Question: what are hare 's two levels of moral thinking

Answer: act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism

This is a document about Two-level utilitarianism
  Two-level utilitarianism is a utilitarian theory of ethics developed by R. M. Hare. According to the theory, a person's moral decisions should be based on a set of moral rules, except in certain rare situations where it is more appropriate to engage in a 'critical' level of moral reasoning. Consequentialists believe that an action is right if it produces the best possible state of affairs. Traditional utilitarianism (act utilitarianism) treats this as a claim that people should try to ensure that their actions maximize overall happiness or pleasure. Two-level utilitarianism is virtually a synthesis of the opposing doctrines of act utilitarianism and

This is a document about Consequentialism
  The two-level approach involves engaging in critical reasoning and considering all the possible ramifications of one's actions before making an ethical decision, but reverting to generally reliable moral rules when one is not in a position to stand back and examine the dilemma as a whole. In practice, this equates to adhering to rule consequentialism when one can only reason on an intuitive level, and to act consequentialism when in a position to stand back and reason on a more critical level. This position can be described as a reconciliation between act consequentialism—in which the morality of an action is determined by that action's effects—and rule consequentialism—in which moral behavior is derived from following rules that lead to positive outcomes. The two-level approach to consequentialism is most often associated with R. M. Hare and Peter Singer.

This is a document about Two-level utilitarianism
  is not undermined, two-level utilitarianism does not succeed in its goal of showing, "how, on utilitarian principles, it is a good idea to think and reason in a pluralist and non-consequentialist manner." It is impossible, he claims, to compartmentalise one's thinking in the way the two-level account requires—to simultaneously think like a utilitarian and act in a non-utilitarian way. Hare's response to this type of criticism is that he does his own moral thinking in this way, therefore the challenge that this type of moral thinking is impossible must be false. A third variety of objection somewhat related to the problem of 'weakness of will' is that difficulties arise when we try to keep critical thinking separate from intuitive thinking.

This is a document about Two-level utilitarianism
  theories to two-level utilitarianism, act and rule utilitarianism, were beset by various objections. For example, rule utilitarianism was criticized for implying that in some cases an individual should pursue a course of action that would obviously not maximise utility. Conversely, act utilitarianism was criticized for not allowing for a 'human element' in its calculations, i.e. it is sometimes too difficult (or impossible) for an ordinary person. As a descriptive model of the two levels, Hare posited two extreme cases of people, one of whom would only use critical moral thinking and the other of whom would only use intuitive moral thinking.

This is a document about Two-level utilitarianism
 Hare, R. M. 1993: Essays on Bioethics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ; In this book, Hare applies the methods of two-level utilitarianism to problems in bioethics, such as abortion and the treatment of people with psychiatric disorders using behavior control techniques.

This is a document about Gary Varner
  Hare's philosophy of two-level utilitarianism has been a focus of Varner's since the early 2000s, and was the subject of his Personhood, Ethics, and Animal Cognition. In the book, Varner breaks with his previous biocentrism, instead endorsing sentientism (the idea that sentience is necessary and sufficient for moral considerability), prescriptivism, and two-level utilitarianism. The book is split into three parts: "Hare's Two-Level Utilitarianism", "Persons, Near-Persons, and the Merely Sentient", and "Formulating ILS [Intuitive-Level System] Rules for Persons, Near-Persons, and the Merely Sentient". The first part offers a reconstruction and analysis of Hare's philosophy, while the latter two offer an original position on animal ethics and personhood. In

This is a document about Utilitarianism
  to them, unless the situations are very extra-ordinary; the results of sophisticated felicific calculations are not likely, human nature and human ignorance being what they are, to lead to the greatest utility." In Moral Thinking (1981), Hare illustrated the two extremes. The "archangel" is the hypothetical person who has perfect knowledge of the situation and no personal biases or weaknesses and always uses critical moral thinking to decide the right thing to do. In contrast, the "prole" is the hypothetical person who is completely incapable of critical thinking and uses nothing but intuitive moral thinking and, of necessity, has to follow the general moral rules they have been taught or

This is a document about Gary Varner
 Andrews, Kristin (2014). "Book Review: Personhood, Ethics, and Animal Cognition: Situating Animals in Hare’s Two-Level Utilitarianism, written by Gary E. Varner; The Philosophy of Animal Minds, edited by Robert W. Lurz". Mind. 123 (491): 959–66.. ; Attfield, Robin, and Rebekah Humphreys (2012). "Personhood, Ethics and Animal Cognition: Situating Animals in Hare's Two-Level Utilitarianism". Philosophy. 88 (3): 493–8.. ; Jensen, Jon (2000). "Book review: In Nature's Interests? Interests, Animal Rights, and Environmental Ethics". Ethics and the Environment. 4 (2): 235–9. ; Kadlac, Adam (2015). "Book Review: Personhood, Ethics, and Animal Cognition: Situating Animals in Hare’s Two-Level Utilitarianism, written by Gary E. Varner". Journal of Moral Philosophy. 12 (2): 247–50.. ; Moss, Justin (2015). "Personhood, Ethics, and Animal Cognition: Situating Animals in Hare’s Two-Level Utilitarianism". Ethics, Policy & Environment. 18 (2): 226–32. ; Rowlands, Mark (2000). "In Nature's Interests: Interests, Animal Rights, and Environmental Ethics". The Philosophical Review. 109 (4): 598–601.. ; Varner, Gary (1998). In Nature's Interests? Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN: 9780195108651. ; Varner, Gary (2012). Personhood, Ethics, and Animal Cognition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN: 9780199758784.

This is a document about John E. Hare
  The author of over sixty articles in scholarly journals, Hare has worked on a wide range of topics, including ancient philosophy, medieval Franciscan philosophy, Immanuel Kant, Søren Kierkegaard, contemporary ethical theory, the theory of the atonement, medical ethics, international relations and aesthetics. The son of the British utilitarian R. M. Hare, Hare has created an ethical theory which integrates Kantian deontological ethics with utilitarian consequentialism. Unlike his father's, Hare's philosophy is specifically Christian and includes elements of Divine command theory. In The Moral Gap (1996), Hare outlined and analyzed various philosophers' responses to the gap — which he finds to be identified in Kant's writings — between human ethical ability and human ethical duty; between what is possible and what is required. He sees this "moral gap"

This is a document about Gary Varner
  have morally considerable interests. From 2001, Varner embarked on a research project exploring animals in Hare's two-level utilitarianism. Personhood, Ethics, and Animal Cognition, published by Oxford University Press in 2012, was the first monograph arising from this project. In the book, Varner moved away from his biocentrism, instead endorsing a developed version of Hare's ethics. Varner draws a distinction between persons, near-persons and merely sentient beings; although all are morally considerable, the lives of persons are of the most significance, and the lives of merely sentient beings are of the least. The practical consequences of this view, though initial comments were offered in Personhood, Ethics, and Animal Cognition, will be explored in Sustaining Animals, forthcoming with Oxford University Press.

This is a document about Gary Varner
  I, Varner offers considerable endorsement of Harean philosophy. Varner interprets Hare as understanding that utilitarianism derives from prescriptivism, and affirms Hare's argument on this point. He goes on to discuss the utility of Intuitive-Level System (ILS) rules; these are the rules that one lives by in day-to-day life, which, though ultimately justified by it, do not derive their content from utilitarian calculation. There are, for Varner, four key kinds of ILSs: "common morality, personal morality, professional ethics, and laws". Though these are deontological in "flavor", following the precepts of these ILSs is generally justified under two-level utilitarianism. Further arguments—these are original, rather than being derived from Hare's

This is a document about Moral psychology
  degrees of moral identity to motivate an individual to make a choice and endorse a behavior. Also, depending on social consensus, particular behaviors may require different levels of moral reasoning. More recent attempts to develop an integrated model of moral motivation have identified at least six different levels of moral functioning, each of which has been shown to predict some type of moral or pro-social behavior: moral intuitions, moral emotions, moral virtues/vices (behavioral capacities), moral values, moral reasoning, and moral willpower. This social intuitionist model of moral motivation suggests that moral behaviors are typically the product of multiple levels of moral functioning, and are usually energized by the "hotter" levels of intuition, emotion, and behavioral virtue/vice.

This is a document about R. M. Hare
  In a series of books, especially The Language of Morals (1952), Freedom and Reason (1963), and Moral Thinking (1981), Hare gave shape to a theory that he called universal prescriptivism. According to this, moral terms such as 'good', 'ought' and 'right' have two logical or semantic properties: universalizability and prescriptivity. By the former, he meant that moral judgments must identify the situation they describe according to a finite set of universal terms, excluding proper names, but not definite descriptions. By the latter, he meant that moral agents must perform those acts they consider themselves to have an obligation to perform whenever they

This is a document about Two-level utilitarianism
  of moral thinking, the next step is to identify when one ought to think like an archangel, and when like a prole. Hare identifies three types of situation where critical thinking is necessary. The first is when the intuitive general principles conflict in particular cases. The second is when, "though there is no conflict between principles, there is something highly unusual about the case which prompts the question whether the general principles are really fitted to deal with it." Thirdly, and most importantly, critical thinking is necessary in order to select the intuitive prima facie principles that will be used.

