Question: what is the drug of choice for pseudomonas

Answer: polymyxins

This is a document about Pseudomonas
  Most Pseudomonas spp. are naturally resistant to penicillin and the majority of related beta-lactam antibiotics, but a number are sensitive to piperacillin, imipenem, ticarcillin, or ciprofloxacin. Aminoglycosides such as tobramycin, gentamicin, and amikacin are other choices for therapy. This ability to thrive in harsh conditions is a result of their hardy cell walls that contain porins. Their resistance to most antibiotics is attributed to efflux pumps, which pump out some antibiotics before they are able to act. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is increasingly recognized as an emerging opportunistic pathogen of clinical relevance. One of its most worrying characteristics is its low antibiotic susceptibility. This low susceptibility is attributable to a concerted action of multidrug efflux pumps with chromosomally encoded antibiotic resistance genes (e.g., mexAB-oprM, mexXY, etc., )

This is a document about List of antibiotics
 Aminoglycosides ; Carbapenems ; Ceftazidime (3rd generation) ; Cefepime (4th generation) ; Ceftobiprole (5th generation) ; Ceftolozane/tazobactam ; Fluoroquinolones ; Piperacillin/tazobactam ; Ticarcillin/clavulanic acid Antibiotics that cover Pseudomonas aeruginosa:

This is a document about Penicillin
  The Gram-negative species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, is naturally resistant to many antibiotic classes. There were many efforts in the 1960s and 1970s to develop antibiotics that are active against Pseudomonas species. There are two chemical classes within the group: carboxypenicillins and ureidopenicillins. All are given by injection: none can be given by mouth.

This is a document about Murepavadin
  red blood cells. Iterative rounds of synthesis generated analogues with an increasingly potent and selective profile producing nanomolar range compounds specifically against Pseudomonas spp. at the expense of broad-spectrum activity. Final optimization led to the discovery of murepavadin, with remarkable Pseudomonas-specific activity in vitro and in vivo that has high plasma stability across species and is non-hemolytic at 100 µg/mL. Structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies showed that aromatic side chains of Trp2 and Trp8 are very important for antibiotic activity, while nuclear magnetic resonance studies showed that these potent D-pro-L-pro antibiotic derivatives had a stable β- hairpin conformation in aqueous solution whereas related derivatives with the D-pro-L-pro template inverted to L-pro-D-pro, shows no stable hairpin conformation and the antimicrobial activity was lost, suggesting that the β-hairpin structure is crucial for interaction with the bacterial target.

This is a document about Pseudomonas aeruginosa
 aminoglycosides (gentamicin, amikacin, tobramycin, but not kanamycin) ; quinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, but not moxifloxacin) ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa antibiotic susceptibility testing.jpglosporins (ceftazidime, cefepime, cefoperazone, cefpirome, ceftobiprole, but not cefuroxime, cefotaxime, or ceftriaxone) ; antipseudomonal penicillins: carboxypenicillins (carbenicillin and ticarcillin), and ureidopenicillins (mezlocillin, azlocillin, and piperacillin). P. aeruginosa is intrinsically resistant to all other penicillins. ; carbapenems (meropenem, imipenem, doripenem, but not ertapenem) ; polymyxins (polymyxin B and colistin) ; monobactams (aztreonam) Many P. aeruginosa isolates are resistant to a large range of antibiotics and may demonstrate additional resistance after unsuccessful treatment. It should usually be possible to guide treatment according to laboratory sensitivities, rather

This is a document about Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria
  Although there is currently a shortage of new drugs in the antimicrobial realm, there are a few antibiotics currently being studied and tested for the treatment of serious Gram-negative bacterial infections. These include cephalosporins, ceftobiprole, ceftarolin and FR-264205. The lack of newly emerging antimicobrial drugs have resulted in the revisit of old antibiotic drugs such as colistin (Polymyxins) and fosfomycin, which are traditionally considered to be toxic but have gained a principal role in the treatment of the most problematic MDR Gram-negative pathogens including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Also, there has been interest in the drug Tigecycline, which is from the

This is a document about Pseudomonas fluorescens
  Pseudomonas fluorescens produces phenazine, phenazine carboxylic acid, 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol and the MRSA-active antibiotic mupirocin.

This is a document about Tobramycin
 Pseudomonas aeruginosa - <0.25 µg/mL - 92 µg/mL [ref?] ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa (non-mucoid) - 0.5 µg/mL - >512 µg/mL [ref?] ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) - 0.5 µg/mL - 2 µg/mL Tobramycin has a narrow spectrum of activity and is active against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and various Gram-negative bacteria. Clinically, tobramycin is frequently used to eliminate Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis patients. The following represents the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) susceptibility data for a few strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: The MIC for Klebsiella pneumoniae, KP-1, is 2.3±0.2 µg/mL at 25 °C [unpublished].

This is a document about Corneal abrasion
  lenses. Some studies do not recommend using topical NSAIDs due to the risk of corneal toxicity. There is no direct evidence regarding the use of oral analgesics, but because pain relief is the main concern for people with corneal abrasions, these are prescribed according to individual's characteristics. Topical antibiotics are used to prevent concomitant infections, which result in slower healing of corneal abrasions. Ointments are considered the first-line treatment, as they are more lubricating than drops. If the person uses contact lenses, an antibiotic with anti-pseudomonal activity is preferred (ciprofloxacin, gentamicin or ofloxacin), and the use of contact lenses should be discontinued

This is a document about Pseudomonas
  Pseudomonas is a genus of Gram-negative, Gammaproteobacteria, belonging to the family Pseudomonadaceae and containing 191 validly described species. The members of the genus demonstrate a great deal of metabolic diversity and consequently are able to colonize a wide range of niches. Their ease of culture in vitro and availability of an increasing number of Pseudomonas strain genome sequences has made the genus an excellent focus for scientific research; the best studied species include P. aeruginosa in its role as an opportunistic human pathogen, the plant pathogen P. syringae, the soil bacterium P. putida, and the plant growth-promoting P. fluorescens, P. lini, P. migulae, and P. graminis. Because of their widespread occurrence in water and plant seeds such as dicots, the pseudomonads were observed early in the history of microbiology. The generic name Pseudomonas created for these organisms was defined in rather vague terms by Walter Migula in 1894 and 1900 as a genus of Gram-negative, rod-shaped, and polar-flagellated bacteria with some sporulating species. The latter statement was later proved incorrect and was due to refractive granules of reserve materials. Despite the vague description, the type species, Pseudomonas pyocyanea (basonym of Pseudomonas aeruginosa), proved the best descriptor.

This is a document about Pseudomonas fluorescens
  By culturing P. fluorescens, mupirocin (an antibiotic) can be produced, which has been found to be useful in treating skin, ear, and eye disorders. Mupirocin free acid and its salts and esters are agents currently used in creams, ointments, and sprays as a treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. Pseudomonas fluorescens demonstrates hemolytic activity, and as a result, has been known to infect blood transfusions.

This is a document about Burkholderia pseudomallei
  The antibiotic of choice is ceftazidime. While various antibiotics are active in vitro (e.g., chloramphenicol, doxycycline, co-trimoxazole), they have been proven to be inferior in vivo for the treatment of acute melioidosis. Disc diffusion tests are unreliable when looking for co-trimoxazole resistance in B. pseudomallei (they greatly overestimate resistance) and Etests or agar dilution tests should be used in preference. The actions of co-trimoxazole and doxycycline are antagonistic, which suggests these two drugs ought not to be used together. The organism is intrinsically resistant to gentamicin and colistin, and this fact is helpful in the identification of the organism. Kanamycin is used to kill B. pseudomallei in the laboratory, but the concentrations used are much higher than those achievable in humans.

This is a document about Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid
  Bacterial antibiotic resistance is a growing problem in veterinary medicine. Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid is reported to be effective against clinical Klebsiella infections, but is not efficacious against Pseudomonas infections.

This is a document about List of β-lactam antibiotics
 Cefepime ; Cefpirome (With β-lactamase stability and enhanced activity against Gram-positive bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa)

This is a document about Polymyxin B
 Haemophilus influenzae: ≥0.8 μg/ml ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa: 0.25 μg/ml – 1 μg/ml Polymyxin B has been used to treat urinary tract infections and meningitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Haemophilus influenzae, respectively. The following represents MIC susceptibility data for a few medically significant microorganisms.

This is a document about Ventilator-associated pneumonia
 Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common MDR Gram-negative bacterium causing VAP. Pseudomonas has natural resistance to many antibiotics and has been known to acquire resistance to every antibiotic except for polymyxin B. Resistance is typically acquired through upregulation or mutation of a variety of efflux pumps which pump antibiotics out of the cell. Resistance may also occur through loss of an outer membrane porin channel (OprD) ; Klebsiella pneumoniae has natural resistance to some beta-lactam antibiotics such as ampicillin. Resistance to cephalosporins and aztreonam may arise through induction of a plasmid-based extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) or plasmid-based ampC-type enzyme ; Serratia marcescens has

This is a document about Treatment of infections after exposure to ionizing radiation
  Gram-positive coverage (penicillin-sensitive and penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae) and expanded activity against atypical pathogens. b. Second choice: ceftriaxone (a third-generation cephalosporin) or cefepime (a fourth-generation cephalosporin) +/- amoxicillin or vancomycin. Cefepime exhibits an extended spectrum of activity for Gram-positive bacteria (staphylococci) and Gram-negative organisms, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and certain Enterobacteriaceae that generally are resistant to most third-generation cephalosporins. Cefepime is an injectable and is not available in an oral form. c. Third choice: gentamicin or amikacin (both aminoglycosides) +/- amoxicillin or vancomycin (all injectable). Aminoglycosides should be avoided whenever feasible due to associated toxicities. The second and third choices of antimicrobials are suitable for children because quinolones are not approved for use in this age group. The use of these agents should be

This is a document about Community-acquired pneumonia
  at risk for DRSP or enteric gram-negative bacteria. They may be treated with a quinolone active against streptococcus pneumoniae (such as levofloxacin) or a β-lactam antibiotic (such as cefpodoxime, cefuroxime, amoxicillin or amoxicillin/clavulanic acid) and a macrolide antibiotic, such as azithromycin or clarithromycin, for seven to ten days. ; Hospitalized patients without risk for pseudomonas: This group requires intravenous antibiotics, with a quinolone active against streptococcus pneumoniae (such as levofloxacin), a β-lactam antibiotic (such as cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, ampicillin/sulbactam or high-dose ampicillin plus a macrolide antibiotic (such as azithromycin or clarithromycin) for seven to ten days. ; Intensive-care patients at risk for pseudomonas

