Question: dividing up africa among european countries was the goal of the

Answer: Berlin Conference of 1884

This is a document about History of the African Union
  The first attempts to create a politically unified state encompassing the whole of the African continent were made by European colonial powers in the 19th century, intent on harnessing the vast natural resources and huge amount of manpower the continent had to offer to their Empires. However, the strong rivalry between European powers such as Britain, Belgium, France, Italy, Germany, Spain, and Portugal, meant the reality soon dawned that no one nation was powerful enough to outdo all the others, and take complete control of the continent. Instead, they carved the continent up between them, scrambling for control of as much territory as possible, and attempting to prevent their rivals from obtaining favourable regions. The European powers essentially maintained control of their territories as colonies until the second half of the 20th century, when changes in European policy and thinking, led to releasing of control over their African colonies, and the creation of independent nations across the continent took place between the 1950s and 1970s.

This is a document about Late modern period
  they were dividing an unknown continent. European countries established a few coastal colonies in Africa by the mid-nineteenth century, which included Cape Colony (Great Britain), Angola (Portugal), and Algeria (France), but until the late nineteenth century Europe largely traded with free African states without feeling the need for territorial possession. Until the 1880s most of Africa remained uncharted, with western maps from the period generally showing blank spaces for the continent's interior. From the 1880s to 1914, the European powers expanded their control across the African continent, competing with each other for Africa's land and resources. Great Britain controlled various colonial holdings in East Africa that spanned the length of the African continent from Egypt in the north to South Africa. The

This is a document about Scramble for Africa
   The Scramble for Africa, also called the Partition of Africa, or the Conquest of Africa, was the invasion, occupation, division, and colonization of most of Africa by seven Western European powers during a short period known to historians as the New Imperialism (between 1881 and 1914). The 10 percent of Africa that was under formal European control in 1870 increased to almost 90 percent by 1914, with only Ethiopia (Abyssinia) and Liberia remaining independent, though Ethiopia would later be invaded and occupied by Italy in 1936. The Berlin Conference of 1884, which regulated European colonization and trade in Africa, is usually referred to as the starting point of the Scramble for Africa. There were considerable political rivalries among the European empires in the last quarter of the 19th century. Partitioning Africa was effected without wars between European nations. In the later years of the 19th century, the European nations transitioned from "informal imperialism" — i.e., exercising military influence and economic dominance — to direct rule, bringing about colonial imperialism.

This is a document about Niger
  In the 19th century Europeans began to take a greater interest in Africa; several European explorers travelled in the area of modern Niger, such as Mungo Park (in 1805–06), the Oudney-Denham-Clapperton expedition (1822–25), Heinrich Barth (1850–55; with James Richardson and Adolf Overweg), Friedrich Gerhard Rohlfs (1865–67), Gustav Nachtigal (1869–74) and Parfait-Louis Monteil (1890–92). Several European countries already possessed littoral colonies in Africa, and in the latter half of the century they began to turn their eyes towards the interior of the continent. This process, known as the 'Scramble for Africa', culminated in the 1885 Berlin conference in which the colonial powers outlined the division of Africa

This is a document about Decolonisation of Africa
  [[File:Map of Africa in 1939.png|thumb|European control in 1939 ]]The "Scramble for Africa" between 1870 and 1900 ended with almost all of Africa being controlled by a small number of European states. Racing to secure as much land as possible while avoiding conflict amongst themselves, the partition of Africa was confirmed in the Berlin Agreement of 1885, with little regard to local differences. By 1905, control of almost all African soil was claimed by Western European governments, with the only exceptions being Liberia (which had been settled by African-American former slaves) and Ethiopia (later occupied by Italy in 1936). Britain and France had the largest holdings, but Germany, Spain, Italy, Belgium, and Portugal also had colonies. As a result of colonialism and imperialism, a majority of Africa lost sovereignty and control of natural resources such as gold and rubber. The introduction of imperial policies surfacing around local economies led to the failing of local economies due to an exploitation of resources and cheap labor. Progress towards independence was slow up until the mid-20th century. By 1977, 54 African countries had seceded from European colonial rulers.

