Question: when did they stop using knob and tube

Answer: 1930s

This is a document about Knob-and-tube wiring
   Knob-and-tube wiring (sometimes abbreviated K&T) is an early standardized method of electrical wiring in buildings, in common use in North America from about 1880 to the 1930s. It consisted of single-insulated copper conductors run within wall or ceiling cavities, passing through joist and stud drill-holes via protective porcelain insulating tubes, and supported along their length on nailed-down porcelain knob insulators. Where conductors entered a wiring device such as a lamp or switch, or were pulled into a wall, they were protected by flexible cloth insulating sleeving called loom. The first insulation was asphalt-saturated cotton cloth, then rubber became common. Wire splices in

This is a document about Knob-and-tube wiring
   Over time, the price of electrician labor grew faster than the cost of materials. This removed the price advantage of K&T methods, especially since they required time-consuming skillful soldering of in-line splices and junctions, and careful hand-wrapping of connections in layers of insulating tape. Knob-and-tube wiring can be made with high current carrying capacity. However, most existing residential knob-and-tube installations, dating to before 1940, have fewer branch circuits than is desired today. While these installations were adequate for the electrical loads at the time of installation, modern households use a range and intensity of electrical equipment unforeseen at the time.

This is a document about Phonograph cylinder
   Cylinder phonograph technology continued to be used for Dictaphone and Ediphone recordings for office use for decades. In 1947, Dictaphone replaced wax cylinders with their Dictabelt technology, which cut a mechanical groove into a plastic belt instead of into a wax cylinder. This was later replaced by magnetic tape recording. However, cylinders for older style dictating machines continued to be available for some years, and it was not unusual to encounter cylinder dictating machines into the 1950s. In the late 20th and early 21st century, new recordings have been made on cylinders for the novelty effect of using obsolete technology. Probably the most famous of

This is a document about Electrical wiring
  The earliest standardized method of wiring in buildings, in common use in North America from about 1880 to the 1930s, was knob and tube (K&T) wiring: single conductors were run through cavities between the structural members in walls and ceilings, with ceramic tubes forming protective channels through joists and ceramic knobs attached to the structural members to provide air between the wire and the lumber and to support the wires. Since air was free to circulate over the wires, smaller conductors could be used than required in cables. By arranging wires on opposite sides of building structural members, some protection was afforded against short-circuits that can be caused by driving a nail into both conductors simultaneously. By the 1940s, the labor cost of installing two conductors rather than one cable resulted in a decline in new knob-and-tube installations. However, the US code still allows new K&T wiring installations in special situations (some rural and industrial applications).

This is a document about Knob-and-tube wiring
  installations were twisted together for good mechanical strength, then soldered and wrapped with rubber insulating tape and friction tape (asphalt saturated cloth), or made inside metal junction boxes. Knob and tube wiring was eventually displaced from interior wiring systems because of the high cost of installation compared with use of power cables, which combined both power conductors of a circuit in one run (and which later included grounding conductors). At present, new knob and tube installations are permitted in the U.S. only in a few very specific situations listed in the National Electrical Code, such as certain industrial and agricultural environments.

This is a document about Western Electric
  and smoother dial gearing and a printed circuit board for the network electronics. The model 500 was discontinued in 1986, in favor of the type 2500, that had been available since 1969. The 2500-series employed dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signaling for transmitting digits to the central office, replacing the rotary dial. DTMF technology was referred to by the trademark Touch-Tone. Other innovations included the Princess telephones of the 1960s, followed shortly by the Trimline models. Western Electric's switching equipment development commenced in the mid-1910s with the rotary system and the panel switch, later several generations of cross-bar switches, and finally the development of several

This is a document about Valve audio amplifier
  Valve amplification peaked as the mainstream technology during the 1960s and 70s, with device and circuits being highly developed. There have been only minor refinements since then. The last generation of power tubes, typified by KT66, EL34 and KT88, represent the pinnacle of the technology and of production quality. Valve amplifiers produced since that time usually use one of these tubes, which have remained in continuous production (apart from KT66) ever since. Output power was typically 20 watts, exceptionally 35W. Small signal valves overwhelmingly changed from octal base tubes, notably the audio tube of choice, the 6SN7 family, to the smaller and cheaper noval base ECC81, ECC82, ECC83 (UK, in the US known as 12AX7,12AT7, etc.). The lower-power noval base EL84 power pentode was widely used in less expensive 10-watt ultralinear power amplifiers, still of high fidelity. Commercial tube manufacturers developed designs based on their own products, most notably the Mullard 5-10 circuit. This design and the Williamson were widely implemented and imitated, with or without crediting the originator.

This is a document about Trans-Oceanic
  After 1953, there was competition to the Trans-Oceanic from both Hallicrafters, with their 'Trans-World' series sets, and RCA, with their 'Strato-World' models. In the spring of 1954, the 600 series was introduced with its 'slide-rule' type dial and a mains supply cord which coils inside the set on a spring-loaded reel. This model stayed in production, with minor changes, until the end of the T/O tube era in 1962. This "600" series used several letters to denote minor changes: L600 in 1954, R600 in 1955, T600 for 1955-56, Y600 for 1956-57, A600 for 1958, and B600 for 1959-62. Production for the 600 series was 270,000. The 600 series used six tubes: (2) 1U4, 1L6, 1L5, 3V4, and 50A1. For a second time,

This is a document about Electro-Harmonix
   Electro-Harmonix stopped making pedals in the mid-1980s, and in the early 1990s started selling vacuum tubes re-branded with its name for guitar amplifiers, which it had also been making since the 1970s. However, due to demand and the high prices guitarists were paying for old 1970s pedals on the vintage market, it reissued the more popular old pedals in the mid-1990s, including the Big Muff Pi and Small Stone. In 2002 it started designing new pedals to add to its range. Company policy was that all reissued effects remained as close as possible to the original, vintage designs; however, casings, knobs and especially the old-fashioned mini-jack power plug were not up to later standards. In 2006 the smaller and more standardized "micro" and "nano" effect lines using surface-mount circuit components were introduced. Circuit board manufacture was outsourced, and the pedals assembled in New York.

This is a document about Chatham Dockyard
  were required before 1836, to make and lay a 20in (circumference) cable. All was done by hand. Steam power in the form of a beam engine was introduced in 1836, and then electricity in the early 1900s. ; The White Yarn House to store the yarn before it was tarred to prevent rot. ; The Tarring House with its "Tar Kettle" and horse drawn winch. ; The Black Yarn House to store the tarred yarn. The tarring process declined as manila replaced hemp, and sisal replaced manila. These fibres were chemically protected at the hatchelling stage and tarring stopped in the 1940s.

This is a document about Hammond organ
  L-100 was particularly sold well in the UK, with several notable British musicians using it instead of a B-3 or C-3. The T series, produced from 1968 to 1975, was the last of the tonewheel spinet organs. Unlike all the earlier Hammond organs, which used vacuum tubes for preamplification, amplification, percussion and chorus-vibrato control, the T series used all-solid-state, transistor circuitry, though, unlike the L-100, it did include the scanner-vibrato as seen on the B-3. Other than the T-100 series models, all other T-Series models included a built-in rotating Leslie speaker and some included an analog drum machine, while the T-500 also included a built-in cassette recorder. It was one of the last tonewheel Hammonds produced.

This is a document about Farfisa
  organs and begun to use the Hammond organ more prominently. In response, Farfisa advertised that its latest organs at that point could emulate a Hammond and had a full set of drawbars. Production of combo organs began to be phased out in the late 1970s after synthesizers had become more commonplace, with the last unit being produced in 1982. Farfisa has survived into the 21st century, and brand mainly produces intercom systems with the company ACI Farfisa which makes and distributes systems for video intercoms, access control, video surveillance, and home automation. The Bontempi group owns the rights for Farfisa keyboards.

This is a document about Manchester Hydraulic Power
  Demand for hydraulic power began to fall in the 1930s, as electric power became more popular, but although the number of customers dropped, the supply pipes were extended until the system reached its maximum length of 35.5 mi in 1948. The Pott Street pumping station closed in 1939. By the 1960s, the motor converter set was 50 years old, and most of the pumps were older still. The effects of corrosion on high-pressure water mains were also a cause for concern. In 1964, a similar system in Glasgow, opened a year later than the Manchester system using water at 1120 psi was switched off and some of its equipment was used to refit Whitworth Street station. The two centrifugal pumps and a converted steam

This is a document about Keuffel and Esser
  designed in the mid-1930s by Nelson M. Cooke, of the Navy's Radio Materiel School, thousands of which were made. The K & E 4081-3 Log-Log Duplex Decitrig was a mainstay for engineering students and practicing engineers in the 1940s, 50s, and 60s. During World War II, the company made fire-control instruments for the US government and won seven Army-Navy "E" Awards for Excellence in Production. With the advent of the electronic, transistorized calculator in the 1970s, slide rules became obsolete for most uses. Slide rules had never been very profitable for K & E, so it was not difficult to discontinue the line. K & E's market share shrank because

This is a document about Roto-Rooter
  much larger version of the Roto-Rooter machine called the Roto-Rooter Royal. It had to be towed by a truck and featured a 10-horsepower gasoline engine and 1000 feet of steel cable. It was capable of cleaning large industrial and municipal sewer pipes. An improved version called "The Mainliner" was introduced in 1958 that could also thread telephone cable. It was discontinued in 1973. In 1980, the Blanc family sold Roto-Rooter Corporation to Cincinnati-based Chemed Corporation. Chemed began purchasing independent Roto-Rooter franchises and operating them as company-owned service locations under the newly formed Roto-Rooter Services Company, whose corporate headquarters is in downtown Cincinnati. Chemed sold off some

This is a document about Leeds Talk-o-Phone
  last known cylinders in 1903, in brown wax. Columbia made molded brown waxes at this time and introduced black waxes in 1903. This stopped Leeds cylinder production. If Leeds really did resume cylinder production in 1905, the cylinders would have to have been molded black waxes or they would not have survived on the market if they were brown. Columbia stopped brown wax molding in 1904, thus eliminating any niche competition for Leeds brown waxes. No supposed Leeds cylinders from ca. 1905 survive, nor do any Leeds cylinder catalogs. In April 1909 Victor triumphed in a lawsuit for patent infringement, and Leeds Records and Talk-O-Phone went out of business.