This is a document about Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  choosing an antibiotic empirically. If antibiotics are started empirically, then every effort should be made to obtain cultures (before administering the first dose of antibiotic), and the choice of antibiotic used should be reviewed when the culture results are available. Due to widespread resistance to many common first-line antibiotics, carbapenems, polymyxins, and more recently tigecycline were considered to be the drugs of choice; however, resistance to these drugs has also been reported. Despite this, they are still being used in areas where resistance has not yet been reported. Use of β-lactamase inhibitors such as sulbactam has been advised in combination with antibiotics to

This is a document about Karen Bush
  Microbiology 9:894-896. ; Bush K, Jacoby GA. Updated functional classification of beta-lactamases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54(3):969-976. ; Queenan, A. M., W. Shang, K. Bush, and R. K. Flamm.  2010.  Differential selection of single-step AmpC or efflux mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by using cefepime, ceftazidime, or ceftobiprole.  Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 54: 4092–4097. ; Morrow B. J., W. He, K. M. Amsler, B. D. Foleno, M. J. Macielag, A. S. Lynch, and K. Bush.  2010. In vitro antibacterial activities of JNJ-Q2, a new broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone.  Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.  54:1955-1964. ; Kao, L. .M., K.  Bush, R.. Barnewall, J. Estep, F. W. Thalacker, P. H. Olson, G. L. Drusano, N. Minton,

The drug of choice for treating Pseudomonas infections can depend on the specific antibiotic class and the susceptibility of the Pseudomonas strain. For example, for Gram-negative bacteria like Pseudomonas, carbapenems such as imipenem and meropenem are often used. However, some strains of Pseudomonas are resistant to carbapenems and other antibiotics, making it important to determine the specific antibiotic resistance profile of the infecting strain before choosing a drug. Other antibiotics that may be effective against Pseud


Question: what is the function of mitochondrion in a plant cell

Answer: cell cycle

This is a document about Extranuclear inheritance
   Mitochondria are organelles which function to transform energy as a result of cellular respiration. Chloroplasts are organelles which function to produce sugars via photosynthesis in plants and algae. The genes located in mitochondria and chloroplasts are very important for proper cellular function. The mitochondrial DNA and other extranuclear types of DNA replicate independently of the DNA located in the nucleus, which is typically arranged in chromosomes that only replicate one time preceding cellular division. The extranuclear genomes of mitochondria and chloroplasts however replicate independently of cell division. They replicate in response to a cell's increasing energy needs which adjust during that cell's lifespan. Since they replicate independently, genomic recombination of these genomes is rarely found in offspring, contrary to nuclear genomes in which recombination is common. Mitochondrial diseases are inherited from the mother, not from the father. Mitochondria with their mitochondrial DNA are already present in the egg cell before it gets fertilized by a sperm. In many cases of fertilization, the head of the sperm enters the egg cell; leaving its middle part, with its mitochondria, behind. The mitochondrial DNA of the sperm often remains outside the zygote and gets excluded from inheritance.

This is a document about Leigh syndrome
  Mitochondria are essential organelles in eukaryotic cells. Their function is to convert the potential energy of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondria carry their own DNA, called mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The information stored in the mtDNA is used to produce several of the enzymes essential to the production of ATP. Between 20 and 25 percent of Leigh syndrome cases are caused by mutations in mitochondrial DNA. The most common of these mutations is found in 10 to 20 percent of Leigh syndrome and occurs in MT-ATP6, a gene that codes for a protein in the last complex of the oxidative phosphorylation chain, ATP synthase, an enzyme that directly generates ATP. Without

This is a document about CoRR hypothesis
  Chloroplasts and mitochondria are energy-converting organelles in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Chloroplasts in plant cells perform photosynthesis; the capture and conversion of the energy of sunlight. Mitochondria in both plant and animal cells perform respiration; the release of this stored energy when work is done. In addition to these key reactions of bioenergetics, chloroplasts and mitochondria each contain specialized and discrete genetic systems. These genetic systems enable chloroplasts and mitochondria to make some of their own proteins. Both the genetic and energy-converting systems of chloroplasts and mitochondria are descended, with little modification, from those of the free-living bacteria that these organelles once were. The existence of these cytoplasmic genomes is consistent with, and counts as evidence for, the endosymbiont hypothesis. Most genes for proteins of chloroplasts and mitochondria are, however, now located on chromosomes in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells. There they code for protein precursors that are made in the cytosol for subsequent import into the organelles.

This is a document about Cell biology
  for ribosomal assembly. ; Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): This functions to synthesize, store, and secrete proteins to the Golgi apparatus. Structurally, the endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranes found throughout the cell and connected to the nucleus. The membranes are slightly different from cell to cell and a cell's function determines the size and structure of the ER. ; Mitochondria: Commonly known as powerhouse of the cell. This functions for the production of energy or ATP within the cell. Specifically, this is the place where the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle for the production of NADH and FADH occurs. Afterwards, these products are used within the electron transport chain

This is a document about Mitochondrion
  The most prominent roles of mitochondria are to produce the energy currency of the cell, ATP (i.e., phosphorylation of ADP), through respiration and to regulate cellular metabolism. The central set of reactions involved in ATP production are collectively known as the citric acid cycle, or the Krebs cycle. However, the mitochondrion has many other functions in addition to the production of ATP.

This is a document about Mitochondrion
  tissue, and cell type. A mature red blood cell has no mitochondria, whereas a liver cell can have more than 2000. The mitochondrion is composed of compartments that carry out specialized functions. These compartments or regions include the outer membrane, intermembrane space, inner membrane, cristae and matrix. Although most of a cell's DNA is contained in the cell nucleus, the mitochondrion has its own genome ("mitogenome") that is substantially similar to bacterial genomes. Mitochondrial proteins (proteins transcribed from mitochondrial DNA) vary depending on the tissue and the species. In humans, 615 distinct types of proteins have been identified from cardiac mitochondria, whereas in rats, 940 proteins have been reported. The mitochondrial proteome is thought to be dynamically regulated.

This is a document about Haplogroup
   Mitochondria are small organelles that lie in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, such as those of humans. Their primary function is to provide energy to the cell. Mitochondria are thought to be reduced descendants of symbiotic bacteria that were once free living. One indication that mitochondria were once free living is that each contains a circular DNA, called mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), whose structure is more similar to bacteria than eukaryotic organisms (see endosymbiotic theory). The overwhelming majority of a human's DNA is contained in the chromosomes in the nucleus of the cell, but mtDNA is an exception. An individual inherits his or her cytoplasm and the organelles contained by that cytoplasm

This is a document about Eukaryote
  Mitochondria are organelles found in all but one eukaryote. Mitochondria provide energy to the eukaryote cell by oxidising sugars or fats and releasing energy as ATP. They have two surrounding membranes, each a phospholipid bi-layer; the inner of which is folded into invaginations called cristae where aerobic respiration takes place. The outer mitochondrial membrane is freely permeable and allows almost anything to enter into the intermembrane space while the inner mitochondrial membrane is semi permeable so allows only some required things into the mitochondrial matrix. Mitochondria contain their own DNA, which has close structural similarities to bacterial DNA, and which encodes rRNA and tRNA genes that produce RNA which is closer

This is a document about Plastid terminal oxidase
  The most confirmed function of plastid terminal oxidase in developed chloroplasts is its role in chlororespiration. In this process, NADPH dehydrogenase (NDH) reduces the quinone pool and the terminal oxidase oxidizes it, serving the same function as cytochrome c oxidase from mitochondrial electron transport. In Chlamydomonas, there are two copies of the gene for the oxidase. PTOX2 significantly contributes to the flux of electrons through chlororespiration in the dark. There is also evidence from experiments with tobacco that it functions in plant chlororespiration as well. In fully developed chloroplasts, prolonged exposure to light increases the activity of the oxidase. Because the enzyme acts at the plastoquinone

This is a document about Mitochondrial theory of ageing
  Mitochondria are thought to be organelles that developed from endocytosed bacteria which learned to coexist inside ancient cells. These bacteria maintained their own DNA, the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which codes for components of the electron transport chain (ETC). The ETC is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane and functions to produce energy in the form of ATP molecules. The process is called oxidative phosphorylation, because ATP is produced from ADP in a series of redox reactions. Electrons are transferred through the ETC from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen, reducing oxygen to water.

This is a document about Mitochondrion
  A dominant role for the mitochondria is the production of ATP, as reflected by the large number of proteins in the inner membrane for this task. This is done by oxidizing the major products of glucose: pyruvate, and NADH, which are produced in the cytosol. This type of cellular respiration, known as aerobic respiration, is dependent on the presence of oxygen, which provides most of the energy released. When oxygen is limited, the glycolytic products will be metabolized by anaerobic fermentation, a process that is independent of the mitochondria. The production of ATP from glucose and oxygen has an approximately 13-times higher yield during aerobic respiration compared to fermentation. Plant mitochondria can also produce a limited amount of ATP either by breaking the sugar produced during photosynthesis or without oxygen by using the alternate substrate nitrite. ATP crosses out through the inner membrane with the help of a specific protein, and across the outer membrane via porins. ADP returns via the same route.

This is a document about Nuclear gene
  Mitochondria and plastids evolved from free-living prokaryotes into current cytoplasmic organelles through endosymbiotic evolution. Mitochondria are thought to be necessary for eukaryotic life to exist. They are known as the cell's powerhouses because they provide the majority of the energy or ATP required by the cell. The mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) is replicated separately from the host genome. Human mtDNA codes for 13 proteins, most of which are involved in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). The nuclear genome encodes the remaining mitochondrial proteins, which are then transported into the mitochondria. The genomes of these organelles have become far smaller than those of their free-living predecessors. This is mostly due to the widespread transfer of genes from prokaryote progenitors to the nuclear genome, followed by their elimination from organelle genomes. In evolutionary timescales, the continuous entry of organelle DNA into the nucleus has provided novel nuclear genes.