This is a document about Slavery in Africa
  the Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889-90. In the late 19th century, the Scramble for Africa saw the continent rapidly divided between imperialistic European powers, and an early but secondary focus of all colonial regimes was the suppression of slavery and the slave trade. Seymour Drescher argues that European interests in abolition were primarily motivated by economic and imperial goals. Despite slavery often being a justification behind conquest, colonial regimes often ignored slavery or allowed slavery practices to continue. This was because the colonial state depended on the cooperation of indigenous political and economic structures which were heavily involved in slavery. As a result, early colonial

This is a document about Fashoda Incident
   During the late-19th century, Africa was rapidly being claimed and colonised by European colonial powers. After the 1885 Berlin Conference regarding West Africa, Europe's great powers went after any remaining lands in Africa that were not already under another European nation's influence. This period in African history is usually termed the Scramble for Africa by modern historiography. The principal powers involved in this scramble were Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Portugal, and Spain. The French thrust into the African interior was mainly from the continent's Atlantic coast (modern-day Senegal) eastward, through the Sahel along the southern border of the Sahara, a territory covering modern-day Senegal, Mali, Niger, and

This is a document about Divide and Rule: The Partition of Africa, 1880-1914
  a result of decolonization, but it was not the pre-colonial kingdoms and commonwealths that were restored - the new African rulers took over, for the most part, the frontiers created by the western conquerors. Written from the perspective of European imperial historians, Wesseling's study focuses on those European individuals, their motives, actions and tactics in Africa between 1880 and 1914. Simultaneously, the author examines in detail the various treaties and agreements entered by European nations resulting from their scramble for territory in Africa. A key argument in the book is that while the partition was an important event for African people, it was of marginal importance to Europe.

This is a document about Divide and Rule: The Partition of Africa, 1880-1914
  Divide and Rule: The Partition of Africa, 1880-1914 (Verdeel en heers. De deling van Afrika, 1880-1914), is a history book by Dutch historian Henk Wesseling, published by Bert Bakker 1991. As the title suggests, the books deals with the European partition and colonisation of Africa. In the preface to Divide and Rule, Wesseling writes that his interest in the history of the partition of Africa arose in 1971-72, when he, as a visiting fellow at École pratique des hautes études, in Paris attended a seminar led by Henri Brunschwig. Ten years later, Wesseling was a visiting fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton University, there he decided to write a book

This is a document about Analysis of Western European colonialism and colonization
  Throughout the era of European colonization, those in power routinely partitioned land masses and created borders that are still in place today. It has been estimated that Britain and France traced almost 40% of the entire length of today's international boundaries. Sometimes boundaries were naturally occurring, like rivers or mountains, but other times these borders were artificially created and agreed upon by colonial powers. The Berlin Conference of 1884 systemized European colonization in Africa and is frequently acknowledged as the genesis of the Scramble for Africa. The Conference implemented the Principle of Effective Occupation in Africa which allowed European states with even the most tenuous connection to an African region to claim dominion over its land, resources, and people. In effect,

This is a document about First Pan-African Conference
  On 24 September 1897, Henry Sylvester Williams had been instrumental in founding the African Association (not to be confused with the Association for Promoting the Discovery of the Interior Parts of Africa), in response to the European partition of Africa that followed the 1884-5 Congress of Berlin. The formation of the association marked an early stage in the development of the anti-colonialist movement, and was established to encourage the unity of Africans and people of African descent, particularly in territories of the British empire, concerning itself with injustices in Britain's African and Caribbean colonies. In March 1898 the association issued a

This is a document about 19th century
  In Africa, European exploration and technology led to the colonization of almost the entire continent by 1898. New medicines such as quinine and more advanced firearms allowed European nations to conquer native populations. Motivations for the Scramble for Africa included national pride, desire for raw materials, and Christian missionary activity. Britain seized control of Egypt to ensure control of the Suez Canal, but Ethiopia defeated Italy in the First Italo–Ethiopian War at the Battle of Adwa. France, Belgium, Portugal, and Germany also had substantial colonies. The Berlin Conference of 1884–1885 attempted to reach agreement on colonial borders in Africa, but disputes continued, both amongst European powers and in resistance by the native populations. In 1867, diamonds were discovered in the Kimberley region of South Africa. In 1886, gold was discovered in Transvaal. This led to colonization in Southern Africa by the British and business interests, led by Cecil Rhodes.