This is a document about Manchester Hydraulic Power
  started to decrease in the 1930s, and the first pumping station closed in 1939. By the 1960s, there were serious concerns about the state of some of the equipment and corrosion in the high-pressure mains, and in 1968 the corporation announced its intent to switch the system off, which it did at the end of 1972. The grade II listed pumping station built in Baroque style at Water Street has a new life as part of the People's History Museum, while one of its pump sets has been restored and is displayed at the Museum of Science and Industry, where it is part of a larger display about hydraulic power.

This is a document about Edwin Howard Armstrong
  superheterodynes as a superior offering to the general public. (The ongoing patent dispute was not a hindrance, because extensive cross-licensing agreements signed in 1920 and 1921 between RCA, Westinghouse and AT&T meant that Armstrong could freely use the Lévy patent.) Superheterodyne sets were initially thought to be prohibitively complicated and expensive as the initial designs required multiple tuning knobs and used nine vacuum tubes. In conjunction with RCA engineers, Armstrong developed a simpler, less costly design. RCA introduced its superheterodyne Radiola sets in the US market in early 1924, and they were an immediate success, dramatically increasing the corporation's profits. These sets were considered so valuable that RCA would not license the superheterodyne to other US companies until 1930.

This is a document about John Ernst Worrell Keely
  tubing and the large steel sphere in the basement indicated the use of normal forces and possible deception, and Hering said in his signed statement that Keely had probably lied and deceived, and was satisfied that he had used highly compressed air to power his demonstrations. At a meeting of the Keely Motor Company's board on January 25, 1899, President B. L. Ackerman issued a statement denying the Philadelphia Press report. The statement claimed that the tubes mentioned in the report had been discarded by Keely years before, and that in all his experiments since 1887 only solid wires had been used. Up

This is a document about Voice of Music
  volumes helped V-M keep its own Voice of Music brand profitable for many years. After 1965, the trend became clear that American audio companies were going out of business or shifting production overseas. As V-M's record changer volumes declined, it became difficult for the company to remain profitable. Retailing began to change from small "mom and pop" stores (V-M's strength) to large electronics retailers where V-M was under-represented. At the end of 1972 year, V-M quit offering console stereos and terminated all tape recorder models, for sale to retail customers, with the exception of an eight track player. At the end of the 1974 year,

The use of knob and tube wiring was largely phased out in the United States by the 1940s due to the increasing cost of labor for installing and maintaining it, as well as the availability of cheaper alternatives like plastic-insulated cables and Dictaphone cylinders. However, it is still used in some new construction situations and for novelty purposes.


Question: what was the spruce goose made out of

Answer: almost entirely of birch

This is a document about Tamarack geese
  Tamarack geese are model birds made from twigs, traditionally created by the Cree as decoys to be used during their spring and fall hunts. They are made by gathering small twigs of the Tamarack (Larix laricina) tree and tying them together around a central ball, also made of Tamarack (Larix laricina) twigs using a thin brown string. While they are being made they are often held together by a thicker string which is later cut. The hole in the head of the decoy, when held against the snow, is meant to represent the white patch on the side of the head of Canada Geese The art of making these birds was beginning to fade, but in 1968 John Blueboy of Moose Factory, Ontario had the idea of reviving the practice by creating smaller versions to be sold as souvenirs. Since then, many artists and artisans have picked up the art.

This is a document about Charles M. Olmsted
  and structure ever to be constructed. Its wings were made of thin-gauge chrome-vanadium steel sheets, aluminum, and basswood laminations, all firmly riveted together. Its fuselage, like that of the Spruce Goose despite its name, was molded of monocoque laminated birch. Careful testing of the weights and strengths of the materials and parts utilized in its construction played a paramount role in its design, as did testing in the wind tunnel to minimize drag and maximize lift. Planes contemporary with the Olmsted-Buffalo-Pitts craft were fabricated from wooden ribs and often bamboo framing covered with lacquered fabric of essentially ultralight design. Even the Curtiss flying boats still

This is a document about Canoe
  the northeast United States made canoes using the bark of the paper birch, which was harvested in early spring by stripping off the bark in one piece, using wooden wedges. Next, the two ends (stem and stern) were sewn together and made watertight with the pitch of balsam fir. The ribs of the canoe, called verons in Canadian French, were made of white cedar, and the hull, ribs, and thwarts were fastened using watap, a binding usually made from the roots of various species of conifers, such as the white spruce, black spruce, or cedar, and caulked with pitch.

This is a document about Barnacle goose
  The natural history of the barnacle goose was long surrounded with a legend claiming that they were born of driftwood: Nature produces [Bernacae] against Nature in the most extraordinary way. They are like marsh geese but somewhat smaller. They are produced from fir timber tossed along the sea, and are at first like gum. Afterwards they hang down by their beaks as if they were a seaweed attached to the timber, and are surrounded by shells in order to grow more freely. Having thus in process of time been clothed with a strong coat of feathers, they either fall into the water or fly freely away

This is a document about Spruce gum
  Spruce gum is a chewing material made from the resin of spruce trees. In North America, spruce resin was chewed by Native Americans, and was later introduced to the early American pioneers and was sold commercially by the 19th century, by John B. Curtis amongst others. It has also been used as an adhesive. Indigenous women in North America used spruce gum to caulk seams of birch-bark canoes. Spruce gum has been used medicinally, primarily to heal deep cuts and sores in the Dene culture. In the 1870s, Sisters of Providence located in Montreal, Canada, developed a spruce gum syrup for treating coughs and bronchitis. In the 20th century, commercial spruce tree processing turned to paper manufacturing to meet demand from the newspaper industry, thereby reducing the availability of spruce for other purposes, including the production of spruce gum. Today, it is available in small batches made at home rather than commercially. It is often flavored with mint or fruit.

This is a document about Spruce beer
  by the British Royal Navy, and spruce was regularly added to ship-brewed beer during eighteenth century explorations of the West Coast of North America and the wider Pacific, including New Zealand. Jane Austen, who had two brothers in the Royal Navy, refers to spruce beer in Chapter 40 of Emma. Alcoholic spruce beer was common in the colonial United States and eastern Canada, made from red or black spruce. A Canadian recipe from 1757 states: "It is made of the tops and branches of the spruces-tree, boiled for three hours, then strained into casks, with a certain quantity of molasses; and, as soon as cold, it is fit for use [...]"

This is a document about Bird of Happiness (toy)
  The Bird of Happiness is made mainly cedar wood and without the use of glue or other fasteners, by carving thin petals for the bird's wings and tail and then using a special method of spreading and curving them, also found in other products of the North Russian handicraft. The amulet is usually made of pine, fir, spruce, or Siberian cedar. Wood chip bird is a carved wooden item with thin wavy plumage of the wings. The plumage and tail of these birds were usually made of split pine, that is why the birds were called "wood chip". The place of the wooden toy origin in the form of a bird is the Arkhangelsk region. It's also called a "Pomor dove".

This is a document about Hughes H-4 Hercules
  The Hughes H-4 Hercules (commonly known as the Spruce Goose; registration NX37602) is a prototype strategic airlift flying boat designed and built by the Hughes Aircraft Company. Intended as a transatlantic flight transport for use during World War II, it was not completed in time to be used in the war. The aircraft made only one brief flight, on November 2, 1947, and the project never advanced beyond the single example produced. Built from wood (Duramold process) because of wartime restrictions on the use of aluminum and concerns about weight, the aircraft was nicknamed the Spruce Goose by critics, although it was made almost entirely of birch. The Hercules is the largest flying boat ever built, and it had the largest wingspan of any aircraft that had ever flown until the Scaled Composites Stratolaunch first flew on April 13, 2019. The aircraft remains in good condition. After having been displayed to the public in Long Beach, California, from 1980 to 1992, it is now on display at the Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum in McMinnville, Oregon, United States.

This is a document about Grey Goose (vodka)
  Grey Goose is the first vodka to be produced in the Maître de Chai tradition, which allows aromas to be produced in the distillation process specific to Grey Goose vodka. It is made from 100% French ingredients, including flavored versions of the vodka. For instance, Grey Goose La Poire was the result of Thibault's relationship with a Parisian pastry chef, whose pear tarte inspired the recipe for the new vodka flavor. Grey Goose Le Citron is a lemon-flavored vodka. Grey Goose Cherry Noir is a black cherry-flavored vodka, Grey Goose L'Orange is an orange-flavored vodka, and the once-retired, and back for a limited-time only, Grey Goose La Vanille tastes of vanilla, with hints of cinnamon and caramel. Grey Goose Le Melon, the latest flavored expression released in summer 2014 is made with Cavaillon melons from the Provence region of France. Thibault has stated that Grey Goose does not plan to expand its number of flavored vodkas extensively, in order to not deviate from the original taste. The company has sponsored Grey Goose Taste by Appointment events in which personal mixologists attempt to match Grey Goose cocktails to the taste profiles of patrons.