This is a document about Mitochondrial membrane transport protein
  The outer mitochondrial membrane forms the border of mitochondria towards the cellular environment. The outer membrane mitochondrial proteins carry out functions for mitochondrial biogenesis and integration between mitochondria and the cellular system. The outer membrane consists of two types of integral proteins, including proteins with transmembrane β-barrel and proteins with one or more α-helical membrane anchors.

This is a document about Mitochondrion
  Mitochondria (and related structures) are found in all eukaryotes (except two—the Oxymonad Monocercomonoides and Henneguya salminicola). Although commonly depicted as bean-like structures they form a highly dynamic network in the majority of cells where they constantly undergo fission and fusion. The population of all the mitochondria of a given cell constitutes the chondriome. Mitochondria vary in number and location according to cell type. A single mitochondrion is often found in unicellular organisms, while human liver cells have about 1000–2000 mitochondria per cell, making up 1/5 of the cell volume. The mitochondrial content of otherwise similar cells can vary substantially in size and membrane potential, with differences arising from sources including uneven partitioning at cell divisions, leading

This is a document about Plant cell
  Parenchyma cells are living cells that have functions ranging from storage and support to photosynthesis (mesophyll cells) and phloem loading (transfer cells). Apart from the xylem and phloem in their vascular bundles, leaves are composed mainly of parenchyma cells. Some parenchyma cells, as in the epidermis, are specialized for light penetration and focusing or regulation of gas exchange, but others are among the least specialized cells in plant tissue, and may remain totipotent, capable of dividing to produce new populations of undifferentiated cells, throughout their lives. Parenchyma cells have thin, permeable primary walls enabling the transport of small molecules between them, and their cytoplasm is responsible for a wide range of biochemical functions such as nectar secretion, or the manufacture of secondary products that discourage herbivory. Parenchyma cells that contain many chloroplasts and are concerned primarily with photosynthesis are called chlorenchyma cells. Others, such as the majority of the parenchyma cells in potato tubers and the seed cotyledons of legumes, have a storage function.

This is a document about Cytohet
   In genetics, a cytohet (or heteroplasmon) is a eukaryotic cell whose non-nuclear genome is heterozygous. The non-nucleic genome of eukaryotic cells exists in cytoplasmic organelles, namely the chloroplasts (only in plant cells) and the mitochondria (in all eukaryotic cells). Most of the genes in the mitochondria code for respiration-related proteins, and most of the genes in the chloroplasts code for photosynthesis-related proteins. The cytoplasmic genome, in contrast with the nucleic genome, exists in many copies in each cell: each cell contains numerous mitochondria and/or chloroplasts, and each such organelle contains multiple copies of its chromosome. Mutations in the cytoplasmic genome occur spontaneously and at a much higher rate than in the nucleus, since the mitochondria and chloroplasts are exposed to high concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS, by-products of respiration and photosynthesis). Mitochondria and chloroplasts with mutant genes have the ability to cause wildtype alleles in other mitochondria and chloroplasts to become mutant as well; the way in which this is done is still not clear. A certain cell in which a mutant gene exists only in some of the organelles, whereas the wildtype allele exists in the rest, is a cytohet (or heteroplasmon).

This is a document about Mitochondrion
   A mitochondrion is a double-membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic organisms. Mitochondria generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy. They were first discovered by Albert von Kölliker in 1880 in the voluntary muscles of insects. The mitochondrion is popularly nicknamed the "powerhouse of the cell", a phrase coined by Philip Siekevitz in a 1957 article of the same name. Some cells in some multicellular organisms lack mitochondria (for example, mature mammalian red blood cells). A large number of unicellular organisms, such as microsporidia, parabasalids and diplomonads, have reduced or transformed their mitochondria into other structures. One eukaryote, Monocercomonoides, is known to have completely lost its mitochondria, and one

This is a document about Cell biology
  Mitochondria are commonly referred to as the cell's "powerhouses" because of their capacity to effectively produce ATP which is essential to maintain cellular homeostasis and metabolism. Moreover, researchers have gained a better knowledge of mitochondria's significance in cell biology because of the discovery of cell signaling pathways by mitochondria which are crucial platforms for cell function regulation such as apoptosis. Its physiological adaptability is strongly linked to the cell mitochondrial channel's ongoing reconfiguration through a range of mechanisms known as mitochondrial membrane dynamics, which include endomembrane fusion and fragmentation (separation) as well as ultrastructural membrane remodeling. As a result, mitochondrial

This is a document about Chloroplast
   Chloroplasts are organelles that conduct photosynthesis, where the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight, converts it, and stores it in the energy-storage molecules ATP and NADPH while freeing oxygen from water in plant and algal cells. They then use the ATP and NADPH to make organic molecules from carbon dioxide in a process known as the Calvin cycle. Chloroplasts carry out a number of other functions, including fatty acid synthesis, much amino acid synthesis, and the immune response in plants. The number of chloroplasts per cell varies from one, in unicellular algae, up to 100 in plants like

This is a document about Microtubule organizing center
  Plant cells lack centrioles or spindle pole bodies except in their flagellate male gametes, and they are entirely absent in the conifers and flowering plants. Instead, the nuclear envelope itself appears to function as the main MTOC for microtubule nucleation and spindle organization during plant cell mitosis.

The mitochondrion in a plant cell is the site of the Krebs cycle (or citric acid cycle), where energy is produced through the oxidation of nutrients. It is also the location where the electron transport chain occurs, which generates ATP through the process of oxidative phosphorylation. In summary, the mitochondrion is responsible for energy production in plant cells.


Question: when did west side story movie come out

Answer: October 18 , 1961

This is a document about West Side Story (1961 film)
  and became the highest-grossing film of 1961. It was nominated for 11 Academy Awards and won 10, including Best Picture (in addition to a special award for Robbins), becoming the record holder for the most wins for a musical. West Side Story is regarded as one of the greatest musical films of all time. The film has been deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the Library of Congress and was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry in 1997. A new film adaptation of the same name by Steven Spielberg was released on December 10, 2021.

This is a document about West Side Story (1961 film)
  West Side Story is a 1961 American musical romantic drama film directed by Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins. With a screenplay by Ernest Lehman, the film is an adaptation of the 1957 Broadway musical of the same name, which in turn was inspired by Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet. It stars Natalie Wood, Richard Beymer, Russ Tamblyn, Rita Moreno, and George Chakiris, and was photographed by Daniel L. Fapp in Super Panavision 70. The music was composed by Leonard Bernstein, with lyrics by Stephen Sondheim. Released on October 18, 1961, through United Artists, the film received high praise from critics and

This is a document about 1961 in film
  series goes on to become the highest-grossing film series of all-time. ; July 17 – Trans World Airlines screens Come September to the press aboard one of its jets to introduce in-flight movies. ; October 18 – The film version of the musical West Side Story is released. Directed by Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins and starring Natalie Wood, Richard Beymer, Russ Tamblyn, Rita Moreno and George Chakiris, it becomes the year's highest-grossing film and goes on to win ten Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Director (for Wise and Robbins), Best Supporting Actor (for Chakiris) and Best Supporting Actress (for Moreno).

This is a document about West Side Story (2021 film)
  writing the screenplay in 2017. In January 2018, Spielberg was hired and casting began that September. Justin Peck choreographed the dance sequences. Filming began in July 2019 and wrapped up two months later. Principal photography occurred in New York and New Jersey. The film is dedicated to Spielberg's father, Arnold Spielberg. West Side Story had its world premiere at Jazz at Lincoln Center's Rose Theater in New York City on November 29, 2021, and was theatrically distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures through the 20th Century Studios label in the United States on December 10, 2021, after being delayed a

This is a document about West Side Story (2021 film)
  West Side Story was initially scheduled to be distributed in the United States on December 18, 2020 by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures through the 20th Century Studios label. In September 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Disney delayed the release date to December 10, 2021, which coincided with the 60th anniversary of the release of the 1961 film. The film will have an exclusive 45-day theatrical run, including engagements in Dolby Cinema and IMAX. An IMAX fan event, with a live Q&A with Spielberg and the cast, took place in IMAX theaters nationwide on December 6, 2021. Deadline Hollywood reported

This is a document about West Side Story (1961 film)
  West Side Story was a commercial success upon its release. It became the highest-grossing film of 1961, earning rentals of $19,645,000 in the United States and Canada. It remained the highest-grossing musical film of all-time until the release of The Sound of Music in 1965. The film grossed $44.1 million worldwide ($ million in ). Because of profit participation, United Artists earned a profit of only $2.5 million on the film ($ million in ).

This is a document about 1957 in music
  the musical West Side Story at the Winter Garden Theatre (following tryouts in Washington, D.C. and Philadelphia beginning in August) with music by Leonard Bernstein (who a week later is appointed music director of the New York Philharmonic orchestra) and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim, his Broadway debut. This year also Bernstein conducts the inaugural concert of the Mann Auditorium in Tel Aviv. ; November 25–27 – The first two Hollywood motion pictures starring Pat Boone, Bernadine and April Love, are released. ; Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel name themselves Tom and Jerry and begin their recording career, signing with Sid Prosen of Big Records. Their first single, "Hey,

This is a document about West Side Story (2021 film)
  West Side Story is a 2021 American musical film directed and co-produced by Steven Spielberg from a screenplay by Tony Kushner. It is the second feature-length adaptation of the 1957 stage musical of the same name. It stars Ansel Elgort and Rachel Zegler (in her feature film debut) with Ariana DeBose, David Alvarez, Mike Faist, and Rita Moreno in supporting roles. Moreno, who starred in the 1961 film adaptation, also served as an executive producer, alongside Kushner. The film features music composed by Leonard Bernstein, with lyrics by Stephen Sondheim. The film entered development in 2014 at 20th Century Fox and Kushner

This is a document about Stephen Sondheim
  audition for Bernstein. The following day, Sondheim met and played for Bernstein, who said he would let him know. Sondheim wanted to write music and lyrics; he consulted with Hammerstein, who said, as Sondheim related in a 2008 New York Times video interview, "Look, you have a chance to work with very gifted professionals on a show that sounds interesting, and you could always write your own music eventually. My advice would be to take the job." West Side Story, directed by Jerome Robbins, opened in 1957 and ran for 732 performances. Sondheim expressed dissatisfaction with his lyrics, saying that

