Question: what film did barbra streisand win for best director

Answer: Yentl

This is a document about 2014 American Society of Cinematographers Awards
 Awarded to actress and singer Barbra Streisand.

This is a document about My Name Is Barbra (TV program)
  My Name Is Barbra was nominated for six Primetime Emmy Awards in 1965, for which it won five. Streisand won the award for "Outstanding Individual Achievements in Entertainment." It also won the Directors Guild of America Award for "Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Television" in 1966. Barbra Streisand also won her first Peabody Award in 1965.

This is a document about Women's cinema
  Women's cinema is a variety of topics bundled together to create the work of women in film. This can include women filling behind the scene roles such as director, cinematographer, writer, and producer while also addressing the stories of women and character development through screenplays. Renowned female directors include Barbra Streisand, the first woman to win the Golden Globe Award for Best Director (1983), and Kathryn Bigelow, who is the first woman to win the Academy Award for Best Director (2009), along with many other female directors from around the world such as Alice Guy-Blaché, Dorothy Arzner, Mary Harron, Icíar Bollaín, Jane Campion, Aparna Sen, Sofia Coppola, Agnès Varda, Patty Jenkins,

This is a document about Barbra Streisand
  Her first film was a reprise of her Broadway hit, Funny Girl (1968), an artistic and commercial success directed by Hollywood veteran William Wyler. Streisand won the 1968 Academy Award for Best Actress for the role, sharing it with Katharine Hepburn (The Lion in Winter), the only time there has been a tie in this Oscar category. Her next two movies were also based on musicals—Jerry Herman's Hello, Dolly!, directed by Gene Kelly (1969); and Alan Jay Lerner's and Burton Lane's On a Clear Day You Can See Forever, directed by Vincente Minnelli (1970)—while her fourth film was based on the Broadway play The Owl

This is a document about Funny Girl (musical)
  The 1968 namesake screen adaptation, directed by William Wyler, paired Streisand with Omar Sharif in the role of Arnstein. Medford repeated her stage role, and Walter Pidgeon was cast as Flo Ziegfeld. The film won Streisand the Academy Award for Best Actress, an honor she shared with Katharine Hepburn for The Lion in Winter, as well as the Golden Globe. The film, which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture and several other awards, was the top-grossing film of 1968.

This is a document about Golden Globe Award for Best Director
  The Golden Globe Award for Best Director – Motion Picture is a Golden Globe Award that has been presented annually by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association, an organization composed of journalists who cover the United States film industry for publications based outside North America, since 1943. Having won all four of his nominations, Elia Kazan has been honored most often in this category. Clint Eastwood, Miloš Forman, David Lean, Martin Scorsese, and Oliver Stone tie for second place with three wins each. Steven Spielberg has had the most nominations (twelve) and has received the award twice. Barbra Streisand and Chloé Zhao are the two only women to have won the award. In the following lists, the first names, listed in bold type against a blue background, are the winners, and the following names are the remaining nominees. The years given are those in which the films under consideration were released, not the year of the ceremony, which takes place in January of the following year.

This is a document about Golden Globe Awards
  In the category for Best Director, Elia Kazan leads with four wins, followed by Clint Eastwood, Miloš Forman, David Lean, Martin Scorsese, and Oliver Stone with three wins each. Steven Spielberg holds the record for most nominations with twelve. Francis Ford Coppola, Clint Eastwood, and Steven Soderbergh are the only directors to receive two nominations in the same year. Barbra Streisand is the first woman to have won the award.

This is a document about The Owl and the Pussycat (film)
 2002: AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions – Nominated Barbra Streisand received a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy, her 3rd in this category. She also ranked 2nd place in Laurel Award for Best Comedy Performance, Female. George Segal also ranked 2nd place in National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actor. Buck Henry was also nominated for Writers Guild of America Award for Best Comedy Adapted from Another Medium. The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

This is a document about Yentl
  director and the writer he would have to be exceedingly wise to curb his appetites. I must say that Miss Streisand was exceedingly kind to herself. The result is that Miss Streisand is always present, while poor Yentl is absent." The film, however, was well received by others, including reviewers at Time, Variety and Newsweek. Box office receipts were also healthy, both domestically and internationally, and the film was ranked 19th in the year's moneymakers. At awards time, Streisand was snubbed at the Oscars, but the film itself received 5 nods, winning for Best Original Music Score. Yentl won two Golden Globe Awards for Best Director and Best Motion Picture (Musical or Comedy).

This is a document about Funny Girl (film)
  Funny Girl garnered eight Academy Award nominations and ultimately won one – Barbra Streisand won an Oscar as Best Actress for her film debut. Along with Columbia Pictures' other Best Picture nominee and eventual winner Oliver!, that studio secured a combined total of nineteen Academy Award nominations, the most nominations for musicals from one studio in a year. At the Golden Globe Award, Funny Girl received three nominations and won one – Best Actress for Barbra Streisand.

This is a document about List of awards and nominations received by Barbra Streisand
  We Were (1973), Funny Lady (1975), Yentl (1983), Nuts (1987), The Prince of Tides (1991), and The Mirror Has Two Faces (1996). For her film A Star Is Born (1976), she won her second Academy Award, composing music for the love theme "Evergreen", the first woman to be honored as a composer. With the release of Yentl (1983), Streisand became the first woman to write, produce, direct, and star in a major studio film. The film won an Oscar for Best Score and a Golden Globe for Best Motion Picture Musical. Streisand also received the Golden Globe Award for Best Director, becoming the first (and

This is a document about 57th Golden Globe Awards
  Barbra Streisand

This is a document about 53rd Annual Grammy Awards
 Barbra Streisand

This is a document about 34th Annual Grammy Awards
 Barbra Streisand

This is a document about 49th Academy Awards
  Lina Wertmüller in the Best Director category; she was the first ever female directing nominee. Barbra Streisand received her second Academy Award, composing music for the love theme "Evergreen"; she was the first woman to be honored as a composer, and as of the 93rd Academy Awards, is the only person to have won an Academy Award for both acting and songwriting. No honorary awards were given this year. ABC had the Oscars from 1960 to 1970 and had regained them for 1976. For the second straight year, the ceremony was scheduled directly opposite the NCAA championship basketball game on NBC, won by Marquette in Al McGuire's final game as head coach.

This is a document about Dilip Biswas
 Winner Best Director -

This is a document about Richard Jay-Alexander
  For the last 8 years, he has directed the Chaplin Awards for Film at Lincoln Center. The annual event has honored Barbra Streisand, Robert Redford, Rob Reiner, Robert DeNiro, Morgan Freeman, Helen Mirren, as well as the 50th Anniversary Gala. Spike Lee was to be honored in the spring of 2020, but due to COVID-19 has been moved to a future date. His work with Barbra Streisand can be seen on various DVD products or PBS Specials including: Streisand: 2006 Tour; Barbra Streisand: One Night Only at The Village Vanguard; Barbra Streisand: Back to Brooklyn; Barbra: The Music, The Mem'ries, The Magic (Netflix). He also brought hit songwriter Desmond Child back to the stage, after

This is a document about List of awards and nominations received by Barbra Streisand
  Barbra Streisand is an American singer, actress, and filmmaker. With a career spanning seven decades, she has achieved success in multiple fields of entertainment and is one of the few entertainers who have been awarded an Emmy, Grammy, Oscar, and Tony Award (EGOT). Streisand began her career by performing in nightclubs and Broadway theaters in the early 1960s. Following her guest appearances on various television shows, she signed to Columbia Records and released her debut album, The Barbra Streisand Album (1963). It won two Grammy Awards, including Album of the Year. Throughout her recording career, Streisand has topped the US Billboard 200 chart with 11 albums—a

This is a document about Barbra Streisand
  screwball comedy What's Up, Doc? (1972), and the romantic drama The Way We Were (1973). Streisand won a second Academy Award for writing the love theme from A Star Is Born (1976), the first woman to be honored as a composer. With the release of Yentl (1983), Streisand became the first woman to write, produce, direct, and star in a major studio film. The film won an Oscar for Best Score and a Golden Globe for Best Motion Picture Musical. Streisand also received the Golden Globe Award for Best Director, becoming the first (and for 37 years, the only) woman to win that award. Streisand later directed The Prince of Tides (1991)

This is a document about Seattle Film Critics Society Award for Best Director
  † indicates the winner of the Academy Award for Best Director.

Barbra Streisand did not win an Academy Award for Best Director. She won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role in "Funny Girl" (1968).


Question: who sings youre the best thing about me

Answer: Jim Weatherly

This is a document about You're the Best Thing About Me
  "You're the Best Thing About Me" is a song by Irish rock band U2. It is the third track on their fourteenth studio album, Songs of Experience, and was released as its lead single on 6 September 2017. Musically, "You're the Best Thing About Me" originated from the band's attempt to write a song in the spirit of Motown, combining rhythmic music with a joyful mood. The lyrics were written by lead vocalist Bono as a love song for his wife, Ali, after he had a nightmare that he had destroyed their relationship. A week prior to the song's single release, U2 re-recorded it while trying to find an arrangement they could perform live, returning the song to the more guitar-oriented style of its original demo. "You're the Best Thing About Me" reached number one on the US Adult Alternative Songs chart. Its release was followed by an electronic dance remix by Norwegian DJ Kygo.

This is a document about You're the Best Thing About Me
  Guitarist the Edge said that "You're the Best Thing About Me" originated from an attempt to write a song in the spirit of Motown, combining rhythmic music with a joyful mood, although he said there was nothing "obviously Motown" about the end result. Lead vocalist Bono referred to the song as "defiant joy", something that he and the Edge said was more important than ever in the "difficult times" in which they were living. The song first emerged in August 2016 as an electronic dance remix by Norwegian DJ Kygo, which he played during his performance at the Cloud 9 Festival. The song was mentioned in an April 2017

This is a document about The Best Thing About Me Is You
  "The Best Thing About Me Is You" is a song by the Puerto Rican recording artist Ricky Martin, taken from his ninth studio album, Música + Alma + Sexo (2011). It was digitally released as the lead single from the album on November 2, 2010. The song had earlier premiered on radio's Ryan Seacrest show. The original English version of the song features singer Joss Stone, while its Spanish version, "Lo Mejor de Mi Vida Eres Tú", replaces Stone's vocals with Natalia Jiménez. "The Best Thing About Me Is You" was later featured on three of Martin's compilations: Greatest Hits (2011), Playlist: The Very Best of Ricky Martin (2012) and Greatest Hits: Souvenir Edition (2013).