This is a document about Waterfowl hunting
  work of art. Today, many collectors search estate sales, auctions, trade shows, or other venues for vintage duck decoys. In the historic Atlantic Flyway, North Carolina's "Core Sound Decoy Festival" draws in excess of 40,000 visitors to the little community of Harker's Island, NC the first weekend in December each year, and Easton, MD with their Wildfowl Festival in the month of November draws a great many people to that old goose hunting community on the Eastern Shore. Modern decoys are typically made from molded plastic; that began in the 1960s. Making decoys of plastic, decoys can be made many times faster than carving from wood. The plastic

This is a document about Eskimo archery
  Spruce wood is nearly inelastic in compression, but usually the best available material for the belly of the bow. Driftwood, antler from caribou, or musk ox horn, have also been used. First, the stave is shaped by stone or iron tools, often to a broad shape up to some 5cm wide to help the material to withstand compression. If made from antler or bone, which are stiff and brittle, the stave might be made of several pieces to allow it to bend. The stave could be straight, reflexed, or deflexed.  The back of the bow is then made of caribou sinews twisted into cables, and attached to the bowstave and to each other by knotting. (In more temperate climates, animal glue has been used to attach sinew to the backs of bows, but this is not practical for use in the Arctic because animal glue gels almost instantly

This is a document about Pemmican
  Traditionally, pemmican was prepared from the lean meat of large game such as bison, elk, deer, or moose. The meat was cut in thin slices and dried, either over a slow fire or in the hot sun until it was hard and brittle. Approximately 5 lb of meat are required to make 1 lb of dried meat suitable for pemmican. This thin brittle meat is known in Cree as pânsâwân and colloquially in North American English, as "dry meat". The pânsâwân was then spread across a tanned animal hide pinned to the ground, where it was beaten with flails or ground between two large stones till it turned into very small pieces, almost powder-like in its consistency. The pounded meat

This is a document about Barnacle
  routinely consumed by humans, including Japanese goose barnacles (e.g. Capitulum mitella), and goose barnacles (e.g. Pollicipes pollicipes), a delicacy in Spain and Portugal. The resemblance of this barnacle's fleshy stalk to a goose's neck gave rise, in ancient times, to the notion that geese literally grew from the barnacle. Indeed, the word "barnacle" originally referred to a species of goose, the barnacle goose Branta leucopsis, whose eggs and young were rarely seen by humans because it breeds in the remote Arctic. Additionally, the picoroco barnacle is used in Chilean cuisine and is one of the ingredients in curanto seafood stew. MIT researchers developed an adhesive, inspired by a protein-based bioglue produced by barnacles to firmly attach to rocks, which can form a tight seal to halt bleeding within about 15 seconds of application.

This is a document about Canada Goose (clothing)
  Compared to real Canada Goose coats which use duck down insulation and coyote fur trim, counterfeits use "feather mulch" and dog/cat fur trim which are less effective insulators. Canada Goose vice-president of marketing Kevin Spreekmeester was quoted as saying "If you're counting on your jacket to keep you warm in extreme temperatures and you buy a counterfeit jacket that has no down in it, then you're susceptible to frostbite or worse". Knockoffs are also usually made in Asia and retail for around $100–200 CAD, compared to the authentic coats which are produced in Canada and sell only at full price starting at $800 CAD and up. In addition, the counterfeit logo patch is often poorly sewn,

This is a document about General Fibre Company
  General Fibre began manufacturing decoy ducks under the Ariduk brand in 1946. The company mass produced mallards, pin tails, blue bills, black ducks, canvasbacks, oversized mallards, and oversized black ducks. General Fibre also produced two species of Canada goose decoys and two types of crow shooter's kits. The ducks were of fiber material with realistic glass eyes, a seamless base, and anchor hooks installed on the bottom. The fiber materials were water proof and constructed to withstand poor weather conditions. Likewise, the ducks were able to withstand being shot without sinking or leaking. In the early 1960s, the company stopped making the fiber version of all Ariduk decoy models, switching to plastic.

This is a document about Feather
  blankets, and mattresses. They are also used as filling for winter clothing and outdoor bedding, such as quilted coats and sleeping bags. Goose and eider down have great loft, the ability to expand from a compressed, stored state to trap large amounts of compartmentalized, insulating air. Feathers of large birds (most often geese) have been and are used to make quill pens. Historically, the hunting of birds for decorative and ornamental feathers has endangered some species and helped to contribute to the extinction of others. Today, feathers used in fashion and in military headdresses and clothes are obtained as a waste product of poultry farming, including chickens, geese, turkeys, pheasants, and ostriches. These feathers are dyed and manipulated to enhance their appearance, as poultry feathers are naturally often dull in appearance compared to the feathers of wild birds.

This is a document about Roast goose
   In southern China, roast goose is a variety of siu mei, or roasted meat dishes, within Cantonese cuisine. It is made by roasting geese with seasoning often in a charcoal furnace at high temperature. Roasted geese of high quality have crisp skin with juicy and tender meat. Slices of roast goose may be served with plum sauce.

This is a document about Algonquin people
  Historical Algonquin society was largely hunting and fishing-based. Being primarily a hunting nation, the people emphasized mobility. They used materials that were light and easy to transport. Canoes were made of birch bark, sewed with spruce roots and rendered waterproof by the application of heated spruce resin and bear grease. During winter, toboggans were used to transport material, and people used snowshoes to get around. The women used tikinaagan (cradleboards) to carry their babies. It was built with wood and covered with an envelope made of leather or material. The baby was standing up with his feet resting on a small board. The mother would then put the tikinàgan on her back. This allowed the infant to look around and

This is a document about Ole Kirk Christiansen
  a choice between carpentry and toys' did I find the real answer." Kristiansen made his toy products from birch wood that had been cut from the forest, dried out for two years and then dried in a kiln for three weeks. The toys were put together, sealed, sanded and primed before being painted with three coats of varnish. He struggled to sell both his household products and wooden toys due to the poverty levels of people living in the local community. However, he continued to produce the toys, sometimes exchanging them for food. By 1935, the toy range included a variety of animals, including a pull-along wooden duck which has since seen numerous variations.

This is a document about Yup'ik clothing
  During the 19th century, many Yup'iks along the coast between the Yukon and Kuskokwim rivers wore bird skins. Every year, one could afford to make a bird skin parka because birds returned in such abundance. A plump Yup'ik baby trussed up in eider skin smiled from a warm, dry, cushioned world. Nunivaarmiut Cup'ig bird skin and feather parkas are alpacurrlugar (murre skin and feather parka) made from Uria aalge skin with feathers, cigurat atkut (guillemot skin and feather parka) made from Cepphus columba skin with feathers, alpacurrlugar (auklet skin and feather parka) made from the white part of the Aethia cristatella

The Spruce Goose was made primarily of aluminum-chromoly steel, with thin-gauge aluminum sheeting for the fuselage and wings, and mahogany laminations for the wings. The fuselage was also covered with monocoque laminations of birch and spruce.


Question: in 2011 what was the dominant source of energy in the world

Answer: coal

This is a document about Renewable energy transition
  The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates that, in 2013, total global primary energy supply (TPES) was 157.5petawatt hours or 1.575e17 Wh or about 18TW-year. From 2000–2012 coal was the source of energy with the total largest growth. The use of oil and natural gas also had considerable growth, followed by hydropower and renewable energy. Renewable energy grew at a rate faster than any other time in history during this period. The demand for nuclear energy decreased, in part due to nuclear disasters (Three Mile Island in 1979, Chernobyl in 1986, and Fukushima in 2011). More recently, consumption of coal has declined relative to renewable energy. Coal dropped from about 29% of the global total primary energy consumption in 2015 to 27% in 2017, and non-hydro renewables were up to about 4% from 2%.

This is a document about Energy mix
  petroleum), 20% from nuclear power, 6% hydropower and 7% other renewables. In 2018, the global primary energy source was about 80% fossil fuels: (33.6% oil, 27.2% coal, 23.9% natural gas), 6.8% hydro, 4.4% nuclear, and 4% other renewables, such as wind, thermal, bioenergies, solar, and waste. Energy consumption worldwide rose 2.9%, which is the largest increase since 2010. Europe used less oil than the global percentage, and more nuclear and renewable resources, with France using less gas and more nuclear. North America had the highest consumption per resident, with Russia in second, and Europe and the Middle East following. While North America used 240 gigajoules per capita, Africa used only 15 gigajoules per capita.

This is a document about Fossil fuel
  of millions of years, sometimes more than 650 million years. Fossil fuels can be transformed into other chemicals or derivatives by the refining and chemical industries. Commonly-used refined fossil fuels include kerosene, gasoline and propane, and common chemicals include most plastics and agricultural chemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides. As of 2018, the world's main primary energy sources consisted of petroleum (34%), coal (27%), and natural gas (24%), amounting to an 85% share for fossil fuels in primary energy consumption in the world. Non-fossil sources included nuclear (4.4%), hydroelectric (6.8%), and other renewable energy sources (4.0%, including geothermal, solar, tidal, wind, wood, and waste). The share of renewable

This is a document about Energy in Spain
  Primary energy consumption in Spain in 2015 was mainly composed of fossil fuels. The largest sources are petroleum (42.3%), natural gas (19.8%) and coal (11.6%). The remaining 26.3% is accounted for nuclear energy (12%) and different renewable energy sources (14.3%). Domestic production of primary energy includes nuclear (44,8%), solar, wind and geothermal (22,4%), biomass and waste (21,1%), hydropower (7,2%) and fossil (4,5%). According to The World Factbook, in 2011 Spain produced 276.8 TWh of electricity. In the same year, Spain consumed only 249.7 TWh of electricity. In the early 2000s, huge investment has been made into Spain's renewable energy industry. Spain aims to be carbon-free before 2050. According to Red Electrica de España

This is a document about Renewable energy in China
  In 2011, China produced 70% of its energy from coal, emitted more carbon dioxide than the next two largest emitters combined (United States and India) and emissions had been increasing by 10% a year. In 2011, China produced 6% of its energy from hydroelectric, <1% from nuclear, and 1% from other renewable energy sources. Chinese energy experts estimate that by 2050 the share of electricity from coal will decline to 30%-50%, and that the remaining 50%-70% will come from a combination of oil, natural gas, and renewable energy sources, including hydropower, nuclear power, biomass, solar energy, wind energy, and other renewable energy sources. In 2007,

