Question: who founded missions on the west coast of america

Answer: Spanish

This is a document about Exploration of North America
  There were numerous Spanish explorers and conquistadors who explored the Southwest of North America (including present-day west and central United States) and cross the continent (east to west) in its southern regions, mainly from the second quarter to the middle of the 16th century, such as Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and Francisco Vásquez de Coronado, but also the North American Southeast and south-central regions. While Spain's Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo laid claim to the Pacific Coast of California in the mid 1500s, the earliest land expedition by the Portolà expedition two hundred years later established Catholic missions from Spanish-controlled Baja California northward.  In 1608 Samuel de Champlain founded what is

This is a document about Exploration of the Pacific
  For Europeans in the Age of Exploration western North America was one of the most distant places on Earth (9 to 12 months of sailing). Spain had long claimed the entire west coast of the Americas. The area north of Mexico however was given little attention in the early years. This changed when the Russians appeared in Alaska. The Spanish moved north to California and built a series of missions along the Pacific coast including: San Diego in 1767, Monterey, California in 1770 and San Francisco in 1776. San Francisco Bay was discovered in 1769 by Gaspar de Portolà from the landward side because its mouth is not obvious from the sea. The

This is a document about History of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States
  Spanish claims to Alaska and the west coast of North America date to the Papal bull of 1493, and the Treaty of Tordesillas. In 1513, this claim was reinforced by Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa, the first European to sight the Pacific Ocean when he claimed all lands adjoining this ocean for the Spanish Crown. Spain only started to colonize the claimed territory north of present-day Mexico in the 18th century, when it settled the northern coast of Las Californias (California). In the last decades of the 18th century a series of Spanish expeditions were undertaken along the north-west coasts of North America, including Oregon, Washington, British Columbia and Alaska. In the 19th century the Spanish explorer Manuel Lisa, first settler of Nebraska, left St. Louis, Missouri to head northwest toward Montana, inaugurating the Oregon Trail. The Spanish moved from Western Missouri to eastern Montana, and along the Yellowstone to western and southern Montana.

This is a document about Salvador Fidalgo
  The Spanish claim to Alaska and the Pacific Northwest had dated back to a 1493 papal bull (Inter caetera) and rights contained in the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas; these two formal acts gave Spain the exclusive rights to colonize all of the Western Hemisphere (excluding Brazil), including the exclusive rights to colonize all of the west coast of North America. The first European expedition to actually reach the west coast of North America was led by the Spaniard Vasco Núñez de Balboa, which achieved the Pacific coast of Panama in 1513. Balboa claimed the Pacific Ocean for the Spanish Crown, as

This is a document about Baja California
  of the west coast in 1542. Sebastián Vizcaíno again surveyed the west coast in 1602, but outside visitors during the following century were few. The Jesuits founded a permanent mission colony on the peninsula at Loreto in 1697. During the following decades, they gradually extended their sway throughout the present state of Baja California Sur. In 1751–1753, the Croatian Jesuit mission-explorer Ferdinand Konščak made overland explorations northward into the state of Baja California. Jesuit missions were subsequently established among the Cochimí at Santa Gertrudis (1752), San Borja (1762), and Santa María (1767). After the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1768, the short-lived Franciscan administration (1768–1773) resulted in one new mission at San Fernando Velicatá. More importantly, the 1769 expedition to settle Alta

This is a document about Forced labor in California
  Pre-European contact, the population of native Californian Indians estimates vary, ranging from 300,000 to nearly one million. In 1542, Spanish explorer Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo first landed in California, but the region wasn't successfully settled by the Spanish until 1769. In 1769, Padre Junípero Serra founded the first Spanish mission in California, el Misión San Diego de Alcalá. The padres would often baptize Native Californian villages and relocate them to the missions, where they would work either voluntarily or by force from location to location. There, Native Californians became cobblers, carpenters, masons, planters, harvesters, and cattle slaughterers. To the padres, the Native Californians were newly baptized members of the Catholic Church and were treated with varying amounts

This is a document about California
  in 1602 for New Spain, putting ashore in Monterey. Despite the on-the-ground explorations of California in the 16th century, Rodríguez's idea of California as an island persisted. Such depictions appeared on many European maps well into the 18th century. After the Portolà expedition of 1769–70, Spanish missionaries led by Junipero Serra began setting up 21 California Missions on or near the coast of Alta (Upper) California, beginning in San Diego. During the same period, Spanish military forces built several forts (presidios) and three small towns (pueblos). The San Francisco Mission grew into the city of San Francisco, and two of the pueblos grew

This is a document about Bartolomé Ferrer
  Bartolomé Ferrer, also known as Bartolomé Ferrelo, was born in 1499 in the region of Levante, Spain, or in Bilbao, Biscay, and died in 1550 in Mexico. He was the pilot for Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, the Portuguese captain who was sent by the viceroy of New Spain, with two ships in 1542 to explore what is now Northern California. Cabrillo's expedition was the first European exploration of the West Coast. The expedition started on June 27, 1542 from Barra de Navidad, Jalisco, and sailed along the coast up to Punta del Año Nuevo, 37° 10' north of Monterey. The vessels were tossed about, and often separated from each other by

This is a document about Mission San Diego de Alcalá
  Columbus, the Kingdom of Spain sought to establish missions to convert the pagans in Nueva España ("New Spain") to Roman Catholicism to save souls and to facilitate colonization of these lands. However, it was not until 1741—the time of the Vitus Bering expedition, when the territorial ambitions of Tsarist Russia towards North America became known—that King Philip V felt such installations were necessary in Upper California. In 1769, Visitador General José de Gálvez sent the expedition of Junípero Serra and Gaspar de Portolà to found missions and presidios at San Diego and Monterey (see Timeline of the Portolà expedition), thereby securing Spain's claim to the Pacific Coast harbors recommended by Cabrillo and Vizcaino. Two

This is a document about Colonial history of the United States
  Spanish explorers sailed along the coast of present-day California from the early 16th century to the mid-18th century, but no settlements were established over those centuries. From 1769 until the independence of Mexico in 1820, Spain sent missionaries and soldiers to Alta California who created a series of missions operated by Franciscan priests. They also operated presidios (forts), pueblos (settlements), and ranchos (land grant ranches), along the southern and central coast of California. Father Junípero Serra, founded the first missions in Spanish upper Las Californias, starting with Mission San Diego de Alcalá in 1769. Through the Spanish and Mexican eras they eventually comprised a series of 21

This is a document about History of the west coast of North America
  route to reach the Asian mainland, as well as attempt to find the Strait of Anián. In 1542, Cabrillo became the first European to explore the west coast of today's United States, leading the expedition that landed at San Diego Bay, and continued north along the coast up to Punta del Año Nuevo, 37° 10' north of Monterrey. But Cabrillo died on January 3, 1543, and the remainder of the exploration was led by Bartolomé Ferrer, who sailed perhaps as far north as the Rogue River in today's western coast of Oregon. Importantly beginning in 1565, Acapulco was a home of

This is a document about Old Town San Diego State Historic Park
  The first European settlement on the West Coast of the present-day United States was the San Diego Presidio, a military outpost of Spanish California, founded by Gaspar de Portolà in 1769. Mission San Diego de Alcalá was founded by Father Junípero Serra the same year. The Presidio and Mission were originally built on a bluff above the San Diego River, Presidio Hill, which is now the site of the city-owned Presidio Park and which is immediately adjacent to Old Town State Historic Park. After five years the Mission moved to a location several miles upriver at the present site of Mission San Diego de Alcalá. Presidio Hill remained the primary settlement for several decades because it was defensible against attack by European enemies

This is a document about San Diego–Tijuana
  Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo brought the western explorers to what is now the California-Baja California region. Cabrillo first named San Diego, San Miguel. Initial expeditions by the west to the Californias were followed by pacification and conversion efforts by the Spanish Empire and the Catholic Church. The first Catholic religious order to visit the region was the Jesuits in 1683, followed by the Franciscans in 1768, and the Dominicans in the 1770s. The California mission system is a reminder of the Pacific Coast's colonial era. In 1769 Father Junípero Serra founded San Diego after occupying the Kumeyaay village of Kosa'aay and created the first of the California missions, Mission

This is a document about Territorial evolution of California
 First people on the west coast of North America, about 13,000 years BCE ; Indigenous peoples of California, see map circa 1492 ; Early European edicts and claims that included the yet unknown land of California ; Inter caetera papal bull issued by Pope Alexander VI, 1493 ; Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 ; Vasco Núñez de Balboa claims South Sea (Pacific Ocean) and all adjoining lands for Spain, 1513 ; Treaty of Saragossa, 1529 ; Early European claims on California soil ; 🇪🇸 San Miguel (San Diego) claim made by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo on behalf of Spain, 1542 ; 🏴 New Albion ( Point Reyes) claim made by Sir Francis Drake on behalf of England, 1579

This is a document about Alta California
  Gálvez as part of his plans to completely reorganize the governance of the Interior Provinces and push Spanish settlement further north. In subsequent decades, news of Russian colonization and maritime fur trading in Alaska, and the 1768 naval expedition of Pyotr Krenitsyn and Mikhail Levashev, in particular, alarmed the Spanish government and served to justify Gálvez's vision. The first Alta California mission and presidio were established by the Franciscan friar Junípero Serra and Gaspar de Portolá in San Diego in 1769. The following year, 1770, the second mission and presidio were founded in Monterey. Spain also settled the California region with a number of African and mulatto Catholics, including at least ten of the recently re-discovered Los Pobladores, the founders of Los Angeles.