This is a document about The Best Thing About Me Is You
 1) "The Best Thing About Me Is You" featuring Joss Stone – 3:36 ; 2) "Lo Mejor de Mi Vida Eres Tú" featuring Natalia Jiménez – 3:36 1) "The Best Thing About Me Is You" featuring Joss Stone (Jump Smokers Radio Edit) – 4:26 ; 2) "Lo Mejor de Mi Vida Eres Tú" featuring Natalia Jiménez (Spanish Jump Smokers Radio Edit) – 4:27 ; 3) "The Best Thing About Me Is You" featuring Joss Stone (Jump Smokers Dance Version) – 5:13 ; 4) "Lo Mejor de Mi Vida Eres Tú" featuring Natalia Jiménez (Spanish Jump Smokers Dance Version) – 4:42 1) "The Best Thing About Me Is You" featuring Edita – 3:36 1) "Lo Mejor de Mi Vida Eres Tú" featuring Jenni Rivera (banda version) – 3:29 1) "The Best Thing About Me Is You" (Solo Version) – 3:36 ; 2) "Lo Mejor de Mi Vida Eres Tú" (Solo Version) – 3:38 Digital singles European digital remixes German digital single Mexican promotional single US Target edition album bonus tracks

This is a document about You're the Best Thing About Me
  In a 15 May 2017 article in The Irish Times, Bono first mentioned that the band's next single would be "You're the Best Thing About Me". On 29 August 2017, the song was confirmed to be the first single from Songs of Experience, and it was released on 6 September. The cover photograph, taken by the band's photographer Anton Corbijn, depicts the Edge's daughter, Sian, wearing a military helmet. The image evokes the cover art of the group's 1998 compilation album The Best of 1980–1990, which showed the younger brother of Guggi, a friend of Bono, wearing a similar helmet. On 7 September, the band performed the song on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon before debuting

This is a document about Jacknife Lee
  Forced Witness (2017) ; U2 – "You're the Best Thing About Me" (2017) ; U2 – Songs of Experience (2017) ; The Beaches –Late Show (2017) ; Snow Patrol – Wildness (2018) ; The Killers – Revamp: Reimagining the Songs of Elton John & Bernie Taupin (2018) ; The Beaches – Facscination (2018) ; Bob Moses – Battle Lines (2018) ; Sneaks – Hong Kong To Amsterdam (2018) ; Jacknife Lee – Space Is The Plaice / Pussyfoot (2018) ; Catfish and The Bottlemen - Longshot (2019) ; The Killers – "Land of the Free" (2019) ; Sneaks – Highway Hypnosis (2019) ; Catfish and The

This is a document about Joss Stone
  own independent record label, Stone'd Records. EMI announced in late December that they would be releasing a greatest hits album, The Best of Joss Stone 2003–2009. The compilation was released on 30 September 2011. In 2010, Stone collaborated with Puerto Rican recording artist Ricky Martin for "The Best Thing About Me Is You", and peaked at No. 74 on the U.S Billboard Hot 100 and which topped the Hot Latin Songs and Latin Pop Songs chart, this was Stone's first number-one on all two charts, which also made her the first Briton of non-Hispanic origin to reach No. 1 on the Hot Latin Tracks and Latin Pop Songs chart.

This is a document about Jerry Dammers
  and for supporting black musicians. Carl Barât of The Libertines included a Dammers composition, "Too Much Too Young", on his personal compilation album Under The Influence. Pete Doherty, former member of The Libertines, namechecked "What I Like Most About You is Your Girlfriend" on Down in Albion, the first Babyshambles album. The song "Merry Go Round" contains the lyrics "He says, 'What I like most about you, Pete/Is your girlfriend and your shoes.'" Those who have recorded a song written by Dammers include Tricky ("Ghost Town"), The Prodigy ("Ghost Town") and Elvis Costello ("What I Like Most About You Is Your Girlfriend"). Dammers has produced singles for

This is a document about Best Part of Me
  "Best Part of Me" is a song by English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran featuring American singer YEBBA. Asylum Records and Atlantic Records released it on 5 July 2019, along with his Chris Stapleton and Bruno Mars collaboration "BLOW", as the fifth single from his fourth studio album No.6 Collaborations Project (2019).

This is a document about Songs of Experience (U2 album)
  "You're the Best Thing About Me" was released as the album's lead single, and The New York Times published an article on the album, stating it would be released on 1 December. On 7 September, the band performed "You're the Best Thing About Me" on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon before debuting it live at a concert in Indianapolis three days later on the Joshua Tree Tour 2017. Island said that performances of the new single during the tour generated excitement for the album among commercial and media partners in attendance. In late October, fans once again received mysterious postal mail letters, this time

This is a document about Thing About You
  "Thing About You" is a song written by Tom Petty, and recorded by American rock music group Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers for their 1980 album Hard Promises. In 1985, it was covered by American country music group Southern Pacific, featuring Emmylou Harris, and was released in August 1985 as the second single from the band's self-titled debut album. The song reached number 14 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.

This is a document about The Best Thing (Boom Crash Opera song)
  "The Best Thing" is a song by Australian band, Boom Crash Opera. The song was released in November 1989 as the third single from their second studio album, These Here Are Crazy Times! (1989). The song was featured in the 1991 movie, “Don’t Tell Mom The Babysitter’s Dead.” In 2008 the song was remixed by Australian DJ Hook N Sling entitled as The Best Thing 2008

This is a document about Kygo
  Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Scotland, Slovakia, Sweden and Switzerland. It also reached the top 10 in Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States. On 28 April, Kygo released the second single from the EP, "First Time", with English singer Ellie Goulding. This track was certified gold in UK on 20 February 2020 selling over 400,000 copies. On 15 September 2017, Kygo remixed the U2 song "You're The Best Thing About Me", which was also released as his collaborative single with the band. On 19 October 2017,

This is a document about You're the Best Thing About Me
  Norwegian DJ and record producer Kygo released a remix of "You're the Best Thing About Me" on 15 September 2017 by Ultra Music.

This is a document about You Are the Best Thing
  "You Are the Best Thing" was featured in the film I Love You, Man, and in an episode of the Australian TV show Packed to the Rafters. It was also featured in the film Bad Moms, released in 2016. Singer Jovin Webb sang the song on American Idol (season 18) during the Showcase Round at Aulani Resort in Kapolei, Hawaii which aired on March 29, 2020.

This is a document about Come On Over Tour
  year titled Live. The video was certified platinum by the RIAA for shipments exceeding 100,000 units. In 1999, the concerts at the Bayfront Park Amphitheatre were filmed for a concert special airing on TNN. The special entitled Shania Twain: Winter Break gave the viewer a behind-the-scenes look of the tour and Twain's personal life. At the concerts, Twain was joined onstage by English recording artist Elton John, to perform "You're Still the One", "Something About the Way You Look Tonight" and "Amneris' Letter". On January 16, 1999, Twain was also joined by American boyband, the Backstreet Boys to perform their hit, "All I Have to Give" and Twain's "From This Moment On". The

This is a document about Jump Smokers discography
  Remix) ; Christian TV – "Love 2 Baby" (Jump Smokers Remix) ; Willow Smith – "21st Century Girl" (Jump Smokers Remix) ; Britney Spears – "Hold It Against Me" (Jump Smokers Remix) ; Jay Sean featuring Lil Wayne – "Hit the Lights" (Jump Smokers Remix) ; Big Time Rush featuring Snoop Dogg – "Boyfriend" (Jump Smokers Remix) ; Ricky Martin featuring Joss Stone – "The Best Thing About Me Is You" (Jump Smokers Remix) ; Alexis Jordan – "Good Girl" (Jump Smokers Remix) Pitbull featuring TJR – "Don't Stop the Party" (Jump Smokers Remix) ; One Direction – "Live While

This is a document about You Are the Best Thing
  "You Are the Best Thing" is the lead single of the album Gossip in the Grain by American folk singer-songwriter Ray LaMontagne released on August 26, 2008, by Stone Dwarf Music, LLC, under license to RCA/JIVE Label Group, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment. The song hit number five on Billboard Adult Alternative Songs chart, and is currently his only single to chart on the Billboard Hot 100, reaching number 90.

This is a document about Lorrie Morgan
  album of the same name, and simultaneously promoted by both BNA and Mercury Nashville, the label to which Kershaw was signed at the time. Audio engineer Csaba Petocz produced the album, except for the Kershaw duet, which was handled by Keith Stegall. Also included on the album was a cover of Bryan Adams' "The Only Thing That Looks Good on Me Is You", and the Jo Dee Messina duet "The Things We Do". Contributing songwriters included Robert Ellis Orrall, Leslie Satcher, Trey Bruce, Stegall, and Randall. Tom Roland of The Tennessean found the album's first half stronger than its second half, praising the collaborative songs and Morgan's vocal delivery on "Strong Enough to

This is a document about Richard Marx songwriting and production discography
 What About Me (With Kim Carnes & James Ingram) (Co-Writer) ; Somebody Took My Love (Co-Writer) ; Crazy (Co-Writer) Who Loves You Baby (Co-Writer) Vikki Moss - If I Turn You Away (Co-Writer/Co-Producer) The Best Of Me (Co-Writer) Calling Your Name Again (Co-Writer) Edge Of A Broken Heart (Co-Writer/Producer) Ann Wilson (of Heart) & Robin Zander (of Cheap Trick) - Surrender To Me (Co-Writer) The Best Of Me (Co-Writer) Kevin Cronin (of REO Speedwagon) - (Everybody's Gotta) Face The Music (Co-Writer) Right Here Waiting (Writer/Co-Producer) Swear Your Love (Co-Writer) 1984 Kenny Rogers - What About Me Fee Waybill - Read My Lips 1985 St. Elmo's Fire soundtrack 1986 David Foster - David Foster 1987 Richard Carpenter - Time 1988 Vixen - Vixen Tequila Sunrise soundtrack 1989 Cliff Richard - Stronger Sing soundtrack Now That's What I Call Music 16 (U.K. series) Steve Lukather - Lukather

Bono sings "You're the Best Thing About Me" in the U2 version. Ricky Martin sings it in the original Spanish version, and Joss Stone sings it in the English version.


