Question: when did labrador become a part of newfoundland

Answer: 1809

This is a document about History of Newfoundland and Labrador
  The history of Newfoundland and Labrador covers the period of time from the arrival of the Archaic peoples, Prior to European colonization, the lands encompassing present-day Newfoundland and Labrador were inhabited for millennia by different groups of indigenous peoples. The first brief European contact with Newfoundland and Labrador came around 1000 AD when the Vikings briefly settled in L'Anse aux Meadows. In 1497, European explorers and fishermen from England, Portugal, France, Holland and Spain (mainly Basques) began exploration. Fishing expeditions came seasonally; the first small permanent settlements appeared around 1630. Catholic-Protestant religious tensions were high but mellowed after 1860. The British colony voted against joining Canada in 1869 and became an independent dominion in 1907. After the economy collapsed in the 1930s, responsible government was suspended in 1934, and Newfoundland

This is a document about Labrador
  Railway/CN Marine/Marine Atlantic became a critical lifeline for communities on the coast, which for the majority of that century did not have any road connection with the rest of North America. Labrador was within New France mostly by 1748. However, the Treaty of Paris (1763) that ended the French and Indian War transferred New France (including Labrador though excluding the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon southwest of Newfoundland) to the British, which administered the area as the Province of Quebec until splitting it in two in 1791, with Labrador located in Lower Canada. However, in 1809 the British Imperial government detached Labrador from Lower Canada for transfer to the separate, self-governing Newfoundland Colony.

This is a document about NunatuKavut
  In 1763 Labrador was ceded to the Colony of Newfoundland. It included coastal area between the St. John's River and Cape Chidley and was meant as extra fishing grounds for Newfoundland fishermen. Labrador has been created using territory from the French colony of New France and the British colony of Rupert's Land. The inland boundary of Labrador was undefined until 1927 so Canada claimed the interior of Labrador as part of Quebec and the Northwest Territories while Newfoundland claimed that Labrador extended far inland. Labrador was ceded back to New France (now Lower Canada) and Rupert's Land in 1791 but then in 1809 it rejoined Newfoundland. In 1825 Blanc-Sablon and territory to the

This is a document about List of Newfoundland and Labrador general elections
  and Labrador have been dominated by two parties: the Liberal party (red) and the Conservative party (blue). The Liberal party have won ten out of the seventeen elections held. This article only covers elections since the province became part of the Canadian Confederation in 1949. It was then named Newfoundland, and its official name changed to Newfoundland and Labrador in 2001. Prior to becoming part of Canada, Newfoundland was a British dominion, and the Newfoundland House of Assembly (as it was known before 2001) was first formed in 1832. For elections prior to 1949, see General elections in Newfoundland (pre-Confederation).

This is a document about Provinces and territories of Canada
  over political control to the Newfoundland Commission of Government in 1933. Following Canada's participation in World War II, in a 1948 referendum, a narrow majority of Newfoundland citizens voted to join the Confederation, and on March 31, 1949, Newfoundland became Canada's tenth province. In 2001, it was officially renamed Newfoundland and Labrador. In 1903, resolution of the Alaska Panhandle Dispute fixed British Columbia's northwestern boundary. This was one of only two provinces in Canadian history to have its size reduced. The second reduction, in 1927, occurred when a boundary dispute between Canada and the Dominion of Newfoundland saw Labrador enlarged at Quebec's expense; this land returned to Canada, as part of the province of Newfoundland, in 1949. In

This is a document about Labrador
  As part of Newfoundland since 1809, Labrador was still being disputed by Quebec until the British resolved their border in 1927. In 1949, Newfoundland entered into confederation, becoming part of Canada (see above articles for full information). Labrador played strategic roles during both World War II and the Cold War. In October 1943, a German U-boat crew installed an automated weather station on the northern tip of Labrador near Cape Chidley, code-named Weather Station Kurt; the installation of the equipment was the only-known armed German military operation on the North American mainland during the war. The station broadcast weather observations to the German

This is a document about Outline of Newfoundland and Labrador
  History of Newfoundland and Labrador

This is a document about Border between Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador
  The dependency of Labrador, which at the time comprised the Labrador coast, was created in 1763 and given to the colony of Newfoundland by a royal proclamation, so that it could administer fishing rights. Eleven years later, the Quebec Act gave the Province of Quebec control over all territories, islands and lands that had been appropriated to Newfoundland in 1763, but Newfoundland nevertheless continued to regulate fishing. This created tensions between the colonies, as Newfoundland no longer had any authority over the area; these were resolved in 1809, when, after lobbying by Newfoundland, the territories it lost in 1774 were returned. The southern border on Labrador's coast was defined by the British North America (Seignioral Rights) Act of 1825, which moved Lower Canada's border east from the Saint-Jean River to Blanc-Sablon. Lower Canada

This is a document about Devolution
  interior of Labrador that was believed part of Ungava was settled in 1927 by the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, which ruled in favour of the Dominion of Newfoundland. The offshore islands to the west and north of Quebec remained part of the Northwest Territories until the creation of Nunavut in 1999. Since the 1970s, the federal government has been transferring its decision-making powers to territorial governments. This means greater local control and accountability by northerners for decisions central to the future of the territories. In 1999, the federal government created Nunavut pursuant to a land claim agreement reached with Inuit, the indigenous people of Canada’s

This is a document about NunatuKavut
  In 1946, the Dominion of Newfoundland conducted an election to choose delegates for the Newfoundland National Convention. This was the first time that an election was held in Labrador and Lester Burry of Bonavista Bay was elected to represent Labrador. Burry wanted the Dominion of Newfoundland to become a province of Canada and in 1949, Newfoundland became Canada's 10th province. Before confederation, most Inuit lived in small settlements of a few families in isolated harbours and on islands off the coast of Labrador. During the 1950s and 1960s many communities across the province were resettled to larger population centres as part of a provincial government-sponsored program. The collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery

This is a document about Canadian Senate divisions
  During the Quebec Conference of 1864 it was determined that Newfoundland and Labrador was a distinct region and that the territory should exist as an exception outside of the equal regional divisions, if it should enter Canada. When Newfoundland and Labrador entered Confederation in 1949 the Newfoundland Act confirmed the original terms of union and was given six seats in the Senate.  ''See List of Newfoundland and Labrador senators

This is a document about Newfoundland and Labrador
  Labrador's capital and largest city, St. John's, is Canada's 20th-largest census metropolitan area and is home to almost 40 per cent of the province's population. St. John's is the seat of government, home to the House of Assembly of Newfoundland and Labrador and to the highest court in the jurisdiction, the Newfoundland and Labrador Court of Appeal. Formerly a colony and then a dominion of the British Empire, Newfoundland gave up its independence in 1933, following significant economic distress caused by the Great Depression and the aftermath of Newfoundland's participation in World War I. It became the tenth and final province to enter Confederation on March 31, 1949, as "Newfoundland". On December 6, 2001, an amendment was made to the Constitution of Canada to change the province's name to Newfoundland and Labrador.

This is a document about 1948 Newfoundland referendums
  Labrador under the jurisdiction of Newfoundland, after some consideration. Such commitments carried over to other areas as well, such as a ferry between Port aux Basques and North Sydney, and a guarantee that Newfoundland would be able to continue to manufacture and sell margarine, a very controversial product at the time. Canada welcomed Newfoundland into confederation, as seen in an editorial in The Globe and Mail on April 1, 1949: "Union with Newfoundland, as everyone knows, rounds out the dream of the Fathers of Confederation. This newspaper is certain that Canadians welcome their new fellow-countrymen with full hearts. May the union be forever a blessing for Canada and to the island which is yielding its ancient

This is a document about List of premiers of Newfoundland and Labrador
   The premier of Newfoundland and Labrador is current title of the First Minister for the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador, which was at certain points in its history a colony, dominion, and province. The province had a system of responsible government from 1855 to 1934, and again since 1949. Newfoundland became a British crown colony in 1855, in 1907 it became a dominion, and in 1949, it became a province and joined Canadian Confederation. Since then, the province has been a part of the Canadian federation and has kept its own legislature to deal with provincial matters. The province was named Newfoundland and Labrador on April 1, 1949. The province has a unicameral Westminster-style parliamentary government, in

This is a document about Newfoundland and Labrador in fiction
  Labrador has been a recognized part of the colony, country or province of Newfoundland for hundreds of years.

This is a document about NunatuKavut people
  Following the defeat of France in the Seven Years' War, Britain laid claim to Labrador. The British governor of Newfoundland Sir Hugh Palliser signed a treaty with the southern Labrador Inuit in 1765.

This is a document about 1948 Newfoundland referendums
  As the results of the binding referendum were to join Canada, Newfoundland began to negotiate with Canada to enter into Confederation. After negotiations were completed, the British Government received the terms and the British North America Act 1949 was subsequently passed by the British Parliament and given Royal Assent. Newfoundland officially joined Canada at midnight, March 31, 1949. At the elections for the Newfoundland House of Assembly two months later, Smallwood's Liberal Party won and controlled the provincial government until the 1970s. Reactions to Confederation were mixed. Newfoundland as a province secured some significant guarantees as a part of the union. As ruled by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in 1927, Canada agreed to

This is a document about Legislative assemblies of Canadian provinces and territories
  Included some elected members, but did not have responsible government. Labrador was added to the name of the province in 2001. Before then, the bodies were the Newfoundland House of Assembly, Lieutenant Governor of Newfoundland, and General Assembly of Newfoundland. The territory's name was changed from St. John's Island to Prince Edward Island in 1798. Before then, the bodies were the House of Assembly of the Island of St. John, Legislative Council of the Island of St. John, Lieutenant Governor of the Island of St. John, and General Assembly of the Island of St. John.

This is a document about Dominion of Newfoundland
  of the Privy Council resolved Newfoundland's long-standing Labrador boundary dispute with Canada to the satisfaction of Newfoundland and against Canada (and, in particular, contrary to the wishes of Quebec, the province that bordered Labrador) with a ruling on 1 April 1927. Prior to 1867, the Quebec North Shore portion of the "Labrador coast" had shuttled back and forth between the colonies of Lower Canada and Newfoundland. Maps up to 1927 showed the coastal region as part of Newfoundland, with an undefined boundary. The Privy Council ruling established a boundary along the drainage divide separating waters that flowed through the territory to the Labrador coast, although following two straight lines from the

This is a document about Border between Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador
  gained territories from the coast up to 52nd parallel north. At Confederation, Quebec became a province of the Dominion of Canada and took the borders of Lower Canada (whose northern border was limited at the Laurentian Divide), which had been part of the larger Province of Canada since 1840. That meant that it still shared the border with Labrador, a dependency of Newfoundland; however, the border was not clearly nor officially delimited. Two expansions happened following Confederation. In 1898, Quebec and Canada adopted the Quebec Boundary Extension Act, 1898, which extended the northern frontier to Eastmain River, which meant annexing a part of Labrador known as (most of the southwestern part of the region); however, the area was not defined precisely, so the border remained officially undefined. Nine years later, Quebec requested

Labrador became a part of Newfoundland in 1839.


