined as the length of the path travelled by light in a vacuum in 1⁄299 792 458 of a second. The metre was originally defined in 1793 as one ten-millionth of the distance from the equator to the North Pole along a great circle, so the Earth's circumference is approximately 40,000 km. In 1799, the metre was redefined in terms of a prototype metre bar (the actual bar used was changed in 1889). In 1960, the metre was redefined in terms of a certain number of wavelengths of a certain emission line of krypton-86. The current definition was adopted in 1983 and modified slightly in 2002 to clarify that the metre is a measure of proper length.

This is a document about Foot (unit)
  The international yard and pound agreement of July 1959 defined the length of the international yard in the United States and countries of the Commonwealth of Nations as exactly 0.9144 meters. Consequently, the international foot is defined to be equal to exactly 0.3048 meters. This was 2 ppm shorter than the previous U.S. definition and 1.7 ppm longer than the previous British definition.

This is a document about Foot (unit)
  In Imperial units, the foot was defined as 1⁄3 yard, with the yard being realized as a physical standard (separate from the standard meter). The yard standards of the different Commonwealth countries were periodically compared with one another. The value of the United Kingdom primary standard of the yard was determined in terms of the meter by the National Physical Laboratory in 1964 to be 0.914 m, implying a pre-1959 UK foot of 0.305 m. The UK adopted the international yard for all purposes through the Weights and Measures Act 1963, effective 1 January 1964.

This is a document about List of examples of lengths
 1 metres = 1 am = 1 attometre = 1,000 zeptometres ; 1 am — sensitivity of the LIGO detector for gravitational waves ; 1 metres = 10 am ; 1 metres = 100 am ; 0.85 fm — approximate proton radius

This is a document about List of examples of lengths
 1 metres = 1 fm = 1 femtometre = 1,000 attometres ; 1.5 fm — diameter of the Scattering Cross Section of an 11 MeV proton with a target proton ; 2.818 fm — classical electron radius ; 7 fm - the radius of the effective scattering cross section for a gold nucleus scattering a 6 MeV alpha particle over 140 degrees ; 1 metres = 10 fm ; 1 metres = 100 fm ; 1 metres = 1 pm = 1 picometre = 1,000 femtometres

This is a document about Mendenhall Order
  The definitions of 1893 remained unchanged for 66 years, but increasing precision in measurements gradually made the differences in the standards in use in English-speaking countries important. By the international yard and pound agreement of July 1, 1959, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States agreed that 1 yard = 0.9144 meter and that 1 avoirdupois pound = kilogram (but see U.S. survey foot).

One foot is equal to approximately 0.3048 meters.


Question: what process releases nitrogen gas into the atmosphere

Answer: The nitrogen cycle

This is a document about Nutrient pollution
  Nitrogen is released into the air because of ammonia volatilization and nitrous oxide production. The combustion of fossil fuels is a large human-initiated contributor to atmospheric nitrogen pollution. Atmospheric nitrogen reaches the ground by two different processes, the first being wet deposition such as rain or snow, and the second being dry deposition which is particles and gases found in the air. Atmospheric deposition (e.g., in the form of acid rain) can also affect nutrient concentration in water, especially in highly industrialized regions.

This is a document about Paleolightning
  Nitrogen, the most abundant gas in our atmosphere, is crucial for life and a key component to various biological processes. Biologically usable forms of nitrogen, such as nitrates and ammonia, arise via biological and non-biological processes through nitrogen fixation. One example of a non-biological process responsible for nitrogen fixation is lightning. Lightning strikes are short-lived, high-intensity electrical discharges that can reach temperatures five times hotter than the surface of the Sun. As a result, as a lightning channel travels through the air, ionization occurs, forming nitrogen-oxide (NOx) compounds within the lightning channel. Global NOx production as a result of lightning is around 1–20 Tg N yr−1. Some studies have implied

This is a document about NOx
  Nitrogen oxides are released during manufacturing of nitrogen fertilizers. Though nitrous oxide is emitted during its application, it is then reacted in atmosphere to form nitrogen oxides. This third source is attributed to the reaction of atmospheric nitrogen, N2, with radicals such as C, CH, and CH2 fragments derived from fuel, rather than thermal or fuel processes. Occurring in the earliest stage of combustion, this results in the formation of fixed species of nitrogen such as NH (nitrogen monohydride), NCN (diradical cyanonitrene), HCN (hydrogen cyanide), •H2CN (dihydrogen cyanide) and •CN (cyano radical) which can oxidize to NO. In fuels that contain nitrogen, the incidence of prompt is comparatively small and it is generally only of interest for the most exacting emission targets.

This is a document about Nitrogen cycle
  Human activities have also dramatically altered the global nitrogen cycle via production of nitrogenous gases, associated with the global atmospheric nitrogen pollution. There are multiple sources of atmospheric reactive nitrogen (Nr) fluxes. Agricultural sources of reactive nitrogen can produce atmospheric emission of ammonia (NH3), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Combustion processes in energy production, transportation and industry can also result in the formation of new reactive nitrogen via the emission of NOx, an unintentional waste product. When those reactive nitrogens are released to the lower atmosphere, they can induce the formation of smog, particulate matter and aerosols, all of which are major contributors to adverse health effects on human health from air pollution. In the atmosphere, NO2 can be oxidized to nitric acid (HNO3), and it can further react with NH3 to form ammonium nitrate, which facilitates the formation of particular nitrate. Moreover, NH3 can react with other acid gases (sulfuric and hydrochloric acids) to form ammonium-containing particles, which are the precursors for the secondary organic aerosol particles in photochemical smog.

This is a document about Human impact on the nitrogen cycle
  Atmospheric N inputs mainly include oxides of N (NOx), ammonia (NH3), and nitrous oxide (N2O) from aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, and NOx from fossil fuel and biomass combustion. In agroecosystems, fertilizer application has increased microbial nitrification (aerobic process in which microorganisms oxidize ammonium [NH4+] to nitrate [NO3−]) and denitrification (anaerobic process in which microorganisms reduce NO3− to atmospheric nitrogen gas [N2]). Both processes naturally leak nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide (N2O) to the atmosphere. Of particular concern is N2O, which has an average atmospheric lifetime of 114–120 years, and is 300 times more effective than CO2 as a greenhouse gas. NOx produced by industrial processes, automobiles and agricultural fertilization and NH3 emitted from soils (i.e., as an additional byproduct of nitrification) and livestock operations are transported to downwind ecosystems, influencing N cycling and nutrient losses. Six major effects of NOx and NH3 emissions have been cited: 1) decreased atmospheric visibility due to ammonium aerosols (fine particulate matter [PM]); 2) elevated ozone concentrations; 3) ozone and PM affects human health (e.g. respiratory diseases, cancer); 4) increases in radiative forcing and global climate change; 5) decreased agricultural productivity due to ozone deposition; and 6) ecosystem acidification and eutrophication.

This is a document about Nitrogen cycle
   The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into multiple chemical forms as it circulates among atmosphere, terrestrial, and marine ecosystems. The conversion of nitrogen can be carried out through both biological and physical processes. Important processes in the nitrogen cycle include fixation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification. The majority of Earth's atmosphere (78%) is atmospheric nitrogen, making it the largest source of nitrogen. However, atmospheric nitrogen has limited availability for biological use, leading to a scarcity of usable nitrogen in many types of ecosystems. The nitrogen cycle is of particular interest to ecologists because nitrogen availability can affect the rate of key ecosystem processes, including primary production and decomposition. Human activities such as fossil fuel combustion, use of artificial nitrogen fertilizers, and release of nitrogen in wastewater have dramatically altered the global nitrogen cycle. Human modification of the global nitrogen cycle can negatively affect the natural environment system and also human health.

This is a document about Period 2 element
  at the same time causing release of large amounts of often useful energy when the compounds burn, explode, or decay back into nitrogen gas. Nitrogen occurs in all living organisms, and the nitrogen cycle describes movement of the element from air into the biosphere and organic compounds, then back into the atmosphere. Synthetically produced nitrates are key ingredients of industrial fertilizers, and also key pollutants in causing the eutrophication of water systems. Nitrogen is a constituent element of amino acids and thus of proteins, and of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). It resides in the chemical structure of almost all neurotransmitters, and is a defining component of alkaloids, biological molecules produced by many organisms.