This is a document about Detribalization
  From 1884 to 1885, European powers, along with the United States, convened at the Berlin Conference in order to settle colonial disputes throughout the African continent and protect the economic interests of their colonial empires. The conference was the primary occasion for partitioning, what Europeans commonly referred to as, "the dark continent", and came about as a result of conflicting territorial claims. The various European colonial powers wish to avoid conflict in their "Scramble for Africa", and as such drew clear lines over the continent. In 1898, Polish-British author Joseph Conrad remarked in Heart of Darkness on how Europeans used color

This is a document about Divide and Rule: The Partition of Africa, 1880-1914
  Divide and Rule is divided into seven chapters, each dealing with a different part of Africa. They are arranged chronology, starting with the occupation of Tunisia and Egypt, 1881–1882, and ending with the partition of Morocco 1905-1912. Wesseling primarily pays attention to the empire builders rather than to their subjects: 'the decisions and reflections of Europeans take the central place in this book' (p, 18). The author explains the partition of Africa in terms of a complex, multi-faceted causality. As for the wider impact of European colonization on Africa, Wesseling differs from earlier authors such as Allan McPhee (The Economic Revolution in British West Africa [1926, repr. 1971, with

This is a document about Pan-Africanism
  Pan-Africanism is a worldwide movement that aims to encourage and strengthen bonds of solidarity between all indigenous and diaspora ethnic groups of African descent. Based on a common goal dating back to the Atlantic slave trade, the movement extends beyond continental Africans with a substantial support base among the African diaspora in the Americas and Europe. Pan-Africanism can be said to have its origins in the struggles of the African people against enslavement and colonization and this struggle may be traced back to the first resistance on slave ships—rebellions and suicides—through the constant plantation and colonial uprisings and the "Back to Africa" movements of the 19th century. Based on the belief that unity is vital to economic, social, and political progress and aims to "unify and uplift"

This is a document about Parfait-Louis Monteil
  France, Britain, Germany, Portugal and Italy came to a broad agreement on the way in which they would divide up the continent of Africa at the 1884–1885 Berlin Conference. France gained primacy in the bulk of West Africa from Algeria and Tunisia south across the Sahara and the Sahel into the Sudanian Savanna. The other powers could extend their coastal colonies north from the Gulf of Guinea into the interior. In the case of Britain, these colonies included the Gambia, Sierra Leone, the Gold Coast (now Ghana), the Lagos colony and the territory claimed by the Royal Niger Company. On 5 August 1890 the British and French concluded an agreement to clarify the boundary between French West Africa and what would become Nigeria. Britain would acquire all territories up to and including the Sokoto Caliphate, while the French would take the lands further to the north. However, they did not know the extent of the Sokoto Caliphate. Monteil was given charge of an expedition to discover its northern limits.

This is a document about Godfrey Mwakikagile
  of Africans was earlier demonstrated by the arrogance of the imperial powers at the Berlin Conference in 1885 which led to the partition of Africa. He went on to state that Africans were not even represented at the conference, yet it was their fate that was being determined by Europeans who decided to partition the continent among themselves as if Africans did not even exist. He also stated that this kind of arrogance and contempt for Africans was expressed in its crudest form in many ways including inflicting humiliating punishment on full-grown black men. They were subjected to corporal

This is a document about Colonisation of Africa
  [[File:Colonial Africa 1913 map.svg|thumb|300px|Areas controlled by European colonial powers on the African continent in 1913, shown along with current national boundaries ]]  Established empires, notably Britain, France, Spain and Portugal had already claimed coastal areas but had not penetrated deeply inland. Europeans controlled one tenth of Africa, primarily along the Mediterranean and in the far South. A significant early proponent of colonising inland was King Leopold of Belgium, who oppressed the Congo as his own private domain until 1908. The 1885 Berlin Conference, initiated by Otto von Bismarck to establish international guidelines and avoiding violent disputes among European Powers, formalized the "New Imperialism". This allowed