Question: the major spacecraft launching centre in south america

Answer: Guiana Space Centre

This is a document about Science tourism
 Alcântara in Northeast Brazil, is the rocket launch site for the Brazilian Space Agency, and hosts a museum on the site ; Kourou in French Guiana hosts the Guyana Space Centre, the primary rocket launch site for the European Space Agency. ; Gold Museum in Bogotá, Colombia ; The Archeology Museum in Bogotá, Colombia ; Casa Marqués de San Jorge in Bogotá, Colombia

This is a document about Guiana Space Centre
 It is near the equator, so that less energy is required to manoeuvre a spacecraft into an equatorial, geostationary orbit. ; It has open sea to the east, so that lower stages of rockets and debris from launch failures are unlikely to fall on human habitations. Rockets launch to the east to take advantage of the angular momentum provided by Earth's rotation. The Guiana Space Centre (Centre Spatial Guyanais; CSG) also called Europe's Spaceport is a French and European spaceport to the northwest of Kourou in French Guiana, a region of France in South America. Operational since 1968, it is particularly suitable as a location for a spaceport. It fulfills the two major geographical requirements of such a site:  The European Space Agency (ESA), the French space agency CNES (National Centre for Space Studies), and the commercial companies Arianespace and Azercosmos conduct launches from Kourou. This was the spaceport used by the ESA to send supplies to the International Space Station using the Automated Transfer Vehicle.

This is a document about Uncrewed spaceflights to the International Space Station
  The European Space Agency (ESA) uses the Guiana Space Centre or, more commonly, Centre Spatial Guyanais (CSG). It is a French spaceport near Kourou in French Guiana. Operational since 1968, it is particularly suitable as a location for a spaceport due to its proximity to the equator, and that launches are in a favorable direction over water. The near-equatorial launch location provides an advantage for launches to low-inclination (or geostationary) Earth orbits compared to launches from spaceports at higher latitude, the eastward boost provided by the Earth's rotation is about 463 m/s (1,035 miles per hour) at this spaceport. The ESA's Automated Transfer Vehicle weighs 20.7 tonnes at launch and has a cargo capacity of 8 tonnes (1500 to 5500 kg of dry cargo, up to 1000 kg of water, nitrogen, oxygen, air), with up to two gases per flight, and up to 4700 kg of propellant for the re-boost and refueling the station.

This is a document about Alcântara Space Center
  The Alcântara Space Center (Centro Espacial de Alcântara, CEA), former known as Alcântara Launch Center (Centro de Lançamento de Alcântara, is a space center and launching facility of the Brazilian Space Agency in the city of Alcântara, located on Brazil's northern Atlantic coast, in the state of Maranhão. It is operated by the Brazilian Air Force (Comando da Aeronáutica). The CEA is the closest launching base to the equator. This gives the launch site a significant advantage in launching geosynchronous satellites, an attribute shared by the Guiana Space Centre. Construction of the base began in 1982. The first launch occurred

This is a document about Alcântara, Maranhão
  The Brazilian Space Agency maintains a launch site in Alcântara. The Alcântara Launch Center is located in the historic city of Alcântara, close to city of Sao Luis, capital of the State of Maranhão. The geographic coordinates are 2°18′S and 44°22′W. The Launch Center comprises the Cyclone-4 Launch Site, under the responsibility of ACS, and a set of facilities under the responsibility of the Brazilian Air Force (FAB), and the Brazilian Space Agency (AEB), which include general infrastructure and dedicated complexes for the launching of the Brazilian Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV). The overall infrastructure consists of an airport with a 2,600 meter-long runway, a Command and Control Sector equipped with telemetry, communication, meteorology, radar and electricity supply systems, and an Administrative center with hotels, a hospital and administrative buildings. The general infrastructure also includes roads, and a project for a seaport which is currently underway.

This is a document about National Space Centre (Malaysia)
 Mission Control Centre ; Space launch facilities (Future)

This is a document about French-Soviet Joint Declaration of June 30, 1966
  Space Center in Kourou, in French Guiana, South America, from which she began to launch satellites with Ariane (rocket family) rocket launchers. In 2019, the Guiana Space Center of Kourou is co-managed by the European Space Agency (ESA), the Centre National d’Études Spatiales (CNES), French rocket builder Arianespace, and Azerbaidjani satellite operator Azercosmos. In the 2000s, ESA partnered with Russian company TsSKB Progress and the Russian federal Space Agency Roscosmos, and the latter built the launch-pad Ensemble de Lancement Soyuz–ELS (Soyuz (rocket) Launch Pad) in the French Guiana Space Center of Kourou. Finished in September 2010, it is identical to the Russian launch

This is a document about Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales
  The Tronador launch site will be called "Complejo Argentino de Acceso Al Espacio" (Argentine Space Access complex). It's located at Punta Alta, some 578 km from Buenos Aires. The site is located inside the Marine's camp Base de Baterías.

This is a document about Europatriotism
  The European Space Agency's headquarters are in Paris, France. The ESA is not an EU agency, and not all EU member states are ESA members. ESA's spaceport is on EU territory, even though it is located at the South-American continent. Guiana Space Centre in Kourou, French Guiana was chosen as launch site because it is close to the equator from which commercially important orbits are easier to access. During the era of Ariane 4 ESA gained the position of market leader in commercial space launches.

This is a document about Brazilian Space Agency
  -2.33333°N, -44.4°W The Alcântara Launch Center (Centro de Lançamento de Alcântara; CLA) is the main launch site and operational center of the Brazilian Space Agency. It is located in the peninsula of Alcântara, in the state of Maranhão. This region presents some excellent requirements, such as low population density, excellent security conditions and easiness of aerial and maritime access. The most important factor is its closeness to the Equator - Alcântara is the closest launching base to the Equator. This gives the launch site a significant advantage in launching geosynchronous satellites.

This is a document about Amazonas 5
  Amazonas 5 launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 200, Kazakhstan, on September 11, 2017, on board a Proton-M Breeze M rocket. The launch was initially slated to happen on 9 September instead but the Proton rocket's arrival from Moscow was delayed. It was launched to a geostationary orbit with a periapsis of 35,780.1 km, an apoapsis of 35,808.7 km, and orbital inclination of 0.0°. It is placed at a longitude of 61° W in order to serve South America. It would provide internet connectivity to around 500,000 people in the region, and opens 500 new television channels.

This is a document about Brazilian Space Agency
  The Brazilian Space Agency (Agência Espacial Brasileira; AEB) is the civilian authority in Brazil responsible for the country's space program. It operates a spaceport at Alcântara, and a rocket launch site at Barreira do Inferno. It is the largest and most prominent space agency in Latin America. The Brazilian Space Agency is the institutional successor of Brazil's space program, which had been managed by the Brazilian military until its transfer to civilian control on 10 February 1994. It suffered a major setback in 2003, when a rocket explosion killed 21 technicians. Brazil successfully launched its first rocket into space, the VSB-30, on 23

This is a document about Brazilian space program
  Since 1964, in an attempt to build a satellite launch vehicle (Veículo Lançador de Satélite--VLS), Brazil has developed a series of sounding (research) rockets, named Sonda I, II, III, and IV. The early Sondas were test-launched from Barreira do Inferno Launch Center, near the city of Natal in the Northeast Region. The Sonda IV rocket was tested successfully on April 28, 1989. Subsequent launches were made from the Alcântara Launch Center (Centro de Lançamento de Alcântara--CLA), in Maranhão, President José Sarney's home state. The CLA, officially dedicated on February 21, 1990, cost more than US$470 million to develop. It is the closest launch center to the equator in the world (2.3 degrees south of

This is a document about Ensemble de Lancement Soyouz
  The Ensemble de Lancement Soyouz (ELS) (in English Soyuz Launch Complex) is a launch complex at the Guiana Space Centre in Kourou/Sinnamary, French Guiana. It is used by Soyuz-ST rockets: modified versions of the Soyuz-2 optimised for launch from Kourou under Soyuz at the Guiana Space Centre programme.

This is a document about MEASAT-3b
  It was launched on 12 September 2014, 06:05 MYT from Centre Spatial Guyanais (Guiana Space Center) at Kourou in French Guiana at ELA-3 launch site, aboard the Ariane 5 ECA rocket. The launch was announced in national news article and television few hours later after successful launch. It reached orbital epoch on 3 October 2017, 17:03:34 UTC.

This is a document about El Hierro Launch Centre
  El Hierro Launch Centre (in Spanish: Centro de Lanzamiento Espacial de La Isla de El Hierro) is a proposed project by Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA) to create a spaceport on the island of El Hierro, called the "Meridian Zero Island" as it was the westernmost position of the known world. It would be located in the south of the island, in the area of Tacorón, 5 km from La Restinga. in the municipality of El Pinar, Canary Islands. It is being proposed as a center of civil use exclusively, for the launch of micro- and nanosatellites with scientific or commercial objectives, such as telecommunications or Earth observation. The launch location would allow reaching polar orbit with a margin, without affecting the countries of

This is a document about Whalers Way Orbital Launch Complex
  Southern Launch established its headquarters in Adelaide in 2018, before the city was announced as home for the Australian Space Agency. Its offices are located in Pirie Street, Adelaide. The launchpad at Whalers Way was publicly announced in December 2018, with Southern Launch leading the project. The project was declared a major development by the state of South Australia on 22 August 2019, and on 23 October 2019 Southern Launch made a joint announcement with Perigee Aerospace of South Korea about the launch of the "Blue Whale 1" rocket from the Whalers Way facility. The facility was officially approved by the Australian Space Agency on 14 July 2021, intended for use to launch commercial satellites. Southern Launch planned to build two launch pads for orbital launches to polar and sun-synchronous orbits. Pad 1 was expected to host up to three test launches by the end of 2021.

This is a document about Spacecraft Tracking and Data Acquisition Network
 Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, US (ETC) - Network Operations Control Center ; Orroral Valley Tracking Station in Canberra, Australia (ORR) ; Carnarvon, Australia (CRO) ; Cooby Creek Tracking Station in Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia ; Johannesburg, South Africa (BUR) ; Tananarive, Madagascar (TAN) ; East Grand Forks, Minnesota, US ; Shoe Cove, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada (NFL) 47.74111°N, -52.72083°W ; Fort Myers, Florida, US ; Quito, Ecuador (QUI) ; Lima, Peru ; Santiago, Chile (AGO) ; Antofagasta, Chile ; Fairbanks, Alaska, US (ULA) ; Winkfield, England (WNK) ; Rosman, North Carolina, US (ROS) ; Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex in Goldstone, California, US (GDS) ; Barstow, California, US ; Brown Field, California near Chula Vista, US ; Pakistan ; Crete, Greece ; Ascension Island, (South Atlantic Ocean) ; Cooper's Island, Bermuda (BDA) STADAN stations were located:

This is a document about Range safety
  The ESA's primary launch site is in Kourou, French Guyana. ESA rockets employ an RSO system similar to the American one despite the relative remoteness of the launch center. Failures of ESA rockets have been uncommon.