This is a document about Nitrogen cycle
  The conversion of nitrogen gas (N2) into nitrates and nitrites through atmospheric, industrial and biological processes is called nitrogen fixation. Atmospheric nitrogen must be processed, or "fixed", into a usable form to be taken up by plants. Between 5 and 10 billion kg per year are fixed by lightning strikes, but most fixation is done by free-living or symbiotic bacteria known as diazotrophs. These bacteria have the nitrogenase enzyme that combines gaseous nitrogen with hydrogen to produce ammonia, which is converted by the bacteria into other organic compounds. Most biological nitrogen fixation occurs by the activity of Mo-nitrogenase, found in a wide variety of bacteria and some Archaea. Mo-nitrogenase is

This is a document about Lead chamber process
  the process was provided by burning elemental sulfur or by the roasting of sulfur-containing metal ores in a stream of air in a furnace. During the early period of manufacture, nitrogen oxides were produced by the decomposition of niter at high temperature in the presence of acid, but this process was gradually supplanted by the air oxidation of ammonia to nitric oxide in the presence of a catalyst. The recovery and reuse of oxides of nitrogen was an important economic consideration in the operation of a chamber process plant. In the reaction chambers, nitric oxide reacts with oxygen to produce nitrogen dioxide. Liquid from the bottom

This is a document about Nitrogen generator
  This process requires constant temperature, close to ambient. With this process, nitrogen is produced by the plant at the above-atmospheric pressure, while the adsorbent regeneration is accomplished at below-atmospheric pressure. The swing adsorption process in each of the two adsorbers consists of two stages running for a few minutes. At the adsorption stage oxygen, H2O and CO2 molecules diffuse into the pore structure of the adsorbent whilst the nitrogen molecules are allowed to travel through the adsorber–adsorbent-containing vessel. At the regeneration stage the adsorbed components are released from the adsorbent vented into the atmosphere. The process is then multiplely repeated.

This is a document about Human impact on the nitrogen cycle
  which has been mainly due to a lack of integration among scientific disciplines. Most Nr applied to global agroecosystems cascades through the atmosphere and aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems until it is converted to N2, primarily through denitrification. Although terrestrial denitrification produces gaseous intermediates (nitric oxide [NO] and nitrous oxide [N2O]), the last step—microbial production of N2— is critical because atmospheric N2 is a sink for Nr. Many studies have clearly demonstrated that managed buffer strips and wetlands can remove significant amounts of nitrate (NO3−) from agricultural systems through denitrification. Such management may help attenuate the undesirable cascading effects and eliminate environmental Nr accumulation.

This is a document about Soil biology
  While nitrogen fixation converts nitrogen from the atmosphere into organic compounds, a series of processes called denitrification returns an approximately equal amount of nitrogen to the atmosphere. Denitrifying bacteria tend to be anaerobes, or facultatively anaerobes (can alter between the oxygen dependent and oxygen independent types of metabolisms), including Achromobacter and Pseudomonas. The purification process caused by oxygen-free conditions converts nitrates and nitrites in soil into nitrogen gas or into gaseous compounds such as nitrous oxide or nitric oxide. In excess, denitrification can lead to overall losses of available soil nitrogen and subsequent loss of soil fertility. However, fixed nitrogen may circulate many times between organisms and the soil before denitrification returns it to the atmosphere. The diagram above illustrates the nitrogen cycle.

This is a document about Nitric acid
  as the arc process. This process is based upon the oxidation of atmospheric nitrogen by atmospheric oxygen to nitric oxide with a very high temperature electric arc. Yields of up to approximately 4–5% nitric oxide were obtained at 3000 °C, and less at lower temperatures. The nitric oxide was cooled and oxidized by the remaining atmospheric oxygen to nitrogen dioxide, and this was subsequently absorbed in water in a series of packed column or plate column absorption towers to produce dilute nitric acid. The first towers bubbled the nitrogen dioxide through water and non-reactive quartz fragments. About 20% of the produced oxides of nitrogen

This is a document about Human impact on the nitrogen cycle
  Approximately 78% of earth's atmosphere is N gas (N2), which is an inert compound and biologically unavailable to most organisms. In order to be utilized in most biological processes, N2 must be converted to reactive N (Nr), which includes inorganic reduced forms (NH3 and NH4+), inorganic oxidized forms (NO, NO2, HNO3, N2O, and NO3−), and organic compounds (urea, amines, and proteins). N2 has a strong triple bond, and so a significant amount of energy (226 kcal mol−1) is required to convert N2 to Nr. Prior to industrial processes, the only sources of such energy were solar radiation and electrical discharges. Utilizing a large amount of metabolic energy and the enzyme nitrogenase, some bacteria and cyanobacteria convert atmospheric N2 to NH3, a process known as biological

This is a document about Nitrous oxide
  presumably, would come under soil and oceanic release in the Environmental Protection Agency data. Nitrous oxide is released into the atmosphere through agriculture, when farmers add nitrogen-based fertilizers onto the fields, through the breakdown of animal manure. Approximately 79 percent of all nitrous oxide released in the United States came from nitrogen fertilization. Nitrous oxide is also released as a by-product of burning fossil fuel, though the amount released depends on which fuel was used. It is also emitted through the manufacture of nitric acid, which is used in the synthesis of nitrogen fertilizers. The production of adipic acid, a precursor to nylon and other synthetic clothing fibres, also releases nitrous oxide. The total amount of nitrous oxide released that is of human origins is about 40 percent.

This is a document about Denitrifying bacteria
  The process of denitrification can lower the fertility of soil as nitrogen, a growth-limiting factor, is removed from the soil and lost to the atmosphere. This loss of nitrogen to the atmosphere can eventually be regained via introduced nutrients, as part of the nitrogen cycle. Some nitrogen may also be fixated by species of nitrifying bacteria and the cyanobacteria. Another important environmental issue concerning denitrification is the fact that the process tends to produce large amounts of by-products. Examples of by-products are nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide (N2O). NO is an ozone depleting species and N2O is a potent greenhouse gas which can contribute to global warming.

This is a document about Upper Occoquan Sewage Authority
  According to OWML’s research, phosphorus releases are prevented when, in the absence of molecular oxygen in the lower levels of the reservoir, nitrate acts as an alternate terminal electron acceptor for certain bacteria delaying the onset of anaerobic conditions and inhibiting the release of iron-bound phosphorus from the sediments. During this process the nitrate is converted to nitrogen gas, which is released to the atmosphere. This is a fortuitous process that occurs because, during periods of thermal stratification, the waters of Bull Run enter the reservoir at lower temperatures than the surface waters causing the high nitrate water to sink to the oxygen-deficient lower reservoir depths. The Virginia DEQ recognizes the water quality protection benefits of the UOSA nitrified discharge on the Occoquan Reservoir in State permits.

This is a document about Industrial processes
 Haber process – Atmospheric Nitrogen (N2) is separated, yielding ammonia (NH3), which is used to make all synthetic fertilizer. The Haber process uses a fossil carbon source, generally natural gas, to provide the CO for the water-gas shift reaction, yielding hydrogen (H2) and releasing . The H2 is used to break the strong triple bond in N2, yielding industrial ammonia. ; CH4(g) + H2O(g) → CO(g) + 3 H2(g) ; CO(g) +  H2O(g) →   H2(g) + CO2(g) ; N2(g) + 3 H2(g) → 2 NH3(g)

This is a document about Beaver dam
  Some scientists believe that the nitrogen cascade, the production of more fixed nitrogen than the natural cycles can turn back into nitrogen gas, may be as much of a problem to Earth's ecology as carbon dioxide production. Studies have shown that beaver dams along a stream contribute to denitrification (the conversion of nitrogen compounds back into nitrogen). Bacteria in the dirt and the plant debris, which collects at the dams, turns nitrates into nitrogen gas. The gas bubbles to the surface and mixes with the atmosphere once more.

This is a document about Sable Chemicals
  An air separation process is used to separate nitrogen from air for downstream use in the ammonia making process. By-products in the form of gaseous and liquid oxygen as well as small quantities of liquid nitrogen are formed. Five basic unit operations make up the air separation process: air compression, air purification, heat exchange, liquefaction and distillation. Nitrogen is compressed to 30 bar prior to export to the ammonia making plant.