This is a document about Energy in the United States
   Natural gas was the largest source of energy production in the United States in 2016, representing 33% of all energy produced in the country. Natural gas has been the largest source of electrical generation in the United States since July 2015. The United States has been the world's largest producer of natural gas since 2009, when it surpassed Russia. U.S. natural gas production achieved new record highs for each year from 2011 through 2015. Marketed natural gas production in 2015 was 28.8 e12cuft, a 5.4% increase over 2014, and a 52% increase over the production of 18.9 e12cuft per day in 2005. Because of the greater supply, consumer prices for natural gas are

This is a document about Natural gas in the United States
  Since 2009, electricity generation has been the largest use of natural gas in the US. Electricity generated by natural gas has been by far the fastest-growing source of electricity in the US since the 1990s. Natural gas became the second-largest source of US electricity in 2006, when it surpassed nuclear power. In late 2015, natural gas surpassed coal as the largest source of electricity generated in the United States. In the decade 2005 to 2015, electricity generated by natural gas increased by 574 billion kilowatt-hours, more than triple the increase of the second-fastest-growing source, wind energy, which increased 173 billion kilowatt-hours over the same period. Natural gas-generated electricity increased its share of total US electricity from 18.8 percent in 2005,

This is a document about Electricity sector in China
  power in China) ( 204180 : Solar : #FF8C00 : Solar power in China) ( 23610 : Biomass : #32CD32) |units suffix = _MW |percent = true }} |caption = Generating capacity by source in China as of 2019 }} China's electric power industry is the world's largest electricity producer, passing the United States in 2011 after rapid growth since the early 1990s. In 2019, China produced more electricity than the next three countries—U.S., India, and Russia—combined. Most of the electricity in China comes from coal, which accounted for 65% of the electricity generation mix in 2019. However, electricity generation by renewables has been increasing steadily,

This is a document about Energy in the United States
  Energy in the United States comes mostly from fossil fuels: in 2020, data showed that 35% of the nation's energy originates from petroleum, 10% from coal, and 34% from natural gas. Nuclear power supplied 9% and renewable energy supplied 12%, mainly from hydroelectric dams and biomass; however, this also includes other renewable sources like wind, geothermal, and solar. The United States was the second-largest energy consumer in 2010 after China. The country is ranked seventh in energy consumption per capita after Canada and several small nations. As of 2006, the country's energy consumption had increased more rapidly than domestic energy production over the last 50 years in the nation (when they were roughly equal). This difference was largely met through

This is a document about List of power stations in Iran
  generation by 2014. The natural gas was the major fuel used to generate electricity in Iran in 2009, accounting for an estimated 56.8% of primary energy demand (PED), followed by oil at 40.8% and hydro power at 1.4%. As of 2010, the average efficiency of power plants in Iran was 38 percent. The figure should reach to 45 percent within five years and 50 percent under Vision 2025. Electricity generation in 2008, accounted for 203.8 billion kWh or roughly one percent of world's total production, which was increased by 5.9 percent comparing with the year before. In 2008, the total electricity generated was 190.2 billion

This is a document about Energy policy of the United States
  energy used in the United States is derived from fossil fuels. In 2019, the largest source of the country's energy came from petroleum (36.6%), followed by natural gas (32%), coal (11.4%), renewable sources (11.4%) and nuclear power (8.4%). Amory Lovins says that the sharp and steady cost reductions in solar power has been a "stunning market success". He says that solar, wind and cheap natural gas have significantly reduced the prospects of coal and nuclear power plants around the world. These costs have come down so far for solar photovoltaic electricity that CNBC pointed out that only 79 individuals could fund the US transition to solar. John Rowe, chair of Exelon (the largest nuclear power producer in the US), has said that the nuclear renaissance is dead.

This is a document about 100% renewable energy
  published until 2018, "[t]he great majority of all publications highlights the technical feasibility and economic viability of 100% RE systems." Existing technologies, including storage, are capable of generating a secure energy supply at every hour throughout the year. The sustainable energy system is more efficient and cost effective than the existing system. The IPCC stated in their 2011 report that there is little limiting integrating renewable technologies for satisfying the total global energy demand. In 2014, renewable sources such as wind, geothermal, solar, biomass, and burnt waste provided 19% of the total energy consumed worldwide, with roughly half of that coming from traditional use of biomass. The largest sector in terms of

This is a document about Renewable energy commercialization
  "Renewable energies are expanding both in terms of investment, projects and geographical spread. In doing so, they are making an increasing contribution to combating climate change, countering energy poverty and energy insecurity". According to a 2011 projection by the International Energy Agency, solar power plants may produce most of the world's electricity within 50 years, significantly reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases that harm the environment. The IEA has said: "Photovoltaic and solar-thermal plants may meet most of the world's demand for electricity by 2060 – and half of all energy needs – with wind, hydropower and biomass plants supplying much of the remaining generation". "Photovoltaic and concentrated solar power together can become the major source of electricity". In 2013, China led

This is a document about Electricity generation
  The United States has long been the largest producer and consumer of electricity, with a global share in 2005 of at least 25%, followed by China, Japan, Russia, and India. In 2011, China overtook the United States to become the largest producer of electricity.

This is a document about History of nuclear power
  ended when Italy banned the generation, but not consumption, of nuclear electricity in a June 2011 referendum. China, Switzerland, Israel, Malaysia, Thailand, United Kingdom, and the Philippines reviewed their nuclear power programs. In 2011 the International Energy Agency halved its prior estimate of new generating capacity to be built by 2035. Nuclear power generation had the biggest ever fall year-on-year in 2012, with nuclear power plants globally producing 2,346 TWh of electricity, a drop of 7% from 2011. This was caused primarily by the majority of Japanese reactors remaining offline that year and the permanent closure of eight reactors in Germany.

This is a document about Energy mix
  In 2007, the global primary energy use was 12.5 e6t oil equivalent, or 145,375 GWh. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) 13.6% of world primary energy was used by the European Union (EU). Within the EU, 75.9% came from fossil fuels, 14.1% from nuclear power, 7% from biofuels, 2.9 from renewable energy resources. Overall primary energy consumption in the United States in 2015 relied most on petroleum (35 e15BTU), natural gas (29 e15BTU) and coal (16 e15BTU). Renewables contributed 9 e15BTU and nuclear power 8 e15BTU. In the same year, about 4 million GWh of electricity were generated in the United States, 67% of which was generated from fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and

This is a document about Nordic countries
  measured in terms of energy supply in million toe (tonnes oil equivalent) are in order of importance: oil, solid fuels (e.g. coal and wood), nuclear power, hydro and geothermal power and solar energy and gas. In the EU, the most important source of energy is also oil, but gas comes in second. Hydro and geothermal power and other renewable sources of energy are major sources in the Nordic countries as compared to the EU countries. Particularly in Iceland and Norway, hydro and geothermal power constitute a major share of the overall energy supply. Denmark depends almost entirely on thermal power generated from coal, oil and gas. Iceland obtains a substantial part of its energy for heating from geothermal energy and depends almost entirely upon hydro-power resources for its production of electricity.

This is a document about Greenhouse gas emissions by China
  China is the world's leading investor in wind turbines and other renewable energy technologies and produces more wind turbines and solar panels each year than any other country. As the current largest greenhouse gas contributor in the world, coal burning is the major cause of global warming in China. Therefore, China has tried to transit from fossil fuels toward renewable energy since 2010. China is the world leader in renewable energy deployment, with more than twice the ability of any other nation. China accounted for 43% of global renewable energy capacity additions in 2018. For decades, hydropower has been a major source

This is a document about Energy policy of China
  China is the world's leading renewable energy producer, with an installed capacity of 152 GW. China has been investing heavily in the renewable energy field in recent years. In 2007, the total renewable energy investment was US$12 billion, second only to Germany. In 2012, China invested US$65.1 billion in clean energy (20% more than in 2011), fully 30% of the total investment by the G-20, including 25% (US$31.2 billion) of global solar energy investment, 37% percent (US$27.2 billion) of global wind energy investment, and 47% (US$6.3 billion) of global investment in "other renewable energy" (small hydro, geothermal, marine, and biomass); 23 GW of clean generation capacity

This is a document about Climate change in Malaysia
  As of 2000, the largest sectoral contributor to greenhouse gas emissions was the energy sector, whose 58 million tonnes (Mt) of equivalent emissions made up 26% of the national total. This was followed by the transport sector with 36 Mt, or 16%. Other estimates put the energy sector as producing 55% of emissions in 2011, and 46% in 2013. Fossil fuels remain the primary fuel for electricity generation. Demand for electricity grew 64% in the decade prior to 2017. In 2017, over 44% of electricity was produced from burning coal, and 38% from natural gas. The 17% produced through renewable energy came

The dominant source of energy in the world in 2011 was fossil fuels, specifically oil, coal, and natural gas, which accounted for approximately 83% of the total primary energy consumption.


Question: british singer who collaborated with kanye west on american boy

Answer: Estelle

This is a document about American Boy
  "American Boy" is a song recorded by British singer and rapper Estelle for her second studio album Shine (2008). It features vocals from US rapper Kanye West. The song was written by Estelle, West, Ethan Hendrickson, will.i.am, John Legend, Josh Lopez, Caleb Speir, and Keith Harris. It was produced by will.i.am, and uses the instrumental from "Impatient" from his own third studio album Songs About Girls (2007). "American Boy" is a breezy R&B and disco-funk song that lyrically describes a romance with an American suitor. The song's conception came after Legend, Estelle's mentor, suggested she write a song about meeting a man from the United States. "American Boy" was released by Atlantic Records as the album's second single on 31 March 2008.