This is a document about Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales
  CONAE built a rocket test site at Las Pipinas, Punta Indio Partido in the Buenos Aires Province, named "Polo Espacial de Punta Indio". It's intended to test the Vex rockets, technological demonstrators for the Tronador II launcher.

The major spacecraft launching center in South America is the Alcântara Space Center in Brazil.


Question: when is the second sound of the heartbeat produced

Answer: during inhalation

This is a document about Heart sounds
  the heart. In healthy adults, there are two normal heart sounds, often described as a lub and a dub that occur in sequence with each heartbeat. These are the first heart sound (S1) and second heart sound (S2), produced by the closing of the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves, respectively. In addition to these normal sounds, a variety of other sounds may be present including heart murmurs, adventitious sounds, and gallop rhythms S3 and S4. Heart murmurs are generated by turbulent flow of blood and a murmur to be heard as turbulent flow must require pressure difference of at least 30 mm of Hg between the chambers and the pressure dominant chamber will outflow

This is a document about Heart sounds
  The second heart sound, or S2, forms the "dub" of "lub-dub" and is composed of components A2 (aortic valve closure) and P2 (pulmonary valve closure). Normally A2 precedes P2 especially during inspiration where a split of S2 can be heard. It is caused by the closure of the semilunar valves (the aortic valve and pulmonary valve) at the end of ventricular systole and the beginning of ventricular diastole. As the left ventricle empties, its pressure falls below the pressure in the aorta. Aortic blood flow quickly reverses back toward the left ventricle, catching the pocket-like cusps of the aortic valve, and is stopped by aortic valve closure. Similarly, as the pressure in the right ventricle falls below the pressure in the pulmonary artery, the pulmonary valve

This is a document about Heart
   Typically, healthy hearts have only two audible heart sounds, called S1 and S2. The first heart sound S1, is the sound created by the closing of the atrioventricular valves during ventricular contraction and is normally described as "lub". The second heart sound, S2, is the sound of the semilunar valves closing during ventricular diastole and is described as "dub". Each sound consists of two components, reflecting the slight difference in time as the two valves close. S2 may split into two distinct sounds, either as a result of inspiration or different valvular or cardiac problems. Additional heart sounds may also be present and these give rise

This is a document about Cardiac physiology
  One of the simplest methods of assessing the heart's condition is to listen to it using a stethoscope. In a healthy heart, there are only two audible heart sounds, called S1 and S2. The first heart sound S1, is the sound created by the closing of the atrioventricular valves during ventricular contraction and is normally described as "lub". The second heart sound, S2, is the sound of the semilunar valves closing during ventricular diastole and is described as "dub". Each sound consists of two components, reflecting the slight difference in time as the two valves close. S2 may split into two distinct

This is a document about Phonocardiogram
  Heart sounds result from vibrations created by the closure of the heart valves. There are at least two; the first (S1) is produced when the atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and mitral) close at the beginning of systole and the second (S2) when the aortic valve and pulmonary valve (semilunar valves) close at the end of systole. Phonocardiography allows the detection of subaudible sounds and murmurs and makes a permanent record of these events. In contrast, the stethoscope cannot always detect all such sounds or murmurs and provides no record of their occurrence. The ability to quantitate the sounds made by the heart provides information not readily available from more sophisticated tests and provides vital information about the effects of certain drugs on the heart. It is also an effective method for tracking the progress of a patient's disease.

This is a document about Fourth heart sound
  The normal heart sounds, S1 and S2, are produced during the closing of the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves, respectively. The closing of these valves produces a brief period of turbulent flow, which produces sound. The S4 sound occurs, by definition, immediately before S1, while the atria of the heart are vigorously contracting. It is manifest as a vibration of 20 to 30 Hz within the ventricle. While the mechanism is not absolutely certain, it is generally accepted that S4 is caused by stiffening of the walls of the ventricles (usually the left), which produces abnormally turbulent flow as the atria contract to force blood into the ventricle. S4 is sometimes audible in the elderly due to a more rigid ventricle. When loud, it is a sign of a pathologic state, usually a failing left ventricle. If the problem lies with the left ventricle, the gallop rhythm

This is a document about Mitral valve stenosis
  termed M1 and T1, respectively. M1 becomes louder in mitral stenosis. It may be the most prominent sign. If pulmonary hypertension secondary to mitral stenosis is severe, the P2 (pulmonic) component of the second heart sound (S2) will become loud. An opening snap that is a high-pitch additional sound may be heard after the A2 (aortic) component of the second heart sound (S2), which correlates to the forceful opening of the mitral valve. The mitral valve opens when the pressure in the left atrium is greater than the pressure in the left ventricle. This happens in ventricular diastole (after closure of the aortic valve), when the

This is a document about Heart sounds
  The third heart sound, or S3 is rarely heard, and is also called a protodiastolic gallop, ventricular gallop, or informally the "Kentucky" gallop as an onomatopoeic reference to the rhythm and stress of S1 followed by S2 and S3 together (S1=Ken; S2=tuck; S3=y). "lub-dub-ta" or "slosh-ing-in" If new, indicates heart failure or volume overload. It occurs at the beginning of diastole after S2 and is lower in pitch than S1 or S2 as it is not of valvular origin. The third heart sound is benign in youth, some trained athletes, and sometimes in pregnancy but if it re-emerges later in life it may signal cardiac problems, such as a failing left ventricle as in dilated

This is a document about Cardiac cycle
  typical rate of 70 to 75 beats per minute, each cardiac cycle, or heartbeat, takes about 0.8 seconds to complete the cycle. There are two atrial and two ventricle chambers of the heart; they are paired as the left heart and the right heart—that is, the left atrium with the left ventricle, the right atrium with the right ventricle—and they work in concert to repeat the cardiac cycle continuously, (see cycle diagram at right margin). At the start of the cycle, during ventricular diastole–early, the heart relaxes and expands while receiving blood into both ventricles through both atria; then, near the end of  ventricular diastole–late, the two

This is a document about Heart valve
  ventricular systole, when the pressure in the right ventricle rises above the pressure in the pulmonary artery. At the end of ventricular systole, when the pressure in the right ventricle falls rapidly, the pressure in the pulmonary artery will close the pulmonary valve. The closure of the pulmonary valve contributes the P2 component of the second heart sound. The right heart is a low-pressure system, so the P2 component of the second heart sound is usually softer than the A2 component of the second heart sound. However, it is physiologically normal in some young people to hear both components separated during inhalation.

This is a document about Heart sounds
  Gray1216 modern locations.svg, showing surface relations of bones, lungs (purple), pleura (blue), and heart (red outline). The locations of best auscultation for each heart valve are labeled with "M", "T", "A", and "P". First heart sound: caused by atrioventricular valves – Mitral (M) and Tricuspid (T). Second heart sound caused by semilunar valves – Aortic (A) and Pulmonary/Pulmonic (P).]] Heart sounds are the noises generated by the beating heart and the resultant flow of blood through it. Specifically, the sounds reflect the turbulence created when the heart valves snap shut. In cardiac auscultation, an examiner may use a stethoscope to listen for these unique and distinct sounds that provide important auditory data regarding the condition

This is a document about Heart valve
  ventricular systole, pressure rises in the left ventricle and when it is greater than the pressure in the aorta, the aortic valve opens, allowing blood to exit the left ventricle into the aorta. When ventricular systole ends, pressure in the left ventricle rapidly drops and the pressure in the aorta forces aortic valve to close. The closure of the aortic valve contributes the A2 component of the second heart sound. The pulmonary valve (sometimes referred to as the pulmonic valve) lies between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery, and has three cusps. Similar to the aortic valve, the pulmonary valve opens

This is a document about Arthur D. Hirschfelder
  Arthur Hirschfelder returned to Johns Hopkins as chief of the new physiological laboratory of the Department of Medicine in 1905. It was at Johns Hopkins that Hirschfelder pursued research on the electrocardiogram (also known as the EKG or ECG) in humans and became the first doctor to do so. In 1907 Hirschfelder and A. G. Gibson independently discovered what is now called the "third heart sound". During the spring of 1913, after Hirschfelder wrote a paper on "Diuretics in Cardiovascular Disease" and presented it at the American Medical Association meeting, Charles Lyman Green, a professor of pharmacology at the University of Minnesota College of Medical Sciences, offered Hirschfelder a professorship position in pharmacology at Minnesota. Hirschfelder accepted the position and moved to Minneapolis,

This is a document about Mitral valve stenosis
 Malar flush - due to back pressure and buildup of carbon dioxide (CO2). CO2 is a natural vasodilator. ; Atrial fibrillation - irregular pulse and loss of 'a' wave in jugular venous pressure ; Left parasternal heave - presence of right ventricular hypertrophy due to pulmonary hypertension ; Tapping apex beat that is not displaced Upon auscultation of an individual with mitral stenosis, the first heart sound is usually loud and may be palpable (tapping apex beat) because of increased force in closing the mitral valve. The first heart sound is made by the mitral and tricuspid heart valves closing. These are normally synchronous, and the sounds

This is a document about Heart
  gallop rhythms. A third heart sound, S3 usually indicates an increase in ventricular blood volume. A fourth heart sound S4 is referred to as an atrial gallop and is produced by the sound of blood being forced into a stiff ventricle. The combined presence of S3 and S4 give a quadruple gallop. Heart murmurs are abnormal heart sounds which can be either related to disease or benign, and there are several kinds. There are normally two heart sounds, and abnormal heart sounds can either be extra sounds, or "murmurs" related to the flow of blood between the sounds. Murmurs are graded by volume, from 1 (the

This is a document about Split S2
  lungs, and PVR is lower because of lung expansion). Since there is an increase in blood volume in the right ventricle during inspiration, the pulmonary valve (P2 component of S2) stays open longer during ventricular systole due to an increase in ventricular emptying time, whereas the aortic valve (A2 component of S2) closes slightly earlier due to a reduction in left ventricular volume and ventricular emptying time. Thus the P2 component of S2 is delayed relative to that of the A2 component. This delay in P2 versus A2 is heard as a slight broadening or even "splitting" of the second heart sound; though it is usually only heard in the pulmonic area of the

This is a document about Mitral regurgitation
  be decompensation and patients can develop volume overload (congestive heart failure). Symptoms of entry into a decompensated phase may include fatigue, shortness of breath particularly on exertion, and leg swelling. Also, there may be development of an irregular heart rhythm known as atrial fibrillation. Findings on clinical examination depend on the severity and duration of MR. The mitral component of the first heart sound is usually soft and with a laterally displaced apex beat, often with heave. The first heart sound is followed by a high-pitched holosystolic murmur at the apex, radiating to the back or clavicular area. Its duration is, as the

This is a document about Split S2
  because the P2 is soft and not heard in other areas. During expiration, the chest wall collapses and decreases the negative intrathoracic pressure (compared to inspiration). Therefore, there is no longer an increase in blood return to the right ventricle versus the left ventricle and the right ventricle volume is no longer increased. This allows the pulmonary valve to close earlier such that it overlaps the closing of the aortic valve, and the split is no longer heard. It is physiologically normal to hear a "splitting" of the second heart tone in younger people, during inspiration and in the "pulmonary area", i.e. the 2nd ICS (intercostal space) at the left edge of the sternum.