Nitrogen gas is released into the atmosphere through various processes, including nitrogen fixation (both biological and non-biological), combustion of fossil fuels, and industrial processes such as ammonia production.


Question: 1967 supreme court case loving v virginia a case which legally allowed

Answer: interracial marriage

This is a document about Loving v. Virginia
  Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967), was a landmark civil rights decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that laws banning interracial marriage violate the Equal Protection and Due Process Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Beginning in 2013, it was cited as precedent in U.S. federal court decisions holding restrictions on same-sex marriage in the United States unconstitutional, including in the 2015 Supreme Court decision Obergefell v. Hodges. The case involved Mildred Loving, a woman of color, and her white husband Richard Loving, who in 1958 were sentenced to a year in prison for marrying each other. Their marriage violated Virginia's Racial Integrity Act of 1924, which criminalized marriage between people classified as "white" and people classified as "colored". The Lovings appealed their conviction

This is a document about Mildred and Richard Loving
  convictions. The Lovings and ACLU appealed the decision to the US Supreme Court. The Lovings did not attend the oral arguments in Washington, but their lawyer, Bernard S. Cohen, conveyed a message from Richard Loving to the court: "[T]ell the court I love my wife, and it is just unfair that I can't live with her in Virginia." The case, Loving v. Virginia, was decided unanimously in the Lovings' favor on June 12, 1967. The Court overturned their convictions, dismissing Virginia's argument that the law was not discriminatory because it applied equally to and provided identical penalties for both white and black persons. The Supreme Court ruled that the anti-miscegenation statute violated both the due process and equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Lovings returned to Virginia after the Supreme Court decision.

This is a document about Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States
  In 1967, an interracial couple, Richard and Mildred Loving, successfully challenged the constitutionality of the ban on interracial marriage in Virginia. Their case reached the US Supreme Court as Loving v. Virginia. In 1958, the Lovings married in Washington, D.C. to evade Virginia's anti-miscegenation law (the Racial Integrity Act). On their return to Virginia, they were arrested in their bedroom for living together as an interracial couple. The judge suspended their sentence on the condition that the Lovings leave Virginia and not return for 25 years. In 1963, the Lovings, who had moved to Washington, D.C, decided to appeal this judgment. In 1965, Virginia trial court Judge Leon Bazile, who heard their original case, refused to reconsider his decision. Instead, he defended racial segregation, writing: "Almighty

This is a document about Loving v. Virginia
  the Supreme Court of Virginia, which upheld it. They then appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which agreed to hear their case. On June 12, 1967, the Court issued a unanimous decision in the Lovings' favor and overturned their convictions. Its decision struck down Virginia's anti-miscegenation law and ended all race-based legal restrictions on marriage in the United States. Virginia had argued that its law was not a violation of the Equal Protection Clause because the punishment was the same regardless of the offender's race, and thus it "equally burdened" both whites and non-whites. The Court found that the law nonetheless violated the Equal Protection Clause because it was based solely on "distinctions drawn according to race" and outlawed conduct—namely, getting married—that was otherwise generally accepted and which citizens were free to do.

This is a document about Harry L. Carrico
  unanimous United States Supreme Court in 1967. The U.S. Supreme Court concluded that anti-miscegenation laws were racist and had been enacted to perpetuate white supremacy: "There is patently no legitimate overriding purpose independent of invidious racial discrimination which justifies this classification. The fact that Virginia prohibits only interracial marriages involving white persons demonstrates that the racial classifications must stand on their own justification, as measures designed to maintain White Supremacy." In Loving v. Virginia, the U.S. Supreme Court held that marriage is one of the basic civil rights of man, a fundamental freedom which could not be denied based on race.

This is a document about Loving Day
  Loving Day originated with the landmark U.S. Supreme Court case Loving v. Virginia, which invalidated laws prohibiting interracial marriage. The case was brought by Mildred Loving, a woman classified as "colored" under Virginia's Racial Integrity Act of 1924, and Richard Loving, a white man, who first met when she was 11 and he was 17. He was a family friend and over the years they courted. After she became pregnant, they married in Washington, D.C., in 1958, when she was 18. Reportedly, Mildred did not realize that interracial marriage was illegal, and they were arrested a few weeks after they returned to their hometown north of Richmond, Virginia. They pleaded guilty to charges of "cohabiting as man and wife, against

This is a document about Loving v. Virginia
  On June 12, 1967, the Supreme Court issued a unanimous 9–0 decision in favor of the Lovings that overturned their criminal convictions and struck down Virginia's anti-miscegenation law. The Court's opinion was written by Chief Justice Earl Warren, and all the justices joined it. The Court first addressed whether Virginia's Racial Integrity Act violated the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause, which reads: "nor shall any State ... deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." Virginia officials argued that the state's anti-miscegenation law did not violate the Equal Protection Clause because it "equally burdened" both whites and non-whites, since the punishment for violating the

This is a document about Earl Warren
  1965, by holding that it was valid under the authority provided to Congress by the Fifteenth Amendment. In 1967, Warren wrote the majority opinion in the landmark case of Loving v. Virginia in which the Court struck down state laws banning interracial marriage. Warren was particularly pleased by the ruling in Loving since he had long regretted that the Court had not taken up the similar case of Naim v. Naim in 1955. In Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections (1966), the Court struck down poll taxes in state elections. In another case, Bond v. Floyd, the Court required the Georgia legislature to seat the newly-elected legislator Julian Bond; members of the legislature had refused to seat Bond because he opposed the Vietnam War.

This is a document about Patrick Henry Building
 "Loving v. Virginia Richard Loving and Mildred Jeter, defined under Virginia's 1924 Racial Integrity Act as an interracial couple, married in June 1958 in Washington, D.C., and returned home to Caroline County. Arrested in July for violating Virginia's laws against interracial marriage, the Lovings were convicted and sentenced to one year in jail, suspended on the condition that they leave Virginia. In 1963 they obtained help from the American Civil Liberties Union, which unsuccessfully sought to reverse their convictions in the state courts of Virginia and then appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which, in the case Loving v. Virginia (1967), overturned all state laws restricting marriage on the basis of race." In 2017, the Virginia Department of Historic Resources dedicated a state historical marker outside the building. It tells the story of Richard and Mildred Loving, the plaintiffs in the 1967 Supreme Court case Loving v. Virginia which overturned Virginia's law against interracial marriage. The building was chosen as the site of the marker because it housed the Supreme Court of Appeals, where the Lovings' case was heard. The marker reads:

This is a document about Loving v. Virginia
  the Lovings' sentences to be unconstitutionally vague, ordering that they be resentenced in the Caroline County Circuit Court. The Lovings, still supported by the ACLU, appealed the state supreme court's decision to the Supreme Court of the United States, where Virginia was represented by Robert McIlwaine of the state's attorney general's office. The Supreme Court agreed on December 12, 1966, to accept the case for final review. The Lovings did not attend the oral arguments in Washington, but one of their lawyers, Bernard S. Cohen, conveyed the personal message he had been given by Richard Loving: "Mr. Cohen, tell the Court I love my wife, and it is just unfair that I can't live with her in Virginia."

This is a document about Central Point, Virginia
  Richard and Mildred Loving, the plaintiffs in the Loving v. Virginia case, in which the U.S. Supreme Court struck down all laws against interracial marriage, lived in Central Point. Their community included whites, blacks, and Native Americans. Such mixing was frowned upon by white people, especially law enforcement, in other parts of the state. They married in the District of Columbia in 1958, were charged in 1959, and won their case in 1967.

