Question: who was the president of confederate states of america

Answer: Jefferson Davis

This is a document about Jefferson Davis
  Jefferson Finis Davis (June 3, 1808 – December 6, 1889) was an American politician who served as the president of the Confederate States from 1861 to 1865. As a member of the Democratic Party, he represented Mississippi in the United States Senate and the House of Representatives before the American Civil War. He previously served as the United States Secretary of War from 1853 to 1857 under President Franklin Pierce. Davis was born in Fairview, Kentucky, to a moderately prosperous farmer, the youngest of ten children. He grew up in Wilkinson County, Mississippi, and also lived in Louisiana. His eldest brother Joseph Emory Davis secured the younger Davis's appointment to the United States Military Academy. After graduating, Jefferson Davis served

This is a document about Confederate States Secretary of War
  Confederate President Jefferson Davis was twenty-third Secretary of War of the United States, serving under U.S. President Franklin Pierce from March 7, 1853, until March 4, 1857. However, he never served in this capacity in the Confederate States. Davis appointed Leroy Pope Walker as the first Confederate Secretary of War in February 1861. Walker’s first major role involved the situation at Fort Sumter. Communicating often with P. G. T. Beauregard, he advocated for no direct clash with the Union. He also focused on the Border States, and was instrumental in ordering the muster, organization and supply of the upper states when they seceded. His stint as Secretary of

This is a document about Fictional presidents of the Confederate States of America
  The Confederate States of America (1861–1865) only had one president, who was Jefferson Davis. In various American Civil War alternate histories where the Confederacy won the American Civil War and continued its existence, various people have served in the office of the presidency of the Confederacy.

This is a document about Never Call Retreat
 Judah Benjamin, Confederate secretary of state ; George Armstrong Custer, U.S. general ; Jefferson Davis, Confederate president ; Ulysses S. Grant, U.S. general ; Winfield Scott Hancock, U.S. general ; Robert E. Lee, Confederate general ; Abraham Lincoln, U.S. president ; James Longstreet, Confederate general ; James B. McPherson, U.S. general ; Phillip Sheridan, U.S. general ; George Sykes, U.S. general ; Elihu B. Washburne, U.S. congressman ; Henry Jackson Hunt, U.S. chief of artillery ; Ely S. Parker, U. S. colonel, aide to General Grant.

This is a document about Military leadership in the American Civil War
  Jefferson Davis was named provisional president on February 9, 1861, and assumed similar commander-in-chief responsibilities as would Lincoln; on November 6, 1861 Davis was elected President of the Confederate States of America under the Confederate Constitution. Alexander H. Stephens was appointed as Vice President of the Confederate States of America on February 18, 1861, and later assumed identical vice presidential responsibilities as Hannibal Hamlin did. Several men served the Confederacy as Secretary of War, including Leroy Pope Walker, Judah P. Benjamin, George W. Randolph, James Seddon, and John C. Breckinridge. Stephen Mallory was Confederate Secretary of the Navy throughout the conflict.

This is a document about President of the Confederate States of America
  The president of the Confederate States was the head of state and head of government of the Confederate States. The president was the chief executive of the federal government and was the commander-in-chief of the Confederate Army and the Confederate Navy. Article II of the Constitution of the Confederate States vested executive power of the Confederacy in the president. The power included execution of law, along with responsibility for appointing executive, diplomatic, regulatory and judicial officers, and concluding treaties with foreign powers with the advice and consent of the senate. He was further empowered to grant reprieves and pardons, and convene and adjourn either or both houses of Congress under extraordinary circumstances. The president was indirectly elected by the people through the

This is a document about The Great War: Walk in Hell
  The United States and Confederate States are locked in a stalemate as both of their offensives have stalled; the U.S. in Kentucky pushing south, the C.S.A. in Maryland pushing north. The Confederacy must also deal with their black population rising up in rebellion driven by Marxist doctrine, and a change in administration as President Woodrow Wilson's term ends. In the Confederate States Presidential Election of 1915, Whig Vice President Gabriel Semmes (apparently a fictitious relative of real life Confederate Navy officer Raphael Semmes) is elected President by a wide margin over Radical Liberal candidate Doroteo Arango of Chihuahua to succeed Wilson. The war begins to turn in the

This is a document about President of the Confederate States of America
  On February 9, 1861, the provisional congress at Montgomery unanimously elected Jefferson Davis president and Alexander H. Stephens vice president. Stephens, who was a delegate to Congress from Georgia, was inaugurated on February 11. Davis was inaugurated on February 18 upon his arrival from Mississippi, where he had gone upon his resignation from the U.S. Senate. Confederate presidents were to be limited to a single term. Davis and Stephens were elected on Wednesday November 6, 1861 for six-years terms, as provided by the permanent constitution. The Capital had been moved in June 1861 to Richmond and the inauguration took place at the statue of Washington on Capitol Square on February 22, 1862. Before Davis entered on the execution of his office as President of the Confederate States, he was constitutionally required to take the following oath or affirmation: "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the Confederate States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution thereof."

This is a document about Presidential transition of Abraham Lincoln
  the union. The upper South and border states (Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri, and Arkansas) initially rejected the secessionist appeal. President Buchanan and President-elect Lincoln refused to recognize the Confederacy, declaring secession illegal. The Confederacy selected Jefferson Davis as its provisional president on February 9, 1861. In February 1861, two final political efforts were made to preserve the Union. The first was made by a group of 131 delegates sent by 21 states to a Peace Conference, held at the Willard's Hotel in the nation's capital. The convention submitted to Congress a seven-point constitutional amendment proposal similar in content to the earlier

This is a document about History of Alabama
  President Lincoln's call to arms in April 1861, most opposition to secession ended. During the ensuing American Civil War Alabama had moderate levels of warfare. On January 11, 1861, the State of Alabama adopted the ordinances of secession from the Union (by a vote of 61–39). Alabama joined the Confederate States of America, whose government was first organized at Montgomery on February 4, 1861. The CSA set up its temporary capital in Montgomery and selected Jefferson Davis as president. In May 1861, the Confederate government abandoned Montgomery before the sickly season began and relocated to Richmond, Virginia, the capital of that state. Governor Moore energetically

This is a document about Second Battle of Independence
  Confederate activity in Missouri was largely restricted to raids and guerrilla warfare through the rest of 1862 and into 1863. By September 1864, the Confederacy had little chance of a military victory, and incumbent President of the United States Abraham Lincoln had an edge over George B. McClellan who supported an immediate peace in the 1864 United States presidential election. With the dire situation east of the Mississippi River in the Atlanta campaign and Siege of Petersburg, General Edmund Kirby Smith, commander of the Confederate Trans-Mississippi Department, was ordered by Confederate President Jefferson Davis's military advisor General Braxton Bragg to send his infantry across the river to more important areas of the war. Union Navy control of the Mississippi River made

This is a document about Edwin Stanton
  Charleston Harbor. By February 1, six Southern states had followed South Carolina's lead and passed ordinances of secession, declaring themselves to no longer be a part of the United States. On February 18 Jefferson Davis was sworn in as the President of the Confederate States. Meanwhile, Washington was astir with talk of coups and conspiracies. Stanton thought that discord would ravage the capital on February 13, when electoral votes were being counted; nothing happened. Again, Stanton thought, when Lincoln was sworn in on March 4 there would be violence; this did not come to pass. Lincoln's inauguration did give Stanton a flickering of hope that his efforts to keep

This is a document about Presidency of James Buchanan
  secession, South Carolina sent commissioners to the other Southern states. By February 1, 1861, another six states had seceded. Conventions in Mississippi, Louisiana, and Florida overwhelmingly voted to secede, while unionists in Alabama and Georgia put up a stronger, but still unsuccessful, fight. In a referendum, two-thirds of Texans also voted to secede, despite the opposition of long-time Texas leader Sam Houston. The other eight slave states rejected secession, though North Carolina, Virginia, Tennessee, and Arkansas would later secede during Lincoln's presidency. The seceded states organized into the Confederate States of America, and Jefferson Davis was elected as the Confederacy's first president on February 9.

This is a document about Jefferson Davis Memorial Historic Site
  Confederate States President Jefferson Davis fled the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia, on April 2. From April 3 through 10, Danville, Virginia served as the capital of the rapidly collapsing Confederacy. Accompanied by several members of his Cabinet (John H. Reagan, Judah P. Benjamin, and John C. Breckinridge), and his aide Burton Harrison, along with a military escort, the remnants of the Confederate government fled further south, passing through Greensboro and Charlotte in North Carolina and Fort Mill, York, Abbeville, and Washington in South Carolina. Davis was informed of the surrender at Appomattox on April 13 and of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln on April 18. Davis and his remaining members

This is a document about 1861 Confederate States presidential election
  The 1861 Confederate States presidential election of November 6, 1861, was the only presidential election held under the Permanent Constitution of the Confederate States of America. Jefferson Davis, who had been elected president and Alexander H. Stephens, who had been elected vice president, under the Provisional Constitution, were elected to six-year terms that would have lasted from February 22, 1862 until February 22, 1868. However, the terms expired on May 5, 1865 instead when the Confederate government dissolved, with Davis and Stephens both leaving office without successors.

