Question: what is the latest version of apple mail

Answer: OS X El Capitan

This is a document about Apple Mail
  Apple Mail (officially known as simply Mail) is an email client included by Apple Inc. with its operating systems macOS, iOS, iPadOS and watchOS. Apple Mail grew out of NeXTMail, which was originally developed by NeXT as part of its NeXTSTEP operating system, after Apple's acquisition of NeXT in 1997. The current version of Apple Mail utilizes SMTP for message sending, POP3, Exchange and IMAP for message retrieval and S/MIME for end-to-end message encryption. It is also preconfigured to work with popular email providers, such as Yahoo! Mail, AOL Mail, Gmail, Outlook and iCloud (formerly MobileMe) and it supports Exchange. iOS features a mobile version of Apple Mail with added Exchange ActiveSync (EAS)

This is a document about Apple Mail
  In Mac OS X Lion (version 10.7), Mail featured a redesigned iPad-like user interface with full-screen capabilities, an updated message search interface, support for Microsoft Exchange Server 2010 and Yahoo! Mail (via IMAP). Also added was the capability to group messages by subject in a similar fashion to Mail on iOS 4. The bounce function, where unwanted emails could be bounced back to the sender, was dropped, as was support for Exchange push email.

This is a document about Apple Mail
 "Smart mailboxes" that used Spotlight technology to sort mail into folders. ; the ability to flag messages with a low, normal or high priority and to use these priorities in mailbox rules and smart mailboxes. ; tools for resizing photos before they are sent to avoid oversized email attachments. ; the ability to view emailed pictures as a full-screen slideshow. ; parental controls to specify who is allowed to send email to children. ; HTML message composition. In Mac OS X Tiger (version 10.4), Mail version 2 included a proprietary single-message-per-file format (with the filename extension .emlx) to permit indexing by Spotlight. Additional features were: The new version also changed the UI for the buttons in the toolbar. Whereas previous buttons had free-standing defined shapes, the new buttons featured shapes within a lozenge-shaped capsule. According to many users, and even Apple's own human interface guidelines at the time, this was worse for usability. An open-source third-party application that reverted the icons to their former shapes was available. Nevertheless, Apple updated their guidelines to include capsule-shaped buttons, and the new UI persisted.

This is a document about Apple Mail
  In macOS 11.13 (High Sierra) Mail reached version 11.5, a version that was not further upgraded (in High Sierra, at least until 2021).

This is a document about Apple Mail
  Apple Mail was included in all versions of macOS up to and including Mac OS X Panther, which was released on October 24, 2003. It was integrated with other Apple applications such as Address Book, iChat, and iCal. Some of its features that remain in the most recent version of Mail include rules for mailboxes, junk mail filtering and multiple account management.

This is a document about Microsoft Outlook
  version 16.42 and above, became available for "Early Insider" testers in the fall of 2019, with a public "Insider" debut in October 2020. It requires macOS 10.14 or greater and introduces a redesigned interface with significantly changed internals, including native search within the client that no longer depends on macOS Spotlight. Some Outlook features are still missing from the New Outlook client as it continues in development. To date, the Macintosh client has never had the capability of syncing Contact Groups/Personal Distribution Lists from Exchange, Microsoft 365 or Outlook.com accounts, something that the Windows and web clients have always supported. A UserVoice post created in December 2019 suggesting that the missing functionality be added has shown a "Planned" tag since October 2020.

This is a document about OS X Lion
  being announced as a future feature of Lion, the Mac App Store was released for Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard on January 6, 2011, as it was bundled with the Mac OS X 10.6.6 update. ; Mail 5 – Uses an iPad-like user interface, has a fullscreen-optimized view, uses chronological "Conversations" to organize messages, and supports Exchange 2010 (but not through the Exchange ActiveSync protocol, as iOS). ; Mission Control replaces the "All windows" Exposé feature. It gives an overview of all running applications just like "All windows" but groups windows from the same application. At the top of the screen it

This is a document about Apple Mail
  Apple Mail was originally developed by NeXT as NeXTMail, the email application for its NeXTSTEP operating system. It supported rich text formatting with images and voice messaging, and MIME emails. It also supported a text-based user interface (TUI) to allow for backwards compatibility. When Apple began to adapt NeXTSTEP to become Mac OS X, both the operating system and the application went through various stages as it was developed. In a beta version (codenamed "Rhapsody") and various other early pre-releases of Mac OS X, Mail was known as MailViewer. However, with the third developer release of Mac OS X, the application had returned to being known simply as Mail.

This is a document about Pre-installed iOS apps
  Mail is an email client introduced with the initial launch of the iPhone and iPhone OS 1 in 2007. It is preconfigured to work with popular email providers, such as Yahoo! Mail, AOL Mail, Gmail, Outlook and iCloud (formerly MobileMe) and supports Exchange. Mail includes the ability to read and write emails, file emails into folders, search for emails, automatically append signatures to outgoing emails, and automatically unsubscribe from newsletters. Rich text formatting was introduced to Apple Mail with the release of iOS 5.

This is a document about Apple Mail
  In OS X Mountain Lion (version 10.8), Mail received VIP tagging, Safari-style inline search for words within an email message, the ability to sync with iCloud and new sharing features. Notes was split off into a stand-alone application. The RSS reader and to-dos were discontinued.

This is a document about IOS 10
  The Mail app now allows users to unsubscribe from mailing lists with an Unsubscribe button. Users can dismiss the message to unsubscribe for a particular mailing list by tapping the "X" at the top right corner, preventing the Mail app from displaying the unsubscribe button for that mailing list again later. Apple has added back support for HTML5 video in Mail, which was previously stopped in iOS 8. Mail can filter messages, either by unread/read, or by categories. iOS 10 also changes how email threading works, by placing the oldest email at the top by default. An option in Settings lets users revert to the previous threading system with the most recent message on top. Additionally, the new threaded conversations allow users to tap a message to see a scrollable stream of messages inside the thread.

This is a document about Airmail (email client)
  Airmail is an email client  for iPhone and Mac OS X by Italian company Bloop SRL. It was based originally on the discontinued Sparrow client. Macworld reviewed the application in 2013 and concluded that "Airmail is a great-looking email client, and does a few things quite well, but it has a few annoying quirks". In July 2019, the company changed its licensing model, some features only available to paid users of the application.

This is a document about Apple Mail
  In Mac OS X Leopard (version 10.5), Mail version 3 included personalized stationery, handled in standard HTML format. In addition, it offered notes and to-dos (which could be synced with iCal) as well as a built-in RSS reader. It also introduced IMAP IDLE support for account inboxes.

This is a document about List of Macintosh software
 Apple Mail – the bundled email client ; Claris Emailer – classic Mac OS only, no longer available ; Entourage – email client by Microsoft; analogous to Microsoft Outlook ; Eudora ; Foxmail ; Lotus Notes ; Mailbird ; Mailplane – a WebKit-based client for Gmail ; Microsoft Outlook ; Mozilla Thunderbird ; Mulberry – open-source software for e-mail, calendars and contacts ; Opera Mail ; Outlook Express ; Postbox ; Sparrow – as well as Sparrow Lite

This is a document about Outline of Apple Inc.
  able to create animations of graphs by changing constants or rotating them in space. ; Mail – an email program. Originally developed by NeXT as NeXTMail, a part of their NeXTSTEP operating system, it was adapted, following Apple's acquisition of NeXT, to become Mac OS X's Mail application. Mail uses the SMTP, POP3, and IMAP protocols, and supports Yahoo! Mail, AOL Mail, Gmail, MobileMe and Exchange via IMAP. iOS features a mobile version of Apple Mail with added ActiveSync support, though it is still missing the functionality of attaching files to replay emails. Starting with the version shipped with Mac OS

This is a document about IOS 11
  The Messages application synchronizes messages across iOS and macOS through iCloud, reflecting message deletion across devices. This feature was temporarily removed in the fifth beta release and returned on May 29, 2018 when iOS 11.4 was released. At the time of the iOS 11 announcement in June 2017, Apple presented functionality letting users send person-to-person payments with Apple Pay through Messages. By the time of the iOS 11 release in September 2017, the feature was not present, having been removed in an earlier beta version, with Apple announcing the feature as "coming this fall with an update to iOS 11". It was launched a few days after the

This is a document about Opera Mail
  Opera Mail (formerly known as M2) is the email and news client developed by Opera Software. It was an integrated component within the Opera web browser from version 2 through 12. With the release of Opera 15 in 2013, Opera Mail became a separate product and is no longer bundled with Opera. Opera Mail version 1.0 is available for OS X and Windows. It features rich text support and inline spell checking, spam filtering (both automated and Bayesian), a contact manager, and supports POP3 and IMAP, newsgroups, and Atom and RSS feeds. Opera Mail uses one database that keeps an index of all mail and sorts the messages automatically into several "views" or

This is a document about Apple Mail
  In OS X Yosemite (version 10.10), Mail introduced Markup (inline annotation of PDF or image files) and Mail Drop (automatically uploads attachments to iCloud, and sends a link in the message instead of the whole file).

This is a document about ProtonMail
  Thunderbird, and Apple Mail, for Windows and MacOS. On 25 July 2018, ProtonMail introduced address verification and Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) support, making ProtonMail interoperable with other PGP clients. In December 2019, ProtonMail launched "ProtonCalendar", a fully encrypted calendar. The source code for the back-end remains closed source. However, ProtonMail released the source code for the web interface under an open-source license. ProtonMail also open sourced their mobile clients for iOS and Android, as well the ProtonMail Bridge app. All of their source code can be found on GitHub. In September 2020, it was known that Protonmail has joined the Coalition for App Fairness which aims to gain better conditions for the inclusion of their apps in app stores.