This is a document about Harry L. Carrico
  Justice Carrico was the author of the Virginia Supreme Court's unanimous 1966 opinion in Loving v. Commonwealth, upholding Virginia's miscegenation statutes. Richard Loving and his wife, Mildred Loving, had been convicted of living together as husband and wife without being legally married, since their Washington, D.C. interracial marriage was not recognized by the Commonwealth of Virginia. Both were sentenced to one year in prison for miscegenation, but their sentence was suspended on the condition that they leave the Commonwealth of Virginia and not return for 25 years together. They appealed the case to the Virginia Supreme Court. Because in 1956 The United

This is a document about Mildred and Richard Loving
  In 1964, Mildred Loving wrote in protest to Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy. Kennedy referred her to the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). The ACLU filed a motion on the Lovings' behalf to vacate the judgment and set aside the sentence, on the grounds that the statutes violated the Fourteenth Amendment. This began a series of lawsuits which ultimately reached the United States Supreme Court. On October 28, 1964, when their motion still had not been decided, the Lovings began a class-action lawsuit in United States district court. On January 22, 1965, the district court allowed the Lovings to present their constitutional claims to the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals. Virginia Supreme Court Justice Harry L. Carrico (later Chief Justice) wrote the court's opinion upholding the constitutionality of the anti-miscegenation statutes and affirmed the

This is a document about Mildred and Richard Loving
   Mildred Delores Loving (July 22, 1939 – May 2, 2008) and her husband Richard Perry Loving (October 29, 1933 – June 29, 1975) were an American married couple who were the plaintiffs in the landmark US Supreme Court case Loving v. Virginia (1967). Their life and marriage has been the subject of several songs and three movies, including the 2016 film Loving. The Lovings were a married couple who were criminally charged with interracial marriage under a Virginia statute banning such marriages. With the help of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), they filed suit to overturn the law. In 1967, the Supreme Court ruled in their favor, striking down the Virginia statute and all state anti-miscegenation laws as unconstitutional violations of the Fourteenth Amendment. Beginning in 2013, the case was cited as precedent in US federal court decisions holding restrictions on same-sex marriage in the United States unconstitutional, including in the 2015 Supreme Court decision Obergefell v. Hodges.

This is a document about Same-sex marriage in the United States
  "union of a man and a woman" as a form of "gay bashing". In 2007, Mildred Loving, the joint plaintiff alongside her husband Richard Loving in the landmark civil rights case of Loving v. Virginia in 1967, in which the Supreme Court of the United States struck down all state bans on inter-racial marriage, issued a statement on the 40th anniversary of the ruling in which she expressed her support for same-sex marriage and described it as a civil right akin to inter-racial marriage, stating that "I believe all Americans, no matter their race, no matter their sex, no matter their

This is a document about Racial segregation
  nor to intermarry with white people. I as much as any man am in favor of the superior position assigned to the white race". In 1967, Mildred Loving, a black woman, and Richard Loving, a white man, were sentenced to a year in prison in Virginia for marrying each other. Their marriage violated the state's anti-miscegenation statute, the Racial Integrity Act of 1924, which prohibited marriage between people classified as white and people classified as "colored" (persons of non-white ancestry). In the Loving v. Virginia case in 1967, the Supreme Court invalidated laws prohibiting interracial marriage in the U.S.

This is a document about Native American tribes in Virginia
  had shown families continuing to identify as Indian. The Racial Integrity Act was not repealed until 1967, after the ruling of the US Supreme Court case Loving v. Virginia, which stated anti-miscegenation laws were unconstitutional. In the ruling the court stated: "The freedom to marry, or not marry, a person of another race lies with the individual and cannot be infringed by the State." In the late 1960s, two Virginia Indian tribes applied for federal recognition through the BAR under the Bureau of Indian Affairs. The Ani-Stohini/Unami first petitioned in 1968 and the Rappahannock filed shortly thereafter. The B.I.A. later told tribal leaders that they had

This is a document about Grey Villet
  marriage was illegal in Virginia and were only able to avoid imprisonment by agreeing to leave the state. After a lengthy legal battle, the Supreme Court found unanimously in their favor in 1967. Villet was assigned to the story in 1965 and spent two weeks with the Lovings. However, Life held the story and only published it in 1966. Despite the eventual Supreme Court finding interracial marriage was a sensitive issue at the time, with only 4 percent of the population approving such relationships. Most of the photographs that Villet took while with the Lovings and their children only came to public attention in 2011. In

This is a document about Nancy Buirski
  and Richard Loving, an interracial couple. Married in the District of Columbia in 1958 they had not realized that their marriage was illegal in Virginia, where they lived, and were only able to avoid imprisonment by agreeing to leave the state. After a lengthy legal battle, the Supreme Court found unanimously in their favor in 1967. Funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities, the film premiered at the Full Frame Documentary Film Festival and was later presented at numerous other events. The film won an Emmy. Buirski was awarded a prize for The Loving Story at the Peabody Awards in 2012 and

This is a document about NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund
  of "departmental seniority", which had forced non-white workers to give up their seniority rights when they transferred to better jobs in previously white-only departments. ; 1967: Green v. County School Board of New Kent County, ruled that "freedom of choice" was an insufficient response to segregated schools. ; 1967: Loving v. Virginia, ruled that state laws banning interracial marriage ("anti-miscegenation laws") in Virginia and 15 other states were unconstitutional because they violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. ; 1968: Newman v. Piggie Park, established that prevailing plaintiffs in civil rights act cases are entitled to receive attorneys' fees from the losing defendant. ; 1969:

The 1967 Supreme Court case "Loving v. Virginia" did not legally allow interracial marriage, but rather struck down the laws prohibiting it as unconstitutional. The case ruled that the anti-miscegenation statutes violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.


Question: who plays charlie on it 's always sunny

Answer: Charles Peckham Day

This is a document about Charlie Kelly (It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia)
  Charles Rutherford Kelly is a fictional character on the FX series It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, portrayed by Charlie Day. Charlie is co-owner at Paddy's (although he later sells his shares) and a childhood friend of Mac and Dennis. He is also Frank's roommate and possible biological child ("Dennis and Dee Get a New Dad"). He is addicted to various harmful substances (such as glue and alcohol), and is called illiterate by his peers ("The Gang Gives Back"). He also expresses deep interest in the law ("The Gang Exploits the Mortgage Crisis"), and shows proficiency at "bird law", beating out The Lawyer in a trial. ("McPoyle vs. Ponderosa: The Trial of the Century").

This is a document about Turn Up Charlie
  Alongside the initial series order announcement, it was confirmed that Idris Elba would star in the series as the titular Charlie. On 27 June 2018, it was announced that Piper Perabo, JJ Feild, and Frankie Hervey had joined the series' main cast. On 3 January 2019, it was reported that Angela Griffin, Guz Khan, Jocelyn Jee Esien, Jade Anouka, Cameron King, and Dustin Demri-Burns would join the cast.

This is a document about Scandal (season 7)
  In May 2017, actor George Newbern, who has had recurring appearances since the show's beginning as Charlie, was promoted to the regular cast. In August, Jay Hernandez and Shaun Toub were cast in unspecified, recurring roles.

This is a document about Charlie Day
  Charles Peckham Day (born February 9, 1976) is an American actor, writer and producer. He is best known for playing Charlie Kelly on the sitcom It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia (2005–present), for which he was nominated for a Critics' Choice Television Award and a Satellite Award in 2011. In 2020, he co-created the Apple TV+ comedy series Mythic Quest alongside Rob McElhenney and Megan Ganz. In film, he is known for his role as Dale in the films Horrible Bosses (2011) and its 2014 sequel, as well as for his roles in Monsters University (2013), Pacific Rim (2013), The Lego Movie (2014), Fist Fight (2017), Pacific Rim: Uprising (2018), and The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part (2019). From 2018 to 2019, Day was the executive producer on the Fox comedy The Cool Kids.

This is a document about Charlie Young
  emotion as he becomes a crucial part of the Bartlet family." They did criticise, however, that the character was "backgrounded in later seasons", opining that "the show suffers for it." A Vulture ranking of characters created by Aaron Sorkin ranked Charlie twelfth place. For his performance in the third season, Hill received a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series. He was nominated alongside co-stars Richard Schiff, John Spencer, and Bradley Whitford; Spencer won the award. In addition, Hill received six consecutive nominations alongside his co-stars for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series at the Screen Actors Guild Awards, winning in 2001 and 2002.