This is a document about Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa
  In 1602, the Spanish began to show interest in California and sent Sebastián Vizcaíno, a pearl fisher, to explore the area. Vizcaino traveled the coast naming many of the cities that are important to the California coast today such as San Diego, Santa Barbara and Monterey. Spain finally chose to create Vizcaino's suggested chain of missions when it was proven that California was indeed part of the continent. The goal of creating the chain was given to the Franciscan Order. While Spain had economic motives for establishing a stronghold in California, the Franciscan order of the Catholic Church also had religious motives. With these factors in mind the missions were created in order to control the coast so that the ships from Spain would remain safe as well as bring the indigenous peoples to the Catholic faith. Re-education became the method for reaching Spain's religious and economic goals as they strived to convert the Native Americans to Catholicism as well as make them loyal Spanish subjects.

This is a document about San Luis Obispo, California
  During the Spanish Empire expansion throughout the world, specifically in 1769, Franciscan Junípero Serra received orders from Spain to bring the Catholic faith to the natives of Alta California; the idea was to unify the empire under the same religion and language. Mission San Diego was the first Spanish mission founded in Alta California that same year. On September 7, 1769, an expedition led by Gaspar de Portolá entered the San Luis Obispo area from coastal areas around today's Pismo Beach. One of the expedition's three diarists, padre Juan Crespí, recorded the name given to this area by the soldiers as Cañada de Los Osos ("cañada" translates as "valley" or "canyon"). The party traveled north along San Luis Obispo Creek,

This is a document about History of the Catholic Church
  In what is now the Western United States, the Catholic Church expanded its missionary activity but, until the 19th century, had to work in conjunction with the Spanish crown and military. Junípero Serra, the Franciscan priest in charge of this effort, founded a series of missions and presidios in California which became important economic, political, and religious institutions. These missions brought grain, cattle and a new political and religious order to the Indian tribes of California. Coastal and overland routes were established from Mexico City and mission outposts in Texas and New Mexico that resulted 13 major California missions by 1781. European visitors brought new diseases that killed off a third of the native population. Mexico shut down the missions in the 1820s and sold off the lands. Only in the 19th century, after the breakdown of most Spanish and Portuguese colonies, was the Vatican able to take charge of Catholic missionary activities through its Propaganda Fide organization.

This is a document about Spanish missions in California
   The Spanish missions in California (Misiones españolas en California) comprise a series of 21 religious outposts or missions established between 1769 and 1833 in what is now the U.S. state of California. Founded by Catholic priests of the Franciscan order to evangelize the Native Americans, the missions led to the creation of the New Spain province of Alta California and were part of the expansion of the Spanish Empire into the most northern and western parts of Spanish North America. Following long-term secular and religious policy of Spain in Spanish America, the missionaries forced the native Californians to live in settlements

This is a document about Exploration of North America
  southwestern coast of Florida on the Gulf of Mexico. Again, the exact location is disputed. While it is true that Columbus visited Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands in 1493, Ponce de Leon was the first known European to reach the present-day United States mainland. On September 25, 1513, Spanish conquistador Vasco Núñez de Balboa was the first European to see the Pacific Ocean once he crossed the Isthmus of Panama. He claimed all the territory touching it for the Crown, later to affect colonization of Las Californias. Around 1519–1521, with a mission to establish colonies for Portugal, João Álvares Fagundes explored the coasts

The Spanish founded missions on the west coast of America, starting with the first mission in California, San Diego de Alcalá, in 1769. Other missions were established in the 18th and 19th centuries, including those in Baja California and Alta California. The Jesuits were the first to establish a mission in Baja California in 1697, and the Franciscans established missions in Alta California after the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1768.


Question: what does an abscess look like on skin

Answer: swelling

This is a document about Abscess
  An abscess is a collection of pus that has built up within the tissue of the body. Signs and symptoms of abscesses include redness, pain, warmth, and swelling. The swelling may feel fluid-filled when pressed. The area of redness often extends beyond the swelling. Carbuncles and boils are types of abscess that often involve hair follicles, with carbuncles being larger. They are usually caused by a bacterial infection. Often many different types of bacteria are involved in a single infection. In many areas of the world, the most common bacteria present is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Rarely, parasites can cause abscesses; this is more common in the developing world. Diagnosis of a skin abscess is usually made based on what it looks like and is confirmed by cutting it open. Ultrasound imaging may be useful in cases in which the diagnosis is not clear. In abscesses

This is a document about Abscess
  Abscesses may occur in any kind of tissue but most frequently within the skin surface (where they may be superficial pustules known as boils or deep skin abscesses), in the lungs, brain, teeth, kidneys, and tonsils. Major complications may include spreading of the abscess material to adjacent or remote tissues, and extensive regional tissue death (gangrene). The main symptoms and signs of a skin abscess are redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function. There may also be high temperature (fever) and chills. If superficial, abscesses may be fluctuant when palpated; this wave-like motion is caused by movement of the pus inside the abscess. An internal abscess is more difficult to identify, but signs include pain in the affected area, a high temperature, and generally feeling unwell. Internal abscesses rarely heal themselves, so prompt medical attention is indicated if such an abscess is suspected. An abscess can potentially be fatal depending on where it is located.

This is a document about Abscess
  Abscesses should be differentiated from empyemas, which are accumulations of pus in a preexisting, rather than a newly formed, anatomical cavity. Other conditions that can cause similar symptoms include: cellulitis, a sebaceous cyst, and necrotising fasciitis. Cellulitis typically also has an erythematous reaction, but does not confer any purulent drainage.

This is a document about Abscess
  Abscesses may be classified as either skin abscesses or internal abscesses. Skin abscesses are common; internal abscesses tend to be harder to diagnose, and more serious. Skin abscesses are also called cutaneous or subcutaneous abscesses.

This is a document about Subcutaneous abscess
  A subcutaneous abscess is an abscess located in the subcutaneous tissue (also hypodermis). The abscess is formed due to a hypodermal infection by a bacterium, a fungus or a parasite. Typically, this kind of abscess needs drainage, usually for a minimum of 24 hours, by means of gauze packing or a Penrose drain.

This is a document about Actinomycosis
  The disease is characterised by the formation of painful abscesses in the mouth, lungs, breast, or gastrointestinal tract. Actinomycosis abscesses grow larger as the disease progresses, often over months. In severe cases, they may penetrate the surrounding bone and muscle to the skin, where they break open and leak large amounts of pus, which often contains characteristic granules (sulfur granules) filled with progeny bacteria. These granules are named due to their appearance, but are not actually composed of sulfur.

This is a document about Abscess
  the anus, computer tomography (CT) may be important to look for deeper infection. Standard treatment for most skin or soft tissue abscesses is cutting it open and drainage. There appears to be some benefit from also using antibiotics. A small amount of evidence supports not packing the cavity that remains with gauze after drainage. Closing this cavity right after draining it rather than leaving it open may speed healing without increasing the risk of the abscess returning. Sucking out the pus with a needle is often not sufficient. Skin abscesses are common and have become more common in recent years. Risk factors include intravenous drug use, with rates reported as high as 65% among users. In 2005 in the United States, 3.2 million people went to the emergency department for an abscess. In Australia, around 13,000 people were hospitalized in 2008 with the condition.

This is a document about Folliculitis
  Condition can develop into a more severe skin condition such as cellulitis or abscess.

This is a document about List of ICD-9 codes 680–709: diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue
  Carbuncle and furuncle ; Boil, face ; Boil, neck ; Boil, trunk ; Boil, buttock ;  Cellulitis and abscess of finger and toe ; Cellulitis and abscess of finger ; Felon ; Paronychia, finger ; Cellulitis and abscess of toe ; Paronychia, toe ; Cellulitis/abscess, unspec. digit ;  Other cellulitis and abscess ; Cellulitis/abscess, face ; Cellulitis/abscess, neck ; Cellulitis/abscess, trunk ; Cellulitis/abscess, upper arm ; Cellulitis/abscess, hand ; Cellulitis/abscess, buttock ; Cellulitis/abscess, leg ; Cellulitis/abscess, foot ; Cellulitis/abscess, unspec. ;  Lymphadenitis, acute ;  Impetigo ;  Pilonidal cyst ; Pilonidal cyst w/ abscess ; Pilonidal cyst, unspec. ;  Other local infections of skin and subcutaneous tissue ; Pyoderma ; Pyogenic granuloma of skin and subcutaneous tissue

This is a document about Bacillary angiomatosis
 papules or nodules which are red, globular and non-blanching, with a vascular appearance ; purplish nodules sufficiently similar to Kaposi's sarcoma that a biopsy may be required to verify which of the two it is ; a purplish lichenoid plaque ; a subcutaneous nodule which may have ulceration, similar to a bacterial abscess Cutaneous BA is characterised by the presence of lesions on or under the skin. Appearing in numbers from one to hundreds, these lesions may take several forms: While cutaneous BA is the most common form, it can also affect several other parts of the body, such as the brain, bone, bone marrow, lymph nodes, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, spleen, and liver. Symptoms vary depending on which parts of the body are affected; for example, those whose livers are affected may have an enlarged liver and fever, while those with osseous BA experience intense pain in the affected area.

