Question: what does james bond drink in the books

Answer: martini cocktails

This is a document about Moonraker (novel)
  modelled on Fleming's own, which the journalist and writer Matthew Parker sees as showing "a sourness" in the author's character. According to Chancellor, two of Bond's other vices were also displayed in the book: his fondness for gambling—illegal except in private members clubs in 1955—and excessive drink and drug taking, neither of which were frowned upon in post-war upper class circles. In preparation for beating Drax at cards, Bond consumes a vodka martini, a carafe of vodka shared with M, two bottles of champagne and a brandy; he also mixes a quantity of Benzedrine, an amphetamine, into a glass of the champagne. According to The

This is a document about James Bond (literary character)
  he consumes three bourbon and waters, half a pint of I.W. Harper bourbon, Jack Daniel's whiskey, two double bourbons on the rocks, two whisky and sodas, two neat scotches and one glass of neat whisky; vodka consumption totalled four vodka and tonics and three double vodka martinis; other spirits included two double brandies with ginger ale, a flask of Enzian schnaps and a double gin: he also washes this down with four steins of German beer. Bond's alcohol intake does not seem to affect his performance. Regarding non-alcoholic drinks, Bond eschews tea, calling it "mud" and blaming it for the downfall of the British Empire. He instead prefers to drink strong coffee.

This is a document about Shaken, not stirred
  films have included Absolut Vodka, Stolichnaya and Finlandia. In the film GoldenEye, Bond suggests cognac when offered a drink by M, who gives him bourbon instead, as it is her preference. The whiskey poured is in fact Jack Daniel's, which markets itself as a Tennessee Whiskey, which is legally a sub-category of bourbon—often distinguished from bourbon itself. In Goldfinger, Bond drinks a mint julep at Auric Goldfinger's Kentucky stud farm, and in Thunderball, Largo gives Bond a Rum Collins. Bond is also seen in Quantum of Solace drinking bottled beer when meeting with Felix Leiter in a Bolivian bar. The following Bond movies of Craig's tenure show Bond's preferred beer to be Heineken.

This is a document about Shaken, not stirred
  is purported to have drunk six of them. In Skyfall, when talking to Bond girl Sévérine at a casino bar, the bartender is seen shaking Bond's martini before pouring it, to which Bond comments "perfect". In Spectre, Bond orders his signature drink in a mountaintop resort, only to be told to his disdain that he is at a health clinic and that the bar does not serve alcohol. Q instead orders Bond an unpleasant-looking green-coloured "prolytic digestive enzyme shake", and a disgusted Bond asks the barman "Do me a favour, will you? Throw that down the toilet. Cut out the middleman." In No Time to Die, Bond orders his signature drink Vodka Martini and drinks it with Paloma in honor of Felix Leiter. Paloma finishes the drink very quickly, to calm her nervousness.

This is a document about Shaken, not stirred
  Bond's drinking habits mirror those of his creator, Ian Fleming. Fleming, as well as Bond throughout the novels, had a preference for bourbon whiskey. Fleming himself had a fondness for gin, drinking as much as a bottle a day; however, he was converted to bourbon at the behest of his doctor who informed him of his failing health. Otherwise, in the films James Bond normally has a fondness for vodka that is accompanied by product placement for a brand. For instance, Smirnoff was clearly shown in 1962's Dr. No and in 1997's Tomorrow Never Dies, in which Bond sits drinking a bottle while in his hotel room in Hamburg. Other brands featured in

This is a document about James Bond (literary character)
  Fleming biographer Andrew Lycett noted that, "within the first few pages [of Casino Royale] Ian had introduced most of Bond's idiosyncrasies and trademarks", which included his looks, his Bentley and his smoking and drinking habits. The full details of Bond's martini were kept until chapter seven of the book and Bond eventually named it "The Vesper", after his love interest Vesper Lynd. Bond's drinking habits run throughout the series of books. During the course of On Her Majesty's Secret Service alone, Bond consumes forty-six drinks: Pouilly-Fuissé, Riquewihr and Marsala wines, most of a bottle of Algerian wine, some 1953 Château Mouton Rothschild claret, along with Taittinger and Krug champagnes and Babycham; for

This is a document about Shaken, not stirred
  In the film You Only Live Twice, Bond opts for sake over his usual martini, indicating that he especially likes it when it's served at what he says is the correct temperature of 98.4 F. Tiger, his host, is impressed and tells Bond he is exceptionally cultured—for a European. In Licence to Kill when in the dive bar called Barrelhead Bar, he orders the same as his contact, Pam Bouvier, a "Bud with a lime." Aside from alcoholic beverages, Bond is a coffee drinker and eschews tea with a passion, believing it to have been a factor in the fall of the British Empire and referring to it as "a cup of mud" (in Fleming's Goldfinger). In the novel Live and Let Die, he expresses his fondness for Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee—while

This is a document about Black & White (whisky)
  usual. He is later reported to smell of whiskey rather than whisky. ; James Bond drinks Black & White in the Ian Fleming novel Moonraker. ; James Bond shares a bottle with Felix Leiter and Quarrel in Pussfella's Bar in the 1962 film Dr. No. ; In the novel, Scruffy by Paul Gallico, a case of Black & White Scotch is the price the British must pay a Spaniard for his female Barbary ape as OIC Apes Maj. Tim Bailey and the MI-5 boffins strive to ensure Churchill’s (true) order that the ape packs be kept up to strength. ; Tom Rath drinks Black &

This is a document about Shaken, not stirred
  Die Another Day, Bond drinks a mojito. In Casino Royale, Bond orders Mount Gay Rum with soda. In that film, he also invents the famous "Vesper" cocktail—a variation on a martini—originally included in the novel but not seen in the films until the reboot. In Skyfall, the villain Raoul Silva says he believes 50-year-old Macallan single malt whisky to be one of Bond's favourites. Also in Goldfinger during a briefing on the villain, their host offers a refill with, "Have a little more of this rather disappointing brandy." M replies, "Why, what is the matter with it?" Bond replies, "I'd say it was a 30-year-old Fine [as in Fine brandy] indifferently blended,

This is a document about Shaken, not stirred
  the film adaptation he is shown operating a La Pavoni Europiccola lever coffee machine in the kitchen of his flat. In the Fleming novel From Russia With Love he is shown to own a Chemex Coffeemaker and prefers his coffee brewed that way, while in the film version he orders coffee "very black" for breakfast from his hotel's room service; in Kerim Bey's office he asks for his coffee "medium sweet" when offered. He also accepts a cup, refusing cream or sugar, from Franz Sanchez in Licence to Kill—whereas in Moonraker he refuses a cup of tea offered by Hugo Drax. In The Living Daylights, Bond tastes a cup of café coffee he is served in the Prater Amusement Park, Vienna, making a face when it is not up to his standards.

This is a document about Gordon's Gin
   Gordon's Gin is specified by name in the recipe for the Vesper Cocktail given by James Bond in Ian Fleming's 1953 novel Casino Royale. Gordon's was Ernest Hemingway's favourite gin, which he claimed could "fortify, mollify and cauterize practically all internal and external injuries". In the movie The African Queen Katharine Hepburn's character pours Humphrey Bogart's entire crate of Gordon's bottles into the river and floats away from the empties. In the 14th episode of the anime series Transformers: Super God Masterforce, towards the end of the episode, a hospital patient reveals that he snuck in a bottle of Gordon's Gin and the label was in its export colors. In the film The Sting, Paul Newman's character pretends to drink Gordon’s Gin from a

This is a document about Shaken, not stirred
  compared with a stirred drink. However, when any ingredients are opaque (such as citrus juices, dairy, or eggs), changes in clarity and texture are less important. Both shaking and stirring a drink with ice serve to chill and dilute the drink. Both techniques are equally effective, but shaking is much faster. Bartenders do not stir long enough to reach the matching temperature and dilution. Some connoisseurs believe that shaking gin "bruises" the gin (gives it a slight bitter taste). Fleming's novel Casino Royale states that Bond "watched as the deep glass became frosted with the pale golden drink, slightly aerated

This is a document about Shaken, not stirred
  In several of the Bond films, he is known to prefer Bollinger and Dom Pérignon champagne. Never primarily a red wine drinker, Bond tended to favour Château Mouton Rothschild; a 1947 vintage in Goldfinger, and half a bottle On Her Majesty's Secret Service, a 1934 ordered by M in Moonraker, and a '55 in Diamonds are Forever—where Bond unveiled the assassin Wint posing as a waiter because the latter didn't know that Mouton-Rothschild is a claret. In the Jeffery Deaver novel Carte Blanche, Bond expresses a knowledge and appreciation of South African wine. In the film of Diamonds Are Forever, Bond savours a glass of sherry and fools M into thinking Bond has made a mistake when he pronounces a year of make ("'51"). When Bond is informed that sherry has no vintage, he replies (to a non-plussed M) that he was discerning the vintage of the wine on which the sherry is based—1851.

This is a document about James Bond (literary character)
  Bond occasionally supplements his alcohol consumption with the use of other drugs, for both functional and recreational reasons: Moonraker sees Bond consume a quantity of the amphetamine benzedrine accompanied by champagne, before his bridge game with Sir Hugo Drax (also consuming a carafe of vintage Riga vodka and a vodka martini); he also uses the drug for stimulation on missions, such as swimming across Shark Bay in Live and Let Die, or remaining awake and alert when threatened in the Dreamy Pines Motor Court in The Spy Who Loved Me.

This is a document about Vesper (cocktail)
  only ordered by Bond once throughout Fleming's novels – although Bond drinks the Vesper in the film Casino Royale – and by later books Bond is ordering regular vodka martinis, though he also drinks regular gin martinis. Felix Leiter ordered a Vesper for Bond in the novel Diamonds Are Forever, albeit with Cresta Blanca in place of Kina Lillet, which Bond politely remarks is the "Best Vermouth I ever tasted." It may be that Fleming decided not to have Bond order a Vesper again due to the way in which Casino Royale ends. In actuality, the book version of the Vesper was created by Fleming's friend Ivar Bryce. In Bryce's copy of Casino Royale

This is a document about Shaken, not stirred
  In GoldenEye, Bond orders the drink in a casino while talking with Xenia Onatopp, and later, Zukovsky refers to Bond as a "charming, sophisticated secret agent. Shaken, but not stirred." In Tomorrow Never Dies, Paris Carver orders the drink for Bond after the two meet again after years apart. While Paris' choice of drink had changed, Bond's had not. In The World Is Not Enough, Bond orders the drink in Zukovsky's casino. In Die Another Day, Bond is coming back on a rather turbulent British Airways flight. The air hostess (played by Roger Moore's daughter Deborah) serves him his martini, to which Bond replies, "Luckily I asked for it shaken". Later in the film, when Bond travels to Gustav Graves' ice palace in Iceland, he orders another martini, sarcastically telling the bartender "Plenty of ice, if you can spare it."