This is a document about R. M. Hare
  While Hare was primarily interested in meta-ethics, he also made some important contributions to the fields of political philosophy and applied ethics. Among his essays within these fields those on the wrongness of slavery, abortion and the Golden Rule, and on demi-vegetarianism have received the most attention. Hare's most important work in political philosophy and applied ethics is collected in the two volumes Essays on Political Morality (1989) and Essays on Bioethics (1993), both published by Oxford University Press.

This is a document about Utilitarianism
  through imitation. It is not that some people are archangels and others proles, but rather that "we all share the characteristics of both to limited and varying degrees and at different times." Hare does not specify when we should think more like an "archangel" and more like a "prole" as this will, in any case, vary from person to person. However, the critical moral thinking underpins and informs the more intuitive moral thinking. It is responsible for formulating and, if necessary, reformulating the general moral rules. We also switch to critical thinking when trying to deal with unusual situations or in cases where the intuitive moral rules give conflicting advice.

This is a document about Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development
  The pre-conventional level of moral reasoning is especially common in children and is expected to occur in animals, although adults can also exhibit this level of reasoning. Reasoners at this level judge the morality of an action by its direct consequences. The pre-conventional level consists of the first and second stages of moral development and is solely concerned with the self in an egocentric manner. A child with pre-conventional morality has not yet adopted or internalized society's conventions regarding what is right or wrong but instead focuses largely on external consequences that certain actions may bring. In Stage one (obedience and punishment driven), individuals focus on the direct consequences of

This is a document about Moral relativism
  Some philosophers, for example R. M. Hare (1919–2002), argue that moral propositions remain subject to human logical rules, notwithstanding the absence of any factual content, including those subject to cultural or religious standards or norms. Thus, for example, they contend that one cannot hold contradictory ethical judgments. This allows for moral discourse with shared standards, notwithstanding the descriptive properties or truth conditions of moral terms. They do not affirm or deny that moral facts exist, only that human logic applies to our moral assertions; consequently, they postulate an objective and preferred standard of moral justification, albeit in a very limited sense. Nevertheless, according to Hare, human logic shows the error of relativism in one very

This is a document about Lawrence Kohlberg
  was determined that the process of moral development was principally concerned with justice and that its development continued throughout the life span, even spawning dialogue of philosophical implications of such research. His model "is based on the assumption of co-operative social organization on the basis of justice and fairness." Kohlberg studied moral reasoning by presenting subjects with moral dilemmas. He would then categorize and classify the reasoning used in the responses, into one of six distinct stages, grouped into three levels: pre-conventional, conventional and post-conventional. Each level contains two stages. These stages heavily influenced others and have been utilized by others like James Rest in making the Defining Issues Test in 1979.

This is a document about Influence of childhood trauma in psychopathy
  sanity is willingly undertaken in order to conceal a lack of underlying structure, but finds that it conceals a major conceptual neuropsychiatric flaw that has yet to be properly defined. From Cleckley’s work and conceptualization of psychopathy, Canadian psychologist Robert Hare developed the Psychopathy Check List (PCL-R), which was designed to detect and measure the presence of psychopathy. Hare formulated psychopathy into two factors, factor one (primary) which he defines as “selfish, callous and remorseless use of others" and factor two (secondary) which he defines as "chronically unstable, antisocial and socially deviant lifestyle.” Using a combination of Cleckley and Hare’s work along with his own conceptualizations, psychologist Christopher Patrick formulated the triarchic model of psychopathy to better understand the assessment and address unsolved issues

Hare's two levels of moral thinking in two-level utilitarianism are the critical level and the intuitive level. At the critical level, one engages in a more rational and systematic analysis of moral situations, considering all possible consequences and acting on the most optimal level. At the intuitive level, one relies on one's immediate moral intuitions and emotions to make moral judgments. The two-level utilitarianism approach allows individuals to act on their intuitive level when faced with less important moral dilemmas and to engage in critical thinking when dealing with more complex and important moral situations.


Question: when did the vietnam war start and end

Answer: 30 April 1975

This is a document about Vietnam War
  The Vietnam War (Chiến tranh Việt Nam), also known as the Second Indochina War, was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. North Vietnam was supported by the Soviet Union, China, and other communist allies; South Vietnam was supported by the United States, South Korea, the Philippines, Australia, Thailand, and other anti-communist allies. The war, considered a Cold War-era proxy war by some, lasted almost 20 years, with direct U.S. involvement ending in

This is a document about Military history of the United States
  The Vietnam War was a war fought between 1955 and 1975 on the ground in South Vietnam and bordering areas of Cambodia and Laos (see Secret War) and in the strategic bombing (see Operation Rolling Thunder) of North Vietnam. American advisors came in the late 1950s to help the RVN (Republic of Vietnam) combat Communist insurgents known as "Viet Cong." Major American military involvement began in 1964, after Congress provided President Lyndon B. Johnson with  blanket approval for presidential use of force in  the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. Fighting on one side was a coalition of forces including the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam or the "RVN"), the United States, supplemented by South Korea, Thailand,

This is a document about History of ground based air defense in the United States Marine Corps
  The Vietnam War was a Cold War military conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from November 1955 to April 1975. In 1954, colonial France surrendered to the Viet Minh rebels ending the First Indochina War, creating the nations of North and South Vietnam along the 17th parallel. The Vietnam War began shortly thereafter and was fought between North Vietnam, supported by such communist allies as China and the Soviet Union, and South Vietnam, supported by the United States and other anti-communist nations. North Vietnam initiated and maintained an insurgent campaign in the South under the National Liberation Front (NLF), otherwise known as the Viet Cong (VC), and provided NLF members with medicine, weapons,

This is a document about Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson
  At the end of World War II, Vietnamese revolutionaries under Communist leader Ho Chi Minh sought to gain independence from France. By 1954 the French had been defeated and wanted out. The 1954 Geneva Agreements partitioned Vietnam with the U.S. supporting South Vietnam and the Communists taking control of North Vietnam. The Vietnam War began in 1955 as Communist forces started operating in South Vietnam. President Eisenhower sought to prevent the spread of Communism in Southeast Asia. He and Kennedy dispatched American military advisers to South Vietnam, and by the time Johnson took office, there were 16,700 American military personnel in South Vietnam. Despite some misgivings, Johnson ultimately came to support escalation of the U.S. role in Vietnam. He

This is a document about United States–Vietnam relations
  time when increasing numbers of North Vietnamese-trained soldiers were moving in South Vietnam, the first increment of United States combat forces was introduced into the South and sustained bombing of military targets in North Vietnam was undertaken. Nearly eight more years of conflict occurred before the intense involvement of the United States ended in 1973. An "Agreement Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam" was signed in Paris on January 27, 1973, by Washington, Hanoi, Saigon, and the Provisional Revolutionary Government, representing the Vietnamese communist organization in the South, the Viet Cong. The settlement called for a cease-fire, withdrawal of all

This is a document about List of Asian Pacific American Medal of Honor recipients
  The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, and in Vietnam as the American War, occurred from 1959 to April 30, 1975. The term Vietnam Conflict is often used to refer to events which took place between 1959 and April 30, 1975. The war was fought between the Communist-supported Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the United States supported Republic of Vietnam. It concluded with the defeat and failure of the United States foreign policy in Vietnam. On April 30, 1975, the capital of South Vietnam, Saigon fell to the communist forces of North Vietnam, effectively ending the Vietnam War. Over 8.7 million U.S. forces participated in the Vietnam War; of whom slightly over 47,000 were killed in battle and almost 11,000 more died of non-battle causes. During the Vietnam War three Asian Americans received the Medal of Honor, all of them posthumously. Elmelindo Smith, although wounded multiple times was killed while fighting with his unit. Terry Kawamura sacrificed his life by jumping on an explosive charge, saving the lives of two other soldiers, and Rodney Yano sacrificed his life by throwing burning ammunition off of a helicopter after a grenade exploded prematurely.

This is a document about List of Polish-American Medal of Honor recipients
  The Vietnam War was a military conflict between the Communist-supported Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the United States-supported Republic of Vietnam. It started in 1959 and concluded April 30, 1975 with the defeat and failure of the United States foreign policy in Vietnam. During the Vietnam War, 246 Medals of Honor were received, 154 of them posthumously.

This is a document about 1955 in South Vietnam
 November 1 - The Vietnam War begins between the South Vietnam Army and the North Vietnam Army in which the latter is allied with the Viet Cong.

This is a document about 1955 in North Vietnam
 November 1 - The Vietnam War begins between the South Vietnam Army and the North Vietnam Army in which the latter is allied with the Viet Cong.