This is a document about James Guthrie (Kentucky politician)
  be the ablest Secretary of the Treasury since Alexander Hamilton. As President Pierce's term ended, Guthrie returned to Louisville and became vice-president of struggling the Louisville & Nashville Railroad. The railroad link between the two cities was completed in 1859, and in 1860, Guthrie succeeded John L. Helm as the railroad's president. He continued as the railroad's president through the Civil War, and after he became incapacitated in 1868 advocated the board's electing former Union General William Tecumseh Sherman as his successor, although the board selected Russell Houston in 1869. Meanwhile, Kentucky, delegates to the 1860 Democratic National Convention in Charleston, South Carolina, favored Guthrie for the office of President. A two-thirds majority of

This is a document about History of the United States (1849–1865)
  Lincoln's election in November led to a declaration of secession by South Carolina on December 20, 1860. Before Lincoln took office in March 1861, six other states had declared their secession from the Union: Mississippi, (January 9, 1861), Florida (January 10), Alabama (January 11), Georgia, (January 19), Louisiana (January 26), and Texas (February 1). Men from both North and South met in Virginia to try to hold together the Union, but the proposals for amending the Constitution were unsuccessful. In February 1861, the seven states met in Montgomery, Alabama, and formed a new government: the Confederate States of America. The first Confederate Congress was held on February 4, 1861, and adopted a provisional constitution. On February 8, 1861, Jefferson Davis was nominated President of the Confederate States.

This is a document about Grant Comes East
 Judah Benjamin, Confederate secretary of state ; Jefferson Davis, Confederate president ; Ulysses S. Grant, U.S. general ; Herman Haupt, U.S. general ; Robert E. Lee, Confederate general ; Abraham Lincoln, U.S. president ; James Longstreet, Confederate general ; Daniel Sickles, U.S. general ; Elihu B. Washburne, U.S. congressman ; Ely S. Parker, Grant's secretary ; John B. Hood, Confederate general ; Wade Hampton III, Confederate general ; David B. Birney, Union general ; Lewis Armistead, Confederate general ; P.G.T. Beauregard, Confederate general ; George Pickett, Confederate general ; Lafayette McLaws, Confederate general ; William T. Sherman, Union general ; J.E.B. Stuart, Confederate general ; Robert Gould Shaw, Union colonel ; Walt Whitman, Union nurse ; James B. McPherson, Union general ; Edward O. C. Ord, Union general ; Ambrose Burnside, Union general ; Horatio Seymour, Democratic New York governor ; William "Boss" Tweed, New York political boss ; George Sykes, Union general ; Gouverneur K. Warren, Union general ; Edwin Stanton, Union Secretary of War ; Gideon Welles, Union Secretary of the Navy

This is a document about Strategic victory
 Battle of Antietam, American Civil War: The battle itself was a tactical draw, as the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia under Robert E. Lee was forced to end its incursion into the North while the Union Army of the Potomac under George B. McClellan was unable to capitalize on its numerical advantage to destroy the Confederate army outright before the latter retreated back to Virginia. However, the battle provided an opportunity for President of the United States Abraham Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation, which prominently tied the issue of slavery to the war itself and made the prospect of British or French intervention in favor of the Confederacy much more remote as neither government could be seen as openly supporting

This is a document about Davis Island (Mississippi)
  He worked to develop a model slave community, providing more autonomy to his slaves, for instance allowing them to keep a certain portion of monies they earned. He bought the land in 1818. In the 1830s he allowed his much younger brother (by 23 years), Jefferson Davis, the use of an adjoining 1,000 acres. There, the younger Davis developed Brierfield Plantation. Joseph never gave the younger Davis title to that land, which caused legal problems after his death in 1870. Jefferson Davis was elected as the President of the Confederate States of America. The peninsula was separated from the mainland by a shift

Jefferson Davis was the president of the Confederate States of America. He served in this role from February 9, 1861, to the end of the Civil War in 1865. Prior to his presidency, he had served as the United States Secretary of War under President Franklin Pierce from 1853 to 1857.


Question: who sang the song the first cut is the deepest

Answer: Keith Hampshire

This is a document about The First Cut Is the Deepest
  "The First Cut Is the Deepest" is a 1967 song written by British singer-songwriter Cat Stevens, originally released by P. P. Arnold in May 1967. Stevens' own version originally appeared on his album New Masters in December 1967. The song has been widely recorded and has become a hit single for six different artists: P. P. Arnold (1967), Keith Hampshire (1973), Rod Stewart (1977), Dawn Penn (1994), Papa Dee (1995) and Sheryl Crow (2003).

This is a document about Cat Stevens
  London, which gained him fans by playing his records. In August 1967, he went on the air with other recording artists who had benefited from the station to mourn its closure. His December 1967 album New Masters failed to chart in the United Kingdom. The album is now most notable for his song "The First Cut Is the Deepest", a song he sold for £30 to P. P. Arnold that became a massive hit for her and an international hit for Keith Hampshire, Rod Stewart, James Morrison, and Sheryl Crow. Forty years after he recorded the first demo of the song, it earned him back-to-back ASCAP "Songwriter of the Year" awards, in 2005 and 2006.

This is a document about The First Cut Is the Deepest
  Stevens made a demo recording of "The First Cut Is the Deepest" in 1965, while hoping to become a songwriter. He wrote the song earlier to promote his songs to other artists, but did not record it as his own performance until early October 1967 with guitarist Big Jim Sullivan, and it did not appear until his second album, New Masters, was released in December 1967. He sold the song for £30 to P. P. Arnold, and it became a huge hit for her. Over decades, it also became an international hit for Keith Hampshire, Rod Stewart, and Sheryl Crow. The song has won Stevens songwriting awards, including two consecutive ASCAP songwriting awards for "Songwriter of the Year" in 2005 and 2006.

This is a document about The First Cut Is the Deepest
  Sheryl Crow's version of "The First Cut Is The Deepest" is the first single released from her 2003 compilation album The Very Best of Sheryl Crow. It became one of Crow's biggest radio hits, peaking at No. 14 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and becoming her first top 40 solo country hit following the success of her duet with Kid Rock, "Picture". The song stayed on the Hot 100 for 36 weeks and became a gold seller, also reaching No. 1 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary and Adult Top 40 charts. Internationally, the song was a top-twenty success in Hungary, Ireland and New Zealand.

This is a document about The Koobas
  year played with The Who at the Savile Theatre and performed alongside Jimi Hendrix in Switzerland. By 1967, the band had started to change its sound from R&B-rooted beat to psychedelia, and began writing their own material. In 1968 they cut a version of the Cat Stevens-penned "The First Cut Is the Deepest", but were overshadowed by P.P. Arnold's version, which hit the UK Singles chart Top 20. Near the end of 1968, the group splintered just as EMI-Columbia prepped their self-titled first LP, released early in 1969. The Koobas never made it into the official sales chart but

This is a document about Rod Stewart
  to go platinum. By explicitly marking the album as having a "fast side" and a "slow side", Stewart continued the trend started by Atlantic Crossing. "The First Cut Is the Deepest", a cover of a Cat Stevens song, went number one in the UK in 1977, and top 30 in the US. "The Killing of Georgie (Part 1 and 2)", about the murder of a gay man, was also a Top 40 hit for Stewart during 1977. Foot Loose & Fancy Free (1977) featured Stewart's own band, the original Rod Stewart Group that featured Carmine Appice, Phil Chen, Jim Cregan, Billy Peek, Gary Grainger and John Jarvis. It continued Stewart's run

This is a document about Mike Hurst (producer)
  the band Hurst began producing for Andrew Oldham (Tony Rivers and the Castaways) and Mickie Most. In September 1965, he oversaw Marc Bolan's first recording session, at Decca when he recorded "The Wizard". In 1965, after a brief collaboration with Bolan, he discovered singer-songwriter Cat Stevens, and signed him to the new Deram record label (an imprint of Decca) and produced his first five hit singles including "Matthew and Son" and "I'm Gonna Get Me a Gun". During this time he also produced recordings and hits for P. P. Arnold ("The First Cut Is the Deepest"), The Move ("Curly"), Manfred Mann ("Mighty Quinn"), Spencer Davis

This is a document about Sheryl Crow
  greatest hits compilation called The Very Best of Sheryl Crow was released. It featured many of her hit singles, as well as some new tracks. Among them was the 1960s pop song, "The First Cut Is the Deepest" by Cat Stevens, which became her biggest radio hit since "All I Wanna Do". She also released the single "Light in Your Eyes", which received limited airplay. "The First Cut Is the Deepest" earned her two American Music Awards for Best Pop/Rock Artist and Adult Contemporary Artist of the Year, respectively. In 2004, Crow appeared as a musical theater performer in the Cole Porter biographical film De-Lovely.

This is a document about The First Cut Is the Deepest
  The Sheryl Crow music video for "The First Cut Is the Deepest" was directed by Wayne Isham with art direction by Andrew Elias. Filmed in southern Utah, the video features Sheryl in a rocky desert singing with her guitar, riding horses and interacting in a cowboy environment. Sheryl's single was nominated for a Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the Grammy Awards, losing to "Sunrise" by Norah Jones.