This is a document about Columbia Masterworks Records
  starring Rex Harrison, Julie Andrews, Stanley Holloway and Robert Coote. This first album was issued only in mono, but the first stereo recording of My Fair Lady—featuring the same four stars, this time with the London cast—followed in 1959. And in 1964, Columbia Masterworks issued the film soundtrack album of the show, starring Rex Harrison and Audrey Hepburn's "singing voice", Marni Nixon. The most successful film soundtrack release on Columbia Masterworks was the film version of West Side Story, released as OS-2070 in 1961 and being certified triple-platinum as of 2017. Next on the list is The Graduate, released in 1968

This is a document about Leonard Bernstein
  The other musical Bernstein was writing simultaneously with Candide was West Side Story. Bernstein collaborated with director and choreographer Jerome Robbins, book writer Arthur Laurents, and lyricist Stephen Sondheim. The story is an updated retelling of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, set in the mid-1950s in the slums of New York City's Upper West Side. The Romeo character, Tony, is affiliated with the Jets gang, who are of white Northern European descent. The Juliet character is Maria, who is connected to the Sharks gang, recently arrived immigrants from Puerto Rico. The original Broadway production opened at the Winter Garden Theatre on September 26, 1957, and ran 732 performances. Robbins won the Tony Award for Best Choreographer, and Oliver Smith won the Tony for Best Scenic Designer. Bernstein's score for West Side Story blends "jazz, Latin

This is a document about West Side Story
  West Side Story is a musical conceived by Jerome Robbins with music by Leonard Bernstein, lyrics by Stephen Sondheim, and a book by Arthur Laurents. Inspired by William Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet, the story is set in the mid-1950s in the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York City, then a multiracial, blue-collar neighborhood. The musical explores the rivalry between the Jets and the Sharks, two teenage street gangs of different ethnic backgrounds. The members of the Sharks, from Puerto Rico, are taunted by the Jets, a white gang. The young protagonist, Tony, a former member of the Jets and best friend of the gang's leader, Riff, falls in love with Maria, the sister of Bernardo, the leader of

This is a document about List of UK top-ten singles in 1964
 "Somewhere" reached its peak of number six on 20 January 1965 (week ending). ; "Stay" re-entered the top 10 at number 8 on 5 February 1964 (week ending). ; "Walk On By" re-entered the top 10 at number 10 on 10 June 1964 (week ending). ; "Somewhere" was written by Stephen Sondheim for the soundtrack to West Side Story, first released as a musical in 1957 and adapted into a film in 1961. It was performed by Reri Grist in the musical and as a duet by Richard Beymer and Natalie Wood as the characters Tony and Maria respectively. ; Figure includes single that peaked in 1963. ; Figure includes single that peaked in 1965. ; Figure includes single that first charted in 1963 but peaked in 1964.

This is a document about America (My Country, 'Tis of Thee)
   Marian Anderson performed the song at the Lincoln Memorial on Easter Sunday, April 9, 1939. In the 1961 musical film West Side Story (1961 film), when the Puerto Rican gang is forced to leave a "war council" by a policeman, they whistle the anthem. Martin Luther King Jr. recited the first verse of the song toward the end of his famous "I Have a Dream" speech at the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28, 1963. Cary Grant and Jim Hutton sang the first verse in the 1966 film Walk, Don't Run, while simultaneously Grant

This is a document about The Movies (miniseries)
 West Side Story (1961) ; Exodus (1960) ; The Longest Day (1962) ; How the West Was Won (1962) ; Spartacus (1960) ; Lawrence of Arabia (1962) ; The Apartment (1960) ; Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961) ; Splendor in the Grass (1961) ; Lolita (1962) ; Cape Fear (1962) ; The Manchurian Candidate (1962) ; Vertigo (1958) ; North by Northwest (1959) ; Psycho (1960) ; Lover Come Back (1961) ; The Thrill of It All (1963) ; Pillow Talk (1959) ; Send Me No Flowers (1964) ; That Touch of Mink (1962) ; The Great Race (1965) ; The Pink Panther (1963) ; The Patsy (1964) ; The Ladies Man

This is a document about David Winters (choreographer)
  more influential stagings of a musical in American theatrical history. The original production received eight Tony Award nominations, including Best Musical. It closed on March 25, 1961 after 702 performances and two previews. In 1960, he acted in the Broadway musical One More River. In 1961, he appeared as A-Rab in the movie version of West Side Story directed by Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins. He and Carole D'Andrea, Jay Norman, Tommy Abbott, William Bramley and Tony Mordente were the only actors to have been cast in both the original Broadway show and the motion picture. The film was the highest grossing motion picture of that

This is a document about Irwin Kostal
 West Side Story (1961) ; Julie and Carol at Carnegie Hall (1962) ; Mary Poppins (1964) ; The Sound of Music (1965) ; Half a Sixpence (1967) ; Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (1968) ; Bedknobs and Broomsticks (1971) ; Charlotte's Web (1973) ; The Blue Bird (1976) ; Pete's Dragon (1977) ; The Magic of Lassie (1978) ; Fantasia (1982 rerelease of the 1940 film) (Digital re-recorded version) ; Mickey's Christmas Carol (1983)

This is a document about West Side Story
  A 1958 production at the Manchester Opera House transferred to London, where it opened at Her Majesty's Theatre in the West End on December 12, 1958, and ran until June 1961 with a total of 1,039 performances. Robbins directed and choreographed, and it was co-choreographed by Peter Gennaro, with scenery by Oliver Smith. Featured performers were George Chakiris, who won an Academy Award as Bernardo in the 1961 film version, as Riff, Marlys Watters as Maria, Don McKay as Tony, and Chita Rivera reprising her Broadway role as Anita. David Holliday, who had been playing Gladhand since the London opening, took over as Tony. The refurbished Shaftesbury Theatre reopened with a run of West Side Story from December 19, 1974 to mid-1975. It was directed by Bill Kenwright,

This is a document about West Side Story (1961 soundtrack)
  West Side Story is the soundtrack album to the 1961 film West Side Story, featuring music by Leonard Bernstein and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim. Released in 1961, the soundtrack spent 54 weeks at No. 1 on Billboards album charts, giving it the longest run at No. 1 of any album in history, although some lists instead credit Michael Jackson's Thriller, on the grounds that West Side Story was listed on a chart for stereo albums only at a time when many albums were recorded in mono. In 1962, it won a Grammy award for "Best Sound Track Album – Original Cast." In the United States, it was the best-selling album of the 1960s, certifying three times platinum by the RIAA on November 21, 1986. Though the album was released just a few years after the release of the original broadway cast recording, it is according to musical theater historian Ethan Mordden preferred by some to the earlier version both sentimentally, as the film succeeded in establishing the musical as a "popular masterpiece", and musically, as it contains "beefier orchestration".

This is a document about West Side Story (Original Broadway Cast)
  West Side Story (Original Broadway Cast) is the 1957 recording of a Broadway production of the musical West Side Story. Recorded 3 days after the show opened at the Winter Garden Theatre, the recording was released in October 1957 in both mono and stereo formats. In 1962, the album reached #5 on Billboard's Pop Album chart. It certified gold by the RIAA on January 12, 1962. The album was reissued in 1973 and made its first appearance on CD in 1986. A 1997 remastered edition is coupled with an orchestral suite named “Symphonic Dances from West Side Story” recomposed and conducted by its original composer Leonard Bernstein and performed by the New York Philharmonic recorded at the Manhattan Center on March 6, 1961. It was recorded at the CBS 30th Street Studio in New York City.

The 1961 West Side Story movie was released on October 18, 1961. The 2021 West Side Story movie was released on December 10, 2021.


Question: how many layers does open systems interconnection model have

Answer: seven

This is a document about OSI model
  The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) is a conceptual model that characterises and standardises the communication functions of a telecommunication or computing system without regard to its underlying internal structure and technology. Its goal is the interoperability of diverse communication systems with standard communication protocols. The model partitions the flow of data in a communication system into seven abstraction layers, from the physical implementation of transmitting bits across a communications medium to the highest-level representation of data of a distributed application. Each intermediate layer serves a class of functionality to the layer above it and is served by the layer below it. Classes of functionality are realized in

This is a document about Internet protocol suite
  The following table shows various networking models. The number of layers varies between three and seven. Some of the networking models are from textbooks, which are secondary sources that may conflict with the intent of RFC 1122 and other IETF primary sources.

This is a document about Network architecture
  The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) defines and codifies the concept of layered network architecture. Abstraction layers are used to subdivide a communications system further into smaller manageable parts. A layer is a collection of similar functions that provide services to the layer above it and receives services from the layer below it. On each layer, an instance provides services to the instances at the layer above and requests services from the layer below.

This is a document about Protocol Wars
  Russell notes that Cohen, Postel and others were frustrated with technical aspects of OSI. The model defined seven layers of computer communications, from physical media in layer 1 to applications in layer 7, which was more layers than the network engineering community had anticipated. In 1987, Postel said that although they envisaged a hierarchy of protocols in the early 1970s, "If we had only consulted the ancient mystics, we would have seen immediately that seven layers were required." Strict layering in OSI was viewed by Internet advocates as inefficient and did not allow trade-offs ("layer violation") to improve performance. The OSI model allowed what some saw as too many transport protocols (five compared with two for TCP/IP). Furthermore, OSI allowed for both the datagram and the virtual circuit approach at the network layer, which are non-interoperable options.

