Question: what is the most abundant neurotransmitter in the nervous system

Answer: Serotonin

This is a document about Neurochemical
 Glutamate is the most common neurotransmitter. Most neurons secrete with glutamate or GABA. Glutamate is excitatory, meaning that the release of glutamate by one cell usually causes adjacent cells to fire an action potential. (Note: Glutamate is chemically identical to the MSG commonly used to flavor food.) ; GABA is an example of an inhibitory neurotransmitter. ; Monoamine neurotransmitters: ; Dopamine is a monoamine neurotransmitter. It plays a key role in the functioning of the limbic system, which is involved in emotional function and control. It also is involved in cognitive processes associated with movement, arousal, executive function, body temperature regulation, and pleasure and reward, and other processes. ; Norepinephrine, also known as noradrenaline, is a monoamine neurotransmitter that is involved in arousal, pain perception, executive function, body temperature regulation, and other processes. ; Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is a monoamine

This is a document about Neurotransmitter
  Neurons expressing certain types of neurotransmitters sometimes form distinct systems, where activation of the system affects large volumes of the brain, called volume transmission. Major neurotransmitter systems include the noradrenaline (norepinephrine) system, the dopamine system, the serotonin system, and the cholinergic system, among others. Trace amines have a modulatory effect on neurotransmission in monoamine pathways (i.e., dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin pathways) throughout the brain via signaling through trace amine-associated receptor 1. A brief comparison of these systems follows:

This is a document about Addiction psychology
  The neurochemical, glutamate is the most abundant neurochemical in the brain. It is critical in memory consolidation. When an addict discovers an addicting behavior, glutamate plays a role by creating the drug cues. It is the neurochemical in motivation which initiates the drug seeking, thus creating the addiction.

This is a document about Glutamate receptor
  Glutamate is the most prominent neurotransmitter in the body, and is the main excitatory neurotransmitter, being present in over 50% of nervous tissue. Glutamate was initially discovered to be a neurotransmitter in insect studies in the early 1960s. Glutamate is also used by the brain to synthesize GABA (γ-Aminobutyric acid), the main inhibitory neurotransmitter of the mammalian central nervous system. GABA plays a role in regulating neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system and is also directly responsible for the regulation of muscle tone in humans.

This is a document about Neurotransmitter
  few seconds. The most prevalent transmitter is glutamate, which is excitatory at well over 90% of the synapses in the human brain. The next most prevalent is gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, or GABA, which is inhibitory at more than 90% of the synapses that do not use glutamate. Although other transmitters are used in fewer synapses, they may be very important functionally: the great majority of psychoactive drugs exert their effects by altering the actions of some neurotransmitter systems, often acting through transmitters other than glutamate or GABA. Addictive drugs such as cocaine and amphetamines exert their effects primarily on the dopamine system. The addictive opiate drugs exert their effects primarily as functional analogs of opioid peptides, which, in turn, regulate dopamine levels.

This is a document about Neurotransmitter
  A neurotransmitter is a signaling molecule secreted by a neuron to affect another cell across a synapse. The cell receiving the signal, or target cell, may be another neuron, but could also be a gland or muscle cell. Neurotransmitters are released from synaptic vesicles into the synaptic cleft where they are able to interact with neurotransmitter receptors on the target cell. The neurotransmitter's effect on the target cell is determined by the receptor it binds. Many neurotransmitters are synthesized from simple and plentiful precursors such as amino acids, which are readily available and often require a small number of biosynthetic steps for conversion. Neurotransmitters are essential to the function of complex neural systems. The exact number of unique neurotransmitters in humans is unknown, but more than 100 have been identified. Common neurotransmitters include glutamate, GABA, acetylcholine, glycine and norepinephrine.

This is a document about End-plate potential
  End plate potentials are produced almost entirely by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in skeletal muscle. Acetylcholine is the second most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the body following glutamate. It controls the somatosensory system which includes the senses of touch, vision, and hearing. It was the first neurotransmitter to be identified in 1914 by Henry Dale. Acetylcholine is synthesized in the cytoplasm of the neuron from choline and acetyl-CoA. Choline acyltransferase is the enzyme that synthesizes acetylcholine and is often used as a marker in research relating to acetylcholine production. Neurons that utilize acetylcholine are called cholinergic neurons and they are very important in muscle contraction, memory, and learning.

This is a document about Hypokinesia
  amount of neurotransmitter present in the system. GABA and glutamate The inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA and the excitatory glutamate are found in many parts of the central nervous system, including in the motor pathways that involve hypokinesia. In one pathway, glutamate in the substantia nigra excites the release of GABA into the thalamus, which then inhibits the release of glutamate in the cortex and thereby reduces motor activity. If too much glutamate is initially in the substantia nigra, then through interaction with GABA in the thalamus and glutamate in the cortex, movements will be reduced or will not occur at all. Another direct pathway from

This is a document about Neuromodulation
  The major neurotransmitter systems are the noradrenaline (norepinephrine) system, the dopamine system, the serotonin system, and the cholinergic system. Drugs targeting the neurotransmitter of such systems affects the whole system, and explains the mode of action of many drugs. Most other neurotransmitters, on the other hand, e.g. glutamate, GABA and glycine, are used very generally throughout the central nervous system.

This is a document about Brain
  releases. The great majority of psychoactive drugs exert their effects by altering specific neurotransmitter systems. This applies to drugs such as cannabinoids, nicotine, heroin, cocaine, alcohol, fluoxetine, chlorpromazine, and many others. The two neurotransmitters that are most widely found in the vertebrate brain are glutamate, which almost always exerts excitatory effects on target neurons, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is almost always inhibitory. Neurons using these transmitters can be found in nearly every part of the brain. Because of their ubiquity, drugs that act on glutamate or GABA tend to have broad and powerful effects. Some general anesthetics act by reducing the

This is a document about Benzodiazepine dependence
  Withdrawal symptoms are a normal response in individuals having chronically used benzodiazepines, and an adverse effect and result of drug tolerance. Symptoms typically emerge when dosage of the drug is reduced. GABA is the second-most-common neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (the most common being glutamate ) and by far the most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitter; roughly one-quarter to one-third of synapses use GABA. The use of benzodiazepines has a profound effect on almost every aspect of brain and body function, either directly or indirectly. Benzodiazepines cause a decrease in norepinephrine (noradrenaline), serotonin, acetylcholine, and dopamine. These neurotransmitters are needed for normal memory, mood, muscle tone

This is a document about Epibatidine
  propagate neurotransmission in the central and peripheral nervous system. When neurotransmitters bind to these receptors, ion channels open, allowing Na+ and Ca2+ ions to move across the membrane. This depolarizes the post-synaptic membrane, inducing an action potential that propagates the signal. This signal will ultimately induce release of dopamine and norepinephrine, resulting in an antinociceptive effect on the organism. The usual neurotransmitter for nAChR is acetylcholine. However, other substances (such as epibatidine and nicotine) are also able to bind to the receptor and induce a similar, if not identical, response. Epibatidine has an extremely high affinity for nAChRs, depending on the receptor subtype, from 0.05 nM at the α4β2 subtype to 22

This is a document about Norepinephrine
  The noradrenergic neurons in the brain form a neurotransmitter system, that, when activated, exerts effects on large areas of the brain. The effects are manifested in alertness, arousal, and readiness for action. Noradrenergic neurons (i.e., neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is norepinephrine) are comparatively few in number, and their cell bodies are confined to a few relatively small brain areas, but they send projections to many other brain areas and exert powerful effects on their targets. These noradrenergic cell groups were first mapped in 1964 by Annica Dahlström and Kjell Fuxe, who assigned them labels starting with the letter "A" (for "aminergic"). In their scheme, areas A1 through A7 contain the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (A8 through A14 contain dopamine). Noradrenergic cell group A1 is

This is a document about Excitatory postsynaptic potential
  The neurotransmitter most often associated with EPSPs is the amino acid glutamate, and is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system of vertebrates. Its ubiquity at excitatory synapses has led to it being called the excitatory neurotransmitter. In some invertebrates, glutamate is the main excitatory transmitter at the neuromuscular junction. In the neuromuscular junction of vertebrates, EPP (end-plate potentials) are mediated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which (along with glutamate) is one of the primary transmitters in the central nervous system of invertebrates. At the same time, GABA is the most common neurotransmitter associated with IPSPs in the brain. However, classifying neurotransmitters as such is technically incorrect, as there are several other synaptic factors that help determine a neurotransmitter's excitatory or inhibitory effects.

This is a document about Enteric nervous system
  neurons control the secretion of enzymes. The enteric nervous system also makes use of more than 30 neurotransmitters, most of which are identical to the ones found in CNS, such as acetylcholine, dopamine, and serotonin. More than 90% of the body's serotonin lies in the gut, as well as about 50% of the body's dopamine, which is currently being studied to further our understanding of its utility in the brain. The enteric nervous system has the capacity to alter its response depending on such factors as bulk and nutrient composition. In addition, ENS contains support cells which are similar to astroglia of the brain and a diffusion barrier around the capillaries surrounding ganglia which is similar to the blood–brain barrier of cerebral blood vessels.