This is a document about GPG Mail
  GPG Mail is a commercial extension for Apple Mail which comes as part of GPG Suite, a software collection that provides easy access to a collection of tools designed to secure your communications and encrypt files. GPG Mail provides public key email encryption and signing. It integrates with the default email client Apple Mail under macOS and the actual cryptographic functionality is handled by GNU Privacy Guard. GPG Mail was first released on February 7, 2001, by Stéphane Corthésy. Since 2010 GPG Mail is maintained by GPGTools. While GNU Privacy Guard is free open-source software, use of GPG Mail requires purchase of a support plan. On September 21, 2018, the developer introduced GPG Mail 3.0 as a part of GPG Suite 2018.4, a new software release that included support

The latest version of Apple Mail is 11.5, which was released in macOS High Sierra 10.13.15. However, it's important to note that Apple Mail is included in macOS and updates with each new macOS release.


Question: who got rid of the romans in britain

Answer: Magnus Maximus

This is a document about Catholic Church in England and Wales
  Much of Great Britain was incorporated into the Roman Empire in 43 AD, after Claudius led the Roman conquest of Britain, conquering lands inhabited by Celtic Britons. The indigenous religion of the Britons under their priests the Druids was suppressed; most notably Gaius Suetonius Paulinus launched an attack on Ynys Môn in 60 AD and destroyed the shrine and sacred groves there. In the years following this, Roman influence saw the importation of several religious cults into Britain, including Roman mythology, Mithraism and the imperial cult. One of these sects, then disapproved by the Roman authorities, was the Levantine-originated religion of

This is a document about History of the Church of England
   The Roman Empire ceased to govern Britain after 409. Thereafter, the Romano-British were conquered by Germanic peoples known collectively as Anglo-Saxons. The new inhabitants practiced Anglo-Saxon paganism, and Celtic Christianity was confined to Cornwall and Wales. In the 580s, Æthelberht, king of Kent, married the Frankish princess Bertha. Bertha was allowed to remain a Christian and was accompanied by clergy, including a Frankish bishop named Liudhard. Her husband gave her St Martin's Church, a Romano-British church outside of Canterbury, to worship in. Probably influenced by his wife, Æthelberht asked Pope Gregory I to send missionaries, and in 596 the Pope dispatched

This is a document about Roman Britain
  Roman Britain is the period in classical antiquity when large parts of the island of Great Britain were under occupation by the Roman Empire. The occupation lasted from AD 43 to AD 410. During that time, the territory conquered was raised to the status of a Roman province. Julius Caesar invaded Britain in 55 and 54 BC as part of his Gallic Wars. According to Caesar, the Britons had been overrun or culturally assimilated by other Celtic tribes during the British Iron Age and had been aiding Caesar's enemies. He received tribute, installed the friendly king Mandubracius over the Trinovantes, and returned to Gaul. Planned invasions under Augustus

This is a document about Wessex
  Roman Britain by peoples such as the Picti, Scotti, Attacotti and Franks, as well as the Saxons. In 367, these tribes simultaneously invaded Britain from the north, west and east. The invaders reportedly defeated or co-opted Roman forces in most parts of northern and western Britain. However, the Roman general Theodosius had recaptured most areas by the end of 368. In 380–1, Magnus Maximus defeated further raids. However, there was increasing internal conflict across the Roman Empire. During 383–4, in the context of the overthrow of Emperor Gratian, Maximus took most of the garrison from Britain to Gaul, where he was made Augustus of the West, ruling Britain, Gaul, Spain and Roman Africa. Following the

This is a document about England
  The Romans invaded Britain in 43 AD during the reign of Emperor Claudius, subsequently conquering much of Britain, and the area was incorporated into the Roman Empire as Britannia province. The best-known of the native tribes who attempted to resist were the Catuvellauni led by Caratacus. Later, an uprising led by Boudica, Queen of the Iceni, ended with Boudica's suicide following her defeat at the Battle of Watling Street. The author of one study of Roman Britain suggested that from 43 AD to 84 AD, the Roman invaders killed somewhere between 100,000 and 250,000 people from a population of perhaps 2,000,000. This era saw a Greco-Roman culture prevail with the

This is a document about Augustine of Canterbury
  After the withdrawal of the Roman legions from their province of Britannia in 410, the inhabitants were left to defend themselves against the attacks of the Saxons. Before the Roman withdrawal, Britannia had been converted to Christianity and produced the ascetic Pelagius. Britain sent three bishops to the Council of Arles in 314, and a Gaulish bishop went to the island in 396 to help settle disciplinary matters. Material remains testify to a growing presence of Christians, at least until around 360. After the Roman legions departed, pagan tribes settled the southern parts of the island while western Britain, beyond the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, remained

This is a document about Londinium
  With few troops left in Britain, many Romano-British towns—including Londinium—declined drastically over the next few decades. Many of London's public buildings had fallen into disrepair by this point, and excavations of the port show signs of rapid disuse. Between 407 and 409, large numbers of barbarians overran Gaul and Hispania, seriously weakening communication between Rome and Britain. Trade broke down. Officials went unpaid and Romano-British troops elected their own leaders. Constantine III declared himself emperor over the West and crossed the Channel, an act considered the Roman withdrawal from Britain since the emperor Honorius subsequently directed the Britons to look to their own defence rather than

This is a document about History of the constitution of the United Kingdom
  Before the Roman Empire's conquest, Britain and Ireland were populated by Celtic migrants from the European continent, but ones who left no recorded history of law. Near the end of the Roman Republic in 55 and 54 BC, the former Consul and legion commander Julius Caesar invaded Britain during the broader Gallic Wars. This did not establish permanent occupation, as Caesar returned to Rome, became dictator and was assassinated. The Republic was transformed into an Empire, when Caesar’s heir Augustus took power in 27 BC. In the reign of Augustus’ wife Livia’s grandson, Claudius, Britain was conquered from 43 AD. Under Rome's uncodified constitution, Roman Britain was administered by a governor, usually member of the Senate but appointed by the Emperor for their military record. Londinium was a provincial capital of 60,000

This is a document about Celtic Christianity
  who advocated his heresy. Around 367, the Great Conspiracy saw the troops along Hadrian's Wall mutiny, allowing the Picts to overrun the northern areas of Roman Britain (in some cases joining in), in concert with Irish and Saxon attacks on the coast. The Roman provinces seem to have been retaken by Theodosius the Elder the next year, but many Romano-Britons had already been killed or taken as slaves. In 407, Constantine III declared himself "emperor of the West" and withdrew his legions to Gaul. The Byzantine historian Zosimus (c. 500) stated that Constantine's neglect of the area's defense against Irish and Saxon raids and invasions caused the

This is a document about Kingdom of Kent
  the end of the fourth century.In 407, the Roman legions left Britain in order to deal with incursions into the Empire's continental heartlands. In 410, the Roman Emperor Honorius sent a letter to his British subjects announcing that they must thenceforth look after their own defence and could no longer rely on the imperial military to protect them. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, produced in late Anglo-Saxon England and not considered an accurate record of events in the fifth century, in 418 many Romans left Britain via Kent, taking much of their wealth with them. This may represent a memory of a genuine exodus of the Roman aristocracy.

This is a document about Limes Britannicus
  In the early 4th century, the Legio VI Victrix once more carried out upgrade work on their camp in Eburacum. The fortifications and towers were strengthened and other buildings such as the Principia were repaired. During the 4th century, the city continued to claim the status of the "capital of the North". In 368, army commander, count Theodosius, landed in Britannia where, on behalf of Emperor Valentinian I, he first of all overthrew the insurrection by Valentinus, then defeated a "barbarian conspiracy" of Picts, Scots and Anglo-Saxons and finally secured Hadrian's Wall again. In the fighting, the two commanders of the provincial army were

This is a document about Ælle of Sussex
  Roman armies never returned. Sources for events after this date are extremely scarce, but a tradition, reported as early as the mid-6th century by a British priest named Gildas, records that the British sent for help against the barbarians to Aetius, a Roman consul, probably in the late 440s. No help came. Subsequently, a British leader named Vortigern is supposed to have invited continental mercenaries to help fight the Picts who were attacking from the north. The leaders, whose names are recorded as Hengest and Horsa, rebelled, and a long period of warfare ensued. The invaders—Angles, Saxons, Jutes, and Frisians—gained control of parts of

This is a document about Ælle of Sussex
  eastern shores of England had been sufficiently alarming by the late 3rd century for the Romans to build the Saxon Shore forts, and subsequently to establish the role of the Count of the Saxon Shore to command the defence against these incursions. Roman control of Britain finally ended in the early part of the 5th century; the date usually given as marking the end of Roman Britain is 410, when the Emperor Honorius sent letters to the British, urging them to look to their own defence. Britain had been repeatedly stripped of troops to support usurpers' claims to the Roman empire, and after 410

This is a document about History of the British Isles
  In 55 and 54 BC, Roman general and future dictator Gaius Julius Caesar launched two separate invasions of the British Isles, though neither resulted in a full Roman occupation of the island. In 43 AD, southern Britain became part of the Roman Empire. On Nero's accession Roman Britain extended as far north as Lindum (Lincoln). Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, the conqueror of Mauretania (modern-day Algeria and Morocco), then became governor of Britain, where he spent most of his governorship campaigning in Wales. Eventually in 60 AD he penned up the last resistance and the last of the druids in the island of Mona (Anglesey). Paulinus led his army across the