This is a document about Charlie Day
  During the summers of his college years, Day was active in the training programs at the Williamstown Theatre Festival and went on to play the lead role in Dead End, at the Huntington Theatre in Boston. Besides playing Charlie Kelly on the hit FX television series It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, he is also one of the show's executive producers and one of its writers, along with Rob McElhenney and Glenn Howerton. He has also appeared on several other television shows such as Third Watch, Law & Order, and Reno 911!. He starred in New Line Cinema's Horrible Bosses in July 2011, with Jason Bateman, Jason

This is a document about List of recurring Entourage characters
  An actor and stand-up comedian seeking to enter Hollywood, Charlie appears in the fifth season as E's first client for The Murphy Group. By the time of the season, Charlie had spent the past six months auditioning for guest spots and often had to commute. Over the course of the season, Charlie and E successfully pitch a script for a pilot for a new sitcom, but run into some hurdles when Seth Green - who was specifically picked for one of the roles - threatens to replace Charlie with Nick Cannon. The pilot is successfully filmed without Seth and Charlie lands a spot on Jimmy Kimmel Live! to do his stand up act. However, in Season 6, Charlie is the only actor in the pilot rated poorly by test audiences, leading to The CW recasting him. Played by Bow Wow. (5 Episodes)

This is a document about Turn Up Charlie
 Idris Elba as Charlie ; Piper Perabo as Sara ; JJ Feild as David ; Frankie Hervey as Gabrielle

This is a document about Kangaroo Jack
 Jerry O'Connell as Charlie Carbone, the owner of a beauty salon. ; Robert Reid as young Charlie Carbone ; Anthony Anderson as Louis Booker, the best friend of Charlie. Anderson also voiced his kangaroo counterpart in Charlie's nightmare. ; Shawn Smith as young Louis Booker ; Estella Warren as Jessie Carbone, a member of the Outback Wildlife Foundation that helps Charlie and Louis. ; Michael Shannon as Frankie Lombardo, a gangster who is the apprentice of Sal. ; Brian Casey as young Frankie Lombardo ; Christopher Walken as Salvatore 'Sal' Maggio, a mobster and Charlie's stepfather. Walken also voiced his kangaroo counterpart in Charlie's nightmare. ; Dyan Cannon as

This is a document about Charlie's Angels
  set. Thus, Forsythe rarely met any of his female co-stars. Some years later, he bumped into Farrah Fawcett at a tennis court, as he recalled, "I was coming off the court when she came up to me and said, 'Charlie! I finally met Charlie!'". Forsythe was offered the 'Charlie' role in a panicky late-night phone call from Spelling after the original choice, Gig Young, showed up too intoxicated to read his lines. "I didn't even take my pajamas off – I just put on my topcoat and drove over to Fox. When it was finished, Aaron Spelling said, 'That's perfect'. And I went home and went

This is a document about House of Wolves (film)
 Francis Ng as Charlie ; Ronald Cheng as Fung Yan-ping ; Jiang Shuying as Yu Chun ; Candice Yu ; Babyjohn Choi ; Ella Koon ; Derek Tsang ; Vincent Kok

This is a document about The Gang Replaces Dee With a Monkey
  Dee (Kaitlin Olson) expresses shock and disappointment when she leaves the bar's restroom and exits the bar. The Gang questions her behavior, with Frank (Danny DeVito) deducing she may be on her menopause. Unwilling to tolerate Dee's new behavior, they decide to replace her, even joking about replacing her with a monkey. Dee's behavior is actually revealed to be part of a method acting part for a TV series audition, but her audition is rejected by the casting directors. Back at the bar, Charlie (Charlie Day) expresses desire to go on vacation but Mac (Rob McElhenney) and Dennis (Glenn Howerton) reject his idea of going to Pittsburgh. Frank suddenly shows up with a monkey, planning to use it as Dee's

This is a document about List of The Young and the Restless characters (2010)
  Charlie Ashby is the son of Cane Ashby and Lily Winters. He was first portrayed as an infant by Parker Rose Curry, from 2010 to 2012, followed by Aidan Clark from 2013 to 2016, Brandin Stennis from 2016 to 2017 and Noah Alexander Gerry in 2017. Gerry was downgraded to recurring status in 2019. He was born along with his twin sister, Matilda Ashby. Lily was diagnosed with ovarian cancer. Her uterus was taken out during a surgery to remove the cancer, but the doctor was able to harvest two of her eggs. Lily and Cane decided to start a family and pursued surrogacy options. Mackenzie Browning agreed to act as their surrogate and became pregnant. Mac went into labor at 28

This is a document about Charlie's Angels
  based on the Charlie's Angels 1976 original television series. Unlike the original series, which had dramatic elements, the film featured more comical elements than were seen in the series. The film was directed by McG, adapted by screenwriters Ryan Rowe, Ed Solomon, and John August, and starring Cameron Diaz, Drew Barrymore, and Lucy Liu as three women working in a private detective agency in Los Angeles. Bill Murray plays Bosley and John Forsythe reprised his role as the unseen Charlie's voice from the original series. Making cameo appearances are Tom Green (who was dating Barrymore at the time of production) and LL Cool J. A sequel, entitled Full Throttle,

This is a document about Charlie's Death Wish
 Phoebe Dollar as Charlie ; Ron Jeremy as Captain Al Rosenberg ; Lemmy as Himself ; Dizzy Reed as Mumbles ; Tracii Guns as Roscoe ; John Clark as Dr. Pheifer ; Jennifer Burton as Desk Cop ; Randal Malone as Harry Niche

This is a document about Scandal (TV series)
  cast in a recurring role. The Hollywood Reporter announced on February 18, 2016, that Joe Morton who plays Rowan "Eli" Pope had been promoted to a series regular, and was credited as a regular cast member for the first time in the twelfth episode of Season 5. TVLine announced on August 6, 2016, that Glee-alum Jessalyn Gilsig would replace Joelle Carter as Vanessa Moss, Jake Ballard's wife. TVLine announced on May 15, 2017, that George Newbern, who plays Charlie, was promoted to a main cast member for Season 7, after having appeared in over fifty episodes as a recurring cast member.

This is a document about Good Luck Charlie
  As Good Luck Charlie is low concept and character-driven, "the actors not only had to carry the show, they also had to have "pitch-perfect" chemistry with each other to make the family dynamic believable". Bonnet says Disney Channel executives "just fell in love with" Bridgit Mendler, who stars as teenaged Teddy Duncan. "She has all the attributes of a Disney star", said Bonnet. Mendler first heard about Good Luck Charlie in late November 2008. After several rounds of auditions and cast reads, she finally secured the part in January 2009. Mendler and Jason Dolley, who plays Teddy's older brother PJ, have starred in preceding Disney Channel series and movies before both were cast in Good Luck Charlie;

This is a document about Charlie Don't Surf (Veronica Mars)
  fraternity in the rapist case and Keith helps a woman, Harmony Chase (Laura San Giacomo) track down her possibly cheating husband. "Charlie Don't Surf" featured several notable guest stars, including Matt Czuchry, Ryan Eggold, and Laura San Giacomo, who plays Harmony Chase, a romantic interest for Keith. Actor Enrico Colantoni, who plays Keith, wanted San Giacomo to play the role of Harmony because of the actors' ongoing friendship since their show Just Shoot Me! Both actors enjoyed the guest appearance so much that they lobbied the show's production team to continue the characters' romantic storyline in the future. The episode received mostly positive reviews from television critics.

This is a document about Charlie Work
  "Charlie Work" is the fourth episode of the tenth season of the American television sitcom It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia. Featuring an uninterrupted seven minute long shot, the episode garnered critical acclaim from critics and fans and is considered one of the best episodes of the show. Contrary to popular belief, the episode is not a tribute to Birdman, which had not come out when the episode was written and being shot.

This is a document about Off the Map (TV series)
  joined by Ben at the airport, who decides to come with her. ; Jonathan Castellanos as Charlie: When Charlie was 9, his parents abandoned him. He now works at the clinic, and "supposedly" lives in a hostel. It is shown that he actually house-sits condos for 6 months a year, and has a bed under a lab in the clinic as well. He is good friends with both Tommy and Cole. Charlie has a crush on Brenner and was worried that she did not know his name. Charlie has given voice to the titles of episode 3 and 4.

Charlie Day plays the character Charlie on It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia.


Question: in which country there is a provision of due process of law

Answer: England

This is a document about Due process
  Various countries recognize some form of due process under customary international law. Although the specifics are often unclear, most nations agree that they should guarantee foreign visitors a basic minimum level of justice and fairness. Some nations have argued that they are bound to grant no more rights to aliens than they do to their own citizens, the doctrine of national treatment, which also means that both would be vulnerable to the same deprivations by the government. With the growth of international human rights law and the frequent use of treaties to govern treatment of foreign nationals abroad, the distinction, in practice, between these two perspectives may be disappearing.