This is a document about Packet processing
  these efforts were merged and in 1984 the standard, called The Basic Reference Model for Open Systems Interconnection, was published by ISO and as standard X.200 by the ITU-T. The OSI Model is a 7 layer model describing how a network operating system works. A layered model has many benefits including the ability to change one layer without impacting the others and as a model for understanding how a network OS works. As long as the interconnection between layers is maintained, vendors can enhance the implementation of an individual layer without impact on other layers. In parallel with the development of the OSI

This is a document about Hacking: The Art of Exploitation
  OSI Model In communication among computers through networking the OSI Model is used. The OSI Model is a model that provides the standards that computers use to communicate. There are seven layers in the OSI Model and they are Physical layer, Data-Link layer, Network layer, Transport layer, Session layer, Presentation layer, and Application layer. Each packet that a computer sends out to another computer must go through each layer of the OSI Model. Sockets The standard way to communicate on a network with the use of computer operating systems is a socket. A socket is used by a programmer to create a way to send and receive data using the layers of the

This is a document about Layer 8
  or political layer on top of the 7-layer OSI model of computer networking. The OSI model is a 7-layer abstract model that describes an architecture of data communications for networked computers. The layers build upon each other, allowing for the abstraction of specific functions in each one. The top (7th) layer is the Application Layer describing methods and protocols of software applications. It is then held that the user is the 8th layer. According to Bruce Schneier and RSA:  Network World readers also report:  and:  Since the OSI layer numbers are commonly used to discuss networking topics, a troubleshooter may describe an issue caused by a user to be a

This is a document about Internetworking
  Two architectural models are commonly used to describe the protocols and methods used in internetworking. The Open System Interconnection (OSI) reference model was developed under the auspices of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and provides a rigorous description for layering protocol functions from the underlying hardware to the software interface concepts in user applications. Internetworking is implemented in the Network Layer (Layer 3) of the model. The Internet Protocol Suite, also known as the TCP/IP model, was not designed to conform to the OSI model and does not refer to it in any of the normative specifications in Request for Comments and Internet standards. Despite similar appearance as a layered model,

This is a document about Serial Attached SCSI
  EMI ; Establish and tear down native connections between SAS targets and initiators ; Establish and tear down tunneled connections between SAS initiators and SATA targets connected to SAS expanders ; Power management (proposed for SAS-2.1) ; Port layer: ; Combining multiple PHYs with the same addresses into wide ports ; Transport layer: ; Contains three transport protocols: ; Serial SCSI Protocol (SSP): for command-level communication with SCSI devices ; Serial ATA Tunneled Protocol (STP): for command-level communication with SATA devices ; Serial Management Protocol (SMP): for managing the SAS fabric ; Application layer  SAS architecture consists of six layers:

This is a document about Abstraction layer
  to be on top of another if it depends on it. Every layer can exist without the layers above it, and requires the layers below it to function. Frequently abstraction layers can be composed into a hierarchy of abstraction levels. The OSI model comprises seven abstraction layers. Each layer of the model encapsulates and addresses a different part of the needs of digital communications, thereby reducing the complexity of the associated engineering solutions. A famous aphorism of David Wheeler is "All problems in computer science can be solved by another level of indirection". This is often deliberately misquoted with "abstraction" substituted for "indirection". It is also sometimes misattributed to Butler Lampson. Kevlin Henney's corollary to this is, "...except for the problem of too many layers of indirection."

This is a document about Xerox Network Systems
  In comparison to the OSI model's 7 layers, XNS is a five-layer system, like the later Internet protocol suite. The Physical and Data Link layers of the OSI model correspond to the Physical layer (layer 0) in XNS, which was designed to use the transport mechanism of the underlying hardware and did not separate the data link. Specifically, XNS's Physical layer is really the Ethernet local area network system, also being developed by Xerox at the same time, and a number of its design decisions reflect that fact. The system was designed to allow Ethernet to be replaced by some other system, but that was not defined by the protocol (nor had to be). The primary part of XNS is its definition of the Internal Transport layer (layer 1), which corresponds to OSI's Network layer, and it is here that the primary internetworking protocol, IDP, is defined. XNS combined the OSI's Session and Transport layers into the single Interprocess Communications layer (layer 2). Layer 3 was Resource Control, similar to the OSI's Presentation. Finally, on top of both models, is the Application layer, although these layers were not defined in the XNS standard.

This is a document about Multitier architecture
  The "Layers" architectural pattern has been described in various publications.

This is a document about Internet protocol suite
  the best-effort UDP transport. Different authors have interpreted the TCP/IP model differently, and disagree whether the link layer, or any aspect of the TCP/IP model, covers OSI layer 1 (physical layer) issues, or whether TCP/IP assumes a hardware layer exists below the link layer. Several authors have attempted to incorporate the OSI model's layers 1 and 2 into the TCP/IP model since these are commonly referred to in modern standards (for example, by IEEE and ITU). This often results in a model with five layers, where the link layer or network access layer is split into the OSI model's layers 1 and

This is a document about Andrew Targowski
  Office IS, and Home IS. He published these in his book The Architecture and Planning of Enterprise-wide IMS (1990). He continued the development of this theory by defining models of 8 enterprise systems configurations; off-line enterprise, on-line enterprise, integrated enterprise, agile enterprise, informated enterprise, communicated enterprise, mobile enterprise, electronic enterprise, and virtual enterprise. This approach should provide a clear target for the enterprise systems software development, just as in civil engineering the architecture of a church should be different from that of a school. To understand the invisible complexity of thousands of electronic systems of an enterprise, he defined the generic architecture of Enterprise Information Infrastructure, composed of 6 layers, such as 1-Telecommunication Layer, 2-Computer Networks Layer, 3-Internet

This is a document about OSI model
  networking, called the Basic Reference Model or seven-layer model, and a set of specific protocols. The OSI reference model was a major advance in the standardisation of network concepts. It promoted the idea of a consistent model of protocol layers, defining interoperability between network devices and software. The concept of a seven-layer model was provided by the work of Charles Bachman at Honeywell Information Systems. Various aspects of OSI design evolved from experiences with the NPL network, ARPANET, CYCLADES, EIN, and the International Networking Working Group (IFIP WG6.1). In this model, a networking system was divided into layers. Within each layer, one or more entities implement its functionality. Each entity interacted directly only with

This is a document about IBM 308X
  were the following: Both central processors have access to channels (as many as 24), and main memory (up to 32 megabytes ). The elimination of a layer of packaging was achieved through the development of the Thermal Conduction Module (TCM), a flat ceramic module containing about 30,000 logic circuits on up to 118 chips. The TTL chips (which were not compatible with the TTL chips sold on the open market by many manufacturers) were joined face-down (sometimes called "flip chip") to the TCM with an array of 11 × 11 solder pads. The TCM contains 33 metalized layers which distribute signals and power. "A module is connected to the next level

This is a document about Intel iPSC
  CPU with 80287 math coprocessor, 512K of RAM, and eight Ethernet ports (seven for the hypercube interconnect, and one to talk to the cube manager). A message passing interface called NX that was developed by Paul Pierce evolved throughout the life of the iPSC line. Because only the cube manager had connections to the outside world, developing and debugging applications was difficult. The basic models were the iPSC/d5 (five-dimension hypercube with 32 nodes), iPSC/d6 (six dimensions with 64 nodes), and iPSC/d7 (seven dimensions with 128 nodes). Each cabinet had 32 nodes, and prices ranged up to about half a million dollars for the

This is a document about Cyberspace
  In 2010, a five-level model was designed in France. According to this model, cyberspace is composed of five layers based on information discoveries: 1) language, 2) writing, 3) printing, 4) Internet, 5) Etc., i.e. the rest, e.g. noosphere, artificial life, artificial intelligence, etc., etc. This original model links the world of information to telecommunication technologies.

This is a document about FireWire camera
  Following this approach, application software is in charge of the protocol. Since this solution utilizes the computing resources in a very efficient manner, it is still used in the context of highly specialized, industrial projects. This strategy often leads to problems, using other FireWire devices, as for instance hard disks. Open systems avoid this disadvantage. Open systems are based on a layer model. The behavior of the single layers (interface board, low level driver, high level driver and API) follows the constraints of the respective operating system manufacturer. Application software is allowed to access operating system APIs, but never should access any level lower. In the context of

This is a document about Scalable Coherent Interface
 The physical level that deals with electrical signals, connectors, mechanical and thermal conditions ; The logical level that describes the address space, data transfer protocols, cache coherence mechanisms, synchronization primitives, control and status registers, and initialization and error recovery facilities. The standard defined two interface levels: This structure allowed new developments in physical interface technology to be easily adapted without any redesign on the logical level. Scalability for large systems is achieved through a distributed directory-based cache coherence model. (The other popular models for cache coherency are based on system-wide eavesdropping (snooping) of memory transactions – a scheme which is not very scalable.) In SCI each node contains a directory with a pointer to the next node in a linked list that shares a particular cache line. SCI defines a 64-bit flat address space (16 exabytes) where 16 bits are used for identifying a node (65,536 nodes) and 48 bits for address within the node (256 terabytes). A node can contain many processors and/or memory. The SCI standard defines a packet switched network.

The Open Systems Interconnection model has seven layers.


Question: how many laps around the track is 5000 m

Answer: 12.5

This is a document about Cycling at the 1908 Summer Olympics – Men's 5000 metres
  The 5000 metres was a sprint-style race, though considerably longer than modern sprints. The time limit for the race was 9 minutes, 25 seconds. The competition was conducted in two rounds (semifinals and a final). The semifinal round comprised 7 semifinals, each with up to 9 cyclists. The winning cyclist in each semifinal advanced to the final, so long as the time limit was not exceeded.

This is a document about Cycling at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's 25 kilometres
  As the name suggests, the race was 25 kilometres in length. The track was 500 metres in length, so there were 50 laps. A single race was held.

This is a document about 5000 metres
  The 5000 metres or 5000-metre run is a common long-distance running event in track and field, approximately equivalent to 5 km or 5 km. It is one of the track events in the Olympic Games and the World Championships in Athletics, run over 12 1⁄2 laps of a standard track. The same distance in road running is called a 5K run; referring to the distance in metres rather than kilometres serves to disambiguate the two events. The 5000 m has been present on the Olympic programme since 1912 for men and since 1996 for women. Prior to 1996, women had competed in an Olympic 3000 metres race since 1984. The 5000 m has been held at each of the World Championships in Athletics in men's competition and since 1995 in women's. The event is almost the same length as the dolichos race held at the Ancient Olympic Games, introduced in 720 BCE. While mainly run as an outdoor event, the 5000 m is sometimes run on an indoor track. World Athletics keeps official records for both outdoor and indoor 5000-metre track events.

This is a document about 5000 metres
  The 5000 metres is the (slightly longer) approximate metric equivalent of the 3 mi run, an event common in countries which used the imperial measurement system. The 3-mile event featured in the Commonwealth Games through 1966, and was a championship in the United States in non-Olympic years from 1953 to 1973. It required 12 laps around a 1/4 mi track.