This is a document about Skin and skin structure infection
  Skin and skin structure infections (SSSIs), also referred to as skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), or acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSIs), are infections of skin and associated soft tissues (such as loose connective tissue and mucous membranes). Historically, the pathogen involved has most frequently been a bacterial species—always, since redescription of SSSIs as ABSSSIs—and as such, these infections require treatment by antibiotics.

This is a document about Anaerobic infection
  The infections that frequently involve anaerobic bacteria include superficial infections, including infected paronychia, infected human or animal bites, cutaneous ulcers, cellulitis, pyoderma, and hidradenitis suppurativa. Secondary infected sites include secondary infected diaper rash, gastrostomy or tracheostomy site wounds, scabies or kerion infections, eczema, psoriasis, poison ivy, atopic dermatitis, eczema herpeticum, infected subcutaneous sebaceous or inclusion cysts, and postsurgical wound infection. Skin involvement in subcutaneous tissue infections includes: cutaneous and subcutaneous abscesses, breast abscess, decubitus ulcers, infected pilonidal cyst or sinus, Meleney's ulcer infected diabetic (vascular or trophic) ulcers, bite wound, anaerobic cellulitis and gas gangrene, bacterial synergistic gangrene, and burn wound infection. Deeper anaerobic soft-tissue infections are necrotizing fasciitis, necrotizing synergistic

This is a document about Staphylococcal infection
 Boils – Boils are the most common type of staph infection, they are pockets of white pus that start where a hair follicle or oil gland is. The boil is tender and red where the infection is located on the skin. ; Impetigo – Impetigo is most prominent among children, and is usually located around their mouth, nose, hands, and feet. It shows up like a rash of painful blisters, will eventually produce pus that is yellowish in color. ; Cellulitis – Cellulitis is also rash-like; the skin that is infected will be red, swollen, and usually warm to the touch. Cellulitis commonly infects the lower legs, but can also, less

This is a document about Skin infection
  A skin infection is an infection of the skin in humans and other animals, that can also affect the associated soft tissues such as loose connective tissue and mucous membranes. They comprise a category of infections termed skin and skin structure infections (SSSIs), or skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), and acute bacterial SSSIs (ABSSSIs). They are distinguished from dermatitis (inflammation of the skin), although skin infections can result in skin inflammation.

This is a document about Epizootic lymphangitis
 Skin eruption, usually on legs, occasionally head or neck, rarely other body parts. ; The lymph vessels in the skin stand out prominently, and small hard nodules approximately 1 cm (1/2") in diameter appear on their course. ; The nodules suppurate forming abscesses and discharge a thick yellow pus. Proud flesh grows from the wounds, the lymph vessels around being inflamed, and the eruption gradually extends. ; The neighbouring glands are swollen and hard. The ulcers heal with difficulty, even under treatment, and they may break out again after an apparent cure had been effected. Epizootic lymphangitis usually presents with the following symptoms:

This is a document about Janeway lesion
  Pathologically, the lesion is described to be a microabscess of the dermis with marked necrosis and inflammatory infiltrate not involving the epidermis. They are caused by septic emboli which deposit bacteria, forming microabscesses. Organisms may be cultured from the lesions.

This is a document about Abscess
  Most people who have an uncomplicated skin abscess should not use antibiotics. Antibiotics in addition to standard incision and drainage is recommended in persons with severe abscesses, many sites of infection, rapid disease progression, the presence of cellulitis, symptoms indicating bacterial illness throughout the body, or a health condition causing immunosuppression. People who are very young or very old may also need antibiotics. If the abscess does not heal only with incision and drainage, or if the abscess is in a place that is difficult to drain such as the face, hands, or genitals, then antibiotics may be indicated. In those cases of abscess which do

This is a document about Necrotizing fasciitis
  Symptoms may include fever, swelling, and complaints of excessive pain. The initial skin changes are similar to cellulitis or abscess, thus making the diagnosis at early stages difficult. Hardening of the skin and soft tissue and swelling beyond the area of skin changes are commonly present in those with early necrotizing changes. The redness and swelling usually blend into surrounding normal tissues. The overlying skin may appear shiny and tense. Other signs which are more suggestive of necrotizing changes (but present in later stages in 7 to 44% of the cases) are: formation of bullae, bleeding into the skin which is present before skin

This is a document about Antibiotic use in dentistry
  An abscess is a painful collection of pus usually caused by bacterial infections. Abscesses are usually the secondary stage of infection. The initial stage of infection is the bacterial infection called cellulitis and is caused by facultative anaerobe bacteria such as Streptococci (e.g. streptococcus pyogenes). This occurs when bacteria gain access into the underlying tissues through odontogenic sources. Pus is usually not produced during this infection. Antibiotic treatment (usually penicillin) is used to prevent progression to a second stage of cellulitis – abscess.

This is a document about Inflammation
  Infection by pyogenic bacteria such as staphylococci is characteristic of this kind of inflammation. Large, localised collections of pus enclosed by surrounding tissues are called abscesses. ; Serous inflammation: Characterised by the copious effusion of non-viscous serous fluid, commonly produced by mesothelial cells of serous membranes, but may be derived from blood plasma. Skin blisters exemplify this pattern of inflammation. ; Ulcerative inflammation: Inflammation occurring near an epithelium can result in the necrotic loss of tissue from the surface, exposing lower layers. The subsequent excavation in the epithelium is known as an ulcer. Specific patterns of acute and chronic inflammation are seen during particular situations that arise in the body, such as when inflammation occurs on an epithelial surface, or pyogenic bacteria are involved.

An abscess on the skin appears as a red, painful, swollen area with pus-filled pimples within it. It may also feel warm to the touch and have a high temperature. In some cases, the abscess may be surrounded by a larger area of redness.


Question: where did the king live before buckingham palace

Answer: Buckingham House

This is a document about Buckingham Palace
   Buckingham Palace is the London residence and administrative headquarters of the monarch of the United Kingdom. Located in the City of Westminster, the palace is often at the centre of state occasions and royal hospitality. It has been a focal point for the British people at times of national rejoicing and mourning. Originally known as Buckingham House, the building at the core of today's palace was a large townhouse built for the Duke of Buckingham in 1703 on a site that had been in private ownership for at least 150 years. It was acquired by King George III in 1761 as a private residence for Queen Charlotte and became known as The Queen's

This is a document about Richard III of England
  Bishop's apartments; then, on Buckingham's suggestion, the king was moved to the royal apartments of the Tower of London, where kings customarily awaited their coronation. Within the year 1483, Richard had moved himself to the grandeur of Crosby Hall, London, then in Bishopsgate in the City of London. Robert Fabyan, in his 'The new chronicles of England and of France', writes that "the Duke caused the King (Edward V) to be removed unto the Tower and his broder with hym, and the Duke lodged himselfe in Crosbyes Place in Bisshoppesgate Strete." In Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, he accounts that "little by little all folke withdrew from the Tower, and drew unto Crosbies in Bishops

This is a document about Marlborough House
  until Queen Victoria died in 1901, when Edward acceded the throne and they moved to nearby Buckingham Palace. From the 1880s the term ‘Marlborough House Set’ came into usage to denote the Prince of Wales's fast living social circle, which included gamblers, bankers, and other "raffish" individuals. After his father moved to Buckingham Palace in 1901, the future King George V, now Prince of Wales, took up residence with his wife Mary of Teck and their children. Mary extensively redecorated to make the home more comfortable, and was reluctant to move to Buckingham Palace after her husband became George V in 1910.

This is a document about List of palaces
 Official royal residences in London: ; Bridewell Palace – a royal residence from 1515 until 1523, now demolished ; Buckingham Palace – the monarch's official London residence since 1837 ; Bushy House – future William IV took up residence here in 1797 when appointed Ranger of Bushy Park, and remained through his reign as king (1830–1837) rather than moving to St. James or (later) Buckingham ; Clarence House – a royal residence since 1830 – part of St. James's Palace, currently the residence of The Prince of Wales ; Eltham Palace – a royal residence from 1305 until 1649. Rebuilt as a house

This is a document about Buckingham Palace
  Buckingham Palace became the principal royal residence in 1837, on the accession of Queen Victoria, who was the first monarch to reside there; her predecessor William IV had died before its completion. While the state rooms were a riot of gilt and colour, the necessities of the new palace were somewhat less luxurious. It was reported the chimneys smoked so much that the fires had to be allowed to die down, and consequently the palace was often cold. Ventilation was so bad that the interior smelled, and when it was decided to install gas lamps, there was a serious worry about the build-up of gas on the lower floors. It was also

This is a document about Whitehall
  There has been a route connecting Charing Cross to Westminster since the Middle Ages; the 12th-century historian William Fitzstephen described it as "a continued suburb, mingled with large and beautiful gardens, and orchards belonging to the citizens". The name Whitehall was originally only used for the section of road between Charing Cross and Holbein Gate; beyond this it was known as The Street as far as King Street Gate, then King Street thereafter. It had become a residential street by the 16th century, and had become a popular place to live by the 17th, with residents including Lord Howard of Effingham and Edmund Spenser. The Palace of Whitehall, to the east of the road, was originally

This is a document about Westminster
  The former Thorney Island, the site of Westminster Abbey, formed the historic core of Westminster. The abbey became the traditional venue of the coronations of the kings and queens of England from that of Harold Godwinson (1066) onwards. From about 1200 the Palace of Westminster, near the abbey, became the principal royal residence, a transition marked by the transfer of royal treasury and financial records to Westminster from Winchester. Later the palace housed the developing Parliament and England's law courts. Thus London developed two focal points: the City of London (financial/economic) and Westminster (political and cultural). The monarchs moved their principal residence to the Palace of Whitehall (1530–1698), then to St James's Palace in 1698, and eventually to Buckingham Palace and other palaces after 1762. The main law courts moved to the Royal Courts of Justice in the late-19th century.