This is a document about Crazy Horse (band)
  three times and score a hit with it on the same number of occasions, most notably as a UK No. 1 double A-side in 1977 with Cat Stevens's "The First Cut Is the Deepest." In 1988, the song would become a Top Ten hit in the UK again, this time a No. 3 for Everything but the Girl. Two songs from the album were covered by Scottish hard rock band Nazareth: Lofgren's "Beggar's Day" appeared on Hair of the Dog (1975), while Nitzsche's "Gone Dead Train" is the second track on Expect No Mercy (1977). Following the commercial failure of Crazy Horse, Lofgren and Nitzsche

This is a document about The First Cut Is the Deepest
  Swedish rap, ragga and dancehall musician Papa Dee recorded a reggae cover of "The First Cut Is the Deepest" in 1995. It remains his most commercially successful track and was a big hit in Europe. The single peaked at No. 5 in Sweden, No. 9 in Denmark and Norway, No. 20 in Austria, and No. 38 in Iceland.

This is a document about Sheryl Crow discography
 A "The First Cut Is the Deepest" also reached #35 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart. ; B An alternate version with Allison Moorer instead of Crow was released but is not included on Cocky.

This is a document about New Masters
  The label was disappointed by Cat Stevens' second album's poor sales, given that the previous album made the UK Top Ten and produced several hit singles. New Masters generated little interest, failing to chart in either the UK or the United States. The single "Kitty"/"Blackness of the Night" languished at number 47, becoming Stevens' first single to miss the top 40. This was a sudden and steep commercial decline from the considerable success that Stevens enjoyed with his earlier recordings. "The First Cut Is the Deepest" has been covered successfully by several artists. Prior to the release of New Masters, Stevens had sold the song for £30 to P. P. Arnold (formerly of the Ike and Tina Turner Revue) which gave the former Ikette her first UK hit. In the decades to come it would also be a hit for Rod Stewart, Sheryl Crow, James Morrison and Keith Hampshire. Hampshire's version reached no. 1 on the Canadian charts in 1973. Other versions have been rendered by singer Barbara Jones, Colm Wilkinson of Les Misérables and Jesus Christ Superstar fame, Duffy and the Jools Holland Rhythm & Blues Orchestra.

This is a document about I Don't Want to Talk About It
  In 1975, Rod Stewart recorded the song at Muscle Shoals Sound Studio in Sheffield, Alabama, for his album Atlantic Crossing. This became successful when it was released as a single. In the United States, it became a top fifty hit on the Billboard Hot 100 in early 1980, peaking at number 46 on the Hot 100, and number 44 Adult Contemporary. In New Zealand, it peaked at number 2. In the United Kingdom, it topped the UK Singles Chart as a double A-side with "The First Cut Is the Deepest" in 1977. The song is widely believed to have benefitted from being deliberately released as a budget single in order to keep the Sex Pistols' "God Save the Queen" off the top of the UK Singles Chart. In February

This is a document about P. P. Arnold
  and the Georgie Fame Brass Section), as well as Chris Farlowe's version of the Motown standard "Reach Out (I'll Be There)" (with Albert Lee on guitar and Carl Palmer on drums). Her first backing band, the Blue Jays, had been inherited from American soul singer Ronnie Jones and included former Bluesbreakers guitarist Roger Dean. This was followed by the Nice, whose line-up was Keith Emerson on organ, who had just quit the VIPs (later to be known as Spooky Tooth), David O'List on guitar, Lee Jackson on bass and Ian Hague on drums. During this period she scored several hits, including the original version of Cat Stevens' song "The First Cut Is the

This is a document about A Night on the Town (Rod Stewart album)
  set of lyrics, a melancholic tale of a gay friend who is cast out by his family and becomes a sensation in the New York nightlife, only to be mugged and beaten to death by a New Jersey gang in New York City. Controversial "Tonight's the Night" was a No. 1 hit but was banned by some radio stations due to the very obvious lyrics about sex and loss of virginity. A cover of Cat Stevens' "The First Cut Is the Deepest" was also a success and has since become one of Stewart's signature songs. Another controversial song, "The Balltrap", again had explicit sexual references in its lyrics as well as a touch of racism towards a trashy woman.

This is a document about 1977 in British music
  Despite spending four weeks at number one, Rod Stewart's "I Don't Want to Talk About It"/"The First Cut Is the Deepest" was only placed at number 33 on the year-end chart for 1977, the lowest ranked number one single of the year, and lower than another of Stewart's singles, "You're in My Heart", which only reached number three. Some chart-watchers claim to have evidence that an incorrect panel sale figure was applied to sales during the period that "I Don't Want to Talk About It"/"The First Cut Is the Deepest" was out, resulting in a lower estimation of the single's total sales, and that the single should actually be placed inside the top fifteen year-end positions. However, this claim has never been verified by BMRB or any of the subsequent chart compilers.

This is a document about Women & Songs 8
 1) The First Cut Is the Deepest (Cat Stevens) [3:45] ; 2) *(performed by Sheryl Crow) ; 3) Stupid (Sarah McLachlan) [3:22] ; 4) *(performed by Sarah McLachlan) ; 5) Breathe (Brandon Armstrong/Andrew Dwiggins/Ryan Jordan/Douglas Randall/Marc Wanninger) [3:14] ; 6) *(performed by Melissa Etheridge) ; 7) Summer Sunshine (Andrea Corr/Caroline Corr/James Corr/Sharon Corr) [2:52] ; 8) *(performed by The Corrs) ; 9) Try (Gerald Eaton/Nelly Furtado/Brian West) [4:38] ; 10) *(performed by Nelly Furtado) ; 11) 8th World Wonder (Kyle Jacobs/Joel Parkes/Shaun Shakel) [3:58] ; 12) *(performed by Kimberley Locke) ; 13) Helpless (Neil Young) [4:13] ; 14) *(performed by k.d. lang) ; 15) What Am I

This is a document about American Top 20
  Ann Womack ; 2002: "Hero", Enrique Iglesias ; 2003: "The Game of Love", Santana featuring Michelle Branch ; 2004: "The First Cut Is the Deepest", Sheryl Crow ; 2005: "Breakaway", Kelly Clarkson ; 2006: "You're Beautiful", James Blunt ; 2007: "Waiting on the World to Change", John Mayer ; 2008: "Bubbly", Colbie Caillat Just as he had done on his pop countdown shows, Kasem presided over a countdown of the biggest hits of the year for his adult contemporary audiences. Two countdowns per year aired. Initially, both shows ended the year with a two part, two week Top 60. Beginning

This is a document about Cat Stevens
  to No.1 on Billboard Pop Albums and spent weeks at the top of several major charts. He earned ASCAP songwriting awards in 2005 and 2006 for "The First Cut Is the Deepest", which has been a hit for four artists. His other hit songs include "Father and Son", "Wild World", "Moonshadow", "Peace Train", and "Morning Has Broken". In December 1977, Stevens converted to Islam and adopted the name Yusuf Islam the following year. In 1979, he auctioned all of his guitars for charity, and left his musical career to devote himself to educational and philanthropic causes in the Muslim community. He has since bought back at least one of these guitars

The song "The First Cut Is the Deepest" has been recorded and performed by various artists including Cat Stevens, P.P. Arnold, Rod Stewart, Keith Hampshire, Papa Dee, and Sheryl Crow.


Question: body parts of animal arranged around a central axis

Answer: Radial symmetry

This is a document about Muscular hydrostat
  lizard tongues, and the mammalian anteaters. The muscles perpendicular to the long axis may be arranged in a transverse, circular, or radial pattern. A transverse arrangement involves sheets of muscle fibers running perpendicular to the long axis, usually alternating between horizontal and vertical orientations. This arrangement is found in the arms and tentacles of squid, octopuses, and in most mammalian tongues. A radial arrangement involves fibers radiating out in all directions from the center of the organ. This is found in the tentacles of the chambered nautilus and in the elephant proboscis (trunk). A circular arrangement has rings of contractive fibers around the long axis. This is found in many mammalian and lizard tongues along with squid tentacles. Helical or oblique fibers around the long axis are generally present in two layers with opposite chirality and wrap around the central core of musculature.

This is a document about Torso
  The torso or trunk is an anatomical term for the central part, or the core, of the body of many animals (including humans), from which the head, neck, limbs, tail and other appendages extend. The tetrapod torso — including that of a human — is usually divided into the thoracic segment (also known as the upper torso, where the forelimbs extend), the abdominal segment (also known as the "mid-section" or "midriff"), and the pelvic and perineal segments (sometimes known together with the abdomen as the lower torso, where the hindlimbs extend).

This is a document about Anatomical terms of location
 The anteroposterior axis ; The cephalocaudal axis ; The dorsoventral axis The axes of the body are lines drawn about which an organism is roughly symmetrical. To do this, distinct ends of an organism are chosen, and the axis is named according to those directions. An organism that is symmetrical on both sides has three main axes that intersect at right angles. An organism that is round or not symmetrical may have different axes. Example axes are: Examples of axes in specific animals are shown below.

This is a document about Axial skeleton
  The word "Axial" is taken from the word "axis" and refers to the fact that the bones are located close to or along the central "axis" of the body.The term axis means the central point around which the other structures are distributed.

