Question: who played the father in leave it to beaver

Answer: Eugene Hugh Beaumont

This is a document about Beaver Cleaver
  Theodore "the Beaver" Cleaver is the fictional title character in the American television series Leave It to Beaver. Originally played by Jerry Mathers, Beaver is the son of June and Ward Cleaver (Barbara Billingsley and Hugh Beaumont, respectively) and the brother of Wally Cleaver (Tony Dow). The Beaver prefers "messin' around" with his pals and reading comic books to attending church or taking dance lessons. Most episodes in the series feature the Beaver getting into trouble at home, in school, or around the neighborhood and then receiving timely and appropriate moral instruction from his father regarding his misbehavior. Leave It to Beaver was created by the

This is a document about Beaver Cleaver
  Joe Connelly and Bob Mosher, who found inspiration for dialogue and plot lines among their own children. The Beaver was based on Connelly's son Ricky. Theodore "Beaver" Cleaver was portrayed by Jerry Mathers in the pilot, "It's a Small World"; the original series; the spinoff telemovie, Still the Beaver; and the sequel series, The New Leave It to Beaver. In the reunion telemovie and the sequel series, the Beaver is a divorced father of two children living at home with his widowed mother, June. In the 1997 feature film adaptation of the original series Leave It to Beaver, the Beaver was played by Cameron Finley.

This is a document about Wally Cleaver
  Wallace "Wally" Cleaver is a fictional character in the iconic American television sitcom Leave It to Beaver. Wally is the thirteen-year-old son of archetypal 1950s suburban parents, Ward and June Cleaver and the older brother of the seven-year-old ("almost eight") title character, Theodore "Beaver" Cleaver. The characters grew older along with the actors. Wally is portrayed in the series by Tony Dow. Dow portrays an adult Wally Cleaver in both the reunion telemovie, Still the Beaver (1983), and in the sequel series The New Leave It to Beaver (1985–1989). Child actor Paul Sullivan, however, portrays the character in the series pilot, "It's a Small World", which aired in April 1957. In the 1997 film adaptation of the original series, Leave It to Beaver, Wally is portrayed by Erik von Detten. Leave it to Beaver was created by writers Joe Connelly and Bob Mosher, who found inspiration among their own children for plot lines and dialogue. Wally is based on Connelly's son, Jay.

This is a document about Hugh Beaumont
  as pilots for the new series. He also portrayed a sympathetic characterization of the Western bandit Jesse James on the series Tales of Wells Fargo. In September 1957, Beaumont was selected to replace Max Showalter in the role of wise small-town father Ward Cleaver on the sitcom Leave It to Beaver. After initially airing to tepid ratings on CBS, the series moved to ABC for its second season, where it received more solid ratings. Beginning with the third season, Beaumont began directing several episodes; including the series' final episode, "Family Scrapbook", often considered the first traditional series finale. In 2014,

This is a document about Tiger Fafara
  Make Room for Daddy, The Donna Reed Show and My Three Sons. He also had minor roles in the 1955 drama Good Morning, Miss Dove (Fafara and his brother Stanley portrayed the role of the same character as a child) and the 1957 melodrama All Mine to Give. Fafara left Leave It to Beaver in 1960 and stopped acting professionally in 1961. Fafara returned to acting in 1983 with an appearance as the adult Tooey Brown in the television reunion film Still the Beaver. He reprised the role in the follow-up sitcom The New Leave It to Beaver, from 1983 to 1987.

This is a document about Barbara Billingsley
  After Billingsley signed a contract with Universal Studios in 1957, she made her mark on TV as June Cleaver in the sitcom Leave It to Beaver. It debuted on CBS in 1957 to mediocre ratings. It was picked up by ABC the following year and became a hit, airing for the next five seasons, and broadcast in over 100 countries. It also starred Hugh Beaumont as Ward Cleaver, June's husband and the kids' father, and child actors Tony Dow as Wally Cleaver and Jerry Mathers as Theodore "Beaver" Cleaver. In the show, Billingsley was often seen doing household chores wearing pearls

This is a document about Ward Cleaver
  Ward Cleaver Jr. is a fictional character in the American television sitcom Leave It to Beaver. Ward and his wife, June, are often invoked as archetypal suburban parents of the 1950s babyboomers. At the start of the show, the couple are the parents of Wally, a 13-year-old in the eighth grade, and seven-year-old ("almost eight") second-grader Theodore, nicknamed "The Beaver". A typical episode from Leave It to Beaver follows a misadventure committed by one or both of the boys, and ends with the culprits receiving a moral lecture from their father and a hot meal from their mother. Hugh Beaumont portrays Ward in the series and directed several episodes in the later seasons of the show. Max Showalter (appearing as Casey Adams) plays Ward in the series' pilot, "It's a

This is a document about Leave It to Beaver
  The enthusiastic reception to Still the Beaver led to a new first-run, made-for-cable TV series, The New Leave It to Beaver (1984–1989), with Beaver and Lumpy Rutherford now running Ward's old firm (where Lumpy's pompous, demanding father – played by Richard Deacon in the original series and reunion movie before his death in 1984 – had been the senior partner), Wally, who married his high school girlfriend Mary Ellen Rogers, as a practicing attorney and expectant father, and June having sold the old house to Beaver himself but living with him as a doting grandmother to Beaver's two young sons. Eddie Haskell runs his own contracting business and has two sons; eldest son Freddie (played by Ken Osmond's real-life son, Eric Osmond), who was every inch his father's son – right down to the two-faced personality, and a younger son, Eddie, Jr., aka "Bomber" (played by Osmond's younger real-life son, Christian Osmond), who was often away at military school, but would periodically return home to visit.

This is a document about Square Pegs
  school community to provide the girl with her own apartment away from her parents, cable TV, a second pair of culottes, swimwear, a split-level duplex, and finally, her own cleaning lady. This group of eight students, though clearly of varied academic standing, are always in the same classes. The recurring staff members at the school are: Series creator Anne Beatts appeared in two episodes as Miss Rezucha. Home life of the students is rarely depicted, but Patty's father is prominently featured in the Christmas episode, played by Tony Dow, best known as the character Wally Cleaver in Leave It to Beaver.

This is a document about Michael McDonald (comedian)
  Leave it to Beaver), Chris Burke, JC Chasez, Simon Cowell, Larry David, Bob Denver (as Gilligan from Gilligan's Island), Plácido Domingo, Jeff Foxworthy, Brad Garrett (as Robert Barone from Everybody Loves Raymond), Barry Gibb, Mel Gibson, Tim Gunn, Jack Haley (as the Tin Man from The Wizard of Oz), Chris Hansen, Saddam Hussein, Bruce Jenner, Steve Jobs, John Kerry, Hugh Laurie (as Gregory House), Tommy Lee, Howie Mandel, Chris Martin from the band Coldplay, Dr. Phil McGraw, Bill O'Reilly, Ozzy Osbourne, Terry O'Quinn (as John Locke from Lost), Sarah Jessica Parker (as Carrie Bradshaw from Sex and the City), Dr. Drew Pinsky, Maury Povich, Jeff Probst, John Bennett Ramsey, Rob Reiner (as Michael Stivic from All in

This is a document about Leave It to Beaver
  Leave It to Beaver is an American television sitcom broadcast between 1957 and 1963 about an inquisitive and often naïve boy, Theodore "The Beaver" Cleaver (Jerry Mathers), and his adventures at home, school, and around his suburban neighborhood. The show also starred Barbara Billingsley and Hugh Beaumont as Beaver's parents, June and Ward Cleaver, and Tony Dow as Beaver's brother Wally. The show has attained an iconic status in the United States, with the Cleavers exemplifying the idealized suburban family of the mid-20th century. The show was created by the writers Joe Connelly and Bob Mosher. These veterans of radio and early television found inspiration for the show's characters, plots, and dialogue in the lives, experiences, and conversations of their own children.

This is a document about Wally Cleaver
  changed when Beaver's ex-wife asked him to take the boys because the only vet school that will take her is in Italy. When the sequel series begins in 1984, Wally and Mary Ellen are the parents of a 10-year-old daughter, Kelly (Kaleena Kiff). In 1986, Mary Ellen gives birth to their second child, Kevin (who was age advanced to 4 years old in the fall of 1987 and played by Troy Davidson). The family lives at 213 Pine Street ... next door to his widowed mother June, Beaver, and Beaver's sons; Ward had died shortly before the events of Still the Beaver take place (series star Hugh Beaumont had died in 1982). In 1997, the feature film Leave It to Beaver was released with young Erik von Detten as Wally.

This is a document about Ward Cleaver
  World", which aired in April 1957. Many of the Leave It to Beaver players were featured in their original roles in a reunion movie televised in 1983 (Still the Beaver) and a sequel series called The New Leave It to Beaver that aired from 1985 to 1989. Hugh Beaumont had died in 1982, and in the 1983 reunion movie, the character of Ward Cleaver was portrayed as having died in 1977, at the age of 67. Christopher McDonald plays Ward in the 1997 spin-off film adaptation Leave It to Beaver. Ward's principal dramatic function in the series is to end each episode with moral instruction for one or both of his errant sons. Ward's relationships with his wife and his co-worker Fred Rutherford are asides that flesh out his character.