This is a document about Royal Mews
  The present Royal Mews is in the grounds of Buckingham Palace, to the south of Buckingham Palace Gardens, near Grosvenor Place. In the 1760s George III moved some of his day-to-day horses and carriages to the grounds of Buckingham House, which he had acquired in 1762 for his wife's use, but the main royal stables housing the ceremonial coaches and their horses remained at the King's Mews. However, when his son George IV had Buckingham Palace converted into the main royal residence in the 1820s the whole stables establishment was moved. The old Mews at Charing Cross was demolished and Trafalgar

This is a document about York House, St James's Palace
  Gloucester from 1936 to 1970, and Princes Charles, William and Harry, who used it before moving to Clarence House. As Edward, Prince of Wales, the future Edward VIII lived at York House, before his refurbishment of Fort Belvedere in Windsor Great Park. The building includes a suite of somewhat low-pitched rooms on the ground-floor, several drawing-rooms on the first floor, a corridor in the rear, and the servants' rooms on the top storey; all facing Cleveland Row. The ceilings of the top floor are low; height having been sacrificed to that of the drawing-room floor, during the nineteenth century a common practice in London mansions. The name York House has been used at various times for other houses occupied by various Dukes of York, including those now known as Cumberland House, Dover House, Lancaster House and The Albany.

This is a document about Culture of the United Kingdom
  Christopher Wren. He was employed to design and rebuild many of the ruined ancient churches of London following the Great Fire of London. His masterpiece, St Paul's Cathedral, was completed in the early years of the United Kingdom. Buckingham Palace, the London residence of the British monarch, was built in 1705. Both St Paul's Cathedral and Buckingham Palace use Portland stone, a limestone from the Jurassic period quarried in the Jurassic Coast in Portland, Dorset, which is famous for its use in British and world architecture. In the early 18th century Baroque architecture – popular in Europe – was introduced, and Blenheim

This is a document about Clarence House
  Clarence House is a British royal residence on The Mall in the City of Westminster, London. It was built in 1825–1827, adjacent to the royal palace of St James's, for the Duke of Clarence, the future king William IV. Over the years, it has undergone extensive remodelling and reconstruction, most notably after being damaged during the Second World War, and little remains of the original structure as designed by John Nash. It is Grade I listed on the National Heritage List for England. The house is open to visitors for approximately one month each summer, usually in August. The four-storey house is

This is a document about British royal family
   The monarch's official residence in London is Buckingham Palace. Announcements of the births and deaths of members of the royal family are traditionally attached to its front railings. The Queen tends to spend weekends at Windsor Castle. The Queen's Scottish residence is the Palace of Holyroodhouse, where she resides at the beginning of each summer. While in Northern Ireland, Hillsborough Castle serves as a residence for members of the royal family. The Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall's official residence is Clarence House. Another London residence of the Prince of Wales is St James's Palace, which he shares with the Princess Royal and Princess Alexandra. Princess Alexandra also resides at Thatched House Lodge in Richmond. The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and the Duke and Duchess of Gloucester have their residences and offices at apartments in Kensington Palace, London. The Duke and Duchess of Kent reside in Wren House on the palace grounds. The Duke of York and his family live at Royal Lodge in Windsor Great Park, while the Earl and Countess of Wessex reside at Bagshot Park in Surrey.

This is a document about Architecture of London
  the Palladian royal residence Queen's House, Christopher Wren's Baroque masterpiece St Paul's Cathedral, the High Victorian Gothic of The Palace of Westminster, the industrial Art Deco of Battersea Power Station, the post-war Modernism of The Barbican Estate and the Postmodern skyscraper 30 St Mary Axe 'The Gherkin'. Being the capital of the United Kingdom, London contains the most important buildings of the British state such as the Palace of Westminster: the centre of British democracy, Buckingham Palace: the official residence of the British Monarchy, 10 Downing Street: the official residence of the British Prime Minister and Westminster Abbey: the official church

This is a document about Monarchy of the United Kingdom
   The sovereign's official residence in London is Buckingham Palace. It is the site of most state banquets, investitures, royal christenings and other ceremonies. Another official residence is Windsor Castle, the largest occupied castle in the world, which is used principally at weekends, Easter and during Royal Ascot, an annual race meeting that is part of the social calendar. The sovereign's official residence in Scotland is the Palace of Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh. The monarch stays at Holyrood for at least one week each year, and when visiting Scotland on state occasions. Historically, the Palace of Westminster and the Tower of London were the main residences of the English Sovereign until Henry VIII acquired the Palace of Whitehall. Whitehall was

This is a document about 10 Downing Street
  prime minister works, and where government ministers, national leaders and foreign dignitaries are met and hosted. At the rear is an interior courtyard and a terrace overlooking a 2,000 m2 garden. Adjacent to St James's Park, Number 10 is approximately 1.2 km from Buckingham Palace, the London residence of the British Monarch, and near the Palace of Westminster, the meeting place of both Houses of Parliament. Originally three houses, Number 10 was offered to Sir Robert Walpole by King George II in 1732. Walpole accepted on the condition that the gift was to the office of First Lord of the Treasury. The post of First Lord of the Treasury

This is a document about Westminster
  The area has a substantial residential population. By the 20th Century Westminster has seen rising numbers of residential apartments with wealthy inhabitants. Hotels, large Victorian homes and barracks exist near to Buckingham Palace.

This is a document about William IV
  to reside there, and twice tried to give the palace away, once to the Army as a barracks, and once to Parliament after the Houses of Parliament burned down in 1834. His informality could be startling: when in residence at the Royal Pavilion in Brighton, King William used to send to the hotels for a list of their guests and invite anyone he knew to dinner, urging guests not to "bother about clothes. The Queen does nothing but embroider flowers after dinner." Upon taking the throne, William did not forget his nine surviving illegitimate children, creating his eldest son Earl of

This is a document about Kensington Palace
   Kensington Palace was originally a two-storey Jacobean mansion built by Sir George Coppin in 1605 in the village of Kensington. The mansion was purchased in 1619 by Heneage Finch, 1st Earl of Nottingham and was then known as Nottingham House. Shortly after William and Mary assumed the throne as joint monarchs in 1689, they began searching for a residence better suited for the comfort of the asthmatic William, as Whitehall Palace was too near the River Thames, with its fog and floods, for William's fragile health. In the summer of 1689, William and Mary bought Nottingham House from Secretary of State Daniel Finch, 2nd Earl of Nottingham for £20,000. They then instructed Sir Christopher Wren, Surveyor of the King's Works to begin an immediate expansion of the house. In order to

This is a document about Urban planning in ancient Egypt
  with the North City, an outlying satellite and the probable residence of the king. The king probably lived in the North Riverside Palace in the North City, a large building on the east side of the Royal Road and separate from the rest of the city, protected by a fortified wall which enclosed a complex of royal service buildings. On the opposite side of the road from the palace lay a group of some of the largest houses in the city, probably belonging to nobles who were close to the king. An administrative building containing an enormous warehouse formed the northern limit of the North City. At the southern end

This is a document about Alfred Herbert Richardson
  his wife and young son, moved to a large detached stone-built house in Clover Hill Road, Halifax (known as Clover Lea in 1903, but soon there were concerns by the Halifax Watch Committee about his general safety. There was a surge of threats to officials at this time, including the British Royal Family, and he had to move in closer to the town centre and live nearer the Police station at Harrison Road. The Halifax Borough Council had several houses available and he moved to Balmoral Place, Halifax. Balmoral Place was about two hundred metres from the police station in

Before Buckingham Palace, the monarchs lived in various palaces, including the Tower of London, Whitehall Palace, and St James's Palace.


Question: when did the amazon fire 7 come out

Answer: September 2015

This is a document about Amazon Fire
   The Amazon Fire, formerly called the Kindle Fire, is a line of tablet computers developed by Amazon. Built with Quanta Computer, the Kindle Fire was first released in November 2011; it features a color 7-inch multi-touch display with IPS technology and running a custom version of Google's Android operating system called Fire OS. The Kindle Fire HD followed in September 2012, and the Kindle Fire HDX in September 2013. In September 2014, when the fourth-generation was introduced, the name "Kindle" was dropped. In September 2015, the fifth-generation Fire 7 was released, followed by the sixth-generation Fire HD 8, in September 2016. The seventh-generation Fire 7 was released in June 2017. The ninth-generation Fire 7 was released in June 2019. On the later model, the Fire tablet is also able to convert into Smart speaker turning on the "Show Mode" options, which the primary interaction will be by voice command through Alexa.