This is a document about Shaken, not stirred
  Roger Moore's Bond never actually ordered one himself, but has one ordered for him several times, nonetheless. In the 1977 film The Spy Who Loved Me, Anya Amasova orders him one. In Moonraker, his drink is prepared by Manuela. In Octopussy, the title character (Maud Adams) herself greets Bond by mixing his drink.

This is a document about Motifs in the James Bond film series
  by asking him to carry her luggage. Bond usually evinces a preference for vodka martinis and his instruction on how it must be prepared quickly became another catchphrase. The instruction was honoured by the AFI as the 90th most-memorable cinema quotation. In order to distance his version of Bond from Sean Connery's, Roger Moore did not order a martini. The martini was present in the first Ian Fleming novel, Casino Royale, where Bond eventually named it "The Vesper", after Vesper Lynd. The same recipe was then used for the 2006 film of the novel, with the martini ordered by Daniel Craig's Bond.

This is a document about Shaken, not stirred
  In George Lazenby's only film as Bond, On Her Majesty's Secret Service, Bond never actually orders himself a drink, but when he meets Marc-Ange Draco for the first time, Draco tells his assistant, Olympe, to get a dry martini for Bond. Draco then adds, "Shaken, not stirred."

This is a document about Shaken, not stirred
  than one drink before dinner. But I do like that one to be large and very strong and very cold, and very well made. I hate small portions of anything, particularly when they taste bad. This drink's my own invention. I'm going to patent it when I think of a good name.'" The drink will later be referred to as a "Vesper", after the original Bond girl, Vesper Lynd. A Vesper differs from Bond's usual cocktail of choice, the martini, in that it uses both gin and vodka, Kina Lillet instead of vermouth, and lemon peel instead of an olive. In the same scene Bond gives more details about the Vesper, telling the same barman that

James Bond drinks a variety of alcoholic beverages in the books, including vodka, gin, whiskey, brandy, and rum. He also consumes cocktails such as a vodka martini, a vodka and champagne cocktail, and a vodka and tonic. He prefers his martinis shaken, not stirred, and often orders them with a specific brand of vodka, such as Stolichnaya or Grey Goose. He also drinks Scotch whisky, particularly in the film "Goldfinger," and in the book "Casino Royale


Question: when did sacramento became the capital of california

Answer: 1879

This is a document about Urban redevelopment in Sacramento, California
  The City of Sacramento, which serves as the state capital of California, was founded in December 1848 by John Sutter. The following year, California's Gold Rush brought an influx of "forty-niners" and, shortly thereafter, goods, services, and industry to meet the needs of the booming population. Throughout the late 19th and early 20th century, Sacramento's commercial, industrial, government, and residential uses flourished, creating a vibrant urban downtown. By the middle of the 20th century, however, much of the historic downtown had degraded into slums and residents began moving further east into the growing suburbs burgeoning along the American River. The city core continued to support a vast public sector; however, modern architectural styles brought bleak office monoliths that lacked

This is a document about Sacramento, California
  moved to Sacramento in 1854. The capital of California under Spanish (and, subsequently, Mexican) rule had been Monterey, where, in 1849, the first Constitutional Convention and state elections were held. The convention decided San Jose would be the new state's capital. After 1850, when California's statehood was ratified, the legislature met in San Jose until 1851, Vallejo in 1852, and Benicia in 1853, before moving to Sacramento. In the Sacramento Constitutional Convention of 1879, Sacramento was named as the permanent state capital. The Classical Revival-style California State Capitol, similar to the national Capitol, was started in 1860 and completed in 1874. In 1861, the legislative session was moved to the

This is a document about John Bigler
  the capital to nearby Benicia. Conditions in Benicia also proved poor for state bureaucrats. Sacramento offered its services again as a capital, and on February 25, 1854, Governor Bigler signed a law making Sacramento the capital of California. With the exception of a temporary move to San Francisco in 1862 while Sacramento was again flooded, the capital has stayed there since. Bigler's popularity peaked around 1854 to 1855. For the 1855 general election, the Democratic Party renominated Bigler in his bid to gain a third term of office. However, his monopoly on anti-immigrant sentiment began to lose ground. Growing economic troubles due to the slow

This is a document about California State Legislature
  Since California was given official statehood by the U.S. on September 9, 1850, as part of the Compromise of 1850, the state capital was variously San Jose (1850–1851), Vallejo (1852–1853) and Benicia (1853–1854), until Sacramento was finally selected in 1854. The first Californian State House was originally a hotel in San Jose owned by businessman Pierre "Don Pedro" Sainsevain and his associates. The State Legislature currently meets in the California State Capitol in Sacramento.

This is a document about History of Sacramento, California
  Sacramento temporarily; after Vallejo failed again, he released himself from his contract to the state, and the government moved to Benicia until Sacramento made a bid for the capital that the Legislature accepted completely in 1854. The same year, the state legislature voted to make Sacramento the permanent state capital. Construction on the California State Capitol commenced in 1860; the structure would take fourteen years to complete. In early 1855, Colonel Charles L. Wilson and Theodore Judah started work on the Sacramento Valley Railroad; the railroad was the first to be chartered west of the Mississippi River and was done so by Colonel Wilson

This is a document about Sacramento River
  than placer miners in the early years had ever made. The city of Sacramento, founded on the original site of Sutter's fort, began to flourish as the center of an agricultural empire that provided food to feed the thousands of miners working in the hills as well as a place of financial exchange of all the gold that was mined. Sacramento was officially established in 1850 and was recognized as the state capital in 1854. As the economy of the Sacramento Valley grew, the Southern Pacific Railroad established tracks along the river to connect California with Oregon following the ancient path of the

This is a document about Sacramento, California
  his son became embittered after Sacramento became an overnight commercial success. (Sutter's Fort, Mill, and the town of Sutterville, all founded by John Sutter Sr., eventually failed). Residents of Sacramento adopted a city charter in 1849, which was recognized by the state legislature in 1850. Sacramento is the oldest incorporated city in California, incorporated on February 27, 1850. During the early 1850s, the Sacramento valley was devastated by floods, fires and cholera epidemics. Despite this, the new city's location just downstream from the Mother Lode in the Sierra Nevada proved irresistible, and it grew rapidly, attracting a population of 10,000. The California State Legislature, with the support of Governor John

This is a document about History of California
  The Pueblo de San Jose was chosen as the first state capitol (Article XI Sec. 1). Soon after the election they set up a provisional state government that set up the counties, elected a governor, senators, and representatives, and operated for ten months prior to statehood. As agreed to in the Compromise of 1850, Congress passed the California Statehood Act on September 9, 1850. Thirty-eight days later the Pacific Mail Steamship SS Oregon brought word to San Francisco on October 18, 1850, that California was now the 31st state. There was a celebration that lasted for weeks. The state capital was variously at San Jose (1850–1851), Vallejo (1852–1853), and Benicia (1853–1854) until Sacramento was finally selected in 1854.

This is a document about Benicia, California
  court room and offices prior to the completion of Benicia's city hall. In 1858, the county seat was moved to Fairfield. In 1853, Benicia became the third site selected to serve as the California State capital, after San Jose and nearby Vallejo, and its newly constructed city hall was California's capitol from February 11, 1853, to February 25, 1854. Soon after, the legislature was moved to the courthouse in Sacramento, which has remained the State capital ever since. The restored capitol is part of the Benicia Capitol State Historic Park, and is the only building remaining of the State's pre-Sacramento capitols. The original

This is a document about Monterey State Historic Park
  In 1849, the California constitution was drafted in both English and Spanish in this building. In 1850 California became the thirty-first state of America. San Jose was then elected as the seat of California state government, ending Monterey's years as California's capital. (The state's capital changed several times, and Sacramento finally was chosen in 1854.) Reenactments of the state constitutional convention are held every year in Colton Hall during History Week. This building is a California Historical Landmark (#126).

This is a document about Timeline of Sacramento, California
  The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Sacramento, California, United States.

This is a document about Sacramento, California
  by the historic Nisenan, Maidu, and other indigenous peoples of California. Spanish cavalryman Gabriel Moraga surveyed and named the Río del Santísimo Sacramento (Sacramento River) in 1808, after the Blessed Sacrament, referring to the Eucharist in the Catholic Church. In 1839, Juan Bautista Alvarado, Mexican governor of Alta California, granted the responsibility of colonizing the Sacramento Valley to Swiss-born Mexican citizen John Augustus Sutter, who subsequently established Sutter's Fort and the settlement at the Rancho Nueva Helvetia. Following the American Conquest of California and the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, the waterfront developed by Sutter began to be developed, and incorporated in 1850 as the City of Sacramento. Sacramento is the fastest-growing major city in California, owing to its status as a notable financial center on

This is a document about Sacramento City Council
 Sacramento, the oldest incorporated city in the State of California, has been governed by a council since the city's citizens approved a city charter in 1849. This charter, known as the "City Charter of 1850" in reference to the year that the charter was recognized by the California State Legislature, provided for the election of a ten-member "Common Council" made up of a Mayor and nine council members. In 1858, the governments of Sacramento County and the City of Sacramento merged. As a result, Sacramento was governed by the Sacramento County Board of Directors (a predecessor to the Sacramento County Board of Supervisors) for the next five years. The revised City Charter of 1863 returned to a separate governing body for the City

This is a document about California
  was first held in Monterey. Among the first tasks of the convention was a decision on a location for the new state capital. The first full legislative sessions were held in San Jose (1850–1851). Subsequent locations included Vallejo (1852–1853), and nearby Benicia (1853–1854); these locations eventually proved to be inadequate as well. The capital has been located in Sacramento since 1854 with only a short break in 1862 when legislative sessions were held in San Francisco due to flooding in Sacramento. Once the state's Constitutional Convention had finalized its state constitution, it applied to the U.S. Congress for admission

This is a document about History of Sacramento, California
  The history of Sacramento, California, began with its founding by Samuel Brannan and John Augustus Sutter, Jr. in 1848 around an embarcadero that his father, John Sutter, Sr. constructed at the confluence of the American and Sacramento Rivers a few years prior. Sacramento was named after the Sacramento River, which forms its western border. The river was named by Spanish cavalry officer Gabriel Moraga for the Santisimo Sacramento (Most Holy Sacrament), referring to the Catholic Eucharist. Before the arrival of Europeans, the Nisenan Native American tribe inhabited the Sacramento Valley area. The Spanish were the first Europeans to explore the area, and Sacramento fell into the Alta California province of New Spain when the conquistadors claimed Central America and the American Southwest for the Spanish Empire. The area was deemed unfit

This is a document about History of Sacramento, California
  New Helvetia and trade began to develop around a wharf he had established where the American and Sacramento Rivers joined. In the region where Sutter had planned to establish the city of Sutterville, Sacramento City was founded; Sutter, Sr. put his son in charge in frustration, and Sutter, Jr. worked to organize the city in its growth. However, its location caused the city to periodically fill with water. Fires would also sweep through the city. To resolve the problems, the city worked to raise the sidewalks and buildings and began to replace wooden structures with more resilient materials, like brick and stone. The city was selected as the state capital in 1854 after Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo failed to convince the state government to remain in the city of his namesake.