Question: who starred in the original sound of music

Answer: Julie Andrews

This is a document about The Sound of Music (film)
  The Sound of Music is a 1965 American epic musical drama film produced and directed by Robert Wise, and starring Julie Andrews and Christopher Plummer, with Richard Haydn, Peggy Wood, Charmian Carr, and Eleanor Parker. The film is an adaptation of the 1959 stage musical of the same name, composed by Richard Rodgers with lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II. The film's screenplay was written by Ernest Lehman, adapted from the stage musical's book by Lindsay and Crouse. Based on the 1949 memoir The Story of the Trapp Family Singers by Maria von Trapp, the film is about a young Austrian postulant in Salzburg,

This is a document about The Sound of Music
  the children. Many songs from the musical have become standards, including "Edelweiss", "My Favorite Things", "Climb Ev'ry Mountain", "Do-Re-Mi", and the title song "The Sound of Music". The original Broadway production, starring Mary Martin and Theodore Bikel, opened in 1959 and won five Tony Awards, including Best Musical, out of nine nominations. The first London production opened at the Palace Theatre in 1961. The show has enjoyed numerous productions and revivals since then. It was adapted as a 1965 film musical starring Julie Andrews and Christopher Plummer, which won five Academy Awards, including Best Picture. The Sound of Music was the last musical written by Rodgers and Hammerstein; Oscar Hammerstein died of stomach cancer nine months after the Broadway premiere.

This is a document about The Sound of Music
  The Sound of Music premiered at New Haven's Shubert Theatre where it played an eight-performance tryout in October and November 1959 before another short tryout in Boston. The musical then opened on Broadway at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre on November 16, 1959, moved to the Mark Hellinger Theatre on November 6, 1962, and closed on June 15, 1963, after 1,443 performances. The director was Vincent J. Donehue, and the choreographer was Joe Layton. The original cast included Mary Martin as Maria, Theodore Bikel as Captain Georg von Trapp, Patricia Neway as Mother Abbess, Kurt Kasznar as Max Detweiler, Marion Marlowe as Elsa Schräder, Brian Davies as Rolf and Lauri Peters as Liesl. Patricia

This is a document about Gertrude Astor filmography
 The Sound of Music as Party Guest (uncredited)

This is a document about Peter Levathes
 The Sound of Music (1965)

This is a document about Rodgers and Hammerstein
  The Sound of Music, Rodgers and Hammerstein's last work together, is based on the story of the Austrian Von Trapp Family. Starring Mary Martin as Maria and Theodore Bikel as Captain von Trapp, it opened on Broadway at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre on November 16, 1959, garnering much praise and numerous awards. It has been frequently revived ever since. The show was made into a film in 1965 starring Julie Andrews as Maria and Christopher Plummer as the Captain. It won five Oscars, including Best Picture and Best Director, Robert Wise. Hammerstein died in August 1960, before the film was made, so when Rodgers was asked to create two new songs for the film ("I Have Confidence" and "Something Good"), he wrote the lyrics as well as the music. The Sound of Music contains more hit songs than any other Rodgers and Hammerstein musical, and the film version was the most financially successful film adaptation of a Broadway musical ever made. The most enduring of these include the title song, "Do-Re-Mi", "My Favorite Things", "Climb Ev'ry Mountain", "So Long, Farewell" and "Sixteen Going on Seventeen". "Edelweiss" was the last song that Rodgers and Hammerstein wrote together.

This is a document about The Sound of Music
  soundtrack was released by RCA Victor and is one of the most successful soundtrack albums in history, having sold over 20 million copies worldwide. Recent CD editions incorporate musical material from the film that would not fit on the original LP. The label has also issued the soundtrack in German, Italian, Spanish and French editions. RCA Victor also released an album of the 1998 Broadway revival produced by Hallmark Entertainment and featuring the full revival cast, including Rebecca Luker, Michael Siberry, Jan Maxwell and Fred Applegate. The Telarc label made a studio cast recording of The Sound of Music, with the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra conducted by Erich Kunzel (1987). The lead roles went to opera stars: Frederica von Stade as Maria, Håkan Hagegård as Captain von Trapp, and Eileen Farrell

This is a document about Ivyann Schwan
 The Sound of Music

This is a document about 1959 in music
  Mustacchi m. Marguerite Monnot ; "Morgen"    w. (Eng) Noel Sherman (Ger) Peter Mosser m. Peter Mosser ; "Mr. Blue"    w.m. Dewayne Blackwell ; "My Favorite Things"    w. Oscar Hammerstein II m. Richard Rodgers. Introduced by Patricia Neway and Mary Martin in the musical Sound of Music.  Performed in the film version by Julie Andrews. ; "My Heart Is an Open Book"    w. Hal David m. Lee Pockriss ; "My Wish Came True"    w.m. Ivory Joe Hunter ; "Oh! Carol"    w. Howard Greenfield m. Neil Sedaka ; "Only Love Me"    w. (Eng) Mann Curtis (Ital) Pinchi m. V. Panzuti ; "Only Sixteen"

This is a document about Lip sync
  Rosalind Russell in Gypsy, and Bill Lee for Christopher Plummer in The Sound of Music. Some pre-overdubbed performances have survived, such as Hepburn's original My Fair Lady vocals (included in documentaries related to the film), and Gardner's original vocals in Show Boat were heard for the first time in the 1994 documentary That's Entertainment! III. When songs appear in non-musical films, however, the actors sing live on set, but later dub their voices in ADR using a "better" performance of the song. Lip-synching is almost always used in modern musical films (The Rocky Horror Picture Show being an exception) and in biopics such as Ray and La Vie en Rose, where the original recording adds authenticity. But some early musicals usually use live recordings. In the 1950s

This is a document about The Sound of Music (film)
  with Fox to star in The Sound of Music and one other film for $225,000. Wise had a more difficult time casting the role of the Captain. A number of actors were considered for the part, including Bing Crosby, Yul Brynner, Sean Connery, and Richard Burton. Wise had seen Christopher Plummer on Broadway and wanted him for the role, but the stage actor turned down the offer several times. Wise flew to London to meet with Plummer and explained his concept of the film; the actor accepted after being assured that he could work with Lehman to improve the character. Wise also spent considerable time and effort on casting the secondary

This is a document about Virgilia, Mother Abbess
  Lütz inspired the character of the “Mother Abbess”, portrayed by German actress Agnes Windeck, in the original 1956 feature-film on the von Trapp family. In the 1959 Broadway musical The Sound of Music, Lütz was portrayed by Patricia Neway, who won the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical for her performance. The song Climb Ev'ry Mountain, written by Rodgers and Hammerstein, is sung by the Mother Abbess to Maria, encouraging her to be strong and follow her heart. In the 1965 film The Sound of Music, the Mother Abbess was portrayed by Peggy Wood, who was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance.

This is a document about The Pink Panther Strikes Again
  Sound of Music (which starred Blake Edwards's wife, Julie Andrews), Dracula A.D. 1972, Singin' in the Rain, Steamboat Bill, Jr. and Sweet Charity, putting the Pink Panther character and the animated persona of Inspector Clouseau into recognizable events from said movies. There is also a reference to Jaws in the ending credits sequence. The scene in which Clouseau impersonates a dentist and the use of laughing gas and pulling the wrong tooth are clearly inspired by Bob Hope in The Paleface (1948). Richard Williams (later of Roger Rabbit fame) supervised the animation of the opening and closing sequences for the second and final time; original animators

This is a document about January 1965
  States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, and the first ever African-American Cabinet Secretary. ; The first showing of The Sound of Music, starring Julie Andrews and Christopher Plummer in 20th Century Fox's film adaptation of the Rodgers & Hammerstein musical, was made in a "sneak preview" at the Mann Theatre in Minneapolis, Minnesota on January 15, with director Robert Wise in attendance; preview cards from the audience showed 223 "excellent" votes, three "good" votes, and none for any lower category, and another showing was made at the Brook Theatre in Tulsa, Oklahoma the next day. Prior to the premiere

This is a document about Johnson, Nebraska
 Bill Lee, overdub singer whose voice was used instead of Christopher Plummer's in the film version of The Sound of Music

This is a document about Kenji Haga
 My Fair Lady ; The Sound of Music

This is a document about The Sound of Music (song)
  In 1959, Rodgers and Hammerstein asked singer Patti Page to record the title song of their forthcoming musical, The Sound of Music, hoping for some national attention. A week before the opening of the Broadway production, she recorded the song for Mercury Records. The disc debuted at No. 99 on the Billboard Hot 100 on the day that the musical opened on Broadway. She featured the song on her national TV variety show sponsored by Oldsmobile, The Patti Page Olds Show. The song was sung by Mary Martin in the 1959 original Broadway production. The song was sung by Julie Andrews in the 1965 film version, with a reprise by the Von Trapp family later in the film. The song was ranked tenth in the American Film Institute's list of the 100 Greatest Songs in Movie History.

This is a document about 1959 in music
  ; "Living Doll"    w.m. Lionel Bart ; "Lock Up Your Daughters"    w. Lionel Bart m. Laurie Johnson ; "Lonely Blue Boy"    Ben Weisman, Fred Wise ; "Lonely Boy"    w.m. Paul Anka ; "The Lonely Goatherd"    w. Oscar Hammerstein II m. Richard Rodgers.  Introduced by Mary Martin and the children in the musical Sound of Music.  Performed by Julie Andrews in the film version. ; "Lonely Street"    w.m. Carl Belew, Kenny Sowder & W. S. Stevenson ; "Love Potion No. 9"    w.m. Jerry Leiber & Mike Stoller ; "Love Will Find Out The Way"    w.m. Glenn Paxton, Robert Goldman & George Weiss

This is a document about The Sound of Music Live!
  On June 30, 2012, NBC's chairman Bob Greenblatt announced the network's plans to broadcast a live adaptation of the Broadway musical The Sound of Music in 2013. On November 30, 2012, the network announced that country music singer and American Idol fourth season winner Carrie Underwood would star as Maria von Trapp in the production. In a statement, Greenblatt justified Underwood's involvement, saying that "[Maria] was an iconic woman who will now be played by an iconic artist." On September 16, 2013, NBC revealed the full cast of the special, and released a promotional image depicting Underwood as Maria von Trapp, wearing blond braids and a dirndl, referencing one of Julie Andrews' "most iconic moments" from

This is a document about Maria von Trapp
 The Trapp Family (1956) ; The Trapp Family in America (1958) Maria von Trapp's book, The Story of the Trapp Family Singers, published in 1949, was a best-seller. It was made into two successful German / Austrian films: The book was then adapted into The Sound of Music, a 1959 Broadway musical by Rodgers and Hammerstein, starring Mary Martin and Theodore Bikel. It was a success, running for more than three years. The musical was adapted in 1965 as a motion picture of the same name, starring Julie Andrews. The film version set US box office records, and Maria von Trapp received about $500,000 ($ today) in royalties. Maria von Trapp made a cameo appearance

The original Broadway production of "The Sound of Music" starred Mary Martin as Maria and Theodore Bikel as Captain von Trapp.