This is a document about Hugh Beaumont
  Guide ranked Beaumont's portrayal of Ward Cleaver at number 28 on its list of the "50 Greatest TV Dads of All Time". In 1959, just before production on the third season of Leave It to Beaver began, Beaumont's wife, son, and mother-in-law were driving from Minnesota to Hollywood to visit when a car accident killed his mother-in-law and severely injured his son. Jerry Mathers later stated that the tragedy seriously affected Beaumont's participation in the production, with Beaumont often just "walking through" his part. After Leave It to Beaver ended production in 1963, Beaumont appeared in many community theater productions

This is a document about List of Leave It to Beaver episodes
  Leave It to Beaver is an American television situation comedy about an inquisitive and often naïve boy named Theodore "The Beaver" Cleaver (portrayed by Jerry Mathers) and his adventures at home, in school, and around his suburban neighborhood. The show was created by Amos 'n' Andy writers Joe Connelly and Bob Mosher. The series comprises 234, full-screen, black-and-white episodes, excluding the pilot. The show was televised from October 4, 1957 to June 20, 1963. The pilot, titled "It's a Small World", aired on April 23, 1957. It featured Casey Adams as Ward Cleaver, and Paul Sullivan as Wally Cleaver. TV Land re-aired it on October 6, 2007, as part of their twenty-four-hour marathon to commemorate the show's 50th anniversary. Universal Studios Home Entertainment has released seasons one and two of the series on DVD Region 1. The pilot episode is included on the season-one DVD. Shout! Factory released Season 3 on June 15, 2010, and the complete series set was released on June 29, 2010.

This is a document about Leave It to Beaver characters
  the show between his parents and his brother, often translating parental communications into kidspeak for Beaver's benefit and keeping Ward and June informed of Beaver's feelings, plans, and whereabouts. Leave It to Beaver was actor Tony Dow's first dramatic experience. He would later play the role in spin-offs. The character Wally was portrayed by Paul Sullivan in the pilot episode. ; Theodore "Beaver" Cleaver (Jerry Mathers) is June and Ward Cleaver's younger son and Wally's brother. When the show opens, Beaver is seven years old ("almost eight") and in second grade at Grant Avenue Grammar School. Beaver is all-boy with baseball, carnivals, comic books, money-making

This is a document about George O. Petrie
  On The Honeymooners, he had recurring character roles throughout the series. He played Eddie Haskell's father in season 6 of Leave it to Beaver. He appeared on the prime-time soap opera Dallas and the 1996 sequel tv movieDallas: J.R. Returns, in the recurring role of Ewing family attorney Harv Smithfield. Other television credits include: Rawhide, 77 Sunset Strip, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, The Twilight Zone, The Andy Griffith Show, Perry Mason, Dr. Kildare, Bonanza, The Addams Family, The Munsters, The Wild Wild West, Hawaii Five-O, Little House on the Prairie, Ironside, The Edge of Night, Combat!, Maude, Gunsmoke, The Paper Chase, Three's Company, Cagney and Lacey, Dynasty, Quincy, M.E., Knight Rider, St. Elsewhere, Wiseguy, Night Court, Gomer Pyle USMC, Mad About You, L.A. Law and Who's the Boss.

This is a document about Ken Osmond
  Haskell Jr., were played by Osmond's two real-life sons, Eric Osmond and Christian Osmond. In 1987, Osmond was honored by the Young Artist Foundation with its Former Child Star "Lifetime Achievement" Award for his role as Eddie Haskell. He continued to make television appearances throughout the 1980s and 1990s on the shows Happy Days and Rags to Riches, and the television movie High School U.S.A., as well as cameo appearances in his role as Eddie Haskell on such television shows as Parker Lewis Can't Lose and Hi Honey, I'm Home!. In the 1997 feature film Leave It to Beaver, Osmond played Eddie Haskell, Sr., and Adam Zolotin played his son Eddie Haskell, Jr. He also had a bit part in the 2016 indie movie Characterz.

This is a document about Harry Shearer
  childhood and teenage years he worked in television, film, and radio. In 1957, Shearer played the precursor to the Eddie Haskell character in the pilot episode of the television series Leave It to Beaver. After the filming, Shearer's parents said they did not want him to be a regular in a series. Instead they wanted him to just do occasional work so that he could have a normal childhood. Shearer and his parents made the decision not to accept the role in the series if it was picked up by a television network. Shearer attended UCLA as a political science major in the early 1960s and decided to quit show business to become a "serious person".

This is a document about Eddie Haskell
  Edward Clark Haskell (also referred to as Edward W. Haskell) is a fictional character on the Leave It to Beaver television situation comedy, which ran on CBS from October 4, 1957, to 1958 and on ABC from 1958 to 1963. He was played by Ken Osmond. The character was also featured in the later series Still the Beaver, and in the film remake of the original series.

Hugh Beaumont played the role of Ward Cleaver, the father in "Leave It to Beaver."


Question: if a meteoroid hits earth 's surface it is called

Answer: meteorite

This is a document about Meteoroid
  When meteoroids intersect with Earth's atmosphere at night, they are likely to become visible as meteors. If meteoroids survive the entry through the atmosphere and reach Earth's surface, they are called meteorites. Meteorites are transformed in structure and chemistry by the heat of entry and force of impact. A noted 4 m asteroid,, was observed in space on a collision course with Earth on 6 October 2008 and entered Earth's atmosphere the next day, striking a remote area of northern Sudan. It was the first time that a meteoroid had been observed in space and tracked prior to impacting Earth. NASA has produced a map showing the most notable asteroid collisions with Earth and its atmosphere from 1994 to 2013 from data gathered by U.S. government sensors (see below).

This is a document about B612 Foundation
  When an asteroid enters the planet's atmosphere it becomes known as a 'meteor'; those that survive and fall to the Earth's surface are then called 'meteorites'. While basketball-sized meteors occur almost daily, and compact car-sized ones about yearly, they usually burn up or explode high above the Earth as bolides, (fireballs), often with little notice. During an average 24-hour period, the Earth sweeps through some 100 million particles of interplanetary dust and pieces of cosmic debris, only a very minor amount of which arrives on the ground as meteorites.  The larger in size asteroids or other near-Earth objects (NEOs) are, the less frequently they impact the planet's atmosphere—large meteors seen in the skies are extremely rare, while medium-sized ones are less so, and

This is a document about Meteoroid
  called a meteor or "shooting star". Meteors typically become visible when they are about 100 km above sea level. A series of many meteors appearing seconds or minutes apart and appearing to originate from the same fixed point in the sky is called a meteor shower. A meteorite is the remains of a meteoroid that has survived the ablation of its surface material during its passage through the atmosphere as a meteor and has impacted the ground. An estimated 25 million meteoroids, micrometeoroids and other space debris enter Earth's atmosphere each day, which results in an estimated 15,000 tonnes of that material entering the atmosphere each year.

This is a document about Impact event
  larger objects may impact the solid earth and create a crater. Objects with a diameter less than 1 m are called meteoroids and seldom make it to the ground to become meteorites. An estimated 500 meteorites reach the surface each year, but only 5 or 6 of these typically create a weather radar signature with a strewn field large enough to be recovered and be made known to scientists. The late Eugene Shoemaker of the U.S. Geological Survey estimated the rate of Earth impacts, concluding that an event about the size of the nuclear weapon that destroyed Hiroshima occurs about once a year. Such events would seem to be spectacularly obvious, but they generally go unnoticed for a number of

This is a document about Meteoroid
   A meteoroid is a small rocky or metallic body in outer space. Meteoroids are significantly smaller than asteroids, and range in size from small grains to one-meter-wide objects. Objects smaller than this are classified as micrometeoroids or space dust. Most are fragments from comets or asteroids, whereas others are collision impact debris ejected from bodies such as the Moon or Mars. When a meteoroid, comet, or asteroid enters Earth's atmosphere at a speed typically in excess of 20 km/s, aerodynamic heating of that object produces a streak of light, both from the glowing object and the trail of glowing particles that it leaves in its wake. This phenomenon

This is a document about Chelyabinsk meteor
  The visible phenomenon due to the passage of an asteroid or meteoroid through the atmosphere is called a meteor. If the object reaches the ground, then it is called a meteorite. During the Chelyabinsk meteoroid's traversal, there was a bright object trailing smoke, then an air burst (explosion) that caused a powerful blast wave. The latter was the only cause of the damage to thousands of buildings in Chelyabinsk and its neighbouring towns. The fragments then entered dark flight (without the emission of light) and created a strewn field of numerous meteorites on the snow-covered ground (officially named Chelyabinsk meteorites). The last time a similar phenomenon was

This is a document about Impact winter
  The Earth experiences a never-ending barrage of cosmic debris. Small particles burn up as they enter the atmosphere and are visible as meteors. Many of them go unnoticed by the average person even though not all of them burn up before they hit the Earth's surface. Those that strike the surface are known as meteorites. Thus, not every object that hits the Earth will cause an extinction-level event or even cause any real harm. Objects release most of their kinetic energy in the atmosphere and will explode if they experience a column of atmosphere greater than or equal to their mass. Extinction-level impacts on the Earth occur about every 100 million years. Although extinction events happen very rarely, large projectiles can do severe damage. This section will discuss the nature of the hazards posed by projectiles as a function of their size and composition.

This is a document about Meteorite
  Most meteoroids disintegrate when entering the Earth's atmosphere. Usually, five to ten a year are observed to fall and are subsequently recovered and made known to scientists. Few meteorites are large enough to create large impact craters. Instead, they typically arrive at the surface at their terminal velocity and, at most, create a small pit. Large meteoroids may strike the earth with a significant fraction of their escape velocity (second cosmic velocity), leaving behind a hypervelocity impact crater. The kind of crater will depend on the size, composition, degree of fragmentation, and incoming angle of the impactor. The force of such collisions has the potential to cause widespread destruction. The most

This is a document about List of bolides
   The following is a list of bolides and fireballs seen on Earth in recent times. These are small asteroids (known as meteoroids) that regularly impact the Earth. Although most are so small that they burn up in the atmosphere before reaching the surface, some larger objects may reach the surface as fragments, known as meteorites. A few of these are detected by NASA's Sentry system, in which case the impact is predicted. Meteors with a recorded absolute magnitude are then converted to an asteroidal absolute magnitude under (Ma = Mm + 31) and then converted to a diameter assuming that meteoroids brighten by approximate 10 magnitudes when entering the atmosphere.