This is a document about 1994 NCAA Division I Cross Country Championships
 Distance: 5,000 meters

This is a document about 1997 NCAA Division I Cross Country Championships
 Distance: 5,000 meters

This is a document about 1995 NCAA Division I Cross Country Championships
 Distance: 5,000 meters

This is a document about 1996 NCAA Division I Cross Country Championships
 Distance: 5,000 meters

This is a document about 1998 NCAA Division I Cross Country Championships
 Distance: 5,000 meters

This is a document about 1993 NCAA Division I Cross Country Championships
 Distance: 5,000 meters

This is a document about 1992 NCAA Division I Cross Country Championships
 Distance: 5,000 meters

This is a document about 1999 NCAA Division I Cross Country Championships
 Distance: 5,000 meters

This is a document about Teretonga Park
  As of 2020, a lap was 2.62 km long, and run in anticlockwise direction with an 800-metre main straight and a very high speed loop with multiple apexes. It flows smoothly from turns 1 through to 5 and is generally recognised as the second fastest circuit in Australasia. The circuit is exposed to a strong sea breeze and often forces gearbox and setup changes.

This is a document about 500
 500 meter track time trial

This is a document about Track time trial
  is usually held over four laps. Other common track lengths are 167 m (six laps), 333 m (three laps) or 400 m (2.5 laps). Riders will keep to the black line at the bottom of the track to ensure they have to cover the least distance over the 1,000 m. Riders usually only get one attempt to set a time, and the winner of the event is simply the rider to post the quickest time. A fast time at the elite level is around 1 minute 5 seconds. The world record is 56.303 seconds (63.940 km/h), set by Francois Pervis in the 2013 Track World Cup at Aguascalientes, Mexico.

This is a document about 1985 Daytona 500
  5 for 18 laps

This is a document about Cahokia Downs
  The track consisted of a .75-mile (1.207 km) oval with sandy clay soil, with chutes that enabled 5-furlong (1.006 km) races to be run around one turn and about 11/ 16 miles (1.710 km) around three turns. Distance from the last turn to the finish line was 500 feet (152 m). The front and back straightaways were both 80 feet (24.38 m) wide. The chute on the front straightaway was angled approximately 15 degrees to avoid bisecting a street in the stable area.

This is a document about Kermesse (cycling)
  There are typically 10 to 20 laps, of between 5 and 10 kilometers. There are also professional races, which are longer, 150 to 180 km, with a circuit length of not less than 10 km. The race usually begins and ends in the center of the town which is hosting the day's race. The race will occupy the roads in town as well as the roads surrounding, either city streets or farmland. The course usually has a rolling enclosure. This means that while the race is not passing through, the streets are open to traffic. A designated car, usually with a caution sign and a red flag, leads the riders and close the cross streets

This is a document about Autódromo de Luanda
  The track layout is based on a square oval with an infield section. The Autódrom can be driven in five different layouts with lap lengths ranging from 3.208 to 6.280 km.

This is a document about 3000 metres
  The 3000 metres or 3000-metre run is a track running event, also commonly known as the 3K or 3K run, where 7.5 laps are completed around an outdoor 400 m track or 15 laps around a 200 m indoor track. It is debated whether the 3000m should be classified as a middle-distance or long-distance event. In elite-level competition, 3000 m pace is more comparable to the pace found in the longer 5000 metres event, rather than mile pace. The world record performance for 3000 m equates to a pace of 58.76 seconds per 400 m, which is closer to the 60.43 seconds for 5000 m than the 55.46 seconds for

In track and field, a 5000-meter race is equivalent to 12.5 laps around a standard 400-meter track.


Question: who won season 3 rupaul 's drag race all stars

Answer: Trixie Mattel

This is a document about RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (season 3)
  the bottom queens gets eliminated. A new twist on how the top queens of the season were chosen was revealed in the season's last episode. The previously eliminated queens returned in the finale and voted for the top two out of the remaining top four finalists, from there on the two queens with the most votes advanced while the other two were subsequently eliminated. The prizes for the winner of the competition are a one-year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000. The winner of the third season of RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars was Trixie Mattel, with Kennedy Davenport being the runner-up.

This is a document about RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars
   On August 21, 2017, VH1 announced it would air a third season of the series in early 2018. On October 13, 2017, VH1 announced that a one-hour special, RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars Exclusive Queen RuVeal, would air on October 20, 2017, announcing the season's returning contestants. The nine out of the ten contestants that competed on the third season of All Stars consisted of Aja, BenDeLaCreme, Chi Chi DeVayne, Kennedy Davenport, Milk, Morgan McMichaels, Shangela, Thorgy Thor, and Trixie Mattel. Season one winner BeBe Zahara Benet was announced as the surprise tenth contestant. On December 14, 2017, it was announced that the third season would premiere on January 25, 2018. A new twist on how the top queens of the season were chosen was revealed in the season's final episode. The previously eliminated queens returned in the finale and voted for the top two out of the remaining top four finalists; from there on, the two queens with the most votes advanced while the others were eliminated. The winner was Trixie Mattel, while Kennedy Davenport placed as the runner-up.

This is a document about RuPaul's Drag Race (season 3)
  in the reunion special to announce Yara Sofia as the season's Miss Congeniality. Other changes made included the introduction of a wildcard contestant from the past season, Shangela; an episode with no elimination; and a contestant, Carmen Carrera, being brought back into the competition after having been eliminated a few episodes prior. A new pit crew was also introduced consisting of Jason Carter and Shawn Morales. The theme song playing during the runway every episode was changed to "Champion" while the song playing during the credits is "Main Event", both from RuPaul's album Champion. As with the previous season, each week's episode was followed by a behind-the-scenes show, RuPaul's Drag Race: Untucked. On December 6, 2011 Amazon.com released this season on DVD via their CreateSpace program. The winner of the third season of RuPaul's Drag Race was Raja, with Manila Luzon being the runner-up.

This is a document about Shangela
  Shangela Laquifa Wadley (born Darius Jeremy Pierce), known mononymously as Shangela, is an American drag queen, reality television personality and actor best known for competing on RuPaul's Drag Race. Shangela was the first contestant eliminated in season two, and returned as a surprise contestant in the series' third season, placing fifth. She returned once again for the third season of RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars where she finished in joint-third/fourth place alongside winner of the first season, BeBe Zahara Benet. Shangela has also made several television appearances and regularly performs across the United States and Canada. In June 2019, a panel of judges from New York magazine placed Shangela second on their list of "the most powerful

This is a document about RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (season 3)
  The third season of RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars began airing on January 25, 2018. The season was announced in August 2017, and 9 of the 10 cast members were revealed during a VH1 television special titled "Exclusive Queen Ruveal," which aired on October 20, 2017. This season featured ten "All Star" contestants, selected from the show's first season through to its ninth season, who competed to be inducted into the "Drag Race Hall of Fame". As in the previous season, the top two queens in the challenge compete in a "Lip Sync for Your Legacy," with the winner of the lip sync earning $10,000 and choosing which

This is a document about Raja Gemini
   He was a contestant on the third season of RuPaul's Drag Race as Raja. He was a member of the "Heathers" clique, which took its name from the popular cult film Heathers. In the final episode, after a lip-sync battle with Manila Luzon, Raja was declared the winner of the show's third season and crowned America's Next Drag Superstar. As part of his duties as the third-season winner of Drag Race, Amrull toured the U.S. and Canada on Logo's Drag Race Tour in 2011. Raja is the first and only Asian American winner of RuPaul's Drag Race. In 2014 Raja joined the Drag Race Battle of the Seasons tour where she performed a lip-sync duet with Manila Luzon to the Babymetal song "Gimme Chocolate!!"

This is a document about RuPaul's Drag Race (season 2)
  Shangela returned on the third season as a surprise contestant to compete with the other 12 drag queens. She placed 6th overall. Jujubee, Pandora Boxx and Raven competed on the first season of All Stars. Pandora placed 11th/12th with season 3 contestant Mimi Imfurst, Jujubee placed 3rd/4th with season 1 contestant Shannel, and Raven was the runner-up. Tatianna competed on the second season of All Stars and initially finished in 8th place. She returned to the competition after winning re-entry with Alyssa Edwards and placed 6th overall. Morgan McMichaels and Shangela competed on the third season of All Stars. Morgan initially

This is a document about The Bitchelor
  "The Bitchelor", stylized with the "i" as an eggplant emoji, is the third episode of the third season of the American drag queen-focused reality competition television series RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars, which aired on VH1 February 8, 2018. The season's eight remaining contestants impersonate stereotyped characters on a The Bachelor-style improvisation acting challenge. Constance Zimmer and Jeffrey Bowyer-Chapman, both from Unreal, itself a parody of The Bachelor-type shows, serve as guest judges, alongside regular panelists RuPaul, Michelle Visage, and Ross Mathews. Like the rest of the season, the show has a themed fashion runway challenge, and the contestants get feedback on both challenges. The top two queens vie in a lip sync battle with the winner choosing which contestant is eliminated.

This is a document about RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (season 2)
  The second season of RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars was met with critical acclaim and is generally considered to be the best season in the show's history. Vox described the season as "the best — and most self-aware" season of Drag Race. Gay Times ranked it as the number-one season, specifically shouting out Alyssa Edwards and Tatianna's lipsync to "Shut Up and Drive" as a standout moment, also describing the season as having the "best cast in the show's HERstory". Elite Daily ranked it as the second-best season, behind only season four. Ryan Shea of Instinct also ranked it as the second-best season, describing Alaska's win as "triumphant". Additional praise was given to Alaska's win, with Entertainment Weekly ranking her as the third-best RuPaul's Drag Race winner, only behind Trixie Mattel and Bianca Del Rio in 2018. In a 2020 GoldDerby forum, fans voted Alaska as the favorite All Star winner, receiving over 40% of the votes.