This is a document about Due Process Clause
  In United States constitutional law, a Due Process Clause is found in both the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution, which prohibits arbitrary deprivation of "life, liberty, or property" by the government except as authorized by law. The U.S. Supreme Court interprets these clauses broadly, concluding that they provide three protections: procedural due process (in civil and criminal proceedings); substantive due process, a prohibition against vague laws; and as the vehicle for the incorporation of the Bill of Rights.

This is a document about Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting) in the 20th century
  Due Process Clause of the United States Constitution, as interpreted in Planned Parenthood v. Casey and Roe v. Wade. ; International: The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (OP-CEDAW) is an international treaty which establishes complaint and inquiry mechanisms for the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). Parties to the Protocol allow the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women to hear complaints from individuals or inquire into "grave or systematic violations" of the Convention. The Protocol has led to a number of decisions against member states on issues such as

This is a document about Abdul Latif Mirza v. Government of Bangladesh
  the concept of ‘due process’ given by Justice Hamdoor Rahman. The ‘due process’ concept in the American jurisdiction requires that the governmental actions as well as the laws made by the legislature must not be arbitrary and must be reasonable and no man should be adversely dealt with without giving him opportunity of being heard. Article 32 states that “no person shall be deprived of life or personal liberty save in accordance with law.” That means, the reasonableness of law under Article 32 will be strictly scrutinized when it relates to or deals with life or personal liberty. The rootless people cannot be evicted from slums without any scheme of their rehabilitation as it is found in violation of Articles 31 and 32.

This is a document about Oxford University Commonwealth Law Journal
 Comparative: good faith; agency; consideration; legitimate expectation; equity and unregistered land rights; recovery of economy loss in negligence; the Westminster system; breach of trust; comparative models of constitutionalism; unjust enrichment; rights of survivorship; violence in professional sport; entrapment; Internet libel. ; Africa: state liability in Botswana; economic development in Ghana; policing in Kenya; management of land in Nigeria; extrajudicial services of judges in South Africa; corporate insolvency in Zambia. ; Asia: human rights litigation in Hong Kong; confidentiality regarding HIV/AIDS in India; case-management in Singapore. ; The Americas: capital punishment in the Caribbean; freedom of religious expression in Canada. ; Oceania: native title in Australia; the rule of law in Fiji; jurisprudential theory in New Zealand; divorce in the Solomon Islands. ; Compulsory voting ; Statutory interpretation

This is a document about Substantive due process
  In United States constitutional law, substantive due process is a principle allowing courts to protect certain fundamental rights from government interference, even if procedural protections are present or the rights are unenumerated (i.e., not specifically mentioned) elsewhere in the US Constitution. Courts have identified the basis for such protection from the due process clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution, which prohibit the federal and state governments, respectively, from depriving any person of "life, liberty, or property, without due process of law". Substantive due process demarcates the line between the acts that courts hold to be subject to government regulation or legislation and the acts that courts

This is a document about Human rights in the Federated States of Micronesia
  to punish crime Similarly article 5 of the UDHR provides that "No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment." The Federated States of Micronesia have incorporated this significant human right into their constitution under article 4 subsection 8 which provides that a prisoner has a "constitutional right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment and his due process rights." Article 10 of the UDHR states that "Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him." These rights are assured by the FSM Constitution under article 4 subsection 3. This provides that "A person may not be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, or be denied the equal protection of the laws."

This is a document about Article 9 of the Constitution of Singapore
  against him nor send forces against him, except by the lawful judgment of his peers or by the law of the land." Article 9(1) is similar, but by no means identical, to the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which prohibits any state from denying "any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law", and to Article 21 of the Constitution of India which states: "No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law." Article 5(1) of the Constitution of Malaysia and Singapore's Article 9(1) are worded the same way as the latter was adopted in 1965 from the former following Singapore's independence from Malaysia.

This is a document about Rule of law
  due process, the rule of law is an enabler of justice and development. The three notions are interdependent; when realized, they are mutually reinforcing. For IDLO, as much as a question of laws and procedure, the rule of law is a culture and daily practice. It is inseparable from equality, from access to justice and education, from access to health and the protection of the most vulnerable. It is crucial for the viability of communities and nations, and for the environment that sustains them." IDLO is headquartered in Rome and has a branch office in The Hague and has Permanent Observer Status at the United Nations General Assembly in New York City.

This is a document about Preamble to the United States Constitution
  ... be deprived of ... property, without due process of law" was held, by the Supreme Court, to apply in Puerto Rico, even though it was not a State and thus not "part" of the United States. The Preamble has been used to confirm that the Constitution was made for, and is binding only in, the United States of America. For example, in Casement v. Squier, a serviceman in China during World War II was convicted of murder in the United States Court for China. After being sent to prison in the State of Washington, he filed a writ of habeas corpus

This is a document about Recognition of same-sex unions by country
  all the accompanying rights and responsibilities, is guaranteed by both the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Same-sex marriage is also legal in four of the United States territories: Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands. It is not legal in American Samoa, amid legal uncertainty over whether the US Constitution applies there in full. Native American Tribal Nations also have their own same-sex marriage legislation. The United States of America is the most populous country in the world to have established same-sex marriage nationwide.

This is a document about Common law
 Australia (both federal and individual states), ; Bangladesh, ; Belize, ; Brunei, ; Canada (both federal and the individual provinces (except Quebec)), ; the Caribbean jurisdictions of Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Bahamas, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Trinidad and Tobago, ; Ghana, ; Hong Kong, ; India, ; Ireland, ; Israel, ; Kenya, ; Nigeria, ; Malaysia, ; Myanmar, ; New Zealand, ; Pakistan, ; Philippines, ; Singapore, ; South Africa, ; United Kingdom: ; England and Wales, ; Northern Ireland, ; United States (both the federal system and the individual states (with the partial exception of Louisiana)), The common law constitutes the basis of the

This is a document about Constitutional court
 Albania ; Angola ; Armenia ; Austria ; Azerbaijan ; Belarus ; Belgium ; Benin ; Bosnia and Herzegovina ; Bulgaria ; Burma ; Chad ; Chile ; Colombia ; Democratic Republic of the Congo ; Croatia ; Czech Republic ; Dominican Republic ; Ecuador ; Egypt ; France ; Gabon ; Georgia ; Germany ; Guatemala ; Hungary ; Indonesia ; Iran ; Italy ; Jordan ; Kazakhstan ; Republic of Korea (South Korea) ; Kosovo ; Kuwait ; Kyrgyzstan ; Latvia ; Lebanon ; Lithuania ; Luxembourg ; Republic of North Macedonia ; Malta ; Moldova ; Mongolia ; Niger ; Peru ; Poland ; Portugal ; Romania ; Russia ; Serbia ; Singapore ; Slovakia ; Slovenia ; South Africa ; Spain ; Suriname ; Syria ; Republic of China (Taiwan) ; Thailand ; Turkey ; Uganda ; Ukraine ; Uzbekistan ; Zambia ; Zimbabwe Countries with separate constitutional courts include:

This is a document about Constitution of Japan
  according to procedure established by law". Article 32, which provides that "No person shall be denied the right of access to the courts", originally drafted to recognize criminal due process rights, is now also understood as the source of due process rights for civil and administrative law cases. ; Protection against unlawful detention: Article 33 provides that no one may be apprehended without an arrest warrant, save where caught in flagrante delicto. Article 34 guarantees habeas corpus, right to counsel, and right to be informed of charges. Article 40 enshrines the right to sue the state for wrongful detention. ; Right

This is a document about Liberal democracy
  Canada a printer who refused to print materials for the Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives was fined $5,000, incurred $100,000 in legal fees and was ordered to pay a further $40,000 of his opponents' legal fees by the Human Rights Tribunal. Other rights considered fundamental in one country may be foreign to other governments. For instance, the constitutions of Canada, India, Israel, Mexico and the United States guarantee freedom from double jeopardy, a right not provided in other legal systems. Also, legal systems that use politically elected court jurors, such as Sweden, view a (partly) politicised court system as a