This is a document about Cardiac muscle
  The cardiac cycle is the performance of the human heart from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next. It consists of two periods: one during which the heart muscle relaxes and refills with blood, called diastole, following a period of robust contraction and pumping of blood, dubbed systole. After emptying, the heart immediately relaxes and expands to receive another influx of blood returning from the lungs and other systems of the body, before again contracting to pump blood to the lungs and those systems. A normally performing heart must be fully expanded before it can efficiently pump again. The rest phase is considered polarized. The resting potential during this phase of the beat separates the ions such as

This is a document about Third heart sound
  S3 is thought to be caused by the oscillation of blood back and forth between the walls of the ventricles initiated by the inflow of blood from the atria. The reason the third heart sound does not occur until the middle third of diastole is probably that, during the early part of diastole, the ventricles are not filled sufficiently to create enough tension for reverberation. It may also be a result of tensing of the chordae tendineae during rapid filling and expansion of the ventricle.

The second sound of the heartbeat, also known as S2, is produced during the closure of the semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary valves) at the end of ventricular systole.


Question: who wrote the introduction to the voyage out

Answer: Phyllis Rose

This is a document about Virginia Woolf
  Her first novel, The Voyage Out, was published in 1915 at the age of 33, by her half-brother's imprint, Gerald Duckworth and Company Ltd. This novel was originally titled Melymbrosia, but Woolf repeatedly changed the draft. An earlier version of The Voyage Out has been reconstructed by Woolf scholar Louise DeSalvo and is now available to the public under the intended title. DeSalvo argues that many of the changes Woolf made in the text were in response to changes in her own life. The novel is set on a ship bound for South America, and a group of young Edwardians onboard and their various mismatched yearnings and misunderstandings. In the

This is a document about The Voyage Out
  The Voyage Out is the first novel by Virginia Woolf, published in 1915 by Duckworth; and published in the US in 1920 by Doran.

This is a document about The Voyage Out
  Woolf began work on The Voyage Out by 1910 (and perhaps even as early of 1907) and had finished an early draft by 1912. The novel had a long and difficult gestation; it was not published until 1915, as it was written during a period in which Woolf was especially psychologically vulnerable. She suffered from periods of depression and at one point attempted suicide. The resultant work contained the seeds of all that would blossom in her later work: the innovative narrative style, the focus on feminine consciousness, sexuality and death. In 1981, Louise DeSalvo published an alternate version of The Voyage Out featuring its original title, Melymbrosia. Professor DeSalvo worked for seven years on the project of reconstructing the text of the novel as it might have appeared in 1912, before

This is a document about Masterpieces of Science Fiction
 "Introduction" (Sam Moskowitz) ; "Voyage to the Moon" (Cyrano de Bergerac) ; "The Mortal Immortal" (Mary Shelley) ; "Hans Pfaall—A Tale" (Edgar Allan Poe) ; "Note on "Hans Pfaall" (Edgar Allan Poe) ; "Richard Adams Locke" (Edgar Allan Poe) ; "The Wondersmith" (Fitz-James O'Brien) ; "The Eternal Adam" (Jules Verne and Michel Verne; as by Jules Verne) ; "The Brick Moon" (Edward Everett Hale) ; "Lost in a Comet's Tail; or, Frank Reade, Jr.'s Strange Adventure with His New Air-Ship" (Noname) ; "The Country of the Blind" (H. G. Wells) ; "The Place of Pain" (M. P. Shiel) ; "The Los Amigos Fiasco" (Arthur Conan Doyle) ; "The Resurrection of Jimber-Jaw" (Edgar Rice Burroughs) ; "The People of the Pit" (A. Merritt) ; "System" (Josef Capek and Karel Capek) ; "Extra Sensory Perfection" (Hugo Gernsback) ; "The Colour Out of Space" (H. P. Lovecraft) ; "Humanity on Venus" (Olaf Stapledon) ; "Jungle Journey" (Philip Wylie) ; "The Lotus Eaters" (Stanley G. Weinbaum)

This is a document about Mrs Dalloway
 "The New Dress": a self-conscious guest has a new dress made for the event ; "The Introduction": whose main character is Lily Everit ; "Together and Apart": Mrs Dalloway introduces the main protagonists ; "The Man Who Loved His Kind": Mrs Dalloway's husband Richard invites a school friend, who finds the evening uncomfortable in the extreme ; "A Summing Up": a couple meet in her garden Mrs Dalloway also appears in Virginia Woolf's first novel, The Voyage Out, as well as five of her short stories, in which she hosts dinner parties to which the main subject of the narrative is invited:  The stories (except for "The Introduction") all appear in the 1944 collection A Haunted House and Other Short Stories, and in the 1973 collection Mrs Dalloway's Party.

This is a document about The 1980 Annual World's Best SF
 "Introduction" (Donald A. Wollheim) ; "The Way of Cross and Dragon" (George R. R. Martin) ; "The Thirteenth Utopia" (Somtow Sucharitkul) ; "Options" (John Varley) ; "Unaccompanied Sonata" (Orson Scott Card) ; "The Story Writer" (Richard Wilson) ; "Daisy, in the Sun" (Connie Willis) ; "The Locusts" (Larry Niven and Steven Barnes) ; "The Thaw" (Tanith Lee) ; "Out There Where the Big Ships Go" (Richard Cowper) ; "Can These Bones Live?" (Ted Reynolds) ; "The Extraordinary Voyages of Amélie Bertrand" (Joanna Russ)

This is a document about Wondrous Beginnings
 "Introduction" (Steven H Silver) ; "Introduction to 'The Runaway Skyscraper'" (Betty Dehardit) ; "The Runaway Skyscraper" (1919) (Murray Leinster) ; "Introduction to 'The Isolinguals'" (L. Sprague de Camp) ; "The Isolinguals" (1937) (L. Sprague de Camp) ; "Introduction to 'Freedom of the Race'" (Anne McCaffrey) ; "Freedom of the Race" (1953) (Anne McCaffrey) ; "About 'Proof,' of Course" (Hal Clement) ; "Proof" (1942) (Hal Clement) ; "Introduction to 'Loophole'" (Arthur C. Clarke) ; "Loophole" (1946) (Arthur C. Clarke) ; "Deadeye: Writing 'The Dead Man'" (Gene Wolfe) ; "The Dead Man" (1965) (Gene Wolfe) ; "Introduction to 'We're Coming Through the Window'" (Barry N. Malzberg) ; "We're Coming Through the Window" (1967) (Barry N. Malzberg) ; "Introduction to 'The Hero'" (George R. R. Martin) ; "The Hero" (1971) (George R. R. Martin) ; "My (Other) World and Welcome

This is a document about The Graphic Canon
 Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad ; Naked Lunch by William S. Burroughs ; Letters to a Young Poet by Rainer Maria Rilke ; The Man with the Golden Arm by Nelson Algren ; "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" and "The Waste Land" by T. S. Eliot ; "The Second Coming" by W. B. Yeats ; The Voyage Out by Virginia Woolf ; Ulysses and "Araby" from Dubliners by James Joyce ; Lolita by Vladimir Nabokov ; The Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton ; Siddhartha and ''Steppenwolf by Hermann Hesse ; "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" by Langston Hughes ; One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest by Ken

This is a document about The Peculiar Exploits of Brigadier Ffellowes
 "Introduction" (Arthur C. Clarke) (English edition and later American edition only) ; "His Only Safari" (1970) ; "The Kings of the Sea" (1968) ; "His Coat So Gay" (1965) ; "The Leftovers" (1969) ; "A Feminine Jurisdiction" (1969) ; "Fraternity Brother" (1969) ; "Soldier Key" (1968)

This is a document about The Voyage Out
  had begun serious revisions. She reviewed more than 1,000 manuscript pages from Woolf's private papers, dating the earlier versions of the work by small organizational clues such as the color of ink used or noticing where a pen had last left off writing. DeSalvo's Melymbrosia attempts to restore the text of the novel as Woolf had originally conceived it, which contained more candid political commentary on such issues as homosexuality, women's suffrage, and colonialism. According to DeSalvo, Woolf was "warned by colleagues that publishing such an outspoken indictment of Britain could prove disastrous to her fledgling career". The work was heavily revised until it became the novel now known as The Voyage Out, which omits much of the political candour of the original. DeSalvo's edition was reissued by Cleis Press in 2002.

This is a document about The Other Side of the Moon (anthology)
 Introduction, by August Derleth ; "The Appearance of Man", by John D. Beresford ; "The Star", by H. G. Wells ; "The Thing on Outer Shoal", by P. Schuyler Miller ; "The Strange Drug of Dr. Caber", by Lord Dunsany ; "The World of Wulkins", by Frank Belknap Long ; "The City of the Singing Flame", by Clark Ashton Smith ; "Beyond the Wall of Sleep", by H. P. Lovecraft ; "The Devil of East Lupton", by Murray Leinster ; "Conquerors’ Isle", by Nelson Bond ; "Something from Above", by Donald Wandrei ; "Pillar of Fire", by Ray Bradbury ; "The Monster", by Gerald Kersh ; "Symbiosis", by Will F. Jenkins ; "The Cure", by Lewis Padgett ; "Vault of the Beast", by A. E. van Vogt ; "The Earth Men", by Ray Bradbury ; "Original Sin", by S. Fowler Wright ; "Spiro", by Eric Frank Russell ; "Memorial", by Theodore Sturgeon ; "Resurrection", by A. E. van Vogt

This is a document about David Lindsay (novelist)
  Voyage to Arcturus was published in 1920, but it was not a success, selling fewer than six hundred copies. The work shows links with Scottish fantasists such as George MacDonald, whose work Lindsay was familiar with, and it had a central influence on C. S. Lewis's Out of the Silent Planet. J. R. R. Tolkien said that he had read the book "with avidity", and characterised it as a work of philosophy, religion and morality. Lindsay attempted to write a more commercial novel with his next work The Haunted Woman (1922), but this was barely more successful than Voyage. He continued to write novels, including the humorous potboiler The Adventures of Monsieur de Mailly, set in France in the time of Louis