This is a document about Circle of Palms Plaza
  When California became part of the USA in 1850, San Jose was the oldest civilian settlement dating back to its establishment in 1777, and selected the first official state capital of California. A two-story adobe hotel built around 1830 became the first state capitol and hosted the first legislative sessions in 1850 and 1851. This site is now the Circle of Palms Plaza, or California Historical Marker 461.

This is a document about Sacramento History Museum
  1853, California’s first theater, and a replica of the city’s first waterworks building. Of special interest is the B.F. Hastings Building, built in 1853, which served as the terminus for the Pony Express and the chambers of the first California Supreme Court. In 1965 Old Sacramento became California Historical Landmark #812. In the 1860s Sacramento raised its streets to avoid devastating floods. Sacramento is the only city in California to do so, and was one of the first in the nation. The Sacramento History Alliance and the Sacramento History Museum conduct tours of "Old Sacramento Underground" where visitors can get a first hand look at the incredible undertaking.

This is a document about Sacramento, California
  Sacramento is the capital city of the U.S. state of California and the seat and largest city of Sacramento County. Located at the confluence of the Sacramento and American Rivers in Northern California's Sacramento Valley, Sacramento's 2020 population of 524,943 makes it the sixth-largest city in California and the ninth-largest capital in the United States. Sacramento is the seat of the California Legislature and the Governor of California, making it the state's political center and a hub for lobbying and think tanks. It features the California State Capitol Museum. Sacramento is also the cultural and economic core of the Sacramento metropolitan area, which at the 2020 census had a population of 2,397,382, the fifth-largest in California. Before the arrival of the Spanish, the area was

This is a document about San Jose, California
  By the end of 1847, the Conquest of California by the United States was complete, as the Mexican–American War came to an end. In 1848, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo formally ceded California to the United States, as part of the Mexican Cession. On December 15, 1849, San Jose became the capital of the unorganized territory of California. With California's Admission to the Union on September 9, 1850, San Jose became the state's first capital. On March 27, 1850, San Jose was incorporated. It was incorporated on the same day as San Diego and Benicia; together, these three cities followed Sacramento as California's earliest incorporated

Sacramento became the capital of California on February 25, 1854.


Question: when was last time richmond played in a grand final

Answer: 2017

This is a document about Rivalries in the Australian Football League
  A rivalry based on geographical proximity and large supporter bases, the rivalry intensified as both clubs contested several grand finals between 1969 and 1982, including the 1972 Grand Final where Richmond equalled the highest score ever in a grand final, only to be bettered by Carlton in the same match. The following year Richmond won the 1973 Grand Final in an even more physically bitter contest than in recent encounters between the two sides; Carlton got their revenge in 1982 by defeating Richmond in their last grand final appearance until their win over Adelaide in 2017. In 2013, Carlton beat Richmond by 20 points in an elimination final, which was Richmond's first final since 2001, and third final since 1982. Since 2008, the first game of each season played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground has been played between Carlton and

This is a document about 2020 AFL finals series
  This was only the third time in AFL/VFL history where neither of the two top qualifying teams made the grand final. The previous two occasions occurred in 1980 and the previous year, 2019. were also involved in both of those Grand Finals. This marked the third Grand Final between the two teams, having previously met in the 1931 and 1967 premiership deciders. Including those two Grand Finals, this marked the twelfth final between the two sides, having also previously met in semi-finals in 1921, 1931, 1934, 1969 and 1980, preliminary finals in 1933, 1995 and 2019, as well as a qualifying final in 2017. The overall head to head record in finals prior to this match was 9–2 in Richmond's favour, with one Grand Final victory apiece.

This is a document about 1999 AFL Grand Final
  this remains the last time either Carlton or North Melbourne have appeared in a grand final. After Richmond met Adelaide in 2017, these became the longest grand final droughts for any AFL club. They would both proceed to the preliminary finals in 2000, but lost to Essendon and Melbourne respectively. North Melbourne would struggle with consistency, playing finals in 2002, 2005, 2007 and 2008 within the next decade. After reaching the semi-final in 2001, Carlton would swiftly fall to the bottom of the ladder in 2002, claiming their first wooden spoon in their history, and the last of all the

This is a document about 2019 AFL finals series
 Scorecard The second preliminary final saw host  at the MCG on Friday, 20 September. This was the eleventh final between the two sides and second in three years, having previously met in the finals in 1921, 1931, 1933, 1934, 1967, 1969, 1980, and 1995 and 2017, including grand finals in 1931 and 1967. Head to head in finals it was 8-2 in Richmond's favour, despite Geelong's more recent successes.

This is a document about 2017 AFL Grand Final
  was Adelaide's third appearance in the grand final, the club having won its previous two grand finals in 1997 and 1998. The clubs' normal guernseys were deemed to be clashing; so, as the lower-ranked team, Richmond was required to wear its away guernsey, yellow with a black sash. The two teams met only once in the home-and-away season in 2017, in Round 6, with Adelaide recording a 76-point win at the Adelaide Oval. Bookmakers installed Adelaide as the favourites to win the grand final, with the Crows regarded by Sportsbet as $1.72 favourites compared to Richmond valued at $2.15 for the win.

This is a document about Richmond Football Club
  reigning premiers were dominant throughout the 2018 season, winning their first minor premiership since 1982 with an 18–4 win-loss record. Richmond won all 17 of their games in Victoria during the home-and-away season, and broke the record for most consecutive wins at the MCG, winning 22 games at the venue (starting from round 14, 2017) and eclipsing the record of 17 set by Melbourne in 1955–56. The Tigers defeated Hawthorn by 31 points in the first qualifying final at the MCG and were seemingly destined to win a second consecutive flag. However, they were stunningly denied a repeat Grand Final

This is a document about 2019 AFL Grand Final
  The 2019 AFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the Richmond Football Club and Greater Western Sydney Giants at the Melbourne Cricket Ground on 28 September 2019. It was the 123rd annual grand final of the Australian Football League (formerly Victorian Football League), staged to determine the premiers for the 2019 AFL season. The match, attended by 100,014 spectators, was won by Richmond by a margin of 89 points, marking the club's twelfth VFL/AFL premiership and their second in three seasons. Richmond's Dustin Martin won the Norm Smith Medal as the player judged best on ground. It was the eighth consecutive grand final which featured one Victorian team and one non-Victorian team, and it was only the second grand final in VFL/AFL history (and the first since 1980) that did not feature either team that finished first or second on the ladder at the conclusion of the home-and-away season.

This is a document about 2017 AFL Grand Final
  The 2017 AFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the Adelaide Football Club and the Richmond Football Club at the Melbourne Cricket Ground on 30 September 2017. It was the 121st annual grand final of the Australian Football League (formerly the Victorian Football League) staged to determine the premiers for the 2017 AFL season. The match, attended by 100,021 spectators, was won by Richmond by a margin of 48 points, marking the club's eleventh VFL/AFL premiership and first since 1980. Richmond's Dustin Martin was awarded the Norm Smith Medal as the best player on the ground.

This is a document about The Gabba
  2020 AFL season, the Gabba hosted a greater number of home and away matches than usual, due to the temporary relocation of Victorian and other clubs as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The venue was also selected to host the 2020 AFL Grand Final, with the Melbourne Cricket Ground not capable of hosting any spectators at the match. The Gabba thus became the first stadium outside the state of Victoria to host a VFL/AFL Grand Final, which Richmond won against Geelong by 12.9 (81) to 7.8 (50) in front of 29,707 people – just under the venue's temporary maximum capacity due to the pandemic. Previously, since the MCG began hosting VFL/AFL Grand Finals (VFL until 1989, AFL afterwards), only three other venues had done so: Princes Park (1942, 1943 and 1945), the St Kilda Cricket Ground (1944) and Waverley Park (1991).

This is a document about Richmond Football Club
  and finished with four Norm Smith Medal votes. Despite some off-field indiscretions during the 2020 season and playing most of the season interstate due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the reigning premiers finished in the top four for the fourth consecutive season, qualifying in third place with 12 wins, four losses and a draw after a shortened 17-match home-and-away season. Richmond faltered against the Brisbane Lions in the qualifying final, but recovered to play in their third Grand Final in four years after defeating St Kilda by 31 points in the semi final and pipping minor premiers Port Adelaide by six

This is a document about 2018 AFL finals series
 Scoreboard This was the seventeenth finals meeting between Richmond and Collingwood, and the first since the 1980 Grand Final. Richmond have won nine of those games, while Collingwood have won eight. This was the first time that has defeated  in a final since 1937.

This is a document about Richmond, Victoria
   Richmond is home to the Richmond Football Club, an Australian rules football club, which is a member of the Australian Football League. The club has a cult following not only in Richmond, but throughout the eastern suburbs of Melbourne. Richmond are arguably the biggest club in the AFL, with over 100,000 members in 2018 and have won 13 premierships, the latest being 2020. Richmond won thrice in the last four years. The Tigers play the majority of their home games at the Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG), which is just outside the suburb's border, and regularly attract crowds in excess of 50,000; however, can draw as large as 90,000 against fierce rivals. The team trains and runs their administration

This is a document about 2019 AFL Grand Final
  27 points. It was Richmond's 23rd grand final appearance, and second in three years; and it was the first grand final appearance for Greater Western Sydney. The sides had previously contested one final, the 2017 preliminary final won by Richmond by 36 points. As the higher-ranked team, Richmond wore its full home kit, and GWS wore its predominantly white clash guernsey with white shorts. Richmond was an overwhelming favourite to win, with bookmakers offering odds of $1.44 for a Richmond win compared with $3.25 for a Giants win. With an average audience of 2.197 million across the five major capital cities, this was the lowest rating AFL Grand Final on free-to-air television since OzTAM began recording television ratings in 2001.