This is a document about Estelle (musician)
  Estelle Fanta Swaray (born 18 January 1980) is a British rapper, singer, songwriter, actress, and record producer from Hammersmith, West London, England who is known for her eclectic mix of various musical genres including R&B, soul, reggae, grime, hip hop and dance. She has collaborated with artists including John Legend, Robin Thicke, Rick Ross, Chris Brown, will.i.am, Kanye West, and Tyler, The Creator After singing with V2 Records, Estelle released her debut album The 18th Day (2004), which reached number 35 on the UK Albums Chart. Her next album, Shine (2008), which was released through the Atlantic Record Label, charted internationally and helped her significant mainstream success. The album included the single "American Boy"

This is a document about London Boy (song)
  "London Boy" is a song by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift from her seventh studio album, Lover (2019). The song was written and produced by Swift, Jack Antonoff, and Sounwave, the latter of whom served as a co-producer. It gives additional writing credit to Cautious Clay, as a result of an interpolation of Clay's song "Cold War". An upbeat bubblegum pop song with reggae influences, it is about an infatuation with a love interest from London, inspired by Swift's experiences in the city. The lyrics of "London Boy" name-check a range of locations and cultural icons associated with London, from a perspective of a woman from Tennessee, U.S. It features a spoken-word intro by Idris Elba. The song received favorable comments from general music critics, but a mixed reception from British critics, who complimented the production but felt the lyrics do not represent London properly. Upon the release of Lover, it charted on the singles charts of Australia, Canada, and the U.S. Swift performed the song live on BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge and at Capital FM's Jingle Bell Ball.

This is a document about List of awards and nominations received by Kanye West
 2008 ; "American Boy" (with Estelle) ; Best Collaboration ; Won ; align="center"| ; 2013 ; rowspan="4"| Kanye West ; rowspan="3"| Best International Artist ; Nominated ; align="center"| ; 2016 ; Nominated ; align="center"| ; rowspan="2"| 2018 ; Nominated ; rowspan="2" align="center"| ; Artist of the Year (USA) ; Nominated ; } rowspan="2" align="center"| ; Artist of the Year (USA) ; Nominated ; } } The Urban Music Awards UK was launched in 2003, and celebrates urban music in the UK. West has received one award from three nominations. !Ref.

This is a document about Kano (British musician)
  Kanye West's "My Way Home". The mixtape also included a preview of "Buss It Up", a song that featured on the later release London Town. London Town was released on 10 September 2007, preceded by the single "This Is The Girl", featuring Craig David, on 27 August. Along with Craig David the album features collaborations with Blur and Gorillaz front-man Damon Albarn, Kate Nash, and Vybz Kartel. After the release of the album, Kano toured the UK as well as performing the whole album at the Jazz Cafe in October 2007 alongside a live band. Kano also sold out London Astoria in the same month to put on an entertaining show also promoting Tinchy Stryder on his tour.

This is a document about 2008 in British music charts
  top ten with the remixed version of their 1992 hit "Something Good", while alternative rock band Panic! at the Disco entered the chart at #13 with "Nine in the Afternoon", the first single from their second album Pretty. Odd.. Duffy stayed on top of the albums for a second week with her debut Rockferry. On 23 March, London hip hop sensation Estelle's single "American Boy", a collaboration with Kanye West, went to number one on download sales alone, ending Duffy's five-week-long reign at the top of the charts. Madonna returned to the chart with the Timbaland-produced "4 Minutes", featuring vocals from Justin Timberlake,

This is a document about List of awards and nominations received by Kanye West
 rowspan="2"| 2005 ; rowspan="2"| Kanye West ; International Breakthrough Act ; Nominated ; rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| ; International Male Solo Artist ; Nominated ; rowspan="2"| 2006 ; Late Registration ; International Album ; Nominated ; rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| ; rowspan="3"| Kanye West ; rowspan="3"| International Male Solo Artist ; Won ; 2008 ; Won ; style="text-align:center;"| ; rowspan="2"| 2009 ; Won ; style="text-align:center;"| ; "American Boy" (with Estelle) ; Single of the Year ; Nominated ; style="text-align:center;"| ; 2010 ; "Gold Digger" (2006 Brit Awards) ; Best Live Performance at the Brit Awards ; Nominated ; style="text-align:center;"| ; 2011 ; Kanye West ; International Male Solo Artist ; Nominated ; style="text-align:center;"| ; 2012 ; Kanye West & Jay-Z ; International Group ; Nominated ; style="text-align:center;"| ; } International Male Solo Artist ; Nominated ; style="text-align:center;"| ; 2012 ; Kanye West & Jay-Z ; International Group ; Nominated ; style="text-align:center;"| ; } } The Brit Awards are the British Phonographic Industry's (BPI) annual pop music awards. West has received three awards from ten nominations. !Ref.

This is a document about Fergie (singer)
  Fergie Duhamel (born Stacy Ann Ferguson; March 27, 1975) is an American singer, songwriter, and actress. She first achieved chart success as part of the hip hop group the Black Eyed Peas. Her debut solo album, The Dutchess (2006), saw commercial success and spawned three Billboard Hot 100 number one singles: "London Bridge", "Glamorous", and "Big Girls Don't Cry". Although she vocally incorporates rapping into some of her performances, she does not consider herself a rapper. Fergie was originally a member of the children's television series Kids Incorporated and the girl group Wild Orchid. In 2001, she left the group and in the subsequent year joined the Black

This is a document about Ed Sheeran
  Edward Christopher Sheeran (born 17 February 1991) is an English singer-songwriter. Born in Halifax, West Yorkshire, he was brought up in Framlingham, Suffolk and began writing songs around the age of eleven. In early 2011, Sheeran independently released the extended play, No. 5 Collaborations Project. He signed with Asylum Records the same year. Sheeran's debut album, + (pronounced "plus"), was released in September 2011 and topped the UK Albums Chart. It contained his first hit single "The A Team". In 2012, Sheeran won the Brit Awards for Best British Male Solo Artist and British Breakthrough Act. Sheeran's second studio album, × (pronounced "multiply"), topped charts around the world upon its release in June 2014. It was named the second-best-selling album worldwide of 2015.

This is a document about American Boy
  In 2009, "American Boy" earned Estelle and Kanye West a Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration, while receiving a nomination for Song of the Year. The song received a nomination for BRIT Award for Best British Single. The single won Best Song at the 2008 MOBO Awards. The song was nominated for Best R&B/Urban Dance Track at the 2009 International Dance Music Awards. It received a nomination for Outstanding Duo or Group at the 40th NAACP Image Awards. "American Boy" was nominated for Best International Song at the NRJ Music Awards 2009. The song won Best Collaboration at both the 2008 UK Urban Music Awards, and the 2009 Urabn Music Awards. The music video earned a nomination at the 2009 MTV Australia Awards for Best Collaboration.

This is a document about American Boy
  "American Boy" was written by Estelle, will.i.am, John Legend, Kanye West, Josh Lopez, Caleb Speir and Keith Harris. It was also produced by will.i.am and recorded over the instrumental of his song "Impatient", from his third studio album Songs About Girls (2007). The credits of Lopez, Speir, and Harris were the result of this sampling. In a 2008 interview with Pete Lewis of Blues & Soul, Estelle explained how the song came to fruition: "We were just messing about in the studio, joking around. And John (Legend) just said to me 'Why don't you write a song about meeting an American boy?'. So I was like 'Well, that's pretty easy' - because I have a lot of male friends out there in New York. And I unwittingly ended up

This is a document about No.6 Collaborations Project
  No. 6 Collaborations Project is a collaboration project by English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran. It was released on 12 July 2019 by Asylum Records and Atlantic Records. The album is a follow-up to Sheeran's 2011 EP No. 5 Collaborations Project, and includes a range of guest appearances from artists such as Justin Bieber, Camila Cabello, Travis Scott, Eminem, 50 Cent, Cardi B, Paulo Londra, Young Thug, Skrillex, Bruno Mars, Stormzy, J Hus and Dave, among others. The album release was preceded by the singles "I Don't Care" with Bieber, "Cross Me" featuring Chance the Rapper and PnB Rock, "Beautiful People" featuring Khalid, "Blow" with Chris Stapleton and Mars, "Best Part of Me" featuring Yebba, "Antisocial" with Scott, "South of the Border" featuring Cabello and Cardi B, and "Take Me Back to London" featuring Stormzy. The album was met with mixed reviews by critics, but debuted atop the UK Albums Chart and US Billboard 200, and was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Album at the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards.

This is a document about Mercy (Duffy song)
   "Mercy" peaked at number-one on the UK Singles Chart solely on digital downloads on 17 February 2008 ― for the week ending dated 23 February 2008 ― three weeks before the physical release of the single. It remained at the top of the charts for five weeks until it was dethroned by "American Boy" by Estelle featuring Kanye West. "Mercy" was one of only three singles, all debuts, to achieve a five-week run at the top of the UK Singles Chart in 2008 ― the other two being "Now You're Gone" by Basshunter, which was ironically replaced at the top spot

This is a document about Estelle (musician)
  other voice out there in mainstream music, and she can really write. She writes hip lyrics with unforgettable melodies. I recognised that in her when I first worked with her in 2004." He continues, "I'm excited and honored to have Estelle as the first artist on my label, Homeschool Records. I believe the world is going to fall in love with her album, as I already have. Estelle is an amazing talent, and she's going to do big things." The lead single, "Wait a Minute (Just a Touch)", released in November 2007. In 2008, Estelle rose to fame with her collaboration with rapper Kanye West, titled "American Boy".

This is a document about Shine (Estelle album)
  Shine is Estelle's second studio album. It was released on 31 March 2008 supported by the lead single "Wait a Minute (Just a Touch)", released in November 2007. The second single, "American Boy" featuring Kanye West, reached number 1 on the UK Singles Chart and the top 10 in several other countries. It also garnered two Grammy Award nominations for Best Rap Sung Collaboration and Song of the Year. Along with Kanye West on "American Boy", the album features will.i.am, Kardinal Offishall, Mark Ronson, John Legend and Cee-Lo. A bonus track by Hi-Tek includes "Life to Me" featuring Estelle as a guest artist. A version of the album with additional bonus tracks and videos was made available through iTunes. The two bonus tracks are "Life to Me" (also on the UK CD single for "American Boy") and "I Wanna Live", plus the videos for "American Boy" and "Wait a Minute (Just a Touch)". Shine was nominated for the Barclaycard Mercury Prize in 2008.