This is a document about Spinal interneuron
  The sensory information that is transmitted to the spinal cord is modulated by a complex network of excitatory and inhibitory interneurons. Different neurotransmitters are released from different interneurons, but the two most common neurotransmitters are GABA, the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter and glutamate, the primary excitatory neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that often activates interneurons by binding to a receptor on the membrane.

This is a document about Neurotransmission
  myriad of systems have shown that most, if not all, neurons release several different chemical messengers. Cotransmission allows for more complex effects at postsynaptic receptors, and thus allows for more complex communication to occur between neurons. In modern neuroscience, neurons are often classified by their cotransmitter. For example, striatal "GABAergic neurons" utilize opioid peptides or substance P as their primary cotransmitter. Some neurons can release at least two neurotransmitters at the same time, the other being a cotransmitter, in order to provide the stabilizing negative feedback required for meaningful encoding, in the absence of inhibitory interneurons. Examples include: Noradrenaline and ATP are

This is a document about Synaptic vesicle
  the neurotransmitter acetylcholine is actually contained in synaptic vesicles. About ten years later, the application of subcellular fractionation techniques to brain tissue permitted the isolation first of nerve endings (synaptosomes), and subsequently of synaptic vesicles from mammalian brain. Two competing laboratories were involved in this work, that of Victor P. Whittaker at the Institute of Animal Physiology, Agricultural Research Council, Babraham, Cambridge, UK and that of Eduardo de Robertis at the Instituto de Anatomía General y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Whittaker's work demonstrating acetylcholine in vesicle fractions from guinea-pig brain was first published in abstract form in 1960 and then in more detail in 1963 and 1964, and

This is a document about Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome
  compensatory increased glutamatergic activity. A unified model hypothesis involves a combination of internalization of the receptor, followed by preferential degradation of certain receptor sub-units, which provides the nuclear activation for changes in receptor gene transcription. It has been postulated that when benzodiazepines are cleared from the brain, these neuroadaptations are "unmasked", leading to unopposed excitability of the neuron. Glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate nervous system. Increased glutamate excitatory activity during withdrawal may lead to sensitization or kindling of the CNS, possibly leading to worsening cognition and symptomatology and making each subsequent withdrawal period worse. Those who have a prior history of withdrawing from benzodiazepines are found to be less likely to succeed the next time around.

This is a document about Neurotransmitter
  a small-molecule transmitter. Nevertheless, in some cases, a peptide is the primary transmitter at a synapse. Beta-Endorphin is a relatively well-known example of a peptide neurotransmitter because it engages in highly specific interactions with opioid receptors in the central nervous system. Single ions (such as synaptically released zinc) are also considered neurotransmitters by some, as well as some gaseous molecules such as nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). The gases are produced in the neural cytoplasm and are immediately diffused through the cell membrane into the extracellular fluid and into nearby cells to stimulate production of second messengers. Soluble gas neurotransmitters are difficult to study, as they act rapidly and are immediately broken down, existing for only

The most abundant neurotransmitter in the nervous system is glutamate. It is present in over 50% of the excitatory synapses in the human brain.


Question: when did they add lights to wrigley field

Answer: 1988

This is a document about History of Wrigley Field
  up behind home plate along the first and third base lines, this would be the first night game to be played at Wrigley Field. The All-American Girls Baseball League would play the second ever night game at Wrigley the following year in another war drive exhibition. Baseball boomed after the war, allowing P. K. Wrigley to procrastinate on the issue of permanent lighting. He eventually decided never to install lights for a variety of publicly stated reasons, so Wrigley Field remained a bastion of day baseball until the Chicago Tribune Company era, which began in 1981; the first night game with permanent lighting was not until 1988.

This is a document about 1988 Chicago Cubs season
  President of the United States Ronald Reagan threw out the ceremonial first pitch on Opening Day at Wrigley Field. After 5,687 consecutive day games played by the Cubs at Wrigley, the lights were finally lit on August 8, 1988, when 91-year-old fan Harry Grossman gave a countdown and pressed a button, for a game with the Philadelphia Phillies. The game began before an announced crowd of 39,008. The Cubs were leading 3 to 1 and coming to bat in the bottom of the fourth when the rain delay began. The umpires called the game after waiting two hours, ten minutes. The Cubs played the first official night game the following night against the Mets and won, 6–4.

This is a document about Wrigley Field
  2020. Wrigley Field is known for its ivy-covered brick outfield wall, the unusual wind patterns off Lake Michigan, the iconic red marquee over the main entrance, the hand-turned scoreboard, its location in a primarily residential neighborhood with no parking lots and views from the rooftops behind the outfield, and for being the last Major League park to have lights installed for night games, in 1988. Between 1921 and 1970, it was also the home of the Chicago Bears of the National Football League, and was the home of the Chicago Cardinals (now the Arizona Cardinals) of the National Football League from 1931 to 1938. The elevation of its playing field is 600 ft above sea level.

This is a document about Wrigley Field
  Sunday), with all three games in Chicago starting no later than 1:30 p.m. CST. Since the Padres wound up winning the 1984 NLCS, these plans proved moot. In the late 1980s, Cubs management insisted that the team was in danger of leaving Wrigley if lights were not installed, and Major League Baseball threatened to make the Cubs play postseason "home" games at Busch Stadium in St. Louis. After 5,687 consecutive day games played by the Cubs at Wrigley, the lights were finally lit on August 8, 1988, for a game against the Philadelphia Phillies. However, that game was rained out after 3½ innings, and the first official night game took place the following evening against the New York Mets, whom the Cubs beat 6–4.

This is a document about Wrigley Field
   The scoreboard was installed in 1937, when Bill Veeck installed the new bleachers. It has remained in place ever since, and has only seen minor technical and cosmetic modifications. The clock was added in 1941, and a fifth row of scores was added to each side in 1961, with a sixth by 1969. A set of light stands facing onto the scoreboard was added in 1988 with the introduction of night games. Along with Fenway Park's scoreboard and Minute Maid Park and Oracle Park's out of town scoreboards, Wrigley is one of the last parks to maintain a hand-turned scoreboard. A number turner watches the score changes on a

This is a document about Wrigley Field (Los Angeles)
  Island, and the Cubs conducted spring training in that island's city of Avalon (whose ball field was located on Avalon Canyon Road and also informally known as "Wrigley Field").  The playing field was aligned northeast (home plate to center field) at an elevation of 185 ft above sea level. The boundary street in right field (east) was Avalon Boulevard, with a small parking lot. The other boundaries of the block were 41st Place (north, left field), 42nd Place (south, first base line), and San Pedro Street (west, third base line and a larger parking lot). Not only did L.A. Wrigley get its name first, it had more on-site parking than the Chicago version did (or does now). Lights were added to the park in 1930. Chicago's Wrigley Field did not get lights until 1988, when night games were added to the Cubs' home schedule for the first time.

This is a document about Wrigley Field
  The Cubs were a holdout against night games for decades, not installing lights at Wrigley until 1988, after baseball officials announced that the park would be prohibited from hosting any future postseason games without lights. Before then, all games at Wrigley were played during the day. Night games are still limited in number by agreement with the city council. In 1942, then-owner Philip K. Wrigley had planned to install lights, but they were scrapped for the World War II effort. On July 1, 1943, the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League's first midseason All-Star Game was played under temporary lights at Wrigley Field, between two teams composed of South Bend Blue Sox and Rockford Peaches players versus Kenosha Comets and Racine Belles players. It was also

This is a document about History of Wrigley Field
  Lights were scheduled to be added to Wrigley Field in 1942, but after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, then-owner Philip K. Wrigley (son of the late William) donated the necessary materials to the war effort. Founded by P.K. Wrigley, the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (known for the first half of the 1943 season as the All-American Girls Softball League) began their inaugural season of play in the spring of 1943. On the evening of July 1, 1943, teams from the All-American League played an exhibition game at Wrigley Field as part of a Women's Army Corps (WAC) recruiting rally, attracting approximately 7,000 fans. With temporary lighting

This is a document about Cubs Win Flag
  as they are now. Eventually the original lights on the masthead were replaced by lights directly on the top of scoreboard, still visible from outside Wrigley field. The lights complement the flags by helping night time passersby learn the result of that day's Cubs game at a glance. The current blue and white Win/Loss lights were added atop the scoreboard in 1978, while the "Wintrust W" light on the left-field video board was implemented in 2015. On April 23, 2008 the Cubs won for the 10,000th time in the history of the franchise on the road against the Colorado Rockies. Like the 9,000th win, the 10,000th win came in a 7–6 victory at Coors Field.