This is a document about Rachis
  In vertebrates, rachis can refer to the series of articulated vertebrae, which encase the spinal cord. In this case the rachis usually forms the supporting axis of the body and is then called the spine or vertebral column. Rachis can also mean the central shaft of pennaceous feathers. In the gonad of the invertebrate nematode C. elegans, a rachis is the central cell-free core or axis of the gonadal arm of both adult males and hermaphrodites where the germ cells have achieved pachytene and are attached to the walls of the gonadal tube. The rachis is filled with cytoplasm.

This is a document about Sutton Hoo helmet
  sides. The head of the animal is located in the upper centre of the panel. The eye is defined by two circles; the rest of the head, comprising two separate but intertwined ribbons, surrounds it. A third ribbon, representing the jaws and mouth, is beneath the head. On the left it begins as a small billeted ribbon that descends into a pellet-filled twist, passes under itself, and emerges as a larger billeted ribbon. Circling counterclockwise, it passes over and then under a separate ribbon that represents the body, under it again, then over and under one of the ribbons representing the head. It emerges as a second

This is a document about Symmetry in biology
  Organisms with radial symmetry show a repeating pattern around a central axis such that they can be separated into several identical pieces when cut through the central point, much like pieces of a pie. Typically, this involves repeating a body part 4, 5, 6 or 8 times around the axis – referred to as tetramerism, pentamerism, hexamerism and octomerism, respectively. Such organisms exhibits no left or right sides but do have a top and a bottom surface, or a front and a back. George Cuvier classified animals with radial symmetry in the taxon Radiata (Zoophytes), which is now generally accepted to be an assemblage of different animal phyla that do not share a single common ancestor (a polyphyletic group). Most radially symmetric animals are symmetrical about an

This is a document about Rhinesuchidae
  One Uranocentrodon skeleton also preserved large patches of bony scutes or scales around the body. The scutes which would have been on the belly of the animal were arranged in parallel diagonal rows which converged at the midline of the body and diverged as the rows stretched towards the tail. Each scute had a ridge running down the middle, and the scutes further towards the midline overlapped the ones further out. Along the midline, a row of flat and wide scales stretched from the throat to the tail. While these belly scales were made of bone, scales on other parts of the body had less bone structure and were probably made of keratin

This is a document about Insect
  [[File:Insect anatomy diagram.svg|right|upright=1.35|thumb|Insect morphology A- Head B- Thorax C- Abdomen ]]Insects have segmented bodies supported by exoskeletons, the hard outer covering made mostly of chitin. The segments of the body are organized into three distinctive but interconnected units, or tagmata: a head, a thorax and an abdomen. The head supports a pair of sensory antennae, a pair of compound eyes, zero to three simple eyes (or ocelli) and three sets of variously modified appendages that form the mouthparts. The thorax is made up of three segments: the prothorax, mesothorax and the metathorax. Each thoracic segment supports one pair of legs. The meso- and metathoracic segments may each have a pair of wings, depending on the insect. The abdomen consists of eleven segments, though in a few species of insects, these segments may be fused together or reduced in size. The abdomen also contains most of the digestive, respiratory, excretory and reproductive internal structures. Considerable variation and many adaptations in the body parts of insects occur, especially wings, legs, antenna and mouthparts.

This is a document about Parts of Animals
  Parts of Animals (or On the Parts of Animals; Greek Περὶ ζῴων μορίων; Latin De Partibus Animalium) is one of Aristotle's major texts on biology. It was written around 350 BC. The whole work is roughly a study in animal anatomy and physiology; it aims to provide a scientific understanding of the parts (organs, tissues, fluids, etc.) of animals and asks whether these parts were designed or arose by chance.

This is a document about Neuroanatomy
  concept to less frontally endowed animals than us is obviously even more conflictive, but there is an implicit reference to the coronal suture of the cranium, which forms between the frontal and temporal/parietal bones, giving a sort of diadema configuration which is roughly parallel to the face). Coronal section planes thus essentially refer only to the head and brain, where a diadema makes sense, and not to the neck and body below. ; Horizontal sections by definition are aligned (parallel) with the horizon. In swimming, creeping and quadrupedal animals the body axis itself is horizontal, and, thus, horizontal sections run along the length

This is a document about Anatomy
  Arthropods comprise the largest phylum in the animal kingdom with over a million known invertebrate species. Insects possess segmented bodies supported by a hard-jointed outer covering, the exoskeleton, made mostly of chitin. The segments of the body are organized into three distinct parts, a head, a thorax and an abdomen. The head typically bears a pair of sensory antennae, a pair of compound eyes, one to three simple eyes (ocelli) and three sets of modified appendages that form the mouthparts. The thorax has three pairs of segmented legs, one pair each for the three segments that compose the thorax and one or two pairs of wings. The abdomen is composed of eleven segments, some of which may

This is a document about Anatomical terms of location
   Because animals can change orientation with respect to their environment, and because appendages like limbs and tentacles can change position with respect to the main body, terms to describe position need to refer to an animal when it is in its standard anatomical position. This means descriptions as if the organism is in its standard anatomical position, even when the organism in question has appendages in another position. This helps avoid confusion in terminology when referring to the same organism in different postures. In humans, this refers to the body in a standing position with arms at the side and palms facing forward, with thumbs out and to the sides.

This is a document about Anatomical plane
  The latter flexure mainly appears in mammals and sauropsids (reptiles and birds), whereas the other two, and principally the cephalic flexure, appear in all vertebrates (the sum of the cervical and cephalic ventral flexures is the cause of the 90 degree angle mentioned above in humans between body axis and brain axis). This more realistic concept of the longitudinal structure of vertebrate brains implies that any section plane, except the sagittal plane, will intersect variably different parts of the same brain as the section series proceeds across it (relativity of actual sections with regard to topological morphological status in the ideal unbent neural tube).

This is a document about Symmetry
  In biology, the notion of symmetry is mostly used explicitly to describe body shapes. Bilateral animals, including humans, are more or less symmetric with respect to the sagittal plane which divides the body into left and right halves. Animals that move in one direction necessarily have upper and lower sides, head and tail ends, and therefore a left and a right. The head becomes specialized with a mouth and sense organs, and the body becomes bilaterally symmetric for the purpose of movement, with symmetrical pairs of muscles and skeletal elements, though internal organs often remain asymmetric. Plants and sessile (attached) animals such as sea anemones often have radial or rotational symmetry, which suits them because food or threats may arrive from any direction. Fivefold symmetry is found in the echinoderms, the group that includes starfish, sea urchins, and sea lilies. In biology, the notion of symmetry is also used as in physics, that is to say to describe the properties of the objects studied, including their interactions. A remarkable property of biological evolution is the changes of symmetry corresponding to the appearance of new parts and dynamics.

This is a document about Anatomical terms of location
  Standard anatomical terms of location are used to unambiguously describe the anatomy of animals, including humans. The terms, typically derived from Latin or Greek roots, describe something in its standard anatomical position. This position provides a definition of what is at the front ("anterior"), behind ("posterior") and so on. As part of defining and describing terms, the body is described through the use of anatomical planes and anatomical axes. The meaning of terms that are used can change depending on whether an organism is bipedal or quadrupedal. Additionally, for some animals such as invertebrates, some terms may not have any meaning at all; for example, an animal that is radially symmetrical will have no anterior surface, but can still have a description that a part is close to the middle ("proximal") or further from the middle ("distal"). International organisations have determined vocabularies that are often used as standard vocabularies for subdisciplines of anatomy, for example, Terminologia Anatomica for humans, and Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria for animals. These allow parties that use anatomical terms, such as anatomists, veterinarians, and medical doctors to have a standard set of terms to communicate clearly the position of a structure.

This is a document about Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
  of planes parallel to (and therefore lateral to) the sagittal plane. ]] Standard anatomical planes and anatomical axes are used to describe structures in animals. In humans and many other primates the axis of the central nervous system is not straight, but bent to allow for forward vision when the body is vertical. This means that differences in terminology are needed to reflect the differences between the brains of primates and the brains of nearly all other vertebrates. For example, to describe the human brain, "rostral" still means "towards the beak or snout (Latin rostrum)", or at any rate, the interior of the cranial cavity just behind the face. "Caudal" means "towards the tail

This is a document about Symmetry in biology
  Organisms with bilateral symmetry contain a single plane of symmetry, the sagittal plane, which divides the organism into two roughly mirror image left and right halves – approximate reflectional symmetry. Animals with bilateral symmetry are classified into a large group called the bilateria which contains 99% of all animals (comprising over 32 phyla and 1 million described species). All bilaterians have some asymmetrical features; for example, the human heart and liver are positioned asymmetrically despite the body having external bilateral symmetry. The bilateral symmetry of bilaterians is a complex trait which develops due to the expression of many genes. The bilateria have two axes of polarity. The first is an anterior-posterior (AP)

This is a document about Neuroanatomy
  other sutures (sagitta; arrow in Latin). ; A section plane orthogonal to the axis of any elongated form in principle is held to be transverse (e.g., a transverse section of a finger or of the vertebral column); if there is no length axis, there is no way to define such sections, or there are infinite possibilities. Therefore, transverse body sections in vertebrates are parallel to the ribs, which are orthogonal to the vertebral column, which represents the body axis both in animals and man. The brain also has an intrinsic longitudinal axis – that of the primordial elongated neural tube – which becomes largely

This is a document about Hemichordate
  The body plan of hemichordates is characterized by a muscular organization. The anteroposterior axis is divided into three parts: the anterior prosome, the intermediate mesosome, and the posterior metasome. The body of acorn worms is worm-shaped and divided into an anterior proboscis, an intermediate collar, and a posterior trunk. The proboscis is a muscular and ciliated organ used in locomotion and in the collection and transport of food particles. The mouth is located between the proboscis and the collar. The trunk is the longest part of the animal. It contains the pharynx, which is perforated with gill slits (or pharyngeal slits), the esophagus, a long intestine, and a terminal

The body parts of animals that are arranged around a central axis include the torso, which is the central part of the body from which the limbs, head, tail, and other appendages extend. The torso can be divided into regions such as the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic regions. The axial skeleton, which includes the vertebral column, is also arranged around the central axis and encloses the spinal cord. In the context of the provided text, the term "axial" refers to structures or body parts that are located close to the central axis.