This is a document about Indochina Wars
 The First Indochina War (called the Indochina War in France and the French War in Vietnam) began after the end of World War II in 1946 and lasted until the French defeat in 1954. After a long campaign of resistance against the French and the Japanese, Viet Minh forces had claimed a victory (the August Revolution) after Japanese and Vichy French forces surrendered in the North on 15 August 1945. In the War in Vietnam (1945–46), British forces temporarily occupied the South, starting from 13 September 1945, only to restore French colonial control in 1946. In the United Nations, and through their alliance with the United Kingdom and

This is a document about Vietnam Era
  elected to designate those years as such to accord special privileges to all persons who served the country's armed forces during that time. Similar designations have been made for other periods of war. The date August 5, 1964, is significant because it was the day of the start of U.S. bombing of North Vietnam at the Gulf of Tonkin. Two days later, on August 7, 1964, Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, giving the Johnson Administration significant powers to make war in Vietnam. The Gulf of Tonkin battle is seen as the beginning of the dramatic escalation of U.S. operations in Vietnam. The end of the war is noted as May 7, 1975, because President Gerald R. Ford announced the end of the war on that day.

This is a document about List of modern great powers
  in the Vietnam War. A cease-fire agreement was finally signed on January 27, 1973, between North Vietnam, South Vietnam, and the United States. The agreement would have the U.S withdraw from South Vietnam and end military operations there. In the 1970s also, the U.S economy began to decline from a 20 year long high, having the stock market decline and industrial production decline as well. Wage and price controls were put into place. In 1973, the Watergate Scandal was revealed to the general public, forcing Nixon to withdraw from his position as president after impeachment in 1974 of August 8, causing what was the vice

This is a document about 2nd Battalion, 9th Marines
   The Vietnam War, was a conflict between the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN, DRV or North Vietnam) and the Republic of Vietnam (RVN or South Vietnam), which eventually involved their respective allies. In 1959, the United States sent military advisors to train the Army of the Republic of Vietnam. By 1965, there were 25,000 military advisors in South Vietnam and on March 8, 1965, the United States Marines became the first US combat troops to land in South Vietnam, with a force of 3,500. The 3d Marine Division began operating in Vietnam when on May 6, 1965, they opened a Marine Compound at the Da Nang Air Base. On July 4, 1965, 2nd Battalion, 9th Marines were ordered to Vietnam

This is a document about 1973 in aviation
  last Operation Arc Light strike of the Vietnam War. Arc Light had begun in 1965. ; January 29 ; A ceasefire agreement between the United States, North Vietnam, and South Vietnam takes effect, ending U.S. participation in the Vietnam War. Since January 1962, the United States Armed Forces have lost 3,339 fixed-wing aircraft in Southeast Asia, 2,430 of them in combat. American aircraft have shot down 200 enemy aircraft in exchange for 76 of their own lost in air-to-air combat. The United States has also lost 4,870 helicopters in Southeast Asia, 2,588 of them in combat. ; An EgyptAir

This is a document about Kent State shootings
   The Vietnam War had escalated under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson before Richard Nixon took office. Under Johnson, the number of American troops in Vietnam soared from 16,000 when he succeeded Kennedy in 1963 to more than 500,000 in 1968 but with no tangible results. When Nixon was elected in 1968, he promised to end the conflict. However, the March 1968 My Lai Massacre by American troops of between 347 and 504 Vietnamese villagers was exposed in November, 1969, which heightened opposition to the War especially among younger people around the country. The nature of military participation also changed on December 1, 1969, when the first

This is a document about List of Puerto Ricans missing in action in the Vietnam War
  The Vietnam War was between the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN, or North Vietnam) and the Republic of Vietnam (RVN, or South Vietnam), which eventually involved their respective allies. In 1959, the United States sent military advisors to train the South Vietnamese Army. By 1965, there were 25,000 military advisors in South Vietnam.." The United States participation in the war continued to escalate until April 30, 1975 when the United States officially declared the war over.  During the Vietnam War, an estimated 48,000 Puerto Ricans served in the four branches of the armed forces. Of a total of 345 Puerto Ricans who died in combat, 18 were listed as MIA's. They were all members of the Army with the exceptions of First Lieutenant Jose Hector Ortiz who was

This is a document about August 1964
 The Vietnam Era began for purposes of federal law pertaining to members of the United States Armed Forces, which defines the period of American involvement in the Vietnam War as "the period beginning on August 5, 1964, and ending on March 27, 1973". ; The United States bombed North Vietnam for the first time as it launched Operation Pierce Arrow from the aircraft carriers USS Ticonderoga and USS Constellation. The raid, conducted on the North Vietnamese PT boat bases and coastal installations, destroyed 90 percent of the oil storage facilities in the port of Vinh. ; After taking off from the Constellation, U.S. Navy Lieutenant (jg) Richard

This is a document about 1968 in the United States
  1968 in the United States was marked by several major historical events. It is often considered to be one of the most turbulent and traumatic years of the 20th century in the United States. The year began with relative peace until January 21 when the North Vietnamese Army PAVN attacked the Marine base at Khe Sanh Combat Base Quang Tri Province, Vietnam. This was the beginning of the Battle of Khe Sanh and the attack focused US command on Khe Sanh near the DMZ. The initial attack was followed by the North Vietnamese country-wide launch of the Tet Offensive on January 30, 1968, resulting

This is a document about Aftermath of World War II
  Indochina War that same year (the Viet Minh organized common fronts to fight the French in Laos and Cambodia). The war ended in 1954 with French withdrawal and a partition of Vietnam that was intended to be temporary until elections could be held. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam held the north while South Vietnam formed into a separate republic in control of Ngo Dinh Diem who was backed in his refusal to hold elections by the US. The communist party of the south eventually organized the common front NLF to fight to unite south and north under the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and thus began the Vietnam War, which ended with the Democratic Republic of Vietnam conquering the South in 1975.

This is a document about United States in the Vietnam War
  On January 15, 1973, citing progress in peace negotiations, Nixon announced the suspension of all offensive actions against North Vietnam, to be followed by a unilateral withdrawal of all U.S. troops. The Paris Peace Accords on "Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam" were signed on January 27, officially ending direct U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. The agreement called for the withdrawal of all U.S. personnel and an exchange of prisoners of war. Within South Vietnam, a cease-fire was declared (to be overseen by a multi-national, 1,160-man International Commission of Control and Supervision force) and both ARVN and PAVN/NLF forces would remain

The Vietnam War started on November 1, 1955, and ended on April 30, 1975. However, the direct involvement of the United States began in 1964 and ended in 1973.


Question: who was president when idaho became a state

Answer: Benjamin Harrison

This is a document about History of Idaho
  On March 4, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln signed an act creating Idaho Territory from portions of Washington Territory and Dakota Territory with its capital at Lewiston. The original Idaho Territory included most of the areas that later became the states of Idaho, Montana and Wyoming, and had a population of under 17,000. Idaho Territory assumed the boundaries of the modern state in 1868 and was admitted as a state in 1890. After Idaho became a territory, legislation was held in Lewiston, the capital of Idaho Territory at the time. There were many territories acts put into place, and then taken away during these early sessions, one act being the move of the capital city

This is a document about William B. Daniels
  Upon the creation of the Idaho Territory in 1863, President Abraham Lincoln appointed the Territory's first Governor, William H. Wallace, and the Territory's first Secretary (Secretary of State), Daniels, on March 10, 1863. Both were active Republican supporters of Lincoln. Wallace was a personal friend of Lincoln's (and subsequently a pallbearer for Lincoln) and a lawyer from Washington Territory. Daniels was also a lawyer from the now state of Oregon. They arrived in Idaho Territory on July 10, 1863, to a contentious public environment, with mining interests set against farming and ranching interests, northern state supporters against southern state supporters. Governor

This is a document about 1916 United States presidential election in Idaho
  The 1916 United States presidential election in Idaho took place on November 7, 1916 as part of the 1916 United States presidential election in which all contemporary forty-eight states participated. State voters chose four electors, or representatives to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

This is a document about 1916 United States presidential election in Idaho
  At state level, Idaho had begun in 1902 to be very much a one-party Republican state, which it has largely remained since apart from the New Deal era of the 1930s and 1940s. For a time there was also a perception that the William Jennings Bryan-led Democratic Party had failed as a “party of reform”. In 1912, Woodrow Wilson had carried Idaho by 1.06 points with less than one third of the total vote due to severe divisions within the GOP between conservative incumbent William Howard Taft and Progressive former President Theodore Roosevelt. In contrast to the East where supporters of Theodore Roosevelt's "Bull Moose" Party rapidly returned to the Republicans, in the Mountain States many if not most of these supporters turned to

This is a document about 1900 United States presidential election in Idaho
  The 1900 United States presidential election in Idaho took place on November 6, 1900. All contemporary 45 states were part of the 1900 United States presidential election. State voters chose three electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president. Idaho was won by the Democratic nominees, William Jennings Bryan of Nebraska and his running mate Adlai Stevenson I of Illinois. Bryan and Stevenson defeated the Republican nominees, William McKinley of Ohio and his running mate Theodore Roosevelt of New York. Bryan had previously defeated McKinley in Idaho four years earlier. He would later lose the state to William Howard Taft in 1908. As of the 2020 election this is the last election in which the Republican candidate won the presidency without Idaho.