This is a document about History of Wrigley Field
  of a nationally televised audience watching Vin Scully and Joe Garagiola call the game on NBC), ending a streak of 5,687 consecutive home day games. However, this was not the first night game of any kind at Wrigley, as in the 1940s, some AAGPBL night games were played in Wrigley Field using temporary lighting structures; specifically, the All-Star Game held in July 1943, was the first night baseball game there, according to the Lowry book and the movie A League of Their Own. Starting with their first full season with lights, in 1989, as part of the compromise with the city,

This is a document about Chicago Cubs
  Beginning in the days of P.K. Wrigley and the 1937 bleacher/scoreboard reconstruction, and prior to modern media saturation, a flag with either a "W" or an "L" has flown from atop the scoreboard masthead, indicating the day's result(s) when baseball was played at Wrigley. In case of a split doubleheader, both the "W" and "L" flags are flown. Past Cubs media guides show that originally the flags were blue with a white "W" and white with a blue "L". In 1978, consistent with the dominant colors of the flags, blue and white lights were mounted atop the scoreboard, denoting "win"

This is a document about Wrigley Field
   Directly over the main entrance to the stadium stands the most familiar icon of the exterior of the ballpark: a large, red, art deco-style marquee, with "Wrigley Field, Home of Chicago Cubs" painted in white. The marquee was installed around 1934, and was originally painted blue with changeable letters—similar to the scoreboard—to announce upcoming games. The marquee originally read "Home of the Cubs", which was replaced with "Home of Chicago Cubs" by 1939. In years when the Bears played there, the sign was changed appropriately during football season. On March 23, 1960, the Cubs repainted the sign red.  In 1982, a two-line announcement board was replaced with an electronic LED message board, and a backlit advertising panel

This is a document about Wrigley Field
  lights were installed, the line was changed to "When they put a dome on Wrigley Field" for their 1989 Live-Sold Out album. A few brief shots of Wrigley Field appear in the 1949 movie It Happens Every Spring. It is also seen on the History Channel's show Life After People. The stadium made a brief appearance in the open for the first episode of The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien, with Conan rushing through the turnstiles while running from New York (where his previous show, Late Night with Conan O'Brien, was taped) to Los Angeles (where his new show was

This is a document about Cubs–White Sox rivalry
  When the Tribune Company bought the Cubs, they immediately started pressing for night baseball, threatening to abandon Wrigley Field otherwise. Night baseball was finally added in 1988, and after some further negotiations with the city, in the winter of 2005–2006 they expanded Wrigley's bleachers for the first time since 1938. Even the neighborhoods around the stadiums show the difference between the fans. Wrigleyville, a part of the Lakeview neighborhood, surrounds the Cubs' stadium, and comprises middle- and upper-middle-class housing, as well as many restaurants, bars and music venues for fans to visit before and after games. Bridgeport neighborhood directly west of the White Sox home field has a more "blue-collar" reputation. There are bars and restaurants in Bridgeport, too; however, White Sox fans must walk or drive a few blocks from Guaranteed Rate Field to get to them. Until April 2011, the White Sox opened a brand new bar & restaurant located at Gate 5 of Guaranteed Rate Field, known as ChiSox Bar & Grill. The new bar and restaurant do not require a game ticket to enter.

This is a document about Candlestick Park
  seats in a space between the concrete and the ground. The pipes were not embedded in the concrete, however, and did not produce enough heat to offset the cold air. Both the city and the Giants balked at the cost of upgrading the system so it would work properly, which would have involved removing the seats and concrete, embedding larger pipes, and replacing the concrete and seats. As a result, the Giants played more day games than any Major League Baseball team except the Chicago Cubs, whose ballpark, Wrigley Field, did not have lights installed until 1988. Many locals, including Giants' broadcaster Lon Simmons, were surprised at the decision

This is a document about List of events at Wrigley Field
 In 1987 Wrigley Field is placed on the National Register of Historic Places ; July 8 San Diego Padres pitcher Eric Show hit Chicago slugger Andre Dawson in the face with a pitch. Following this beaning, Dawson remained motionless on the ground for several moments, then jumped to his feet and charged the mound initiating a bench-clearing brawl. ; August 13, 1987 Billy Williams' number 26 was retired. ; August 27, 1987, entering the 8th inning with an 8–6 lead over the Atlanta Braves in the second game of a doubleheader, darkness set in at Wrigley and the game was called off resulting in a Cubs victory. This was a routine occurrence in the pre-light years. The installation of lights the following season makes such suspensions less likely to occur in the future.

This is a document about List of events at Wrigley Field
  9th due to rain and lightning, tied at 6, and was completed the next day in Peoria with the Chiefs winning 9-8. ; August 4 the stadium was evacuated after tornado warnings in downtown Chicago. The Federal Signal Modulator behind left field sounded for the surrounding Wrigleyville area and farther east in downtown Chicago. This marks the first time that Wrigley Field was evacuated due to threatening weather. ; August 25 Wrigley, with a scheduled day game, became the first major league ballpark to activate instant replay technology, doing so a few hours ahead of the ballparks that had night games scheduled that day. ; September 20 the Cubs clinched the NL Central title with a 5-4 win over the St. Louis Cardinals.

This is a document about Peter Ueberroth
  urging, the Chicago Cubs chose to install lights at Wrigley Field rather than reimburse the leagues for lost night-game revenue. Ueberroth then found a new source of income in the form of persuading large corporations to pay for the privilege of having their products endorsed by Major League Baseball. However, Ueberroth, with the assistance of the owners, also facilitated collusion between the owners in violation of the league's collective bargaining agreement with the players. Players entering free agency in the 1985, 1986 and 1987 offseasons were, with few exceptions, prevented from both signing equitable contracts and joining the teams of

This is a document about List of events at Wrigley Field
  Wrigley Field is a stadium that opened in 1914. It has primarily served as the home field of the Chicago Cubs professional baseball club for over nine decades, but it also hosted football games and other events in its 100 years of existence.

This is a document about Wrigley Field
  Wrigley Field is a baseball park located on the North Side of Chicago, Illinois. It is the home of the Chicago Cubs, one of the city's two Major League Baseball (MLB) franchises. It first opened in 1914 as Weeghman Park for Charles Weeghman's Chicago Whales of the Federal League, which folded after the 1915 baseball season. The Cubs played their first home game at the park on April 20, 1916, defeating the Cincinnati Reds 7–6 in 11 innings. Chewing gum magnate William Wrigley Jr. of the Wrigley Company acquired the Cubs in 1921. It was named Cubs Park from 1920 to 1926, before being renamed Wrigley Field in 1927. It is actually the second stadium to

The lights were added to Wrigley Field in 1988.


Question: who discovered the process that allows for polymerase chain reaction

Answer: Kary Mullis

This is a document about History of biochemistry
  Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the primary gene amplification technique that has revolutionized modern biochemistry. Polymerase chain reaction was developed by Kary Mullis in 1983. There are four steps to a proper polymerase chain reaction: 1) denaturation 2) extension 3) insertion (of gene to be expressed) and finally 4) amplification of the inserted gene. These steps with simple illustrative examples of this process can be seen in the image below and to the right of this section. This technique allows for the copy of a single gene to be amplified into hundreds or even millions of copies and has become a cornerstone in the protocol for any biochemist that wishes to work with bacteria and gene expression. PCR is not only used for gene

This is a document about Polymerase chain reaction
   Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a method widely used to rapidly make millions to billions of copies (complete copies or partial copies) of a specific DNA sample, allowing scientists to take a very small sample of DNA and amplify it (or a part of it) to a large enough amount to study in detail. PCR was invented in 1983 by the American biochemist Kary Mullis at Cetus Corporation. It is fundamental to many of the procedures used in genetic testing and research, including analysis of ancient samples of DNA and identification of infectious agents. Using PCR, copies of very small amounts of DNA sequences are exponentially

This is a document about Polymerase chain reaction
   The heat-resistant enzymes that are a key component in polymerase chain reaction were discovered in the 1960s as a product of a microbial life form that lived in the superheated waters of Yellowstone's Mushroom Spring. A 1971 paper in the Journal of Molecular Biology by Kjell Kleppe and co-workers in the laboratory of H. Gobind Khorana first described a method of using an enzymatic assay to replicate a short DNA template with primers in vitro. However, this early manifestation of the basic PCR principle did not receive much attention at the time and the invention of the polymerase chain reaction in 1983 is generally credited to Kary Mullis. When Mullis developed the PCR

This is a document about History of genetic engineering
  between cells and replicating DNA sequences. Frederick Sanger developed a method for sequencing DNA in 1977, greatly increasing the genetic information available to researchers. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), developed by Kary Mullis in 1983, allowed small sections of DNA to be amplified and aided identification and isolation of genetic material. As well as manipulating the DNA, techniques had to be developed for its insertion (known as transformation) into an organism's genome. Griffiths experiment had already shown that some bacteria had the ability to naturally take up and express foreign DNA. Artificial competence was induced in Escherichia coli in 1970 when Morton Mandel and Akiko Higa showed that it could take up

This is a document about Kjell Kleppe
  Letters (DKNVS) in 1984. During his postdoctoral career in the United States, he put forward the idea of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Kleppe discovered the concepts for PCR while working in the laboratory of 1968 Nobel Prize winner, Har Gobind Khorana at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Two years after he published the founding principles of PCR, Kleppe and Khorana published a "process called repair replication for synthesizing short DNA duplexes and single-stranded DNA by polymerases." Because of his initial discoveries and ideas, PCR can now be applied to forensics, genetics, and diagnostics. Recently, its most notable use is in connection to COVID-19 diagnostics, as it is able to identify bacteria and viruses.