Question: what is the base of an isosceles triangle

Answer: the third side

This is a document about Calabi triangle
  The Calabi triangle is isosceles. The ratio of the base to either leg isand has continued fraction representation [1, 1, 1, 4, 2, 1, 2, 1, 5, 2, 1, 3, 1, 1, 390, ...]. The Calabi triangle is obtuse with base angles 39.1320261...° and third angle 101.7359477...°.

This is a document about Isosceles triangle
  form an isosceles triangle. In an isosceles triangle that has exactly two equal sides, the equal sides are called legs and the third side is called the base. The angle included by the legs is called the vertex angle and the angles that have the base as one of their sides are called the base angles. The vertex opposite the base is called the apex. In the equilateral triangle case, since all sides are equal, any side can be called the base. Whether an isosceles triangle is acute, right or obtuse depends only on the angle at its apex. In Euclidean

This is a document about Thales's theorem
  The following facts are used: the sum of the angles in a triangle is equal to 180° and the base angles of an isosceles triangle are equal. Since =  =, ∆OBA and ∆OBC are isosceles triangles, and by the equality of the base angles of an isosceles triangle, ∠OBC = ∠OCB and ∠OBA = ∠OAB. Let α = ∠BAO and β = ∠OBC. The three internal angles of the ∆ABC triangle are α, (α + β), and β. Since the sum of the angles of a triangle is equal to 180°, we have  Q.E.D.

This is a document about Isosceles triangle
  for instance in the pediments and gables of buildings. The two equal sides are called the legs and the third side is called the base of the triangle. The other dimensions of the triangle, such as its height, area, and perimeter, can be calculated by simple formulas from the lengths of the legs and base. Every isosceles triangle has an axis of symmetry along the perpendicular bisector of its base. The two angles opposite the legs are equal and are always acute, so the classification of the triangle as acute, right, or obtuse depends only on the angle between its two legs.

This is a document about Isosceles triangle
  accurately approximated by polyhedra converging to the surface. In graphic design and the decorative arts, isosceles triangles have been a frequent design element in cultures around the world from at least the Early Neolithic to modern times. They are a common design element in flags and heraldry, appearing prominently with a vertical base, for instance, in the flag of Guyana, or with a horizontal base in the flag of Saint Lucia, where they form a stylized image of a mountain island. They also have been used in designs with religious or mystic significance, for instance in the Sri Yantra of Hindu meditational practice.

This is a document about Isosceles triangle
  For any isosceles triangle, there is a unique square with one side collinear with the base of the triangle and the opposite two corners on its sides. The Calabi triangle is a special isosceles triangle with the property that the other two inscribed squares, with sides collinear with the sides of the triangle, are of the same size as the base square. A much older theorem, preserved in the works of Hero of Alexandria, states that, for an isosceles triangle with base

This is a document about Isosceles triangle
  In geometry, an isosceles triangle is a triangle that has two sides of equal length. Sometimes it is specified as having exactly two sides of equal length, and sometimes as having at least two sides of equal length, the latter version thus including the equilateral triangle as a special case. Examples of isosceles triangles include the isosceles right triangle, the golden triangle, and the faces of bipyramids and certain Catalan solids. The mathematical study of isosceles triangles dates back to ancient Egyptian mathematics and Babylonian mathematics. Isosceles triangles have been used as decoration from even earlier times, and appear frequently in architecture and

This is a document about Hilbert's seventh problem
 1) In an isosceles triangle, if the ratio of the base angle to the angle at the vertex is algebraic but not rational, is then the ratio between base and side always transcendental? ; 2) Is ? Two specific equivalent questions are asked:

This is a document about Gnomon (figure)
  In an acute isosceles triangle, it is possible to draw a similar but smaller triangle, one of whose sides is the base of the original triangle. The gnomon of these two similar triangles is the triangle remaining when the smaller of the two similar isosceles triangles is removed from the larger one. The gnomon is itself isosceles if and only if the ratio of the sides to the base of the original isosceles triangle, and the ratio of the base to the sides of the gnomon, is the golden ratio, in which case the acute isosceles triangle is the golden triangle and its gnomon is the golden gnomon. Conversely, the acute golden triangle can be the gnomon of the obtuse golden triangle in an exceptional reciprocal exchange of roles

This is a document about Pythagorean theorem
 is obtuse so the lengths r and s are non-overlapping. At any selected angle of a general triangle of sides a, b, c, inscribe an isosceles triangle such that the equal angles at its base θ are the same as the selected angle. Suppose the selected angle θ is opposite the side labeled c. Inscribing the isosceles triangle forms triangle CAD with angle θ opposite side b and with side r along c. A second triangle is formed with angle θ opposite side a and a side with length s along c, as shown in the figure. Thābit ibn Qurra stated that the sides of the three triangles were related as:

This is a document about Base (geometry)
  The extended base of a triangle (a particular case of an extended side) is the line that contains the base. The extended base is important in the context of obtuse triangles: the altitudes from the acute vertices are external to the triangle and perpendicularly intersect the extended opposite base (but not the base proper).

This is a document about Isosceles triangle
  Euclid defined an isosceles triangle as a triangle with exactly two equal sides, but modern treatments prefer to define isosceles triangles as having at least two equal sides. The difference between these two definitions is that the modern version makes equilateral triangles (with three equal sides) a special case of isosceles triangles. A triangle that is not isosceles (having three unequal sides) is called scalene. "Isosceles" is made from the Greek roots "isos" (equal) and "skelos" (leg). The same word is used, for instance, for isosceles trapezoids, trapezoids with two equal sides, and for isosceles sets, sets of points every three of

This is a document about Special right triangle
   In plane geometry, constructing the diagonal of a square results in a triangle whose three angles are in the ratio 1 : 1 : 2, adding up to 180° or radians. Hence, the angles respectively measure 45° (undefined⁄4), 45° (undefined⁄4), and 90° (undefined⁄2). The sides in this triangle are in the ratio 1 : 1 : √2, which follows immediately from the Pythagorean theorem. Of all right triangles, the 45°–45°–90° degree triangle has the smallest ratio of the hypotenuse to the sum of the legs, namely √2⁄2. and the greatest ratio of the altitude from the hypotenuse to the sum of the legs, namely √2⁄4. Triangles with these angles are the only possible right triangles that are also isosceles triangles in Euclidean geometry. However, in spherical geometry and hyperbolic geometry, there are infinitely many different shapes of right isosceles triangles.

This is a document about Isosceles trapezoid
  In an isosceles trapezoid, the base angles have the same measure pairwise. In the picture below, angles ∠ABC and ∠DCB are obtuse angles of the same measure, while angles ∠BAD and ∠CDA are acute angles, also of the same measure. Since the lines AD and BC are parallel, angles adjacent to opposite bases are supplementary, that is, angles ∠ABC + ∠BAD = 180°.

This is a document about Prismatic compound of antiprisms
  Compounds of two n-antiprisms share their vertices with a 2n-prism, and exist as two alternated set of vertices. Cartesian coordinates for the vertices of an antiprism with n-gonal bases and isosceles triangles are

This is a document about Altitude (triangle)
  triangle: one half of the product of an altitude's length and its base's length equals the triangle's area. Thus, the longest altitude is perpendicular to the shortest side of the triangle. The altitudes are also related to the sides of the triangle through the trigonometric functions. In an isosceles triangle (a triangle with two congruent sides), the altitude having the incongruent side as its base will have the midpoint of that side as its foot. Also the altitude having the incongruent side as its base will be the angle bisector of the vertex angle. It is common to mark the altitude with the letter h (as in height), often subscripted with the name of the side the altitude is drawn to. In a right triangle, the

This is a document about Pons asinorum
 Let ABC be an isosceles triangle with AB and AC being the equal sides. Pick an arbitrary point D on side AB and construct E on AC so that AD = AE. Draw the lines BE, DC and DE. ; Consider the triangles BAE and CAD; BA = CA, AE = AD, and, so applying side-angle-side a third time, the triangles are congruent. ; In particular, angle CBD = BCE, which was to be proved. Euclid's statement of the pons asinorum includes a second conclusion that if the equal sides of the triangle are extended below the base, then the angles between the extensions and the base are also equal. Euclid's proof involves drawing auxiliary lines to these extensions. But, as Euclid's

This is a document about Acute and obtuse triangles
  The Calabi triangle, which is the only non-equilateral triangle for which the largest square that fits in the interior can be positioned in any of three different ways, is obtuse and isosceles with base angles 39.1320261...° and third angle 101.7359477...°. The equilateral triangle, with three 60° angles, is acute. The Morley triangle, formed from any triangle by the intersections of its adjacent angle trisectors, is equilateral and hence acute. The golden triangle is the isosceles triangle in which the ratio of the duplicated side to the base side equals the golden ratio. It is acute, with angles 36°, 72°, and 72°, making it the only triangle with angles in the proportions 1:2:2. The heptagonal triangle, with sides coinciding with a side, the shorter diagonal, and the longer diagonal of a regular heptagon, is obtuse, with angles

This is a document about Yff center of congruence
  Let ABC be any triangle. Let P1Q1, P2Q2, P3Q3 be the isoscelizers of the angles A, B, C such that the triangle A'B'C'  formed by them is the Yff central triangle of triangle ABC. The three isoscelizers P1Q1, P2Q2, P3Q3 are continuously parallel-shifted such that the three triangles A'P2Q3, Q1B'P3,  P1Q2C' are always congruent to each other until the triangle A'B'C'  formed by the intersections of the isoscelizers reduces to a point. The point to which the triangle A'B'C'  reduces to is called the Yff center of congruence of triangle ABC.