Question: when did they stop making the canadian 1000 dollar bill

Answer: 2000

This is a document about Birds of Canada (banknotes)
  banknote remained in circulation for 13 years owing to its infrequent use. It was released on 4 May 1992. The banknote was withdrawn from circulation by the Government of Canada on 12 May 2000 at the request of the Bank of Canada, the Department of Finance, and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) as part of a program to reduce organized crime. At the time, 2,827,702 of the $1000 bills were in circulation, representing 0.3% of all circulating currency; in 2001, 520,000 banknotes were withdrawn from circulation and destroyed. By 2011, fewer than 1 million were in circulation, most of which were held by organized crime and used for money laundering.

This is a document about Canadian dollar
  chartered banks were prohibited from issuing their own currency, with the Royal Bank of Canada and the Bank of Montreal among the last to issue notes. Significant design changes to the notes have occurred since 1935, with new series introduced in 1937, 1954, 1970, 1986, and 2001. In June 2011, newly designed notes printed on a polymer substrate, as opposed to cotton fibre, were announced; the first of these polymer notes, the $100 bill, began circulation on November 14, 2011, the $50 bill began circulation on March 26, 2012, the $20 denomination began circulation on November 7, 2012, and the $5 and $10 denominations began circulation on November 12, 2013. Since 1935, all banknotes are printed by the

This is a document about Birds of Canada (banknotes)
  as the toonie. The $1,000 note was withdrawn by the Bank of Canada in 2000 as part of a program to mitigate money laundering and organized crime. The portraits on the front of the note were made larger than those of previous series. The $20, $50, $100, and $1000 banknotes had a colour-shifting metallic foil security patch on the upper left corner, an optical security device that was difficult to reproduce with the commercial reproduction equipment of the time. This was the last Canadian banknote series to include planchettes as a security feature. This series was the first to include a bar code with the serial number. This allows the visually impaired to determine the denomination of a banknote using a hand-held device distributed by the bank of Canada for free via the Canadian National Institute for the Blind.

This is a document about Withdrawn Canadian banknotes
  Printing of the $1,000 note ceased in 2000. The denomination was withdrawn on the advice of the Solicitor General and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), as it was often used for money laundering and organized crime. The Bank of Canada has requested that financial institutions return $1,000 notes for destruction. The most recent issue of this denomination was in 1992 as part of the Birds of Canada series. It was pink in colour, featuring Queen Elizabeth II on the face, and two pine grosbeaks on the back.

This is a document about Cashless society
  destroyed and that no new notes of those denominations would be printed in the future, although such notes were last printed in 1945, 24 years earlier. Canada did the same thing with the CAD$1000 banknote beginning on 12 May 2000. Sweden printed 10,000kr banknotes in 1939 and 1958, but declared them invalid after 31 December 1991. Singapore announced on 2 July 2014, that they would no longer produce the SGD$10,000 banknote, and it was no longer issued as of 1 October 2014. The European Central Bank no longer issues the €500 denomination euro banknotes as of 27 April 2019.

This is a document about Coins of the Canadian dollar
  between 1997 and 2001 were as high as 29 million in 2000 alone), the $1 coin was only produced for the standard collector sets that were made available on an annual basis, such as the Uncirculated, O Canada, Specimen and Proof sets. On March 29, 2012, the Canadian government announced that the 1¢ coin would be retired. The Royal Canadian Mint stopped producing 1¢ coins in May 2012, and in February 2013 the Bank of Canada stopped distributing them, but the coins remain legal tender. Cash transactions are rounded to the nearest 5¢, while non-cash transactions (using cheques, credit cards, or debit cards) will continue to be rounded to the nearest 1¢.

This is a document about Canadian one-hundred-dollar note
  The Canadian one-hundred-dollar note is one of five banknotes of the Canadian dollar. It is the highest-valued and least-circulated of the notes since the $1000 note was gradually removed from circulation starting in 2000. The current 100-dollar note was put into circulation through major banks in November 2011, made of a durable polymer instead of the traditional paper notes. The notes are dominantly brown in colour; the front design of the note features former prime minister Robert Borden and the design on the back depicts the discovery of insulin. Security features introduced into the note design include two transparent windows, which

This is a document about Withdrawn Canadian banknotes
  Printing of the $1 note ceased in 1989 after the release of the loonie (in 1987) had been implemented. These notes are virtually never seen in circulation today. The most recent banknote series that included the $1 note was the Scenes of Canada, with the $1 note released in 1974, coloured green and black. The face featured a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II; the back featured an image of Parliament Hill from across the Ottawa River, with log driving activities taking place on the water.

This is a document about History of the Canadian dollar
  Birds of Canada series, starting in 1986. It was not included in the subsequent series because it was no longer needed for large cash transactions, in light of the growth of electronic transactions. In 2000, the Bank of Canada announced that the one thousand-dollar note was being withdrawn from circulation, on the recommendation of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Increasingly, the thousand-dollar note was being used in criminal transactions, such as money laundering and organised crime. All of the previous Dominion notes issued by the Minister of Finance, and notes of all former series issued by the Bank of Canada, are gradually withdrawn from circulation when a new series issues. That process can take some time. For example, the

This is a document about History of the Canadian dollar
  of Finance only issued one series of one-hundred-dollar Dominion notes, in 1871. The last time a $100 Dominion note was turned into the Department of Finance was in 1918. In addition to that routine withdrawal from circulation, there have been other withdrawals when a coin or note no longer serves a purpose:  Notes from previous series continue to be legal tender when in circulation. However, in the 2018 Budget, the government announced it intends to introduce legislation to change to the status of some withdrawn notes: the one-thousand dollar note, the twenty-five-dollar note, the two-dollar note and the one-dollar note will no longer be legal tender, but could still be exchanged at banks for current notes at full value.

This is a document about Banknotes of the Canadian dollar
  The 1935 series was the only series to have included $25 and $500 denominations. Both denominations were short lived. The $25 note was withdrawn on 18 May 1937. Stacks of unissued 1935 $500 notes were destroyed in February 1938, and issued $500 notes were recalled and withdrawn from circulation five months later. Some of the most significant recent developments in Canadian currency were the withdrawal of the $1, $2, and $1,000 notes in 1989, 1996, and 2000 respectively. The $1 and $2 denominations have been replaced with coins, colloquially referred to as the "loonie" and "toonie" respectively. In 2000, the $1,000 note was removed at the request of the Solicitor General of Canada and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, as it was reported that they were largely being used for money laundering and organized crime.

This is a document about Banknotes of the Canadian dollar
  ‡ Withdrawn from circulation. Most currency withdrawn from circulation is still legal tender. As of 1 January 2021, the $1, $2, $25, $500 and $1,000 bills from every Bank of Canada series are no longer legal tender. Despite the introduction of new notes, older notes are still in use. + Two varieties were printed, the first with conventional serial numbers, the second with the double date "1867–1967" appearing twice instead. Neither type is scarce. Both varieties also have on the obverse a stylized maple leaf with the double date below it. All notes of the 1954 series or later measure 152.4 mm by 69.85 mm. See also Withdrawn Canadian banknotes.

This is a document about Banknotes of the Canadian dollar
  In 1986 the Bank of Canada introduced new banknotes called the Birds of Canada series. The design on the back of each note features a bird indigenous to Canada with a background representing the typical landscape for that bird. The portraits on the front of the note were made larger than those of previous series, and a metallic patch was introduced on the larger notes. Each banknote weighs 1 g. This series was the first to include a bar code with the serial number. This allows the visually impaired to distinguish notes with the use of a hand-held device that tells the note's denomination. This was also the last series that the $2 and $1,000 notes were issued. The $2 note was withdrawn in 1996 and replaced by the $2 coin, known as the toonie. The $1,000 note was withdrawn by the Bank of Canada on 12 May 2000, at the request of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) as part of a program to reduce organized crime. At the time, 2,827,702 of the $1000 bills were in circulation; by 2011, fewer than 1 million were in circulation, most held by organized crime.

This is a document about Loonie
  the loonie and $1 note were produced concurrently with each other, the Bank of Canada ceased production of the dollar banknote. The final dollar bills were printed on June 30, 1989. Initial support for the coin was mixed, but withdrawing the banknote forced acceptance of the coin. The loonie has subsequently gained iconic status within Canada, and is now regarded as a national symbol. The term "loonie" has since become synonymous with the Canadian dollar itself. The town of Echo Bay, Ontario, home of Robert-Ralph Carmichael, erected a large loonie monument in his honour in 1992 along the highway, similar to Sudbury's 'Big Nickel'.

This is a document about Canadian dollar
 $40 if the denomination is $2 or greater but does not exceed $10; ; $25 if the denomination is $1; ; $10 if the denomination is 10¢ or greater but less than $1; ; $5 if the denomination is 5¢; ; 25¢ if the denomination is 1¢. As of January 1, 2021, the $1, $2, $25, $500 and $1,000 notes issued by the Bank of Canada are no longer legal tender. All other current and prior Canadian dollar banknotes issued by the Bank of Canada remain as legal tender in Canada. However, commercial transactions may legally be settled in any

This is a document about Penny (Canadian coin)
  them. In 2011 the Royal Canadian Mint had minted 1.1billion pennies, more than doubling the 2010 production number of 486.2million pennies. In late 2010, finance committee members of the Canadian Senate estimated that the average Canadian had as many as 600 pennies hoarded away, taken out of circulation. On March 29, 2012, the federal government announced in its budget that it would withdraw the penny from circulation in the fall of 2012. The budget announcement eliminating the penny cited the cost of producing it at 1.6 cents. The final penny was minted at the RCM's Winnipeg, Manitoba, plant on the morning of May 4, 2012, and was later entrusted to the Bank of Canada Museum in Ottawa. Existing pennies will remain legal tender indefinitely; however, pennies were withdrawn

This is a document about Withdrawn Canadian banknotes
  books up to the present day. On February 27, 2018, The Government of Canada announced in their 2018 Federal Budget that there are plans to make all withdrawn banknotes no longer legal tender. If passed into law, these notes will still retain face value and may still be redeemed at banks in exchange for current banknotes. The current five denominations - $5, $10, $20, $50 and $100 - will not be affected at this time, but the government may decide to remove legal tender status from older series versions of these denominations in the future. As of January 1, 2021, the $1, $2, $25, $500 and $1,000 bills from every series are no longer legal tender. All other prior Bank of Canada issued notes remain as legal tender.