This is a document about Gregorian mission
   By the 4th century the Roman province of Britannia was converted to Christianity and had even produced its own heretic in Pelagius. Britain sent three bishops to the Synod of Arles in 314, and a Gaulish bishop went to the island in 396 to help settle disciplinary matters. Lead baptismal basins and other artefacts bearing Christian symbols testify to a growing Christian presence at least until about 360. After the Roman legions withdrew from Britannia in 410 the natives of Great Britain were left to defend themselves, and non-Christian Angles, Saxons, and Jutes—generally referred to collectively as Anglo-Saxons—settled the southern

This is a document about Isle of Thanet
  and suggested that the invading force arrived in nearby Pegwell Bay. Nearly a century later, in 43 AD, Claudius sent four legions to Britain, where the Romans were to remain for the next 400 years. During that time the port of Richborough, on the opposite side of the Wantsum Channel, became one of the chief ports. After the breakup of the Roman Empire and their departure from Britain, other invaders soon followed. According to the eighth-century ecclesiastical historian Bede, Vortigern, King of the Britons, was under attack from other tribes and called for assistance. Among those who came were the Jutes Hengist and Horsa; Vortigern

This is a document about Roman Britain
  defeated the rebels in the Battle of Watling Street. Boudica died not long afterwards, by self-administered poison or by illness. During this time, the Emperor Nero considered withdrawing Roman forces from Britain altogether.  There was further turmoil in 69, the "Year of the Four Emperors". As civil war raged in Rome, weak governors were unable to control the legions in Britain, and Venutius of the Brigantes seized his chance. The Romans had previously defended Cartimandua against him, but this time were unable to do so. Cartimandua was evacuated, and Venutius was left in control of the north of the

This is a document about Boudican revolt
  is a woman's resolve; as for men, they may live and be slaves." According to Tacitus, they drew inspiration from the example of Arminius, the prince of the Cherusci who had driven the Romans out of Germany in AD 9, and their own ancestors who had driven Julius Caesar from Britain. Dio says that at the outset Boudica employed a form of divination, releasing a hare from the folds of her dress and interpreting the direction in which it ran, and invoked Andraste, a British goddess of victory. The rebels' first target was Camulodunum (modern Colchester), the former Trinovantian capital and, at

This is a document about Vespasiana
  The Roman "Vespasiana Provincia" was supposedly located north of the Antonine Wall. While there were fortresses (castra) erected in this territory during some of the Roman invasions, there is no surviving genuine contemporary source that calls them by the name "Vespasiana" or that suggests they were organized as a separate province. The single province of Britain (Britannia) formed after Claudius's invasion in AD 43 was divided into Upper and Lower halves (Britannia Superior and Inferior) following the suppression of Clodius Albinus's revolt against Septimius Severus in the late 2nd century. Following the suppression of the late-3rd century Carausian Revolt, Roman Britain was again divided, forming Prima, Secunda, and Maxima Caesariensis. Flavia Caesariensis was formed at the same time or slightly

This is a document about History of Anglo-Saxon England
  As the Roman occupation of Britain was coming to an end, Constantine III withdrew the remains of the army in reaction to the Germanic invasion of Gaul with the Crossing of the Rhine in December 406. The Romano-British leaders were faced with an increasing security problem from seaborne raids, particularly by Picts on the east coast of England. The expedient adopted by the Romano-British leaders was to enlist the help of Anglo-Saxon mercenaries (known as foederati), to whom they ceded territory. In about 442 the Anglo-Saxons mutinied, apparently because they had not been paid. The Romano-British responded by appealing to the Roman commander of the Western empire, Aëtius, for help (a document known as the Groans of the Britons), even though Honorius, the Western Roman Emperor, had written to the British civitas in or about 410 telling them to look to their own defence. There then followed several years of fighting between the British and the Anglo-Saxons. The fighting continued until around 500, when, at the Battle of Mount Badon, the Britons inflicted a severe defeat on the Anglo-Saxons.

The Romans were not completely expelled from Britain until the late 5th century AD. The last Roman garrisons were withdrawn from Britain around 410 AD due to the military crisis in the Western Roman Empire. The Anglo-Saxons, led by figures such as Vortigern, Theodoric, and Magnus Maximus, played a role in the decline of Roman rule in Britain, but they did not completely get rid of the Romans. The Roman influence continued to be felt in Britain for several centuries after the withdrawal of the Roman army.


Question: who opened the first indian restaurant in uk

Answer: Dean Mahomed

This is a document about Curry
  In 1810, the entrepreneur Sake Dean Mahomed, from the Bengal Presidency, opened the first Indian curry house in England: the Hindoostanee Coffee House in London. (Curry was served prior to this in some London Coffee Houses.) The first modern "upscale" Indian restaurant in Britain is thought to have been The Shafi in 1915, followed by Veeraswamy in London's Regent Street, founded in 1926; the latter is still standing and is the oldest surviving Indian restaurant in Britain. Bengalis in the UK settled in big cities with industrial employment. In London, they settled in the East End, which for centuries has been the first port of call for many immigrants working in the docks and shipping from east Bengal. Their regular stopover paved the way for food and curry outlets to

This is a document about Dean Mahomed
  In 1810, after moving to London, Sake Dean Mahomed opened the first Indian restaurant in England: the Hindoostane Coffee House in George Street, near Portman Square, Central London. The restaurant offered, among other items, hookah "with real chilm tobacco, and Indian dishes, ... allowed by the greatest epicures to be unequalled to any curries ever made in England." This venture came to an end due to financial difficulties.

This is a document about Anglo-Indian cuisine
  During the British rule in India, local British officials began mixing Indian dishes with their British palates and creating Anglo-Indian cuisine, with dishes such as kedgeree (1790) and mulligatawny soup (1791). The first Indian restaurant in England, the Hindoostanee Coffee House, opened in 1809 in London; as described in The Epicure's Almanack in 1815, "All the dishes were dressed with curry powder, rice, Cayenne, and the best spices of Arabia. A room was set apart for smoking hookahs with oriental herbs". Indian food was cooked at home from a similar date as cookbooks of the time attest.

This is a document about English cuisine
   During the British Raj, Britain first started borrowing Indian dishes, creating Anglo-Indian cuisine, with dishes such as Kedgeree (1790) and Mulligatawny soup (1791). Indian food was served in coffee houses from 1809, and cooked at home from a similar date as cookbooks of the time attest. The Veeraswamy restaurant in Regent Street, London, was opened in 1926, at first serving Anglo-Indian food, and is the oldest surviving Indian restaurant in Britain. There was a sharp increase in the number of curry houses in the 1940s, and again in the 1970s.  The post-colonial Anglo-Indian dish chicken tikka masala was apparently invented in Glasgow in

This is a document about Indian cuisine
   The UK's first Indian restaurant, the Hindoostanee Coffee House, opened in 1810. By 2003, there were as many as 10,000 restaurants serving Indian cuisine in England and Wales alone. According to Britain's Food Standards Agency, the Indian food industry in the United Kingdom is worth 3.2 billion pounds, accounts for two-thirds of all eating out in the country, and serves about 2.5 million customers every week. One of the best known examples of British Indian restaurant cuisine is chicken tikka masala, which has also been called "a true British national dish."

This is a document about British Indians
  by Bangladeshi Sylheti Bengalis. Over 2 million Britons eat at Indian restaurants in the UK every week, with a further 3 million cooking at least one Indian based meal at home during the week. Veeraswamy, located on Regent Street in London, is the oldest surviving Indian restaurant in the UK, having opened in 1926. Veeraswamy is believed to be the origin of combining a curry and a pint of beer. Seven Indian restaurants have a Michelin Star - six of which are located in London including Veeraswamey, with the only Michelin rated restaurant outside of London based in Birmingham - Opheem.

This is a document about British Asian
  frequent South Asian travelers to Britain were Christian Indians and those of European-Asian mixed-race descent. For Muslim Indians considerations about how their dietary and religious practices would alienate them from society at large were brought into question but these considerations were often outweighed by economic opportunities. Those that stayed often adopted British names, dress and diet. Naval cooks also came, many of them from the Sylhet Division of what is now Bangladesh. One of the most famous early Bengali Muslim immigrants to England was Sake Dean Mahomed, a captain of the British East India Company who in 1810 founded London's first Indian restaurant, the

This is a document about British Asian
  The biggest influence of South Asians on popular British culture has probably been the spread of Indian cuisine, though of the 9,000 Indian restaurants in the UK, most are run by Sylhetis; their ancestral home was part of British India until partition in 1947. An early record of a Sylheti migrant, by the name of Saeed Ullah, can be found in colonial officer Robert Lindsay's autobiography. Saeed Ullah was said to have migrated not only for work but also to attack Lindsay and avenge his Sylheti elders for the Muharram Rebellion of 1782. They eventually made peace with each other and Saeed was invited to Lindsay's home as a chef. Saeed Ullah's curry is often considered as the first Indian curry cooked in Britain. Shah Abdul Majid Qureshi is said to be the first Sylheti to open a restaurant in the country. It was

This is a document about Historical immigration to Great Britain
  Bengali and/or Muslim) to England, some of whom settled down and took local European wives, due to a lack of Asian women in the British Isles at the time. Due to the majority of early Asian immigrants being lascars, the earliest Asian communities were found in port towns. Naval cooks also came, many of them from the Sylhet Division of what is now Bangladesh. One of the most famous 18th-century Bengali immigrants to Britain was Sake Dean Mahomed, a captain of the East India Company. In 1810, he founded London's first Indian restaurant, the Hindoostane Coffee House. He is also claimed as the person who introduced shampoo and therapeutic massage to Britain. By the 1930s about 7 to 10 thousand Indians had settled permanently in Britain.