This is a document about Tunguska event
  The leading scientific explanation for the explosion is the air burst of an asteroid 6 – above the Earth's surface. Meteoroids enter Earth's atmosphere from outer space every day, travelling at a speed of at least 11 km/s. The heat generated by compression of air in front of the body (ram pressure) as it travels through the atmosphere is immense and most meteoroids burn up or explode before they reach the ground. Early estimates of the energy of the Tunguska air burst ranged from 10 – to 30 megatons of TNT (130 PJ), depending on the exact height of the burst as estimated when the scaling laws from the effects of nuclear weapons are employed. More recent calculations that include the effect

This is a document about Meteorite
  up to 1 cm below the surface. Reports vary; some meteorites are reported to be "burning hot to the touch" upon landing, while others are alleged to have been cold enough to condense water and form a frost. Meteoroids that disintegrate in the atmosphere may fall as meteorite showers, which can range from only a few up to thousands of separate individuals. The area over which a meteorite shower falls is known as its strewn field. Strewn fields are commonly elliptical in shape, with the major axis parallel to the direction of flight. In most cases, the largest meteorites in a shower are found farthest down-range in the strewn field.

This is a document about Glossary of astronomy
  debris from a that originated in outer space and survived its passage through the atmosphere to reach the surface of a planet or moon. meteoroid: A small rock or boulder that has entered a planetary. If it survives to reach the surface, it is then termed a. meteor shower: A series of that seemingly radiate from a single area in the. These are produced by debris left over from a larger body, such as a, and hence they follow roughly the same. This makes many meteor showers predictable events, as they recur every year. metallicity: A measure of the abundance of elements other than hydrogen and

This is a document about List of bolides in 2017
  The following is a list of bolides and fireballs seen on Earth in 2017. These are small asteroids (known as meteoroids) that regularly impact the Earth. Although most are so small that they burn up in the atmosphere before reaching the surface, some larger objects may reach the surface as fragments, known as meteorites. Meteors with a recorded absolute magnitude are then converted to an asteroidal absolute magnitude under (Ma = Mm + 31) and then converted to a diameter assuming that meteoroids brighten by approximate 10 magnitudes when entering the atmosphere. Objects reported only to the American Meteor Society are only listed if observed by at least 10 people, and are cross-referenced with https://fireballs.ndc.nasa.gov if possible, to determine further physical characteristics. The fourth and third to last parameters are calculated from http://convertalot.com/asteroid_impact_calculator.html, assuming a density of 1.5 g/cm3, an impact angle of 45°, and a velocity of 17 km/s (if not provided). The actual values for both may vary by as much as the value itself, so be aware that these values are only estimates.

This is a document about Impact winter
  Each year, the Earth is hit by 5 m diameter meteoroids that deliver an explosion 50 km above the surface with the power equivalent of one kiloton of TNT. The Earth is hit every day by a meteor less than 5 m in diameter that disintegrates before reaching the surface. The meteors that do make it to the surface tend to strike unpopulated areas and cause no harm. A human is more likely to die in a fire, flood, or other natural disaster than to die because of an asteroid or comet impact. Another study in 1994 found a 1-in-10,000 chance

This is a document about Meteorite
   A meteorite is a solid piece of debris from an object, such as a comet, asteroid, or meteoroid, that originates in outer space and survives its passage through the atmosphere to reach the surface of a planet or moon. When the original object enters the atmosphere, various factors such as friction, pressure, and chemical interactions with the atmospheric gases cause it to heat up and radiate energy. It then becomes a meteor and forms a fireball, also known as a shooting star or falling star; astronomers call the brightest examples "bolides". Once it settles on the larger body's surface, the meteor becomes a meteorite. Meteorites vary greatly in size. For geologists, a bolide is a meteorite large enough to create an impact crater. Meteorites that

This is a document about Sylacauga (meteorite)
  The meteoroid came in on the sunward side of the Earth, so when it hit, it had passed the perihelion and was traveling outward from the Sun. Considering the orbit estimations, the best candidate as parent body is 1685 Toro.

This is a document about Meteoroid
  Meteoroid collisions with solid Solar System objects, including the Moon, Mercury, Callisto, Ganymede, and most small moons and asteroids, create impact craters, which are the dominant geographic features of many of those objects. On other planets and moons with active surface geological processes, such as Earth, Venus, Mars, Europa, Io, and Titan, visible impact craters may become eroded, buried, or transformed by tectonics over time. In early literature, before the significance of impact cratering was widely recognised, the terms cryptoexplosion or cryptovolcanic structure were often used to describe what are now recognised as impact-related features on Earth. Molten terrestrial material ejected from a meteorite impact crater can cool and solidify into an object known as a tektite. These are often mistaken for meteorites.

This is a document about Meteor air burst
  A meteor air burst is an air burst resulting from a meteor exploding mid-flight as it encounters the thicker part of the atmosphere. These types of meteors are also known as fireballs or bolides, with the brightest known as superbolides. Before entering Earth's atmosphere, these larger meteors were originally asteroids and comets of a few to several tens of metres in diameter, contrasting with the much smaller and much more common "shooting stars" that tend to burn up quickly upon atmospheric entry. The most powerful confirmed and recorded meteor air burst in the modern era is the 1908 Tunguska event, which was a

This is a document about Meteoroid
   The entry of meteoroids into Earth's atmosphere produces three main effects: ionization of atmospheric molecules, dust that the meteoroid sheds, and the sound of passage. During the entry of a meteoroid or asteroid into the upper atmosphere, an ionization trail is created, where the air molecules are ionized by the passage of the meteor. Such ionization trails can last up to 45 minutes at a time. Small, sand-grain sized meteoroids are entering the atmosphere constantly, essentially every few seconds in any given region of the atmosphere, and thus ionization trails can be found in the upper atmosphere more or less continuously. When radio waves are bounced off these

This is a document about Sikhote-Alin meteorite
  Because the meteor fell during daytime, it was observed by many eyewitnesses. Evaluation of this observational data allowed V. G. Fesenkov, then chairman of the meteorite committee of the USSR Academy of Science, to estimate the meteoroid's orbit before it encountered the Earth. This orbit was ellipse-shaped, with its point of greatest distance from the sun situated within the asteroid belt, similar to many other small bodies crossing the orbit of the Earth. Such an orbit was probably created by collisions within the asteroid belt.

A meteoroid that hits Earth's surface is called a meteorite.


Question: when did the draft began for the vietnam war

Answer: 1970

This is a document about Selective Training and Service Act of 1940
  The draft began in October 1940, with the first men entering military service on November 18. By the early summer of 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt asked the U.S. Congress to extend the term of duty for the draftees beyond twelve months to a total of thirty months, plus any additional time that he could deem necessary for national security. On August 12, the United States House of Representatives approved the extension by a single vote; Roosevelt's former Secretary of War Harry Woodring was among those opposed, writing to Senator Arthur Vandenberg that voluntary enlistment had not been fully tried. As Under Secretary of the Army Karl R. Bendetsen said in an oral history interview, "Mr. Rayburn banged the gavel

This is a document about July 1965
 Australia began training its first draftees for the Vietnam War, bringing up the first of 63,790 conscripts who would have two years full-time service in the Australian Regular Army, followed by further service in the army reserves. In all, 804,286 young men who were 20 years old at the time that the draft reactivated, or turned 20 during the Vietnam era, registered for National Service. ; The U.S. Army combined the 11th Air Assault Division (Test) with the 2nd Infantry Division to form the 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile), a unique division that included three airborne-qualified battalions and several battalions of helicopters which were integral to its

This is a document about United States Army Recruiting Command
  became increasingly unpopular although it continued to encourage volunteers and selected the bare minimum of annual recruits. Repeatedly renewed by overall majorities in Congress in 1955, 1959, and 1963, its final extension in 1967 was also passed by a majority of Congress, but only after a year of hearings and public debate. The U.S. Army became an all-volunteer force again in 1973. During the years of the Vietnam War between From 1965 to 1973, there were 1,728,254 inductions through selective service. There was however a direct effect on public support for the draft that was high even after the Korean War to its low in early 1970s

This is a document about 1965 in the Vietnam War
  Lewis B. Hershey announced on 30 August that all married, childless men (aged 19 to 26) would be eligible for the draft beginning in January, 1966. A VC attack on Cần Thơ is repulsed with the VC losing more than 50 killed. The 1st Battalion, 9th Marines operating south of the Marble Mountains engaged a VC company killing 12 VC and capturing 12. Later intelligence revealed that the VC had actually lost 30 killed. Johnson signs into a law a bill that criminalizes the destruction or defacing of a draft card, with penalties of a $10,000 fine and/or five years in prison.