This is a document about 2020 AFL Grand Final
  The 2020 AFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football match contested between and  at the Gabba in Brisbane, Queensland, on Saturday 24 October 2020. It was the 124th annual Grand Final of the Australian Football League (formerly the Victorian Football League), staged to determine the premiers for the 2020 AFL season. The match was originally scheduled for the last Saturday of September but was delayed several weeks due to the suspension of the season stemming from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. It was the first AFL grand final to be staged outside the state of Victoria, and the first to be held at night. The match was won by Richmond by a margin of 31 points, marking the club's thirteenth VFL/AFL premiership and their third in four seasons. Richmond's Dustin Martin won the Norm Smith Medal as the player judged best on ground, becoming the first player in VFL/AFL history to win three Norm Smith Medals. The match was attended by 29,707 spectators, just short of the reduced capacity allowed at the venue under pandemic guidelines.

This is a document about Melbourne Cricket Ground
  The VFL/AFL grand final has been played at the MCG every season since 1902, except for between 1942 and 1945, when the ground was used by the military during World War II; in 1991 as the construction of the Great Southern Stand had temporarily reduced the ground's capacity below that of Waverley Park; and both 2020 and 2021, when restrictions in Victoria due to the COVID-19 pandemic prompted the games to be moved to the Gabba in Queensland and Perth Stadium in Western Australia respectively. All three grand final replays have been played at the MCG. Before the MCG was fully seated, a grand final could draw attendances above 110,000. The record for the highest attendance in the history of the sport was set in the 1970 VFL Grand Final, with 121,696 in attendance. Since being fully seated, grand final attendances

This is a document about History of the Brisbane Lions
  Geelong in 1997. The following season, the Lions continued to perform well and finished second on the ladder again with a 14–3 win-loss record during the shortened 2020 home-and-away season. With the Grand Final relocated to the Gabba as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Lions had a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to add a fourth premiership. They defeated reigning premiers Richmond by 15 points in the qualifying final and seemed poised to reach the Grand Final for the first time in 16 years. However, they blew their golden opportunity after suffering a dispiriting 40-point defeat to Geelong in the preliminary final.

This is a document about Damien Hardwick
  In the 2020 season, which was significantly affected by COVID-19, Hardwick coached Richmond to their third premiership in four years and became a three-time premiership coach. Richmond finished third on the ladder at the end of the home-and-away season (with a record of 12 wins, 4 losses, and 1 draw). They lost to the Brisbane Lions (10.9.69 to 8.6.54) in their qualifying final, defeated the St Kilda Saints (12.8.80 to 6.13.49) in their semi-final, and defeated Port Adelaide (6.10.46 to 6.4.40) in their preliminary final. They defeated the Geelong Cats by 31 points (12.9.81 to 7.8.50) in the Grand Final at The Gabba – the first Grand Final to be played outside Victoria and the first night-time Grand Final. Hardwick was heavily featured in the Prime Video web-series Making Their Mark which documented the 2020 AFL season.

This is a document about Richmond Football Club
  the whole club, making Richmond a formidable force, winning five premierships from 1967 to 1980. Since the Tigers' grand final appearance in 1982, the club appeared in five finals series (1995, 2001, 2013, 2014 and 2015) before winning another preliminary final and eventually breaking their Premiership drought as board and coaching instability during the 1980s and 1990s distracted the club and forced its focus away from becoming an on-field force. The club also hosts the Korin Gamadji Institute (KGI) at Punt Road, which has delivered highly-unique and innovative leadership and well-being programming for young Indigenous boys and girls since 2008. In 2018, Richmond became the first sports club to present at the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues.

This is a document about 2020 AFL season
  The 2020 Australian Football League season was the 124th season of the elite Australian rules football competition and the 31st under the name "Australian Football League", having changed from "Victorian Football League" after the 1989 season. There were 18 teams competing in the league, the same as the previous eight seasons. On 22 March 2020, the season was suspended at the conclusion of round 1 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The season resumed uninterrupted on 11 June 2020 with 18 home-and-away rounds and the four weeks of finals, concluding with the Grand Final played between and  at the Gabba, Brisbane, on 24 October. Richmond won the match by 31 points, claiming back-to-back premierships and their 13th VFL/AFL flag overall.

This is a document about 2017 AFL season
  The 2017 Australian Football League season was the 121st season of the elite Australian rules football competition and the 28th under the name 'Australian Football League', having switched from 'Victorian Football League' after 1989. There were 18 teams competing in the league, the same as the preceding five seasons. The first game was played on Thursday, 23 March, and the season concluded with the 2017 AFL Grand Final on Saturday, 30 September. Richmond defeated Adelaide in the grand final by 48 points, winning their first premiership since 1980.

The last time Richmond played in a Grand Final was in 2019 against Geelong.


Question: who plays jake on two and a half

Answer: Angus Turner Jones

This is a document about Angus T. Jones
  Angus Turner Jones (born October 8, 1993) is an American former actor. He is best known for playing Jake Harper in the CBS sitcom Two and a Half Men, for which he won two Young Artist Awards and a TV Land Award during his 10-year tenure as one of the show's main characters.

This is a document about Angus T. Jones
  In 2003, Jones was cast in the sitcom Two and a Half Men as Jake Harper, the "half man" of the title, a 10-year-old living with his divorced father (played by Jon Cryer) and hedonistic uncle (played by Charlie Sheen). The show was the most popular sitcom in the United States for most of its run, with an average audience of around 15 million people. In 2010, Jones became the highest paid child star in television at the age of 17 when his new contract with Two and a Half Men guaranteed him US$7.8 million over the next two seasons, amounting to US$300,000 for each of the 26 episodes. During the show's ninth season, which

This is a document about Two and a Half Men (season 1)
  Two and a Half Men was nominated for three Primetime Emmy Awards but lost all three of them. The show won the People's Choice Awards for Best New Comedy Series and was nominated for two Young Artist Awards for Best Family Television Series (Comedy or Drama) and for Best Performance in a TV series (Comedy or Drama) and won one for Angus T. Jones for playing Jake Harper. It won the ASCAP award for Top TV Series and it also won BMI Film and TV Award for Best Music in TV. It was also nominated Casting Society of America for the casting of a series.

This is a document about Two and a Half Men (season 11)
  The eleventh season of Two and a Half Men premiered on CBS on September 26, 2013, and ended on May 8, 2014. This season marks another major change in the series as Amber Tamblyn joins the cast as Jenny, Charlie's illegitimate daughter. Tamblyn was promoted to series regular on October 2, 2013. This season is also the first and only season not to feature Angus T. Jones, who portrayed Jake Harper during the first ten seasons, in any capacity. He would return the following season as a guest star in the show's final episode.

This is a document about Richard Blackwell
  He was played by Harry Shearer on the May 20, 1995 episode of SCTV's, The Show Formerly Known as The Martin Short Show. In the television series Two and a Half Men, Charlie sarcastically calls Jake "Mr Blackwell" after Jake makes fun of Charlie's shirt.

This is a document about Two and a Half Men
  Two and a Half Men is an American television sitcom that originally aired on CBS for twelve seasons from September 22, 2003, to February 19, 2015. Originally starring Charlie Sheen, Jon Cryer and Angus T. Jones, the series was about a hedonistic jingle writer, Charlie Harper, his uptight brother, Alan and Alan's mischievous son, Jake. After Alan divorces, he and Jake move into Charlie's beachfront Malibu house and complicate Charlie's freewheeling life. In 2010, CBS and Warner Bros. Television reached a multiyear broadcasting agreement for the series, renewing it through at least the 2011–12 season. In February 2011, however, CBS and Warner Bros. decided to end production for the rest of the eighth season after Sheen entered drug rehabilitation and made "disparaging" comments about the series' creator and executive producer Chuck Lorre. Sheen's contract was terminated the following month and he was written out of the

This is a document about List of Seventh-day Adventists
  Angus T. Jones – former child actor; played Jake Harper in Two and a Half Men (2003–2013) ; Darwood Kaye (1929–2002) – former Our Gang actor who spent his adult life as a pastor ; Phil McDonald, M.D. – medical analyst for National Basketball Association Television (NBA TV); physician, specializing in sports medicine radiology (2010–) ; Cesar Montano – multi-awarded Filipino actor, film producer/director; game show host & singer ; Cid Moreira – Brazilian journalist and TV presenter ; Kid Lopez – Filipino actor and model married to Mystica (entertainer) ; Mystica – Filipino actress; singer; television show host, and married to actor and model Kid Lopez ; Anna Samusionek – Polish theater and movie actress

This is a document about Bence Penke
 Malcolm in Malcolm in the Middle ; Sam Camden in 7th Heaven ; Sam Camden in 7th Heaven ; Tom Marvolo Riddle (teenager) in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince ; Jared Grace and Simon Grace in The Spiderwick Chronicles ; Nicky Daley in Night at the Museum ; Jake Harper in Two and a Half Men ; Joey Naylor in Thank You for Smoking ; Jacob Black in Twilight ; George Llewelyn Davies in Finding Neverland ; PJ Duncan in Good Luck Charlie ; Elliot Gilbert (Second voice) in H2O: Just Add Water (Second dub) ; Rico Suave (First voice) in Hannah Montana ; Preston in Super 8 ; Budderball in Air Buddies ; Buddha in Snow Buddies ; Paul Blaine in The Canterville Ghost ; Jake in Single Santa seeks Mrs Claus' ; Tom in Malabar Princess ; Conor in Gamer's Guide to Pretty Much Everything ; Young Sportacus in Lazy Town

This is a document about Due Date
 Robert Downey Jr. as Peter Highman ; Zach Galifianakis as Ethan Tremblay / Ethan Chase ; Michelle Monaghan as Sarah Highman ; Juliette Lewis as Heidi (Playing the same character from Old School) ; Jamie Foxx as Darryl Johnson ; Matt Walsh as TSA Agent ; RZA as Airline Screener ; Danny McBride as Western Union Employee Lonnie ; Todd Phillips as Barry ; Mimi Kennedy as Sarah's Mom ; Keegan-Michael Key as New Father ; Aaron Lustig as Dr. Greene ; Marco Rodríguez as Federal Agent ; Brody Stevens as Chauffeur ; Charlie Sheen as Charlie Harper (Cameo) ; Jon Cryer as Alan Harper (Cameo)  Angus T. Jones was in the Two and a Half Men scene as Jake Harper, but the scene was cut short, and his cameo was not shown in the original run. Alan Arkin filmed scenes as Peter's long lost father, but they were not left in the final cut of the film.