This is a document about History of Bangladeshis in the United Kingdom
  working as lascars on ships. One of the earliest Bengali immigrants to Britain was Sake Dean Mahomed, a captain of the British East India Company. In 1810, he founded London's first Indian restaurant, the Hindoostane Coffee House. He is also reputed for introducing shampoo and therapeutic massage in Britain. Bangladeshis who came to the UK anticipated they would find great opportunities there. However, many experienced various problems. They lived and worked in cramped basements and attics in Tower Hamlets. Centuries earlier, these same properties had housed Huguenot immigrants who weaved silk and worked for very long hours in badly heated

This is a document about English cuisine
  their cuisine in Britain gradually improved from the stereotypical flock wallpaper and standardised menus. One of the pioneers was the Bombay Brasserie, which opened in Gloucester Road, London, in 1982, serving the kind of food actually eaten in India. It was followed in 1990 by Chutney Mary in Chelsea. In 2001, two Indian restaurants in London, Tamarind (opened 1995) and Zaika (opened 1999) gained Michelin stars for the quality of their cooking. Indian cuisine is the most popular alternative to traditional cooking in Britain, followed by Chinese and Italian food. By 2015, chicken tikka masala was one of Britain's most popular dishes.

This is a document about Mahendra Kaul
  Voice Political & Public Life Awards 2014, from Baroness Boothroyd at the House of Commons. Besides broadcasting, Kaul was also a prominent restaurateur. He was the Chairman of India's Restaurants Limited in London, and opened the United Kingdom's first tandoori restaurant, Gaylord on Mortimer Street, Fitzrovia in 1966. This became very successful, leading to the opening of many more restaurants around the world, working alongside Hari Harilela among others. He died a few weeks before his 96th birthday. He was survived by his wife Rajni, a broadcaster and librarian, and their daughter, the barrister and judge Kalyani Kaul QC and grandchildren Symran and Callum. Rajni Kaul died on 31 August.

This is a document about Anglo-Indian cuisine
  Some early restaurants in England, such as the Hindoostane Coffee House in George Street, London, which opened in 1810, served Anglo-Indian food. Many Indian restaurants, however, have reverted to the standard mix-and-match Indian dishes that are better known to the British public.

This is a document about History of Bangladeshis in the United Kingdom
  Sylheti elders for the Muharram Rebellion of 1782. Due to the majority of early Sylheti settlers being lascar seamen, the earliest Muslim communities were found in port towns. Naval cooks and waiters also came. One of the most famous early Bengali Muslim immigrants to Britain was Sake Dean Mahomet, a captain of the British East India Company. In 1810, he founded London's first Indian restaurant, the Hindoostane Coffee House. He is also reputed to have introduced the practice of champooi, or therapeutic massage, to the United Kingdom. There are other records of Sylhetis working in London restaurants from at least 1873. At the beginning of World

This is a document about British Indians
   Indian cuisine is extremely popular in the United Kingdom. The hybrid dish chicken tikka masala, which likely originated from Punjab, India, has been called a national dish. The first exclusively Indian restaurant was the Hindoostanee Coffee House which opened in 1810. Curry gained popularity in the UK in the 1940s and 1950s. There are around 9,000 Indian restaurants located across the UK, which equates to approximately one per 7,000 people. The popularity of the Indian curry in the UK was mainly made by South Indians, Bangladeshi, and Punjabi restaurateurs, where 85 percent of Indian restaurants in the UK are in fact

This is a document about Wembley Park
  [sic] & Co." to serve as "Indian Adviser at the restaurant". In 1925 Veeraswamy & Co. ran the Indian restaurant, even though, for reasons both economic and political, the Indian Government did not take part in the 1925 season. Veeraswamy & Co. later founded the first Indian restaurant aimed at a non-Anglo-Indian white clientele in England, in Regent Street. It still survives, and was awarded a Michelin star in 2016. The British Empire Exhibition ran from 1924 to 1925, and while it failed to make a profit or reinforce conclusively the national attachment to the ideal of the British Empire, it did make Wembley a household name. Arthur Elvin's rescue of the Empire Stadium building then ensured that this continued, and that Wembley Park would remain the pre-eminent visitor attraction in west London, even though much of the Exhibition site was taken over by light engineering.

This is a document about Islam in England
  lascars visited Britain at a rate of 1,000 every year, which increased to a rate of 10,000 to 12,000 every year throughout the late 19th century. Due to the majority being lascars, the earliest Muslim communities were found in port towns. Naval cooks also came, many of them from the Sylhet Division of what is now Bangladesh. One of the most famous early Bengali Muslim immigrants to England was Sake Dean Mahomet, a captain of the East India Company army who in 1810 founded London's first Indian restaurant, the Hindoostane Coffee House. He is also reputed for introducing shampoo and therapeutic massage to the United Kingdom.

This is a document about Ayub Ali Master
  On a ship going from the United States to the Tilbury Docks of England, Ali arrived in the United Kingdom in late 1919. During this time, there was a sizeable minority of British Asians and a high demand for South Asian cuisine as there were not many restaurants serving home cuisines. Ali started his career in 1920 by founding the Shah Jalal Restaurant and Coffee House in Commercial Street. The restaurant was popular to a great extent and served as a hub for the British Asian community. Many important meetings were also held here such as one for the India League launched by V. K. Krishna Menon on 13

This is a document about British Indians
  of the most famous early Bengali immigrants to Britain was Sake Dean Mahomet, a captain of the British East India Company. In 1810, he founded London's first Indian restaurant, the Hindoostanee Coffee House. He is also valued for introducing shampoo and therapeutic massage to the United Kingdom. By the mid-19th century, there were more than 40,000 Indian seamen, diplomats, scholars, soldiers, officials, tourists, businessmen and students in Britain, the majority of them being seamen working on ships, Lascars lodged in British ports in between voyages. Most Indians during this period would visit or reside in Britain temporarily, returning to India after months or several years, bringing back knowledge about Britain in the process.

This is a document about Veeraswamy
  were able to get their vegetarian food, but was very popular with the British public." In 1924 the restaurant served an average of 500 curries a day. For reasons both economic and political the Government of India did not participate in the Exhibition in 1925. The Indian Pavilion was turned into an 'oriental bazaar' selling goods from throughout India and Burma. However, the restaurant was retained, and this time was entirely run by Veeraswamy & Co. In 1925 the restaurant could seat 200 people. Veeraswamy in Regent Street was not the first Indian restaurant in Britain (one had been opened by Sake Dean Mahomed in 1810 ), or

Sake Dean Mahomet opened the first Indian restaurant in the UK in 1810, called the Hindoostanee Coffee House, in George Street, Soho, London.


Question: who are the house of representatives elected by

Answer: single - member districts

This is a document about Member of Congress
  the House of Representatives is usually referred to as Congressman or Congresswoman (followed by "name" from the "number" district of "state" ), or Representative ( "name" from the "number" district of "state" ). Although Senators are members of Congress, they are not normally referred to or addressed as "Congressmen" or "Congresswomen" or "Congresspeople". Members of Congress in both houses are elected by direct popular vote. Senators are elected via a statewide vote and representatives by voters in each congressional district. Congressional districts are apportioned to the states, once every ten years, based on population figures from the most recent nationwide census. Each of the 435 members

This is a document about Michigan Legislature
  The House of Representatives is the lower house of the Legislature. Its members are elected on a partisan basis for two-year terms, at the same time at which Representatives in U.S. Congress are chosen. The House of Representatives consists of 110 members who are elected from single-member election districts ranging from 77,000 to 91,000 according to the most recent creation of districts (2012). Legislative districts are drawn on the basis of population figures through the federal decennial census. Representatives' terms begin at noon on January 1 following their election. The House of Representatives Chamber in the State Capitol is located in the north wing of the State Capitol building. As of 2018, Republicans hold a majority of seats in the House of Representatives with 58, and Democrats hold 52 seats. The House of Representatives selects its own Speaker of the House and other officers and adopts its rules of procedure at the start of a new legislative session.

This is a document about U.S. representative bibliography (congressional memoirs)
  This is a bibliography of U.S. congressional memoirs by former and current U.S. representatives. The United States House of Representatives is one of the two houses of the United States Congress, the bicameral legislature which also includes the Senate. The composition and powers of the House are established in Article One of the Constitution. The major power of the House is to pass federal legislation that affects the entire country, although its bills must also be passed by the Senate and further agreed to by the President before becoming law (unless both the House and Senate re-pass the legislation with a two-thirds majority in each chamber). Each state receives representation in the House in proportion to its population but is entitled to at least one representative. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435. Each representative serves for a two-year term. The Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, traditionally the leader of the majority party, is the presiding officer of the chamber, elected by the members of the House.