This is a document about Conscription in the United States
    Conscription in the United States, commonly known as the draft, has been employed by the federal government of the United States in six conflicts: the American Revolutionary War, the American Civil War, World War I, World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. The fourth incarnation of the draft came into being in 1940 through the Selective Training and Service Act. It was the country's first peacetime draft. From 1940 until 1973, during both peacetime and periods of conflict, men were drafted to fill vacancies in the United States Armed Forces that could not be filled through voluntary means. Active conscription came

This is a document about Conscription in the United States
  incentive to attract volunteers, and television advertising for the U.S. Army began. With the end of active U.S. ground participation in Vietnam, December 1972 saw the last men conscripted, who were born in 1952 and earlier. On February 2, 1972, a drawing was held to determine draft priority numbers for men born in 1953, but in January 1973 Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird announced that no further draft orders would be issued. In March 1973, 1974, and 1975, the Selective Service assigned draft priority numbers for all men born in 1954, 1955, and 1956, in case the draft was extended, but it never was. Command Sergeant

This is a document about Australian Army
  The Australian Army commenced its involvement in the Vietnam War by sending military advisors in 1962, which was then increased by sending in combat troops, specifically 1RAR, on 27 May 1965. Just before the official start of hostilities, the Australian Army was augmented with the reintroduction of conscription, which was based on a 'birthday ballot' selection process for all registered 20 year old males. These men were required to register, unless they gave a legitimate reason for their exemption, else they faced penalties. This scheme would prove to be one of the most controversial implementations of conscription in Australia, with large protests against its adoption. In March 1966, the Australian Army increased its commitment again with the replacement

This is a document about Draft lottery (1969)
   On December 1, 1969, the Selective Service System of the United States conducted two lotteries to determine the order of call to military service in the Vietnam War in the year 1970, for men born from January 1, 1944 to December 31, 1950. These lotteries occurred during a period of conscription in the United States that lasted from 1947 to 1973. It was the first time a lottery system had been used to select men for military service since 1942.

This is a document about United States v. O'Brien
  Vietnam and completed withdrawal of its forces in 1973; the draft ended the same year. On January 21, 1977, the day after his inauguration, President Jimmy Carter signed Executive Order 11967, which granted a full pardon to anyone who had committed or been convicted of a non-violent violation of the Selective Service Act. This included everyone from draft dodgers to protestors such as O'Brien. The pardon covered all such acts committed between August 4, 1964, the date of the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, and March 28, 1973, the end of American withdrawal. In 1980, however, Congress reinstated the requirement that young men register with the Selective Service System, but without

This is a document about Conscription in the United States
  five years. He was later pardoned by President Gerald Ford. There were 8,744,000 service members between 1964 and 1975, of whom 3,403,000 were deployed to Southeast Asia. From a pool of approximately 27 million, the draft raised 2,215,000 men for military service (in the United States, South Vietnam, and elsewhere) during the Vietnam War era. The majority of service members deployed to South Vietnam were volunteers, even though hundreds of thousands of men opted to join the Army, Air Force, Navy, and Coast Guard (for three or four year terms of enlistment) before they could be drafted, serve for two years, and have no choice over their military occupational specialty (MOS).  Of the

This is a document about 1969 in the Vietnam War
 1 December 3 December 7 December to 31 March 1970 12-20 December 13 December 14 December 15 November 16 December 20 December 22 December 24-6 December 26 December - 5 January 1970 28 December 30 December to 1 January The first draft lottery in the United States since 1942 (and the first in peacetime) was held, and September 14 was the first of the 366 days of the year selected, with Congressman Alexander Pirnie of New York making the first selection. The PAVN/VC attacked Tuyen Binh in the Mekong Delta, the attack was repulsed with 108 PAVN/VC and 15 civilians killed. Operation Randolph Glen was conducted by

This is a document about NLF and PAVN strategy, organization and structure
   Initial recruitment and training. Based on a wide variety of accounts, the performance of some PAVN units was excellent, and at times they garnered a grudging respect among those they fought for their discipline, morale and skill. Recruitment was primarily based on the military draft of North Vietnam, and most PAVN soldiers served for the duration of the conflict. There were no "rotations" back to the homeland. The typical recruit was a rural youth in his early 20s, with three years of prior compulsory training and indoctrination in various militia and construction units. Draftees were mustered at indoctrination centers like Xuan Mia, southwest of Hanoi some months before their actual movement south. A typical training cycle took 90

This is a document about Conscription in the United States
 Flynn, George Q. The Draft, 1940–1973. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993; the standard history ; Marc Leepson, "What It Was Like to Be Drafted," The New York Times, "Vietnam '67," July 21, 2017. Marc Leepson, "What It Was Like to Be Drafted," The New York Times, "Vietnam '67," July 21, 2017.

This is a document about Conscription in the United States
  were conscripted during the period of 1965–69. This group represented those without exemption or resources to avoid military service. During the active combat phase, the possibility of avoiding combat by selecting their service and military specialty led as many as four out of 11 eligible men to enlist. The military relied upon this draft-induced volunteerism to make its quotas, especially the Army, which accounted for nearly 95 percent of all inductees during the Vietnam War era. For example, defense recruiting reports show that 34% of the recruits in 1964, up to 50% in 1970, indicated that they had joined

This is a document about 1971 in the Vietnam War
  The North Vietnamese were outraged by this change which they correctly perceived as an attempt by the U.S. to undermine Chinese support for North Vietnam in return for a change in U.S. policy towards Taiwan. In Paris the VC offered to return all U.S. POWs if all U.S. forces were withdrawn by the end of 1971 and Vietnamization was halted. The Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution came into effect, lowering the voting age from 21 to 18. The amendment was driven in part by the draft which conscripted men between the ages of 18 and 21. The ARVN 23rd

This is a document about United States Army Recruiting Command
  Draftees, who constituted only 16 percent of the armed forces, but 88 percent of infantry soldiers in Vietnam, accounted for over 50 percent of combat deaths in 1969, a peak year for casualties. Little wonder that the draft became the focus of anti-Vietnam activism. With these political consequences in mind in 1969 President Nixon appointed a commission, led by former Secretary of Defense Thomas Gates, "to develop a comprehensive plan for eliminating conscription and moving toward an All Volunteer Armed Force." However, even before this commission submitted its report on 13 May 1969, President Nixon informed the Congress that he intended to institute a reform that would

This is a document about Selective Service System
  On 26 November 1969, President Richard Nixon signed an amendment to the Military Selective Service Act of 1967 that established conscription based on random selection (lottery). The first draft lottery was held on 1 December 1969; it determined the order of call for induction during calendar year 1970, for registrants born between 1 January 1944, and 31 December 1950. The highest lottery number called for possible induction was 195. The second lottery, on 1 July 1970, pertained to men born in 1951. The highest lottery number called for possible induction was 125. The third was on 5 August 1971, pertaining to men born in 1952; the highest lottery number called was 95. In 1971, the Military Selective Service Act was further amended to make registration compulsory; all men

This is a document about John Bolton
  Bolton was a supporter of the Vietnam War, but avoided combat through a student deferment followed by enlistment in the Maryland Air National Guard. During the 1969 Vietnam War draft lottery, Bolton drew number 185. (Draft numbers were assigned by birth date. Numbers 1 to 195 were eventually called up.) As a result of the Johnson and Nixon administrations' decisions to rely largely on the draft rather than on the reserve forces, joining a Guard or Reserve unit became a way to reduce the chances of service in Vietnam. Before graduating from Yale in 1970, Bolton enlisted in the Maryland Army National Guard rather than waiting to find

This is a document about Presidency of Gerald Ford
   During the Vietnam War, about one percent of American men of eligible age for the draft failed to register, and approximately one percent of those who were drafted refused to serve. Those who refused conscription were labeled as "draft dodgers"; many such individuals had left the country for Canada, but others remained in the United States. Ford had opposed any form of amnesty for the draft dodgers while in Congress, but his presidential advisers convinced him that a clemency program would help resolve a contentious issue and boost Ford's public standing. On September 16, 1974, shortly after he announced the Nixon pardon, Ford

This is a document about Melvin Laird
  Other important Laird goals were ending conscription by June 30, 1973, and the creation of an All Volunteer Force (AVF). Strong opposition to selective service mounted during the Vietnam War and draft calls declined progressively during Laird's years at the Pentagon; from 300,000 in his first year, to 200,000 in the second, 100,000 in the third, and 50,000 in the fourth. On January 27, 1973, after the signing of the Vietnam agreement in Paris, Laird suspended the draft, five months ahead of schedule.

The draft for the Vietnam War began in 1965. The first draftees were married, childless men between the ages of 19 and 26. The draft continued until 1973, with a total of 1,728,255 inductions during the war.


Question: two organisms living together for their mutual benefit

Answer: Symbiosis

This is a document about Mutualism (biology)
  Mutualism describes the ecological interaction between two or more species where each species has a net benefit. Mutualism is a common type of ecological interaction. Prominent examples include most vascular plants engaged in mutualistic interactions with mycorrhizae, flowering plants being pollinated by animals, vascular plants being dispersed by animals, and corals with zooxanthellae, among many others. Mutualism can be contrasted with interspecific competition, in which each species experiences reduced fitness, and exploitation, or parasitism, in which one species benefits at the "expense" of the other. The term mutualism was introduced by Pierre-Joseph van Beneden in his 1876 book Animal Parasites and Messmates

This is a document about Biological interaction
  Mutualism is an interaction between two or more species, where species derive a mutual benefit, for example an increased carrying capacity. Similar interactions within a species are known as co-operation. Mutualism may be classified in terms of the closeness of association, the closest being symbiosis, which is often confused with mutualism. One or both species involved in the interaction may be obligate, meaning they cannot survive in the short or long term without the other species. Though mutualism has historically received less attention than other interactions such as predation, it is an important subject in ecology. Examples include cleaning symbiosis, gut flora, Müllerian mimicry, and nitrogen fixation by bacteria in the root nodules of legumes.

This is a document about Cooperation (evolution)
  Symbiosis refers to two or more biological species that interact closely, often over a long period of time. Symbiosis includes three types of interactions—mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism—of which only mutualism can sometimes qualify as cooperation. Mutualism involves a close, mutually beneficial interaction between two different biological species, whereas "cooperation" is a more general term that can involve looser interactions and can be interspecific (between species) or intraspecific (within a species). In commensalism, one of the two participating species benefits, while the other is neither harmed nor benefitted. In parasitism, one of the two participating species benefits at the expense of the other. Symbiosis may be obligate or facultative. In obligate symbiosis, one or both species depends on the other for survival. In facultative symbiosis, the symbiotic interaction is not necessary for the survival of either species. Two special types of symbiosis include endosymbiosis, in which one species lives inside of another, and ectosymbiosis, in which one species lives on another.