This is a document about World's Best Science Fiction: 1966
 "Introduction" (Donald A. Wollheim and Terry Carr) ; "Sunjammer" (Arthur C. Clarke) ; "Calling Dr. Clockwork" (Ron Goulart) ; "Becalmed in Hell" (Larry Niven) ; "Apartness" (Vernor Vinge) ; "Over the River and Through the Woods" (Clifford D. Simak) ; "Planet of Forgetting" (James H. Schmitz) ; "'Repent, Harlequin!' Said the Ticktockman" (Harlan Ellison) ; "The Decision Makers" (Joseph L. Green) ; "Traveler's Rest" (David I. Masson) ; "Uncollected Works" (Lin Carter) ; "Vanishing Point" (Jonathan Brand) ; "In Our Block" (R. A. Lafferty) ; "Masque of the Red Shift" (Fred Saberhagen) ; "The Captive Djinn" (Christopher Anvil) ; "The Good New Days" (Fritz Leiber)

This is a document about The Sleeping and the Dead
 Introduction, by August Derleth ; "A View from a Hill", by M. R. James ; "Glory Hand", by August Derleth ; "The Lady’s Maid’s Bell", by Edith Wharton ; "The Shadows", by Henry S. Whitehead ; "Out of the Eons", by Hazel Heald ; "The Jar", by Ray Bradbury ; "The Bully of Chapelizod", by Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu ; "Over the River", by P. Schuyler Miller ; "Carnaby’s Fish", by Carl Jacobi ; "The Painted Mirror", by Donald Wandrei ; "The Double Shadow", by Clark Ashton Smith ; "The Ocean Leech", by Frank Belknap Long ; "Amina", by Edward Lucas White ; "Farewell Performance", by H. Russell Wakefield ; "One Way to Mars",

This is a document about The Good New Stuff
 "Preface" (Gardner Dozois) ; "Good-Bye, Robinson Crusoe" (John Varley) ; "The Way of Cross and Dragon" (George R. R. Martin) ; "Swarm" (Bruce Sterling) ; "The Blind Minotaur" (Michael Swanwick) ; "The Blabber" (Vernor Vinge) ; "The Return of the Kangaroo Rex" (Janet Kagan) ; "Prayers on the Wind" (Walter Jon Williams) ; "The Missionary's Child" (Maureen F. McHugh) ; "Poles Apart" (G. David Nordley) ; "Guest of Honor" (Robert Reed) ; "Flowering Mandrake" (George Turner) ; "Cilia-of-Gold" (Stephen Baxter) ; "Gone to Glory" (R. Garcia y Robertson) ; "A Dry, Quiet War" (Tony Daniel) ; "All Tomorrow's Parties" (Paul J. McAuley) ; "Escape Route" (Peter F. Hamilton) ; "The Eye of God" (Mary Rosenblum)

This is a document about 1931 in poetry
 Franklin P. Adams, Christopher Columbus ; Conrad Aiken: ; The Coming Forth by Day of Osris Jones ; Preludes for Memnon ; E. E. Cummings, W (ViVa) ; Hilda Doolittle (H.D.), Red Roses for Bronze ; Langston Hughes, The Negro Mother ; Edna St. Vincent Millay, Fatal Interview ; Ogden Nash: ; Free Wheeling ; Hard Lines ; Dorothy Parker, Death and Taxes ; Edward Arlington Robinson, Mathias at the Door ; Wallace Stevens, Harmonium, including "Le Monocle de Mon Oncle", "The Comedian as the Letter C", "The Emperor of Ice Cream", "Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird", "Peter Quince at the Clavier", "Sunday Morning", "Sea Surface Full of Clouds" and "In the Clear Season of Grapes"), Knopf, revised from 1923 edition ; Mark Van Doren, Jonathan Gentry ; Yvor Winters, The Journey ; Gamel Woolsey, Middle Earth

This is a document about Virginia Woolf
  her diary: "Love-making—after 25 years can't bear to be separate ... you see it is enormous pleasure being wanted: a wife. And our marriage so complete." However, Virginia made a suicide attempt in 1913. In October 1914, Leonard and Virginia Woolf moved away from Bloomsbury and central London to Richmond, living at 17 The Green, a home discussed by Leonard in his autobiography Beginning Again (1964). In early March 1915, the couple moved again, to nearby Hogarth House, Paradise Road, after which they named their publishing house. Virginia's first novel, The Voyage Out was published in 1915, followed by another suicide attempt. Despite the introduction of conscription in 1916, Leonard

This is a document about Morrill Cody
  an introduction by Ernest Hemingway ; illustrated by Ivan Opffer and Hilaire Hiler," published in England by Herbert Joseph Ltd. in 1934. Lee Furman, Inc. brought out an American edition in 1937. Hugh D. Ford, who wrote the foreword for the 1989 Collier Books reprint, recounts that Hemingway agreed so long as he liked the contents. Hemingway looked over an early and rough version of the text with Cody and Charters at Shakespeare and Company while on his way from Key West to Africa in November 1933. Hemingway then mailed his introduction from Nairobi, Kenya in January 1934. Note, P.30, 'Writing Communities: Aesthetics, Politics, and Late Modernist Literary ...' – Elspeth Egerton Healey, 2008 ISBN: 9781243582416 Morrill Cody (April 10, 1901 - November 23, 1987) was

This is a document about Beachheads in Space
 Introduction, by August Derleth ; "The Star", by David H. Keller, M.D. ; "The Man from Outside", by Jack Williamson ; "Beachhead", by Clifford D. Simak ; "The Years Draw Nigh", by Lester del Rey ; "Metamorphosite", by Eric Frank Russell ; "The Ordeal of Professor Klein", by L. Sprague de Camp ; "Repetition", by A. E. van Vogt ; "Breeds There a Man...?", by Isaac Asimov ; "Meteor", by John Beynon ; "And the Walls Came Tumbling Down", by John Wyndham ; "The Blinding Shadows", by Donald Wandrei ; "The Metamorphosis of Earth", by Clark Ashton Smith ; "The Ambassadors from Venus", by Kendell F. Crossen ; "To People a New World", by Nelson S. Bond

This is a document about Comets (anthology)
 "Introduction: Comets" (Isaac Asimov) ; "A Blazing Starre Seene in the West" (Jonas Wright) ; "Into the Sun" (Robert Duncan Milne) ; "Captain Stormfield's Visit to Heaven" (Mark Twain) ; "The Comet Doom" (Edmond Hamilton) ; "Sunspot" (Hal Clement) ; "Inside the Comet" (Arthur C. Clarke) ; "Raindrop" (Hal Clement) ; "Comet Wine" (Ray Russell) ; "The Red Euphoric Bands" (Philip Latham) ; "Throwback" (Sydney J. Bounds) ; "Kindergarten" (James E. Gunn) ; "West Wind, Falling" (Gregory Benford and Gordon Eklund) ; "The Comet, the Cairn and the Capsule" (Duncan Lunan) ; "Some Joys Under the Star" (Frederik Pohl) ; "Future Forbidden" (Philip Latham) ; "The Death of Princes" (Fritz Leiber) ; "The Funhouse Effect" (John Varley) ; "The Family Man" (Theodore L. Thomas) ; "Double Planet" (Dr. John Gribbin) ; "Pride" (Poul Anderson)

The introduction to "The Voyage Out" was written by Virginia Woolf herself.


Question: who sang bring it on home to me first

Answer: Sam Cooke

This is a document about The Knack (UK band)
  hired for a long term engagement at the Star Club in Hamburg, Germany. Performing under the name, the Londoners, they became a top attraction and were even invited to record cut a single for the Star Club's in-house record label. The single, which paired their version of Elvis Presley's "That's My Desire" a rendition of Sam Cooke's "Bring It On Home To Me," was issued strictly in Germany. The band returned to England in 1965. Shortly after their return, Paul Gurvitz convinced the other members of the group to change their name to the Knack, a move inspired by the Richard

This is a document about Bring It On Home to Me
  "Bring It On Home to Me" is a song by American soul singer Sam Cooke, released on May 8, 1962, by RCA Victor. Produced by Hugo & Luigi, and arranged and conducted by René Hall, the song was the B-side to "Having a Party". The song peaked at number two on Billboard Hot R&B Sides chart, and also charted at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song has become a pop standard, covered by numerous artists of different genres. It is one of The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll.

This is a document about Bring It On Home to Me
  seven-piece rhythm section that included two percussionists, two bassists, two guitars, and a piano." The song is a significant reworking of Charles Brown's 1959 single "I Want to Go Home", and it retains the gospel flavor and call-and-response format; the song differs significantly in that its refrain ("Bring it to me, bring your sweet lovin', bring it on home to me") is overtly secular. The song was the first serious nod to his gospel roots ("[He] felt that he needed more weight, that that light shit wouldn't sustain him," said J.W. Alexander). The song was aiming for a sound similar to Cooke's former group, the Soul Stirrers. The original, unreleased first take includes vocals from Lou Rawls, J.W. Alexander, Fred Smith (former assistant A&R rep at Keen Records), and "probably" the Sims Twins. A second, final take leaves Lou Rawls as the only echoing voice.

This is a document about Bring It On Home to Me
 Sam Cooke – vocals ; Lou Rawls – backing vocals ; Clifton White – guitar ; Tommy Tedesco – guitar ; René Hall – guitar ; Adolphus Asbrook – bass guitar ; Ray Pohlman – bass guitar ; Ernie Freeman – piano ; Frank Capp – drums, percussion ; William Green – saxophone Cecil Figelski – cello ; Armand Kaproff – cello ; Wilbert Nuttycombe – viola ; Irving Weinper – viola ; Myron Sandler – violin ; Joseph Saxon – violin ; Ralph Schaeffer – violin ; Marshall Sosson – violin ; Elliot Fisher – violin ; Marvin Limonick – violin "Bring It On Home to Me" was recorded on April 26, 1962, at RCA Studio 1 in the Hollywood area of Los Angeles, California. The engineer present was Al Schmitt, and the session was conducted and arranged by René Hall. The musicians also recorded "Having a Party" the same day. Credits adapted from the liner notes to the 2003 compilation Portrait of a Legend: 1951–1964.

This is a document about Bring It on Home (Sonny Boy Williamson II song)
  "Bring It on Home" is a blues song written by American music arranger and songwriter Willie Dixon. Sonny Boy Williamson II recorded it in 1963, but the song was not released until 1966. Led Zeppelin adapted it in part as a homage to Williamson in 1969 and subsequently, the song has been recorded by several artists.