This is a document about 2006 in British music
 Best British Male Solo Artist: James Blunt ; Best British Female Solo Artist: KT Tunstall ; Best British Group: Kaiser Chiefs ; Best British Album: Coldplay - X&Y ; Best British Single: Coldplay - "Speed of Sound" ; Best British Rock Act: Kaiser Chiefs ; Best British Urban Act: Lemar ; Best British Live Act: Kaiser Chiefs ; British Breakthrough Artist: Arctic Monkeys ; Best Pop Act: James Blunt ; Best International Male Solo Artist: Kanye West ; Best International Female Solo Artist: Madonna ; Best International Group: Green Day ; Best International Album: Green Day - American Idiot ; International Breakthrough Artist: Jack Johnson ; Outstanding Contribution to Music: Paul Weller

This is a document about Music of the United Kingdom (2000s and 2010s)
  British soul in the 2000s was dominated by female singers, many of them white, including Natasha Bedingfield, Joss Stone, Amy Winehouse, Estelle, Adele and Duffy, all of whom have enjoyed success in the American charts, leading to talk of a "Third British Invasion", "Female Invasion" or "British soul invasion" leading the charts like "American Boy", "No Substitute Love" o "Pretty Please (Love Me)" by Estelle or "Mercy" by Duffy. In 2009, the single "Down" reached the No. 1 spot on the Billboard Hot 100 and sold two million copies in the United States, making him "the most successful male UK urban artist in US chart history." Female singer-songwriters of various genres began to dominate the British charts in 2006 with the previously mentioned Winehouse and Lily Allen. In August 2011, the top 5 positions on the album charts were held by both Adele and Amy Winehouse with two albums each, and by American singer Beyoncé holding the other spot. British singer-songwriter Paloma Faith reached No. 2 on the album charts in 2012 with her second album Fall to Grace.

This is a document about List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Dance Club Songs chart
  Boys = The Collaboration") (1) ; The Communards (1) ; Company B (1) ; Consumer Rapport (1) ; Jem Cooke (1) ; Bradley Cooper (1) ; Deborah Cooper (2) ; JP Cooper (1) ; Kim Cooper (1) ; Alec R. Costandinos & the Syncophonic Orchestra (1) ; Patrick Cowley (1) ; Carl Cox (1) ; Chris Cox (2) ; Deborah Cox (13) ; Mia Cox (1) ; Crazibiza (1) ; Sheryl Crow (1) ; Crown Heights Affair (1) ; Taio Cruz (2) ; Crystal Method (1) ; Culture Beat (1) ; Lizzie Curious (2) ; Noah Cyrus (1) ; Miley Cyrus (2)

This is a document about 51st Annual Grammy Awards
  mastering engineer Song of the Year ; "Viva la Vida" ; Guy Berryman, Jonny Buckland, Will Champion & Chris Martin, songwriters (Coldplay) ; "American Boy" ; William Adams, Keith Harris, Josh Lopez, Caleb Speir, John Stephens, Estelle Swaray & Kanye West, songwriters (Estelle featuring Kanye West) ; "Chasing Pavements" ; Adele Adkins & Eg White, songwriters (Adele) ; "I'm Yours" ; Jason Mraz, songwriter (Jason Mraz) ; "Love Song" ; Sara Bareilles, songwriter (Sara Bareilles) Best New Artist ; Adele ; Duffy ; Jonas Brothers ; Lady Antebellum ; Jazmine Sullivan For all of these there are both nominees and winners, the winners are in bold.

This is a document about Kanye West
  Ye (born Kanye Omari West, June 8, 1977), commonly known as Kanye West, is an American rapper, record producer, and fashion designer. Born in Atlanta and raised in Chicago, West gained recognition as a producer for Roc-A-Fella Records in the early 2000s, producing singles for several artists and developing the "chipmunk soul" sampling style. Intent on pursuing a solo career as a rapper, West released his debut album, The College Dropout (2004), to critical and commercial success, and founded the record label GOOD Music. Ye explored diverse musical elements such as orchestral arrangements, synthesizers, and autotune on the acclaimed albums Late Registration (2005), Graduation (2007), and 808s & Heartbreak (2008). Drawing inspiration from maximalism and minimalism respectively, his fifth album My Beautiful Dark

Estelle is the British singer who collaborated with Kanye West on the song "American Boy."


Question: when was the last time the cubs won the world series before 2016

Answer: 1908

This is a document about Curse of the Billy Goat
  the Detroit Tigers, and did not win a World Series championship again until 2016. The Cubs had last won the World Series in 1908. After the incident with Sianis and Murphy, the Cubs did not play in the World Series for the next 71 years until, on the 46th anniversary of William Sianis's death, the List of Major Leag"curse" was broken when they defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers 5–0 in game 6 of the 2016 National League Championship Series to win the NL pennant. The Cubs then defeated the American League (AL) champion Cleveland Indians 8–7 in 10 innings in game 7 to win the 2016 World Series, 108 years after their last win.

This is a document about Steve Bartman incident
  On November 2, 2016, the Chicago Cubs won the World Series for the first time since 1908. Through Murtha, Bartman congratulated the Cubs in their World Series championship. Murtha said, "[Bartman] was just overjoyed that the Cubs won, as all the Cubs fans are." Further, when calls were made for Bartman to be a part of the victory parade, or other similar ideas, "The one thing that Steve and I did talk about was if the Cubs were to win, he did not want to be a distraction to the accomplishments of the players and the organization." MLB.com and ESPN have both reported that Cubs owner Tom Ricketts had expressed interest in contacting Bartman for closure "at the right time". Later on, Cubs

This is a document about Eamus Catuli
  different date markers—counting the years since the team’s seasonal and playoff success. The first two represent the number of seasons since the Cubs last won the National League Central division title (2020). The next two represent the number of seasons since the Cubs last won the National League pennant (2016). The last three (originally two) represent the number of seasons since the Cubs last won the World Series (2016). Using this vernacular, AC000000 would indicate that the Cubs won the National League Central division, National League pennant, and World Series. That finally happened early in the morning on November 3, 2016, when the Cubs defeated the Cleveland Indians in Game 7 of the 2016 World Series.

This is a document about Chicago Cubs
  World Series champions since the Yankees in 1998, 1999, and 2000, the Cubs struggled for most of the first half of the 2017 season, never moving more than four games over .500 and finishing the first half two games under .500. On July 15, the Cubs fell to a season-high 5.5 games out of first in the NL Central. The Cubs struggled mainly due to their pitching as Jake Arrieta and Jon Lester struggled and no starting pitcher managed to win more than 14 games (four pitchers won 15 games or more for the Cubs in 2016). The Cub offense also struggled as Kyle Schwarber batted near .200

This is a document about Chicago
  franchise every year since the AL began in 1901 (New York hosted only one between 1958 and early 1962). The two teams have faced each other in a World Series only once: in 1906, when the White Sox, known as the "Hitless Wonders," defeated the Cubs, 4–2. The Cubs are the oldest Major League Baseball team to have never changed their city; they have played in Chicago since 1871, and continuously so since 1874 due to the Great Chicago Fire. They have played more games and have more wins than any other team in Major League baseball since 1876. They have won three World Series titles, including the 2016 World Series, but

This is a document about Curse of the Billy Goat
   The Cubs ended the 2016 season with a (.640) record. It was their first 100-win season since 1935 (, .649), their best since 1910 (, .675), and the sixth 100-win season in franchise history. The Cubs won the National League Championship Series (NLCS), their first pennant in 71 years, with a 5–0 shutout in Game 6 against the Los Angeles Dodgers at Wrigley Field on October 22, 2016; the "curse" was broken on the 46th anniversary of Billy Sianis's death. The Cubs beat the Cleveland Indians in the 2016 World Series in seven games after trailing in the series 3 games to 1. They won game 7 by a score of 8–7 in 10 innings at Progressive Field in Cleveland, Ohio, ending their 108-year drought.

This is a document about Ed Reulbach
  World Series champion Cubs, their last Series championship until they won it again in 2016. He pitched two shutouts in one day against the Brooklyn Dodgers on September 26, 1908. No other pitcher has ever accomplished this feat in the major leagues. In a 1976 Esquire magazine article, sportswriter Harry Stein published an "All Time All-Star Argument Starter", consisting of five ethnic baseball teams. Reulbach was the right-handed pitcher on Stein's Jewish team, though Reulbach was, in fact, Roman Catholic and is buried in Montclair, New Jersey's Immaculate Conception Roman Catholic Cemetery. He died in 1961 on the same day (July 17) as Ty Cobb and was buried in Immaculate Conception Cemetery, Montclair. Reulbach was the last surviving Chicago Cub to have played in the 1907 and 1908 World Series, their most recent world championship until 2016.