This is a document about United States House of Representatives
  The United States House of Representatives is the lower house of the United States Congress, with the Senate being the upper house. Together they compose the national bicameral legislature of the United States. The House's composition is established by Article One of the United States Constitution. The House is composed of representatives who sit in congressional districts allocated to each state on a basis of population as measured by the U.S. Census, with each district having one representative, provided that each state is entitled to at least one. Since its inception in 1789, all representatives have been directly elected. The number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435. If enacted, the DC Admission Act would permanently increase the number of representatives to 436. In addition, there are currently six non-voting members, bringing the total membership of the House of Representatives to

This is a document about At-large
  Article One of the United States Constitution provides for direct election of members of the House of Representatives. A congressional act passed in 1967,, dictates that representatives must be elected from geographical districts and that these must be single-member districts. Indeed it confirms when the state has a single representative, that will be a representative at-large.

This is a document about List of ambassadors of Portugal to the United States
  The representatives have been:

This is a document about Federalist No. 55
  The House of Representatives is one of Congress' two chambers, and a part of the legislative branch. The House is responsible for making and passing federal laws. Each Representative is elected to a two-year term. The number of voting Representatives is fixed at 435, proportionally representing the population of the fifty states in the United States of America. The Representatives do not only introduce bills and resolutions, but they also serve on Committees and offer amendments. Article 1, Section 2 of the Constitution provides for both the minimum and maximum sizes for the House of Representatives. Currently, there are five delegates representing the District of Columbia, the Guam, American Samoa, The Virgin Islands, northern Mariana Islands, and the Commonwealth. Puerto Rico is represented by a resident commissioner. The delegates and resident commissioner possess the same powers as other members of the House, except that they may not vote when the House is meeting as the House of Representatives.

This is a document about United States House Committee on Ethics
 Resolutions ( and ) electing members to certain standing committees of the House of Representatives. Source:

This is a document about List of speakers of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
 1. Prior to 1857, representatives were selected by a majority of votes at a town meeting. Since 1857, representatives have been elected by district.

This is a document about Article One of the United States Constitution
  as many election districts for Representatives in the House of Representatives as the size of its representation in that body (that is to say, Representatives cannot be elected at-large from the whole State unless the State has only one Representative in the House, nor can districts elect more than 1 Representative). The Supreme Court has interpreted "by the Legislature thereof" to include the state governor's veto, and the initiative process, in those states whose constitutions provide it. Congress first exercised its power to regulate elections nation-wide in 1842, when the 27th Congress passed a law requiring the election of Representatives by districts.

This is a document about 49th United States Congress
  The names of members of the House of Representatives are listed by district.

This is a document about Article One of the United States Constitution
  "The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature." Election districts in each state have recently been required to be structured so that each elected representative represents substantially equal populations, based on court interpretations of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, finding that, “construed in its historical context, the command of Art. I, § 2, that Representatives be chosen 'by the People of the several States'

This is a document about 70th United States Congress
  Members of the House of Representatives are listed by district.

This is a document about 37th United States Congress
  Members of the House of Representatives are listed by their districts.

This is a document about 105th United States Congress
  Members of the House of Representatives are listed by districts.

This is a document about 1st Georgia General Assembly
  The House of Representatives is the larger of the two chambers. Its 180 members represent districts from across the state, and it is presided over by the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the entire membership.

This is a document about Elections in the United States
  The House of Representatives has 435 members, elected for a two-year term in single-seat constituencies. House of Representatives elections are held every two years on the first Tuesday after November 1 in even years. Special House elections can occur between if a member dies or resigns during a term. House elections are first-past-the-post elections that elect a Representative from each of 435 House districts that cover the United States. The non-voting delegates of Washington, D.C., and the territories of American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands are also elected. House elections occur every two years, correlated with presidential elections or halfway through a president's term. The House delegate of Puerto Rico, officially known as the resident commissioner of Puerto Rico, is elected to a four-year term, coinciding with those of the President. As the redistricting commissions

This is a document about Elections in Antigua and Barbuda
  The House of Representatives has 17 elected members and two unelected members, the Attorney General and the Speaker. Elections for the House are held every five years, although early elections can take place if Parliament is dissolved by the Prime Minister. By-elections must take place within 120 days of a member vacating their seat. Members are elected via a plurality in single-member constituencies. Voters must be aged 18 or over, be citizens of the country or citizens of a Commonwealth country who has lived in the country for at least three years prior to a qualifying date, and have been

This is a document about 1st United States Congress
  The names of members of the House of Representatives are listed by their districts.

This is a document about United States House of Representatives
  or fewer with vacancies. As of the 2010 Census, the largest delegation is that of California, with 53 representatives. Seven states have only one representative: Alaska, Delaware, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont, and Wyoming. The House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the president for consideration. The House also has exclusive powers: it initiates all revenue bills, impeaches federal officers, and elects the president if no candidate receives a majority of votes in the Electoral College. The House meets in the south wing of the United States Capitol. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof. The Speaker and other floor leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conference, depending on whichever party has more voting members.

The United States House of Representatives is elected by the voters of each state based on population. Each state is allocated a number of voting representatives in the House proportional to its population, and these representatives are elected in single-member districts.


Question: who won the america 's got talent 2015

Answer: Paul Zerdin

This is a document about America's Got Talent
  Bradley, The KriStef Brothers, and Tone the Chiefrocca. In 2014, a new tour was scheduled, consisting of performances from top finalists of the ninth season - Mat Franco, Emily West, Quintavious Johnson, AcroArmy, Emil and Dariel, Miguel Dakota, and Sons of Serendip - as well as from season eight's runner-up Taylor Williamson. In 2015, America's Got Talent Live discontinued operating as a live tour, instead functioning as a series of shows at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas, with performances from the top acts from the tenth season, including winner Paul Zerdin, runner-up Drew Lynch, and fan favorite Piff the

This is a document about Kodi Lee
  On May 28, 2019, Kodi Lee auditioned for America's Got Talent performing Leon Russell's "A Song For You". Judges Howie Mandel, Gabrielle Union, Julianne Hough and Simon Cowell gave him a standing ovation at the end of the performance. Union pressed the golden buzzer for him, sending him straight through to the live shows of the program. At the quarterfinals, Lee performed Simon and Garfunkel's "Bridge over Troubled Water," again to a standing ovation, and advanced to the semifinals. For the semifinals, Lee performed "You Are the Reason" by Calum Scott. During the results, he was announced as one of the ten finalists for the season. In the finals, he performed "Lost Without You" by Freya Ridings. In the finale that aired on September 18, 2019, he performed "You Are the Reason" again, but with special guest Leona Lewis. At the end of the program, Lee was announced as the winner of season 14, having received the most votes, making him the first autistic and developmentally disabled person to win the show.

This is a document about Hailie Sahar
 2015 Winner of Queen USA Pageant

This is a document about America's Got Talent (season 10)
  The tenth season of American talent show competition series America's Got Talent was broadcast on NBC from May 26 to September 16, 2015. Following the previous season, the format of the second round of auditions was changed to a more competitive stage under the title "Judge Cuts", with each episode under this new arrangement featuring a guest judge - for the first use of this new format, the guest judges included Neil Patrick Harris, Michael Bublé, Marlon Wayans, and Piers Morgan. Other changes in the format included amending the "Golden Buzzer" format introduced in the last season to match the arrangement used across the Got Talent franchise, and minor amendments

This is a document about America's Got Talent (season 10)
  the WildCard format. The online public voting system was also amended, with the producers renaming it to coincide with the program's newest sponsor for the year. As the program was entering its tenth year of broadcast, production staff compiled two specials to celebrate ten years of America's Got Talent and Got Talent respectively - the first, "10 Years of Talent", was aired on July 29, 2015, and the second, "World's Got Talent", was aired on August 5, 2015. The tenth season was won by ventriloquist Paul Zerdin, with comedian Drew Lynch finishing in second, and mentalist Oz Pearlman placing third. During its broadcast, the season averaged around 10.28 million viewers.

This is a document about America's Got Talent
  new season as a fourth judge. For the live episodes of this season, producers opted to change the venue, moving it from Newark to New York, and holding them within Radio City Music Hall. In addition, the format for audition episodes, in terms of presentation style, was changed to match that for Britain's Got Talent - in this arrangement, each episode would consist of a number of auditions chosen from those taken from each major venue used for that season. This season was won by martial arts dancer/mime Kenichi Ebina, becoming the first foreign act to win America's Got Talent, with stand-up comedian Taylor Williamson coming in second, and singer/guitarist Jimmy Rose placed third.

This is a document about Bianca Ryan
  Bianca Taylor Ryan (born September 1, 1994) is an American singer-songwriter and musician from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Ryan was the first winner of NBC's America's Got Talent at the age of eleven. Singing two Broadway show tunes along the way, Ryan was announced as the winner of season one on August 17. Her self-titled first album was released later in 2006, followed by two Christmas albums. Two singles followed in 2007 and 2010. After a break to finish her education, Ryan recorded a cover of the John Legend song "All of Me" and posted the video to her YouTube channel in March 2014. Her original song "Alice" was self-released in May 2015. Following a delay due to health problems, Ryan premiered her single "One Day" in May 2017;

This is a document about Brandon Leake
  Brandon Leake (born May 4, 1992) is a spoken word poet, educator and motivational speaker and the winner of the fifteenth season of America's Got Talent. He was the first spoken word poet to be on America's Got Talent and received the Golden Buzzer award in the first round from Howie Mandel. He performed pieces about his sister who died, his father, Black Lives Matter and his daughter. He was named the champion of the 15th season in September 2020, going home with a $1 million dollar cash prize, a brand new Kia Stinger and the opportunity to star in Luxor Las Vegas. He has performed in 36 US states, New Zealand, Mexico and Canada with his Dark Side Tour to promote his published poetry and

This is a document about America's Got Talent
  show for SiriusXM, producers had to agree to move the program's production of live episodes to a venue in New York to avoid disrupting his schedule. As Cowell had made plans to revamp the graphical presentation of America's Got Talent, including the title credits, logo and theme music, the change of venue to the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark, New Jersey not only allowed Cowell to have designers revamp the studio set, but allowed production staff to invite larger audiences for performances in live episodes than in previous seasons. This season was won by dog tricks act Olate Dogs, with comedian Tom Cotter coming in second, and musician William Close placing third.