This is a document about Commemorative banknotes of the Canadian dollar
  On 3 January 1967, a $1 note commemorating the centennial of Canadian Confederation was introduced into circulation. The Bank of Canada stopped issuing the commemorative note in 1968. The frames of both the obverse and reverse were based on the original $1 banknote of the 1954 Series, modified to include the texts "Le centenaire de la confederation Canadienne" and "Centennial of Canadian Confederation", with English text at the top of the obverse and bottom of the reverse, and French text at the bottom of the obverse and top of the reverse. On the left side of the obverse is a monochrome green adaptation of the stylised maple leaf used as the Canadian Centennial logo, marked with the years

This is a document about Large denominations of United States currency
  Although they are still legal tender in the United States, high-denomination bills were last printed on December 27, 1945, and were officially discontinued on July 14, 1969, by the Federal Reserve System due to 'lack of use'. The $5,000 and $10,000 bills had effectively disappeared well before then. The Federal Reserve began taking high-denomination currency out of circulation and destroying large bills received by banks in 1969. , only 336 $10,000 bills were known to exist, along with 342 remaining $5,000 bills and 165,372 remaining $1,000 bills. Due to their rarity, collectors pay considerably more than the face value of the bills to acquire them, and some are in museums in other parts of the world. For the most part, these bills were used by banks and the federal government for large

This is a document about Banknotes of the Canadian dollar
 colourful, wavy patterns were introduced; ; a new series of Canadian scenic vignettes was created; ; portraits of former Canadian prime ministers were re-introduced. Both Laurier and Macdonald were on the 1935 and 1937 series, but now joined by King and Borden. Because of a growing concern over counterfeiting, the Bank of Canada began to release a new series of bank notes in 1969. This series represented another complete departure in design from earlier issues: This was the last series to feature a $1 banknote, with the banknote replaced by a dollar coin – known as a loonie for its design of a loon on the obverse – in 1987; printing of the $1 banknote ceased in 1989. However, there was a 21-month period where both the $1 bill and coin were produced concurrently, from June 1987 to April 1989.

The Canadian 1000 dollar bill was last printed in 2000.


Question: who became allies with america after the battle of saratoga

Answer: France ,

This is a document about American Revolutionary War
  At the beginning of the war, the Americans had no major international allies, as most nation-states watched and waited to see how developments would unfold in British North America. Over time, the Continental Army acquitted itself well in the face of British regulars and their German auxiliaries known to all European great powers. Battles such as the Battle of Bennington, the Battles of Saratoga, and even defeats such as the Battle of Germantown, proved decisive in gaining the attention and support of powerful European nations including France and Spain, and the Dutch Republic; the latter moved from covertly supplying the Americans with weapons and supplies to overtly supporting them. The decisive American victory at Saratoga convinced France, who was already a long-time rival of Britain, to offer the Americans the Treaty of Amity and Commerce. The two nations also

This is a document about Franco-American alliance
  Many historians originally agreed that the American victory over the British at Saratoga, New York, was the deciding factor in the formation of the alliance. However, in recent decades, historians have begun to rethink the victory's contribution to the formation of the alliance and to see the alliance as an inevitable result of individual governmental interests. In the wake of the Seven Years' War, the American Revolution began across the Atlantic. Britain's victory against France and its allies in the war made the French feel vulnerable to British power. The French saw the American Revolution as a way to strengthen itself and cripple the British Empire. At the beginning, the French helped fuel the American war effort but did not come out as an official

This is a document about History of the United States (1776–1789)
  fully convinced that they are not that contemptible enemy we had hitherto imagined them, incapable of standing a regular engagement, and that they would only fight behind strong and powerful works." The American victory at Saratoga led the French into an open military alliance with the United States through the Treaty of Alliance (1778). France was soon joined by Spain and the Netherlands, both major naval powers with an interest in undermining British strength. Britain now faced a major European war, and the involvement of the French navy neutralized their previous dominance of the war on the sea. Britain was without allies and faced the prospect of invasion across the English Channel.

This is a document about American Revolution
  The capture of a British army at Saratoga encouraged the French to formally enter the war in support of Congress, and Benjamin Franklin negotiated a permanent military alliance in early 1778; France thus became the first foreign nation to officially recognize the Declaration of Independence. On February 6, 1778, the United States and France signed the Treaty of Amity and Commerce and the Treaty of Alliance. William Pitt spoke out in Parliament urging Britain to make peace in America and to unite with America against France, while British politicians who had sympathized with colonial grievances now turned against the Americans for allying with Britain's rival and enemy. The Spanish and the Dutch became allies of the French in 1779 and 1780 respectively, forcing the

This is a document about United Kingdom–United States relations
  British Army returned in force in August 1776, and captured New York City, which became their base until the war ended in 1783. The British, using their powerful navy, could capture major ports, but 90% of the Americans lived in rural areas where they had full control. After the capture of a British invasion force moving down from Canada in the Saratoga campaign of 1777, France entered the war as an ally of the US, and added the Netherlands and Spain as French allies. Britain suffered casualties which it could not replace and had no major allies and few friends in Europe.

This is a document about American Revolution
  at the Battle of Saratoga in October 1777, and France then entered the war as an ally of the United States, transforming the war into a global conflict. The Royal Navy blockaded ports and captured other cities for brief periods, but they failed to destroy Washington's forces. Britain also attempted to hold the Southern states with the anticipated aid of Loyalists, and the war moved south. British general Charles Cornwallis captured an American army at Charleston, South Carolina in early 1780, but he failed to enlist enough volunteers from Loyalist civilians to take effective control of the territory. Finally, a combined American and French

This is a document about Battles of Saratoga
  Once news of Burgoyne's surrender reached France, King Louis XVI decided to enter into negotiations with the Americans that resulted in a formal Franco-American alliance and French entry into the war. This moved the conflict onto a global stage. As a consequence, Britain was forced to divert resources used to fight the war in North America to theaters in the West Indies and Europe, and rely on what turned out to be the chimera of Loyalist support in its North American operations. Being defeated by the British in the French and Indian War more than a decade earlier, France found an opportunity to undercut British power and ultimately of revenge by aiding the colonists throughout the Revolutionary War. Prior to the Battle of Saratoga, France did not fully aid the colonists. However, after the Battles of Saratoga were conclusively won by the colonists, France realized that the Americans had the hope of winning the war, and began fully aiding the colonists by sending soldiers, donations, loans, military arms, and supplies.

This is a document about Proto-globalization
  their first major victory over British forces at the Battle of Saratoga. Victory for the rest of the war pushed back and forth between the British and colonists, but the alliance with France in 1778 by the American colonists leveled the playing field and aided in the final push for the defeat of the British Army and Navy. In 1781, American and French forces were able to trap the escaping southern British Army at Yorktown, thus ending the major fighting of the Revolution. The Treaty of Paris was signed in 1783, and recognized the American colonies as an independent nation. The newly formed United States would undergo numerous transitions to becoming one of the top economic and military powers in the world.

This is a document about France in the American Revolutionary War
  The British had taken Philadelphia in 1777, but American victory at the Battle of Saratoga brought back hope to the Patriots and enthusiasm in France. The army of Burgoyne surrendered to American forces after Saratoga and France realized that the United States could be victorious. The king directed Vergennes to negotiate an alliance with the Americans. France formally recognized the United States on February 6, 1778, with the signing of the Treaty of Alliance. Hostilities soon followed after Britain declared war on France on March 17, 1778. The British naval force, then the largest fleet afloat, and French fleet confronted each other from the beginning. The British avoided intercepting a French fleet that

This is a document about History of U.S. foreign policy, 1776–1801
  in subtle ways, such as blocking the passage of Hessians. However, British trade was too important to lose, and there was risk of attack from Austria, so he pursued a peace policy and officially maintained strict neutrality. Spain was willing to make war on Britain, but pulled back from full-scale support of the American cause because it intensely disliked republicanism, which was a threat to its Latin American Empire. In December 1776, Benjamin Franklin was dispatched to France as commissioner for the United States. Franklin, with his charm offensive, was negotiating with Vergennes, for increasing French support, beyond the covert loans and French volunteers. With the American victory at the Battle of Saratoga, the French formalized the alliance against their British enemy; Conrad Alexandre Gérard de

This is a document about Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga
  After General John Burgoyne surrendered his army after the Battles of Saratoga in October 1777 France entered the war, recognizing the United States and entering into a military alliance. France dispatched a fleet and army across the Atlantic to aid the Americans fighting for independence, in addition to pursuing military operations in the Caribbean and the East Indies. France also applied pressure on Spain to enter the war; although this did not happen until 1779, Spanish actions in other theaters further stretched British military resources. These strategic changes forced the British to shift their attention away from North America, moving troops, ships and resources to defend the West Indies, India and other colonial possessions, as well as guarding against the threat of a French invasion of Great Britain itself. In North America, the British withdrew from Philadelphia in 1778, and

This is a document about Invasion of Dominica (1778)
  Following the pivotal Battles of Saratoga in October 1777 and the ensuing surrender of British General John Burgoyne's army, France decided to openly enter the American War of Independence as an ally of the young United States of America. France's objectives in entering the war included the recovery of territories that had been lost to Britain in the Seven Years' War. One key territory that was of particular interest was the West Indies island of Dominica, which lay between French-held Martinique and Guadeloupe, and had been captured by Britain in 1761. Recapture of the island would improve communication among the islands, and deny the use of Dominican

This is a document about Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War
  diplomatic representation, a coordinating facility for aid from America's secret allies, and a recruiting station for such French officers as Lafayette and Johann de Kalb. In October 1777 the Continental Army won a crucial victory over the British at Saratoga, and on February 6, 1778, the French-American treaty of alliance was signed. On March 30, 1778, Franklin, Lee, and Deane were received at the French Court as representatives of the United States of America, and on July 7 Comte d'Estaing's fleet cast anchor in the Delaware River. France was now in the war; the mission to Paris had succeeded.