This is a document about Microbial cooperation
  Perhaps the most common cooperative interactions seen in microbial systems are mutually beneficial. Mutually beneficial social interactions provide a direct fitness benefit to both individuals involved, while outweighing any cost of performing the behaviour. In an environment with individual microbes, mutualism is most often performed in order to increase individual fitness benefit. However, in a community, microorganisms will interact on a large scale to allow for the persistence of the population, which will thereby increase their own fitness. The majority of the time, organisms partaking in these behaviours have a shared interest in cooperation. In microbial systems, this is often seen in the

This is a document about Community (ecology)
  Commensalism is a type of relationship among organisms in which one organism benefits while the other organism is neither benefited nor harmed. The organism that benefited is called the commensal while the other organism that is neither benefited nor harmed is called the host. For example, an epiphytic orchid attached to the tree for support benefits the orchid but neither harms nor benefits the tree. This type of commensalism is called inquilinism, the orchid permanently lives on the tree. Phoresy is another type of commensalism, the commensal uses the host solely for transport. Many mite species rely on another organism, such as birds or mammals, for dispersal. Metabiosis is the final form of commensalism. The commensal relies on the host to prepare an environment suitable for life. For example, Kelp has a root like system, called a holdfast, that attaches it to the seabed. Once rooted it provides molluscs, such as sea snails, with a home that protects them from predation.

This is a document about Mutualisms and conservation
  partner species receives a net benefit" (Bronstein et al. 2004). Here net benefit is defined as, a short-term increase in inclusive fitness (IF). Incorporating the concept of genetic relatedness (through IF) is essential because many mutualisms involve the eusocial insects, where the majority of individuals are not reproductively active. The short-term component is chosen because it is operationally useful, even though the role of long-term adaptation is not considered (de Mazancourt et al. 2005). This definition of mutualism should be suffice for this article, although it neglects discussion of the many subtitles of IF theory applied to mutualisms, and the difficulties of examining short-term compared to long-term benefits, which are discussed in Foster and Wenselneers (2006) and de Mazancourt et al. (2005) respectively. Mutualisms can be broadly divided into two categories.

This is a document about Symbiosis
   Commensalism describes a relationship between two living organisms where one benefits and the other is not significantly harmed or helped. It is derived from the English word commensal, used of human social interaction. It derives from a medieval Latin word meaning sharing food, formed from com- (with) and mensa (table). Commensal relationships may involve one organism using another for transportation (phoresy) or for housing (inquilinism), or it may also involve one organism using something another created, after its death (metabiosis). Examples of metabiosis are hermit crabs using gastropod shells to protect their bodies, and spiders building their webs on plants.

This is a document about Commensalism
   Commensalism is a long-term biological interaction (symbiosis) in which members of one species gain benefits while those of the other species neither benefit nor are harmed. This is in contrast with mutualism, in which both organisms benefit from each other; amensalism, where one is harmed while the other is unaffected; parasitism, where one is harmed and the other benefits, and parasitoidism, which is similar to parasitism but the parasitoid has a free-living state and instead of just harming its host, it eventually ends up killing it. The commensal (the species that benefits from the association) may obtain nutrients, shelter, support, or locomotion from the host species, which is substantially unaffected. The commensal relation is often between a larger host and a smaller commensal; the host organism is unmodified, whereas the commensal species may show great structural adaptation consistent with its habits, as in the remoras that ride attached to sharks and other fishes. Remoras feed on their hosts' fecal matter, while pilot fish feed on the leftovers of their hosts' meals. Numerous birds perch on bodies of large mammal herbivores or feed on the insects turned up by grazing mammals.

This is a document about Interspecies friendship
  Mutualism can contribute to the formation of interspecies friendships because it involves a pair of organisms experiencing mutually beneficial exchanges with each other which may lead to a long-lasting bond. The mutualistic relationship observed between coyotes and badgers after hunting ground squirrels together is an example of mutualism developing into an unlikely interspecies friendship. Interspecies friendships often form between humans and domesticated animals through mutualism in which the human gains something beneficial from their pet and the pet gains something beneficial from the human. This is often observed in human-canine friendships in which dogs benefit by being cared for and offered love and companionship from humans while humans benefit by receiving companionship, loyalty and love from their dogs. Mutualistic relationships can be observed even in the smallest of critters like ants and aphids. Ants deter predators from aphids and aphids produce honeydew for the ants to drink.

This is a document about Evolution
  Not all co-evolved interactions between species involve conflict. Many cases of mutually beneficial interactions have evolved. For instance, an extreme cooperation exists between plants and the mycorrhizal fungi that grow on their roots and aid the plant in absorbing nutrients from the soil. This is a reciprocal relationship as the plants provide the fungi with sugars from photosynthesis. Here, the fungi actually grow inside plant cells, allowing them to exchange nutrients with their hosts, while sending signals that suppress the plant immune system. Coalitions between organisms of the same species have also evolved. An extreme case is the eusociality found in social insects, such as bees, termites and ants, where sterile insects feed and guard the small number of organisms in a colony that are able to reproduce. On an even smaller scale, the somatic cells that make up

This is a document about Symbiosis
   Mutualism or interspecies reciprocal altruism is a long-term relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit. Mutualistic relationships may be either obligate for both species, obligate for one but facultative for the other, or facultative for both.  A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora to help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. Coral reefs are the result of mutualism between coral organisms and various types of algae which live inside them. Most land plants and land ecosystems rely on mutualism between the plants, which fix

This is a document about Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution
  nature as mutual struggle." As a description of biology, Kropotkin's perspective is consistent with contemporary understanding. Stephen Jay Gould admired Kropotkin's observations, noting that cooperation, if it increases individual survival, is not ruled out by natural selection, and is in fact encouraged. Kropotkin's ideas anticipate the now recognized importance of mutualism (a beneficial relationship between two different species) and altruism (when one member of a species aids another) in biology. Examples of altruism in animals include kin selection and reciprocal altruism. Douglas H. Boucher places Kropotkin's book as a precursor to the development of the biological theory of altruism.

This is a document about Symbiosis
   Symbiosis (from Greek συμβίωσις, symbíōsis, "living together", from σύν, sýn, "together", and βίωσις, bíōsis, "living") is any type of a close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms, be it mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic. The organisms, each termed a symbiont, must be of different species. In 1879, Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as "the living together of unlike organisms". The term was subject to a century-long debate about whether it should specifically denote mutualism, as in lichens. Biologists have now abandoned that restriction. Symbiosis can be obligatory, which means that one or more of the symbionts depend on each other for survival, or facultative (optional), when they can generally live independently. Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment. When symbionts form a single body it is called conjunctive symbiosis, while all other arrangements are called disjunctive symbiosis. When one organism lives on the surface of another, such as head lice on humans, it is called ectosymbiosis; when one partner lives inside the tissues of another, such as Symbiodinium within coral, it is termed endosymbiosis.

This is a document about Cooperation (evolution)
  In evolution, cooperation is the process where groups of organisms work or act together for common or mutual benefits. It is commonly defined as any adaptation that has evolved, at least in part, to increase the reproductive success of the actor's social partners. For example, territorial choruses by male lions discourage intruders and are likely to benefit all contributors. This process contrasts with intragroup competition where individuals work against each other for selfish reasons. Cooperation exists not only in humans but in other animals as well. The diversity of taxa that exhibits cooperation is quite large, ranging from zebra herds to pied babblers to African elephants. Many animal and plant species cooperate with both members of their own species and with members of other species.

This is a document about Symbiotic bacteria
  Symbiotic bacteria are bacteria living in symbiosis with another organism or each other. For example, Zoamastogopera, found in the stomach of termites, enable them to digest cellulose. Symbiosis was first defined by Marko de Bary in 1869 in a work entitled "Die Erscheinung der Symbiose" in which he defined the term as "namely, the living together of parasite and host". The definition of symbiosis has evolved to encompass a sustained relationship between two or more different organisms "over a considerable fraction of the life of the host." In addition, this relationship is often beneficial for at least one of the organisms involved. There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism. Commensalism is when one organism benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefits. Mutualism is when both organisms benefit. Lastly, parasitism is when one organism benefits while the other organism is harmed. Organisms can also be involved in multiple of these symbiotic relationships simultaneously.

This is a document about Communication in aquatic animals
  A mutualistic relationship occurs when two organisms of different species ‘work together’ and benefit from each other. In some cases, the communication between two organisms provides the basis for this mutual benefit. An example of this is the mutualistic symbiotic relationship between the goby, a small bottom-dwelling fish, and an alpheid, or snapping, shrimp. The goby usually sits at the entrance of a burrow that the shrimp digs and maintains. While the shrimp works on the burrow, the goby would stand watch. If the goby sees a potential danger, it will flick or beat its tail on the shrimp's antennae. This tactile signal communicates the existence of possible danger to the shrimp and the shrimp will withdraw into the burrow with the goby following suit. This communication benefits both the goby (the shrimp will allow it to use the burrow for shelter) and the shrimp (it can safely put more energy into shelter preparation and maintenance).