This is a document about Extremophiles in biotechnology
  The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed in the 1980s by Kary Mullis. Mullis would later receive the Nobel Prize for his creation of this process in 1993. PCR uses one of the heat resistant enzymes found in the thermophile T. aquaticus to rapidly and efficiently make copies of specific strands of DNA. The small sample of the target DNA is added to a test tube along with DNA primers, DNA nucleotides, Taq polymerase, and a buffer solution. Once these five key parts are combined they can be put into a PCR thermocycler. In this device the mixture is exposed to a series of temperatures over and over again cycling between 94-95°C, 50-56°C, and 72°C.

This is a document about Genetic engineering techniques
  for sequencing DNA in 1977, greatly increasing the genetic information available to researchers. After discovering the existence and properties of DNA, tools had to be developed that allowed it to be manipulated. In 1970 Hamilton Smiths lab discovered restriction enzymes, enabling scientists to isolate genes from an organism's genome. DNA ligases, which join broken DNA together, were discovered earlier in 1967. By combining the two enzymes it became possible to "cut and paste" DNA sequences to create recombinant DNA. Plasmids, discovered in 1952, became important tools for transferring information between cells and replicating DNA sequences. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), developed by Kary Mullis in 1983, allowed small sections of DNA to be amplified (replicated) and aided identification and isolation of genetic material. As well as manipulating DNA, techniques had to

This is a document about Biomolecular engineering
   The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a scientific technique that is used to replicate a piece of a DNA molecule by several orders of magnitude. PCR implements a cycle of repeated heated and cooling known as thermal cycling along with the addition of DNA primers and DNA polymerases to selectively replicate the DNA fragment of interest. The technique was developed by Kary Mullis in 1983 while working for the Cetus Corporation. Mullis would go on to win the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1993 as a result of the impact that PCR had in many areas such as DNA cloning, DNA sequencing, and gene analysis.

This is a document about History of chemistry
  as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which revolutionized the chemical processes used in the laboratory to manipulate it. PCR could be used to synthesize specific pieces of DNA and made possible the sequencing of DNA of organisms, which culminated in the huge human genome project. An important piece in the double helix puzzle was solved by one of Pauling's students Matthew Meselson and Frank Stahl, the result of their collaboration (Meselson–Stahl experiment) has been called as "the most beautiful experiment in biology". They used a centrifugation technique that sorted molecules according to differences in weight. Because nitrogen atoms are a component of DNA, they were labelled and therefore tracked in replication in bacteria.

This is a document about Dennis Lo
  Lo began his research career studying polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a molecular biological technique for rapidly generating millions of copies of a desired DNA sequence. He first heard about the technique at a lecture by John Bell, now Regius Professor of Medicine, at Oxford, and asked to learn the technique from Bell. Working with Kenneth Anthony Fleming, his future PhD advisor, Lo found the relatively new technique generated a lot of false positives due to contamination. He then wondered if foetal DNA was detectable in mother's blood. Using PCR, he detected the Y chromosome in a mother bearing a baby boy. During

This is a document about Kary Mullis
  and Norman Arnheim, were placed on parallel PCR projects to work on determining if PCR could amplify a specific human gene (betaglobin) from genomic DNA. Saiki generated the needed data and Erlich authored the first paper to include utilization of the technique, while Mullis was still working on the paper that would describe PCR itself. Mullis' 1985 paper with Saiki and Erlich, "Enzymatic Amplification of β-globin Genomic Sequences and Restriction Site Analysis for Diagnosis of Sickle Cell Anemia" — the polymerase chain reaction invention (PCR) — was honored by a Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award from the Division of History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society in

This is a document about Biochip
  This research showed how hybridization of complementary single oligonucleotide strands could be used as a basis for DNA sensing. Two additional developments enabled the technology used in modern DNA-based. First, in 1983 Kary Mullis invented the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, a method for amplifying DNA concentrations. This discovery made possible the detection of extremely small quantities of DNA in samples. Secondly in 1986 Hood and co-workers devised a method to label DNA molecules with fluorescent tags instead of radiolabels, thus enabling hybridization experiments to be observed optically. Figure 1 shows the make up of a typical biochip platform. The actual sensing component (or "chip") is just one piece of a complete analysis system. Transduction must be done to translate

This is a document about 20th century in science
  of DNA, known as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which revolutionized the chemical processes used in the laboratory to manipulate it. PCR could be used to synthesize specific pieces of DNA and made possible the sequencing of DNA of organisms, which culminated in the huge human genome project. An important piece in the double helix puzzle was solved by one of Pauling's students Matthew Meselson and Frank Stahl, the result of their collaboration (Meselson–Stahl experiment) has been called as "the most beautiful experiment in biology". They used a centrifugation technique that sorted molecules according to differences in weight. Because nitrogen atoms are a component of DNA, they were labelled and therefore tracked in replication in bacteria.

This is a document about Genetics
  Tomoko Ohta in 1973 with her amendment to the neutral theory of molecular evolution through publishing the nearly neutral theory of molecular evolution. In this theory, Ohta stressed the importance of natural selection and the environment to the rate at which genetic evolution occurs. One important development was chain-termination DNA sequencing in 1977 by Frederick Sanger. This technology allows scientists to read the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule. In 1983, Kary Banks Mullis developed the polymerase chain reaction, providing a quick way to isolate and amplify a specific section of DNA from a mixture. The efforts of the Human Genome Project, Department of Energy, NIH, and parallel private efforts by Celera Genomics led to the sequencing of the human genome in 2003.

This is a document about Molecular biology
  this organism yields information about basic biological process more readily than animal cell. In 1953 then two young men named Francis Crick and James Watson working at Medical Research Council unit, Cavendish laboratory, Cambridge, made a double helix model of DNA which changed the whole research scenario they proposed the DNA structure based on previous research done by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins then the research lead to finding DNA material in other microorganisms, plants and animals. Molecular biology is not simply the study of biological molecules and their interactions; rather, it is also collection of techniques developed since the field's genesis which have enabled scientists to learn about molecular processes. One notable technique which has revolutionized the field is the polymerase chain reaction

This is a document about History of polymerase chain reaction
  In 1977 Frederick Sanger reported a method for determining the sequence of DNA. The technique employed an oligonucleotide primer, DNA polymerase, and modified nucleotide precursors that block further extension of the primer in sequence-dependent manner.  For this innovation he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1980.    By 1980 all of the components needed to perform PCR amplification were known to the scientific community. The use of DNA polymerase to extend oligonucleotide primers was a common procedure in DNA sequencing and the production of cDNA for cloning and expression. The use of DNA polymerase for nick translation was the most common method used to label DNA probes for Southern blotting.

This is a document about Thermus aquaticus
  DNA polymerase was first isolated from T. aquaticus in 1976. The first advantage found for this thermostable (temperature optimum 72°C, does not denature even in 95 °C) DNA polymerase was that it could be isolated in a purer form (free of other enzyme contaminants) than could the DNA polymerase from other sources. Later, Kary Mullis and other investigators at Cetus Corporation discovered this enzyme could be used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) process for amplifying short segments of DNA, eliminating the need to add E. coli polymerase enzymes after every cycle of thermal denaturation of the DNA. The enzyme was also cloned, sequenced, modified (to produce the shorter 'Stoffel fragment'), and produced in large quantities for commercial sale. In 1989 Science magazine named Taq polymerase as its first "Molecule of the Year". In 1993, Mullis was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work with PCR.

This is a document about History of genetics
  chemistry of DNA, James D. Watson and Francis Crick demonstrated the molecular structure of DNA in 1953. Together, these discoveries established the central dogma of molecular biology, which states that proteins are translated from RNA which is transcribed by DNA. This dogma has since been shown to have exceptions, such as reverse transcription in retroviruses. In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the University of Ghent were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for bacteriophage MS2 coat protein. Richard J. Roberts and Phillip Sharp discovered in 1977 that genes can be split into segments. This led to the idea that one gene can make several proteins. The successful sequencing of many organisms' genomes has

This is a document about Molecular genetics
  now known as bacterial transformation, and paved the way for molecular cloning. The development of DNA sequencing techniques in the late 1970s, first by Maxam and Gilbert, and then by Frederick Sanger, was pivotal to molecular genetic research and enabled scientists to begin conducting genetic screens to relate genotypic sequences to phenotypes. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using Taq polymerase, invented by Mullis in 1985, enabled scientists to create millions of copies of a specific DNA sequence that could be used for transformation or manipulated using agarose gel separation. A decade later, the first whole genome was sequenced (Haemophilus influenzae), followed by the eventual sequencing

This is a document about DNA polymerase
  In 1956, Arthur Kornberg and colleagues discovered DNA polymerase I (Pol I), in Escherichia coli. They described the DNA replication process by which DNA polymerase copies the base sequence of a template DNA strand. Kornberg was later awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1959 for this work. DNA polymerase II was discovered by Thomas Kornberg (the son of Arthur Kornberg) and Malcolm E. Gefter in 1970 while further elucidating the role of Pol I in E. coli DNA replication. Three more DNA polymerases have been found in E. coli, including DNA polymerase III (discovered in the 1970s) and DNA polymerases IV and V (discovered in 1999).

Kary Mullis discovered the process of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 1983.


Question: who is the general brad pitt plays in war machine

Answer: Glen McMahon

This is a document about Operation Moshtarak
 The 2017 film War Machine, starring Brad Pitt, portrays a fictionalized version of the events surrounding the Battle of Marjah.