This is a document about Franco-American alliance
  on the side of the Americans. American envoys to France, namely Silas Deane, feared so much that the French would never join the war that they thought of telling the French that unless they sufficiently supported the war effort, the Americans would begin peace talks with Britain. Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes, appeared ready to offer official treaty negotiations if the Americans promised to remain independent. Because they had consistently maintained that independence was non-negotiable, Vergennes's demand proved that their strategy to threaten reunion with Britain influenced France's thinking. It also demonstrates that the victory at Saratoga played little role in the calculations of American, French, and British diplomats. Indeed, two more months of diplomacy would pass before the signing of the Franco-American treaty.

This is a document about History of French foreign relations
  France played a key role helping the American Patriots win their War of Independence against Britain 1775–1783. Motivated by a long-term rivalry with Britain and by revenge for its territorial losses during Seven Years' War, France began secretly sending supplies in 1775. In 1777, American captured the British invasion army at Saratoga, demonstrating the viability of their revolt. In 1778, France recognized the United States of America as a sovereign nation, signed a military alliance and went to war with Britain. France built a coalitions with Netherlands and Spain, provided Americans with money and arms, sent a combat army to serve under George Washington,

This is a document about John Hurt (chaplain)
  After the American victory against British General John Burgoyne at Saratoga, New York, American delegates to France were successful in securing an alliance between the two nations. The announcement of this alliance inspired American patriots to continue fighting and the occasion was marked by speeches and other celebrations. Chaplains were instrumental in giving speeches to celebrate the alliance. These speeches promoted patriotism and optimism about the righteousness of their rebellion. John Hurt gave one of the most impassioned speeches on the alliance. An excerpt from one of Hurts speeches is a follows: "By wisdom of our councils, and the magnanimous perseverance of our

This is a document about Diplomacy of John Adams
  provision that "free ships make free goods," which allowed neutral nations to trade reciprocally but exempted an agreed-upon list of contraband. In early September 1776, after the British victory at the Battle of Long Island, Admiral Lord Howe, having been appointed Acting Peace Commissioner, met with Adams, Benjamin Franklin and Edward Rutledge, to hold peace discussions. The Americans insisted that any negotiations required British recognition of their independence. Howe stated he did not have the authority to meet that demand, and the British resumed the campaign. In October 1777, the Americans captured the British invasion army at Saratoga in upstate New York, and France was ready to recognize the US and to join the war.

This is a document about Criticism of United States foreign policy
  After the American Revolution, the United States immediately began juggling its foreign policy between many different views under the George Washington cabinet. Most notably, the rivalry between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton arose due to their opposing views on how the United States should align itself with Revolutionary France in its war against Great Britain in 1793. Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans, who viewed the French revolution as similar to the previous American revolution, believed the United States should declare war on Great Britain as an ally of France, citing the 1778 Franco-American alliance which was still technically in effect. However, Hamilton and

This is a document about USS Saratoga (1814)
  time, Finch and Chub, the other two relatively large warships in the British squadron, were already in American hands; so the surviving English gunboats fled toward Canada. Macdonough's victory in Plattsburgh Bay left the United States unchallenged on Lake Champlain and forced Prevost to retreat to Canada. This weakened the British position in negotiations at Ghent and enabled American commissioners to secure a favorable rather than a humiliating peace. It also helped to restore American morale after the recent burning of Washington, D.C. After the war, Saratoga was laid up until sold at Whitehall, New York, in 1825. Saratoga Passage, a body of water in Puget Sound, was named after the ship.

This is a document about John Adams
  were provisions for what constituted French territory. The treaty adhered to the provision that "free ships make free goods," allowing neutral nations to trade reciprocally while exempting an agreed-upon list of contraband. By late 1777, America's finances were in tatters, and that September a British army had defeated General Washington and captured Philadelphia. More Americans came to determine that mere commercial ties between the U.S. and France would not be enough, and that military assistance would be needed to end the war. The defeat of the British at Saratoga was expected to help induce France to agree to an alliance. In November, Adams learned

France became an ally of America after the Battle of Saratoga, leading to the signing of the Treaty of Alliance in 1778.


Question: the paleolithic age man used a hard stone

Answer: 2.6 million years ago

This is a document about Prehistory
   "Palaeolithic" means "Old Stone Age", and begins with the first use of stone tools. The Paleolithic is the earliest period of the Stone Age. The early part of the Palaeolithic is called the Lower Palaeolithic, which predates Homo sapiens, beginning with Homo habilis (and related species) and the earliest stone tools, dated to around 2.5 million years ago. Evidence of control of fire by early humans during the Lower Palaeolithic Era is uncertain and has at best limited scholarly support. The most widely accepted claim is that H. erectus or H. ergaster made fires between 790,000 and 690,000 BP (before the present period) in a site at Bnot Ya'akov Bridge, Israel. The use of fire enabled early humans to cook food, provide warmth, and have a light source at night. Early Homo sapiens originated

This is a document about Paleolithic
   The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic or Palæolithic, also called the Old Stone Age (from Greek palaios - old, lithos - stone), is a period in prehistory distinguished by the original development of stone tools that covers c. undefined 99% of the period of human technological prehistory. It extends from the earliest known use of stone tools by hominins c. undefined 3.3 million years ago, to the end of the Pleistocene c. undefined 11,650 cal BP. The Paleolithic Age in Europe preceded the Mesolithic Age, although the date of the transition varies geographically by several thousand years. During the Paleolithic Age, hominins grouped together in small

This is a document about Stone Age
  The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic (from Greek: παλαιός, palaios, "old"; and λίθος, lithos, "stone" lit. "old stone", coined by archaeologist John Lubbock and published in 1865) is the earliest division of the Stone Age. It covers the greatest portion of humanity's time (roughly 99% of "human technological history", where "human" and "humanity" are interpreted to mean the genus Homo), extending from 2.5 or 2.6 million years ago, with the first documented use of stone tools by hominans such as Homo habilis, to the end of the Pleistocene around 10,000 BCE. The Paleolithic era ended with the Mesolithic, or in areas with an early neolithisation, the Epipaleolithic.

This is a document about Radiolarite
  Radiolarite is a very hard rock and therefore was extensively used by stone-age man for tools and weapons. Radiolarite has therefore been called the "iron of the Paleolithic". Axes, blades, drills and scrapers were manufactured from it. The cutting edges of these tools, however, are somewhat less sharp than flint.

This is a document about Prehistoric technology
  The Lower Paleolithic period was the earliest subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age. It spans the time from around 2.5 million years ago when the first evidence of craft and use of stone tools by hominids appears in the current archaeological record, until around 300,000 years ago, spanning the Oldowan ("mode 1") and Acheulean ("mode 2") lithic technology. Early humans (hominids) used stone tool technology, such as a hand axe that was similar to that used by primates, which are found to have intelligence levels of modern children aged 3 to 5 years. Intelligence and use of technology did not change much for millions of years. The first "Homo" species began with Homo habilis about. Homo habilis ("handy man') created stone tools called Oldowan tools.  Homo ergaster lived in eastern and southern Africa about  and used more diverse and sophisticated stone tools than its

This is a document about Manufacturing
  early humans in their hunter-gatherer lifestyle to form other tools out of softer materials such as bone and wood. The Middle Paleolithic, approximately 300,000 years ago, saw the introduction of the prepared-core technique, where multiple blades could be rapidly formed from a single core stone. Pressure flaking, in which a wood, bone, or antler punch could be used to shape a stone very finely was developed during the Upper Paleolithic, beginning approximately 40,000 years ago. During the Neolithic period, polished stone tools were manufactured from a variety of hard rocks such as flint, jade, jadeite, and greenstone. The polished axes were used alongside other stone tools including projectiles, knives, and

This is a document about Timeline of historic inventions
 3.3-2.6 Mya: Stone tools – found in present-day Kenya, they are so old that only a pre-human species could have invented them. The otherwise earliest known stone tools (Oldowan) were found in Ethiopia developed perhaps by Australopithecus garhi or Homo habilis ; 2.3 Mya: Earliest likely control of fire and cooking, by Homo habilis ; 1.76 Mya: Advanced (Acheulean) stone tools in Kenya by Homo erectus ; 1.5 Mya: Bone tools in Africa. ; 900-40 kya: Boats. ; 500 kya: Hafting in South Africa. ; 400 kya: Pigments in Zambia ; 400-300 kya: Spears in Germany likely by Homo heidelbergensis ; 350-150 kya: Estimated origin of language The Lower Paleolithic period lasted over 3 million years, and corresponds to the human species prior to the emergence of Homo sapiens. The original divergence between humans and chimpanzees occurred 13 (Mya), however interbreeding continued until as recently as 4 Ma, with the first species clearly belonging to the human (and not chimpanzee) lineage being Australopithecus anamensis. This time period is characterized as an ice age with regular periodic warmer periods – interglacial episodes.