This is a document about Yff center of congruence
  Let ABC be any triangle. Let P1Q1 be an isoscelizer of angle A, P2Q2 be an isoscelizer of angle B, and P3Q3 be an isoscelizer of angle C. Let A'B'C'  be the triangle formed by the three isoscelizers. The four triangles A'P2Q3, Q1B'P3,  P1Q2C', and A'B'C'  are always similar. There is a unique set of three isoscelizers P1Q1, P2Q2, P3Q3 such that the four triangles A P2Q3, Q1B P3, P1Q2C , and A'B'C'  are congruent. In this special case the triangle A'B'C'  formed by the three isoscelizers is called the Yff central triangle of triangle ABC. The circumcircle of the Yff central triangle is called the Yff central circle of the triangle.

The base of an isosceles triangle is one of the two equal sides.


Question: when was the theory of seafloor spreading proposed

Answer: 1960s

This is a document about Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis
  Harry Hess proposed the seafloor spreading hypothesis in 1960 (published in 1962 ); the term "spreading of the seafloor" was introduced by geophysicist Robert S. Dietz in 1961. According to Hess, seafloor was created at mid-oceanic ridges by the convection of the earth's mantle, pushing and spreading the older crust away from the ridge. Geophysicist Frederick John Vine and the Canadian geologist Lawrence W. Morley independently realized that if Hess's seafloor spreading theory was correct, then the rocks surrounding the mid-oceanic ridges should show symmetric patterns of magnetization reversals using newly collected magnetic surveys. Both of Morley's letters to Nature (February 1963) and Journal of

This is a document about Marine sediment
  "plowed" through the fixed and immovable seafloor. Later in the 1960s the idea that the seafloor itself moves and also carries the continents with it as it spreads from a central rift axis was proposed by Harold Hess and Robert Dietz. The phenomenon is known today as plate tectonics. In locations where two plates move apart, at mid-ocean ridges, new seafloor is continually formed during seafloor spreading. In 1968, the oceanographic research vessel Glomar Challenger was launched and embarked on a 15-year-long program, the Deep Sea Drilling Program. This program provided crucial data that supported the seafloor spreading hypothesis by collecting rock samples that confirmed that the farther from the mid-ocean ridge, the older the rock was.

This is a document about Seafloor depth versus age
  The first theories for seafloor spreading in the early and mid twentieth century explained the elevations of the mid-ocean ridges as upwellings above convection currents in Earth's mantle. The next idea connected seafloor spreading and continental drift in a model of plate tectonics. In 1969, the elevations of ridges was explained as thermal expansion of a lithospheric plate at the spreading center. This 'cooling plate model' was followed in 1974 by noting that elevations of ridges could be modeled by cooling of the whole upper mantle including any plate. This was followed in 1977 by a more refined plate model which explained data that showed that both the ocean depths and ocean crust heat flow approached a constant value for very old seafloor. These observations could not be explained by the earlier  'cooling mantle model' which predicted increasing depth and decreasing heat flow at very old ages.

This is a document about Seafloor spreading
  Earlier theories by Alfred Wegener and Alexander du Toit of continental drift postulated that continents in motion "plowed" through the fixed and immovable seafloor. The idea that the seafloor itself moves and also carries the continents with it as it spreads from a central rift axis was proposed by Harold Hammond Hess from Princeton University and Robert Dietz of the U.S. Naval Electronics Laboratory in San Diego in the 1960s. The phenomenon is known today as plate tectonics. In locations where two plates move apart, at mid-ocean ridges, new seafloor is continually formed during seafloor spreading.

This is a document about Mid-ocean ridge
  1960s, geologists discovered and began to propose mechanisms for seafloor spreading. The discovery of mid-ocean ridges and the process of seafloor spreading allowed for Wegner's theory to be expanded so that it included the movement of oceanic crust as well as the continents. Plate tectonics was a suitable explanation for seafloor spreading, and the acceptance of plate tectonics by the majority of geologists resulted in a major paradigm shift in geological thinking. It is estimated that along Earth's mid-ocean ridges every year 2.7 km2 of new seafloor is formed by this process. With a crustal thickness of 7 km, this amounts to about 19 km3 of new ocean crust formed every year.

This is a document about History of geology
  continental drift. There followed a period of 20 extremely exciting years where the theory of continental drift developed from being believed by a few to being the cornerstone of modern geology. Beginning in 1947 research provided new evidence about the ocean floor, and in 1960 Bruce C. Heezen published the concept of mid-ocean ridges. Soon after this, Robert S. Dietz and Harry H. Hess proposed that the oceanic crust forms as the seafloor spreads apart along mid-ocean ridges in seafloor spreading. This was seen as confirmation of mantle convection and so the major stumbling block to the theory was removed. Geophysical

This is a document about Ridge push
  Despite its current status as one of the driving forces of plate tectonics, ridge push was not included in any of Alfred Wegener's 1912-1930 proposals of continental drift, which were produced before the discovery of mid-ocean ridges and lacked any concrete mechanisms by which the process might have occurred. Even after the development of acoustic depth sounding and the discovery of global mid-ocean ridges in the 1930s, the idea of a spreading force acting at the ridges was not mentioned in scientific literature until Harry Hess's proposal of seafloor spreading in 1960, which included a pushing force at mid-ocean ridges as a result of upwelling magma wedging the lithosphere apart.

This is a document about 20th century in science
  accepted Wegener's theory and provided a mechanism: mantle convection, to cause the continents to move. However, it was not until after the Second World War that new evidence started to accumulate that supported continental drift. There followed a period of 20 extremely exciting years where the Theory of Continental Drift developed from being believed by a few to being the cornerstone of modern Geology. Beginning in 1947 research found new evidence about the ocean floor, and in 1960 Bruce C. Heezen published the concept of mid-ocean ridges.Soon after this, Robert S. Dietz and Harry H. Hess proposed that the oceanic crust forms

This is a document about History of geophysics
  Advances in physical oceanography occurred in the 20th century. Sea depth by acoustic measurements was first made in 1914. The German "Meteor" expedition gathered 70,000 ocean depth measurements using an echo sounder, surveying the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between 1925 and 1927. The Great Global Rift was discovered by Maurice Ewing and Bruce Heezen in 1953, and the mountain range under the Arctic was found in 1954 by the Arctic Institute of the USSR. The theory of seafloor spreading was developed in 1960 by Harry Hammond Hess. The Ocean Drilling Program started in 1966. There has been much emphasis on the application of large scale computers to oceanography to allow numerical predictions of ocean conditions and as a part of overall environmental change prediction.

This is a document about Mid-ocean ridge
  Alfred Wegener proposed the theory of continental drift in 1912. He stated: "the Mid-Atlantic Ridge ... zone in which the floor of the Atlantic, as it keeps spreading, is continuously tearing open and making space for fresh, relatively fluid and hot sima [rising] from depth". However, Wegener did not pursue this observation in his later works and his theory was dismissed by geologists because there was no mechanism to explain how continents could plow through ocean crust, and the theory became largely forgotten. Following the discovery of the worldwide extent of the mid-ocean ridge in the 1950s, geologists faced a new task: explaining how such an enormous geological structure could have formed. In

This is a document about Timeline of the development of tectonophysics (after 1952)
  (magnetic poles and geographical poles coincide the last 23 Ma). ; Self-exciting dynamo theory of Elsasser-Bullard. ; S. W. Carey, plate tectonics . But he believed here in an Expanding Earth. ; 1958, Henry William Menard notes that most mid-ocean ridges are halfway between the two continental edges ( cited in ). ; Seafloor spreading ; December 1960, Harry H. Hess (preprint and a report for the Navy): Sonar and seafloor spreading (personal communication formally published in 1962 (Puzzle pieces: his World War II seafloor profiles, Carey (1958), Vening Meinesz (1948, oceanic gravity anomalies) and the Great Global Rift)., , , ; 1961, Robert S. Dietz. ; ,

This is a document about Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis
  The hypothesis links seafloor spreading and geomagnetic reversals in a powerful manner, with each expanding knowledge of the other. Early in the history of investigating the hypothesis only a short record of geomagnetic field reversals was available for studies of rocks on land. This was sufficient to allow computing of spreading rates over the last 700,000 years on many mid-ocean ridges by locating the closest reversed crust boundary to the crest of a mid-ocean ridge. Marine magnetic anomalies were found later to span the vast flanks of the ridges. Drillcores into the crust on these ridge flanks allowed dating of the early and of the older anomalies. This in turn allowed design of a predicted geomagnetic time scale. With time, investigations married land and marine data to produce an accurate geomagnetic reversal time scale for almost 200 million years.