This is a document about Latrice Royale
  After RuPaul's Drag Race, Royale went on tour across the United States, performing at a number of different venues. When he had the opportunity to appear on RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars, Royale had to cancel tour dates to appear in the show. For All Stars, Royale competed against Chad Michaels, Raven, Jujubee, Shannel, Alexis Mateo, Yara Sofia, Manila Luzon, Nina Flowers, Tammie Brown, Pandora Boxx, and Mimi Imfurst. For the competition, the queens were paired together, which was a departure from the rest of the RuPaul competitions where everyone competed alone. Royale and Luzon both chose to be together, and as a team they won the first challenge of the season. On the third episode of the season, after not performing well with the street-punking challenge, Luzon and Jujubee faced off in the lip syncing challenge to represent each of their teams. Jujubee was paired with Raven. In the end, Royale and Luzon were sent home. During their elimination, RuPaul told them, "Manila and Latrice, my brainy and courageous queens. I think I’m going to miss you the most. Now, sashay away."

This is a document about BenDeLaCreme
  In 2014, BenDeLaCreme appeared in the sixth season of RuPaul's Drag Race, where she placed fifth and was voted Miss Congeniality by viewers. In 2018, she appeared in the third season of RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars, where, after a record-breaking fifth challenge win in episode 6, she chose to eliminate herself, claiming she had already proven herself and that she felt the other remaining contestants wanted the crown more than she did. Many fans were shocked at this decision, as her track record heavily favored her to win the entire competition. DeLa is the only Drag Race contestant so far to win five challenges in a single season, win four episodes consecutively and to win the "Snatch Game" challenge on more than one season (later joined by Season 7 and All Stars 6 contestant Ginger Minj), and currently still has the best statistics of any queen to have ever competed in Drag Race.

This is a document about Thorgy Thor
  episode. Thorgy was brought back for the third season of RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars, revealed on October 20, 2017. Thorgy got eliminated in ninth place by season 2 and 3 queen Shangela. Thorgy's response to being eliminated, "Oh Jesus, gross", was turned into a three-second video clip and became a viral meme. During the show's finale, Thorgy Thor was the only queen to vote for Shangela, despite a previously rocky relationship. Thorgy Thor appears with BeBe Zahara Benet, Jujubee and Alexis Michelle in the TLC special Drag Me Down the Aisle, which aired on March 9, 2019. The special was expanded into a full series titled Dragnificent! which premiered on April 19, 2020.

This is a document about RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (season 5)
  If the challenge winner wins the lip sync, she gains the power to eliminate one of the queens in the bottom and win a $10,000 prize. If the Assassin wins, the eliminated queen is determined after a majority vote by the rest of the contestants, and the $10,000 prize rolls over to further episodes until a contestant wins the lip sync. The winner of RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars received a one-year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills Cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000. All Stars 5 was the first All Stars season since All Stars 1 to have an Untucked aftershow. Shea Couleé was declared as the winner, with Jujubee and Miz Cracker as runners-up.

This is a document about RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (season 2)
  with the winner of the lip-sync earning $10,000 and choosing which one of the bottom queens gets eliminated. The prizes for the winner were a one-year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000. It is also the first All Stars season to feature Snatch Game, a challenge that debuted in the second season of the regular series. The winner of the second season of RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars was Alaska, with Detox and Katya being the runners-up. On May 26, 2021, it was announced that Ginger Minj would return for the sixth season of All Stars, marking the first time that an All Stars contestant (that didn’t compete on All Stars 1) came back for a second chance on All Stars.

This is a document about Shea Couleé
  contestant on the fifth series of RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars. She won the second episode, lipsyncing for her legacy against Lipsync Assassin Alyssa Edwards to The Pointer Sisters' Neutron Dance and winning, earning a $20,000 cash prize. Couleé won again during the Snatch Game of Love challenge on episode five, portraying Flavor Flav. She lipsynced against Vanessa Vanjie Mateo to Madonna's "Open Your Heart" and won. On the grand finale episode, Couleé, along with fellow finalists Jujubee and Miz Cracker, recorded, danced, and performed a verse in RuPaul's "Clapback", choreographed by Todrick Hall. After lipsyncing to Janelle Monae's "Make Me Feel", Couleé was announced as the winner of All Stars 5.

This is a document about RuPaul's Drag Race
  brought back into the competition after having been eliminated a few episodes prior. A new pit crew was also introduced consisting of Jason Carter and Shawn Morales. As with the previous season, each week's episode was followed by a behind-the-scenes show, RuPaul's Drag Race: Untucked. The winner of the season 3 was Raja, with Yara Sofia winning Miss Congeniality. On December 6, 2011 Amazon.com released this season on DVD via their CreateSpace program. Season 4 began airing on January 30, 2012, with cast members announced November 13, 2011. The winner headlined Logo's Drag Race Tour featuring Absolut Vodka, won a one-of-a-kind trip,

This is a document about RuPaul's Drag Race UK (series 3)
  The third series of RuPaul's Drag Race UK began airing 23 September 2021. The cast of the third series was officially announced in August 2021 on social media. The series saw the return of Veronica Green, who was forced to withdraw from the second series of the show after testing positive for COVID-19, and received an open invitation for the third series. The series also welcomed Victoria Scone, the franchise's first ever cisgender female contestant since its beginning in 2009. The winner of the third series of RuPaul's Drag Race UK was Krystal Versace, with Ella Vaday and Kitty Scott-Claus as the runners-up.

This is a document about RuPaul's Drag Race (season 7)
  Ginger Minj and Katya competed on the second season of All Stars. Ginger placed 8th overall and Katya was runner-up with season 5 contestant Detox. Kennedy Davenport and Trixie Mattel competed on the third season of All Stars. Kennedy was the runner-up, while Trixie won the competition. Kandy Ho competed on the 2nd installment of the Chilean version of Drag Race titled The Switch Drag Race and finished in 8th Place. Jasmine Masters and Trixie Mattel competed on the RuPaul's Drag Race Holi-slay Spectacular. Jasmine also competed on the fourth season of All Stars, where she placed 10th overall.

This is a document about Trixie Mattel
  Mattel later returned to the Drag Race franchise for the third season of RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars, which started airing on January 25, 2018. On March 15, 2018, her fellow competitors voted for her to advance to the final two, where she ultimately won against runner-up Kennedy Davenport in the final lipsync battle. In December 2018, she competed on the television special RuPaul's Drag Race Holi-slay Spectacular and won in a tie with the other competitors. On February 3, 2018, Mattel released an acoustic version of her song "Moving Parts" as a tease for her upcoming album. It became her first charting single, peaking at number 83 on the Scottish Single Chart. She dropped her second studio album, One Stone, on March 15, 2018, the same night as the All Stars finale. The album peaked at number 16 on

This is a document about RuPaul's Drag Race (season 8)
  Cynthia Lee Fontaine returned on the ninth season as a surprise contestant to compete with the other 13 contestants. She placed 10th overall. Chi Chi DeVayne and Thorgy Thor competed on the third season of All Stars. Thorgy placed 10th and Chi Chi placed 8th overall. Kim Chi competed on RuPaul's Drag Race Holi-slay Spectacular on December 7, 2018. She was crowned the Christmas Queen along with the other competing contestants. Naomi Smalls competed on the fourth season of All Stars. She placed 3rd/4th overall with season 10 contestant Monique Heart. Derrick Barry competed on the fifth season of All Stars, placing 10th.

Trixie Mattel won RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars season 3.


Question: who were the backup singers for elvis presley

Answer: The Jordanaires

This is a document about Tickle Me (EP)
 Elvis Presley – vocals; guitar (recordings prior to June 1961) ; The Jordanaires, Millie Kirkham – backing vocals ; Boots Randolph – saxophone ; Scotty Moore, Hank Garland, Harold Bradley, Grady Martin, Jerry Kennedy – electric guitar ; Floyd Cramer – piano ; Bob Moore – double bass ; D. J. Fontana, Buddy Harman – drums

This is a document about Kissin' Cousins (soundtrack)
 Elvis Presley – vocals ; The Jordanaires – backing vocals ; Millie Kirkham – backing vocals ; Dolores Edgin – backing vocals ; Winnifred Brest – backing vocals ; Boots Randolph – saxophone, jug on "Barefoot Ballad" ; Bill Justis – saxophone ; Cecil Brower – fiddle ; Scotty Moore – electric guitar ; Grady Martin – electric guitar ; Jerry Kennedy – electric guitar, banjo on "Smokey Mountain Boy" ; Harold Bradley – electric guitar, banjo on "Barefoot Ballad" ; Floyd Cramer – piano ; Bob Moore – double bass ; D.J. Fontana – drums ; Buddy Harman – drums

This is a document about Blue Christmas (song)
 Elvis Presley - lead vocals, electric rhythm/lead guitar ; Scotty Moore - acoustic rhythm guitar ; Charlie Hodge - backing vocals, acoustic rhythm guitar ; D. J. Fontana - percussion ; Alan Fortas - percussion ; Lance LeGault - tambourine, possible backing vocals Sourced from Keith Flynn.

This is a document about Something for Everybody
 Elvis Presley – vocals, acoustic rhythm guitar ; Millie Kirkham – backing vocals ; The Jordanaires – backing vocals ; Boots Randolph – saxophone ; Scotty Moore – electric guitar ; Hank Garland – electric guitar ; Floyd Cramer – piano ; Bob Moore – double bass ; D.J. Fontana – drums ; Buddy Harman – drums Elvis Presley – vocals, acoustic rhythm guitar ; The Jordanaires – backing vocals ; Scotty Moore – electric rhythm guitar ; Tiny Timbrell - lead guitar ; Dudley Brooks –piano ; Meyer Rubin – double bass ; D.J. Fontana – drums On March 12–13, 1961 On November 8, 1960

This is a document about Love Me Tender (EP)
 Elvis Presley – vocals ; Vito Mumolo – lead acoustic guitar ; Luther Rountree – rhythm acoustic guitar ; Dom Frontieri – accordion on August 24 ; Carl Fortina – accordion on September 4 ; Mike "Myer" Rubin – double bass ; Richard Cornell – drums ; Rad Robinson – backing vocals ; Jon Dodson – backing vocals ; Charles Prescott – backing vocals

This is a document about Blue Christmas (song)
 Elvis Presley - lead vocals, acoustic rhythm guitar ; Scotty Moore - lead guitar ; Bill Black - double bass ; D. J. Fontana - drums ; Dudley Brooks - piano ; The Jordanaires - backing vocals ; Millie Kirkham - backing vocals Sourced from Keith Flynn.