This is a document about Missi Pyle
  female lead in BachelorMan. She also appears in Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story. She also had a brief appearance in 50 First Dates and starred in A Cinderella Story: Once Upon a Song. Pyle played Jake's Elementary School teacher Ms. Pasternak on Two and a Half Men. The role was recast in 2009 for undisclosed reasons, but Pyle returned to the series in the same role in 2011 and again in the series finale "Of Course He's Dead" in 2015. In 2008, Missi starred in the Broadway play Boeing-Boeing opposite Christine Baranski, Mark Rylance, Greg Germann, Paige Davis and Rebecca Gayheart. The

This is a document about Sara Erikson
  Erikson is known for her recurring role as Robyn Marquette, Vince's scheming ex-girlfriend and co-worker in What I Like About You, and various characters in the Jeff Foxworthy series Foxworthy's Big Night Out. Her first feature film role was in Mexican Werewolf in Texas in 2005. After a series of television roles, she received her second feature film role in 2008 in the Bernie Mac / Samuel L. Jackson film Soul Men. She made two guest appearances on the long-running sitcom Two and a Half Men, portraying two different characters each time. The most notable is the second appearance in which she is featured as the much older love interest (and eventual sexual conquest) of teenaged Jake Harper (Angus T. Jones).

This is a document about Chuck Lorre
  a growing son, Jake, the "half" who comes to visit Charlie and Alan on weekends. Two and a Half Men premiered on CBS in 2003 and became the highest-rated sitcom in America. In 2011, CBS put the show on hiatus following several incidents of production shutdowns allegedly due to Charlie Sheen's problems related to drug and alcohol abuse, which culminated in verbal attacks directed at Lorre during a radio interview. Sheen was fired from the show and filed a $100 million lawsuit against Lorre and Warner Bros. Television for wrongful termination. Lorre killed off Sheen's character and hired Ashton Kutcher as his replacement for the show's later four seasons.

This is a document about Two and a Half Men
  At the end of 2010 film Due Date, a scene from Two and a Half Men is shown, in which Sheen and Cryer appear as their characters, while Ethan Chase (played by Zach Galifianakis in the movie) plays Stu, Jake's tutor.

This is a document about Blackstone (TV series)
 Brett Dier as Jake (Season 2, Episode 6: Forgiveness) ; Mark Meer as Policeman (Season 5, Episode 2: Super Dad) ; MacKenzie Porter as Brianne

This is a document about List of Fear the Walking Dead characters
  Jeremiah Otto, Jr., better known as Jake, portrayed by Sam Underwood, is Jeremiah's moralistic older son and Troy's half-brother.

This is a document about Amber Tamblyn
  student Martha M. Masters in the seventh season of the Fox medical drama series House. She returned for the series finale in 2012. In August 2013, Tamblyn was cast as Charlie Harper's long-lost (and previously unknown) lesbian daughter, Jenny, on the sitcom Two and a Half Men, opposite Ashton Kutcher and Jon Cryer. Her first appearance was on the season 11 opener, September 26, 2013. She has appeared on numerous episodes of Comedy Central's Inside Amy Schumer, including the "Milk Milk Lemonade" sketch which aired in 2015. She has also guest starred on IFC's Portlandia and Comedy Bang! Bang!, as well as numerous shows on Adult Swim, including The Heart, She Holler opposite Patton Oswalt and Metalocalypse.

This is a document about The Two Jakes
  The Two Jakes is a 1990 American neo-noir mystery film and the sequel to the 1974 film Chinatown. Directed by and starring Jack Nicholson, it also features Harvey Keitel, Meg Tilly, Madeleine Stowe, Richard Farnsworth, Frederic Forrest, David Keith, Rubén Blades, Tracey Walter and Eli Wallach. Reprising their roles from Chinatown are Joe Mantell, Perry Lopez, James Hong, and, in a brief voice-over, Faye Dunaway. The character of Katherine Mulwray returns as well, played by Tilly. The musical score for the film is by Van Dyke Parks, who also appears as a prosecuting attorney. The screenplay is by Robert Towne, whose script for Chinatown won an Academy

This is a document about The Rendlesham UFO Incident
 Danny Shayler as Jake ; Abbie Salt as Sally ; Robert Curtis as Gus

This is a document about Animorphs (TV series)
 Shawn Ashmore as Jake ; Brooke Nevin as Rachel ; Boris Cabrera as Marco ; Nadia Nascimento as Cassie ; Christopher Ralph as Tobias

This is a document about Last Survivors
 Drew Van Acker as Jake ; Alicia Silverstone as Henrietta ; Stephen Moyer as Troy

Angus T. Jones played the role of Jake Harper on "Two and a Half Men."


Question: what crop was known as virginia 's gold and silver

Answer: tobacco

This is a document about History of tobacco
   In 1609, English colonist John Rolfe arrived at Jamestown, Virginia, and became the first settler to successfully raise tobacco (commonly referred to at that time as "brown gold") for commercial use. Tobacco was used as currency by the Virginia settlers for years, and Rolfe was able to make his fortune in farming it for export at Varina Farms Plantation. When he left for England with his wife Pocahontas, a daughter of Chief Powhatan, he had become wealthy. Returning to Jamestown, following Pocahontas' death in England, Rolfe continued in his efforts to improve the quality of commercial tobacco, and, by 1620, 40000 lb of tobacco were shipped to

This is a document about Native American agriculture in Virginia
  Agriculture in Virginia is believed to have begun in the same manner that agriculture in most other places developed. Native Virginians made extensive use of wild plants in their subsistence systems, and it is hypothesized that the first attempts made at cultivation in Virginia were the selective nurturing of wild edible plants in ways that encouraged their growth. Eventually, such pseudo-agriculture developed into the purposeful planting, cultivation, and artificial selection of certain species and varieties. The agricultural systems that developed before the introduction of maize and other, more well-known native crops, have been dubbed the Eastern Agricultural Complex. None of the domesticated crops that are usually associated with native Virginians are native to the area. Maize (Indian corn), the predominant native crop in the collective mind of most Americans, came up from Mexico and was incorporated into the native agricultural systems. Squash and beans, the other two crops that make up the famous "three sisters" agricultural trilogy, migrated up similar routes and eventually became firmly established in native agricultural systems in Virginia around 900 A.D. during the beginning of the Middle Woodland Period.

This is a document about Tobacco smoking
   In 1612, six years after the settlement of Jamestown, Virginia, John Rolfe was credited as the first settler to successfully raise tobacco as a cash crop. The demand quickly grew as tobacco, referred to as "brown gold", revived the Virginia joint stock company from its failed gold expeditions. In order to meet demands from the Old World, tobacco was grown in succession, quickly depleting the soil. This became a motivator to settle west into the unknown continent, and likewise an expansion of tobacco production. Indentured servitude became the primary labor force up until Bacon's Rebellion, from which the focus turned to slavery. This trend abated following the American Revolution as slavery became regarded as unprofitable. However,

This is a document about Hemp
  harvested hemp in their region where it grew wild to a height of 4 to 5 ft. In May 1607, "hempe" was among the crops Gabriel Archer observed being cultivated by the natives at the main Powhatan village, where Richmond, Virginia is now situated; and in 1613, Samuell Argall reported wild hemp "better than that in England" growing along the shores of the upper Potomac. As early as 1619, the first Virginia House of Burgesses passed an Act requiring all planters in Virginia to sow "both English and Indian" hemp on their plantations. The Puritans are first known to have cultivated hemp in New England in 1645.

This is a document about Long Branch Plantation
  During the 18th and 19th centuries, the Shenandoah Valley was a productive and expanding agricultural region. The Valley farmers took advantage of the fertile land and created a booming commercial agricultural industry. Corn, hay, and various other grains dominated the region. Wheat served as the most prominent cash crop in the valley. The owners of Long Branch capitalized on this market and maintained a wheat plantation into the mid-19th century. The wheat from Long Branch was likely ground at the Burwell-Morgan Mill in Millwood and transported to the markets in Alexandria before being shipped to Europe. Records show, that while wheat was the main crop at Long Branch, corn was a secondary crop for the plantation. Letters written by the residents of Long Branch explain their hope for the corn after the wheat crop failed. Over the years, Long Branch has raised a variety of livestock including, cow, sheep, horses, pigs, and chickens.

This is a document about Smoking
   In 1612, six years after the settlement of Jamestown, John Rolfe was credited as the first settler to successfully grow tobacco as a cash crop. The demand quickly grew as tobacco, referred to as "golden weed", revived the Virginia Company from its failed expeditions in search for gold in the Americas. In order to meet demands from the old world, tobacco was grown in succession, quickly depleting the land. This became a motivator to settle west into the unknown continent, and likewise an expansion of tobacco production. Indentured servants became the primary labor force up until Bacon's Rebellion, from which the focus turned to slavery.

This is a document about Oryza glaberrima
  Carolina Gold is an heirloom cultivar grown in the early United States, sometimes known as golden-seed rice for the colour of its grains. Long-grain gold-seed rice boasted grains 5/12ths of an inch long (up 11% from 3/8ths of an inch), and was brought to market by planter Joshua John Ward in the 1840s. Despite its popularity, the variety was lost in the American Civil War. Charleston Gold was released in 2011 and is a crossbreed of Carolina Gold and two Oryza sativa breeding lines called IR64 (Indica ) and IR65610-24-3-6-3-2-3, which raised the yield, shortened the stem, and added an aromatic quality to the rice.

This is a document about Virginia, Free State
  Virginia is surrounded by some of the largest gold fields in Free State, and its economy is dominated by mining, gold-extraction plants, and the manufacture of sulfuric acid from gold ore. It is also known for having the deepest pipe-mine into the earth on the planet. Commercial farms in the surrounding area primarily grow maize (corn) and raise livestock. Virginia is located on the main rail line between Bloemfontein and Johannesburg.

This is a document about History of Virginia
   The History of Virginia begins with documentation by the first Spanish explorers to reach the area in the 1500s, when it was occupied chiefly by Algonquian, Iroquoian, and Siouan peoples. In 1607, permanent English colonization began in Virginia with Jamestown. The Virginia Company colony was looking for gold but failed, and the colonists could barely feed themselves. The famine during the harsh winter of 1609 forced the colonists to eat leather from their clothes and boots, and resort to cannibalism. The colony nearly failed, until tobacco emerged as a profitable export. It was chiefly grown on plantations, using primarily Slaves for the intensive hand labor involved. After 1662, the colony turned black slavery into a

This is a document about Columbian exchange
  livestock, which supported increases in food production and population in the Old World. American crops such as maize, potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco, cassava, sweet potatoes, and chili peppers became important crops around the world. Old World rice, wheat, sugar cane, and livestock, among other crops, became important in the New World. American-produced silver flooded the world and became the standard metal used in coinage, especially in Imperial China. The term was first used in 1972 by the American historian and professor Alfred W. Crosby in his environmental history book The Columbian Exchange. It was rapidly adopted by other historians and journalists.