This is a document about Bring It on Home (Sonny Boy Williamson II song)
  In 1969, English rock band Led Zeppelin recorded a version of the song for their album Led Zeppelin II. The intro and outro were deliberate homages to the Sonny Boy Williamson song, whereas the rest of the track was an original composition by Jimmy Page and Robert Plant. Led Zeppelin performed "Bring It on Home" in concert at different points in their career. A recording from a June 25, 1972, concert in Los Angeles is included on How the West Was Won. In 1973, a portion of the song was used to link performances of "Celebration Day" and "Black Dog" and it was played at the reunion of surviving Led Zeppelin members staged at Jason Bonham's wedding reception in May 1990.

This is a document about Rock 'n' Roll (John Lennon album)
 John Lennon – guitar, vocals ; Jesse Ed Davis – guitar ; Jim Calvert – guitar ; Steve Cropper – guitar ; Louie Shelton - guitar ; Eddie Mottau – acoustic guitar ; José Feliciano – acoustic guitar ; Michael Hazelwood – acoustic guitar ; Klaus Voormann – bass guitar, answer vocal on "Bring It On Home to Me" ; Leon Russell – keyboards ; Ken Ascher – keyboards ; Michael Lang – keyboards ; Jim Keltner – drums ; Hal Blaine – drums ; Gary Mallaber – drums ; Arthur Jenkins – percussion ; Nino Tempo – saxophone ; Jeff Barry – horn ; Barry Mann – horn ; Bobby Keys – horn ; Peter Jameson – horn ; Joseph Temperley – horn ; Dennis Morouse – horn ; Frank Vicari – horn

This is a document about Bring It on Home (Sonny Boy Williamson II song)
  Sonny Boy Williamson recorded the song on January 11, 1963 in Chicago. He alternates his vocal sections with harmonica phrases, accompanied by Matt "Guitar" Murphy on guitar, Milton Rector on bass guitar, Al Duncan on drums, and either Lafayette Leake or Billy Emerson on organ. AllMusic reviewer Bill Janovitz describes Williamson's harp playing as "subdued" and his vocal delivery as "smooth": "The swinging music chugs like a train, a feeling it is supposed to evoke for the lyrics "Bring It on Home" was released three years later in early 1966, when it was included on the Chess Records Williamson compilation The Real Folk Blues. Chess subsidiary Checker Records also released it as a single, but it did not reach the record charts.

This is a document about Bring It On Home to Me
  "Bring It On Home to Me", like its B-side, "Having a Party", was written while Cooke was on tour for Henry Wynn. The song was initially offered to fellow singer Dee Clark, who turned it down. While in Atlanta, Cooke called co-producer Luigi Creatore and pitched both numbers; Creatore liked the songs, and booked a recording session in Los Angeles, scheduled for two weeks later. The session's mood "matched the title" of the song, according to biographer Peter Guralnick, as many friends had been invited. "It was a very happy session," recalled engineer Al Schmitt. "Everybody was just having a ball. We were getting people out there [on the floor], and some of the outtakes were hilarious, there was so much ad lib that went on." René Hall assembled an eighteen-piece backing group, "composed of six violins, two violas, two cellos, and a sax, plus

This is a document about Bring It On Home (Little Big Town song)
  "Bring It On Home" is a song written by Greg Bieck, Tyler Hayes Bieck and Wayne Kirkpatrick and recorded by American country music group Little Big Town. It was released January 2006 as the second single from their album The Road to Here. This was the band's highest charting single until "Pontoon" hit number 1.

This is a document about Roots: John Lennon Sings the Great Rock & Roll Hits
 John Lennon: Guitars, vocals ; Jesse Ed Davis: Guitar ; Steve Cropper: Guitar ; Jim Calvert: Guitar ; Eddie Mottau: Acoustic guitar ; José Feliciano: Acoustic guitar ; Michael Hazelwood: Acoustic Guitar ; Klaus Voormann: Bass guitar, answer vocal on "Bring It On Home to Me" ; Leon Russell: Keyboards ; Ken Ascher: Keyboards ; Jim Keltner: Drums ; Hal Blaine: Drums ; Gary Mallaber: Drums ; Arthur Jenkins: Percussion ; Nino Tempo: Saxophone ; Jeff Barry: Horn ; Barry Mann: Horn ; Bobby Keys: Horn ; Peter Jameson: Horn ; Joseph Temperley: Horn ; Dennis Morouse: Horn ; Frank Vicari: Horn

This is a document about Bring It on Home (album)
  Bring It on Home is a covers album by Joan Osborne, released under Saguaro Road Records on March 27, 2012. It was her first album in five years. The record is co-produced with guitarist Jack Petruzzelli and consists entirely of blues and R&B covers. The album also includes tracks originally made famous by American blues masters, such as Sonny Boy Williamson ("Bring It on Home"), Muddy Waters ("I Want to Be Loved"), as well as recordings originally released by some of the best-known R&B performers, including Ray Charles ("I Don’t Need No Doctor"), Al Green ("Rhymes"), and Otis Redding ("Champagne and Wine"). The first single was "Shake Your Hips", released in January 2012 on iTunes. Osborne toured to support her album in March 2012 and was slated to do so again in the spring of 2013. Bring It on Home was nominated for a 2013 Grammy award in the Blues category.

This is a document about Lou Rawls
  Book" and "80 Ways" were released a year later by Candix Records. In 1962 he signed a contract with Capitol Records and sang backing vocals on "Bring It On Home to Me" and "That's Where It's At", both written by Cooke. Rawls charted with a cover of "Bring It On Home to Me" in 1970 (with the title shortened to "Bring It On Home"). Stormy Monday, a jazz album with Les McCann, was released in 1962. The next two Capitol albums (Black and Blue, Tobacco Road) sold well and employed Onzy Matthews as musical director and a 17-piece big band. Both albums reached the Billboard magazine charts

This is a document about The Animals
  UK. The Animals' two-year chart career, with their songs produced by Mickie Most, featured intense, gritty pop-music covers such as Sam Cooke's "Bring It On Home to Me" and the Simone-popularised number "Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood." In contrast, their album tracks stayed with rhythm and blues, with John Lee Hooker's "Boom Boom" and Ray Charles' "I Believe to My Soul" as notable examples. In October 1964, the Animals visited New York for concert dates and an appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show. They were transported from the airport into Manhattan in a motorcade, chased by shrieking young female fans, consisting

This is a document about Dave Mason (album)
 1) "Bring It On Home to Me" (Sam Cooke) - 2:53 ; 2) "Harmony and Melody" - 3:35 ; 3) "Relation Ships" - 5:03 ; 4) "You Can't Take It When You Go" - 4:08

This is a document about Bring It Home to Me
  Bring It Home to Me is an album by American trumpeter Blue Mitchell recorded in 1966 and released on the Blue Note label. The albums features mainly blues. An exception is "Portrait of Jennie" (incorrectly titled "Portrait of Jenny" on the album), a ballad originally written for the movie Portrait of Jennie (1948).

This is a document about Paul Kelly (American musician)
  was not a major hit for her, Karla Bonoff recorded the song in 1982 and scored a No. 19 pop hit. Kelly recorded "Personally" on his 1993 Gonna Stick and Stay album.) In 1983, Kelly started his own independent label, Laurence Records, using the pseudonym "Laurence Dunbar". The label had a minor hit with "Bring It on Home to Me", sung by Carol Dennis and written and produced by Kelly, in 1984/85. (He wound up the label in 1991.) In the late 1980s, Kelly and his family moved from Brooklyn to Ruby, South Carolina. Kelly continued to send out demos to labels.

This is a document about The Most of Animals
 1) "Bring It On Home to Me" (Sam Cooke) – 2:45 ; 2) "Worried Life Blues" (M. Merriweather, Wabash) – 4:13 ; 3) "Baby Let Me Take You Home" (Bob Russell, Wes Farrell) – 2:22 ; 4) "For Miss Caulker" (Eric Burdon) – 3:59 ; 5) "I Believe to My Soul" (Ray Charles, Learner) – 3:25 ; 6) "How You've Changed" (Chuck Berry) – 3:15

This is a document about Diesel (musician)
  In August 1991, as Johnny Diesel, his solo career was launched with the single "Love Junk", which peaked in the top 20. Diesel toured Australia with Barnes during the second half of the year. He had signed with EMI Music Australia and his second single, "Come to Me", was released in November under the epithet Diesel—subsequent releases saw him billed as Diesel until 1998—which reached No. 8 on the singles charts. November also saw the release of Barnes' next album, Soul Deep, with Diesel on guitar and also duetting on the Sam Cooke cover "Bring It On Home to Me". Diesel left his management team of Eccles and John Woodruff. He

This is a document about Sam Cooke
  first RCA Victor singles was "Chain Gang", which reached No. 2 on the Billboard pop chart. It was followed by more hits, including "Sad Mood", "Cupid", "Bring It On Home to Me" (with Lou Rawls on backing vocals), "Another Saturday Night", and "Twistin' the Night Away". In 1961, Cooke started his own record label, SAR Records, with J. W. Alexander and his manager, Roy Crain. The label soon included the Simms Twins, the Valentinos (who were Bobby Womack and his brothers), Mel Carter and Johnnie Taylor. Cooke then created a publishing imprint and management firm named Kags. Like most R&B artists of his time,

Sam Cooke sang "Bring It on Home to Me" first, releasing it as a single in 1962.


Question: what is the name of ramaiya vastavaiya heroine

Answer: Sona

This is a document about Ramaiya Vastavaiya
  Ramaiya Vastavaiya is a 2013 Indian Hindi-language romantic drama film directed by Prabhu Deva and produced by Kumar S. Taurani, under Tips Industries. The film stars debutant Girish Kumar alongside Shruti Haasan in lead roles. The film is a remake of Prabhudeva's directorial debut film Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana.The film was released on 19 July 2013.

This is a document about Ramayya Vasthavayya (soundtrack)
  Ramayya Vasthavayya is the soundtrack to the 2013 Telugu romantic-action film of the same name, directed by Harish Shankar and starring N. T. Rama Rao Jr., Samantha Ruth Prabhu and Shruti Haasan. The soundtrack album originally includes six tracks composed by S. Thaman and was released on 21 September 2013. The release coincided with a promotional event held at Hotel Marriott in Hyderabad, India. The album was officially released by Aditya Music, one of the prominent music companies in South India. The audio went on to receive enormously positive response from reviewers and audience alike thanks to the promos released.