This is a document about War Machine (film)
  War Machine is a 2017 American satirical war film written and directed by David Michôd and starring Brad Pitt, Anthony Michael Hall, Anthony Hayes, Topher Grace, Will Poulter, Tilda Swinton, and Ben Kingsley. Based on the nonfiction book The Operators: The Wild and Terrifying Inside Story of America's War in Afghanistan by Michael Hastings, it is a fictionalized version of the events in the book based on United States Army General Stanley McChrystal. The film was released on Netflix on May 26, 2017.

This is a document about Stanley A. McChrystal
  In May 2017, Netflix released the film War Machine in which Brad Pitt plays a thinly veiled version of McChrystal named McMahon. It was directed by Animal Kingdom's David Michôd and is an adaptation of Michael Hastings' book The Operators. Hastings wrote the Rolling Stone article that revealed the friction between McChrystal's staff and then President Barack Obama's, which ultimately led to McChrystal losing his job.

This is a document about Negligence (band)
 War Machine

This is a document about War Machine (film)
 Brad Pitt as General Glen McMahon, a character based on General Stanley McChrystal. He is portrayed as an accomplished general with degrees from West Point and Yale University, brought in to bring a resolution to the conflict in Afghanistan. ; Anthony Hayes as Lieutenant Commander Pete Duckman, a Navy SEAL and member of McMahon's staff ; Emory Cohen as Corporal Willy Dunne, General McMahon's body man ; RJ Cyler as USAF Tech Sergeant Andy Moon, information technology support assistant ; Daniel Betts as USN Rear Admiral Simon Ball, McMahon's Senior Public Affairs Officer ; Topher Grace as Matt Little, a former lobbyist turned McMahon's civilian media adviser, based loosely on Duncan Boothby ; Anthony Michael Hall as Major General Greg Pulver, ISAF Director of

This is a document about War Machine (film)
  Brad Pitt visited Mumbai to promote the film and attended a special screening at PVR High Street Phoenix on May 24, 2017. He also met Bollywood star Shah Rukh Khan to promote War Machine.

This is a document about War Machine (film)
  On April 27, 2012, it was announced that New Regency and Plan B Entertainment had acquired the film adaptation rights to the 2011 best seller non-fiction book The Operators by Michael Hastings. On April 14, 2014, David Michôd was hired to write and direct the film based on the war in Afghanistan. Brad Pitt was attached to star as General Stanley McChrystal and produce the film along with his Plan B partners Dede Gardner and Jeremy Kleiner, while the film would be financed by New Regency and RatPac Entertainment. On June 8, 2015, Netflix acquired the distribution rights to the film which was re-titled War Machine, while Ian Bryce also came on board to produce the film along with others. On June 17, The Hollywood Reporter revealed that there had been a budget issue between New Regency and RatPac with producers of Plan B, and thus Netflix had

This is a document about The Operators (book)
  On 14 April 2014, it was announced that David Michôd would write and direct The Operators, which was subsequently retitled War Machine. The 2017 film was jointly produced by Plan B Entertainment, New Regency, Netflix, and RatPac Entertainment, and starred Brad Pitt.

This is a document about David Michôd
  On 14 April 2014 it was announced that Michôd would write and direct The Operators, based on the 2011 best seller of the same name by Michael Hastings. The film will be jointly produced by Plan B Entertainment, New Regency and RatPac Entertainment, with Brad Pitt attached to star. It was later retitled War Machine. In March 2017, Netflix released a teaser trailer for the film in which Brad Pitt plays a thinly veiled version of Stanley A. McChrystal. Hastings also wrote the Rolling Stone article that revealed the friction between McChrystal's staff and then President Barack Obama's and which ultimately led to McChrystal losing his job. The film was released on Netflix on 26 May 2017 and was met with mixed reviews.

This is a document about List of Austin Powers characters
 Portrayed by: Charles Napier ; Appears in: Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me  General Hawk is an advisor to the president. He is notable for asking the president if he was suggesting that they blow up the moon, with the president replying to him and the other generals in the room, "Would you miss it?" General Hawk is the second character in the series who is portrayed by Charles Napier; the other one is Commander Gilmour.

This is a document about Ike: Countdown to D-Day
  Tom Selleck portrays General Dwight D. Eisenhower, US Army, popularly known by his nickname of "Ike". The film deals with the difficult decisions he made leading to up to D-Day, including dealing with the varied personalities of his command: Lieutenant General Omar N. Bradley, US Army (James Remar), Lieutenant General George S. Patton, US Army (Gerald McRaney), General Bernard Montgomery, British Army (Bruce Phillips) and General Charles de Gaulle, Free French (George Shevtsov). The film does not have action sequences, focusing instead on the inner workings of Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force that led to the successful D-Day invasion of World War II. Concentrating on decisions actually made by Eisenhower and the pressures brought to bear on him personally, it includes his

This is a document about Flags of Our Fathers (film)
  Chris Bauer as General Alexander Vandegrift, the Commandant of the Marine Corps ; Gordon Clapp as General Holland Smith, who led the invasion of Iwo Jima ; Ned Eisenberg as Joe Rosenthal, the journalist who took the famous photograph ; Judith Ivey as Belle Block ; Ann Dowd as Mrs. Strank ; Myra Turley as Madeline Evelley ; Jason Gray-Stanford as Lieutenant Harold G. Schrier ; Joseph Michael Cross as Private First Class Franklin Sousley ; Benjamin Walker as Corporal Harlon Block, who was misidentified as Hank Hansen ; Alessandro Mastrobuono as Corporal Chuck Lindberg ; Scott Eastwood as Private Roberto Lundsford ; David Patrick Kelly as President Harry S. Truman ; Jeremiah Kirnberger as Gunners Mate 1st Class ; Stark Sands as Private Walter Gust

This is a document about Lee S. Wolosky
  Wolosky served as Director for Transnational Threats on the United States National Security Council in the White House Office, under President Bill Clinton and George W. Bush. The Transnational Threats Directorate was responsible for coordinating the U.S. Government's response to terrorism prior to the September 11 attacks. At the White House, Wolosky had specific responsibility for coordinating U.S. policy relating to illicit finance impacting national security. Wolosky's work at the White House also included directing sensitive operations, including leading the U.S. government effort to apprehend the Taliban and al Qaeda-linked arms trafficker Viktor Bout. Wolosky was noted for his innovative approach for pursuing Bout. Wolosky's pursuit of Bout served as a loose basis for the character Jack Valentine (played by Ethan Hawke) in the film Lord of War. Wolosky has served as a consultant to various agencies of the U.S. Government in recent

This is a document about Gods and Generals (film)
  Ted Turner originally pitched an adaption of Gods and Generals to Warner Bros. Pictures in 2000 and decided to personally finance it after they turned him down. The final cost of the film was $60 million for the production and $30 million for the distribution of it, making it one of the most expensive independent films ever produced. Turner has a cameo in the film as Colonel Waller T. Patton. Colonel Patton, the great uncle of George S. Patton, was mortally wounded at Gettysburg, a scene depicted in the movie Gettysburg. United States Senators George Allen (R-Virginia) and Robert Byrd (D-West Virginia) also have cameo roles, both playing Confederate

This is a document about List of Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles characters
  Major General Perry (introduced in "Alpine Fields"), portrayed by Peter Mensah, leads the Human Resistance force based at Serrano Point nuclear power plant and is Derek Reese's commanding general in 2027. Perry dispatches Reese on a dangerous mission to Eagle Rock Bunker to rescue Sydney Fields and bring her back, so that their scientists can isolate and reproduce her immunity to Skynet's biological weapon. In "Dungeons and Dragons", Perry sends Reese and his team back in time to 2007 to capture and destroy Andy Goode's Turk chess computer (which evolves into the AI dubbed John Henry) and otherwise prevent Skynet from

This is a document about MacArthur (1977 film)
 Gregory Peck as General of the Army Douglas MacArthur ; Ed Flanders as President Harry S. Truman ; Dan O'Herlihy as President Franklin D. Roosevelt ; Ivan Bonar as Lieutenant General Richard K. Sutherland ; Ward Costello as General of the Army George C. Marshall ; Nicolas Coster as Colonel Sidney Huff ; Marj Dusay as Mrs. Jean MacArthur ; Art Fleming as W. Averell Harriman ; Russell Johnson as Fleet Admiral Ernest J. King ; Sandy Kenyon as Lieutenant General Jonathan M. Wainwright ; Robert Mandan as Representative Martin ; Allan Miller as Colonel LeGrande A. Diller ; Dick O'Neill as Major General Courtney Whitney ; G. D. Spradlin as Major General Robert L. Eichelberger ; Addison Powell as Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz ; Garry Walberg as Lieutenant General Walton Walker ; James Shigeta (deleted scenes) as General Tomoyuki Yamashita

This is a document about Battle for Terra
  secretly retained the military technology from the dark days of war (realizing Mala and Jim's species do have things in common). After infiltrating the facility, fixing the ship and flying back to the Ark, Jim orders Mala to stay hidden and goes to be debriefed. Impatient, Mala ventures off, meanwhile, the commander of the military wing of the Ark, General Hemmer (Brian Cox), takes power over the civilian leaders in a coup, and declares war on Terra, citing the deteriorating condition of the Ark. Then, after Mala finds Roven in a room where the humans are studying the captured Terrians, and when she was

This is a document about War Machine (film)
  in to buy the distribution rights for $60 million. On August 4, 2015, Emory Cohen was cast in the film to play a member of Gen. McChrystal's staff. On August 10, 2015, Topher Grace joined the film to play Gen. Stanley McChrystal's civilian press adviser. On August 11, 2015, John Magaro signed on to play Cory Burger, a special ops soldier and close advisor to General McMahon. On August 14, 2015, Scoot McNairy joined the cast of the film. On August 19, 2015, Anthony Michael Hall was added to the cast to play General Hank Pulver, loosely based on General Mike Flynn. On August 20, 2015, LaKeith Stanfield signed on to the film. The same day, Will Poulter also joined the cast for an unspecified role. On August 25, Anthony Hayes joined the film. On October 23, 2015, TheWrap revealed that RJ Cyler had also joined the film.