This is a document about The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Idaho
  The LDS Church first came to Idaho in 1855 when Brigham Young sent pioneers to settle the area. Early settlements were in Franklin, Bear Lake Valley, and south central Idaho. Idaho became a state in 1890 and Latter-day Saints comprised one-fifth of the population. Church presidents Harold B. Lee, Ezra Taft Benson, and Howard W. Hunter were all natives of the state.

This is a document about Outline of United States history
  Wounded Knee Massacre, December 29, 1890 ; James Buchanan becomes the 15th President of the United States on March 4, 1857 ; Utah Mormon War, May 28, 1857 – July 8, 1858 ; Mountain Meadows massacre, September 11, 1857 ; The eastern portion of the Territory of Minnesota is admitted to the Union as the State of Minnesota (the 32nd state) on May 11, 1858. The remainder of the Minnesota Territory becomes unorganized. ; The extralegal Territory of Jefferson governs the Southern Rocky Mountains region, October 24, 1859 – February 28, 1861 ; The western portion of the Oregon Territory is admitted to the Union as the State of Oregon (the 33rd state) on February 14, 1859. The remainder of the Oregon Territory is annexed to the Washington Territory.

This is a document about Idaho in the American Civil War
  The history of Idaho in the American Civil War is atypical, as the territory was far from the battlefields. At the start of the Civil War, modern-day Idaho was part of the Washington Territory. On March 3, 1863, the Idaho Territory was formed, consisting of the entirety of modern-day Idaho, Montana, and all but southwest Wyoming. However, there were concerns about Confederate sympathizers in the eastern half of the territory, in what is present-day Montana. As a result, in 1863 Sidney Edgerton traveled quickly to see President Abraham Lincoln about the situation; this was one reason to split the Montana Territory from the Idaho Territory. The split also

This is a document about Outline of United States history
 James A. Garfield becomes the 20th President of the United States on March 4, 1881 ; Chester A. Arthur becomes the 21st President of the United States upon the assassination of President James Garfield on September 19, 1881 ; The portion of the Dakota Territory south of the 42nd parallel north and west of the Missouri River is annexed to the State of Nebraska, March 28, 1882 ; Grover Cleveland becomes the 22nd President of the United States on March 4, 1885 ; Benjamin Harrison becomes the 23rd President of the United States on March 4, 1889 ; The Territory of Dakota is admitted to the Union as the State of North Dakota and the State of South Dakota (the 39th state and the 40th state) on November 2, 1889 ; The Territory of Montana is admitted to the Union as the State of Montana (the 41st state) on November 8, 1889 ; The Territory of Washington is admitted to the Union as the State of Washington (the 42nd state) on November 11, 1889

This is a document about Outline of United States history
 The Territory of Oklahoma is organized, May 2, 1890 ; The Territory of Idaho is admitted to the Union as the State of Idaho (the 43rd state) on July 3, 1890 ; The Territory of Wyoming is admitted to the Union as the State of Wyoming (the 44th state) on July 10, 1890 ; Grover Cleveland becomes the 24th (as well as the 22nd) President of the United States on March 4, 1893 ; The Territory of Utah is admitted to the Union as the State of Utah (the 45th state) on January 4, 1896 ; William McKinley becomes the 25th President of the United States on March 4, 1897 ; Spanish–American War, April 23 – August 12, 1898 ; Teller Amendment blocks United States annexation of Cuba, April 20,

This is a document about Reuben P. Boise
  U.S. President James Buchanan to replace Cyrus Olney, beginning service in 1858. He was then elected to the Oregon Supreme Court in 1859 after Oregon became a state on February 14, 1859. Justice Boise served until 1870, winning re-election in 1864. After winning re-election in 1870, he resigned when the election results were contested. Boise was elected to the commission overseeing the construction of the Oregon State Capitol in 1874. In 1876, he returned to the Oregon Supreme Court after winning the election. Two years later, the Oregon Legislative Assembly divided the court into the Supreme Court and the Oregon Circuit Court, and reduced the number of justices on the Supreme Court to three. With the new court, all prior judges lost their

This is a document about 1896 United States presidential election in Idaho
  The 1896 United States presidential election in Idaho took place on November 3, 1896. All contemporary 45 states were part of the 1896 United States presidential election. State voters chose three electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.

This is a document about 1912 United States presidential election in Idaho
  The 1912 United States presidential election in Idaho took place on November 5, 1912, as part of the 1912 United States presidential election. State voters chose four representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. Idaho was won by New Jersey Governor Woodrow Wilson (D–Virginia), running with Indiana Governor Thomas R. Marshall, with 32.08 percent of the popular vote, against the 27th president of the United States William Howard Taft (R–Ohio), running with Columbia University President Nicholas Murray Butler, with 31.02 percent of the popular vote, the 26th president of the United States Theodore Roosevelt (P–New York), running with governor of California Hiram Johnson, with 24.14 percent of the popular vote and the five-time candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States Eugene V. Debs (S–Indiana), running with the first Socialist mayor of a major city in the United States Emil Seidel, with 11.31 percent of the popular vote.

This is a document about History of Idaho
  When President Benjamin Harrison signed the law admitting Idaho as a U.S. state on July 3, 1890, the population was 88,548. George L. Shoup became the state's first governor, but resigned after only a few weeks in office to take a seat in the United States Senate. Willis Sweet, A Republican, was the first congressman, 1890 to 1895, representing the state at-large. He vigorously demanded "Free Silver" or the unrestricted coinage of silver into legal tender, in order to pour money into the large silver mining industry in the Mountain West, but he was defeated by supporters of the gold standard. In 1896 he, like many Republicans from silver mining districts, supported the Silver Republican Party instead of the regular Republican nominee William McKinley.

This is a document about List of University of Idaho people
  The following individuals have held the office of President of the University of Idaho.

This is a document about Roman Catholic Diocese of Boise
  Idaho remained limited to the tribes of Native Americans in north. However, a gold rush began in 1862 that brought tens of thousands of people to the Boise basin, including a large number of Irish Catholics. President Abraham Lincoln created the Territory of Idaho in 1863, and Pope Pius IX followed up five years later in 1868 by declaring Idaho an apostolic vicariate. At that time, both the territory and the apostolic vicariate included the current state of Idaho and the western portions of Montana and Wyoming. Louis Aloysius Lootens, a native of Belgium a priest of the Archdiocese of San Francisco, was named

This is a document about Edward A. Stevenson
  The first problem he faced in this effort was a call by Idaho's northern counties to be joined to either western Montana or eastern Washington in a new territory. At the same time, Nevada was looking to annex the territory's southern counties. These efforts were looked upon favorably in the U.S. Congress, but through his friendship with President Cleveland, Stevenson was able to block the changes from occurring. Following the inauguration of Benjamin Harrison as President of the United States, Stevenson's days as governor came to an end, with Republican candidates lobbying to replace the Democratic governor. Stevenson's successor, George L. Shoup, was sworn in on April 30, 1889.

This is a document about 1948 United States presidential election in Idaho
  Idaho was won by incumbent President Harry S. Truman (D–Missouri), running with Senator Alben W. Barkley, with 49.98% of the popular vote, against Governor Thomas Dewey (R–New York), running with Governor Earl Warren, with 47.26% of the popular vote. This election marks the last before Idaho would turn from a swing state into a Republican Party bastion, which was to be inaugurated with a large-scale landslide in the 1950 state elections. The solitary subsequent Democrat to carry Idaho has been Lyndon Johnson in 1964, and he did so by only 1.83 percentage points in a huge national landslide, while only John F. Kennedy has otherwise passed forty percent of the statewide vote in the subsequent seventeen elections. This is the last election in which the southeastern Mormon counties of Bonneville, Bingham, Jefferson, Madison, Minidoka and Oneida voted for a Democratic presidential candidate, and like several analogous counties in the Texas Panhandle, these counties have frequently battled for the title of "most Republican in the nation" since the 1970s.

This is a document about 1908 United States presidential election in Idaho
  The 1908 United States presidential election in Idaho took place on November 3, 1908. All contemporary 46 states were part of the 1908 United States presidential election. State voters chose three electors to the Electoral College, who selected the president and vice president. Idaho was won by the Republican nominees, former Secretary of War William Howard Taft of Ohio and his running mate James S. Sherman of New York. William Jennings Bryan, the Democratic Party candidate, had previously defeated William McKinley in the state in both 1896 and 1900.

This is a document about Lincoln (proposed Northwestern state)
  The State of Lincoln has been proposed to consist of the Panhandle of Idaho and Eastern Washington (that is, east of the Cascade Mountains). Other than Lincoln, the names "Columbia" and "Eastern (or East) Washington" were proposed to be used for the state. It was first proposed by Idaho in 1865, when the capital was moved from Lewiston in December 1864 to its present-day location of Boise in January 1865, in an Idaho greatly reduced in land area. The original Idaho Territory, from a bill signed by President Lincoln in March 1863, was declared by Governor William H. Wallace in Lewiston, July

Idaho became a state in 1890, but the text does not provide information about who was the president at that time. However, it does mention that William H. Wallace was the first governor of Idaho Territory in 1863, and he was appointed by President Abraham Lincoln.