This is a document about Fire HD
  Freetime apps. In addition, the name "Kindle" was officially removed from the tablets' name. In September 2015, Amazon released a new range of Fire tablets with 7, 8, and 10.1 inch sizes. The 7 inch was simply called the Fire 7, while the 8" and 10.1" were called Fire HD 8 and Fire HD 10 respectively. The Fire 7 is unique as it is, thus far, the lowest priced Fire tablet at $50. In September 2016, Amazon announced the new Fire HD 8 with Alexa starting at $90. In 2017, the seventh Generation Fire 7 Fire HD 8 were released. Some

This is a document about Amazon Fire
  The Kindle Fire—which includes access to the Amazon Appstore, streaming movies and TV shows, and the Kindle Store for e-books—was released to consumers in the United States on November 14, 2011, after being announced on September 28. On September 7, 2012, upgrades to the device were announced with consumer availability to those European countries with a localised version of Amazon's website (United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy and Spain). The original Kindle Fire retailed for US$199 in 2011. Estimates of the device's initial bill of materials cost ranged from $150 to $202. Amazon's business strategy was stated in 2011 as making money through sales of digital content on the Fire, rather than through sales of the device

This is a document about Amazon Fire
  dropped briefly to US$39.99. This fifth generation tablet includes for the first time a micro SD card slot for extra storage. In September 2016, Amazon announced the release of the Fire HD 8 which includes the virtual assistant Alexa, priced at US$89.99. Fortune reported that, "As with most of Amazon's devices, the aim isn't to make money off of the hardware but instead to sell digital content such as books, movies, and TV shows to users". A slightly improved Fire 7 was released in June 2017, keeping the US$49.99 price point. An upgraded model of Fire 7 was announced in May 2019, with a scheduled release in June 2019 and keeping the US$49.99 price point.

This is a document about Fire HDX
  The Fire HDX, formerly named Kindle Fire HDX, was a high-end model in Amazon Fire line of tablet computers. It was announced on September 25, 2013 and is available in two models, 7 inch and 8.9 inch. The 7 inch WiFi model was released on October 18, 2013 and the 8.9 inch WiFi model was released on November 7, 2013 in the United States. In September 2014, Amazon released the second generation of the Fire HDX 8.9 model that has a faster processor and a more powerful graphics processing unit. In addition, the name "Kindle" was removed from all of the Fire tablets' names. The Fire HDX tablets were discontinued, and the Fire HD tablet line now includes the most powerful versions of Amazon Fire devices.

This is a document about Amazon Appstore
  The Amazon Appstore opened on March 22, 2011 and was made available in nearly 200 countries. Developers are paid 70% of the list price of the app or in-app purchase. On September 28, 2011, Amazon launched the first Kindle Fire tablet. The tablet, designed for media consumption in the Amazon ecosystem, relied solely on the Amazon Appstore for its marketplace, eschewing Google Play. Alongside the tablet was a new design for the Amazon Appstore, intended to better integrate with the tablet's user interface. Further devices in the Amazon Fire family have been regularly released, that all use the Amazon Appstore. In May 2013, Amazon introduced Amazon Coins as a form of payment for purchasing apps, games, and in-app purchases from

This is a document about List of Amazon products and services
  low pricing of Fire (US$199) was widely perceived as a strategy backed by Amazon's revenue from its content sales, to be stimulated by access to Fire tablets. In September 2012, Amazon unveiled the second generation tablet, called the Kindle Fire HD. On September 25, 2013, Amazon.com unveiled its third generation tablet, called the Kindle Fire HDX. In April 2014, Amazon announced its Amazon Fire TV set-top box system, a device targeted to compete with such systems like Apple TV or Google's Chromecast device. The Amazon set-top box allows for streaming videos from sites like Amazon's own streaming service as well as others such as Netflix or Hulu. The

This is a document about History of tablet computers
  discontinue it after less than 49 days of sales, becoming the first casualty in the post-PC tablet computer market. The fire sale on TouchPad tablets when its price was dropped from US$499 to as low as $99 after it was discontinued resulted in a surge of interest. This dramatic increase in its popularity potentially raised its market share above all other non-Apple tablets, at least temporarily. In September 2011, Amazon.com announced the Kindle Fire, a 7-inch tablet deeply tied into their Kindle ebook service, Amazon Appstore, and other Amazon services for digital music, video, and other content. The Kindle Fire runs on Amazon's custom fork of

This is a document about Fire Phone
  The Fire Phone is a 3D-enabled smartphone developed by Amazon and manufactured by Foxconn. It was announced on June 18, 2014, and marked Amazon's first foray into the smartphone market, following the success of the Kindle Fire. It was available for pre-order on the day it was announced. In the United States, it launched as an AT&T exclusive on July 25. The phone was notable for its hallmark feature "Dynamic Perspective": using four front-facing cameras and the gyroscope to track the user's movements, the OS adjusts the UI so it gives the impression of depth and 3D. Other notable Amazon services on the phone included X-Ray, used for identifying and finding information about

This is a document about Fire HD
  The first Fire HD model was announced on September 6, 2012, and was available in two versions: 7" and 8.9". The 7" model was released in United States on September 14, then France, Germany, Italy, Spain, United Kingdom on October 25 and in Japan on December 18. The 8.9" model was released on November 20 in United States, in Japan on March 12, 2013, in Germany on March 13, and in India on June 27. On September 25, 2013, the Fire HD second generation was released. The price of the Fire HD 7" was reduced to $139, the processor speed was

This is a document about History of mobile games
  own suite of Android-based tablet in the years that followed to create a similar dichotomy. Mobile game developers had a whole new audience available to them without any extra work, while others saw potential in tablet-based games due to the larger screen space that they offered. These could be geared towards children for educational purposes or elderly where hand dexterity is not as agile to use a smaller screen. Amazon developed its own Amazon Fire tablet first released in 2011 with Quanta Computer with its own customized version of Android as a means to offer digital products from its storefront to users which included apps and games.

This is a document about Amazon Fire TV
  the entry-level Fire TV Stick Lite, the standard Fire TV Stick, and the high-end Fire TV Stick 4K (the last of which effectively replaced the third-generation Fire TV with 4K Ultra HD "pendant"  ). The first-generation Fire TV device was unveiled on April 2, 2014. The second-generation version was released in 2015, with additional Fire TV devices released on regular basis since. In March 2016, Amazon began collaborating with television set manufacturers to include the Amazon Fire OS and Fire TV interface built-in with televisions sold to the public, labeled as Fire TV Edition. In September 2018, Amazon extended the use of the Fire TV brand to the Fire TV Recast, an over-the-air television digital video recorder exclusively for viewing use with Fire TV and Amazon Echo Show devices.

This is a document about Amazon Fire
  Kindle Fire HDX had an improved graphics engine, double the memory, and triple the processor speed of the previous model. The 7-inch and 8.99-inch versions were introduced at US$229 and US$379 respectively. In September 2014, the Fire HDX 8.9 and the Fire HD were upgraded to the fourth generation of Fire tablets, removing the "Kindle" adjective in the naming scheme. There was also the Fire HD 6 that has a six-inch screen with a quad-core processor priced at US$99. In September 2015, Amazon announced the release of the Fire 7, priced at US$49.99 for the 8GB version that displays advertisements on the lock screen. it was the lowest-priced Amazon tablet. In June 2016, its price

This is a document about List of Amazon products and services
   In November 2007, Amazon launched the Kindle, an e-reader which downloads content over "Whispernet", via Sprint's EV-DO wireless network. The screen uses E Ink technology to reduce battery consumption and to provide a more legible display. As of July 2014, there are over 2.7 million e-books available for purchase at the Kindle Store. Starting in 2012 Amazon began offering differing models within generations of its readers starting with the Paperwhite, Voyage, and most recently the Oasis 2 released in October 2017. In September 2011, Amazon announced its entry into the tablet computer market by introducing the Kindle Fire, which runs a customized fork of the Android operating system.

This is a document about Fire HD
  The Fire HD, also known as Kindle Fire HD, is a member of the Amazon Fire family of tablet computers. Fire HD refers to Amazon Fire family tablets with HD resolution. The ten generation Fire HD subfamily consists of: 7" & 8.9" (2012 models), 7" (2013 model), 6" & 7" (2014 models), 8" & 10.1" (2015 models), 8" (2016 model), 8" & 10.1" (2017 models), 8" (2018 model), 10.1" (2019 model), 8" (2020 model), and 10.1" (2021 model). These devices run the Fire OS operating system.

This is a document about Amazon Fire
  , the Kindle Fire was the second best selling tablet after Apple's iPad, with about 7 million units sold according to estimates by Forrester Research and Amazon's tablets were the fourth best selling. On September 6, 2012, the Kindle Fire was upgraded to the second generation, and its price was reduced to US$159, RAM upgraded to 1 GB and processor clock speed upgraded to 1.2 GHz. A more powerful and video-friendly version, the Kindle Fire HD (7 and 8.9 inch versions) was also made available, initially priced at $199 and $299. On September 25, 2013, the Kindle Fire HD was upgraded as the third generation Fire, priced at US$139, and the Kindle Fire HDX was introduced.