This is a document about Most Wanted (1997 film)
  soldiers illegally which the first lady was investigating and the reason she was killed. As a smokescreen, Bickhart puts a bounty of 10 Million Dollars for anyone (both civilian and law enforcement) who can capture Dunn dead or alive. Meanwhile, Dunn finds a trustworthy ally in CIA head Ken Rackmill (Sorvino), who knows that Dunn is innocent and also knows that someone inside his organization is working with the conspirators who framed him in the first place. Dunn must go through Woodward himself and his henchman, Col. Alan Braddock (Bodison) to expose the truth before he and Victoria are killed.

This is a document about World in Conflict
  The single-player campaign places players in the role of Lieutenant Parker (voiced by Alec Baldwin), a United States Army officer, who takes command of a company of troops from both the US and NATO and who narrates the events of the game's campaign prior to each mission; he neither speaks during missions and cutscenes nor is his face shown. During missions, players take on enemies scripted for them to deal with while the AI handles the remainder of action on the battlefield, though a large portion of the action is still focused on the player, which is in contrast to the approach used in RTS titles, in which players are in charge of whole armies and thus responsible for most of the action on the battlefield. Unlike other game modes, players are restricted in missions by what units they can deploy and what tactical aid they can call in, sometimes having to rely on the units they begin with and acquire during a mission. The narrative of the single-player story owes much of its inspiration from both the Call of Duty and Medal of Honor series (see the 'Influences' section below)

General Glen McMahon, based on General Stanley McChrystal.


Question: when is the last time mayon volcano erupted

Answer: January 25 , 2018

This is a document about Mayon
  Mayon is the most active volcano in the Philippines, erupting over 47 times in the past 500 years. Historical observations accounted its first eruption in 1616. The first eruption for which an extended account exists was the six-day event of July 20, 1766.

This is a document about Mayon
  interval of 3 to 5 hours. Classes still remained suspended in some places in Albay. Alert Level 4 was maintained at the volcano for the rest of January and all throughout the month of February as it remained restive. On March 6, 2018, after observing a decline in volcanic activity, PHIVOLCS-DOST downgraded the alert level back to Alert Level 3. On March 29, 2018, after observing a further decline in activity, PHIVOLCS-DOST lowered the alert level back to Alert Level 2 signifying the end of Mayon's eruptive activity and the volcano's decline to a moderate level of unrest. On December 26, 2018, Mayon caused two phreatic explosions but maintains Alert Level 2.

This is a document about Mayon
  is regarded as very sacred in Philippine mythology. The volcano with its surrounding landscape was declared a national park on July 20, 1938, the first in the nation. It was reclassified as a natural park and renamed the Mayon Volcano Natural Park in 2000. It is the centerpiece of the Albay Biosphere Reserve, declared by UNESCO in 2016, and is currently being nominated as a World Heritage Site. Mayon is the most active volcano in the Philippines, and its activity is regularly monitored by the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) from their provincial headquarters on Ligñon Hill, about 12 km from the summit.

This is a document about Mayon
  of Mayon Volcano from Alert Level 1 (abnormal) to Alert Level 2- (increasing unrest for the people's safety). About 40,000 residents were displaced in the resulting evacuation. On January 14, 2018, Mayon Volcano's alert status was upgraded to Alert Level 3 (increased tendency towards a hazardous eruption) after 3 phreatic eruptions and 158 rockfall events were recorded. The summit crater also exhibited a bright glow signifying the growth of a new lava dome and the start of lava flows towards its slopes. On January 16, 2018, the province of Albay declared a state of calamity as lava flows reached the limits of the 6-kilometer evacuation zone. On January 22, 2018, Alert Level 4

This is a document about Mayon
  From July 6, 1881, until approximately August 1882, Mayon underwent a strong (VEI=3) eruption. Samuel Kneeland, a naturalist, professor and geologist, personally observed the volcanic activity on Christmas Day, 1881, about five months after the start of the activity: At the date of my visit, the volcano had poured out, for five months continuously, a stream of lava on the Legaspi side from the very summit. The viscid mass bubbled quietly but grandly, and overran the border of the crater, descending several hundred feet in a glowing wave, like red-hot iron. Gradually, fading as the upper surface cooled, it changed to a thousand sparkling rills among the crevices, and, as it passed beyond the line of complete vision behind the woods near the base, the fires twinkled like stars or the scintillations of a dying conflagration. More than half of the mountain height was thus illuminated.

This is a document about Mayon
  Mayon's 48th modern-era eruption was on July 13, 2006, followed by quiet effusion of lava that started on July 14, 2006. Nearly 40,000 people were evacuated from the 8 km danger zone on the southeast flank of the volcano. After an ash explosion of September 1, 2006, a general decline in the overall activity of Mayon was established. The decrease in key parameters such as seismicity, sulfur dioxide emission rates and ground inflation all indicated a waning condition. The slowdown in the eruptive activity was also evident from the decrease in intensity of crater glow and the diminishing volume of lava extruded from the summit. PHILVOLCS Alert Level 4 was lowered to Level 3 on September 11, 2006; to Level 2 on October 3, 2006; and to Level 1 on October 25, 2006.

This is a document about Mayon
  On the evening of February 4, 2020, the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported to the public that the crater of Mayon Volcano started to glow up which they say is magma which was still present slightly underneath the surface of the volcano. Even though this phenomenon alerted the officials and the public, the Mayon Volcano remained at an Alert Level 2 out of 5. The Alert Level 2 was lowered to Alert Level 1 on July 17, 2020. And on July 30 2021, PHIVOLCS-DOST lifted the alert level status of volcano.

This is a document about Mayon
  Mayon began its increasing activity in May 1999, with hazard status associated raised to Alert Level 1. On June 22, 1999, Mayon emitted an ash column that rose to approximately 10 km above the vent; the status was later raised to Alert Level 2. The emission was recorded by the seismic network of the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology as an explosion that lasted for 10 minutes. No volcanic earthquakes nor other visible signs of abnormal activity were observed before the explosion.

This is a document about Mayon Volcano Natural Park
  The Mayon Volcano Natural Park is a protected area of the Philippines located in the Bicol Region (Region 5) on southeast Luzon Island, the largest island of the country. The Natural park covers an area of 5775.7 ha, which includes its centerpiece Mayon Volcano, the most active volcano in the Philippines, and its adjacent surroundings. The volcano is also renowned for having an almost perfect cone. First protected as a National Park in 1938, it was reclassified as a Natural Park in the year 2000.

This is a document about Mayon
  2014, NASA's Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) detected thermal anomalies near Mayon's summit, consistent with magma at the surface. On September 16, 2014, provincial governor Joey Salceda said that the government would begin to "fast-track the preparation to evacuate 12,000 families in the 6–8 km extended danger zone", and soldiers would enforce the no-go areas. On September 18, 2014, PHIVOLCS reported 142 VT earthquake events and 251 rockfall events. White steam plumes drifted to the south-southwest and rain clouds covered the summit. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission was measured at a 757 tonnes after a peak of 2,360 tonnes on September 6. Deformation (precise leveling and tiltmeters) during the 3rd week of August 2014 recorded edifice inflation.