Question: what 's the name of the goat in ferdinand

Answer: Lupe

This is a document about Ferdinand Township, Dubois County, Indiana
 Ferdinand

This is a document about Ferdinand (film)
  Ferdinand is a 2017 American computer-animated comedy adventure film produced by Blue Sky Studios and distributed by 20th Century Fox. The film, loosely based on Munro Leaf and Robert Lawson's 1936 children's book The Story of Ferdinand, was written by Robert L. Baird, Tim Federle, and Brad Copeland, and directed by Carlos Saldanha. The film features an ensemble voice cast that includes John Cena, Kate McKinnon, Bobby Cannavale, Peyton Manning, Anthony Anderson, David Tennant, Tim Nordquist, Lily Day, Juanes, Jerrod Carmichael, Miguel Ángel Silvestre, Raúl Esparza, Gina Rodriguez, Daveed Diggs, Gabriel Iglesias, Flula Borg, Boris Kodjoe, and Sally Phillips. The music for the film was composed by John Powell, making it his eighth and final collaboration with Blue Sky before it shut down on April 10, 2021. The story, written by Ron Burch, David Kidd, and Don Rhymer, follows a gentle pacifist bull named

This is a document about Ferdinand (film)
  but still-gentle bull. Juan determines that Ferdinand looks too intimidating to take along to the annual Flower Festival in Ronda, as in previous years. Ferdinand follows them anyway, but is stung by a bee and panics, accidentally destroying the town square. Animal Control officers deem him dangerous, and take him away before Nina and Juan can explain. The officers decide to give Ferdinand to Casa del Toro, where he meets his old comrades Valiente, Bones, and Guapo, as well as new additions Lupe the goat, Angus the Highland bull, and lab-cloned Galloway Maquina. Ferdinand tries to escape, but is stopped by three German Lipizzan horses, who now keep watch to prevent any more bulls from escaping.

This is a document about Ferdinand
 Ferdinand (The Tempest), a character in William Shakespeare's play The Tempest ; Ferdinand the Bull, a mild mannered bull in the children's book The Story of Ferdinand ; Ferdinand the Bull, mascot of the Taranaki Rugby Football Union team ; Ferdinand Griffon, main character played by Jean-Paul Belmondo in the movie Pierrot le fou ; Ferdinand, a railway engine in the television series Thomas & Friends ; Ferdinand Vaněk, a vaguely autobiographical character in several plays by the Czech playwright Václav Havel ; Dr. Ferdinand, a character from Steel Ball Run ; Ferdinand, a character from L.A. Noire ; Ferdinand von Aegir, a character from Fire Emblem: Three Houses

This is a document about Ferdinand (film)
 John Cena as Ferdinand the Bull, a huge flower-loving bull who does not want to fight and believes in looking out for others. ; Colin H. Murphy voices a calf Ferdinand. ; Kate McKinnon as Lupe, an old calming goat and Ferdinand's self-appointed mentor. ; Bobby Cannavale as Valiente, an aggressive and arrogant bull who bullies Ferdinand for his flower-loving personality and reluctance to fight. He was the last bull to befriend Ferdinand. ; Jack Gore voices a calf Valiente. ; Cannavale also voices Valiente's father, a cruel and ferocious bull who hates everyone, including his son. His attitude rubs off on Valiente. ; Peyton Manning as Guapo, a brash and loudmouthed bull who has stage fright and is also bullied by Valiente. He is the fourth bull to befriend

This is a document about Kasakela chimpanzee community
  Ferdinand (b. August 19, 1992) is Fifi's fourth oldest son. His father was his uncle Figan's rival Evered, who was 41 years old when Ferdinand was conceived. He became the first wild great ape to have his birth recorded. By 2007, he had grown into a large enough male to wound the alpha male Kris, and researchers believed he would eventually become the third of Fifi's sons to become alpha male. In 2008, he succeeded in supplanting Kris as alpha male, after wounding Kris badly in a fight. Ferdinand maintained his alpha male position primarily through intimidation and threats and even surprising attacking males. He would bite rivals on the back to leave a scar. By the last two years of his reign Ferdinand's aggressiveness had made him so unpopular with other group males that he spent most of his

This is a document about Ferdinand (film)
  who refuses to participate in bullfighting but is forced back into the arena where his beliefs are challenged when he faces off against the world's greatest bullfighter. Ferdinand premiered on December 10, 2017 in Los Angeles, and was theatrically released in the United States on December 15, 2017 in 3D and 2D formats and received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics and audiences. It grossed $296 million worldwide against a production budget of $111 million. Ferdinand received a nomination for Best Animated Feature at the 90th Academy Awards (losing against Coco) while also receiving nominations for Best Animated Feature Film (also lost against Coco) and Best Original Song ("Home") at the 75th Golden Globe Awards (losing against This Is Me). It was also the last film by Blue Sky Studios to be nominated for an Oscar, as the studio was shut down in April 2021.

This is a document about The Story of Ferdinand
 Marvel Comics featured a recurring character named Rintrah in the pages of Doctor Strange. This extraterrestrial anthropomorphic bull was frequently referred to as Ferdinand for his gentle and kind nature. ; In the DC Comics, the name Ferdinand is used for a Minotaur chef at the Themysciran embassy in New York City. Ferdinand also makes an appearance in the animated movie Wonder Woman: Bloodlines ; Illustrator Betty Fraser used a picture of a child reading the book of Ferdinand, along with a bull smelling some flowers, in the 1978 book A House is A House for Me, authored by Mary Ann Hoberman. ; A rubber mask of Ferdinand is featured in Stephen King's 1995 novel Rose Madder. ; A non-player character (NPC) named Ferdinand in the computer

This is a document about Ferdinand (film)
  In Spain, young Ferdinand lives with other calves and bulls at Señor Moreno's "Casa del Toro", where bulls are trained for the bullfighting ring. Ferdinand is a pacifist, and is bullied by the other calves Valiente, Guapo, and Bones. A matador arrives, and the calves' fathers fight to impress him. Ferdinand's father Raf is picked, and Valiente squishes Ferdinand's favorite flower in retaliation. Raf does not come back from the ring; realizing his father is dead, Ferdinand runs away from Casa del Toro. He winds up on a flower farm owned by Juan and his daughter Nina, who adopt him, much to the annoyance of their dog Paco. Some years later, Ferdinand has grown into an

This is a document about Tim Federle
  Ferdinand (2017, 20th Century Fox/Blue Sky Studios): Federle co-wrote the screenplay for Ferdinand, the 2017 animated film based on Munro Leaf's children's book, The Story of Ferdinand. Both the book and the film center around a bull who "would rather smell flowers than fight in bullfights."  Ferdinand  stars John Cena in the titular role, along with Kate McKinnon, Bobby Cannavale, David Tennant, Gina Rodriguez, and Daveed Diggs. The film was released on December 15, 2017.  Ferdinand  was a 2018 Golden Globe Award and Academy Awards nominee for Best Animated Film.

This is a document about The Story of Ferdinand
  he runs wildly across the field, snorting and stamping. Mistaking Ferdinand for a mad and aggressive bull, the men rename him "Ferdinand the Fierce" and take him away to Madrid. All of Madrid, including many beautiful ladies, turn out to see the handsome matador fight "Ferdinand the Fierce." When Ferdinand enters the bull ring, he is faced with the matador, banderilleros and picadors who panic when they see him. However, he is delighted by the flowers that the ladies throw in the ring and sits down in the middle of the ring to enjoy them, upsetting and disappointing everyone and making the matador and other fighters throw tantrums. Ferdinand is then taken back to his pasture, where to this day he is still sitting under the cork tree happily smelling flowers.

This is a document about Ferdinand (film)
  In 2011, it was reported that 20th Century Fox Animation had acquired the rights to the children's book The Story of Ferdinand by Munro Leaf to adapt it into a computer-animated feature film with Carlos Saldanha attached to direct it. In May 2013, Fox titled the film simply Ferdinand, which would be produced by Blue Sky Studios. John Powell, a frequent collaborator with Saldanha, would be composing the film's score. In November 2016, it was reported that Gabriel Iglesias would voice a character named Cuatro, a hedgehog, Una and Dos' brother.

This is a document about Ferdinand (film)
  knocking over and humiliating El Primero. Primero wounds him with a banderilla, and Ferdinand nearly retaliates until he sees a carnation crushed beneath his hoof. Unwilling to hurt anyone, Ferdinand spares El Primero and sits down, waiting to be killed. The crowd yells for Primero to let Ferdinand live, and he decides to put down his sword and leave with dignity. By being himself, Ferdinand becomes the first bull to survive a bullfight, and is reunited with Nina. Moreno then brings Lupe, Ferdinand and the rest of the bulls to Nina's farm, where they become a part of the family. In a mid-credits scene, the hedgehogs are shocked to see their long lost brother Tres.