This is a document about 2016 World Series
  The 2016 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball's (MLB) 2016 season. The 112th edition of the World Series, it was a best-of-seven playoff between the National League (NL) champion Chicago Cubs and the American League (AL) champion Cleveland Indians, the first meeting of those franchises in postseason history. The series was played between October 25 and November 2 (although Game 7 ended slightly after 12:00 am local time on November 3). The Indians had home-field advantage because the AL had won the 2016 All-Star Game. This was the final World Series to have home-field advantage determined by the All-Star Game results; since, home-field advantage has been awarded to the team with the better record. Many consider the 2016 World Series to be one of the best of all

This is a document about Cubs–White Sox rivalry
  While New York of the 1940s and 1950s often had two or three teams vying for championships, the two Chicago teams had comparatively little to celebrate for a long time, except for pennants in 1945 (Cubs) and 1959 (Sox), until the White Sox won the 2005 World Series and the Cubs won the 2016 World Series. Historically, each team's fans felt bad for their own team's relatively poor performance, but took solace in that the other team was doing just as badly. Thus, the rivalry often was one in which fans of one team are just as happy for the poor play

This is a document about Chicago Cubs
  Series win since 1908. Coming back from a three-games-to-one deficit, the Cubs defeated the Cleveland Indians in seven games in the 2016 World Series, They were the first team to come back from a three-games-to-one deficit since the Kansas City Royals in 1985. On November 4, the city of Chicago held a victory parade and rally for the Cubs that began at Wrigley Field, headed down Lake Shore Drive, and ended in Grant Park. The city estimated that over five million people attended the parade and rally, which made it one of the largest recorded gatherings in history. In an attempt to be the first team to repeat

This is a document about 1918 World Series
  Harry Frazee traded the superbly talented but troublesome Babe Ruth (who was instrumental in their 1918 victory) to the New York Yankees for cash after the 1919 season. The Cubs would not win their next World Series until 2016. The Cubs, who last won in, won the National League but lost the Series in 1918, , , , , and , allegedly stymied by the infamous Curse of the Billy Goat imposed during that latter Series. The Red Sox, who had won the American League but lost the Series in, , , and , finally won the World Series in and then won again in , 2013 and 2018. When

This is a document about 2016 National League Championship Series
  The 2016 National League Championship Series was a best-of-seven playoff in which the Chicago Cubs defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers for the National League (NL) pennant and the right to play in the 2016 World Series against the Cleveland Indians. As the Division Series winner with the best regular season record in the National League, the Cubs earned home-field advantage regardless of opponent. The series was the 47th in league history. FS1 televised all of the games in the United States. The Cubs defeated the Cleveland Indians in the World Series in seven games, after overcoming a 3–1 series deficit, winning their first World Series championship in 108 years, ending the Curse of the Billy Goat.

This is a document about List of events at Wrigley Field
 June 25/26 the Vermont rock quartet Phish played a pair of concerts at Wrigley Field, debuting an inventive a cappella version of the David Bowie song, "Space Oddity. ; October 15/16/22 the Cubs hosted the Los Angeles Dodgers for Games 1, 2, and 6 of the 2016 National League Championship Series. Chicago won Games 1 and 6, earning the National League Championship on the latter win. ; October 28–30 the Cubs hosted the Cleveland Indians for Games 3, 4, and 5 of the 2016 World Series. These teams had not won the World Series since 1908 and 1948, respectively - the two longest active championship droughts in baseball history at the time. Cleveland won Games 3 and 4, but Chicago won Game 5 and went on to win the title in Cleveland with victories in Games 6 and 7. ; November 4, 2016 Cubs 2016 World Series victory parade began at Wrigley Field.

This is a document about Cleveland Guardians
  accomplished since the 1990s and early 2000s. The Indians began the 2016 postseason by sweeping the Boston Red Sox in the best-of-five American League Division Series, then defeated the Blue Jays in five games in the 2016 American League Championship Series to claim their sixth American League pennant and advance to the World Series against the Chicago Cubs. It marked the first appearance for the Indians in the World Series since 1997 and first for the Cubs since 1945. The Indians took a 3–1 series lead following a victory in Game 4 at Wrigley Field, but the Cubs rallied to

This is a document about World Series
  met for the Fall Classic.  In 2016, the Chicago Cubs ended their 108-year long drought without a World Series title by defeating the Cleveland Indians in seven games, rallying from a 3–1 Series deficit in the process. That extended Cleveland's World Series title drought to 68 years and counting – the Indians last won the Series in 1948 – now the longest title drought in the major leagues. Beginning in 2017, home-field advantage in the World Series was awarded to the league champion team with the better regular-season win-loss record. If both league champions have the same record, the tie-breaker is a head-to-head record,

This is a document about Sports-related curses
  in game 6 of the 2003 NLCS vs. the Florida Marlins, when Steve Bartman, a Cubs fan, attempted to catch a foul ball. The Cubs defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 2016 National League Championship Series (NLCS), winning the organization's first National League (NL) pennant since 1945. The Cubs finally won the 2016 World Series against the Cleveland Indians, their first championship in 108 years. The Chicago White Sox were said to have been cursed because of their role in fixing the 1919 World Series. As a result, the Cincinnati Reds won that series in eight games, and eight White Sox players were banned by baseball for their actions in throwing the series. The White Sox wouldn't win another World Series until 2005, when they swept the Houston Astros in four games.

This is a document about Chicago
  the dubious honor of having the two longest droughts in American professional sports: They had not won their sport's title since 1908, and had not participated in a World Series since 1945, both records, until they beat the Cleveland Indians in the 2016 World Series. The White Sox have played on the South Side continuously since 1901, with all three of their home fields throughout the years being within blocks of one another. They have won three World Series titles (1906, 1917, 2005) and six American League pennants, including the first in 1901. The Sox are fifth in the American League in all-time wins, and sixth in pennants. The Chicago Bears, one

This is a document about Mordecai Brown
  Cubs and the New York Giants on October 8, 1908, at New York. With Mathewson starting for the Giants, Cubs starter Jack Pfiester got off to a weak start and was quickly relieved by Brown, who held the Giants in check the rest of the way as the Cubs prevailed 4–2, to win the pennant. The Cubs then went on to win their second consecutive World Series championship, their last until 2016, a span of 108 years. In late 1909, Brown was on a team that played some games in Cuba. He planned to spend the winter there, but returned home when he caught a mysterious sickness. Brown saw limited action in 1912 and

This is a document about 2017 Chicago Cubs season
  The Cubs finished the 2016 season 103–58 in first place in the Central Division, reaching the playoffs for the second consecutive season. The Cubs defeated the San Francisco Giants three games to one in the National League Division Series. In the National League Championship Series, the Cubs defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers four games to two to advance the franchise's first World Series since 1945. In the World Series, the Cubs rallied from a three games to one deficit to defeat the Cleveland Indians to win the World Series for the first time since 1908.

This is a document about Javier Báez
  Cubs victory. It was the first 1–0 win in a playoff game for the Cubs since game 4 of the 1906 World Series against the Chicago White Sox. In Game 4, Báez drove in Jason Heyward to cap off a four-run rally in the top of the ninth, sending the Cubs to the 2016 National League Championship Series with a 6–5 victory. During the first game of the 2016 National League Championship Series against the Los Angeles Dodgers, Báez stole home in the second inning. He was the first Cub to do this in a postseason game since 1907 when Jimmy Slagle accomplished this

The last time the Chicago Cubs won the World Series before 2016 was in 1908.


Question: in ramayana who is the father of ravana

Answer: Vishrava

This is a document about Mayasura
  In Ramayana he is the husband of Hema and the father of Mayavi, Dundubhi and Mandodari, the beautiful wife of Ravana, King of Lanka.

This is a document about Ramayana
  Rāmāyana ( रामायणम्, ) is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India and important text of Hinduism, the other being the Mahābhārata. The epic, traditionally ascribed to the Maharishi Valmiki, narrates the life of Rama, a legendary prince of Ayodhya city in the kingdom of Kosala. The epic follows his fourteen-year exile to the forest urged by his father King Dasharatha, on the request of Rama's stepmother Kaikeyi; his travels across forests in the Indian subcontinent with his wife Sita and brother Lakshmana, the kidnapping of Sita by Ravana – the king of Lanka, that resulted in war; and Rama's

This is a document about List of characters in Ramayana
  Ravana was the Rakshasa king of Lanka. He is the main protagonist of the epic Ramayana. He was the son of Vishrava and Kaikashi. He performed penance for the God Shiva for many years, and in return received a great blessing from God himself that he cannot be killed by any God, demon, or other divine beings.He was equal to 1 atimaharathi. He defeated warriors like Rama, Laxmana, Vali,Hanumant etc.

This is a document about Ravana
  daughter of the celestial architect Maya, Dhanyamalini, and a third wife. His sons from his three wives were as follows: 1) Meghnaad (also known as Indrajit because he defeated Indra), the most powerful son of Ravana. He was born to Ravana's elder consort Mandodari. ; 2) Atikaya ; 3) Akshayakumara ; 4) Narantaka ; 5) Devantaka ; 6) Trishira ; 7) Prahasta In the Bengali ballad "Meghnad Bodh Kavya" by Michael Madhusudan Dutt, Beerbahu is said to be Ravana's son. Ravana's family are hardly mentioned outside the Ramayana, which is viewed by some as being only the point of view of Rama devotees. According to that:

This is a document about Ahalya
  The Ramayana mentions Ahalya's son, Shatananda (Satananda), the family priest and preceptor of King Janaka of Mithila. In this version, Shatananda asks Vishvamitra anxiously about the well-being of his "renowned" mother. By contrast, the Mahabharata mentions two sons: Sharadvan, born with arrows in his hand, and Chirakari, whose extensive brooding over his actions leads to procrastination. Besides these, an unnamed daughter is also alluded to in the narrative. The Vamana Purana mentions three daughters: Jaya, Jayanti and Aparaji. Another legend, generally told in Indian folk tales, states that Aruna, the charioteer of the sun-god Surya, once became a woman named Aruni and entered an assembly of celestial nymphs, where no man except Indra was allowed. Indra fell in love with Aruni and fathered a son named

This is a document about Kambar (poet)
  The original version of Ramayana was written by Valmiki. It is an epic of 24,000 verses which depicts the journey of Rama, a prince of Ayodhya who belonged to Raghuvamsa (Solar dynasty). In Hinduism, Rama is the seventh incarnation of Lord Vishnu, one of the Trimurti (the Hindu holy trinity which includes Brahma and Shiva). The Ramavataram or Kamba Ramayanam of Kamban is an epic of about 11,000 stanzas. The Rama-avataram or Rama-kathai as it was originally called was accepted into the holy precincts in the presence of Vaishnava Acharya Naathamuni. Kamba Ramayana is not a verbal translation of the Sanskrit epic by Valmiki, but a retelling of the story of Lord Rama. Legend has it that the entire episode

This is a document about Vishrava
  through alliances with mighty Kings and Rishis. They decided that their daughter, Kaikashi or keshini would make a worthy wife for Vishrava and orchestrated her chance encounter with the Rishi. Vishrava fell in love with the beautiful-appearing (magically) Kaikashi and fathered four children with her. The oldest was Ravana who would eventually oust his half-brother, Kubera, as King of Lanka and usurp his throne. Ravana was also the main antagonist of an epic, the Ramayana. In addition to Ravana, Vishrava fathered Vibhishana, Kumbakarna and a daughter, Shurpanakha, through Kaikashi. He is said to have disowned his demonic family after witnessing Ravana's disrespectful treatment of his older brother, Kubera and returned to his first wife, Ilavida.