This is a document about Girish Kumar
  An ethnic Sindhi, Kumar was signed for the Bollywood romance film Ramaiya Vastavaiya, directed by Prabhu Deva and produced by his father Kumar S. Taurani, who is the managing director of Tips Industries Limited. In order to build the physique required for the film, Kumar had to undergo a strict regimen of training and diet for three years. He had also learned surfing for the film. Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama commented on his performance: "Girish being a first-timer, there are some rough edges, but the fact is, he's photogenic and goes through the rigmarole with confidence." Sarit Ray of Hindustan Times gave a

This is a document about Shree 420
  The title refers to section 420 of the Indian penal code, where crimes of theft and deception are punished, which relates to the troubles of the main character. In Sanskrit, the name of the main character, "Vidya", means knowledge, while "Maya" means Illusion. The title of one of the songs in the movie is "Ramaiya Vastavaiya" is in Telugu, which means "Lord Ram, you will come". The title alone is derived from an old Telugu folk song. Apart from that, the rest of the song's lyrics (and the film) are in Hindi. The story goes, the Telugu dubbed version of the film Aah, 1953 was so well received that Raj

This is a document about Shruti Haasan
  her mark." In 2013, she appeared in the Telugu action film Balupu opposite, Ravi Teja, which eventually became a "super-hit" at the Indian box office. Haasan mainly received positive reviews for her performance, with critics noting that she "provides the fun in the film with glamor and verve". Later that year, Haasan starred in two Hindi films, Prabhu Deva's Ramaiya Vastavaiya and Nikkhil Advani's D-Day. In the latter, a spy thriller, she played a prostitute involved with a suspended army officer. She also sung a song for the film, entitled "Alvida". Reviewing the film for Rediff.com, Palomi Sharma found Haasan to be "perfect as a Karachi prostitute with a haunting aura about her".

This is a document about Tharika
 Tamil ; Marabhu Kavithaigal ; Chiththi as Shwetha ; "Premi" as Preethi ; Getti Melam ; Kalki ; Lakshmi ; Sivamayam ; Thavam ; Simran Thirai ; Poi Solla Porom ; Ramany vs. Ramany Part II ; Malayalam ; Unniyarcha (Asianet) as Unniyarcha ; Kavyanjali (Surya TV)

This is a document about List of Marthandavarma characters
  Valiya Sarwadhi Karyakkar is the title for administrative head of Travancore and Sarwadhi Karyakkar is the title for a district officer under Valiya Sarwadhi Karyakkar. During the period of king Rama Varma, Valiya Sarwadhi Karyakkar was under the direct orders of king. In the novel, Valiya Sarwadhi Karyakkar is mentioned to have a wife who is on rest, post the delivery of a newborn, a daughter who is pregnant for ten months, and a niece who is ill. Sarwadhi Karyakkar in the novel is one of those people, who suspects about the actions of Marthanda Varma during the night in which, Shankarachar is killed.

This is a document about Pattathu Yaanai
  first sight for Saravanan when he sees Aishwarya (Aishwarya Arjun). Things go wrong and as their love deepens we are introduced to two rival gangs, Kasi and Manaa along with a ‘Madurai Anachi’ who are constantly at each other's throat. In a conflict Manaa forces Aishwarya to marry him and in the process of saving his love Saravanan reveals his past. Saravanan is a jail returnee who had killed three people in Madurai including Anachi's only son, to avenge the murder of an orphan kid whom Saravanan considered his little sister. The rest of the story is how Saravanan protects his love and defeat his foes.

This is a document about Ramayana
  Thailand's popular national epic Ramakien (รามเกียรติ์, from, 'glory of Ram') is derived from the Hindu epic. In Ramakien, Sita is the daughter of Ravana and Mandodari (thotsakan and montho). Vibhishana (phiphek), the astrologer brother of Ravana, predicts the death of Ravana from Sita's horoscope. Ravana throws her into the water, but she is later rescued by Janaka (chanok). While the main story is identical to that of Ramayana, many other aspects were transposed into a Thai context, such as the clothes, weapons, topography and elements of nature, which are described as being Thai in style. It has an expanded role for Hanuman and he is portrayed as a lascivious character. Ramakien can be seen in an elaborate illustration at Wat Phra Kaew in Bangkok.

This is a document about TV Derana
 Vivaha ; Mangala Sihina

This is a document about Ilavida
  Ilavida or Idavida (also known as Devavarnini) is a character in the Ramayana, as the stepmother of Ravana and the first wife of Vishrava. Vishrava was the son of Pulastya and the grandson of Brahma, the Creator. Daughter of the Rishi Bharadwaja and sister of the Rishi Garga, Ilavida was given in marriage to the Rishi Vishrava and bore him a son, Kubera who would eventually become the king of Lanka. According to the Bhagavata Purana, she is the daughter of King Trnabindu, a descendant of Vaivasvata Manu and Alambusa. Her siblings include, Visala, Dhumraketu and Sunyabandhu. Vishrava left Ilavida after meeting, and falling in love with, the Asura Princess, Kaikesi, daughter of King Sumali and Queen Ketumati. Through Kaikesi, Vishrava, fathered Ravana and Kumbhakarna. When Ravana invaded Lanka and usurped his older brother Kubera's throne, a disgusted Vishrava left his demonic family and returned to Ilavida, never to see Kaikesi or her offspring ever again. Kubera fled to Devaloka (Heaven) where he was charged by Indra, the King of Devas, to manage his treasury. Kubera is best known to Hindus, therefore, not as the erstwhile King of Lanka, but as the God of Wealth.

This is a document about Ajantha (2012 film)
 Ramana (Tamil) ; Sai Kiran (Telugu) ; Vandana Gupta (Tamil/Telugu) ; Sriman (Tamil) ; Anand (Telugu) ; Pandiarajan ; Manobala ; Madan Bob ; Mahadevan ; Balu Anand ; Waheeda ; Varalakshmi ; Mukundan ; Parthasarathy ; Crane Manohar ; Chitram Seenu Venkatesh (Kannada) ; Vinu Mohan (Malayalam) ; Honey Rose (Kannada/Malayalam) ; Harisree Asokan ; Aniyappan ; Kundara Johny ; Ponnamma Babu ; Salim Kumar ; Mammukoya ; Kalabhavan Santhosh ; Usha ; Varadha ; Swathi ; Madhavi ; Lalithasree ; Padmini Tamil/Telugu  Kannada/Malayalam

This is a document about Vivasaayee
  Muthaiya, a young agronomist and a farmer, full of ingenuity, a high integrity, a worker and a pride of his parents, the rich big landowner, Pannaiyar Duraiswamy and of his wife, the devoted Sivagami, revolutionise the exploitation of his father, by applying new methods of sowing. He so hopes to multiply tenfold the yield for humanitarian purposes and not necessarily for profit. Because one day, he takes the defence of unfortunate farmers despoiled of their ground, by his neighbour, another big farmer, Pannaiyar Velupandhiyan, an unscrupulous man, Muthaiya incurs the wrath of this very vindictive character. The situation complicates when the attractive Vijaya falls in love with the beautiful Muthaiya. Indeed, she is to be the sister-in-law of Velupandhiyan. And that the latter desired her ardently under the nose of his wife, the devoted believer Kaveri. To see her taking off from between his fingers, makes him particularly dangerous and obnoxious with his wife, Kaveri. Now, Muthaiya is even more in danger, Velupandhiyan wants to kill him.

This is a document about Boopathy Pandian
  announced in late August 2005 with Boopathy Pandian and Dhanush coming together after a previous collaboration in Devathayai Kanden (2005). Shriya Saran, who rose to fame in Tamil films after her role in Mazhai, was signed as the heroine and the film was titled as Naveena Thiruvilayadal, though the prefix was later dropped. In September 2010, actor Sivaji Ganesan's Fan Club issued legal notice to the film's producer, Vimala Geetha, to change the name of the film Thiruvilayadal within 15 days or face legal action before the necessary forum. They had felt that the title was reminiscent of the 1965 Sivaji

This is a document about Karthika Adaikalam
  Karthika Adaikalam (born May 3, 1991), better known mononymously as Karthika, is a Tamil film actress, who has appeared in Tamil films. She is probably best known for her performances in Thoothukudi and Raman Thediya Seethai.

This is a document about Sita
  Sita (सीता; ), also spelt Seeta is a Hindu goddess and the female protagonist of the Hindu epic, Ramayana. She is the consort of Rama, the avatar of the god Vishnu and is regarded a form of Vishnu's wife Lakshmi. She is also the chief goddess of Rama-centric Hindu traditions. Sita is known for her dedication, self-sacrifice, courage, and purity. Described as the daughter of Bhūmi (the earth), Sita is brought up as the adopted daughter of King Janaka of Videha. Sita, in her youth, chooses Rama, the prince of Ayodhya as her husband in a swayamvara. After the swayamvara, she accompanies her husband to his kingdom, but later chooses to accompany her husband, along

This is a document about Srividya
  Srividya (24 July 1953 – 19 October 2006), also known as Sreevidya, was an Indian film actress best known for her work predominantly in Malayalam and Tamil films with few Telugu, Kannada and Hindi films. In a career spanning for 40 years, she has acted in more than 800 films. In the latter part of her career, she concentrated on Malayalam films. In addition to acting, Srividya occasionally worked as a playback singer as well. She was best known for restraint and subtlety in portrayal of varied emotions. She used her own voice for dubbing almost in all movies in all languages. In 2006, she died of Spine cancer, aged 53.

This is a document about Ramya Subramanian
  Ramya Subramanian, also known as VJ Ramya, is an Indian actress and television host, who has worked in the Tamil film industry.

This is a document about Ram Karan Sharma
 Sandhya ; Patheyasatakam ; Vina ; Kavita ; "sarvamsaha"

This is a document about Idhu Unga Kudumbam
 Raghuvaran ; Raadhika ; Urvashi


Question: when was the first toyota land cruiser made

Answer: 1951

This is a document about Toyota Land Cruiser
  The Toyota Land Cruiser (トヨタ・ランドクルーザー) (also sometimes spelled as LandCruiser) is a series of four-wheel drive vehicles produced by the Japanese automobile manufacturer Toyota. It is Toyota's longest running series of models. , the sales of the Land Cruiser totalled more than 10 million units worldwide. Production of the first generation of the Land Cruiser began in 1951. The Land Cruiser has been produced in convertible, hardtop, station wagon and cab chassis body styles. The Land Cruiser's reliability and longevity have led to huge popularity, especially in Australia, where it is the best-selling body-on-frame, four-wheel drive vehicle. Toyota also extensively tests the Land Cruiser in the Australian outback – considered to be one of the toughest operating environments in both temperature and terrain.

This is a document about Toyota Land Cruiser (J40)
  The Toyota Land Cruiser (J40), is a series of Land Cruisers made by Toyota from 1960 until 2001. Traditional body on frame SUVs, most 40 series Land Cruisers were built as 2-door models with slightly larger dimensions than the similar Jeep CJ. The model was available in short (J40/41/42), medium (J43/44/46) and long (J45/47) wheelbase versions, with petrol and diesel engines.