This is a document about Forte (vocal group)
  days' time at Sands Point on Long Island, and self-released by Forte in February 2015. It was a top-five hit on YouTube's "Just-Released Music Videos" list in March. When the video was shared by the official Game of Thrones Twitter account, Page said, "it knocked the air out of me." In concert in August 2015, Forte joined David Foster, Nathan Gunn and America's Got Talent season 9 runner-up Emily West at the 11th Annual Charles Evans PCF Pro-Am Tennis Tournament Gala in Southampton, New York. Forte was the headline act on September 28 at the Bloomsburg Fair. The group joined Foster

This is a document about 2015 YouTube Music Awards
  On March 2, 2015, YouTube released an official video announcing the winners. • 2NE1 • alt-J • Ariana Grande • Beyoncé • Big Bang • Big Sean • Brad Paisley • Charli XCX • Dej Loaf • Drake • Ed Sheeran • Ella Henderson • Fifth Harmony • FKA Twigs • Florida Georgia Line • George Ezra • Hoodie Allen • Hozier • Hunter Hayes • J. Cole • Jason Derulo • Katy Perry • Kendrick Lamar • Kiesza • Kurt Hugo Schneider • Lady Gaga • Lindsey Stirling • Martin Garrix • Max Schneider • Megan Nicole • Meghan Trainor • Migos • Miley Cyrus • Nicki Minaj • Nicky Jam • OK Go • One Direction • Pentatonix • Pharrell Williams • Rihanna • Sam Smith • Sia • Snoop Dogg • Taylor Swift • The Weeknd • Tinashe • Tori Kelly • Tove Lo • Troye Sivan • Twenty One Pilots • Tyler Ward

This is a document about America's Got Talent (season 14)
  The fourteenth season of American talent show competition series America's Got Talent was broadcast on NBC from May 28 to September 18, 2019. Following the previous season, Tyra Banks left the program to focus on other projects, leading to Terry Crews replacing her as host following his involvement on America's Got Talent: The Champions earlier that year. In addition, both Mel B and Heidi Klum also left the program, with their replacements as judges being Gabrielle Union and Julianne Hough. The guest judges for this season's Judge Cuts stage included Brad Paisley, Dwyane Wade, Ellie Kemper, and Jay Leno, with the semi-finals also involving two additional guest judges, a first in the program's history: Sean Hayes and Queen Latifah. The fourteenth season was won by singer and pianist Kodi Lee, with choir Detroit Youth Choir finishing second, and stand-up comedian Ryan Niemiller placing third. During its broadcast, the season averaged around 9.12 million viewers.

This is a document about Bianca Ryan
  popular on YouTube. For the semi-finals of the show Ryan performed "Piece of My Heart". The judges praised her performance, but they did not think the song was right for Ryan. She rebounded for her finals performance, singing "I Am Changing" (also from Dreamgirls); judge David Hasselhoff called her "the best" in the competition, while Piers Morgan predicted she would win. During the finale results aired on August 17, 2006, 11-year-old Bianca Ryan was announced by emcee Regis Philbin as the winner of season one of America's Got Talent. Ryan made a brief appearance during the show's season two finale in 2007. In a video recorded during Live Nation's Nextfest tour, she wished good luck to the top two finalists.

This is a document about The Apprentice (American season 7)
  in a communal penthouse of Trump Tower which was more as a meeting vicinity and also the boardroom. The celebrities lived in Trump International Hotel and Tower. There are also no traditionally given rewards to the winning team apart from the winning project manager receiving an amount of $20,000 along with available proceeds from the tasks to be donated to his or her favorite charity. Nevertheless, the firing rule remained. America's Got Talent judge Piers Morgan was the winner, beating country music singer Trace Adkins in the finals. Morgan was the only celebrity fired during the original British celebrity edition of the show.

This is a document about Professional Performing Arts School
  winner) ; Christy Knowings, actor, musician, writer and dancer (All That, Sesame Street) ; Jake Lucas, actor (Broadway production of Newsies, Peter Pan Live!, the 2015 Broadway revival of The King and I) ; Gregori Lukas, singer and dancer (Recording Artist, The Nutcracker, New York City Ballet) ; Paul McGill, actor and dancer (Bullets Over Broadway, Fame) ; Taylor Momsen, actress and singer (Gossip Girl, The Pretty Reckless) ; Asher Monroe, actor, dancer and singer (V Factory, Fame) ; Christian Navarro, actor (Vinyl, 13 Reasons Why) ; Eric Nelsen, actor and dancer (All My Children, 13: The Musical) ; Connor Paolo,

This is a document about America's Got Talent (season 12)
  The twelfth season of American talent show competition series America's Got Talent was broadcast on NBC from May 30 to September 20, 2017. Following the previous season, Nick Cannon ended his involvement with the program following a disagreement with the network, and was replaced as host by Tyra Banks before production of the new season began. The guest judges for this season's Judge Cuts stage included Chris Hardwick, DJ Khaled, Laverne Cox and Seal. The twelfth season was won by singing ventriloquist Darci Lynne, with singer Angelica Hale finishing second, and glow-light dance troupe Light Balance placing third. During its broadcast, the season averaged around 12.66 million viewers, becoming the most watched in the program's history to date, and was dedicated to the memory of a participant who had died outside of filming, after auditioning for the competition.

This is a document about America's Got Talent (season 15)
  The fifteenth season of the American talent show competition series America's Got Talent was broadcast on NBC from May 26 to September 23, 2020. Following the previous season, both Julianne Hough and Gabrielle Union left the program, leading to both being replaced prior to filming –  Heidi Klum was brought back to resume her former role; while Sofía Vergara was hired to join her as a new judge on the judging panel. Alongside this, Simon Cowell was forced to miss the live shows after sustaining an injury in August that year –  while the first two quarter-finals featured guest judges in his place, the remainder of the live episodes were conducted without any further stand-ins. Production on the fifteenth season was greatly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic that hit the United States in 2020, alongside other television programs

This is a document about Samantha Hess
  In May 2015, Hess appeared as a 10th season contestant for NBC's America's Got Talent. In her audition, she cuddled Nick Cannon using the techniques "The Cleopatra," "The Claw," and "Mother of Pearl". Howard Stern buzzed the act. After the audition, the judges formed a pile on top of Cannon on the couch. Although Stern voted "No," Heidi Klum, Mel B, and Howie Mandel voted "Yes," sending her to the Judge Cuts Week round. In July 2015, during Judge Cuts Week 1, she cuddled guest judge Neil Patrick Harris with techniques called "The Fortune Cookie," "The Sidewinder," and "The Romeo". Stern, Klum, Mel B, and Mandel buzzed her, eliminating her from the competition. She was not in the scene with the judges discussing her as she had four "X"s. She was the first contestant in season ten to receive all "X"s during Judge Cuts Week.

This is a document about Angelica Hale
  In 2017, Hale competed on season 12 of America's Got Talent, where she made it past the auditions round with her rendition of "Rise Up" by Andra Day. In the Judge Cuts round, Hale was given a golden buzzer by guest judge Chris Hardwick, after covering Alicia Keys' "Girl on Fire", and advanced immediately. During the live shows, she sang "Clarity" by Zedd and Foxes at the Quarterfinals and "Without You" by David Guetta for her Semifinals performance. Hale advanced to the Top 10 finals where she performed "Symphony" by Clean Bandit and Zara Larsson. For the finale in episode 22, she performed "Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)" by Kelly Clarkson with Clarkson and fellow contestant Kechi Okwuchi. Hale finished the competition in second place behind Darci Lynne, becoming the youngest runner-up in the show's history. Hale was a finalist on America's Got Talent: The Champions, having received a golden buzzer advancement from judge Howie Mandel immediately after her performance of "Fight Song" by Rachel Platten. She placed in the bottom 7 of the top 12.

This is a document about Bianca Ryan
  In October 2018, Bianca Ryan announced that she would compete in the new spinoff series America's Got Talent: The Champions, taped in advance in Pasadena, California, for broadcast in January 2019, and featuring 50 total winners and finalists from across the Got Talent franchise including Britain, Ukraine and Australia. Ryan was the first act to perform on the premiere episode, singing "Say Something" to a standing ovation. Afterward, the judges praised Ryan for overcoming both her setbacks and her nerves; Simon Cowell credited her for the success of the franchise and said he was "thrilled" to see her return. Two acts out of ten made it to the finals: Susan Boyle won judge Mel B's Golden Buzzer, while Ryan finished second in the fan voting to Preacher Lawson. Ryan was a guest performer during the first live results show of AGT's 14th Season, along with contortionist Sofie Dossi, violinist Brian King Joseph and card magician & season 13 winner Shin Lim. Ryan released her single "Plastic Lovers" the same day.

The winner of America's Got Talent season 10 in 2015 was Paul Zerdin, a ventriloquist.