This is a document about History of slavery in Virginia
  that relied on them for its economic prosperity. The plantation "served as an institution in itself, characterized by social and political inequality, racial conflict, and domination by the planter class." Tobacco farming in eastern Virginia so depleted the fertility of its soil that by 1800, farmers began to look to the west for good land to raise crops. John Randolph said in 1830 that the land was “worn out.” Corn and wheat were grown in the Piedmont plateau and the Shenandoah Valley. The number of slaves in the Shenandoah Valley were never as high as in eastern Virginia. The

This is a document about Richard Bland Lee
  to "Sully" and took over primary operation of his estate. Determined to steer clear of the untenable practices characteristic of the tobacco monoculture which predominated in Virginia, Richard, like George Washington whom he idolized, applied modern methods of farming designed to diversify production and to halt depletion of the soil. To the end he switched to growing staple crops - wheat, rye, barley, corn and timothy, fruit trees - apple to produce cider, and peach for the making of peach brandy. He planted clover to help replenish the soil and he "tried crop rotation and the application of nutrients, especially crushed limestone, to fields where productivity

This is a document about Impact of geography on colonial America
  was rich geographically in particular for agricultural production. Tobacco, rice, and indigo were the main cash crops of the south during the colonial period. In 1612 John Rolfe introduced Tobacco into Jamestown and by 1640 England was importing 1.5 million pounds of tobacco from Virginia. Tobacco Cultivation was extremely difficult, and simple farmers on an acre of land just could not meet the demands in England on their own. With the introduction of African slaves in 1619, plantations began to arise that could meet the demand in Europe. Indigo was mainly cultivated in South Carolina beginning in 1739, due to

This is a document about History of cannabis
  the Western Hemisphere and cultivated it in Chile starting about 1545. In 1607, "hempe" was among the crops Gabriel Archer observed being cultivated by the natives at the main Powhatan village, where Richmond, Virginia is now situated; and in 1613, Samuell Argall reported wild hemp "better than that in England" growing along the shores of the upper Potomac. As early as 1619, the first Virginia House of Burgesses passed an Act requiring all planters in Virginia to sow "both English and Indian" hemp on their plantations. During Napoléon Bonaparte's invasion of Egypt in 1798, alcohol was not available per Egypt being an Islamic country. In lieu of alcohol, Bonaparte's troops resorted to

This is a document about History of agriculture in the United States
  Wheat, used for white bread, pastries, pasta, and pizza, has been the principal cereal crop since the 18th century. It was introduced by the first English colonists and quickly became the main cash crop of farmers who sold it to urban populations and exporters. In colonial times its culture became concentrated in the Middle Colonies, which became known as the "bread colonies". In the mid-18th century, wheat culture spread to the tidewaters of Maryland and Virginia, where George Washington was a prominent grower as he diversified away from tobacco. The crop moved west, with Ohio as the center in 1840 and Illinois in 1860. Illinois replaced its wheat with corn (which was used

This is a document about List of James River plantations
  The colony struggled for five years after its establishment at Jamestown in 1607. Finally, a profitable export crop was identified through the efforts of colonist John Rolfe. After 1612, a sweet form of tobacco became the largest export crop, customarily shipped in large hogsheads. Because the river was a highway of commerce in the 17th and 18th centuries, the early plantations were established on the north and south banks along it, with most having their own wharfs. Most were much larger than 100 acre. The name derived from the English tradition of subdividing shires/counties into hundreds. While some are now long gone, some of the larger and older of the James River plantations are still in use and/or open to the public. Almost all are privately owned, and houses and/or grounds are generally open daily to visitors with various admission fees applicable.

This is a document about Ginger Gold
  Ginger Gold is famous as the apple that Hurricane Camille brought forth. Camille brought devastating floods to Nelson County, Virginia in 1969, and the orchards of Clyde and Frances "Ginger" Harvey were badly washed out. In recovering the few surviving trees around the edge of one Winesap orchard, another tree was found which Clyde Harvey recognized as being different. It was planted with the rest, but was found to produce yellow rather than red fruit. An extension agent identified the parents as Golden Delicious, Albemarle Pippin, and some other unknown variety. The variety was eventually named after Clyde Harvey's wife. During the 21st century, this has become an increasingly popular variety. It is the first yellow apple to ripen in the fall, and the quality and consistency of its bearing have suited it to commercial growing. In January 2007, the Virginia General Assembly proposed a bill designating the Ginger Gold Apple as the official fruit of Virginia. The bill was tabled in committee in late January.

This is a document about Jamestown supply missions
  1606 and 1612, affecting the Jamestown colonist and local Powhatan tribe's ability to produce food and obtain a safe supply of water. In addition to settling, the early colonists were expected to make a profit for the owners of the Company. The early settlers were excited by the apparent availability of gold, and from the outset settlers attempted to produce timber for export, given the seemingly inexhaustible supply within Virginia's virgin forests. However, they could not devote much time to developing commodity products, as they were too busy trying to survive. On June 22, 1607, Newport sailed back for London with Susan Constant and Godspeed carrying a load of supposedly precious minerals, leaving behind the 104 colonists and Discovery (to be used in exploring the area).

This is a document about John Rolfe
 The strain of tobacco cultivated by Rolfe was the export cash crop that helped make the Virginia Colony profitable. It was the mainstay of the farming plantations for generations. Huge warehouses, such as those on Richmond's Tobacco Row, attest to its popularity. Even almost 400 years later, tobacco figures prominently in Virginia's economy. ; In eastern Virginia, State Route 31 is named the John Rolfe Highway. It links Williamsburg with Jamestown, the southern entrance to the Colonial Parkway, and via the Jamestown Ferry leads to the rich farming area of Surry County and Sussex County, ending in Wakefield, Virginia. ; John

This is a document about Bacon's Rebellion
  Robert Beverley reported, in his 1705 book on the history of Virginia, that some soldiers who had been dispatched to Jamestown to quell Bacon's Rebellion gathered and ate leaves of Datura stramonium and spent eleven days acting in bizarre and foolish ways before recovering. This led to the plant being known as Jamestown weed, and later jimsonweed.

Tobacco was known as "Virginia's gold" and later "Virginia's silver" due to its significant economic value during the colonial period.


Question: heisman trophy winner that played in the nba

Answer: Charlie Ward Jr.

This is a document about List of multi-sport athletes
  the NBA for the Minneapolis Lakers. ; Carroll Hardy - played MLB baseball for eight years and one season in NFL after being a football, baseball and track letterman at University of Colorado ; Todd Helton – played quarterback at the University of Tennessee ; Mark Hendrickson – played four seasons in the NBA. ; Frank Howard – outfielder hit 382 major league home runs, primarily with the Los Angeles Dodgers and Washington Senators; All-America basketball forward at Ohio State University. ; Bo Jackson – won the Heisman Trophy, and was an all-pro in the National Football League and also played on a semi-pro

This is a document about 1939 NFL Draft
  Heisman Winner

This is a document about UCLA Bruins men's basketball
  school to have a top winner in both basketball and football in the same year with Gary Beban winning the Heisman Trophy and Lew Alcindor (now Kareem Abdul-Jabbar) winning the U.S. Basketball Writers Association player of the year award in 1968. UCLA has produced the most NBA Most Valuable Player Award winners, six of them by Abdul-Jabbar, one to Walton, who was Abdul-Jabbar's successor, and one to Russell Westbrook. , 99 former UCLA players have played in the NBA. At the 2015 NBA All-Star Game and the 2016 NBA All-Star Game, former Bruins Russell Westbrook of the Oklahoma City Thunder was the MVP and Zach LaVine of the Minnesota Timberwolves was the winner of the Slam Dunk Contest.

This is a document about Heisman Trophy
  Irish finished 2–8. ; Ernie Davis was the first African American player to win the Heisman Trophy. He attended Syracuse University, and was drafted first overall in 1962, but never played a game in the NFL: he was diagnosed with leukemia, and died in 1963. ; Terry Baker was the only player to win the Heisman Trophy and play in the Final Four in the NCAA Basketball Tournament in the same school year (1962–63). ; Archie Griffin of Ohio State is the only player to receive the award twice, winning it as a junior in 1974 and a senior in 1975. ; Steve Spurrier, the 1966 recipient

This is a document about Dillon Hall
 Victor Abiamiri ; John Burgee, architect ; John Carney ; Robert Costa, journalist ; Patrick Creadon, filmmaker ; George Dohrmann – Pulitzer Prize winner for beat reporting in 2000 ; Phil Donahue, media personality ; Anthony Fasano ; D. J. Fitzpatrick ; Mike Golic ; Paul Hornung – the "Golden Boy," 1956 Heisman Trophy winner, number one overall draft pick in the 1957 NFL Draft, and member of four NFL Championship teams with the Green Bay Packers Derek Landri ; Trevor Laws ; Michael Madigan, politician ; John Mooney, basketball player ; Romeo Okwara ; Regis Philbin, television personality ; Brady Quinn ; Tony Rice – quarterback on the 1988 National Championship team; in 1989 he won the Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award, finished 4th in the Heisman voting, and was named to the All-American Team ; Richard Riehle '70 ; John Sullivan – football player ; Manti Te'o Bill Laimbeer - won two NBA Championships and was named to the NBA All-Star Game four times while playing with the Detroit Pistons

This is a document about Charlie Ward
  Charlie Ward Jr. (born October 12, 1970) is a former American professional Basketball player, as well as a College Football Heisman Trophy and Davey O'Brien Award winner. He won the College Football National Championship with the Florida State Seminoles in 1993. Despite his NCAA Football success, Ward is one of the few players who won a Heisman Trophy but was not drafted in the NFL draft. Ward played for nine years with the New York Knicks and started in the 1999 NBA Finals. He later had short spells with the San Antonio Spurs and Houston Rockets, before retiring in 2005. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2006.