This is a document about Microbial ecology
  Mutualism in microbial ecology is a relationship between microbial species and humans that allow for both sides to benefit. One such example would be syntrophy, also known as cross-feeding, of which 'Methanobacterium omelianskii ' is a classical example. This consortium is formed by an ethanol fermenting organism and a methanogen. The ethanol-fermenting organism provides the archaeal partner with the H2, which this methanogen needs in order to grow and produce methane. Syntrophy has been hypothesized to play a significant role in energy- and nutrient-limited environments, such as deep subsurface, where it can help the microbial community with diverse functional properties to survive, grow and produce maximum amount of energy. Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) is carried out by mutualistic consortium of a sulfate-reducing bacterium and an anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaeon. The reaction used by the bacterial partner for the production of H2 is endergonic (and so thermodynamically unfavored) however, when coupled to the reaction used by archaeal partner, the overall reaction becomes exergonic. Thus the two organisms are in a mutualistic relationship which allows them to grow and thrive in an environment, deadly for either species alone. Lichen is an example of a symbiotic organism.

This is a document about Cheating (biology)
  Organisms communicate and cooperate to perform a wide range of behaviors. Mutualism, or mutually beneficial interactions between species, is common in ecological systems. These interactions can be thought of "biological markets" in which species offer partners goods that are relatively inexpensive for them to produce and receive goods that are more expensive or even impossible for them to produce. However, these systems provide opportunities for exploitation by individuals that can obtain resources while providing nothing in return. Exploiters can take on several forms: individuals outside a mutualistic relationship who obtain a commodity in a way that confers no benefit to either

This is a document about Cooperative breeding
  organisms. Mutualism has many forms and can occur when the benefits are immediate or deferred, when individuals exchange beneficial behaviors in turn, or when a group of individuals contribute to a common good, where it may be advantageous for all group members to help raise young. When a group raises young together, it may be advantageous because it maintains or increases the size of the group. The greatest amount of research has been invested in reciprocal exchanges of beneficial behavior through the iterated prisoner's dilemma. In this model, two partners can either cooperate and exchange beneficial behavior or they can defect and refuse to help the other individual.

This is a document about Lepidoptera
   Mutualism is a form of biological interaction wherein each individual involved benefits in some way. An example of a mutualistic relationship would be that shared by yucca moths (Tegeculidae) and their host, yucca flowers (Asparagaceae). Female yucca moths enter the host flowers, collect the pollen into a ball using specialized maxillary palps, then move to the apex of the pistil, where pollen is deposited on the stigma, and lay eggs into the base of the pistil where seeds will develop. The larvae develop in the fruit pod and feed on a portion of the seeds. Thus, both insect and plant benefit, forming a highly mutualistic relationship. Another form of mutualism occurs between some larvae of butterflies and certain species of ants (e.g. Lycaenidae). The larvae communicate with the ants using vibrations transmitted through a substrate, such as the wood of a tree or stems, as well as using chemical signals. The ants provide some degree of protection to these larvae and they in turn gather honeydew secretions.

Two organisms living together for their mutual benefit is a definition of mutualism in biology. This type of interaction is characterized by a positive benefit for both species involved. Examples of mutualistic relationships include cleaning symbiosis in Müllerian mimicry, gut flora, nitrogen fixation by bacteria, and the relationship between corals and zooxanthellae. Mutualistic interactions can be obligate or facultative, and can occur in various forms such as commensalism, where one organism benefits while the other is neither harmed nor benefited.


Question: who holds the record for the longest field goal

Answer: Matt Prater

This is a document about Field goal range
  The longest field goal in recorded football history was 69 yards, set by collegiate kicker Ove Johansson, who was born in Sweden, in a 1976 Abilene Christian University football game against East Texas State University (now Texas A&M Commerce) at Shotwell Stadium in Abilene. The longest successful field goal in the NFL was 66 yards and was completed by Justin Tucker in 2021. The NCAA record is 67 yards held by 3 kickers, Russell Erxleben of Texas, Steve Little of Arkansas and Joe Williams of Wichita State University. All three of those kickers achieved that feat in the 1977-1978 college seasons. Notably, Johansson, Erxleben and Little all failed dramatically when they entered the NFL— Johansson's

This is a document about Field goal
  According to the Guinness World Records, the longest recorded field goal successfully kicked at any level was 69 yards. It was kicked by Ove Johansson of the Abilene Christian University Wildcats in the 1976 game against East Texas State University Lions (now Texas A&M University–Commerce) in Shotwell Stadium, Abilene, Texas.

This is a document about Field goal
  The longest successful field goal in NFL history was 66 yards by Justin Tucker of the Baltimore Ravens against the Detroit Lions on September 26, 2021. The longest field goal attempt in an NFL game was 76 yards by Sebastian Janikowski of the Oakland Raiders against the San Diego Chargers on September 28, 2008. Prior to Dempsey's 1970 kick, the longest field goal in NFL history was 56 yards, by Bert Rechichar of the Baltimore Colts in 1953. A 55-yard field goal, achieved by a drop kick, was recorded by Paddy Driscoll in, and stood as the unofficial record until that point; some sources indicate a 54-yarder by Glenn Presnell in as the record, due to the inability to precisely verify Driscoll's kick. In a pre-season NFL game between the Denver Broncos and the Seattle Seahawks on August 29, 2002, Ola Kimrin kicked a 65-yard field goal. However, because pre-season games are not counted toward official records, this accomplishment did not stand as the official record, even before Tucker bested it in 2021.

This is a document about Field goal
  they can punt to the other team. A punt cannot score any points in American football unless the receiving team touches the ball first and the kicking team recovers it (though it can result in a single in Canadian football), but it may push the other team back toward its own end. The longest field goal kick in NFL history is 66 yards, a record set by Justin Tucker on September 26, 2021, which broke the record previously held by Matt Prater (2013) at 64 yards. The third longest is 63, originally set by Tom Dempsey (1970) and then matched

This is a document about List of Super Bowl records
  England vs. Carolina, XXXVIII ; Most field goals, game, 4 ; Don Chandler – Green Bay vs. Oakland, II ; Ray Wersching – San Francisco vs. Cincinnati, XVI ; Most 40-plus yard field goals, game, 3 ; Garrett Hartley – New Orleans Saints vs. Indianapolis XLIV ; Longest field goal, 54 yards ; Steve Christie – Buffalo vs. Dallas, XXVIII ; Shortest field goal, 9 yards ; Jim Turner – New York Jets vs. Baltimore Colts III ; Mike Clark – Dallas vs. Miami VI ''Note: The goal posts were moved to the back of the end zone in 1974. As such, this record cannot be broken. Standard field goal protocol does not currently allow a kick 17 yards or shorter.''

This is a document about Wichita State Shockers football
 Longest field goal (tied) – Joe Williams 67 yards vs Southern Illinois October 21, 1978

This is a document about Shotwell Stadium
  The longest field goal in the history of all levels of organized football was kicked at Shotwell Stadium. On October 16, 1976, Ove Johannson, the Swedish-born placekicker for Abilene Christian University, kicked a 69-yard field goal against East Texas State in ACU's homecoming win against the Lions. This is currently the record for longest recorded field goal in football history.

This is a document about Field goal
  The longest field goal in U Sports football history is 59 yards, by Niko Difonte of Calgary Dinos, playing against the UBC Thunderbirds on November 11, 2017. The field goal was the final and winning play of the 81st Hardy Cup.

This is a document about List of National Football League records (individual)
 Most overtime field goals, career: 11, Adam Vinatieri 1996–2017 ; Longest overtime field goal: 59 yards, Chandler Catanzaro vs. Cleveland Browns on October 21, 2018 ; Most overtime touchdowns, career: 3, LaDainian Tomlinson 2001–2011 ; Most overtime rushing touchdowns, career: 3, LaDainian Tomlinson 2001–2011 ; Most overtime touchdown passes, career: 4, Drew Bledsoe 1993–2006 ; Longest overtime touchdown pass/reception: 99 yards, Ron Jaworski to Mike Quick, Philadelphia Eagles vs. Atlanta Falcons Nov 10, 1985 ; Longest overtime rushing touchdown: 96 yards, Garrison Hearst, San Francisco 49ers vs. New York Jets Sep 6, 1998 ; Longest overtime interception returned for a touchdown: 72 yards, Lorenzo Lynch, Arizona Cardinals vs. Seattle Seahawks Oct 29, 1995 ; Longest overtime kickoff returned for a touchdown: 96 yards, Chad Morton, New York Jets vs. Buffalo Bills Sep 8, 2002 ; Longest overtime fumble returned for a touchdown: 52 yards, Johnie Cooks, Baltimore Colts vs. New England Patriots Sep 4, 1983 ; Longest overtime punt returned for a touchdown: 99 yards, Patrick Peterson, Arizona Cardinals vs. St. Louis Rams Nov 6, 2011 ; Most passing yards: 219, Derek Carr, Oakland Raiders vs. Tampa Bay Buccaneers on October 30, 2016

This is a document about Russell Erxleben
  going that far. It had another eight yards on it." Erxleben kicked two other field goals over 60 yards that season. Rule changes in NCAA football since 1977, specifically the prohibition of kicking tees for field goals, as well as changes to the placement of the ball following a failed kick, have discouraged such long attempts, thus attempts to break the record are now rare. The longest field goal since the rule changes came in 1998 when Martin Gramatica of Kansas State made a 65-yard attempt. Erxleben is the only three-time All-American punter in NCAA history, being a consensus choice in 1976, 1977, and 1978.

This is a document about Paper football
  The longest field goal ever recorded in paper football was 23 feet (7.01 meters), which was achieved by Kelley Parker in College Station, Texas, on June 10, 2012.