This is a document about Geography of the Philippines
  of the 20th century. The Philippines is the world's second-biggest geothermal energy producer behind the United States, with 18% of the country's electricity needs being met by geothermal power. Mount Pinatubo is notorious for its destructive VEI-6 eruption on June 15, 1991. Taal Volcano, one of the Decade Volcanoes, had a VEI-3.7 eruption on January 12, 2020. Mount Mayon is renowned for having an almost perfect cone, but has a violent history of 47 eruptions since 1616 and its VEI-4 eruption on June 23, 1897, rained fire for seven days. Significant mineral deposits exist as a result of the country's complex

This is a document about Mayon
 name = Mayon ; other_name = Mayon Volcano photo = Mayon Volcano as of March 2020.jpg ; photo_caption = Mayon in 2020 ; elevation_m = 2463 ; elevation_ref = ; prominence_m = 2447 ; prominence_ref = ; listing = Active volcano · Ultra ; topo = ; range_coordinates = ; map = Luzon#Philippines ; map_alt = Location map of Mayon volcano ; map_caption = ; location = ; map_relief = ; label = ; label_position = ; coordinates = 13.25667°N, 123.685°W ; coordinates_ref = ; type = Stratovolcano ; age = > 20,000 years has ; last_eruption = 2019 ; first_ascent = Scotsmen Paton & Stewart

This is a document about 2013 in the Philippines
 May 2 – Former police officer Cesar Mancao, accused of involvement in the murders of publicist Bubby Dacer and his driver Emmanuel Corbito, escaped from the custody of the National Bureau of Investigation. ; May 7 – Mayon Volcano produced a surprise phreatic eruption lasting 73 seconds. Ash and rock were produced during this eruption. Ash clouds reached 500 meters above the volcano's summit, which drifted west southwest The event killed five climbers, of whom three were Germans, one was a Spaniard living in Germany and one was a Filipino tour guide while Seven others were reported injured. ; May 9 –

This is a document about List of stratovolcanoes
 Mayon Volcano in Albay, The most active volcano in the Philippines, famous for its perfect symmetrical cone shape. ; Mount Pinatubo in Zambales. The catastrophic June 1991 eruption, which formed a caldera, later filled by a crater lake, had global environmental effects. ; Mount Bulusan in Sorsogon ; Mount Kanlaon and Mount Talinis in Negros ; Mount Arayat in Pampanga ; Mount Iriga and Mount Isarog in Camarines Sur ; Mount Mariveles and Mount Natib in Bataan ; Mount Malindig in Marinduque ; Mount Apo in Davao City, Mindanao. Considered a dormant volcano, it is the highest point of the Philippines ; Mount Makiling in Laguna ; Mount Banahaw in Quezon is one of the active volcanoes in the Philippines. Its 1730 eruption caused a debris avalanche and crater lake collapse which flooded Sariaya, Quezon.

This is a document about Mayon
  ; easiest_route = ; country = Philippines ; state = Bicol Region ; state_type = Region ; region = Albay ; region_type = Province ; city = Camalig city_type = Cities and embedded = {{Infobox mapframe|coord={{#invoke:coordinates|coord}}|wikidata=yes}} {{Infobox mountain Mount Mayon Daraga Guinobatan Legazpi Ligao Malilipot Santo Domingo Tabaco municipalities }} Mayon (Bulkan Mayon; Bulkang Mayon, ), also known as Mount Mayon and Mayon Volcano (Monte Mayón, Volcán Mayón), is an active stratovolcano in the province of Albay in Bicol Region, on the island of Luzon in the Philippines. A popular tourist spot, it is renowned for its "perfect cone" because of its symmetric conical shape,

This is a document about Mayon
  On August 12, 2014, a new 30m-50m high lava dome appeared in the summit crater. This event was preceded by inflations of the volcano (measured by precise leveling, tilt data, and GPS), and increases in sulfur dioxide gas emissions. On September 14, 2014, rockfall events at the southeastern rim of the crater and heightened seismic activity caused PHIVOLCS to increase the alert level for Mayon from 2 to 3, which indicates relatively high unrest with magma at the crater, and that hazardous eruption is possible within weeks. The rockfalls and visible incandescence of the crater from molten lava and hot volcanic gas both indicated a possible incipient breaching of the growing summit lava dome. On September

This is a document about Mayon
  Mayon had experienced continuous emissions since 1999 and followed by a series of eruptions in the next two consecutive years. On January 5, 2000, a 5-km-high ash column was produced by an explosion. Growth of summit-crater dome and intensifying eruptions later signaled evacuations. Past emissions had led to the growth of the lava dome beginning February 12. On February 23, series of eruptions began. PHIVOLCS then recommended evacuation even beyond permanent danger zone. On February 24, PHIVOLCS raised its status to the highest, Alert Level 5, with at least eight towns and one city warned of possible explosions with ash and lava flows, and several thousands forced to evacuate even outside identified danger zones. The most violent eruptions were occurred from February 28 to March 1, and since then, declining activity was observed until April. NDCC reported that the 2000 eruption displaced 14,114 families (68,426 persons) and damaged at least ₱89-million worth of property and crops.

This is a document about Mayon
  Mayon is the main landmark and highest point of the province of Albay and the whole Bicol Region in the Philippines, rising 2463 m from the shores of the Albay Gulf about 10 km away. The volcano is geographically shared by the eight cities and municipalities of Legazpi, Daraga, Camalig, Guinobatan, Ligao, Tabaco, Malilipot, and Santo Domingo (clockwise from Legazpi), which divide the cone like slices of a pie when viewing a map of their political boundaries.

This is a document about List of World Heritage Sites in the Philippines
  all of the five sites as UNESCO sites, it will be an unofficial welcome from UNESCO for countries to nominate more than one site per year, making the Philippines more viable to nominate numerous sites per year. In May 13, 2018, it was announced that Mount Mantalingahan Protected Landscape in southern Palawan will formally undergo UNESCO's hectic process in administering its possible declaration as a World Heritage Site by 2020. Initially, Albay's Mayon Volcano was also set for declaration by 2020, but did not make the cut after government failed to submit the documents for Mayon Volcano on time. -->

This is a document about Ring of Fire
  of magma with the lake water, which produced violent phreatic and phreatomagmatic eruptions. The volcano was dormant from 1977 then showed signs of unrest since 1991 with strong seismic activity and ground-fracturing events, as well as the formation of small mud geysers on parts of the island. An eruption occurred in January 2020. Kanlaon Volcano, the most active volcano in the central Philippines, has erupted 25 times since 1866. Eruptions are typically phreatic explosions of small-to-moderate size that produce minor ash falls near the volcano. On August 10, 1996, Kanlaon erupted without warning, killing 3 persons who were among 24 mountain climbers trapped near the summit.

The last time Mayon Volcano erupted was on January 22, 2018, with a Phreatic eruption. However, it had been in a state of unrest since May 2018, with increased volcanic activity and phreatic eruptions. The most recent significant eruption was on January 13, 2018, which was a phreatic eruption that caused the evacuation of 62,000 people.


Question: who got hit by a train on er

Answer: surgical intern Dennis Gant

This is a document about Sledgehammer (Grey's Anatomy)
  being run over by a train, two fifteen-year-old girls admit their love for each other, much to the dismay of their parents. Dr. Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez) steps in to advocate for Jessica Tanner (Mandalynn Carlson), one of the girls, which outrages her mother (Jenny Cooper), leading to a breather argument ending with Maggie punching her in the face. Nursing their critical daughters, their fathers bond and learn to accept them for who they are. Dr. Alex Karev (Justin Chambers) and Maggie talk about being bullied as kids, with Dr. Jo Wilson (Camilla Luddington) and Callie respectively. Dr. Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw)

This is a document about Safety for Sarah movement
  train. Video of the crew indicates that they were unaware how fast it was approaching; some attempted to remove camera equipment and the metal bed from the trestle. They failed to remove the bed before the train rolled through, and many of the crew were trapped out on the trestle. The train struck and shattered the metal bed, sending shrapnel toward crew members. Fragments struck camera assistant Sarah Jones and propelled her toward the still fast moving train, resulting in her death. William Hurt got off the trestle before the train hit the hospital bed. Several other crew members were injured and were taken to hospital.

This is a document about Thirty-Six Hours
  A freight train and a passenger train collide with each other. Several people on the passenger train are killed, and others are trapped in the wreckage. Suspecting terrorism, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) calls FBI Special Agents Don Eppes (Rob Morrow), David Sinclair (Alimi Ballard), Colby Granger (Dylan Bruno), and Nikki Betancourt (Sophina Brown) to the scene. Don leaves David and Colby at the scene to rescue survivors while he and Nikki talk to a conductor who had jumped out of the train before it crashed. Nikki attempts to tie the conductor's deceased crew-mate, who stayed on the crashing train trying to apply the breaks and has Syrian origin, to a terrorist plot. Don feels that the wreck was

This is a document about Reid Oliver
  On his way to Bay City, Reid approaches a railroad crossing and starts across before the gates close to try to save time as a train approaches. His car stalls on the tracks, but when Reid tries to escape, his seatbelt jams, trapping him inside. As the train hits him, he does not die on impact, but survives long enough to be at the hospital and say goodbye to Luke, give Luke "power of attorney" and tell a lawyer (Chris' brother) that his heart, if it is a match, goes to Chris. Luke, of course, does not want to admit that Reid is dying, but after discussing it with Bob and after Reid's brain functions cease, with only the machines keeping him alive, he agrees.

This is a document about Grey's Anatomy (season 8)
  hit them. ; LineColor      = 0059A1 EpisodeNumber  = 158 ; EpisodeNumber2 = 10 ; Title          = Suddenly ; DirectedBy     = Ron Underwood ; WrittenBy      = Stacy McKee ; Viewers= 12.12 ; OriginalAirDate = January 5, 2012 ; ProdCode      = 810 ; ShortSummary   = The ER is swamped by victims from the crash which involved a family car and Alex and Meredith's ambulance. Alex and Meredith fight to save the lives of a family; after realizing that telling Teddy about Henry's death would stop her from saving her patient's life, Owen decides to not tell Teddy until she is out of surgery.