Question: by what name are the island countries in the caribbean sea sometimes called

Answer: Greater Antilles on the north

This is a document about Caribbean
  The geography and climate in the Caribbean region varies: Some islands in the region have relatively flat terrain of non-volcanic origin. These islands include Aruba (possessing only minor volcanic features), Curaçao, Barbados, Bonaire, the Cayman Islands, Saint Croix, the Bahamas, and Antigua. Others possess rugged towering mountain-ranges like the islands of Saint Martin, Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Dominica, Montserrat, Saba, Sint Eustatius, Saint Kitts, Saint Lucia, Saint Thomas, Saint John, Tortola, Grenada, Saint Vincent, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Trinidad and Tobago. Definitions of the terms Greater Antilles and Lesser Antilles often vary. The Virgin Islands as part of the Puerto Rican bank are sometimes

This is a document about Caribbean
  Caribbean islands). Three island arcs delineate the eastern and northern edges of the Caribbean Sea: The Greater Antilles to the north, and the Lesser Antilles and Leeward Antilles to the south and east. Together with the nearby Lucayan Archipelago, these island arcs make up the West Indies. The Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands are sometimes considered to be a part of the Caribbean, even though they are neither within the Caribbean Sea nor on its border. However, The Bahamas is a full member state of the Caribbean Community and the Turks and Caicos Islands are an associate member.

This is a document about Postplatyptilia caribica
  The name reflects the area of distribution, the Caribbean islands.

This is a document about Leeward Islands
  as the Leeward Islands. Dominica was transferred to the British Windward Islands in 1940, and is now considered to be part of the Windward Islands. However, even in modern usage in languages other than English, notably, Dutch, French, and Spanish, all of the Lesser Antilles from the Virgin Islands to Trinidad and Tobago are known as 'the Windward Islands' (Bovenwindse Eilanden in Dutch, Îles du Vent in French, and Islas de Barlovento in Spanish). The ABC islands and the other islands along the Venezuelan coast, known in English as the Leeward Antilles, are known in languages other than English as 'the Leeward Islands'.

This is a document about Caribbean Sea
 List of islands in the Caribbean The Caribbean Sea is an oceanic sea largely situated on the Caribbean Plate. The Caribbean Sea is separated from the ocean by several island arcs of various ages. The youngest stretches from the Lesser Antilles to the Virgin Islands to the north east of Trinidad and Tobago off the coast of Venezuela. This arc was formed by the collision of the South American Plate with the Caribbean Plate and includes active and extinct volcanoes such as Mount Pelee, the Quill (volcano) on Sint Eustatius in the Caribbean Netherlands and Morne Trois Pitons on Dominica. The larger islands in the northern part of the

This is a document about World War II by country
  See Caribbean Islands.

This is a document about Antilles
   The word Antilles originated in the period before the European colonization of the Americas, Antilia being one of those mysterious lands which figured on the medieval charts, sometimes as an archipelago, sometimes as continuous land of greater or lesser extent, its location fluctuating in mid-ocean between the Canary Islands and India. After the 1492 arrival of Christopher Columbus's expedition in what was later called the West Indies, the European powers realized that the dispersed lands constituted an extensive archipelago inhabiting the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. The Antilles were called multiple names before their current name became the norm. Early Spanish visitors called them the Windward Islands (today having a narrower definition). They were also called the Forward Islands by 18th-century British. Thereafter, the term Antilles was commonly assigned to the formation, and "Sea of the Antilles" became a common alternative name for the Caribbean Sea in various European languages.

This is a document about Caribbean
  The Caribbean (, ; Caribe; Caraïbes; Karayib; also ; Caraïben; Papiamento: Karibe) is a region of the Americas that comprises the Caribbean Sea, its surrounding coasts, and its islands (some of which lie within the Caribbean Sea and some of which lie on the edge of the Caribbean Sea where it borders the North Atlantic Ocean). The region lies southeast of the Gulf of Mexico and of the North American mainland, east of Central America, and north of South America. The region, situated largely on the Caribbean Plate, has more than 700 islands, islets, reefs and cays (see the list

This is a document about List of Caribbean-related topics
  Continental nations surrounding the Caribbean Sea include:

This is a document about Dutch Caribbean
  There are three Caribbean islands that are countries (landen) within the Kingdom of the Netherlands: Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten. The Netherlands is the fourth and largest constituent country in the Kingdom. Sint Maarten comprises the southern half of the island of Saint Martin. The northern half of the island – the Collectivity of Saint Martin – is an overseas territory of France. Aruba and Curacao are located in the far south of the Caribbean being 30 kilometres and 65 kilometres from the coast of Venezuela.

This is a document about Antilles
   The Antilles (Antillas; Antilles; Antillen; Zantiy; Antias; Jamaican Patois: Antiliiz) is an archipelago bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the south and west, the Gulf of Mexico to the northwest, and the Atlantic Ocean to the north and east. The Antillean islands are divided into two smaller groupings: the Greater Antilles and the Lesser Antilles. The Greater Antilles includes the larger islands of the Cayman Islands, Cuba, Hispaniola (subdivided into the nations of the Dominican Republic and Haiti), Jamaica, and Puerto Rico. The Lesser Antilles contains the northerly Leeward Islands and the southeasterly Windward Islands as well as the Leeward Antilles just north of Venezuela. The

This is a document about Caribbean
  (briefly), Grenada, Haiti (formerly Saint-Domingue), Montserrat (briefly), Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sint Eustatius (briefly), Sint Maarten, Saint Kitts (briefly), Tobago (briefly), Saint Croix, the current French overseas départements of French Guiana, Martinique and Guadeloupe (including Marie-Galante, La Désirade and Les Saintes), the current French overseas collectivities of Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin ; Portuguese West Indies – present-day Barbados, known as Os Barbados in the 16th century when the Portuguese claimed the island en route to Brazil. The Portuguese left Barbados abandoned years before the British arrived. ; Spanish West Indies – Cuba, Hispaniola (present-day Dominican Republic, Haiti (until 1659, lost

This is a document about Dutch Caribbean
  The islands in the Dutch Caribbean were, from 1815, part of the colonies Curaçao and Dependencies (1815–1828) or Sint Eustatius and Dependencies (1815–1828), which were merged with the colony of Suriname (not considered part of the Dutch Caribbean, although it was on the Caribbean coast of Northeastern South America) and governed from Paramaribo until 1845, when all islands again became part of Curaçao and Dependencies. In 1954, the islands became the country (Dutch: Land) Netherlands Antilles (1954−2010). The autonomy of the Netherlands Antilles' island territories was stipulated in the Islands Regulation of the Netherlands Antilles. Initially the Netherlands Antilles consisted of four island territories: Aruba, Bonaire,

This is a document about Latin America
  those countries of the Americas that were once part of the Spanish, Portuguese, and French Empires. Puerto Rico, although not a country, may also be included. ; The term is sometimes used more broadly to refer to all of the Americas south of the United States, thus including the Guianas (French Guiana, Guyana, and Suriname); the Anglophone Caribbean (and Belize); the Francophone Caribbean; and the Dutch Caribbean. This definition emphasizes a similar socioeconomic history of the region, which was characterized by formal or informal colonialism, rather than cultural aspects (see, for example, dependency theory).   Some sources avoid this simplification by using the alternative phrase "Latin America and the Caribbean", as in

The island countries in the Caribbean Sea are sometimes called the Lesser Antilles.


Question: zen and the art of motorcycle maintenance bikes

Answer: CB77 Super Hawk

This is a document about 1974 in philosophy
 Robert M. Pirsig, Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance (1974)

This is a document about Index of Eastern philosophy articles
 Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance ; Zengcius ; Zengzi ; Zhan Ruoshui ; Zhang Dongsun ; Zhang Guoxiang ; Zhang Heng ; Zhang Zai ; Zheng Xuan ; Zhenren ; Zhentong ; Zhi Dun ; Zhou Dunyi ; Zhou Guoping ; Zhu Qianzhi ; Zhu Xi ; Zhu Xueqin ; Zhuangzi ; Zhuangzi (book) ; Zi Chan ; Zisi ; Zou Yan

This is a document about Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance
  Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance: An Inquiry into Values is a book by Robert M. Pirsig first published in 1974. It is a work of fictionalized autobiography, and is the first of Pirsig's texts in which he explores his "Metaphysics of Quality". Pirsig received 121 rejections before an editor finally accepted the book for publication—and he did so thinking it would never generate a profit. It was subsequently featured on best-seller lists for decades, with initial sales of at least 5 million copies worldwide. The title is an apparent play on the title of the 1948 book Zen in the Art of Archery by Eugen Herrigel. In its introduction, Pirsig explains that, despite its title, "it should in no way be associated with that great body of factual information relating to orthodox Zen Buddhist practice. It's not very factual on motorcycles, either."

This is a document about Japanese Zen
  While Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance, by Robert M. Pirsig, was a 1974 bestseller, it in fact has little to do with Zen as a religious practice, nor with motorcycle maintenance for that matter. Rather it deals with the notion of the metaphysics of "quality" from the point of view of the main character. Pirsig was attending the Minnesota Zen Center at the time of writing the book. He has stated that, despite its title, the book "should in no way be associated with that great body of factual information relating to orthodox Zen Buddhist practice". Though it may not deal with orthodox Zen Buddhist practice, Pirsig's book in fact deals with many of the more subtle facets of Zen living and Zen mentality without drawing attention to any religion or religious organization. A number of contemporary authors have explored the relationship between Zen and a number of other disciplines, including parenting, teaching, and leadership. This typically involves the use of Zen stories to explain leadership strategies.