This is a document about Extradition
 Death penalty: Many jurisdictions, such as Australia, Canada, Macao, New Zealand, South Africa, United Kingdom and most European nations except Belarus, will not allow extradition if the death penalty may be imposed on the suspect unless they are assured that the death sentence will not be passed or carried out. The United Nations Human Rights Committee considered the case of Joseph Kindler, following the Canadian Supreme Court's decision in Kindler v Canada to extradite Kindler who faced the death penalty in the United States. This decision was given despite the fact that it was expressly provided in the extradition treaty between

This is a document about List of national legal systems
  which introduced legal concepts from Norman law, which, in turn, had its origins in Salic law. Common law was later inherited by the Commonwealth of Nations, and almost every former colony of the British Empire has adopted it (Malta being an exception). The doctrine of stare decisis, also known as case law or precedent by courts, is the major difference to codified civil law systems. Common law is practiced in Canada (excluding Quebec), Australia, New Zealand, most of the United Kingdom (England, Wales, and Northern Ireland), South Africa, Ireland, India (excluding Goa), Pakistan, Hong Kong, the United States (on state and territorial levels excluding Louisiana and Puerto Rico), Bangladesh, and many other

This is a document about Procedural due process
  of fact and the reasons for its decision. Procedural due process is a legal doctrine in the United States that requires government officials to follow fair procedures before depriving a person of life, liberty, or property. When the government seeks to deprive a person of one of those interests, procedural due process requires at least for the government to afford the person notice, an opportunity to be heard, and a decision made by a neutral decisionmaker. Procedural due process is required by the Due Process Clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution. The article "Some Kind of

This is a document about Application of Sharia by country
  The country has a common law system.

This is a document about The Lexington Principles on the Rights of Detainees
  The term "due process" is unique to common law legal systems, and is not generally found in the text of international human rights and humanitarian law treaties. Due process is a powerful concept at common law, so it was important for the Lexington Principles to be phrased in those terms. All of the transnational norms discovered during the lengthy research phase of the Lexington Principles Project needed to be translated into aspects of due process. This was accomplished by distilling all points of mutuality in the law governing detainee treatment under both international law and domestic U.S. law down to one central right: the right to physical liberty. Principle 1 of the Lexington Principles on the Rights of Detainees codified this right, and all other rights were drafted as essentially derivative of this central guarantee. Principle 1 states, "Physical liberty is a fundamental human right and may not be denied to any person without due process of law.".

All countries, including the United States, have provisions for due process of law in their constitutions or legal systems.


Question: who started the first news paper in india

Answer: James Augustus Hicky

This is a document about Media of India
   The first newspaper printed in India was Hicky's Bengal Gazette, started in 1780 under the British Raj by James Augustus Hicky. Other newspapers such as The India Gazette, The Calcutta Gazette, The Madras Courier (1785), and The Bombay Herald (1789) soon followed. These newspapers carried news of the areas under the British rule. The Bombay Samachar, founded in 1822 and printed in Gujarati is the oldest newspaper in Asia still in print. On 30 May 1826 Udant Martand (The Rising Sun), the first Hindi-language newspaper published in India, started from Calcutta (now Kolkata), published every Tuesday by Pt. Jugal Kishore Shukla. Even after independence from Britain in 1947, the English-language papers were prominent due to a

This is a document about History of journalism
  The first newspaper in India was circulated in 1780 under the editorship of James Augustus Hicky, named Bengal Gazette. On May 30, 1826 Udant Martand (The Rising Sun), the first Hindi-language newspaper published in India, started from Calcutta (now Kolkata), published every Tuesday by Pt. Jugal Kishore Shukla. Maulawi Muhammad Baqir in 1836 founded the first Urdu-language newspaper the Delhi Urdu Akhbar. India's press in the 1840s was a motley collection of small-circulation daily or weekly sheets printed on rickety presses. Few extended beyond their small communities and seldom tried to unite the many castes, tribes, and regional subcultures of India. The Anglo-Indian papers promoted purely British interests. Englishman Robert Knight (1825–1890) founded two important English-language newspapers that reached a broad Indian audience, The Times of India and The Statesman. They promoted nationalism in India, as Knight introduced the people to the power of the press and made them familiar with political issues and the political process.

This is a document about Media of India
  India has the second-largest newspaper market in the world, with daily newspapers reporting a combined circulation of over 240 million copies as of 2018. India has over 1,600 satellite channels (more than 400 are news channels) and is the biggest newspaper market in the world—over 100 million copies sold each day. Hicky's Bengal Gazette, founded in 1780, was the first Indian newspaper. Auguste and Louis Lumière moving pictures were screened in Bombay during July 1895, and radio broadcasting began in 1927. The French NGO Reporters Without Borders compiles and publishes an annual ranking of countries based upon the organisation's

This is a document about List of the oldest newspapers
  The first recorded attempt to found a newspaper in South Asia was by William Bolts, a Dutchman in the employ of the British East India Company in September 1768 in Calcutta. The Company deported Bolts back to Europe before he could begin his newspaper.

This is a document about Freedom of the press in British India
  The first printing press was established in the 18th century when the first newspaper The Bengal Gazette was launched in 1780 by  James Augustus Hicky, which later became known as Hicky's Gazette. Prior to this, the British residents in the subcontinent initially started producing the weeklies and then dailies newspapers. In the mid-19th century, newspapers begun circulate in few cities, and later they started publishing in major provinces such as Madras, Bombay and Delhi, which later became the centres of publishing. Initially, the media used to wrote only in English language, however the regional language editorials also increased gradually. The first newspaper published in Indian language was the Samachar Darpan, a Bengali language newspaper which started around 1818. Later, the subcontinent saw a range of newspapers, including Bombay Samachar, the first Gujarati language newspaper was launched around 1822. At that time, Hindi language

This is a document about Hindi media
  long. Only 79 issues of Udant Martand,which were to be published in book format every Tuesday, could be published. Which was closed on 4 December 1827 due to financial troubles.The first Hindi-language newspaper published in India, Udant Martand (The Rising Sun), started on 30 May 1826. This day is celebrated as "Hindi Journalism Day", or Hindi Patrakarita Diwas, as it marked the beginning of journalism in Hindi language. India has a long history of printing. The first printing press was set up as early as in 1674 in Mumbai (Bombay). Calcutta General Advertiser, the first newspaper of India (also known as the Hicky's Bengal Gazette), started in January 1780, and

This is a document about Journalism
  The first newspaper of India, Hicky's Bengal Gazette, was published on 29 January 1780. This first effort at journalism enjoyed only a short stint yet it was a momentous development, as it gave birth to modern journalism in India. Following Hicky's efforts which had to be shut down just within two years of circulation, several English newspapers started publication in the aftermath. Most of them enjoyed a circulation figure of about 400 and were weeklies giving personal news items and classified advertisements about a variety of products. Later on, in the 1800s, English newspapers were started by Indian publishers with English-speaking Indians as the target audience. During that era vast differences in language was a major problem in facilitating smooth communication among the people of the country. This is because they hardly knew the languages prevalent in other parts of this vast land. However, English became a lingua franca across the country. Notable among this breed is the one named 'Bengal Gazette' started by Gangadhar Bhattacharyya in 1816.

This is a document about History of newspaper publishing
   In 1766, a Dutch adventurer, William Bolts, proposed starting a newspaper for the English audience inCalcutta. He was deported by the East India Company, before his plans could come to fruition. In January 1780, James Augustus Hicky published Hicky's Bengal Gazette, the first newspaper in India. The size of that four-page newspaper was 12"x8". Hicky accused the members of the East India Company, including Governor General Warren Hastings of corruption. In retaliation Hastings prohibited the post office from carrying Hicky's Bengal Gazette, and later sued Hicky for libel. In November 1780, the India Gazette appeared; it supported the Company government.