This is a document about Grey's Anatomy (season 2)
  the hospital and the interns are paged back to work. Two patients were seriously injured in the train crash and were both impaled by a long pole and are stuck together face to face. The doctors must make a tough decision because they realize that only one patient can survive the surgery. Meredith realizes that Derek has chosen Addison, and she is crushed. Alex fails to notice the friend of his patient is bleeding internally and she eventually dies from her injuries. Cristina works on a foot that has been sliced off of a patient, however things get complicated when

This is a document about Trauma (American TV series)
  and Nancy's rig to be broadsided by an oncoming bus, leading to a massive accident. Glenn and Nancy are both hurt, but Nancy is injured more seriously with a lacerated spleen and internal bleeding. Glenn feels responsible for the accident, something he later confesses to Diana after she misdiagnoses Glenn's CT scan and Glenn ends up collapsing in a bar after getting into an argument with an inebriated Rabbit. ; Jamey Sheridan as Dr. Joseph "Joe" Saviano: Dr. Joe, or often "Joey", by Rabbit, is Chief of Emergency Medicine for the hospital. While fond of all of the paramedics, he is

This is a document about 2018 Crozet, Virginia train crash
  One member of Congress, Representative Jason Lewis of Minnesota, was taken to the hospital with a concussion. He was treated and released, rejoining the group at the retreat in the early evening. Representative Roger Marshall, M.D., of Kansas, a passenger on the train, administered first aid and CPR to the injured, as did other passengers and local residents with medical training. At 1:15 p.m. EST, the partially derailed lead locomotive, Amtrak P42DC heritage unit #145, was removed from the train to allow the investigation to continue. The remainder of the train was then moved back to Charlottesville Union Station, where the passengers were transferred to waiting buses to continue their trip to the Greenbrier. #145 was repaired and put back into service following the incident.

This is a document about Grey's Anatomy (season 14)
  EpisodeNumber  = 300 ; EpisodeNumber2 = 7 ; Title          = Who Lives, Who Dies, Who Tells Your Story ; DirectedBy     = Debbie Allen ; WrittenBy      = Krista Vernoff ; OriginalAirDate = November 9, 2017 ; Viewers        = 8.13 ; ShortSummary   = When a roller coaster car derails off its tracks, Meredith's plans to attend the Harper Avery award ceremony are put on hold. Three patients visiting the ER look like former doctors of the hospital: Drs. Cristina Yang, George O'Malley, and Izzie Stevens. Amelia and Owen learn to co-exist in the OR, after Amelia orders a surprise CT which shows a

This is a document about Grey's Anatomy (season 14)
  the ER as a victim of a hit-and-run. LineColor      = D6D7D9 EpisodeNumber  = 303 ; EpisodeNumber2 = 10 ; Title          = Personal Jesus ; DirectedBy     = Kevin Sullivan ; WrittenBy      = Zoanne Clack ; OriginalAirDate = January 25, 2018 ; Viewers        = 8.62 ; ShortSummary   = With Paul recovering from surgery, Meredith questions Alex and Jo's alibi. Believing that it is his fiancée, Jenny, who ran him over, Jo feels the need to consult her. April's patient turns out to be the pregnant wife of her ex-fiancé, Matthew, proving to be more than an awkward situation, as she helps deliver

This is a document about ER (season 15)
  The final season opens up revealing Gregory Pratt is the victim of the ambulance explosion. Despite the rallying efforts of his workplace colleagues, he succumbs to his injuries and dies. The season introduces Cate Banfield as new ER chief, a woman with a seemingly mysterious past with County General. Luka Kovač and Abby Lockhart leave for a new life in Boston, Brenner must deal with issues surrounding his childhood, and he comes to a crossroads in his relationship with Neela, Samantha Taggart and Tony Gates' relationship suffers a major setback after an accident involving Alex Taggart while Neela Rasgotra is forced to make some tough decisions,

This is a document about Valhalla train crash
  that traffic was stop-and-go on Lakeview and Commerce. Both Hope and Brody had stopped for a few seconds at the grade crossing. At the grade crossing, Train 659 was approaching on the western track. The crossing gates descended, warning lights began flashing and, according to Hope, bells began ringing. Hope says Brody's SUV was in front of the gate as it descended, but not on the tracks. The crossing gate struck the top of Brody's SUV before sliding down its rear and becoming stuck. Hope backed up to give her room to do the same. He instead saw Brody get out of the car and walk to the rear,

This is a document about Charlie Harper (Two and a Half Men)
  Charlie Harper was reported by Rose to have died in Paris after being struck by a train. The season 9 premiere featured his funeral with one of Charlie's trademark bowling shirts and a pair of cargo shorts hanging by his closed casket. Rose explained that he had proposed to her in Paris and the next few days had been happy, but when she returned from shopping one day, she found him showering with another woman. The next day he fell off a Paris Métro platform and was struck by a train, his body exploding "like a balloon full of meat". It is implied by Rose and suggested by Berta that Rose was responsible for Charlie's death.

This is a document about December 2013 Spuyten Duyvil derailment
  to do what I was doing and a split second [later] I'm tumbling on the floor ... I think I hit the ceiling several times. I didn't even have time to react or to think what I was doing." When the train came to rest, Hermann, despite a head injury and some bruises, took charge and reported the derailment to the dispatcher. He then worked with Kelly to coordinate the passengers and the emergency responders. In the front Rockefeller, who was mostly uninjured, freed Herbert, who was conscious but had also suffered a head injury, from the seat cushions that had piled up on her. Seeing that

This is a document about Pilot (Forever)
  A few minutes after Dr. Henry Morgan (Ioan Gruffudd) boards a New York City subway train, it crashes and kills everyone aboard, including Henry. Henry reemerges naked in the East River and is promptly arrested for indecent exposure. Later that day, New York Police (NYPD) detective Jo Martinez (Alana de la Garza) arrives at the crash, where she learns that investigators had determined that the engineer had died of a heart attack. She goes to the medical examiner's office, where Henry and Assistant Medical Examiner Lucas Wahl (Joel David Moore) are processing the bodies of the crash victims. Henry informs

This is a document about McQueen family
  leg, while Porsche emerges from the rubble. Mercedes then appears, as does Lockie's brother, Cameron. Lockie and John Paul, however, are trapped under rubble in a different section of the train, while Dodger has badly injured his head. Carmel then exits the train to try to get help, while Sienna enters the wreckage to retrieve Dodger. Sonny and Theresa are both trapped separately from the rest of the party, and when Theresa regains consciousness, she tries to escape Sonny but he also awakens and keeps her hostage in the wreckage. As Mercedes and Cameron both save Phoebe from the

This is a document about ER (season 3)
  with Benton, especially over Benton's treatment of surgical intern Dennis Gant. This eventually results in Gant committing suicide by throwing himself in front of a train and despite the ER staff's best efforts, Gant eventually dies from his injuries, devastating Carter who begins blaming himself and Benton for not doing more to prevent Gant's suicide. Benton also starts dating Carla Reece, who becomes pregnant and gives premature birth to his son at the end of the season. Weaver supports Jeanie, who is forced to reveal her HIV-status early in the season, when Mark gains unauthorized access to her medical records. While Jeanie struggles with her condition, she becomes involved with a doctor from the Infectious Diseases department, before reuniting with her ex-husband, Al.

This is a document about The Keeping Hours
  bleeds and passed out after claiming to see her deceased mother. After an emergency room visit, Elizabeth tells Mark she stopped her depression medicine and the fainting was isolated and nothing to worry about. When Dad gets home, Jacob has his train set up and fully running. Jacob tells Dad that Mom has to take a long train ride with him. Mark confronts Elizabeth and she tells him she has terminal cancer. Mark tells her that Jacob told him that he unlatched the seat belt and she was not at fault. Later, Jacob comes to his Mom's hospital room and she hugs him and they both disappear into a white light.

This is a document about L Line (Los Angeles Metro)
 September 11, 2007 – A driver was critically injured and six passengers, including an LA County Deputy Sheriff and the train operator, suffered minor injuries when a pickup truck ran a red light at Avenue 55 and Marmion Way before being hit by a train. ; September 21, 2007 – Six people suffered non-life-threatening injuries, including two minor injuries after an SUV broke off the crossing arms and was struck by a northbound train (car 243) at Avenue 50 and Marmion Way in Mt. Washington. The vehicle caught fire and a section of the train was also burnt. It was claimed that the female SUV driver had tried to beat the train. A local resident extinguished the fire in the car with a garden hose before Los Angeles Fire arrived.

This is a document about Pit Stop (1969 film)
  quickly eliminated, and Ed has a crash that he initially walks away from, setting the stage for Rick to win. However, no one from the team is present to congratulate Rick, as they have gone to the hospital where Ed has been taken. When Rick arrives there, he learns that by walking to the ambulance under his own power, instead of allowing paramedics to handle him, lingering whiplash from the wreck broke Ed's neck, and he has died. Willard proposes Rick take Ed's place in an upcoming high-profile race, and Rick accepts, even though he sees that Hawk, Ellen, and Jolene have now lost respect for him.

In the "Grey's Anatomy" episode "Suddenly," Reid Oliver gets hit by a train.