This is a document about The Story of Ferdinand
  The story was adapted by Walt Disney as a short animated film entitled Ferdinand the Bull in 1938, in a style similar to his Silly Symphonies series. Ferdinand the Bull won the 1938 Academy Award for Best Short Subject (Cartoons). A 3D feature-length computer-animated film adaptation, titled Ferdinand, was released on December 15, 2017. Produced by 20th Century Fox Animation and Blue Sky Studios, it was directed by Carlos Saldanha. Ferdinand was nominated for Best Animated Film (losing to Coco) in the 90th Academy Awards.

This is a document about The Story of Ferdinand
 A plushie of Ferdinand plays a significant role in the 1940 film Dance, Girl, Dance. The toy is passed between various characters, having been originally purchased as a memento of a visit to a nightclub called Ferdinand's. The nightclub has a large statue of Ferdinand at the rear of the bandstand. ; Ferdinand the Bull was the favorite book of the main character in the 1997 film Strays, a Sundance favorite written/directed/starring a then-unknown Vin Diesel. ; Ferdinand is referenced by the 2009 movie The Blind Side, the story of Michael Oher. The movie includes a scene where the character played by Sandra Bullock reads "Ferdinand the Bull" to two adolescents.

This is a document about Animal Farm
 Muriel – A wise old goat who is friends with all of the animals on the farm. Similarly to Benjamin, Muriel is one of the few animals on the farm who is not a pig but can read. ; The puppies – Offspring of Jessie and Bluebell, the puppies were taken away at birth by Napoleon and raised by him to serve as his powerful security force. ; Moses – The Raven, "Mr. Jones's especial pet, was a spy and a tale-bearer, but he was also a clever talker." Initially following Mrs. Jones into exile, he reappears several years later and resumes his role

This is a document about Nick Jonas
  collaborative arrangement with record label Island. Jonas also starred in the drama film Goat alongside James Franco; released on September 23, 2016. He participated in rap battle with Kevin Hart on October 27. On May 26, 2017, Jonas released the single "Remember I Told You" which features British singer-songwriter Anne-Marie and American singer and producer Mike Posner. Jonas released the song "Find You" on September 14, 2017. Jonas contributed to the Ferdinand soundtrack with the songs "Home" and "Watch Me", released on October 20. The song "Home" was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song. In May 2018, Jonas released the single "Anywhere", a collaboration with DJ/Producer Mustard. Jonas

This is a document about The Story of Ferdinand
  Young Ferdinand does not enjoy butting heads with other young bulls, preferring instead to sit under a cork tree smelling the flowers. His mother is concerned that he might be lonely and tries to persuade him to play with the other calves, but when she sees that Ferdinand is content as he is, she leaves him alone. Ferdinand grows to be the biggest bull in the herd and he often spends time alone. All the other bulls dream of being chosen to compete in the bullfights in Madrid, but Ferdinand still prefers smelling the flowers instead. One day, five men come to the pasture to choose a bull for the bullfights. Ferdinand is again on his own, sniffing flowers, when he accidentally sits on a bumblebee. Upon getting stung as a

This is a document about List of El Tigre: The Adventures of Manny Rivera characters
 Goat: A goat seen around Leone Middle School. ; Little Mule: Grandpapi Rivera's pet donkey who came along with Grandpapi when he moved in with Manny and Rodolfo. Little Mule is very good at balancing stuff on his ears like pots which was shown in Sole of a Hero but Manny and Frida weren't noticing. The Little Mule spends a lot of time doing donkey things and is protective of Grandpapi as seen in Puma Licito when Manny and Frida tried to retrieve his hat while he was sleeping, Little Mule has a (sombrero-shaped) chew toy with a photo picture of

This is a document about Ferdinand (film)
  for the bullfight. Ferdinand rescues Valiente, as well as Guapo, who had not yet been killed. Together, Lupe, the bulls and the hedgehogs steal Moreno's truck and flee to Madrid, pursued by Moreno's staff. They abandon the truck and flee on foot to the Atocha train station. Ferdinand helps the others get aboard the train, deliberately sacrificing himself to buy them time to get away. He is captured and brought to the ring, but a video of the bulls' escape has made the news. Recognizing Ferdinand on TV, Paco alerts Juan and Nina, who hurry to Madrid to save Ferdinand. In Las Ventas Arena, Ferdinand refuses to fight and starts running around in blind panic,

Ferdinand is the name of the goat in the film.


Question: when do you find out why mary alice kill herself

Answer: the first - season finale

This is a document about Mary Alice Young
  find out what happened to her sister. While inside Paul and Mary Alice’s house, she recognizes a picture of Mary Alice and claims her to be Angela, a nurse she worked with years prior in Utah, but Paul is adamant that she is mistaken. Felicia, however, knows that Mary Alice was in fact Angela and later tells Zach that she knew him when he was a baby, and that his original name was so lovely: Dana. In the first-season finale, the mystery behind Mary Alice’s suicide is revealed in full. In March 1990, Todd and Angela Forrest could not conceive and one night a woman

This is a document about Mary Alice Young
  on the street, asking her if she had any work for him. After initially declining, she notices a hole in his shoe and says she has a broken vase that he can glue back together for her. Years later, on the day Mary Alice committed suicide, Eli was at her house dropping something off. He asks if she is all right, to which she says she is, and just as he is about to leave she picks up the vase he glued for her and says she wants him to have it. Eli asks again if she is all right, and she politely asks him to leave. Later that

This is a document about Mary Alice Young
  a verbal fight, Deirdre went to take her child, when Mary Alice stabbed and killed her. Zach woke up and saw the body, which led to years of his parents brushing off his memories of that night as nothing. Paul and Mary Alice dismembered Deirdre’s body, put it in a toy chest and buried it under their pool. Years later, Martha recognized Mary Alice in a group photo in Felicia’s house, leading to Felicia to tell Martha about how Angela and Todd possibly disappeared with Deirdre’s child and hopefully gave Dana a proper home. Martha then blackmailed Mary Alice and she, in desperation, committed suicide.

This is a document about Searching (Desperate Housewives)
  to commit suicide, after Mary Alice Young who did the same thing in the show's pilot episode. ; Each shot leading up to when Beth pulls the trigger, matches Mary Alice killing herself - i.e. a shot that moves 90 degrees to the right, then a closeup of her face, then one of the gun, and then a shot of a reflective surface where you can see her body fall to the ground. ; According to SpoilerTV and DH Central, Emily Bergl (Beth Young) tweeted that 3 different endings to episode 7.16 were shot, and not even she knows which one was used.

This is a document about M. F. K. Fisher
  an exhibition of his works. Mary was always trying to find ways to obtain Analgeticum; she even wrote President Roosevelt at one point to urge him to lift the import restriction on the drug. Ultimately, Parrish could no longer tolerate the pain and the probable need for additional amputations. On the morning of August 6, 1941, Mary was awakened by a gunshot. Venturing outside, she discovered that Parrish had committed suicide. Mary later would write, "I have never understood some (a lot of) taboos and it seems silly to me to make suicide one of them in our social life."

This is a document about Mary Alice Young
  finds Barbara in a bar, brings her home and scolds her for her poor parenting skills. In season eight, Mary Alice appears in several flashbacks and as a ghost. In "Making the Connection", it is revealed that she contemplated calling her friends for advice and support after receiving the blackmail note, but ultimately chose not to and then committed suicide. In "Putting It Together", Mary Alice appears as a ghost to a suicidal Bree, who asks her if she remembers how happy their lives were on Wisteria Lane when she was alive and if she is happy now, to which Mary Alice says she is not unhappy. The series

This is a document about The Children's Hour (play)
  to live comfortably again and eventually admits her feelings for Karen. Karen responds dismissively, saying that they never felt this way for each other. Martha continues, but Karen tells Martha that she is tired and they can talk about it in the morning. As Karen sits in her room, she hears a shot. Martha has killed herself. Shortly after, Amelia Tilford arrives to beg Karen's forgiveness, since Mary's lies have now been uncovered. Karen explains to her that it is too late: Mary's lies, together with the community's willingness to believe and spread malicious gossip, have destroyed three innocent lives.

This is a document about Crazy Bitches
  the ranch hand's son helped her take revenge. She further explains she killed all the friends because they cheated Alice by having sex with her husband. She did this because Alice was the only person who was kind to her during her childhood. She further reveals that she is dying and she wanted to clean things up before she dies. Dorri then goes on to kill herself. A cop finally explains to Minnie and Alice that Cassie is dead. He further explains that both the homicides are related. Eddie tries to win Alice back but she decides to start her life afresh.

This is a document about Alice de Janzé
  In August 1941, after being diagnosed with uterine cancer, Alice de Janzé underwent a hysterectomy. On 23 September, she attempted suicide by taking an overdose of pentobarbital. When her friend, Patricia Bowles, discovered her, she had already marked every piece of furniture with the name of the friend who would inherit it. Bowles rescued Alice by calling a doctor to pump her stomach. A week later, on 30 September, two days after turning 42, Alice succeeded in ending her life. A servant found her dead on her bed from a self-inflicted gunshot wound, from the same weapon she had once used on Raymond and herself. Michael Kilian, who has written extensively

This is a document about From Hell (film)
  a mysterious letter from Mary. It is revealed that Gull had mistaken another prostitute, Ada, for Mary and killed her instead. To protect Mary, Abberline decides not to look for her, as the Freemasons are still watching him closely. He burns Mary's letter, knowing that he can never have a normal life with her. Sergeant Godley later finds Abberline dead of an opium overdose. Distraught, Godley places two coins over Abberline's eyes and mournfully says, "Good night, sweet prince." Years later, Mary is shown to have adopted Alice, and the two are living in a cottage on a cliff by the sea.