This is a document about On Stage (Elvis Presley album)
 Elvis Presley – vocals, electric guitar, acoustic guitar ; James Burton – electric lead guitar ; John Wilkinson − electric rhythm guitar ; Charlie Hodge − acoustic rhythm guitar, backing vocals ; Glen D. Hardin − keyboards except “Runaway” and “Yesterday” ; Larry Muhoberac - keyboards on “Runaway” and “Yesterday” ; Jerry Scheff – bass ; Bob Lanning − drums except “Runaway” and “Yesterday” ; Ronnie Tutt – drums on “Runaway” and “Yesterday” ; Eddie Graham − percussion ; Millie Kirkham − backing vocals ; The Imperials − backing vocals ; The Sweet Inspirations − backing vocals ; Bobby Morris and his Orchestra - orchestra Mary Holladay, Ginger Holladay, Jeanie Greenie, Sandra Posey, Dolores Edgin, Ricki Page, Hurshel Wiginton, Joseph Babcock, James Glaser – additional backing vocals Sourced from Keith Flynn’s access to RCA and AFM paperwork. Overdubbed:

This is a document about Clambake (soundtrack)
 Elvis Presley − vocals ; The Jordanaires − backing vocals ; Millie Kirkham − backing vocals ; Dolores Edgin − backing vocals ; June Page − backing vocals ; Priscilla Hubbard − backing vocals ; Boots Randolph − saxophone ; Norm Ray − saxophone ; Pete Drake − pedal steel guitar ; Scotty Moore − rhythm guitar ; Chip Young − lead guitar, rhythm guitar on "Guitar Man" and "Big Boss Man" ; Jerry Reed − acoustic lead guitar on "Guitar Man" and "Big Boss Man" ; Charlie McCoy − organ, harmonica ; Floyd Cramer − piano, organ ; Hoyt Hawkins − piano, organ ; Bob Moore − double bass ; D. J. Fontana − drums ; Buddy Harman − drums

This is a document about Fun in Acapulco (soundtrack)
 Elvis Presley – vocals ; The Jordanaires – backing vocals ; The Amigos – backing vocals ; Anthony Terran – trumpet ; Rudolph Loera – trumpet ; Scotty Moore – electric guitar ; Barney Kessel – acoustic guitar ; Tiny Timbrell – acoustic guitar, mandolin ; Dudley Brooks – piano ; Ray Siegel – double bass ; Emil Radocchi – percussion ; D. J. Fontana – drums ; Hal Blaine – drums Elvis Presley – vocals ; The Jordanaires – backing vocals ; Millie Kirkham – backing vocals ; Scotty Moore – electric guitar ; Thomas "Grady" Martin – electric guitar ("Love Me Tonight") ; Harold Bradley – electric guitar ; Jerry Kennedy - electric guitar ("Slowly But Surely") ; Bob Moore

This is a document about Suspicious Minds
 Elvis Presley – lead and harmony vocals, guitar ; Glen Spreen – string and horn arrangements ; Reggie Young – guitar ; Bobby Wood – piano ; Bobby Emmons – Hammond organ ; Mike Leech – bass ; Gene Chrisman – drums Art Vasquez, Norman Prentice, Bobby Shew – trumpets ; Archie LeCoque, Johnny Boice – trombones ; Kenneth Adkins – bass trombone ; Donna Thatcher, Mary "Jeannie" Greene, Ginger Holladay, Mary Holladay – backing vocals Sourced from Keith Flynn. Overdubbed:

This is a document about Live a Little, Love a Little
 Elvis Presley – vocals ; B. J. Baker, Sally Stevens, Bob Tebow, John Bahler – backing vocals ; Joseph Gibbons – electric guitar ; Neil Levang – electric guitar ; Alvin Casey – electric guitar ; Charles Britz – electric guitar ; Don Randi – piano ; Charles Berghofer – bass ; Larry Knechtel – bass ; Hal Blaine – drums ; Gary Coleman – drums

This is a document about Suspicious Minds (album)
 Elvis Presley – vocals, guitar, piano ; Reggie Young – guitar, electric sitar ; Bobby Wood – piano ; Bobby Emmons – organ ; Tommy Cogbill – bass ; Mike Leech – bass ; Gene Chrisman – drums ; Ed Kollis – harmonica ; R.F. Taylor – trumpet ; Wayne Jackson – trumpet ; Dick Steff – trumpet ; Ed Logan – trombone ; Jack Hale – trombone ; Gerald Richardson – trombone ; Jackie Thomas – saxophone, trombone ; Andrew Love – saxophone ; Glen Spreen – saxophone, string and horn arrangements ; J.P. Luper – saxophone ; Tony Cason – french horn ; Joe D'Gerolamo – French horn ; Joe Babcock – backing vocals ; Dolores Edgin – backing vocals ; Mary Greene – backing vocals ; Charlie Hodge – backing vocals ; Ginger Holladay – backing vocals ; Mary Holladay – backing vocals ; Millie Kirkham – backing vocals ; June Page – backing vocals ; Susan Pilkington – backing vocals ; Sandy Posey – backing vocals ; Donna Thatcher – backing vocals ; Hurschel Wiginton – backing vocals

This is a document about Charro!
 Elvis Presley - vocals ; Sue Allen, Sally Stevens, Allan Capps, Loren Faber Ronald Hicklin, Ian Freebairn Smith, Robert Zwirn - backing vocals ; Howard Roberts, Tommy Tedesco, Ralph Grasso - electric guitar ; Don Randi - piano ; Max Bennett - bass guitar ; Ray Brown - double bass ; Cubby O'Brien - drums ; Emil Radocchia - percussion ; unknown horns and strings

This is a document about King Creole (soundtrack)
 Elvis Presley – vocals, acoustic guitar ; The Jordanaires – backing vocals ; Scotty Moore – electric guitar ; Tiny Timbrell – acoustic guitar ; Bill Black – electric bass ; Neal Matthews – double bass ; Dudley Brooks – piano ; D.J. Fontana – drums ; Bernie Mattinson – percussion Kitty White – vocals on "Crawfish" ; Gordon Stoker – bongos ; Hoyt Hawkins – cymbals ; Ray Siegel – double bass, tuba ; Mahlon Clark – clarinet ; John Edward (Teddy) Buckner – trumpet ; Justin Gordon – saxophone ; Elmer Schneider – trombone ; Warren Smith – trombone

This is a document about T-R-O-U-B-L-E (song)
 Elvis Presley – lead vocals, harmony vocals ; James Burton – lead guitar ; John Wilkinson — electric rhythm guitar ; Charlie Hodge — acoustic rhythm guitar; backing vocals (uncertain) ; Duke Bardwell — bass guitar ; Glen Hardin — piano ; Ron Tutt — drums ; David Briggs – clavinet ; Voice (Donnie Sumner, Sherrill Nielsen, Tim Baty, Thomas Hensley) – backing vocals Sourced from Keith Flynn and RCA session logs.

This is a document about Walk a Mile in My Shoes: The Essential '70s Masters
 Elvis Presley – vocals, guitar, piano ; James Burton – guitar ; John Wilkinson – guitar ; Charlie Hodge – guitar, backing vocals ; Chip Young – guitar ; Reggie Young – guitar ; Eddie Hinton – guitar ; Dennis Linde – guitar ; Glen Hardin – piano ; David Briggs – keyboards ; Charlie McCoy – organ, harmonica ; Bobby Wood – piano ; Bobby Emmons – organ ; Tony Brown – keyboards ; Pete Hallin – keyboards ; Greg Gordon – clavinet ; Don Sumner – piano ; Norbert Putnam – bass ; Bob Lanning – bass ; Jerry Scheff – bass ; Emory Gordy – bass ; Tommy Cogbill – bass ; Duke Bardwell – bass ; Thomas Hensley – bass ; Ronnie Tutt – drums ; Jerry Carrigan – drums ; Bob

This is a document about An Afternoon in the Garden
 Elvis Presley – vocal, guitar ; James Burton – lead guitar ; John Wilkinson – rhythm guitar ; Charlie Hodge – guitar, backing vocals, water, scarves ; Glen Hardin – piano ; Jerry Scheff – bass ; Ronnie Tutt – drums ; J.D. Sumner & The Stamps Quartet (Ed Enoch, Bill Baize, Richard Sterban, Donnie Sumner) – backing vocals ; Kathy Westmoreland – backing vocals ; The Sweet Inspirations (Estelle Brown, Sylvia Shemwell, Myrna Smith) – backing vocals ; Joe Guercio – conductor ; The Joe Malin Orchestra

This is a document about Let Me (Elvis Presley song)
 Elvis Presley - vocals ; Vito Mumolo - lead acoustic guitar ; Luther Rountree - rhythm acoustic guitar ; Carl Fortina - accordion ; Mike "Myer" Rubin - double bass ; Richard Cornell - drums ; Rad Robinson - backing vocals ; Jon Dodson - backing vocals ; Charles Prescott -backing vocals

This is a document about Change of Habit
 Elvis Presley - vocals / piano (played live) ; The Blossoms - backing vocals ; B.J. Baker, Sally Stevens, Jackie Ward - backing vocals ; Howard Roberts, Dennis Budimir, Mike Deasy, Robert Bain - electric guitar ; Roger Kellaway - piano ; Joe Mondragon - double bass ; Lyle Ritz, Max Bennett - bass guitar ; Carl O'Brian - drums

This is a document about Girl Happy (soundtrack)
 Elvis Presley – vocals ; The Jordanaires – backing vocals ; The Jubilee Four – backing vocals (on "Do the Clam" and "Wolf Call") ; The Carole Lombard Trio – backing vocals (on "Do the Clam" and "Wolf Call") ; Boots Randolph – saxophone ; Scotty Moore – electric rhythm guitar ; Tommy Tedesco – electric lead guitar Tiny Timbrell - acoustic guitar ; Floyd Cramer – piano ; Bob Moore – double bass ; D. J. Fontana – drums ; Buddy Harman – drums, percussion ; Frank Carlson – drums

The backup singers for Elvis Presley on the "Tickle Me" recording were Millie Kirkham, Dolores Edgin, and Jordanaires (Jordanaires were a vocal group consisting of Hugh Jarvis, Hoyt Hawkins, Grady Martin, and Gordon Stoker).