This is a document about Motorcycling
   For most riders, a motorcycle is a cheaper and more convenient form of transportation which causes less commuter congestion within cities and has less environmental impact than automobile ownership. Others ride as a way to relieve stress and to "clear their minds" as described in Robert M. Pirsig's book Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance. Pirsig contrasted the sense of connection experienced by motorcyclists with the isolation of drivers who are "always in a compartment", passively observing the passing landscape. Pirsig portrayed motorcycling as being in "completely in contact with it all... in the scene." The connection to one's motorcycle is sensed further, as Pirsig explained, by the frequent need to maintain its mechanical operation. Pirsig felt that connection deepen when faced with a difficult mechanical problem that required walking away from it until the solution became clear. Similarly, motorcyclists experience pleasure at the feeling of being far more connected to their motor vehicles than in a motorcar, as being part of it rather than in it.

This is a document about Robert M. Pirsig
  diploma at the age of 14 by the University High School (later renamed Marshall-University High School), where he had edited the school yearbook, the Bisbilla. Pirsig then studied biochemistry at the University of Minnesota. In Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance, he describes the central character, thought to represent himself, as being an atypical student, interested in science in itself rather than a professional career path. In the course of his studies, Pirsig became intrigued by the multiplicity of putative causes for a given phenomenon, and has increasingly focused on the role played by the hypotheses in the scientific method and sources from which they

This is a document about Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance
  At the time of its publication, Christopher Lehmann-Haupt, in his book review for The New York Times, wrote, "I now regret that I lack the expertise in philosophy to put Mr. Pirsig's ideas to a proper test, for this book may very well be a profoundly important one—a great one even—full of insights into our most perplexing contemporary dilemmas. I just don't know. But whatever its true philosophical worth, it is intellectual entertainment of the highest order." Since then, Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance has become the best-selling philosophy book of all time.

This is a document about Honda CB77
  Robert M. Pirsig rode a 1966 CB77 Super Hawk on the trip he made with his son and their friends in 1968 on a two-month round trip from their home in St. Paul, Minnesota to Petaluma, California, which became the basis for the 1974 novel Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance: An Inquiry into Values. The novel never mentions the make or model of Pirsig's motorcycle, but does discuss their companions', John and Sylvia Sutherland's, new BMW, an R60/2. The R60/2, prized for its place in motorcycle literature, has changed hands and was regularly ridden. Pirsig died in 2017, and in 2019, his wife Wendy K. Pirsig donated the CB77 to the Smithsonian Institution. The donation included Pirsig's leather jacket and memorabilia from the 1968 trip, and some of his personal tools.

This is a document about Indian Larry
  flow. I'm not a religious person but I'm a very spiritual person.  Spirituality is instinctive and I believe it's more of a Zen type of thing.  You stay in the moment and you'll get the right answers, the correct answers.  Every motorcycle is always a spiritual experience.  Choppers specifically are a very integral part to my spirituality.  When I go out for a ride or something I'm exactly in the moment.  It's like meditation.  I'm in the flow." One of Larry's attributes that was well-known to the public was his many tattoos, although he didn't have most of his tattoos until later in life (he got his neck tattoo when he was in his

This is a document about Index of philosophical literature
  Xenien – Xueren – Youth – Zadig – Zarathustra's roundelay – Zeitschrift für Kulturphilosophie – Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance – Zettel – Zhizn – Zhuangzi – Zorba the Greek –

This is a document about Robert M. Pirsig
  experience, and that this limited his ability to teach writing effectively and to develop his own philosophy and writing. In December 2019, the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History acquired Pirsig's 1966 Honda CB77F Super Hawk on which the 1968 ride with his son Chris was taken. The donation included a manuscript of Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance, a signed first edition of the book, and tools and clothing from the ride. In 2020, the Smithsonian acquired additional material from the Pirsig family relating to Pirsig's maritime interests and background. In 2020, the Robert M. Pirsig archive was collected by the Houghton Library at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts; a 2021 article in the International Journal of Motorcycle Studies details the writer's close historic relationship with motorcycles from the age of four to shortly before his death.

This is a document about Pirsig's Metaphysics of Quality
 Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance: An Inquiry into Values (1974) ISBN: 0-06-095832-4 ; Lila: An Inquiry into Morals (1991) ISBN: 0-553-29961-1 ; Guidebook to Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance by R. DiSanto and T. J. Steele (1990) ISBN: 0-688-06069-2 ; "Lila's Child: An Inquiry into Quality (2002) ; Granger, David A.: John Dewey, Robert Pirsig, and the Art of Living: Revisioning Aesthetic Education. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. ; "The Truth About Art: Reclaiming Quality" by Patrick Doorly (2013) ISBN: 978-1780998411

This is a document about Outline of motorcycles and motorcycling
 The Art of the Motorcycle Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum and others

This is a document about The Greeks (book)
  The book's critical reception was positive, with the Sunday Times and Observer both praising The Greeks; several textbooks list it as a source or recommended read on the subject of ancient Greece. The Princeton Alumni Weekly praised Kitto for "not [glossing] over the failures and imperfections of the Greeks", and said the book would "delight the reader interested in things Greek with a fresh and vigorous approach to the classics". The Greeks is mentioned in one of the best selling philosophy books of all times, Zen & The Art of Motorcycle Maintenance (1974) by Robert Pirsig (USA). In chapter 29 Pirsig uses The Greeks to expand on one of his key concepts, that of Quality. He finds it to be aligned to the Old Greek concept of Virtue and the Hindu concept of Dharma.

This is a document about Pirsig's Metaphysics of Quality
  The Metaphysics of Quality (MOQ) is a theory of reality introduced in Robert M. Pirsig's philosophical novel, Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance (1974) and expanded in Lila: An Inquiry into Morals (1991). The MOQ incorporates facets of Sophism, East Asian philosophy, pragmatism, the work of F. S. C. Northrop, and indigenous American philosophy. Pirsig argues that the MOQ is a better lens through which to view reality than the subjective/objective mindset that Pirsig attributes to Aristotle. Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance references the Sanskrit doctrine of Tat Tvam Asi ("Thou art that"), which asserts an existential monism as opposed to the subject–object dualism.

This is a document about Indian Larry
  Larry wanted to "elevate the art of the motorcycle" in the general perception and the art world. He stated, "As far as I'm concerned, it is one of the highest art forms, because it combines all media: sculpture, painting, as well as the mechanics, and it's just a lot more than any one single medium" (In addition to metalwork and painting, Larry included engraving and leather work to the list in another interview). He explained that being a chopper builder requires being able to create from the abstract, and having a sense for aesthetics, while also possessing mechanical skills to deal with "extremely critical tolerances...like 2/10,000 of an inch in the motors". The Biker Build-Off programs provided a public forum to do this. Indian Larry participated in three different Biker Build-Off programs on the Discovery channel: The bike builders would then meet at a neutral location and be

This is a document about Robert M. Pirsig
  the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance, was fatally stabbed in a mugging outside the San Francisco Zen Center at the age of 22. Pirsig discusses this tragedy in an afterword to subsequent editions of Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance, writing that he and his second wife Wendy Kimball decided not to abort the child they conceived in 1980 because he believed that this unborn child – later their daughter Nell – was a continuation of the "life pattern" that Chris had occupied. Pirsig died aged 88, at his home in South Berwick, Maine, on April 24, 2017, after a period of failing health.

This is a document about Robert M. Pirsig
  Pirsig received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1974 for General Nonfiction, allowing him to complete his second book. The University of Minnesota conferred an Outstanding Achievement Award in 1975. He won an award for literature from the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters in 1979. On December 15, 2012, Montana State University bestowed upon Pirsig an honorary doctorate in philosophy during the university's fall commencement. Pirsig was also honored in a commencement speech by MSU Regent Professor Michael Sexson. Pirsig had been an instructor in writing at what was then Montana State College from 1958 to 1960. Pirsig did not travel to Bozeman in December 2012 to accept the accolade, allegedly due to frailty of health. However, in Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance, Pirsig writes about his time at Montana State College as a less than

This is a document about Technology and the Character of Contemporary Life
  Chapter 20 of Borgmann's book begins the task of Part 3, which can be summed up simply: “Focal things and practices can empower us to propose and perhaps to enact a reform of technology” (155). Its specific role is “distinguishing reforms within the paradigm of technology from reforms of the paradigm” (157). Consequently, he spends several pages dismissing attempts within the paradigm: “the endeavor to find a new order at the heart of technology” (159), Pirsig’s Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance (1974) (160), etc. Then he differentiates between reforms within and of (162), explains the differences in the “kinds of problems” the two

This is a document about Jack Armstrong (artist)
  In October 2010, Armstrong unveiled his flagship piece of kinetic art, the Cosmic Starship. The work is a Harley-Davidson V-ROD motorcycle that Armstrong painted using acrylic paint and 37 coats of clear-coat. The V-Rod motorcycle had been developed in a joint project with Porsche Engineering and Erik Buell and was chosen for its futuristic style. The Cosmic Starship was sold in 2012 for $3 million to the Moran family of California.

"Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance" is a book by Robert M. Pirsig that explores the concept of quality and the importance of taking care of things, using the metaphor of motorcycle maintenance. The book does not focus on Zen Buddhism as a religious practice or the Zen tradition, but rather uses the term "Zen" to describe the mindset of being fully present and engaged in the process of maintaining and repairing the motorcycle. The book has had a significant impact on the motorcycle community and has been influential in promoting the idea of motorcycling as a form of mindfulness