This is a document about Paleolithic
  Paleolithic humans made tools of stone, bone (primarily deer), and wood. The early paleolithic hominins, Australopithecus, were the first users of stone tools. Excavations in Gona, Ethiopia have produced thousands of artifacts, and through radioisotopic dating and magnetostratigraphy, the sites can be firmly dated to 2.6 million years ago. Evidence shows these early hominins intentionally selected raw stone with good flaking qualities and chose appropriate sized stones for their needs to produce sharp-edged tools for cutting. The earliest Paleolithic stone tool industry, the Oldowan, began around 2.6 million years ago. It produced tools such as choppers, burins, and stitching awls. It was completely replaced around 250,000 years ago by the more complex Acheulean industry, which was first conceived by

This is a document about Upper Paleolithic
  The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) also called the Late Stone Age is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age. Very broadly, it dates to between 50,000 and 12,000 years ago (the beginning of the Holocene), according to some theories coinciding with the appearance of behavioral modernity in early modern humans, until the advent of the Neolithic Revolution and agriculture. Anatomically modern humans (i.e. Homo sapiens) are believed to have emerged in Africa around 300,000 years ago, although it has been argued by some that their ways of life changed relatively little from that of archaic humans of the Middle Paleolithic, until about 50,000 years ago, when there was a marked increase in the diversity of artefacts found associated with modern

This is a document about History of technology
  Great Rift Valley, dating back to 2.5 million years ago. This era of stone tool use is called the Paleolithic, or "Old stone age", and spans all of human history up to the development of agriculture approximately 12,000 years ago. To make a stone tool, a "core" of hard stone with specific flaking properties (such as flint) was struck with a hammerstone. This flaking produced sharp edges which could be used as tools, primarily in the form of choppers or scrapers. These tools greatly aided the early humans in their hunter-gatherer lifestyle to perform a variety of tasks including butchering carcasses (and breaking bones to get at

This is a document about Middle Paleolithic
  The Middle Paleolithic (or Middle Palaeolithic) is the second subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age  as it is understood in Europe, Africa and Asia. The term Middle Stone Age is used as an equivalent or a synonym for the Middle Paleolithic in African archeology. The Middle Paleolithic broadly spanned from 300,000 to 30,000 years ago. There are considerable dating differences between regions. The Middle Paleolithic was succeeded by the Upper Paleolithic subdivision which first began between 50,000 and 40,000 years ago. Pettit and White date the Early Middle Paleolithic in Great Britain to about 325,000 to 180,000 years ago (late Marine Isotope Stage 9 to late Marine Isotope Stage 7), and the Late Middle Paleolithic as about 60,000 to 35,000 years ago. According to the theory of the recent African origin of modern humans, anatomically modern humans began migrating out of Africa during the Middle Stone Age/Middle Paleolithic around 125,000 years ago and began to replace earlier pre-existent Homo species such as the Neanderthals and  Homo erectus.

This is a document about Hammerstone
  and tastes). Despite the fact that stone hammers are more typical of the manufacture of wide and short flakes, used with mastery they can achieve very precise control of rock chipping. In fact, cases of blades manufacture with a hard hammer have been witnessed, mainly in the Middle European Paleolithic (almost always Levallois blades ), but also in the Upper and Epipaleolithic. While the extraction of blades is more effective with other techniques, there are enough indications to affirm that it can also be done with a hard hammer. There are even exceptional and unprecedented cases of obsidian blade of more than 30 centimeters manufactured in pre-Columbian Mexico and ancient Ethiopia. Modern experimental carvers have not been able to recreate these methods.

This is a document about Prehistoric religion
  The Paleolithic, sometimes called the Old Stone Age, makes up over 99% of humanity's history. Lasting from approximately 2.5 million years ago through to 10,000 BC, the Paleolithic comprises the emergence of the Homo genus, the evolution of mankind, and the emergence of art, technology, and culture. The Paleolithic is broadly divided into Lower, Middle, and Upper periods. The Lower Paleolithic (2.5 mya300,000 BC) sees the emergence of stone tools, the evolution of Australopithecus, Homo habilis, and Homo erectus, and the first dispersal of humanity from Africa; the Middle Paleolithic (300,000 BC50,000 BC) the apparent beginnings of culture and art alongside the emergence of Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans; the Upper Paleolithic (50,000 BC10,000 BC) a sharp flourishing of culture, the emergence of sophisticated and elaborate art, jewellery, and clothing, and the worldwide dispersal of Homo sapiens sapiens.

This is a document about Battle axe
  Stone hand axes were in use in the Paleolithic period for hundreds of thousands of years. The first hafted stone axes appear to have been produced about 6000 BCE during the Mesolithic period. Technological development continued in the Neolithic period with the much wider usage of hard stones in addition to flint and chert and the widespread use of polishing to improve axe properties. The axes proved critical in wood working and became cult objects (for example, the entry for the Battle-axe people of Scandinavia, treated their axes as high-status cultural objects). Such stone axes were made from a wide variety of tough rocks such as picrite and other igneous or metamorphic rocks, and were widespread in the Neolithic period. Many axe

This is a document about Kanzi
  Stone Age tools (probably Homo habilis), such as Oldowan stone flakes and cores (a core is the rock from which a flake has been removed). In this study, Schick and Toth showed Kanzi how to flake stone, producing a sharp edge that could be used to cut through a rope in order to gain access to a food reward. After modeling the flaking behavior on a variety of occasions, the researchers set up each experiment by placing a food reward inside a box with a transparent lid which was held closed by a length of rope. Kanzi would then be led into

This is a document about Prehistory of Manila
  The last period of glacial stage marked the beginning of man's enhanced ability to create more tools which helped him for the attainment of survival. The Paleolithic Age is characterized as the Old Stone Age which explicitly shows a manifestation that man used crude stones to suffice his need for efficient tools and weapons. However, there is still no sufficient evidence that man stayed at the vicinity of Manila during this Age. The possibility remains that man could've stayed at some parts of Manila proper for a short period of time either for food or temporary settlements. There is no adequate evidence to prove that man established permanent habitation sites within the area of Manila proper although some

This is a document about Lower Paleolithic
   The Lower Paleolithic (or Lower Palaeolithic) is the earliest subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age. It spans the time from around 3 million years ago when the first evidence for stone tool production and use by hominins appears in the current archaeological record, until around 300,000 years ago, spanning the Oldowan ("mode 1") and Acheulean ("mode 2") lithics industries. In African archaeology, the time period roughly corresponds to the Early Stone Age, the earliest finds dating back to 3.3 million years ago, with Lomekwian stone tool technology, spanning Mode 1 stone tool technology, which begins roughly 2.6 million years ago and ends between 400,000 and 250,000 years ago, with Mode 2 technology. The Middle Paleolithic followed the Lower Paleolithic and recorded the appearance of the more advanced prepared-core tool-making technologies such as the Mousterian. Whether the earliest control of fire by hominins dates to the Lower or to the Middle Paleolithic remains an open question.

This is a document about History of technology
 Olduvai stone technology (Oldowan) 2.5 million years ago (scrapers; to butcher dead animals) ; Huts, 2 million years ago. ; Acheulean stone technology 1.6 million years ago (hand axe) ; Fire creation and manipulation, used since the Paleolithic, possibly by Homo erectus as early as 1.5 Million years ago ; Boats, 900,000 years ago. ; Cooking, 500,000 years ago. ; Javelins, 400,000 years ago. ; (Homo sapiens sapiens – modern human anatomy arises, around 300,000 years ago.) ; Glue, 200,000 years ago. ; Clothing possibly 170,000 years ago. ; Stone tools, used by Homo floresiensis, possibly 100,000 years ago. ; Harpoons, 90,000 years ago. ; Bow and arrows, 70,000–60,000 years ago. ; Sewing needles, 60,000 - 50,000 BC ; Flutes, 43,000 years ago. ; Fishing nets, 43,000 years ago. ; Ropes, 40,000 years ago. ; Ceramics

This is a document about Outline of prehistoric technology
 Lower Paleolithic – earliest subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age. It spans the time from around 2.5 million years ago when the first evidence of craft and use of stone tools by hominids appears in the current archaeological record, until around 300,000 years ago, spanning the Oldowan ("mode 1") and Acheulean ("mode 2") lithic technology. ; Stone tool use – early human (hominid) use of stone tool technology, such as the hand axe, was similar to that of primates, which is found to be limited to the intelligence levels of modern children aged 3 to 5 years. Ancestors of homo sapiens (modern man) used

This is a document about Lithic reduction
  Hard hammer techniques are generally used to remove large flakes of stone. Early flintknappers and hobbyists replicating their methods often use cobbles of very hard stone, such as quartzite. This technique can be used by flintknappers to remove broad flakes that can be made into smaller tools. This method of manufacture is believed to have been used to make some of the earliest stone tools ever found, some of which date from over 2 million years ago. It is the use of hard-hammer percussion that most often results in the formation of the typical features of conchoidal fracture on the detached flake, such as the bulb of percussion and compression rings.

Yes, during the Paleolithic Age, early humans used hard stones, such as radiolarite, for making tools. Radiolarite is a hard rock that was extensively used for tool-making due to its durability. The first stone tools, known as Oldowan tools, were made by Homo habilis around 2.5 million years ago using Oldowan technology.


Question: breeder reactors would provide a renewable supply of fuel for

Answer: nuclear

This is a document about Peak uranium
  A breeder reactor produces more nuclear fuel than it consumes and thus can extend the uranium supply. It typically turns the dominant isotope in natural uranium, uranium-238, into fissile plutonium-239. This results in hundredfold increase in the amount of energy to be produced per mass unit of uranium, because U-238, which constitute 99.3% of natural uranium, is not used in conventional reactors which instead use U-235 which only represent 0.7% of natural uranium. In 1983, physicist Bernard Cohen proposed that the world supply of uranium is effectively inexhaustible, and could therefore be considered a form of renewable energy. He claims that fast breeder reactors, fueled by naturally-replenished uranium-238 extracted from seawater, could supply energy at least as long as the sun's expected remaining lifespan of five billion years., making them as sustainable in fuel availability terms as renewable energy sources. Despite this hypothesis there is no known economically viable method to extract sufficient quantities from sea water. Experimental techniques are under investigation. There are two types of breeders: Fast breeders and thermal breeders.

This is a document about Nuclear power proposed as renewable energy
  thus has a stronger case for being considered a renewable resource than conventional fission reactors. Breeder reactors would constantly replenish the available supply of nuclear fuel by converting fertile materials, such as uranium-238 and thorium, into fissile isotopes of plutonium or uranium-233, respectively. Fertile materials are also nonrenewable, but their supply on Earth is extremely large, with a supply timeline greater than geothermal energy. In a closed nuclear fuel cycle utilizing breeder reactors, nuclear fuel could therefore be considered renewable. In 1983, physicist Bernard Cohen claimed that fast breeder reactors, fueled exclusively by natural uranium extracted from seawater, could supply

This is a document about Peak uranium
  breeders, this is extended to 8,500 years. In 1983, physicist Bernard Cohen proposed that uranium is effectively inexhaustible, and could therefore be considered a renewable source of energy. He claims that fast breeder reactors, fueled by naturally replenished uranium extracted from seawater, could supply energy at least as long as the sun's expected remaining lifespan of five billion years. While uranium is a finite mineral resource within the earth, the hydrogen in the sun is finite too – thus, if the resource of nuclear fuel can last over such time scales, as Cohen contends, then nuclear energy is every bit as sustainable as solar power or any other source of energy,

This is a document about Uranium market
  As of 2015, total identified uranium resources were sufficient for more than a century of supply based on current requirements. In 1983, physicist Bernard Cohen proposed that the world supply of uranium is effectively inexhaustible, and could therefore be considered a form of renewable energy. He noted that fast breeder reactors, fueled by naturally-replenished uranium extracted from seawater, could supply energy at least as long as the sun's expected remaining lifespan of five billion years. These reactors would use uranium-238, which is more abundant than the uranium-235 required by conventional reactors.