This is a document about List of Amazon products and services
  also supports voice search for movies, as well as gaming, which includes special versions of Minecraft, Asphalt 8, and The Walking Dead. Amazon announced the Fire TV Stick in October 2014. The device replicates much of the functionality of the Fire TV. The company entered the smartphone market in July 2014 with the release of the Fire Phone. Due to poor sales and reception, Amazon discontinued it in August 2015, and has not announced any newer model as of March 2020. In 2014, Amazon sold a voice-enabled smart speaker called Echo. In March 2016, Amazon launched the Amazon Echo Dot, a smaller, more affordable version of the Echo.

This is a document about Tablet computer
  Mini tablets are smaller and weigh less than slates, with typical screen sizes between 7-8 in. The first commercially successful mini tablets were introduced by Amazon.com (Kindle Fire), Barnes & Noble (Nook Tablet), and Samsung (Galaxy Tab) in 2011; and by Google (Nexus 7) in 2012. They operate identically to ordinary tablets but have lower specifications compared to them. On September 14, 2012, Amazon, Inc. released an upgraded version of the Kindle Fire, the Kindle Fire HD, with higher screen resolution and more features compared to its predecessor, yet remaining only 7 inches. In October 2012, Apple released the iPad

This is a document about Fire Phone
  The Fire Phone was rumored to be under development for several years prior to its release. Amazon reportedly started work on the phone in 2010, showing a prototype to AT&T in 2011. The first mention of a possible phone designed by Amazon appeared August 2010 in the New York Times, with a source within Lab 126 claiming; "entering the mobile phone market… seemed out of Amazon's reach. But… Amazon had not definitively rejected the idea of building a phone in the future." Shortly thereafter, some claimed Amazon might purchase WebOS from Hewlett-Packard, using its software and patents to create an Amazon phone. According to current and former employees of the company, the project for the Fire

This is a document about Amazon Kindle
  Amazon announced an upgraded basic Kindle and the Kindle Voyage on September 18, 2014. The Kindle 7 was released on October 2, 2014 ($80 ad-supported, $100 no ads). It is the first basic Kindle to use a touchscreen for navigating within books and to have a 1 GHz CPU. It is also the first basic Kindle available in international markets such as India, Japan and China. Amazon claims that a single charge lasts up to 30 days if used for 30 minutes a day without using Wi-Fi.

The Amazon Fire 7 was first released in September 2015.


Question: who was the film chariots of fire about

Answer: Harold Abrahams

This is a document about Chariots of Fire
  Chariots of Fire is a 1981 British historical sports drama film directed by Hugh Hudson, written by Colin Welland, and produced by David Puttnam. It is based on the true story of two British athletes in the 1924 Olympics: Eric Liddell: a devout Scottish Christian who runs for the glory of God, and Harold Abrahams, an English Jew who runs to overcome prejudice. Ben Cross and Ian Charleson star as Abrahams and Liddell, alongside Nigel Havers, Ian Holm, John Gielgud, Lindsay Anderson, Cheryl Campbell, Alice Krige, Brad Davis, and Dennis Christopher in supporting roles. Chariots of Fire was nominated for seven Academy Awards

This is a document about Chariots of Fire (play)
  Chariots of Fire is the inspirational true story of two great British athletes, outsiders who overcome prejudice and personal strife to compete in the 1924 Paris Olympics. Eric Liddell is a devout Scottish Christian who runs for the glory of God. Harold Abrahams is the son of an immigrant Lithuanian Jew who runs to overcome prejudice. The two young track athletes live for the purity and honour of running, and prevail in the face of enormous odds. The story begins in 1919, and climaxes in the heartbreaks and triumphs of the 1924 Paris Olympics.

This is a document about Evelyn Montague
  Despite the depiction in the film Chariots of Fire, Montague attended Oxford and Harold Abrahams attended Cambridge, and although they were both Achilles Club members, they were university rivals. Montague wrote his mother after an Oxford–Cambridge race: "Cambridge won. They chaired Harold Abrahams from the track, and I was just waiting for them to drop him on his arse." In the years following the Olympics, when Montague and Abrahams were active on athletics boards, they became close friends, and Abrahams was the godfather of Montague's only child. Montague also accompanied Abrahams, who was an official correspondent for the occasion, to the controversial and potentially dangerous (for Abrahams) Nazi-dominated 1936 Berlin Summer Olympics. Montague played an important role in the making of Chariots of Fire. He had written daily letters to his mother describing his years at Oxford, his athletic training, and the Olympic competition. His son, after reading screenwriter Colin Welland's query article in a London newspaper, offered them to Welland — who used them, and Montague, as a means to introduce scenes and connect events in the film.

This is a document about Chariots of Fire
  Chariots of Fire is a film about achieving victory through self sacrifice and moral courage. While the producers' intent was to make a cinematic work that was historically authentic, the film was not intended to be historically accurate. Numerous liberties were taken with the actual historical chronology, the inclusion and exclusion of notable people, and the creation of fictional scenes for dramatic purpose, plot pacing and exposition.

This is a document about Ben Cross
  During Cross's performance in the musical Chicago, he was recognized and recommended for a leading role in the multiple Oscar-winning film Chariots of Fire in 1981. The film was based on the true story of two athletes in the 1924 Olympics: Eric Liddell, a devout Scottish Christian, and Harold Abrahams, an English Jew who runs to overcome prejudice. Cross trained hard for his role as Harold Abrahams; his co-star Ian Charleson played the role of Eric Liddell. The pair were shown in the opening scene running barefoot with a group of others along a Scottish beach, accompanied by Vangelis's music. Considered "one of the most memorable opening

This is a document about Chariot of Fire
  Chariot of Fire is about Henry Brock and his death. It begins after Henry has been dead for about 20 minutes, and is filling out a long form given to him by a nun, computing the number of times he sinned with his former girlfriend. Henry is then assigned to the Second level of Hell, and Cleopatra asks him to aid her in a revolution against Satan.

This is a document about University Pitt Club
  ; Banner Johnstone (1882–1964), British Olympic rower. ; Ronald Powell (rower) (1884–1930), English rower. ; Eric Powell (rower) (1886–1933), English schoolmaster, artist and rower who competed for Great Britain in the 1908 Summer Olympics. ; Edward Williams (rower) (1888–1915), British rower who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics, killed in action in the First World War. ; Harold Abrahams (1899–1978), Olympic track and field champion immortalized in Chariots of Fire. ; Robert Morrison (rower) (1902–1980), British Olympic rower. ; David Cecil, 6th Marquess of Exeter (1905–1981), Olympic gold-medalist on whom the character Lord Lindsay in Chariots of Fire is based. ; Michael Warriner (1908–1986), British Olympic rower and gold medallist (1928). Three-time boat race winner and President of C.U.B.C. ; Anthony Bingham Mildmay, 2nd Baron Mildmay of Flete (1909–1950), celebrated amateur steeplechaser, who raced in the Grand National.

This is a document about Chariots of Fire (race)
  Chariots of Fire is an annual relay race, initiated in 1991, that takes place in Cambridge, England. It was inspired by the 1981 film Chariots of Fire, which takes place at the University of Cambridge and depicts the Great Court Run. Each team of the annual race consists of six runners who must complete six laps through the historic city streets. Runners are sponsored and the money goes to charity. Over 400 teams enter each year. In 2006, the event celebrated its 15th anniversary.

This is a document about Chariots of Fire (play)
  The stage revival of the film was the inspiration of Hugh Hudson, who directed the 1981 film. He and fellow co-producer Barbara Broccoli, a film-industry magnate best known for the James Bond franchise, set about looking for the perfect director for the piece. Broccoli's involvement with Chariots of Fire extended back to 1980, when she introduced her friend Dodi Fayed to the screenplay, and he ended up co-financing the film and becoming its executive producer. Hudson and Broccoli chose Edward Hall to helm the stage adaptation, based upon his clear and incisive view of all the challenges involved in adapting the athletics-heavy

This is a document about Sybil Evers
  Evers' first marriage was to publisher Noel Brack in 1926. That marriage soon ended in divorce. In early 1934, Sybil met Abrahams, the subject of the 1981 film Chariots of Fire, and they began a passionate on-and-off romance. According to his biographer Mark Ryan, Abrahams had a fear of commitment and old-fashioned ideas about the role of women in marriage, but he was able to overcome these, and the couple wed in December 1936. In Chariots of Fire, Evers is misidentified as D'Oyly Carte soprano Sybil Gordon (portrayed by Alice Krige), and the film portrays the couple as meeting a decade earlier than they actually did. Also in the film, "Sybil Gordon" is depicted as singing Yum-Yum in The

This is a document about Douglas Lowe (athlete)
  1955. First elected to the Bar Council in 1958, he was President from 1961 to 1964. He was appointed QC in 1964, and was made Recorder of Lincoln in the same year. He was a Governor of Highgate School from 1939 to 1975. He was Chairman of the Universities Athletic Union from 1928 to 1936, Honorary Secretary of the Amateur Athletic Association from 1931 to 1938, a Council member of the British Olympic Association in 1928–38 and an IAAF representative in 1931–40. Prior to the making of the film Chariots of Fire, Lowe's support was sought, but declined. In consequence, the fictional character of Lindsay was created in his stead.