This is a document about List of Desperate Housewives characters
  has gone out for the evening and when she returns, Mary Alice (who was babysitting Dylan) tells her that Wayne came by and gave Dylan a doll, which the little girl would not let go of. Katherine takes the doll and puts it on top of a bookcase. Dylan tries to get the doll and the wardrobe falls on top of her, killing her. Katherine feels like she cannot go to the police because she believes Wayne will find a way to pin Dylan's death on her, so she buries her daughter in the woods. Katherine flies to a Romanian

This is a document about List of Desperate Housewives characters
  discovered Mary Alice's secret. Martha decides to solve her financial difficulties by blackmailing Mary Alice by letter, but Mary Alice commits suicide after receiving it. Mary Alice's friends find the note when packing up her belongings and give it to Paul. He hires a private eye/hit man to discover who was responsible and kill them. Paul discovers Edie has the same stationery but Edie stole it while living with Martha. Paul confronts Martha and she explains that she was desperate for money and Mary Alice killed herself because of "what she did to that poor baby (Zach Young)". In a rage, Paul kills Martha by bludgeoning her

This is a document about Moments in the Woods
  the way she behaved. She says that she wants them to scatter Beth's ashes together at a lake Beth used to like. She claims that she wants Paul to come because Beth loved him - and she doesn't have a car yet. Paul reluctantly agrees. The next day, the pair begin the drive to the lake and Felicia suggests that Beth would be glad they are spending time together as their hate killed her. Felicia then asks Paul if her sister, Martha, suffered when Paul killed her. Paul refuses to answer and Felicia acknowledges that Martha drove Mary-Alice to kill herself. Paul is

This is a document about Alice de Janzé
  secret meeting among officials, it was decided that the content of her papers and letters would not be made public. What did become known is that she had requested that her friends hold a cocktail party on her grave. On 21 January 1942, following an inquest in Nairobi, her death was officially ruled a suicide; the finding was delayed due to the difficulty in obtaining evidence. The coroner also concluded there was no sign of insanity, but he further fuelled the conspiracy theories by stating that the content of Alice's letters were such as to merit their being destroyed, because they constituted damaging revelations of a social and political nature.

This is a document about Satanic (2016 film)
  in a ritual. Alice draws a pentagram on the wall with a strike mark at each point. She then throws up and takes off her clothes to reveal several branding marks and cut marks on her body, alerting the group. She then cuts her own throat. After leaving the police station later on, Chloe and her friends go to a friend of Davids' until the police get back to them. Elise uses the Ouija board wanting to know why Alice killed herself, 'where she went'. David alarms when out of the shower he discovers a pentagram drawn on the fogged up bathroom window. The group find the

This is a document about Crimes of the Heart
  tell the sisters that it is awful Meg is their sister. Lenny stands up for Meg, chasing Chick out of the house. She then calls her old lover and they make a date. She goes outside to find Meg, and while she is gone Babe tries to kill herself. Meg comes home to find Babe, and Babe reveals she knows why their mother killed the cat when she killed herself. When Lenny arrives back, they sing Happy Birthday to her and she wishes that they were happy and smiling. Once they cut the cake, they are all laughing and smiling, finally happy.

This is a document about Woody Allen sexual abuse allegation
  is ridiculous." Moses wrote that Thompson saw Farrow filming Dylan in what looked like an effort to coach her. He further alleged that Farrow drove some of her children to suicide: "Most media sources claim my sister Tam died of 'heart failure' at the age of 21. In fact, Tam struggled with depression for much of her life, a situation exacerbated by my mother refusing to get her help, insisting that Tam was just 'moody'. One afternoon in 2000, after one final fight with Mia, which ended with my mother leaving the house, Tam committed suicide by overdosing on pills." Of the

This is a document about Mary Alice Young
  family do not have much of a leading storyline thereafter, the mystery surrounding the character's suicide in the inaugural season is said to have informed and influenced every other season of the series. In 2006, when asked during an interview what viewers could expect from Mary Alice for the series' third season, Strong said that the character was "going to be back with an attitude", stating: "She will be a little less surreal, ethereal and a little more sassy, which means the show is going to be sassier." During the series' final season in 2011, the actress appears as

This is a document about Alice de Janzé
  lawyer pleaded that the countess' chronic melancholy and tuberculosis had "deadened her intelligence". He also read a letter from her childhood friend, American heiress Mary Landon Baker, in which Baker claimed that Alice suffered from extreme melancholia and that she had attempted suicide a total of four times throughout her life. When asked why she took the gun with her to the railway station, Alice replied: "To kill myself. And I nearly succeeded. Didn't I shoot myself in the stomach, like poor Raymond?" She also made her plea that she be acquitted so as to not disgrace the de Janzé family name. Alice received

This is a document about Mary Alice Young
  Mary Alice Young (previously Angela Forrest) is a fictional character from the ABC television series Desperate Housewives. The character was created by television producer and screenwriter Marc Cherry and is portrayed by Brenda Strong, who also serves as the narrator of the series from beyond the grave; the character's suicide in the pilot episode served as the catalyst of the series. The narration provided by Mary Alice is essential to the tale of Wisteria Lane, as the series revolves around her sharing the secrets of her friends and neighbors. Her narration technique is akin in style to Edgar Lee Masters' Spoon River Anthology (1915). Mary Alice is considered the most mysterious

The reason for Mary Alice's suicide is revealed in the first episode of "Desperate Housewives," when it is mentioned that she killed herself on August 6, 1941. However, the specific reason for her suicide is not disclosed until later in the series, in the context of the storyline about Mary Alice's past and the discovery of her body. In the provided text, it is mentioned that Mary Alice killed herself after finding out that her husband, Paul, had committed suicide. The reason for Paul's suicide is not revealed in the text.


Question: when did the programming language came into existence

Answer: the 1950s

This is a document about History of programming languages
  The history of programming languages spans from documentation of early mechanical computers to modern tools for software development. Early programming languages were highly specialized, relying on mathematical notation and similarly obscure syntax. Throughout the 20th century, research in compiler theory led to the creation of high-level programming languages, which use a more accessible syntax to communicate instructions. The first high-level programming language was Plankalkül, created by Konrad Zuse between 1942 and 1945. The first high-level language to have an associated compiler was created by Corrado Böhm in 1951, for his PhD thesis. The first commercially available language was FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation), developed in 1956 (first manual appeared in 1956, but first developed in 1954) by a team led by John Backus at IBM.

This is a document about Programming language theory
  until 1972 (and not implemented until 1998). The first widely known and successful high-level programming language was Fortran, developed from 1954 to 1957 by a team of IBM researchers led by John Backus. The success of FORTRAN led to the formation of a committee of scientists to develop a "universal" computer language; the result of their effort was ALGOL 58. Separately, John McCarthy of MIT developed Lisp, the first language with origins in academia to be successful. With the success of these initial efforts, programming languages became an active topic of research in the 1960s and beyond. Some other key events in the history of programming language theory since then:

This is a document about Programming language theory
  In some ways, the history of programming language theory predates even the development of programming languages themselves. The lambda calculus, developed by Alonzo Church and Stephen Cole Kleene in the 1930s, is considered by some to be the world's first programming language, even though it was intended to model computation rather than being a means for programmers to describe algorithms to a computer system. Many modern functional programming languages have been described as providing a "thin veneer" over the lambda calculus, and many are easily described in terms of it. The first programming language to be invented was Plankalkül, which was designed by Konrad Zuse in the 1940s, but not publicly

This is a document about Timeline of United States inventions (1890–1945)
  A programming language is a machine-readable artificial language. Programming languages can be used to create programs that specify the behavior of a machine, to express algorithms precisely, or as a mode of human communication. The first programming languages predate the modern computer. In mathematical logic and computer science, lambda calculus, also written as λ-calculus, is a formal system designed to investigate function definition, function application and recursion. It was invented by Alonzo Church and Stephen Cole Kleene in the 1930s as part of an investigation into the foundations of mathematics, but has now emerged as a useful tool in the

This is a document about History of programming languages
  languages ever developed for an electronic computer. Unlike machine code, Short Code statements represented mathematical expressions in understandable form. However, the program had to be translated into machine code every time it ran, making the process much slower than running the equivalent machine code. In the early 1950s, Alick Glennie developed Autocode, possibly the first compiled programming language, at the University of Manchester. In 1954, a second iteration of the language, known as the "Mark 1 Autocode," was developed for the Mark 1 by R. A. Brooker. Brooker also developed an autocode for the Ferranti Mercury in the 1950s in conjunction with the University of Manchester. The version for the EDSAC 2 was