This is a document about Nuclear power proposed as renewable energy
  definition. In 1987, the Brundtland Commission (WCED) classified fission reactors that produce more fissile nuclear fuel than they consume (breeder reactors, and if developed, fusion power) among conventional renewable energy sources, such as solar power and hydropower. The American Petroleum Institute does not consider conventional nuclear fission renewable, but considers breeder reactor nuclear fuel renewable and sustainable, and while conventional fission leads to waste streams that remain a concern for millennia, the waste from efficiently recycled spent fuel requires a more limited storage supervision period of about thousand years. The monitoring and storage of radioactive waste products is also required upon the use of other renewable energy sources, such as geothermal energy.

This is a document about Non-renewable resource
   In 1987, the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) classified fission reactors that produce more fissile nuclear fuel than they consume (i.e. breeder reactors) among conventional renewable energy sources, such as solar and falling water. The American Petroleum Institute likewise does not consider conventional nuclear fission as renewable, but rather that breeder reactor nuclear power fuel is considered renewable and sustainable, noting that radioactive waste from used spent fuel rods remains radioactive and so has to be very carefully stored for several hundred years. With the careful monitoring of radioactive waste products also being required upon the use of other renewable energy sources, such as geothermal energy.

This is a document about Breeder reactor
   A breeder reactor is a nuclear reactor that generates more fissile material than it consumes. Breeder reactors achieve this because their neutron economy is high enough to create more fissile fuel than they use, by irradiation of a fertile material, such as uranium-238 or thorium-232, that is loaded into the reactor along with fissile fuel. Breeders were at first found attractive because they made more complete use of uranium fuel than light water reactors, but interest declined after the 1960s as more uranium reserves were found, and new methods of uranium enrichment reduced fuel costs.

This is a document about Renewable energy debate
  Legislative definitions of renewable energy, used when determining energy projects eligible for subsidies or tax breaks, usually exclude conventional nuclear reactor designs. Physicist Bernard Cohen elucidated in 1983 that uranium dissolved in seawater, when used in Breeder reactors (which are reactors that "breed" more fissile nuclear fuel than they consume from base fertile material) is effectively inexhaustible, with the seawater bearing uranium constantly replenished by river erosion carrying more uranium into the sea, and could therefore be considered a renewable source of energy. In 1987, the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), an organization independent from, but created by, the United Nations, published Our Common Future, in which breeder reactors, and, when it is developed, fusion power are both classified within the same category as conventional renewable energy sources, such as solar and falling water.

This is a document about Hubbert peak theory
  In a paper in 1956, after a review of US fissionable reserves, Hubbert notes of nuclear power: There is promise, however, provided mankind can solve its international problems and not destroy itself with nuclear weapons, and provided world population (which is now expanding at such a rate as to double in less than a century) can somehow be brought under control, that we may at last have found an energy supply adequate for our needs for at least the next few centuries of the "foreseeable future." As of 2015, the identified resources of uranium are sufficient to provide more than 135 years of supply at the present rate of consumption. Technologies such as the thorium fuel cycle, reprocessing and fast breeders can, in theory, extend the life of

This is a document about Nuclear power proposed as renewable energy
  In 1987, the World Commission on Environment and Development(WCED), an organization independent from, but created by, the United Nations, published Our Common Future, in which a particular subset of presently operating nuclear fission technologies, and nuclear fusion were both classified as renewable. That is, fission reactors that produce more fissile fuel than they consume - breeder reactors, and when it is developed, fusion power, are both classified within the same category as conventional renewable energy sources, such as solar and falling water. Presently, as of 2014, only 2 breeder reactors are producing industrial quantities of electricity, the BN-600 and

This is a document about Nuclear power
   Breeding is the process of converting non-fissile material into fissile material that can be used as nuclear fuel. The non-fissile material that can be used for this process is called fertile material, and constitute the vast majority of current nuclear waste. This breeding process occurs naturally in breeder reactors. As opposed to light water thermal-neutron reactors, which use uranium-235 (0.7% of all natural uranium), fast-neutron breeder reactors use uranium-238 (99.3% of all natural uranium) or thorium. A number of fuel cycles and breeder reactor combinations are considered to be sustainable or renewable sources of energy. In 2006 it was estimated that with seawater extraction, there was likely

This is a document about Peak uranium
  that the supply is far more than demand. Therefore, they do not predict peak uranium.   If one is willing to pay $300/kg for uranium, there is a vast quantity available in the ocean. It is worth noting that since fuel cost only amounts to a small fraction of nuclear energy total cost per kWh, and raw uranium price also constitutes a small fraction of total fuel costs, such an increase on uranium prices wouldn't involve a very significant increase in the total cost per kWh produced.  "We thus conclude that all the world’s energy requirements for the remaining 5×109 yr of existence of life on Earth could be provided by breeder

This is a document about Nuclear reactor
 Electricity ; Nuclear power plants including small modular reactors ; Propulsion, see nuclear propulsion ; Nuclear marine propulsion ; Various proposed forms of rocket propulsion ; Other uses of heat ; Desalination ; Heat for domestic and industrial heating ; Hydrogen production for use in a hydrogen economy ; Production reactors for transmutation of elements ; Breeder reactors are capable of producing more fissile material than they consume during the fission chain reaction (by converting fertile U-238 to Pu-239, or Th-232 to U-233). Thus, a uranium breeder reactor, once running, can be refueled with natural or even depleted uranium, and a thorium breeder reactor can be refueled with thorium; however, an initial stock of fissile material is required. ; Creating

This is a document about Peak uranium
 In his 1956 landmark paper, M. King Hubbert wrote "There is promise, however, provided mankind can solve its international problems and not destroy itself with nuclear weapons, and provided world population (which is now expanding at such a rate as to double in less than a century) can somehow be brought under control, that we may at last have found an energy supply adequate for our needs for at least the next few centuries of the 'foreseeable future.'" Hubbert's study assumed that breeder reactors would replace light water reactors and that uranium would be bred into plutonium (and possibly thorium would be bred into uranium). He also assumed that economic means

This is a document about Sustainability measurement
  In a paper in 1956, after a review of US fissionable reserves, Hubbert notes of nuclear power: There is promise, however, provided mankind can solve its international problems and not destroy itself with nuclear weapons, and provided world population (which is now expanding at such a rate as to double in less than a century) can somehow be brought under control, that we may at last have found an energy supply adequate for our needs for at least the next few centuries of the "foreseeable future." Technologies such as the thorium fuel cycle, reprocessing and fast breeders can, in theory, considerably extend the life of uranium reserves. Roscoe Bartlett claims Our current throwaway nuclear cycle uses up the world reserve of low-cost uranium

This is a document about Peak uranium
  without the cost of electricity rising by as much as 1% due to fuel costs. This is consistent with the definition of a "renewable" energy source in the sense in which that term is generally used." His paper assumes extraction of uranium from seawater at the rate of 16 kilotonne per year of uranium. The current demand for uranium is near 70 kilotonne per year; however, the use of breeder reactors means that uranium would be used at least 60 times more efficiently than today. All the following references claim that the supply is far more than demand. Therefore, they believe that uranium will not deplete in the foreseeable future.

This is a document about Breeder reactor
  nuclear power. In the documentary Pandora's Promise, a case is made for breeder reactors because they provide a real high-kW alternative to fossil fuel energy. According to the movie, one pound of uranium provides as much energy as 5,000 barrels of oil. FBRs have been built and operated in the United States, the United Kingdom, France, the former USSR, India and Japan. The experimental FBR SNR-300 was built in Germany but never operated and eventually shut down amid political controversy following the Chernobyl disaster. As of 2019, two FBRs are being operated for power generation in Russia. Several reactors are planned, many for research related to the Generation IV reactor initiative.

This is a document about Breeder reactor
  Breeder reactors could, in principle, extract almost all of the energy contained in uranium or thorium, decreasing fuel requirements by a factor of 100 compared to widely used once-through light water reactors, which extract less than 1% of the energy in the uranium mined from the earth. The high fuel-efficiency of breeder reactors could greatly reduce concerns about fuel supply, energy used in mining, and storage of radioactive waste. Adherents claim that with seawater uranium extraction, there would be enough fuel for breeder reactors to satisfy our energy needs for 5 billion years at 1983's total energy consumption rate, thus making

This is a document about Phénix
  in nuclear power was reaching a crescendo. For France, with little uranium supply of their own, large scale generation would be subject to supply constraints, especially given that nuclear power was experiencing a boom in construction that suggested the available supply would be limited even on a worldwide basis. In France's plans, breeders would serve the twin purposes of producing fuel for their conventional light water reactor fleet, as well as producing that fuel from the waste fuel from those reactors, thereby reducing the amount of nuclear waste they would have to dispose of. Only a small number of breeders, estimated to be around 20, would be required to fuel

This is a document about Fertile material
  A fast-neutron reactor, meaning one with little or no neutron moderator and hence utilising fast neutrons, can be configured as a breeder reactor, producing more fissile material than it consumes, using fertile material in a blanket around the core, or contained in special fuel rods. Since plutonium-238, plutonium-240 and plutonium-242 are fertile, accumulation of these and other nonfissile isotopes is less of a problem than in thermal reactors, which cannot burn them efficiently. Breeder reactors using thermal-spectrum neutrons are only practical if the thorium fuel cycle is used, as uranium-233 fissions far more reliably with thermal neutrons than plutonium-239.

Breeder reactors would provide a renewable supply of fuel for nuclear power generation by converting the abundant uranium-238 in natural uranium into fissile plutonium-239, extending the energy supply and making it theoretically inexhaustible.