This is a document about F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead
  As "Lord Birkenhead", he is dramatised in the film Chariots of Fire, as an official of the British Olympic Committee. He is played by actor Nigel Davenport.

This is a document about Barbara Broccoli
  In 2012, during the festivities surrounding the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, Broccoli co-produced Chariots of Fire, the London stage adaptation of the 1981 film of the same title. Broccoli's involvement with Chariots of Fire extended back to 1980, when she introduced her friend Dodi Fayed to the screenplay; he later co-financed the film and became its executive producer. She co-produced the play along with Hugh Hudson, who directed the 1981 Oscar-winning film.

This is a document about Hugh Hudson
  Between 1973 and 1975, Hudson wrote and directed Fangio, A life at 300 km/h, a documentary film about motor racing seen through the eyes of Juan Manuel Fangio, five times the world Formula 1 Champion. From 1979 to 1980, Hudson directed his first and most successful feature film, Chariots of Fire (1981), the story of two British track runners, one a devout Christian and the other an ambitious Jew, in the run-up to the 1924 Olympic Games. The film is said to have revitalized the fading British film industry, and it won four Academy Awards, including Best Picture; Hudson earned a nomination for Best Director. His friend and colleague Vangelis produced an Academy Award-winning score for the

This is a document about C. P. Scott
  Evening News Ltd.; after Ted's death John passed it on to the Scott Trust. In 1882, having built a new house in Darley Dale in Derbyshire, Sir Joseph Whitworth leased The Firs in Fallowfield in Manchester to his friend C. P. Scott. After Scott's death the house became the property of the University of Manchester, and was the Vice-Chancellor's residence until 1991. Scott used to travel into his Cross Street office by bicycle. Scott was the grandfather of Evelyn Montague (1900–1948), the Olympic athlete and journalist depicted in the film Chariots of Fire. Montague, like his grandfather, wrote for the Manchester Guardian, and became its London editor.

This is a document about Harold Abrahams
  While at Cambridge, Abrahams was romantically involved with the seriously academic Christina McLeod Innes, and they became informally engaged, but their relationship waned and ended as Abrahams began focusing exclusively on his athletics and the Olympics. In early 1934, he met D'Oyly Carte Opera Company singer Sybil Evers, and they began a passionate on-and-off romance. According to his biographer Mark Ryan, Abrahams had a fear of commitment and old-fashioned ideas about the role of women in marriage, but he was able to overcome these, and the couple wed in December 1936. In the film Chariots of Fire, Evers is misidentified as D'Oyly Carte soprano Sybil

This is a document about Charley Paddock
  Paddock broke or equaled several other world records over Imperial distances. At the 1924 Olympics, Paddock again qualified for both the 100 and 200 m finals, but he was less successful than four years earlier; he finished 5th in the 100 m and won another silver medal in the 200 m. Paddock was not a part of the relay team. In Chariots of Fire, the 1981 Oscar-winning film about those races, Paddock was portrayed by Dennis Christopher. In 1928, Paddock participated in his third Olympics, but did not reach the 200 m final. During his athletic activities, Paddock also held management positions in several

This is a document about Repton School
  Geoffrey Fisher became headmaster in 1914. Before going on to become Archbishop of Canterbury, Fisher was known for his tenure as headmaster being extremely intolerant. He expelled two senior boys after accusations of homosexuality arose within the student body. Harold Abrahams, the Olympic champion in the 100m sprint in the 1924 Paris Olympics, depicted in the 1981 film Chariots of Fire, joined the school in 1914. Recalling his time at the school, Abrahams said he encountered antisemitism from other students, often feeling bullied and alone. In 1907 a gymnasium was added. This building is now grade II listed. In this decade the chapel was enlarged, and

This is a document about Chariots of Fire (play)
  The Chariots of Fire adaptation for the stage was written by playwright Mike Bartlett, and Edward Hall directed the play. It starred Jack Lowden as Scottish missionary Eric Liddell, and James McArdle as Jewish Cambridge student Harold Abrahams. For the production, stage designer Miriam Buether transformed the entire theatre into an Olympic stadium, so that audiences had the experience of being in the Olympic stands. The play includes the film's iconic Vangelis score, and Vangelis also created several new pieces of music for the production. As in the film, Gilbert and Sullivan songs are also used, and additional music was provided

This is a document about David Cecil, 6th Marquess of Exeter
  In June 1927, in his final year at Magdalene College, Cambridge, Burghley sprinted around the Great Court at Trinity College at midnight in the time it took the college clock to toll 12 o'clock. This inspired the scene in the film Chariots of Fire in which Harold Abrahams accomplishes the same feat. The character Lord Andrew Lindsay in Chariots of Fire is based upon Burghley but he did not allow his name to be used because of the inaccurate historical depiction in the film. There was never a race in which Abrahams beat Burghley in this feat as the film suggests; in fact, Abrahams never attempted the Great Court Run. He was the first to run the 367 m around the court in the 43.6 seconds that it takes the clock to strike 12 o'clock. Known as the Great Court Run, students traditionally attempt to complete the circuit on the evening of the Matriculation Dinner.

Chariots of Fire is a 1981 British historical sports drama film based on the true story of two British athletes, Eric Liddell and Harold Abrahams, who competed in the 1924 Olympics. Eric Liddell was a devout Scottish Christian who ran to glorify God, while Harold Abrahams was a Jewish London Jew who ran to overcome prejudice. The film follows their personal struggles and eventual friendship.


Question: who wrote the seven commandments in animal farm

Answer: Snowball and Napoleon

This is a document about Animal Farm
  The poorly-run Manor Farm near Willingdon, England, is ripened for rebellion from its animal populace by neglect at the hands of the irresponsible and alcoholic farmer, Mr. Jones. One night, the exalted boar, Old Major, holds a conference, at which he calls for the overthrow of humans and teaches the animals a revolutionary song called "Beasts of England". When Old Major dies, two young pigs, Snowball and Napoleon, assume command and stage a revolt, driving Mr. Jones off the farm and renaming the property "Animal Farm". They adopt the Seven Commandments of Animalism, the most important of which is, "All animals

This is a document about Animal Farm
  were explicitly prohibited by the Seven Commandments. Squealer is employed to alter the Seven Commandments to account for this humanisation, an allusion to the Soviet government's revising of history in order to exercise control of the people's beliefs about themselves and their society. The original commandments are: These commandments are also distilled into the maxim "Four legs good, two legs bad!" which is primarily used by the sheep on the farm, often to disrupt discussions and disagreements between animals on the nature of Animalism. Later, Napoleon and his pigs secretly revise some commandments to clear themselves of accusations of law-breaking. The changed commandments are as follows, with the changes bolded: <li>No animal

This is a document about Animal Farm
  sleep in a bed with sheets.

No animal shall drink alcohol to excess.

No animal shall kill any other animal without cause.

 Eventually, these are replaced with the maxims, "All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others", and "Four legs good, two legs better" as the pigs become more human. This is an ironic twist to the original purpose of the Seven Commandments, which were supposed to keep order within Animal Farm by uniting the animals together against the humans and preventing animals from following the humans' evil habits. Through the revision of the commandments, Orwell demonstrates how simply political dogma can be turned into malleable propaganda.

This is a document about Snowball (Animal Farm)
  Snowball believes in a continued revolution: he argues that to defend Animal Farm, he must strengthen the reality of Old Major's dream of a life without humans and that they must stir up rebellions in other farms throughout England. However, Napoleon always disagrees with any ideas that Snowball has because he does not want Snowball to lead Animal Farm and gain more popularity than himself. Snowball also writes the first version of the Seven Commandments. They are later altered by Squealer under the orders of Napoleon, to accommodate the actions of the pigs. For example, the commandment stating "No animal shall drink alcohol" is changed to "No animal shall drink alcohol to excess", and that which states "No animal shall sleep in a

This is a document about Animal Farm
  Animal Farm is a satirical allegorical novella by George Orwell, first published in England on 17 August 1945. The book tells the story of a group of farm animals who rebel against their human farmer, hoping to create a society where the animals can be equal, free, and happy. Ultimately, the rebellion is betrayed, and the farm ends up in a state as bad as it was before, under the dictatorship of a pig named Napoleon. According to Orwell, the fable reflects events leading up to the Russian Revolution of 1917 and then on into the Stalinist era of the Soviet Union. Orwell, a democratic socialist, was a critic of Joseph Stalin and hostile to Moscow-directed Stalinism,