This is a document about History of programming languages
  in terms of Van Wijngaarden grammar, a formalism designed specifically for this purpose. In the 1920s, the first recognizably modern electrically powered computers were created. The limited speed and memory capacity forced programmers to write hand-tuned assembly language programs. It was eventually realized that programming in assembly language required a great deal of intellectual effort. An early proposal for a high-level programming language was Plankalkül, developed by Konrad Zuse for his Z1 computer between 1942 and 1945 but not implemented at the time. The first functioning programming languages designed to communicate instructions to a computer were written in the early 1950s. John Mauchly's Short Code, proposed in 1949, was one of the first

This is a document about Imperative programming
  The earliest imperative languages were the machine languages of the original computers. In these languages, instructions were very simple, which made hardware implementation easier but hindered the creation of complex programs. FORTRAN, developed by John Backus at International Business Machines (IBM) starting in 1954, was the first major programming language to remove the obstacles presented by machine code in the creation of complex programs. FORTRAN was a compiled language that allowed named variables, complex expressions, subprograms, and many other features now common in imperative languages. The next two decades saw the development of many other major high-level imperative programming languages. In the late 1950s and 1960s, ALGOL was developed in order to allow mathematical algorithms to be more easily expressed and

This is a document about List of inventions and discoveries by women
 Written computer program ; During a nine-month period in 1842–43, Ada Lovelace translated the memoir of Italian mathematician Luigi Menabrea. The memoir covered the Analytical Engine. The translation contained Note G which completely detailed a method for calculating Bernoulli numbers using the Analytical Engine. This note is recognized by some historians as the world's first written computer program. Written compiler ; The first compiler was written by Grace Hopper, in 1952, for the A-0 programming language. She also helped to popularize the idea of machine-independent programming languages which led to the development of COBOL, one of the first high-level programming languages. Written languages ; Nine coding languages were invented

This is a document about Compiler
 Alphabet, any finite set of symbols; ; String, a finite sequence of symbols; ; Language, any set of strings on an alphabet. FORTRAN (Formula Translation) for engineering and science applications is considered to be the first high-level language. ; COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language) evolved from A-0 and FLOW-MATIC to become the dominant high-level language for business applications. ; LISP (List Processor) for symbolic computation. 1952: An Autocode compiler developed by Alick Glennie for the Manchester Mark I computer at the University of Manchester is considered by some to be the first compiled programming language. ; 1952: Grace Hopper's team at

This is a document about Timeline of United States inventions (1946–1991)
  invented in 1958 by Maurus C. Logan, who worked for many years at Thomas & Betts. Logan filed U.S. patent #3,022,557 on June 24, 1958 which was issued to him on February 27, 1962. Lisp is a family of computer programming languages with a long history and a distinctive, fully parenthesized syntax. Originally specified in 1958, Lisp is the second-oldest high-level programming language in widespread use today where Fortran is the oldest. It was invented by John McCarthy in 1958. Carbon fiber is a material consisting of extremely thin fibers about 0.005–0.010 mm in diameter and composed mostly of carbon

This is a document about Comparison of Pascal and C
  The computer programming languages C and Pascal have similar times of origin, influences, and purposes. Both were used to design (and compile) their own compilers early in their lifetimes. The original Pascal definition appeared in 1969 and a first compiler in 1970. The first version of C appeared in 1972. Both are descendants of the ALGOL language series. ALGOL introduced programming language support for structured programming, where programs are constructed of single entry and single exit constructs such as if, while, for and case. Pascal stems directly from ALGOL W, while it shared some new ideas with ALGOL 68. The C language is more indirectly related to ALGOL, originally through B, BCPL, and CPL, and later through

This is a document about Programming language
  and 1945. However, it was not implemented until 1998 and 2000. John Mauchly's Short Code, proposed in 1949, was one of the first high-level languages ever developed for an electronic computer. Unlike machine code, Short Code statements represented mathematical expressions in understandable form. However, the program had to be translated into machine code every time it ran, making the process much slower than running the equivalent machine code. At the University of Manchester, Alick Glennie developed Autocode in the early 1950s. As a programming language, it used a compiler to automatically convert the language into machine code. The first code

This is a document about Computer programming
  High-level languages made the process of developing a program simpler and more understandable, and less bound to the underlying hardware. The first compiler related tool, the A-0 System, was developed in 1952 by Grace Hopper, who also coined the term 'compiler'. FORTRAN, the first widely used high-level language to have a functional implementation, came out in 1957, and many other languages were soon developed—in particular, COBOL aimed at commercial data processing, and Lisp for computer research. These compiled languages allow the programmer to write programs in terms that are syntactically richer, and more capable of abstracting the code, making it easy to target for varying machine instruction sets via compilation declarations and heuristics. Compilers harnessed the power of computers to make programming easier by allowing programmers to specify calculations by entering a formula using infix notation.

This is a document about NIL (programming language)
  The Lisp language was invented in 1958 by John McCarthy while he was at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). From its inception, Lisp was closely connected with the artificial intelligence (AI) research community, especially on PDP-10 systems. The 36-bit word size of the PDP-6 and PDP-10 was influenced by the usefulness of having two Lisp 18-bit pointers in one word: "The PDP-6 project started in early 1963, as a 24-bit machine. It grew to 36 bits for LISP, a design goal." Lisp was used as the implementation of the programming language Micro Planner that was the foundation for the famous AI system SHRDLU. Lisp, in particular Maclisp (so named

This is a document about Computer program
  record one at a time. Also, a simple instruction can generate output records without having to understand how it's retrieved. The fifth generation of programming languages use visual tools to generate source code. An integrated development environment allows the programmer to draw the graphical user interface (GUI) on the screen using a mouse. The programmer writes event handling functions that will be executed when fields are hovered over, entered into, or exited from. The development system couples the functions to the GUI and outputs a computer program. The evolution of programming languages began when the EDSAC (1949) used the first stored computer program in its von Neumann architecture. Programming the EDSAC was in the first generation of programming languages.

This is a document about Programming language
  adapted for local circumstances and was noted for its object code optimisation and source-language diagnostics which were advanced for the time. A contemporary but separate thread of development, Atlas Autocode was developed for the University of Manchester Atlas 1 machine. In 1954, FORTRAN was invented at IBM by John Backus. It was the first widely used high-level general purpose programming language to have a functional implementation, as opposed to just a design on paper. It is still a popular language for high-performance computing and is used for programs that benchmark and rank the world's fastest supercomputers. Another early programming

This is a document about Programming language
 APL introduced array programming and influenced functional programming. ; ALGOL refined both structured procedural programming and the discipline of language specification; the "Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 60" became a model for how later language specifications were written. ; Lisp, implemented in 1958, was the first dynamically typed functional programming language. ; In the 1960s, Simula was the first language designed to support object-oriented programming; in the mid-1970s, Smalltalk followed with the first "purely" object-oriented language. ; C was developed between 1969 and 1973 as a system programming language for the Unix operating system and remains popular. ; Prolog, designed in 1972, was the first logic programming language. ; In 1978, ML built a polymorphic type system on top of Lisp, pioneering statically typed functional programming languages. The increased use of high-level languages introduced

This is a document about John Mauchly
  well as to their architecture and organization. His experience with programming the ENIAC and its successors led him to create Short Code (see "The UNIVAC SHORT CODE"), the first programming language actually used on a computer (predated by Zuse's conceptual Plankalkul). It was a pseudocode interpreter for mathematical problems proposed in 1949 and ran on the UNIVAC I and II. Mauchly's belief in the importance of languages led him to hire Grace Murray Hopper to develop a compiler for the UNIVAC. John Mauchly has also been credited for being the first one using the verb "to program" in his 1942 paper on electronic computing, although in the context of ENIAC, not in its current meaning.

This is a document about 1957 in science
 April – IBM delivers the first compiler for the FORTRAN scientific programming language. It becomes the most widely used computer language for technical work. ; Robert C. Prim independently rediscovers Prim's algorithm. It was first discovered in 1930 by Vojtěch Jarník and independently rediscovered again by Edsger Dijkstra in 1959.

This is a document about Lisp (programming language)
  John McCarthy developed Lisp in 1958 while he was at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). McCarthy published its design in a paper in Communications of the ACM in 1960, entitled "Recursive Functions of Symbolic Expressions and Their Computation by Machine, Part I". He showed that with a few simple operators and a notation for anonymous functions borrowed from Church, one can build a Turing-complete language for algorithms. Information Processing Language was the first AI language, from 1955 or 1956, and already included many of the concepts, such as list-processing and recursion, which came to be used in Lisp. McCarthy's original notation used bracketed "M-expressions" that would be translated into

The first high-level programming language, Plankalkül, was invented in the 1940s. However, the first widely used high-level programming language, FORTRAN, was developed from 1954 to 1956. The first programming language to be developed specifically for a computer was Plankalkül, invented in the 1940s, but it was not widely used. The first compiler was developed by Alick Glennie at the University of Manchester in the early 1950s.