This is a document about Ravana
  Ravana (रावण,, ) was a king of the island Lanka and the chief antagonist in the Hindu epic Ramayana and its adaptations. In the Ramayana, Ravana is described to be the eldest son of sage Vishrava and Rakshasi Kaikesi. He abducted lord Rama's wife Sita and took her to his kingdom of Lanka, where he held her in Ashok Vatika. Later, Rama, with the support of vanara King Sugriva and his army of vanars, attacked Ravana in Lanka. They killed Ravana and Rama rescued his beloved wife Sita. Ravana is widely considered to be a symbol of evil but he also has many qualities that make him a learned scholar. He was well-versed in the six shastras and the four Vedas. Ravana is also considered to be the most revered devotee of Shiva. Images of Ravana are seen associated with Shiva at some places. He also appears in the Buddhist Mahayana text Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra, in Buddhist Ramayanas and Jatakas, as well as in Jain Ramayanas. In some scriptures, he is depicted as one of Vishnu’s cursed doorkeepers.

This is a document about List of characters in Ramayana
  Mandodari was the elder consort of Ravana. The Ramayana describes Mandodari as beautiful, pious, and righteous. Mandodari was the daughter of Mayasura and an apsara named Hema. Mandodari bears two sons: Meghanada (Indrajit) and Akshayakumara.

This is a document about Surya
  had two sons by Surya-Sawarni Manu (the eighth Manu, the next) and Sani (the god of the planet Saturn), and two daughters-Tapti and Vishti. Batara Surya also had a son, Rewanta, or Raiwata, from Ragyi. Interestingly, Surya's two sons – Sani and Yama – are responsible for judging humans' lives, after death. Sani gives the results of one's actions through one's life through appropriate punishments and rewards, while Yama gives the results of one's actions after death. In the Ramayana, Surya is mentioned as the father of King Sugriva, who helped Rama and Lakshmana in defeating King Ravana. He also trains Hanoman as his teacher. In the Mahabharata, Kunti receives a mantra from a

This is a document about Ayodhya dispute
  Rama is one of the most widely worshipped Hindu deities and is considered the seventh incarnation of god Vishnu. According to the Ramayana, Rama was a prince born in Ayodhya to parents Kaushalya and Dasharatha in the Treta Yuga, that is thousands of years before the Kali Yuga which is supposed to have begun in 3102 BCE according to the Hindu tradition. The Ramayana narrates the story of Rama, who was exiled and, after many travails, returns to Ayodhya and rules it as a king before departing his life in the waters of the Sarayu river. In the modern Hindu belief, Rama is a deity, an ideal man,

This is a document about Kubera
  who mothered four Rakshasa children: Ravana, the chief antagonist of the Ramayana, Kumbhakarna, Vibhishana and Soorpanaka. The Mahabharata regards Vishrava as the brother of Kubera, so Kubera is described as the uncle of Ravana and his siblings. It records that when Kubera approached Brahma for the favour of superseding his father Pulastya, Pulastya created Vishrava. To seek the favour of Vishrava, Kubera sent three women to him, by whom Vishrava begot his demon children. Ravana, after acquiring a boon of Brahma, drove Kubera away from Lanka and seized his Pushpaka Vimana, which was returned to Kubera after Ravana's death. Kubera then settled on

This is a document about Ravana
 Ravana's granduncle was Malyavan, who was against the war with Rama and Lakshmana. He also had another granduncle named Mali who was killed by Lord Vishnu. ; Ravana's parents were sage Vishrava (son of Pulastya) and Kaikesi (daughter of Sumali and Tataka or Ketumati). Kaikesi had ten brothers, the famous generals in Lanka’s army being Dhumraksha, Prahastha and Akampana, and also Maricha and Subahu which would effectively make them Ravana's uncles and three aunts named Kumbinashi, Puspotkata, and Raka. Kaikesi’s father, Sumali, was instrumental in making Ravana the king of Lanka by advising him to get boons from Brahma, defeat Kubera, and establish the Rakshasa rule in

This is a document about Ramayana
   This Sarga (section) details the stories of Rama's childhood and events related to the time-frame. Dasharatha was the King of Ayodhya. He had three wives: Kaushalya, Kaikeyi and Sumitra. He did not have a son and in the desire to have a legal heir performs a fire sacrifice known as Putra-kameshti Yajna. As a consequence, Rama was first born to Kaushalya, Bharata was born to Kaikeyi, Lakshmana and Shatrughna were born to Sumitra. These sons are endowed, to various degrees, with the essence of the Supreme Trinity Entity Vishnu; Vishnu had opted to be born into mortality to combat the demon Ravana, who was oppressing the gods, and who could only be destroyed by a mortal. The boys

This is a document about Raghuvaṃśa
 Canto 10 – The gods pray to Vishnu, who is incarnated as Rama Canto 11 – Sita's swayamvara, and the defeat of Parashurama Canto 12 – Rama exiled, Shurpanakha humiliated, Sita kidnapped, and Ravana killed Canto 13 – The return by aerial route Canto 14 – Sita's exile Canto 15 – The birth of Rama's sons, and the passing of Rama These cantos 10 to 15 tell the story of the Ramayana, but the parts from Valmiki well known to Indian readers are abridged. The gods, tormented by Ravana, pray to Vishnu. Dasharatha performs a yajña and is blessed with four children: Rama, Lakshmana, Bharata and Shatrughna. Rama and Lakshmana accompany the sage Vishvamitra and kill the demon Tataka.

This is a document about Nala (Ramayana)
  The Ramayana narrates that Sita - the wife of Rama, prince of Ayodhya and avatar of the god Vishnu - was kidnapped by Ravana, the rakshasa (demon) king of Lanka. Rama, aided by an army of vanaras (monkeys), reached the end of land and wanted to cross over to Lanka. Rama worships the god of the ocean, Varuna and requests him to make way. When Varuna does not appear before Rama, Rama starts shooting various weapons at the sea, which starts drying up. A terrified Varuna pleads to Rama. Though he refuses to give way, he gives Rama a solution. He tells Rama that Nala, the son of Vishwakarma - the

This is a document about Itihasa
  of Raghu, Aja and Dasharatha. The story of Rama, Dasharatha's son, forms the subject of the poem Ramayana by Valmiki. The intrigues of his stepmother Kaikeyi result in the exile of Rama, his wife Sita and his brother Laksmana to the forest. In the forest, Sita is abducted by Ravana, the king of raksasas and imprisoned in Lanka, his capital. Rama forms an alliance with the monkeys and the bears of the forest and lays a siege of Lanka. Ravana is ultimately defeated and slain by Rama. He then returns to Ayodhya with his wife Sita and ascends the throne. With Rama's disappearance, the Treta Yuga comes to a close and the Dvapara Yuga commences. After Rama the solar dynasty goes into permanent decline.

This is a document about Glossary of Hinduism terms
 Rama: The Seventh Avatara of Vishnu. The life and heroic deeds of Rama are written in the Sanskrit epic, The Ramayana. ; Ramayana : Part of the Hindu smriti, written by Valmiki. This epic of 24,000 verses in seven kandas (chapters or books) tells of a Raghuvamsa prince, Rama of Ayodhya, whose wife Sita is abducted by the rakshasa Ravana. ; Rudra : A Rigvedic god of the storm, the hunt, death, Nature and the Wind. Rudra is an early form of Shiva and a name of Shiva in the Shiva sahasranama. ; Ruru : The son of Pramati and grandson of Chyavana. He married Pramadvara, granddaughter of Vaivasvata Manu.

This is a document about Ramayan (2012 TV series)
  Ramayan narrates the tale of Rama, who was the eldest of the four sons of Dasharatha, the King of Ayodhya. Rama is to become the king of Ayodhya upon his father's retirement, but his stepmother, Kaikeyi, under the influence of her maid Manthara, desires that her son, Bharata, become the king instead. Recalling that Dasharatha had once promised to grant her any two boons that she asked of him, she demands first that Rama should be exiled to the forest for 14 years and second that Bharata should be crowned ruler in his stead. Although heartbroken, Dasharatha is compelled to keep his word. Reluctantly, he asks Rama to leave for the forest. Rama happily accepts the exile and leaves for the forest. Ram reluctantly accepts the company of his wife, Sita, and his younger brother, Lakshmana. When Bharata learns that his mother is responsible

This is a document about Ayodhya (Ramayana)
  According to the Ramayana, Ayodhya was founded by Manu, the progenitor of mankind, and measured 12x3 yojanas in area. Both Ramayana and Mahabharata describe Ayodhya as the capital of the Ikshvaku dynasty of Kosala, including Rama and Dasharatha. The Purana-pancha-lakshana also describes the city as the capital of Ikshvaku kings, including Harishchandra. The Ramayana states that the city was ruled by king Dasaratha, a descendant of king Ikshvaku. His son Rama was exiled to the forest, and returned to the city after several travails, establishing an ideal rule in the kingdom. According to Uttara Kanda, a later addition to the Ramayana, Rama divided the kingdom into North and South Kosala at the end of his

Ravana's father is Vishrava, who is the son of Kaikayi and King Vishwajit.