This is a document about Ganga Kishore Bhattacharya
  Apart from establishing the first Bengali book business, Bhattacharya and Roy also established the first Indian-produced newspaper, Bangal Gezette at Chorbagan Street (present Amar Basu Sarani), Calcutta. The Sambad Prabhakar, and thence James Long, P. N. Bose and Swaminath Natarajan have all claimed that Bangal Gezette began publication in 1816, and thus that Indian journalism commenced exclusively at the initiative of natives, rather than outsiders. However, no copies come down to us to confirm this. What is recorded is Harachandra Roy’s notice (dated 12 May 1818) in the Government Gazette of 14 May 1818 that: "he intends to publish a, to comprise the Translation of Civil Appointments, Government Notifications, and such other Local Matter, as may be deemed interesting to the Reader, into a plain, concise and correct Bengalee Language..." The Serampore Samachar Darpan came out on 23 May. Bangal Gezette is said to have appeared "within a fortnight" of this date, and is also referred to as having republished Ram Mohan Roy’s writings against sati.

This is a document about Kolkata
   The first newspaper in India, the Bengal Gazette started publishing from the city in 1780. Among Kolkata's widely circulated Bengali-language newspapers are Anandabazar Patrika, Bartaman, Ei Samay Sangbadpatra, Sangbad Pratidin, Aajkaal, Dainik Statesman and Ganashakti. The Statesman and The Telegraph are two major English-language newspapers that are produced and published from Kolkata. Other popular English-language newspapers published and sold in Kolkata include The Times of India, Hindustan Times, The Hindu, The Indian Express and the Asian Age. As the largest trading centre in East India, Kolkata has several high-circulation financial dailies, including The Economic Times, The Financial Express, Business Line and Business Standard. Vernacular newspapers, such as those in the Hindi, Urdu, Gujarati, Odia,

This is a document about Newspaper
  During the Tang Dynasty in China (618–906), the Kaiyuan Za Bao published the government news; it was block-printed onto paper. It is sometimes considered one of the earliest newspapers to be published. The first recorded attempt to found a newspaper of the modern type in South Asia was by William Bolts, a Dutchman in the employ of the British East India Company in September 1768 in Calcutta. However, before he could begin his newspaper, he was deported back to Europe. In 1780 the first newsprint from this region, Hicky's Bengal Gazette, was published by an Irishman, James Augustus Hicky. He used it as a means to criticize the British rule through journalism. The Jobo, which is discussed in the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty, is published in 1577 as a privately run commercial newspaper. It was printed daily, and covered a range of topics, including weather, constellations, and current affairs. In 2017, a Korean monk claimed to have discovered an extant copy of the Jobo.

This is a document about Indian independence movement in Tamil Nadu
   Indian nationalists of the 19th century propagated their views and objectives by starting newspapers and forming social and political organisations. The first Indian-run newspaper The Crescent was started by Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty to counter Christian missionary propaganda and alleged British injustice. But the newspaper which played a major part in the history of the Indian independence movement in Tamil Nadu was the English-language The Hindu which was started by Indian independence activists G. Subramania Iyer, M. Veeraraghavachariar and N. Subba Rao Pantulu in 1878 in support of the candidature of T. Muthuswamy Iyer as the first Indian judge of the Madras High Court. In the following years, The Hindu

This is a document about The Times of India
  The Times of India issued its first edition on 3 November 1838 as The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce. The paper was published on Wednesdays and Saturdays under the direction of Raobahadur Narayan Dinanath Velkar, a Maharashtrian social reformer, and contained news from Britain and the world, as well as the Indian Subcontinent. J. E. Brennan was its first editor. In 1850, it began to publish daily editions. In 1860, editor Robert Knight (1825–1892) bought the Indian shareholders' interests, merged with rival Bombay Standard, and started India's first news agency. It wired Times dispatches to papers across the country and became the Indian agent for Reuters news service. In 1861, he changed the name from the Bombay Times and Standard to The Times of India. Knight fought for a press free of prior restraint or intimidation, frequently resisting the attempts by governments, business interests, and cultural spokesmen; and led the paper to national prominence. In the 19th century, this newspaper company employed more than 800 people and had a sizeable circulation in India and Europe.

This is a document about Mysore
  Newspaper publishing in Mysore started in 1859 when Bhashyam Bhashyacharya began publishing a weekly newspaper in Kannada called the Mysooru Vrittanta Bodhini, the first of a number of weekly newspapers published in the following three decades. A well-known Mysore publisher during Wodeyar rule was M. Venkatakrishnaiah, known as the father of Kannada journalism, who started several news magazines. Many local newspapers are published in Mysore and carry news mostly related to the city and its surroundings, and national and regional dailies in English and Kannada are available, as in the other parts of the state. Sudharma, the only Indian daily newspaper in Sanskrit, is published in Mysore. Mysore was the location of the first private radio broadcasting station in India when Akashavani (voice from the sky) was established in the city on 10 September 1935 by M.V. Gopalaswamy, a professor of

This is a document about M. J. Akbar
  the magazine established its national circulation and number one position. The magazine took an uncompromising stand against the Emergency and fought press censorship and dictatorship. Sunday not only established major trends in journalism but also spawned a new generation of journalists in the country. In 1982, after the success of The Sunday, Akbar launched what is considered by some to be India's first modern newspaper. He conceived, designed and edited the daily newspaper, The Telegraph. In 1989, he took a brief detour into politics with his election to the Indian Parliament in November 1989 from Kishanganj in Bihar on a Congress(I) ticket. He

This is a document about Media of India
  The Indian media consists of several different types of communications of mass media: television, radio, cinema, newspapers, magazines, and Internet-based Websites/portals. Indian media was active since the late 18th century. The print media started in India as early as 1780. Radio broadcasting began in 1927. Indian media is among the oldest in the world. It dates back even before the reign of Ashoka. Many of the media are controlled by large, corporations, which reap revenue from advertising, subscriptions, and sale of copyrighted material. As of 31 March 2018, there were over 100,000 publications registered with the Registrar of Newspapers for

This is a document about The Hindu
  The Hindu was the first newspaper in India to have a website, launched in 1995. On 15 August 2009, the 130-year-old newspaper launched the beta version of its redesigned website at beta.thehindu.com. This was the first redesign of its website since its launch. On 24 June 2010 the beta version of the website went fully live at www.thehindu.co.in.

This is a document about Kannada people
 Prajavani ; Samyuktha Karnataka ; Kannadaprabha ; Udayavani ; Vijayavani ; Hosa Digantha ; Vishwavani News ; Vijaya Karnataka Mangaluru Samachara was the first Kannada news publication as early as 1843 by German missionary Hermann Mögling. Followed by Bhashyam Bhashyachar who is credited with publishing the first Kannada weekly from Mysore "Mysuru Vrittanta Bodhini" in 1859 under the royal patronage of Krishnaraja Wadiyar III. Shortly after Indian independence in 1948, K. N. Guruswamy founded The Printers (Mysore) Private Limited and began publishing two newspapers, Deccan Herald and Prajavani. Presently the Times of India and Vijaya Karnataka are the largest-selling English and Kannada newspapers respectively. D. V. Gundappa was notable Kannada journalist, he was awarded third-highest civilian award Padmabhushan in 1974. List of a few major newspapers:

This is a document about Bombay Samachar
  1855 and a daily since then, it continued to grow and has gone on to become one of Western India's premier newspapers, well read by a large segment of Gujarati-speaking people both in India and abroad. The founder, a Parsi scholar and priest by the name of Fardoonji Murazban, was a pioneer not only of journalism in Western India but of all Gujarati printed literature. He founded the first native press in 1812 and in 1814 brought out a Gujarati Calendar, fully 6 years before the first Bengali calendar was printed and published in Calcutta. He then went on to bring out his Newspaper, the Bombay Samachar, in 1822. He must have started

This is a document about Tamil literature
  The first Tamil periodical was published by the Christian Religious Tract Society in 1831 – The Tamil Magazine. The increasing demand of the literate public caused a number of journals and periodicals to be published and these in turn provided a platform for authors to publish their work. Rajavritti Bodhini and Dina Varthamani in 1855 and Salem Pagadala Narasimhalu Naidu's fortnightlies, Salem Desabhimini in 1878 and Coimbatore Kalanidhi in 1880, were the earliest Tamil journals. The first regular newspaper in Tamil was Swadesamitran in 1882, started by G.Subramaniya Iyer, editor and sponsor of The Hindu and founding member of the Indian National

James Augustus Hicky started the first newspaper in India, called "The Hicky's Bengal Gazette," in 1780.