This is a document about List of Croatian Americans
  NBA basketball player ; Bill Fralic – former professional American football offensive guard ; Gary Gabelich ; Elvis Grbac – former NFL quarterback ; Bobby Grich – former MLB player ; Tom Haller – former MLB player ; John Havlicek – Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame (Croatian mother) ; Frankie Hejduk – US National Soccer Team player and member of the Columbus Crew ; Les Horvath – 1944 Heisman Trophy winner and former NFL quarterback ; Al Jurisich – former MLB player ; John Jurkovic – former NFL player ; Mirko Jurkovic – former football player ; Mike Karakas – NHL hockey

This is a document about UCLA Bruins football
 Heisman Trophy ; Gary Beban – 1967 ; Maxwell Award ; Gary Beban – 1967 ; Davey O'Brien Award ; Troy Aikman – 1988 ; John Mackey Award ; Marcedes Lewis – 2005 ; Lott Trophy ; Anthony Barr – 2013 ; Eric Kendricks – 2014 ; Butkus Award ; Eric Kendricks – 2014 ; Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award ; Cade McNown – 1998 Outland Trophy ; Jonathan Ogden – 1995 ; Kris Farris – 1998 ; Lou Groza Award ; Kai Forbath – 2009 ; Ka'imi Fairbairn, 2015 ; Morris Trophy ; Offense: ; Jonathan Ogden – 1995 ; Xavier Su'a-Filo – 2013 ; Defense: ; Kenyon Coleman – 2001 ; Dave Ball – 2003 ; Coach of the Year: ; Tommy Prothro - 1965 ; Dick Vermeil – 1975 ; Terry Donahue – 1985, 1993 ; Bob Toledo – 1998   UCLA became the first school to have a top winner in both basketball and football in the same year with Gary Beban winning the Heisman Trophy and Lew Alcindor (now Kareem Abdul-Jabbar) winning the U.S. Basketball Writers Association player of the year award in 1968.

This is a document about Syracuse University
  officially run the Boston Marathon, Jim Brown, actor and NFL Hall of Famer with the Cleveland Browns, arguably the greatest running back of all time; Ernie Davis, the first African-American Heisman Trophy winner immortalized in the motion picture The Express: The Ernie Davis Story; Donovan McNabb, former NFL quarterback; former Indianapolis Colts wide receiver Marvin Harrison; Dwight Freeney, defensive end for the San Diego Chargers; Larry Csonka, former Miami Dolphins running back, Pro Football Hall of Famer and television host, Carmelo Anthony, forward for Syracuse's NCAA men's baskethall championship squad and NBA veteran; NBA forward Jerami Grant; 2013-2014 NBA Rookie of the Year Michael Carter-Williams; 7-time

This is a document about Charlie Ward
  guard. An inquiry was made during Ward's rookie year with the Knicks for him to become the backup quarterback for Joe Montana of the Kansas City Chiefs, but Ward declined. Ward is the only Heisman Trophy winner to play in the NBA. Ward played sparingly in his rookie year under head coach Pat Riley, but the Knicks organization referred to him as "the point guard of the future." When assistant coach Jeff Van Gundy took over the head coaching position, Ward's time on the floor began to increase, becoming the primary backup for point guard Derek Harper. He became a fan favorite in New York for his hard work ethic and unselfish play. During his NBA

This is a document about Colorado Buffaloes football
   Heisman Trophy:

This is a document about Louisiana State University
  LSU athletes have gone on to recognition for their prominence in their respective sports. "Pistol" Pete Maravich played basketball for LSU and was a three-time consensus first-team All-American and 1970 National 'Player of the Year'. Shaquille O'Neal ("Shaq") also played basketball for LSU and received many honors, including being named twice as a first-team Men's Basketball All-American and twice as the SEC Player Of The Year. Billy Cannon played Halfback for LSU and was the first LSU player to win the Heisman Trophy (in 1959), the second being Joe Burrow (in 2019). Cannon was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2009. JaMarcus Russell, Oakland Raiders quarterback number 1 draft pick of

This is a document about Tracy McGrady
  Tracy Lamar McGrady Jr. (born May 24, 1979) is an American former professional basketball player, best known for his career in the National Basketball Association (NBA). McGrady is a seven-time NBA All-Star, seven-time All-NBA selection, two-time NBA scoring champion, and winner of the NBA Most Improved Player Award in 2001. He was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame as part of the Class of 2017. McGrady entered the NBA straight out of high school and was selected as the ninth overall pick by the Toronto Raptors in the 1997 NBA draft. Beginning his career as a low-minute player, he gradually improved his role with the team, eventually forming a duo with his cousin Vince Carter. In 2000, he left

This is a document about College basketball
  the NBA draft. The hardship requirement was eliminated in 1976. In 1974, Moses Malone joined the Utah Stars of the American Basketball Association (which became part of the NBA after the ABA–NBA merger in 1976) straight out of high school and went on to a Hall of Fame career. The past 30 years have seen a remarkable change in the college game. The best international players routinely skip college entirely, many American stars skip college (Kevin Garnett, Kobe Bryant, Tracy McGrady, Dwight Howard, Amar'e Stoudemire, and LeBron James) or only play one year (Carmelo Anthony, Chris Bosh, Kevin Durant, and John Wall), and only a dozen or so college graduates

This is a document about Gary Beban
  the same year, with Beban winning the Heisman Trophy and Lew Alcindor winning the U.S. Basketball Writers Association player of the year award in 1968. For one week in November 1967, UCLA had the No. 1 ranked football and men's basketball teams, with the chance of landing national championships in both sports. UCLA did ultimately garner the 1968 basketball championship. Beban was inducted into the Rose Bowl Hall of Fame in 1991. He is a charter member of the UCLA Athletics Hall of Fame, and the Bruins retired his No. 16 jersey. Although the UCLA football program has turned out a high proportion of successful professional players through the years, Beban remains the only Bruin to win the Heisman.

This is a document about List of Syracuse University people
  Heisman Trophy winner ; John Desko – lacrosse coach ; Riley Dixon – NFL punter ; Sherman Douglas – basketball player ; Dennis DuVal – basketball player ; Randy Edsall – college football coach ; Joe Ehrmann – football player ; Tyler Ennis—basketball player ; David Falk – founder, SFX Basketball Group ; Mickey Fallon – football player ; Jonny Flynn – basketball player ; Dwight Freeney – football player ; Jim Frugone – football player ; Gary Gait – lacrosse player ; Paul Gait – lacrosse player ; Jonah Goldman – MLB baseball player ; Jerami Grant – pro basketball player, Detroit Pistons ; Michael Gbinije — pro basketball

This is a document about Kareem Abdul-Jabbar
  Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (born Ferdinand Lewis Alcindor Jr.; April 16, 1947) is an American former professional basketball player who played 20 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for the Milwaukee Bucks and the Los Angeles Lakers. During his career as a center, Abdul-Jabbar was a record six-time NBA Most Valuable Player (MVP), a record 19-time NBA All-Star, a 15-time All-NBA selection, and an 11-time NBA All-Defensive Team member. A member of six NBA championship teams as a player and two more as an assistant coach, Abdul-Jabbar twice was voted NBA Finals MVP. In 1996, he was honored as one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History. NBA coach Pat Riley and players Isiah Thomas and Julius Erving called him the

This is a document about Karl Malone
  Karl Anthony Malone (born July 24, 1963) is an American former professional basketball player. Nicknamed "the Mailman", he is considered one of the greatest power forwards in NBA history. Malone spent his first 18 seasons (1985–2003) in the National Basketball Association (NBA) with the Utah Jazz and formed a formidable duo with his teammate John Stockton. He was a two-time NBA Most Valuable Player, a 14-time NBA All-Star, and an 11-time member of the All-NBA first team. His 36,928 career points scored rank second all-time in NBA history behind Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, and he holds the records for most free throws attempted and made, in addition to being tied for the second-most first-team All-NBA selections with Kobe Bryant and behind LeBron James. Malone played college basketball at Louisiana Tech University. In his three seasons with Louisiana Tech, he helped the Bulldogs basketball team to its first-ever NCAA

This is a document about Heisman Trophy
  Eleven Heisman Trophy winners are in the Pro Football Hall of Fame, and four winners have also been named Most Valuable Player in a Super Bowl. Some winners have gone on to play in other professional sports, including Bo Jackson in baseball and Charlie Ward in basketball. Pete Dawkins and Dick Kazmaier are the only winners not to pursue a professional sports career: Dawkins had a career with the United States Army, where he achieved the rank of Brigadier General, while Kazmaier attended Harvard Business School, founded a consulting company specializing in sports marketing, and chaired the President's Council on Fitness, Sports, and Nutrition during 1988–89.

This is a document about Heisman Trophy
  The award was first presented in 1935 by the Downtown Athletic Club (DAC) in New York City, a privately owned recreation facility located on the lower west side near the later World Trade Center site. It was first known simply as the DAC Trophy. The first winner, Jay Berwanger, was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles but declined to sign for them. He never played professional football for any team. In 1936, John Heisman died and the trophy was renamed in his honor. Larry Kelley, the second winner of the award, was the first man to win it as the "Heisman Trophy". The first African American player to win the Heisman was Syracuse's Ernie Davis, who never played a snap in the NFL. He

The Heisman Trophy winners who played in the NBA are Ernie Davis (1961) and Mike Garrett (1965). Ernie Davis was the first African American to win the Heisman Trophy, but he never played in the NFL due to a diagnosis of leukemia. Mike Garrett, on the other hand, played in the NBA after winning the Heisman Trophy. He was drafted by the Los Angeles Rams in the NFL and also played in the NBA for the Los Angeles Lakers.


Question: where were the tower of london poppies made

Answer: the moat

This is a document about Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red
  The work consisted of a sea of ceramic red poppies, in a design which appeared to flow out of the Tower itself and ripple across the moat. There were a series of designed elements which added drama, height and movement to the installation: the "Weeping Window" flowing out of a window in Legge's Mount in the West Moat, (which became the iconic image), "Over the Top", a cascade of poppies down the wall on the wharf side of the moat and the "Wave", a free-standing twisted metal sculpture covered in poppies which curled over the main causeway into the Tower. The ceramic poppies were individually hand-made at Cummins' ceramics works in Derbyshire and at Johnson Tiles in Tunstall, Stoke-on-Trent. The poppies were added to

This is a document about Poppy Factory
  The Poppy Factory is a factory in Richmond, London, England, where remembrance poppies are made. It was founded in 1922 to offer employment opportunities to wounded soldiers returning from the First World War, creating remembrance products for the Royal Family and The Royal British Legion’s annual Poppy Appeal. It is operated by a company that is a registered charity which provides employment support to veterans with disabilities across England and Wales. The factory makes approximately 36 million poppies each year. The corresponding organisation in Scotland is Lady Haig's Poppy Factory in Edinburgh, which was established in 1926 and makes approximately five million remembrance poppies each year.