This is a document about Plate tectonics
  the trenches bounding many continental margins, together with many other geophysical (e.g. gravimetric) and geological observations, showed how the oceanic crust could disappear into the mantle, providing the mechanism to balance the extension of the ocean basins with shortening along its margins. All this evidence, both from the ocean floor and from the continental margins, made it clear around 1965 that continental drift was feasible. The theory of plate tectonics was defined in a series of papers between 1965 and 1967. The theory revolutionized the Earth sciences, explaining a diverse range of geological phenomena and their implications in other studies such as paleogeography and paleobiology.

This is a document about Oceanic trench
  the western Pacific, and the linear nature of these deeps became clear. The rapid growth of deep sea research efforts, especially the widespread use of echosounders in the 1950s and 1960s, confirmed the morphological utility of the term. Important trenches were identified, sampled, and mapped via sonar. The early phase of trench exploration reached its peak with the 1960 descent of the Bathyscaphe Trieste to the bottom of the Challenger Deep. Following Robert S. Dietz’ and Harry Hess’ promulgation of the seafloor spreading hypothesis in the early 1960s and the plate tectonic revolution in the late 1960s, the oceanic trench became an important concept in plate tectonic theory.

This is a document about Seafloor spreading
  At the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (and in other mid-ocean ridges), material from the upper mantle rises through the faults between oceanic plates to form new crust as the plates move away from each other, a phenomenon first observed as continental drift. When Alfred Wegener first presented a hypothesis of continental drift in 1912, he suggested that continents plowed through the ocean crust. This was impossible: oceanic crust is both more dense and more rigid than continental crust. Accordingly, Wegener's theory wasn't taken very seriously, especially in the United States. At first the driving force for spreading was argued to be convection currents in the mantle. Since then, it has been shown that the motion of the continents is linked to seafloor spreading by the theory of plate tectonics, which is driven by convection that includes the crust itself

This is a document about Ridge push
  In 1964 and 1965, Egon Orowan proposed the first gravitational mechanism for spreading at mid-ocean ridges, postulating that spreading can be derived from the principles of isostasy. In Orowan's proposal, pressure within and immediately under the elevated ridge is greater than the pressure in the oceanic crust to either side due to the greater weight of overlying rock, forcing material away from the ridge, while the lower density of the ridge material relative to the surrounding crust would gradually compensate for the greater volume of rock down to the depth of isostatic compensation. Similar models were proposed by Lliboutry in 1969, Parsons and Richer in 1980, and others. In 1969, Hales proposed a model in which the raised lithosphere of the mid-ocean ridges slid down the elevated ridge, and in 1970 Jacoby proposed that the less dense material and isostasy of Orowan and others' proposals produced uplift which resulted in sliding similar to Hales' proposal. The term "ridge push force" was coined by Forsyth and Uyeda in 1975.

This is a document about 20th century in science
  the seafloor spreads apart along mid-ocean ridges in seafloor spreading. This was seen as confirmation of mantle convection and so the major stumbling block to the theory was removed. Geophysical evidence suggested lateral motion of continents and that oceanic crust is younger than continental crust. This geophysical evidence also spurred the hypothesis of paleomagnetism, the record of the orientation of the Earth's magnetic field recorded in magnetic minerals. British geophysicist S. K. Runcorn suggested the concept of paleomagnetism from his finding that the continents had moved relative to the Earth's magnetic poles. Tuzo Wilson, who was a promoter of the sea floor

This is a document about Plate tectonics
  as the concept was of continents plowing through oceanic crust. Therefore, Wegener later changed his position and asserted that convection currents are the main driving force of plate tectonics in the last edition of his book in 1929. However, in the plate tectonics context (accepted since the seafloor spreading proposals of Heezen, Hess, Dietz, Morley, Vine, and Matthews (see below) during the early 1960s), the oceanic crust is suggested to be in motion with the continents which caused the proposals related to Earth rotation to be reconsidered. In more recent literature, these driving forces are: Forces that are small and generally negligible are:  For these mechanisms to be overall valid,

This is a document about Plate tectonics
  the moon has expanded in the past 3 billion years; other work would soon show that the evidence was equally in support of continental drift on a globe with a stable radius. During the thirties up to the late fifties, works by Vening-Meinesz, Holmes, Umbgrove, and numerous others outlined concepts that were close or nearly identical to modern plate tectonics theory. In particular, the English geologist Arthur Holmes proposed in 1920 that plate junctions might lie beneath the sea, and in 1928 that convection currents within the mantle might be the driving force. Often, these contributions are forgotten because:

This is a document about Harry Hammond Hess
  In 1960, Hess made his single most important contribution, which is regarded as part of the major advance in geologic science of the 20th century. In a widely circulated report to the Office of Naval Research, he advanced the theory, now generally accepted, that the Earth's crust moved laterally away from long, volcanically active oceanic ridges. He only understood his ocean floor profiles across the North Pacific Ocean after Marie Tharp and Bruce Heezen (1953,  Lamont Group) discovered the Great Global Rift, running along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Seafloor spreading, as the process was later named, helped establish Alfred Wegener's earlier (but generally dismissed at the time) concept of continental drift as scientifically respectable. This triggered a revolution in the earth sciences. Hess's report was formally published in his History of Ocean Basins (1962), which for a time was the single most referenced work in solid-earth geophysics. Hess was also involved in many other scientific endeavours, including the Mohole project (1957–1966), an investigation onto the feasibility and techniques of deep sea drilling.

The theory of seafloor spreading was proposed by Harry Hess in 1960.


Question: who is in charge of the premier league

Answer: by the 20 member clubs

This is a document about Premier League
  The Football Association Premier League Ltd (FAPL)  is operated as a corporation and is owned by the 20 member clubs. Each club is a shareholder, with one vote each on issues such as rule changes and contracts. The clubs elect a chairman, chief executive, and board of directors to oversee the daily operations of the league. The Football Association is not directly involved in the day-to-day operations of the Premier League, but has veto power as a special shareholder during the election of the chairman and chief executive and when new rules are adopted by the league. The current chief executive is Richard Masters, who was appointed in December 2019, whilst the chairman

This is a document about Richard Masters (football)
  Richard Masters was appointed as the Chief Executive of the Premier League in November 2019, following a year-long interim period in the position after the previous incumbent Richard Scudamore's resignation in December 2018. Masters' role of Chief Executive was created after Richard Scudamore's Executive Chairman role was split into the two roles of Chief Executive and Chairman following Scudamore's resignation. Whilst Gary Hoffman was appointed as the new Chairman on 24 April 2020, Masters retains authority as holding the highest position at the Premier League, with his other responsibilities including leading negotiations on new media rights contracts, resolving club disputes and ownership issues, and overseeing operations. Masters was the Premier League's fourth choice for the role, following a protracted recruitment process that involved Susanna Dinnage, Tim Davie and David Pemsel all being offered, but later declining the position. There were accusations that the biggest teams in the Premier League held too much influence over the process, with Liverpool and Manchester United alleged to have held private talks with candidates chosen by the Premier League's official nominating committee, before deciding whether or not to enact their unofficial veto over the decision.

This is a document about Richard Masters (football)
  Richard Masters is the current Chief Executive of the Premier League, the highest tier of association football in England.

This is a document about List of Premier League managers
   Current Premier League managers and their current clubs are shown in bold.

This is a document about Premier League
  to Sky. From 2019-20, the league's accumulated television rights deals were worth around £3.1 billion a year, with Sky and BT Group securing the domestic rights to broadcast 128 and 32 games respectively. The Premier League is a corporation where chief executive Richard Masters is responsible for its management, whilst the member clubs act as shareholders. Clubs were apportioned central payment revenues of £2.4 billion in 2016–17, with a further £343 million in solidarity payments to English Football League (EFL) clubs. The Premier League is the most-watched sports league in the world, broadcast in 212 territories to 643 million homes and a potential TV audience of 4.7 billion people. For the 2018–19 season, the average Premier League match attendance was at 38,181,

This is a document about Premier League
  Gary Hoffman, appointed in April 2020. Both men succeeded Richard Scudamore, who held the combined position of "Executive Chairman" from November 1999 until his retirement in November 2019. The Premier League sends representatives to UEFA's European Club Association, the number of clubs and the clubs themselves chosen according to UEFA coefficients. For the 2012–13 season the Premier League has 10 representatives in the Association: Arsenal, Aston Villa, Chelsea, Everton, Fulham, Liverpool, Manchester City, Manchester United, Newcastle United and Tottenham Hotspur. The European Club Association is responsible for electing three members to UEFA's Club Competitions Committee, which is involved in the operations of UEFA competitions such as the Champions League and UEFA Europa League.