This is a document about Toyota
  who died suddenly on March 27, 1952. The first prototypes were completed in June 1953 and began extensive testing, before the Crown went on sale in August 1955. The car was met with positive reviews from around the world. After the introduction of the Crown, Toyota began aggressively expanding into the export market. Toyota began shipping Land Cruiser knock-down kits to Latin America in November 1955, sending complete Land Cruisers to Burma (now Myanmar) and the Philippines in 1956 as part of war reparations provided by the Japanese government, establishing a branch in Thailand in June 1957, and shipping Land Cruisers to Australia in August 1957. Toyota established a production facility in Brazil

This is a document about Toyota Land Cruiser
  The Land Cruiser 55 was produced from 1967 to 1980. Toyota refers to the FJ55G and FJ55V as the first "real" station wagon in the Land Cruiser series, thus marking the beginning of the station wagon bodystyle. It was the first Land Cruiser to have fully enclosed box frame members. Of all the Land Cruiser wagons sold in the U.S., including the FJ45, it is the only one to not have hatch and tailgate in the rear, but rather a tailgate only with an electrically operated window that can be retracted into the tailgate.

This is a document about Toyota concept vehicles (2000–2009)
  The Toyota Land Cruiser FJ45 is a concept vehicle made in 2003 by the Rod Miller group for Toyota Motor Sales USA. An original 1967 FJ45 Land Cruiser wagon body was widened to fit onto a Land Cruiser 100 chassis and drive train. The 4.7-L V8 engine was set back 8 inch to fit the engine bay. A custom independent rear suspension was made and the front suspension was modified for increased travel.

This is a document about UMW Toyota Motor
  Toyota vehicles were first imported into Malaysia in August 1956, with the first unit being a Land Cruiser. Toyota signed distributor agreements with various Malaysian partners prior to UMW Toyota Motor, namely Asia Motor (1956–1960), Kah Motor (September 1960–February 1974), Borneo Motors (September 1967–September 1982), Sarin Motor (January 1979–February 1983) and Emastorin Motor (September 1979–April 1984). Additionally, two Malaysian plants were appointed as assemblers of Toyota's complete knock down (CKD) kits, namely Champion Motors / Assembly Services and Sarawak Motor Industries. Prior to 1968, Malaysian market Toyota models were only imported as complete built up (CBU) units. In the 1960s, the Malaysian government began to emphasise industrialisation, then viewed as

This is a document about Toyota Land Cruiser
  stock Land Cruiser competed in the Toyota 1000 km Desert Race in the punishing wilds of Botswana. ; 1984 – This was the final year for the 40 series. ; 1984 – Alongside the 60 series, the 70 series was introduced. ; 1985 – The Direct-injection 12H-T turbodiesel engine was introduced. ; 1988 – The petrol engine was upgraded in some countries to a 4.0 L 3F-E EFI engine or to a 4.0 L 3F carburated engine. The FJ62G VX-Series was introduced allowing the Land Cruiser to be sold in Japan as a passenger vehicle. ; 1992 – Last FJ62 with a 4.0 L 3F carburated engine was built in Venezuela which was the only country producing the vehicles after production ended in Japan in 1990.  Gallery

This is a document about Toyota Land Cruiser
  a 2650 mm wheelbase. The Land Cruiser first imported into Australia by B&D Motors as the FJ25/28 cab chassis with Australian made bodies. The Land Cruiser was the first Japanese vehicle to be regularly exported to the country. A small number of Land Cruisers were initially used in the Snowy Mountains Scheme by contractor Theiss Constructions. ; 1958 – FJ25 production commenced in Brazil; this being the first Toyota vehicle built outside Japan. These were sold as the "Toyota Bandeirante" from January 1962 when the Toyota petrol engine was replaced with a Mercedes-Benz diesel engine. The word "bandeirante" means "flag carrier" in Portuguese.  The FJ25 models were built until August 1968 in Brazil. Production numbers were fairly low; in 1965, the production total was 961 vehicles.

This is a document about Toyota concept vehicles (1990–1999)
  The Retro Cruiser was a concept vehicle built by Toyota that was first shown at the February 1999 Chicago Auto Show. It combined a modified Land Cruiser FJ40 body with the chassis and V8 engine from the Land Cruiser UZJ100.

This is a document about Toyota Land Cruiser
  four-wheel drive Japanese vehicle with an automatic transmission. ; 1990 – New-generation of diesel engines were introduced for the Land Cruiser including a 3.4 L five-cylinder SOHC naturally aspirated engine (1PZ), and a 4.2 L six-cylinder SOHC naturally aspirated engine (designated the 1 HZ). ; 1993 to 1996 – the KZ 3.0 L turbocharged diesel engine replaced the LJ in the 70 series in European markets where this model was known as the KZJ70. ; 1993 – An advanced 24-valve, 4.5 L six-cylinder petrol engine, 1FZ-FE was introduced. ; 1999 – Toyota updated the 70 series in several ways. The solid front axle received coil-spring suspension. The rear leaf springs were lengthened for increased ride comfort and wheel travel. The six-bolt wheels were

This is a document about Toyota Land Cruiser
 1960 – The 20 Series was upgraded to the now classic 40 Series. Toyota made many production changes by buying new steel presses. Mechanically, the FJ40 was given a new 93 kW, 3.9 L F engine and the Land Cruiser finally received low-range gearing, but continued the three-speed main gearbox. ; 1965 – Global production surpassed 50,000 vehicles. The Land Cruiser was the best selling Toyota vehicle in the United States. ; 1968 – The 100,000th Land Cruiser was sold worldwide. Brazilian J40 production, as the Bandeirante, commenced in September. The Bandeirante has a Mercedes-Benz-built diesel engine generating a power output of 58 kW. ; 1972

This is a document about Hotai Motor
 Toyota Crown 1957—1994 ; Toyota Land Cruiser 1961—1997 ; Toyota Stout 1962—1976

This is a document about Straight-six engine
  for automotive, industrial, and marine applications. Toyota introduced a straight-six truck diesel engine in 1956, named the 1D, displacing 5.90 L and its next iteration, the 2D displacing 6.5 L. The H series of straight-six diesel engines were built for nearly 23 years. In 1990, the naturally aspirated engine 1HZ and the turbocharged 1HD-T engine were introduced. The 1HD-T engine was initially used in the Toyota Land Cruiser 80 series and culminated with the EFI equipped, 24 valve, single-camshaft 1HD-FTE, found among others in the Toyota Land Cruiser HDJ100. The 1HZ engine has a single overhead camshaft, 12 valves and produces 131 bhp from its 4.2 L capacity. The engine was offered for Land

This is a document about Toyota Astra Motor
  design: small, compact, and with rear-wheel drive. Both Corona and Corolla were highly accepted in the market during the early years. Later, other Toyota sedans entered the Indonesian market, such as the Starlet which was discontinued in 1998, the Soluna imported Thailand which was launched in 2000 and discontinued in 2003, and Cressida introduced in 1977 and discontinued in 1992, along with the Crown. In the 4x4 class, Toyota introduced Land Cruiser which initially produced in 1950 and entered the Indonesian market in mid-1970s and was colloquially called "Toyota Hardtop". The vehicle was not only used for individual purposes, but

This is a document about Toyota Land Cruiser
  to a 5-speed automatic gearbox. Trim levels were the 4.0 GX-R, 4.0 VX, 4.7 VX and 4.7 VX-R. In February 2019, Toyota introduced a Heritage edition of the Land Cruiser at the Chicago Auto Show as part of the 60th anniversary of the introduction of the FJ40. Toyota will only build 1200 vehicles and they will only be available as a 5-seater sold in the United States. Sales are expected to begin in the third quarter of 2019 for the 2020 model year. In December 2020, Toyota confirmed to Road & Track that the Land Cruiser would be discontinued in North America after 2021. Gallery

This is a document about History of Toyota
  Toyota began to expand in the 1960s with a new research and development facility, a presence in Thailand was established, the 10 millionth model was produced, a Deming Prize, and partnerships with Hino Motors and Daihatsu were also established. The first Toyota built outside Japan was in April 1963, in Melbourne, Australia. From 1963 until 1965, Australia was Toyota's biggest export market. By the end of the decade, Toyota had established a worldwide presence, as the company had exported its one-millionth unit. The first Japanese vehicles to arrive in the American continents were five Land Cruisers in El Salvador in May 1953. The first Toyotas sent to Canada were a shipment

This is a document about Toyota Land Cruiser (J70)
  1984–1999: The 70 / 75 series Toyota Land Cruiser took over from the 40 / 45 series of workhorse four-wheel drives in 1984. The styling maintained a family resemblance to the 40 / 45 series but became more angular. The 70 / 71 series was the short-wheelbase (SWB), the 73 / 74 was the medium-wheelbase (MWB) and the 75 / 77 was the long-wheelbase (LWB). The latter came as cab-chassis/utility with a "panelled" tray (pickup), and "troop carrier" hard-top (HT). Toyota also manufactured lighter duty versions that shared the 70 Series designation from 1985 to 1996, and were marketed in

This is a document about Toyota Land Cruiser (J70)
  The 70 Series is a family of Toyota Land Cruiser models produced since 1984. It replaced the 25-year-old 40 Series as the off-road model of the Land Cruiser lineup, while the contemporary 60 Series (and later the 80, 90, 100, 120, 150, 200 and 300 Series) developed into more comfortable passenger off-road vehicles. Despite major changes in styling and numerous technological updates, the 70 Series was designed to retain the off-road capabilities and durability associated with the 40 Series. The 70 Series was marketed throughout the world, except for countries like India, the United States, Mexico, Brazil and Korea where they were imported and put into commercial or private use. As a celebration of the Land Cruiser 70's 30th anniversary, Toyota temporarily marketed the Land Cruiser 70 series in the Japanese market for 12 months.

This is a document about Automotive industry in Malaysia
  in Malaysia was constantly beset with obstacles and problems, and the franchise would change hands multiple times before settling with its current owner, the UMW group. Toyota's first appointed Malaysian distributor was the Asia Motor Company, founded by the Ph'ng family from Penang. Asia Motor imported the Toyota Land Cruiser (FJ25) into Malaya in August 1957, as well as the Toyota Truck (FA70) the following year. However, Asia Motor's contract soon expired, and in September 1960, Toyota signed a new distributor agreement with Kah Motor, a wholly owned subsidiary of Penang-based Oriental Holdings, chaired by Loh Boon Siew. Kah Motor imported Toyota and Toyopet passenger cars such

This is a document about Toyota FJ Cruiser
  The Toyota FJ Cruiser is a retro style, mid-size SUV. Introduced as a concept car at the January 2003 North American International Auto Show, the FJ Cruiser was approved for production after positive consumer response and debuted at the January 2005 North American International Auto Show in final production form. The FJ Cruiser is built by Toyota subsidiary Hino Motors in Hamura, Japan since 2006 and shares many structural underpinnings with the Toyota Land Cruiser Prado. The FJ Cruiser entered the Japanese market on 4 December 2010, announced on 25 November in that year. On 5 November 2013, Toyota USA

The first Toyota Land Cruiser was produced in 1951.