This is a document about Comparison of American football and rugby union
  extremely difficult, and are normally only attempted in dire situations at the end of the game when the field goal would tie or win the game. The record for longest field goal is 64 yards, which has been done once by Matt Prater in 2013. A 65-yard kick by Ola Kimrin was made during a preseason exhibition game in 2002, but preseason games are not included in record keeping. Notably, the 64- and the 65-yard kicks were made in Denver, Colorado, where the elevation is 5,280 ft. A similar concept in rugby is the penalty goal. Following the award of the penalty, the attacking team

This is a document about Jan Stenerud
  field goal by Garo Yepremian. Through, the game remains the longest in NFL history at 82 minutes, 40 seconds of playing time, and was also the final football game in Municipal Stadium. Stenerud retired after the 1985 season, his 19th (3 AFL, 16 NFL). He converted 373 out of 558 field goals (67 percent) and 580 out of 601 extra points (97%) for a total of 1,699 points scored. At the time of his retirement, he was the longest-tenured (19 years) professional football player to have played in the AFL. Enshrined in 1991, Stenerud, along with George Blanda, Lou Groza, Ray Guy, and 2017 inductee Morten Andersen, is one of

This is a document about Tom Dempsey
  Rechichar's NFL record for longest field goal by seven yards. His record was tied three times—by Jason Elam in 1998, Sebastian Janikowski in 2011 and David Akers in 2012 —before it was broken on December 8, 2013, by Matt Prater, who hit a 64-yard field goal. On Sunday, September 26, 2021, Justin Tucker of the Baltimore Ravens broke that record with a 66-yard field goal as time expired to beat the Detroit Lions. This walk-off kick eclipsed both Dempsey's and Graham Gano's 63-yarder in 2018 as the longest field goal to win a game on its final play. Dempsey was born without toes on his right foot and no fingers on his right hand. He wore a modified

This is a document about Ove Johansson
  Ove Claes Johansson (born March 31, 1948) is a former American football placekicker and the current holder of the record for the longest field goal ever kicked during an American football game, at 69 yd, for Abilene Christian University in their October 16, 1976 victory over East Texas State. Johansson is the oldest player to be drafted in the NFL Draft, being 28 years, 281 days old when he was selected in the 12th round of the 1977 NFL Draft by the Houston Oilers. Johansson was a junior at Abilene Christian University after being an all American soccer player at national power

This is a document about List of NCAA football records
 FBS (with tee): 67 – Russell Erxleben, Texas vs. Rice, Oct. 1, 1977; Steve Little, Arkansas vs. Texas, Oct. 15, 1977; Joe Williams, Wichita State vs. Southern Illinois, Oct. 21, 1978 ; FBS (without tee): 65 – Martin Gramatica, Kansas State vs. Northern Illinois, Sept. 12, 1998 ; FCS: 63 – Scott Roper, Arkansas State vs. North Texas, Nov. 7, 1987; Tim Foley, Georgia Southern vs. James Madison, Nov. 7, 1987; Bill Gramática, South Florida vs. Austin Peay, Nov. 18, 2000 ; Div II: 67 – Tom Odle, Fort Hays State vs. Washburn, Nov. 5, 1988 ; Div III: 62 – Dom Antonini, Rowan vs. Salisbury, Sep. 18, 1976; Matthew Aven, Claremont-Mudd-Scripps vs. California Lutheran University, Oct. 19, 2013 Note: The longest field goal ever made in collegiate competition was 69 yards by Ove Johansson of Abilene Christian University, which at the time (1976) was competing as an NAIA, not an NCAA, school.

This is a document about List of Jacksonville Jaguars records
  Field Goals: 31, Mike Hollis (1997, 1999) ; Field Goal Percentage: 92.3% Mike Hollis (2000), Josh Scobee (2007) ; Longest Field Goal: 59 yards, Josh Scobee (2010) Longest Kick Return: 100 yards, Maurice Jones-Drew (2007) ; Longest Punt Return: 85 yards, Reggie Barlow (1998) ; Kick Return Touchdowns: 1, Jimmy Smith (1995), Reggie Barlow (1997), Alvis Whitted (1999), Elvis Joseph (2001), Derrick Wimbush (2005), Maurice Jones-Drew (2006 & 2007) ; Punt Return Touchdowns: 1, Reggie Barlow (1998 & 1999), Bobby Shaw (2002), Mike Thomas (2010), Rashad Greene (2015), Jaydon Mickens (2017), Keelan Cole (2020) Passing Rushing Receiving Kicking Kick/Punt returning

This is a document about Toronto Argonauts all-time records and statistics
  versus Toronto Argonauts, October 4, 1987 ; 54 – Boris Bede – at Calgary Stampeders, August 7, 2021 18 – Swayze Waters (August 1, 2014 – October 4, 2014) ; 16 – Noel Prefontaine (August 28, 2004 – October 16, 2004) ; 15 – Noel Prefontaine (June 17, 2006 – August 25, 2006) ; 14 – Lirim Hajrullahu (July 31, 2016 – September 11, 2016) ; 14 – Lance Chomyc (November 3, 1985 – July 26, 1986) ; 14 – Boris Bede (October 22, 2021 – ongoing) Most Field Goals – Career Most Field Goals – Season Most Field Goals – Game Highest Field Goal Accuracy – Career (minimum 75 attempts) Highest Field Goal Accuracy – Season (minimum 30 attempts) Longest Field Goal Most Consecutive Field Goals

This is a document about Matt Gay
 Longest field goal by a rookie kicker - 58 yards (September 29, 2019 vs Los Angeles Rams) ; Most successful field goal attempts by a rookie kicker - 27 (tied with Martin Gramatica) ; Most successful extra point attempts by a rookie kicker - 43 ; Most points scored by a rookie kicker - 124

This is a document about Tyler Bass
 Longest field goal in NFL playoff history by a rookie: 54 yards (2020)

The longest field goal on record was kicked by Ove Johansson of Abilene Christian University in 1976, which was 69 yards long.


Question: who stars in hallmark 's coming home for christmas

Answer: Danica McKellar

This is a document about Brad Krevoy
  of Mariah Carey and starred Carey with Lacey Chabert. The film was so well received that Krevoy and Hallmark teamed up for Mariah Carey's Merriest Christmas Special (2015), which featured Chabert again, as well as Emmy award winner Kelsey Grammer. Every Christmas Has a Story (2016), starring Lori Loughlin and Colin Ferguson, was the highest-rated Hallmark Channel telecast of 2016, pulling in 4.01 million viewers. A Wish for Christmas (2016), starring Lacey Chabert and Paul Greene, drew 3.4 million viewers and was the week's most talked about original premiere on Twitter, and across social media. I’ll be Home for Christmas (2016), starring James Brolin and Mena Suvari, had the largest unduplicated audience of Hallmark Movies & Mysteries in 2016, with 2.4 million viewers for the

This is a document about Coming Home for Christmas (film)
  Coming Home For Christmas is a 2013 Canadian Christmas television film written by Kyle McGlohon and Bruce Spiegelman and directed by Vanessa Parise. It stars Ben Hollingsworth, Amy Jo Johnson, Carly McKillip and Britt McKillip.

This is a document about Motion Picture Corporation of America
  social media. I’ll be Home for Christmas (2016), starring James Brolin and Mena Suvari, had the largest unduplicated audience of Hallmark Movies & Mysteries in 2016, with 2.4 million viewers for the premiere. Christmas in Angel Falls (2017), starring Rachel Boston, Beau Bridges and Paul Greene, was the 2nd highest-rated movie of 2017 for the Hallmark Movies & Mysteries channel. A Royal Matchmaker (2018), starring Joy Lenz and Will Kemp, was the 3rd highest-rated cable program of the week, with 2.9 million total viewers. Winter Love Story (2019), starring Jen Lilley and Kevin McGarry, garnered 3.2 million viewers. Christmas in Rome (2019), starring Lacey Chabert and Sam Page, was the second highest-rated original Hallmark movie of the Christmas season, with 3.7 million viewers.

This is a document about William J. Abbott
  Abbott succeeded Henry Schleiff as President and CEO of Crown Media, June 1, 2009. In his first year, Abbott made a deal with Martha Stewart to create a lifestyle block on Hallmark Channel that premiered in March 2010. The following year, Abbott launched Hallmark's "Countdown to Christmas" campaign, and in 2015 featured Mariah Carey in her directorial debut in A Christmas Melody, with a slate of 17 new original movies, and a celebrity lineup including "Lori Loughlin, Dermot Mulroney, Danica McKellar, Candace Cameron Bure, William Shatner and Christopher Lloyd." He also aimed to produce content that could provide synergy between Hallmark Cards and Hallmark Media Networks, with an eye towards the channel's first scripted series. In 2012, he revived the daytime Emmy-nominated lifestyle program The Home and Family Show. Abbott also diversified

This is a document about The Web (1950 TV series)
  Home For Christmas [S1, E7] and You Killed Elizabeth [S1, E30] ; Jack Palance in The Last Chance [S3, E22] ; Mark Rydell in K for Killer [S3, E6] ; Eva Marie Saint in The Last Chance [S3, E22] ; Joseph Schildkraut in A Time For Dying [S3, E24] ; Eli Wallach in Deadlock [S3, E1] ; Ray Walston in A Time For Dying [S3, E24] ; Joanne Woodward in Welcome Home [S4, E50 (final episode of the series)] Among the future stars who appeared on The Web are:  Other notable television and film actors whose careers were either launched or furthered by appearing on the series:

This is a document about Sam Irvin
  Witt, George Stults, Brigid Brannagh, Maxwell Caulfield, and Dan Lauria. A Hallmark Channel premiere movie. ; Christmas Land starring Nikki DeLoach, Luke Macfarlane, Jason-Shane Scott, Richard Karn, Cynthia Gibb, Chonda Pierce and Maureen McCormick. A Hallmark Channel premiere movie which was the Number One most-watched cable television show (all channels) on the night it aired, with 4.244 million viewers, one of the most-watched programs on Hallmark during all of 2015. ; The Wrong House a Lifetime original movie starring Clare Kramer, Tilky Jones, Allison McAtee, Thomas Calabro, Jim O'Heir, Carolyn Hennesy, Keiko Agena, Ashlyn Jade Lopez, Scott Atkinson and Dori Legg. Aside from

This is a document about Santa's Coming for Us
  The music video for "Santa's Coming for Us" was released on 22 November 2017 and stars Kristen Bell hosting a Christmas party. Guests include Dax Shepard as the husband, JB Smoove as Santa Claus, Susan Lucci and Henry Winkler as the grandparents, and Sophia Lillis, Wyatt Oleff, and Caleb McLaughlin as the children.