This is a document about List of Premier League managers
  This list details all Premier League managers since the league began in 1992. For current managers only, see List of current Premier League and English Football League managers. The Premier League is the top tier of professional football in England.The league was formed in 1992 as a replacement for the original Football League First Division. More than 240 managers have taken charge of the 50 clubs which have played in the Premier League. Arsène Wenger holds the record for most games managed in the Premier League with 828, all with Arsenal, which he managed between 1996 and 2018. The most successful manager in the Premier League is Alex Ferguson, who won 13 titles – more than four times as many as any other manager – with Manchester United between 1993 and 2013. Sam Allardyce has managed the most teams in the Premier League, having taken charge of eight different clubs: Bolton Wanderers, Newcastle United, Blackburn Rovers, West Ham United, Sunderland, Crystal Palace, Everton and West Bromwich Albion. Many of the managers listed below served as caretaker (temporary) managers in the period between a managerial departure and appointment. Several of these, however, went on to secure a permanent managerial post.

This is a document about 2016–17 in English football
  England manager Roy Hodgson, and criticising and suggesting ways around The Football Association's ban on third-party ownership of players. Under-21 coach Gareth Southgate is announced as interim manager of the team. ; 30 September: Manchester City stand top of the Premier League, having won their first six games, with a four-point gap between them and Spurs and Everton. Arsenal and Liverpool stand joint fourth, with Manchester United and Crystal Palace not far behind. Sunderland drop to last place, with Stoke still in the relegation zone and West Ham now joining them after a poor run of form. Huddersfield continue to

This is a document about Yousef Al-Obaidly
  English Premier League Chief Executive Richard Masters and the chairs of all 20 Premier League clubs, demanding that they block the attempted takeover of Newcastle United by a consortium backed by the Public Investment Fund of Saudi Arabia (PIF). In the letter, he again offered a warning about football finances and accused the Saudi Arabian government of stealing the Premier League's commercial rights and member clubs' commercial revenues through its alleged backing of beoutQ. Al-Obaidly's letter prompted accusations from the buying consortium that beIN held improper influence over the consortium's undertaking of the Premier League's Owners' and Directors' Test. This was due to beIN being the holders of Premier League's highest value overseas media rights contract, which was later renewed in December 2020.

This is a document about 2018–19 Premier League
  The 2018–19 Premier League was the 27th season of the Premier League, the top English professional league for association football clubs, since its establishment in 1992. The season started on 10 August 2018 and concluded on 12 May 2019. Fixtures for the 2018–19 season were announced on 14 June 2018. The league was contested by the top 17 teams from the 2017–18 season as well as Wolverhampton Wanderers, Cardiff City and Fulham, who joined as the promoted clubs from the 2017–18 EFL Championship. They replaced West Bromwich Albion, Swansea City and Stoke City who were relegated to the 2018–19 EFL Championship. Defending champions Manchester City won their fourth Premier League title, and sixth English top-flight title overall. They won their last 14 league games and retained the league title on the final day of the season, finishing on 98 points. Liverpool finished runners-up with 97 points – the highest total in English top-flight history for a second-placed team.

This is a document about Sport in Manchester
  Manchester City and Manchester United are popular Premier League football clubs in Manchester. United's ground is in Old Trafford; Manchester City's home ground is the City of Manchester Stadium in east Manchester. Fixtures between the clubs are referred to as the Manchester Derby. Manchester United are historically the most successful football club in England with 66 elite honours won (including three European Cups). Manchester City have won seven domestic league titles, most recently in 2021. Under the management of Pep Guardiola in winning the Premier League in 2018, they became the only Premier League team to attain 100 points in

This is a document about 2021 takeover of Newcastle United F.C.
  Directors' test. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Boris Johnson, further urged Masters and the Premier League that "there must be clarity on why there was a significant delay in a decision being made". On 14 August 2020, Richard Masters issued his first public statement on Newcastle United's taking of the Premier League's Owners' and Directors' test, stating in a reply to MP Chi Onwurah that the Premier League had deemed there to be insufficient legal separation between the Public Investment Fund of Saudi Arabia (PIF) and the Saudi Arabian government, and so the government would become a shadow director

This is a document about Premier Futsal League of Bosnia and Herzegovina
  Listed below are the champions of Premier League.

This is a document about 2017–18 Premier League
  United started the season strongly winning their first three games without conceding a goal and led the table until mid-September. They finished in 2nd, their highest finish and points total (81) since the departure of Sir Alex Ferguson. Liverpool finished fourth for a second consecutive season, buoyed by the signing of Mohamed Salah; his 32 goals broke a Premier League record for most goals scored in a 38-game season, beating the 31 achieved by Cristiano Ronaldo, Alan Shearer and Luis Suarez. Arsenal had a poor season, finishing sixth overall. Long-serving manager Arsène Wenger announced his departure from the club on 20 April 2018. Their final home game was an emphatic 5–0 defeat of Burnley

This is a document about May 2008 in sports
 Association football: ; Barclays Premiership ; Wigan Athletic 0–2 Manchester United ; Man U win their 10th league title with a win at JJB Stadium. Cristiano Ronaldo's 41st goal of the season and a goal from Ryan Giggs, on his 758th appearance for the club, tying Sir Bobby Charlton's record, score the goals which gives Sir Alex Ferguson the title, by two points. ; Chelsea 1–1 Bolton Wanderers ; Avram Grant's side come up short in their title ambitions, after stuttering to a draw at home to Bolton. Andriy Shevchenko had given the Blues the lead, but a late equaliser from Kevin Davies helped to cement Bolton's place in the Premiership

This is a document about 2017–18 Premier League
  The 2017–18 Premier League was the 26th season of the Premier League, the top English professional league for association football clubs, since its establishment in 1992. The season started on 11 August 2017 and concluded on 13 May 2018. Fixtures for the 2017–18 season were announced on 14 June 2017. Chelsea were the defending champions, while Newcastle United, Brighton & Hove Albion and Huddersfield Town entered as the promoted teams from the 2016–17 EFL Championship. Manchester City won their third Premier League title, and fifth English top-flight title overall, with five games to spare. The team broke numerous Premier League records over the course of the season, including: most points (100), most wins (32), most away wins (16), most goals (106), most consecutive league wins (18), highest goal difference (+79), fewest minutes behind in matches (153 minutes) and biggest winning points margin (19). All three promoted clubs avoided relegation for the first time since the 2011–12 campaign, and for only the third time in Premier League history.

This is a document about BT Sport ESPN
  =The company announced on 22 June 2009 that it had secured the UK broadcast rights to the Premier League for four seasons, airing 46 games in the 2009–10 season and 23 games a year for the following three seasons, following a missed payment by Setanta Sports which voided their contracts. In Ireland, ESPN will air the same 46 matches during the 2009–10 season. Premier League coverage was produced by Sky Sports in-house production team, with former BBC presenter Ray Stubbs hosting, while Rebecca Lowe reports from the touchline and Jon Champion commentates alongside either Chris Waddle or Craig Burley. Kevin Keegan is the lead analyst, while Guus Hiddink, Shaka Hislop, Frank Leboeuf, Danny Murphy, Peter Reid, Matt Holland and Ian Wright were also signed to provide analysis. Mark Chapman,

This is a document about 2007–08 in English football
  Manchester United were crowned league champions for the second year in succession, the tenth time in the history of the Premier League and the 17th time overall. They also won the European Cup/UEFA Champions League for the third time, and Cristiano Ronaldo finished as the league's top scorer with 31 goals. While all three of their main rivals kept the battle for the title close, Chelsea had the more dramatic season; influential manager José Mourinho departed in mid-September and was replaced by Avram Grant, who became the first Chelsea manager in four years to go without a trophy. Arsenal, meanwhile, after two seasons of disappointment, finished

This is a document about 2009–10 in English football
  strugglers Bolton Wanderers sack manager Gary Megson after two years in charge, while Alan Irvine is sacked after the same length of time in charge of Championship side Preston North End. 31 December: The decade draws to a close with Chelsea two points ahead of Manchester United at the top of the Premier League. Arsenal are two points behind United in third place, with Tottenham Hotspur, Manchester City, Aston Villa and Liverpool completing the top seven. A surprise challenge for Europe place is coming from newly promoted Birmingham City, who have collected 32 points from their opening 20 matches. Portsmouth are bottom of the Premier League, with Hull City and Bolton Wanderers completing the relegation zone.

This is a document about 2002–03 in English football
  FA Premier League and £120million in debt, sack Terry Venables after eight months in charge. Peter Reid is named as his successor on a temporary contract until the end of the season, but it is far from clear whether Reid will get the job on a permanent basis. ; 22 March 2003 ; Derby County (in Division One) suspend manager John Gregory over allegations of misconduct and replace him with George Burley as interim manager. ; Manchester United beat Fulham 3–0 at Old Trafford, with Ruud van Nistelrooy scoring all three goals, to go top of the Premier League

The Premier League is governed by the Football Association Premier League (FAPL), which is a corporation owned by the 20 member clubs. The FAPL elects a chairman and a chief executive officer (CEO) to oversee the day-to-day operations of the league. The current chairman is Richard Masters, who was appointed in November 2019.