This is a document about Remembrance Day
  In 2014 the Royal Mint issued a colour-printed Alderney £5 coin, designed by engraver Laura Clancy, to commemorate Remembrance Day. Also in 2014, to commemorate the outbreak of World War I a huge display called Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red, consisting of 888,246 ceramic poppies was installed in the moat of the Tower of London, each poppy representing a British Empire fatality. On 5 November 2018 and set to continue for 4 months, about 10,000 torches were lit at the foot of the Tower's walls, in its dry moat to mark the centenary of the end of the World War I.

This is a document about Tower of London
  The Tower of London, officially Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress of the Tower of London, is a historic  castle on the north bank of the River Thames in central London. It lies within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, which is separated from the eastern edge of the square mile of the City of London by the open space known as Tower Hill. It was founded towards the end of 1066 as part of the Norman Conquest. The White Tower, which gives the entire castle its name, was built by William the Conqueror in 1078 and was a resented symbol of oppression, inflicted upon London by

This is a document about Remembrance poppy
  a major source of income for the RBL in the UK. The poppy has no fixed price; it is sold for a donation or the price may be suggested by the seller. The black plastic centre of the poppy was marked "Haig Fund" until 1994 but is now marked "Poppy Appeal." A team of about 50 people—primarily disabled former British military personnel—work year round to assemble millions of poppies at the Poppy Factory in Richmond. Scottish poppies are made in the Lady Haig's Poppy Factory in Edinburgh. For years after World War I, poppies were worn only on Remembrance Day. Today the

This is a document about George Howson (British Army officer)
  Poppy Factory in November 1924. The factory made 27 million poppies that year. Most of the employees were disabled, and by then there was a long waiting list for prospective employees. The Disabled Society merged with the British Legion in 1925, and the Poppy Factory became a company limited by guarantee, with Howson as chairman. The factory moved to Richmond, Surrey in 1926, to the premises of an old brewery bought using money donated by Howson. Howson instituted the Field of Remembrance at Westminster Abbey in 1928, and the factory started to make remembrance crosses and wreaths. Howson lived at Hambleden, near Henley-on-Thames, with a town house in Kensington. He died of cancer of the pancreas. He was buried at Hambleden, with the funeral service conducted by his father, by then an archdeacon and canon emeritus of Liverpool Cathedral. He was survived by his wife and their four children.

This is a document about Whitechapel Bell Foundry
   The Whitechapel Bell Foundry was a business in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. At the time of the closure of its Whitechapel premises, it was the oldest manufacturing company in Great Britain. The bell foundry primarily made church bells and their fittings and accessories, although it also provided single tolling bells, carillon bells and handbells. The foundry was notable for being the original manufacturer of the Liberty Bell, a famous symbol of American independence, and for re-casting Big Ben, which rings from the north clock tower (the Elizabeth Tower) at the Houses of Parliament in London. The Whitechapel premises are a Grade II* listed building. The

This is a document about Remembrance poppy
  at numerous public events such as concerts, fairs, marathons and competitions. Other awareness raising events have initiated. For example, in 2011, a Second World War aeroplane dropped 6,000 poppies over the town of Yeovil in Somerset. In 2014, Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red, a public art installation was created in the dry moat of the Tower of London by covering it with 888,246 ceramic poppies – one for each soldier of the British Empire killed in World War I. In 1997 and again in 2000 the Royal British Legion registered the Poppy under Intellectual Property Rights and Trade Mark.

This is a document about Gunpowder magazine
   Production of gunpowder in England appears to have started in the mid-13th century with the aim of supplying The Crown. Records show that gunpowder was being made in 1346, at the Tower of London; a powder house existed at the Tower in 1461. Gunpowder was also being made or stored at other royal residences such as Greenwich Palace (the reason being that these were where the royal armouries were based). It was also stored in Scotland, in royal castles, such as Edinburgh Castle. Gunpowder manufacture at Faversham began as a private enterprise in the 16th century. From the 18th century, efforts began to be made to

This is a document about Richmond, London
  Partway up Richmond Hill is the Poppy Factory, staffed mainly by disabled ex-servicemen and women, which produces the remembrance poppies sold each November for Remembrance Day. The view from the top westward to Windsor has long been famous, inspiring paintings by masters such as J. M. W. Turner and Sir Joshua Reynolds and also poetry. One particularly grand description of the view can be found in Sir Walter Scott's novel The Heart of Midlothian (1818). It is a common misconception that the folk song "Lass of Richmond Hill" relates to this hill, but the young woman in the song lived in Hill House at Richmond in the Yorkshire Dales. Apart from the great rugby stadium at Twickenham and the aircraft landing and taking

This is a document about Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red
  installation progressively by volunteers. The 497,000 kg of the Etruria Marl-based Etruscan red earthenware used, as well as the majority of the manufacturing equipment and materials, were supplied by Potclays Limited in Stoke-on-Trent. There were eventually 888,246 of the flowers, representing one count of the number of British and Colonial military fatalities in World War I. The first poppy was "planted" on 17 July 2014, and the work was unveiled on 5 August (the day following the centenary of Britain's entry into the war). A team of about 17,500 volunteers put the poppies in place, overseen by Tom Piper and Yeoman Warder Jim Duncan, making this a true public artwork. The last one was planted on 11 November 2014 (Remembrance Day), by a 13-year-old

This is a document about Poppy Factory
  in London. Soon the factory was employing 50 disabled veterans. The factory made a million poppies within two months. In November 1924, the Prince of Wales (later Edward VIII) visited the Poppy Factory, which made 27 million poppies that year. Most of the employees were disabled, and by then there was a long waiting list for prospective employees. The old collar factory eventually proved too small as demand increased, and in 1926 the factory moved to a disused brewery in Petersham Road, Richmond, Surrey. Housing for the workforce and their families was built on adjacent land and in 1932 the present factory was built. The original factory was demolished in 1972.

This is a document about Centenary of the outbreak of World War I
  Between 5 August (the centenary of the first full day of the war) and 11 November (Remembrance Day) 2014 at the Tower of London, a ceramic poppy was planted for each British and Commonwealth soldier who died, making up the artwork titled Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red.

This is a document about The Rosary (house)
  The Rosary was a moated house built by King Edward II of England in Southwark, to the east of the southern end of London Bridge, opposite the Tower of London. At this time, much of the land on the south bank the River Thames was marshy, with sand and gravel islands. Another moated manor house, Dunley Place, owned by the Dunley family, had been constructed to the west, nearer London Bridge, before 1300. Edward II acquired land to the east of Dunley Place in around 1324, taking a lease from Lady Agnes de Dunley, and started construction of a moated pleasure-house, probably largely built with wood, although some stone walls and buttresses have been discovered by archaeologists. Edward II visited the construction site several

This is a document about Royal Canadian Legion
  worn on the left lapel, or as close to the heart as possible. The current lapel poppy has been manufactured since 1922—originally under the sponsorship of the Department of Soldiers Civil Re-establishment. Until 1996, the poppy material was manufactured at sheltered workshops operated by Veterans Affairs Canada. Poppies are distributed through retail outlets, workplaces, Legion branches, malls and other locations across Canada. Typically, the poppies are offered up for donation as a symbol of remembrance, using an honour system, with the poppies being left in open places with a receptacle for leaving a donation toward the campaign. Funds raised are used to support ex-service members in need and to fund medical appliances and research, home services, care facilities and numerous other purposes benefiting veterans.

This is a document about East End of London
  Coat of arms of the London Borough of Hackney. The Whitechapel Bell Foundry opened in 1570, and until its closure in 2016 was the oldest manufacturing company in the UK. The foundry built many of the most famous bells in the world including Big Ben, the Liberty Bell in Philadelphia and Bow Bells. Other Whitechapel cast bells of local significance include St Dunstan's in Stepney, and the parish churches of West Ham and Hackney. The Olympic Bell at the London Stadium – the largest harmonically tuned bell in the world and used in the opening ceremony of the 2012 games was jointly developed by Whitechapel, in partnership with a Dutch foundry.

This is a document about Poppy Factory
  Artificial poppies for the first poppy appeal in 1921 had been imported from France by Madame Anna Guérin, but in 1922 the Disabled Society, a charity established in 1920 by Major George Howson MC and Major Jack Cohen, received a grant of £2,000 from the British Legion's Unity Relief Fund to employ disabled ex-service personnel to make remembrance poppies in England. Later that year, Howson wrote to his parents, "I do not think it can be a great success, but it is worth trying. I consider the attempt ought to be made if only to give the disabled their chance." They set up in a former collar factory on the Old Kent

This is a document about Paul Cummins
  Cummins worked as a maker of architectural models, and then studied ceramics at the University of Derby's College of Arts. He suffers from colour associated dyslexia, and was one of the artists with disabilities commissioned by the London 2012 Cultural Olympiad, the UK Arts Councils and the British Council to produce works for Unlimited, a programme celebrating disabled artists' work in the run up to and during the London 2012 Olympics and Paralympics. Cummins conceived the monumental installation Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red at the Tower of London, which commemorated British and Colonial losses in the First World War with 888,246 ceramic poppies. Cummins produced the flowers together with a number of assistants in Derbyshire, while the setting of the

This is a document about Jewel Tower
  The Jewel Tower is a 14th-century surviving element of the Palace of Westminster, in London, England. It was built between 1365 and 1366, under the direction of William of Sleaford and Henry de Yevele, to house the personal treasure of King Edward III. The original Tower was a three-storey, crenellated stone building which occupied a secluded part of the Palace and was protected by a moat linked to the River Thames. The ground floor featured elaborate sculpted vaulting, described by historian Jeremy Ashbee as "an architectural masterpiece". The Tower continued to be used for storing the monarch's treasure and personal possessions until 1512, when a fire in the Palace caused King Henry VIII to relocate

This is a document about Christ Church Cathedral (Victoria, British Columbia)
  donors, Mrs. Mozley and Mrs. Matson, a peal of eight bells for change ringing was purchased and installed atop this floor. The bells were made by Mears & Stainbank of Whitechapel, London and were shipped via the Panama Canal. They are of the same design as the peal at Westminster Abbey. The eight tons of steel girders and seven and a half tons of bells were hoisted the seventy feet onto the tower and installed by Yarrows Shipyard of Victoria under the direction of Edward W. Izard in just six working days. As the tower was incomplete, a wooden shed was

The Tower of London poppies were made at Cummins' Tiles in Derby and Johnson's ceramics in Stoke-on-Trent.