This is a document about Rebecca Winters
  Mortimer and Jennifer Taylor) ; Coming Home for Christmas (2003) (with Helen Bianchin and Lucy Gordon) ; Coming Home (2004) (with Helen Bianchin and Lucy Gordon) ; Chocolate Fantasy / Frenchman's Bride (2004) (with Meryl Sawyer) ; All in a Day (2005) (with Jessica Hart and Carole Mortimer) ; Here Comes the Bride (2005) (with Jessica Hart) ; After the Midnight Hour / Truth or Consequences / Bachelor at Risk (2005) (with Diana Duncan and Linda Randall Wisdom) ; Christmas Proposals (2006) (with Marion Lennox and Carole Mortimer) ; To Mum, with Love (2006) (with Margaret Way) ; City Heat (2007) (with Helen Brooks and Catherine George) ; Bound by a Baby (2007) (with Catherine Spencer and Kate Walker)

This is a document about Motion Picture Corporation of America
  A Princess for Christmas (2011), starring Kate McGrath and Roger Moore, was the #1 rated cable movie of the week, pulling in 4.9 million viewers. A Royal Christmas (2014), starring Lacey Chabert and Golden Globe winner Jane Seymour, was Hallmark's 2nd highest-rated telecast in network history and rated #1 in all key demographics. Crown for Christmas (2015), starring Danica McKellar and Rupert Penry-Jones, was the #1 movie when it premiered, drawing 4.29 million viewers. A Christmas Detour (2015), starring Candace Cameron Bure and Paul Greene, was the #1 show on Hallmark Channel and the biggest part of their largest ever share of the weekly audience. It trended at No. 1 on Twitter and bought in 4.78 million viewers overall. A Christmas Melody (2015), marked

This is a document about Brad Krevoy
  A Princess for Christmas (2011), starring Katie McGrath and Roger Moore, was the #1 rated cable movie of the week, pulling in 4.9 million viewers. A Royal Christmas (2014), starring Lacey Chabert and Golden Globe winner Jane Seymour, was Hallmark's 2nd highest-rated telecast in network history and rated #1 in all key demographics. Crown for Christmas (2015), starring Danica McKellar and Rupert Penry-Jones, was the #1 movie when it premiered, drawing 4.29 million viewers. A Christmas Detour (2015), starring Candace Cameron Bure and Paul Greene, was the #1 show on Hallmark Channel and the biggest part of their largest ever share of the weekly audience. It trended at #1 on Twitter and bought in 4.78 million viewers overall. A Christmas Melody (2015), marked the directorial

This is a document about Motion Picture Corporation of America
  directorial debut of Mariah Carey and starred Carey with Lacey Chabert. It was a huge success trending at No. 1 on Twitter, pulling in 4.2 million viewers, and was an enormous part of Hallmarks #1 most watched cable network weekend. The film was so well received that Krevoy and Hallmark teamed up for Mariah Carey's Merriest Christmas Special (2015), which featured Chabert again, as well as Emmy award winner Kelsey Grammer. Every Christmas Has a Story (2016), starring Lori Loughlin and Colin Ferguson, was the highest-rated Hallmark Channel telecast of 2016, pulling in 4.01 million viewers. A Wish for Christmas (2016), starring Lacey Chabert and Paul Greene, drew 3.4 million viewers and was the week's most talked about original premiere on Twitter, and

This is a document about Hallmark Channel
  Candace Cameron Bure (who does other work for Hallmark Channel, mainly as Aurora Teagarden), Lacey Chabert, Erin Krakow, Kellie Martin, Danica McKellar. Autumn Reeser and Alicia Witt. Hallmark's "Christmas TV ratings system" has designations like "F for Family" and "J for Joy". Since 2012, the network has held a Christmas in July event with airings of past Hallmark Channel Christmas movies, which is used to promote Hallmark Cards' collectibles for the upcoming season. In 2013, the event included holiday tips from the cast of Home & Family. In 2014, the event added a theatrical movie premiere. By 2015, the event included one new original movie. In 2014, the Hallmark Channel and Hallmark Cards collaborated

This is a document about A World of His Own
  Coming home, Victoria West (Phyllis Kirk) spots her husband, playwright Gregory West (Keenan Wynn), through the window sharing a drink, and flirting in his study with Mary (Mary LaRoche), an attractive, affectionate young woman. Mr. West quickly destroys a tape, which displeases Mary. When Victoria barges into the room, Mary is nowhere to be found. Victoria looks around the room for hints of where she might have gone but does not yet confront him. Soon, she questions him. Gregory denies everything until Victoria throws in a trick, which causes Mr. West to admit the truth. Victoria is furious, but Gregory explains to

This is a document about Shannon Waverly
 Home For Christmas (1996) (with Anne McAllister, Debbie Macomber)

This is a document about Sam Irvin
  Jacob Moore, C.J. Hoff. (On November 6, 2014, critic Neil Genzlinger wrote in The New York Times that Naughty & Nice was "the best" of the season's new Christmas movies.) ; Mothers of the Bride starring Gail O'Grady, Betsy Brandt, Julie Brown, Debra Wilson, Daniela Bobadilla, Carolyn Hennesy, Scott Atkinson. Irvin also wrote the lyrics and co-wrote the music (with Al Sgro) for a song featured in the movie called "Partay at the Soirée", sung by Debra Wilson. ; The Nurse starring Willa Ford, Brigid Brannagh, John Heard, Costas Mandylor, Jack Noseworthy, David Millbern, T.J. Hoban. ; I'm Not Ready for Christmas starring

This is a document about A Holly Dolly Christmas
  Parton released "Comin' Home for Christmas" as a single in December 2009, but no mention of a Christmas album was made for almost seven years. Parton first mentioned that she was working on a new Christmas album during a Facebook Live Q&A in August 2016. She said that the album would be released in 2017 and would feature songs that she had written for the NBC TV movie Christmas of Many Colors: Circle of Love. The title song from the movie, "Circle of Love", was recorded by Jennifer Nettles, who played Parton's mother in the film, for her 2016 Christmas album, To Celebrate Christmas. The song was also recorded by Parton's niece Heidi Parton for her 2017 album, This Kind of

This is a document about Brad Krevoy
  Christmas in Angel Falls (2017), starring Rachel Boston, Beau Bridges and Paul Greene, was the 2nd highest-rated movie of 2017 for the Hallmark Movies & Mysteries channel. A Royal Matchmaker (2018), starring Joy Lenz and Will Kemp, was the 3rd highest-rated cable program of the week, with 2.9 million total viewers. Winter Love Story (2019), starring Jen Lilley and Kevin McGarry, garnered 3.2 million viewers. Christmas in Rome (2019), starring Lacey Chabert and Sam Page, was the second highest-rated original Hallmark movie of the Christmas season, with 3.7 million viewers. Christmas Waltz (2020), starring Lacey Chabert and Will Kemp, was the highest-rated original Hallmark movie of 2020, with 3.95 million viewers, while Five Star Christmas (2020), starring Joy Lenz, was the fourth-highest with 3.37 million.

This is a document about April Pearson
  Truth featured Ashley Thomas, Nathan McMullen, Lauren Socha, Simon Day, Justin Edwards, and Nicholas Burns. In April 2014, Pearson co-starred opposite Ben Peel in Greg Zinger's romantic comedy short film The Engagement (2014), which focused on the difficulty of making marital commitment. In her second feature-film, Pearson portrayed Beth Prince, a young woman in search of her happy ever after, in Jamie Patterson's romantic comedy Home for Christmas (2014). The film was based on Cally Taylor's novel of the same name, and co-starred Lucy Griffiths, Karl Davies, Derren Nesbitt, and Shirley Jaffe. Later that year, Pearson reunited with David Allain to reprise her role of Gen in

This is a document about 10th Youth in Film Awards
 Adam Carl - Down Delaware Road (NBC) ; Steven Dorff - Mutts (ABC) ; Michael Faustino - Home Sweet Homeless (CBS) ; Rossie Harris - Home Sweet Homeless (CBS) ; Matthew Lawrence - David (ABC) ; James Marshall - Date Rape (ABC) ; Jason Oliver - I'll Be Home for Christmas (NBC) ; Vonni Ribisi - Promised A Miracle (CBS) ; Ricky Schroder - Too Young the Hero (CBS) ; R. J. Williams - Windmills of the Gods (CBS) ; Chris Young - Dance 'til Dawn (NBC) ★ Lukas Haas - A Place At The Table (NBC)

This is a document about Kristen Bell
  Moms Christmas. In 2016, Bell began starring as Eleanor Shellstrop in the NBC comedy series The Good Place. For her performance, she received a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy, the TCA Award for Individual Achievement in Comedy, and the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actress in a Comedy Series, among numerous others. Also in 2017, she appeared in the biographical comedy-drama The Disaster Artist, the action comedy CHiPs and the comedy How to Be a Latin Lover. In November 2017, she played a housewife (with Dax Shepard as her husband) preparing for a Christmas party in Sia's

The 2013 Hallmark Channel film "Coming Home for Christmas" stars Vanessa McGee, Ben Hollingsworth, Carly McKillip, Britt McKillip, and Joey McKillop.