This is a document about List of people from Indiana
  Ten Animal Farm Letters to His Agent, Leonard Moore (Terre Haute) ; Will Shortz, editor of The New York Times crossword puzzle and host of the puzzle segment on National Public Radio's Weekend Edition Sunday (Crawfordsville) ; David Smith, Abstract Expressionist sculptor (Decatur) ; Amy Spindler, journalist (Michigan City) ; Otto Stark, artist (Indianapolis) ; T. C. Steele, artist (Indianapolis) ; Rex Stout, author, creator of Nero Wolfe (Noblesville) ; Booth Tarkington, Pulitzer Prize-winning author of Alice Adams, Seventeen, and The Magnificent Ambersons (Indianapolis) ; James Alexander Thom, author (Indianapolis, Brown County) ; Kurt Vonnegut, author (Indianapolis) ; Lew Wallace, author (Crawfordsville) ; Jason Whitlock, sportswriter (Indianapolis) ; J.N. Williamson, author (Noblesville) ; Marguerite Young, poet, author, critic (Indianapolis)

This is a document about Anthropocentrism
  never killed ape, let alone an ape child. Aldo has killed an ape child. The branch did not break. It was cut with a sword." in reference to planned murder; a stereotypical human concept. Additionally, in Dawn of the Planet of the Apes, Caesar states "I always think...ape better than human. I see now...how much like them we are". In George Orwell's novel Animal Farm, this theme of anthropocentrism is also present. Whereas originally the animals planned for liberation from humans and animal equality, as evident from the "seven commandments" such as "whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy.", "Whatever goes upon four legs, or

This is a document about If This Isn't Nice, What Is?: Advice to the Young
  If This Isn't Nice, What Is?: Advice to the Young (Seven Stories Press) is a 2013 collection of nine commencement speeches from Kurt Vonnegut, selected and introduced by longtime friend and author Dan Wakefield. After the publication of his novel Slaughterhouse-Five brought him worldwide acclaim in 1969, Kurt Vonnegut became one of America's most popular graduation speakers. "We are performing animals," he used to say somewhat sardonically. In 2016, Seven Stories Press released what it called a "(much) expanded second edition" of the book. In 2020, Penguin Random House published a third edition, the first in paperback: 'If This Isn't Nice, What Is? (Even

This is a document about Traditional story
  of Judges (9:7-15); "The Belly and its Members," by the patrician Agrippa Menenius Lanatus in the second book of Livy; and perhaps most famous of all, those of Aesop. Well-known modern examples of this literary form include George Orwell's Animal Farm and the Br'er Rabbit stories derived from African and Cherokee cultures and recorded and synthesized by Joel Chandler Harris. The term is applied more particularly to a story in which the actors or speakers are either various kinds of animals or are inanimate objects. An apologue is distinguished from a fable in that there is always some moral sense present in the former, which there need not be

This is a document about Piggies
  within a community of farm animals (in this case, one consisting entirely of pigs), the song references George Orwell's 1945 novel Animal Farm. According to Harrison's early draft of "Piggies", the lyrics contained a final verse, subsequently cut for the Beatles' recording, that ends with the animals "Paying piggy thanks – to thee Pig Brother!" Musicologist Walter Everett cites these words as evidence that Harrison's main inspiration for the song was Orwell's work, particularly "his fable of autocracy masquerading as democracy, Animal Farm". While also identifying Orwell's book as an influence on the composition, author Ian Inglis views "Piggies" as one of several White Album songs in which the Beatles drew inspiration from their

This is a document about Squealer (Animal Farm)
  Throughout the book, Napoleon and Squealer broke the Seven Commandments, the tenets on which governance of the farm is based. To prevent the animals from suspecting them, Squealer preys on the animals' confusion and alters the Commandments from time to time as the need arises. Squealer falls off a ladder while trying to change one of the commandments in the night. A few days later it is discovered that Squealer was altering the commandment regarding alcohol; which suggests that he fell off the ladder because he was drunk. Orwell uses Squealer mainly to show how the increasingly totalitarian and corrupt regime uses propaganda and deceit to

This is a document about Animal Farm (1999 film)
  strong and kind-hearted shire horse, leading the animals to break into the food shed to help themselves. When Jones and his cronies investigate, the animals rebel against him, causing Jones to flee with his wife and men to the Red Lion Inn for refuge. Now that Jones is gone for good, Manor Farm is now ruled by a young boar named Snowball, who learns how to read and write while renaming the place "Animal Farm". He even paints on the barn doors what he calls the Seven Commandments of "Animalism" which embody Old Major's feelings. Meanwhile, Napoleon, a Berkshire boar,

This is a document about Animal Farm (1999 film)
  Animal Farm is a 1999 British-American television movie directed by John Stephenson and written by Alan Janes. Based on the 1945 novel of the same name by George Orwell and serving as an allegory of the Russian Revolution and its aftermath, it features Kelsey Grammer, Ian Holm, Julia Louis-Dreyfus, Patrick Stewart, Julia Ormond, Paul Scofield, Pete Postlethwaite and Peter Ustinov. In the movie, a group of anthropomorphic animals revolt successfully against their own human owner, only to slide into a more brutal tyranny among themselves.

This is a document about Old Major
  bringing about the Rebellion. Shortly after his death, the animals rise in revolt and oust the humans from power. This rebellious act is so quick that many do not realize it has happened until it is over. The animals drive Jones and the farmhands off the farm and remove many of the implements of his rule. The Seven Commandments that Snowball transcribes, which are supposed to encompass Major's general philosophy, are gradually altered and deformed under Napoleon until they have entirely different meanings from those originally intended. "Beasts of England", the song that came to Major in his dream, is later banned

This is a document about Animal Farm
  talking but not working. He regales Animal Farm's denizens with tales of a wondrous place beyond the clouds called "Sugarcandy Mountain, that happy country where we poor animals shall rest forever from our labours!" Orwell portrays established religion as "the black raven of priestcraft – promising pie in the sky when you die, and faithfully serving whoever happens to be in power." His preaching to the animals heartens them, and Napoleon allows Moses to reside at the farm "with an allowance of a gill of beer daily", akin to how Stalin brought back the Russian Orthodox Church during the Second World War. ; The

This is a document about Thomas Merton
  Thomas Merton (January 31, 1915 – December 10, 1968) was an American Trappist monk, writer, theologian, mystic, poet, social activist, and scholar of comparative religion. On May 26, 1949, he was ordained to the Catholic priesthood and given the name "Father Louis". He was a member of the Abbey of Our Lady of Gethsemani, near Bardstown, Kentucky, living there from 1941 to his death. Merton wrote more than 50 books in a period of 27 years, mostly on spirituality, social justice and a quiet pacifism, as well as scores of essays and reviews. Among Merton's most enduring works is his bestselling autobiography The Seven Storey Mountain (1948). His account of his spiritual journey inspired scores of World War II veterans, students, and

This is a document about Animal Farm
  but with a reputation for getting his own way". An allegory of Joseph Stalin, Napoleon is the leader of Animal Farm. ; Snowball – Napoleon's rival and original head of the farm after Jones' overthrow. His life parallels that of Leon Trotsky, but may also combine elements from Lenin. ; Squealer – A small, white, fat porker who serves as Napoleon's second-in-command and minister of propaganda, holding a position similar to that of Vyacheslav Molotov. ; Minimus – A poetic pig who writes the second and third national anthems of Animal Farm after the singing of "Beasts of England" is banned. Literary theorist John Rodden compares him to the poet

This is a document about Saleh Hosseini
  William Faulkner(in collaboration with Parviz Perez Talebzadeh)'' ; The Brothers Karamazov - Fyodor Dostoevsky ; The Death of Ivan Ilyich – Leo Tolstoy ; The Last Temptation of Christ - Nikos Kazantzakis ; Report to Greco - Nikos Kazantzakis ; The Gambler - Fyodor Dostoevsky ; Heart of Darkness – Joseph Conrad(in collaboration with Parviz Perez Talebzadeh)'' ; Lord Jim – Joseph Conrad ; Under the Volcano - Malcolm Lowry ; The Great Code: The Bible and Literature – Northrop Frye ; The Anatomy of Criticism – Northrop Frye ; 1984 – George Orwell ; Animal Farm – George Orwell (in collaboration with Masumeh Nabi-Zadeh)''

This is a document about Author surrogate
  authors had other characters that were more traditional author surrogates, Richard Rory and Jonh Daltry. In Animal Man, Grant Morrison appears as the author who controls the title character's actions. For example, he tells Buddy Baker that the next writer could have him eating meat (which in fact did happen, in a bizarre set of circumstances), and Buddy says, "But I don't eat meat," to which Morrison retorts, "No, I don't eat meat." Colombian author and Nobel laureate Gabriel García Márquez appears near the end of his own book, One Hundred Years of Solitude as a minor character in the novel.

This is a document about Six (Mansun album)
 Life as a Series of Compromises by Graham Langdon ; Who On Earth is Tom Baker? by Tom Baker (the actor's autobiography) ; Nineteen Eighty Four by George Orwell (1984 was one of the album's working titles) ; The 120 Days of Sodom by Marquis de Sade (referenced in the lyrics of "Legacy") ; The Book of Mormon (referenced in the lyrics of "Cancer") ; The Bible Code by Michael Drosnin ; People Places by Richard Rodgers (referenced in the lyrics of "Anti-Everything") ; The House at Pooh Corner by A. A. Milne (referenced in the lyrics of "Shotgun") ; Dianetics

Napoleon, the pig, wrote the Seven Commandments in Animal Farm after the animals overthrew Mr. Jones. However, Snowball later revised the commandments to better suit his vision for the farm.