This is a document about French colonial empire
  A major goal was the Mission civilisatrice or "The Civilizing Mission". 'Civilizing' the populations of Africa through spreading language and religion, were used as justifications for many of the practices that came with the French colonial project. In 1884, the leading proponent of colonialism, Jules Ferry, declared; "The higher races have a right over the lower races, they have a duty to civilize the inferior races." Full citizenship rights – assimilation – were offered, although in reality "assimilation was always receding [and] the colonial populations treated like subjects not citizens." France sent small numbers of settlers to its empire, with the notable exception of Algeria, where the French settlers took power while being a minority. In World War

This is a document about History of Ivory Coast
  together at the Berlin Conference. Its principal objective was to rationalize what became known as the European scramble for colonies in Africa. Prince Otto von Bismarck also wanted a greater role in Africa for Germany, which he thought he could achieve in part by fostering competition between France and Britain. The agreement signed by all participants in 1885 stipulated that on the African coastline only European annexations or spheres of influence that involved effective occupation by Europeans would be recognized. Another agreement in 1890 extended this rule to the interior of Africa and set off a scramble for territory, primarily by France, Britain, Portugal, and Belgium.

The goal of European countries during the late 19th and early 20th centuries was to divide Africa among themselves through a process known as the Scramble for Africa. This resulted in the colonization of almost all of Africa by European powers, with the exception of Ethiopia and Liberia. The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 marked the beginning of this process, and by 1900, European control of Africa was almost complete.


Question: when did we start celebrating national hispanic heritage month

Answer: 1988

This is a document about National Hispanic Heritage Month
  thus resulted (in 1821) in independence for the New Spain Colony (now Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Honduras, and Nicaragua). Mexico, most Central American countries, and Chile commemorate their independence from Spain on September 15, September 16, and September 18, respectively. Hispanic Heritage Week was first proclaimed by President Johnson in 1968 in Presidential Proclamation 3869. Presidents Nixon, Ford, Carter, and Reagan gave annual proclamations for Hispanic Heritage Week between 1969 and 1988. National Hispanic Heritage Month was first proclaimed by President George H. W. Bush on September 14, 1989, in Presidential Proclamation 6021. Since 1989, all Presidents have given a Presidential Proclamation to mark Hispanic Heritage Month.

This is a document about National Hispanic Heritage Month
  National Hispanic Heritage Month (Spanish: Mes nacional de la herencia hispana) is annually celebrated from September 15 to October 15 in the United States for recognizing the contributions and influence of Hispanic Americans to the history, culture, and achievements of the United States.

This is a document about Hispanics and Latinos in the United States Navy
  On September 17, 1968, President Lyndon B. Johnson designated a week in mid-September as National Hispanic Heritage Week. In 1988, President Ronald Reagan extended that week to a month-long observance. The National Hispanic Heritage Month is a time for Americans to educate themselves about the influences Hispanic culture has had on society. The Navy has realized that the fastest-growing group in both the United States and the navy are Hispanics, and have joined the rest of the United States in the celebration of the contributions which Hispanics in the United States Navy have made to that military institution by celebrating National Hispanic Heritage Month from September 15 through October 15.

This is a document about Hispanics and Latinos in the United States Air Force
   On September 17, 1968, President Lyndon B. Johnson designated a week in mid-September as National Hispanic Heritage Week. In 1988, President Ronald Reagan extended that week to a month-long observance. The National Hispanic Heritage Month is a time for Americans to educate themselves about the influences Hispanic culture has had on society. The Air Force has realized that the fastest growing group in both the United States and the Marines are Hispanics, and have joined the rest of the United States in the celebration of the contributions which Hispanics in the United Air Force have made to that military institution by celebrating National Hispanic Heritage

This is a document about Hispanics and Latinos in the United States Marine Corps
  Joseph V. Medina has been quoted as saying: On September 17, 1968, President Lyndon B. Johnson designated a week in mid-September as National Hispanic Heritage Week. In 1988, President Ronald Reagan extended that week to a month-long observance. The National Hispanic Heritage Month is a time for Americans to educate themselves about the influences Hispanic culture has had on society. The Marine Corps has realized that the fastest growing group in both the United States and the Marines are Hispanics, and have joined the rest of the United States in the celebration of the contributions which Hispanics in the United States Marines Corps have made to that military institution by celebrating National Hispanic Heritage Month from September 15 through October 15.

This is a document about National Hispanic Heritage Month
  Hispanic Heritage Month heritage began as Hispanic Heritage Week. Hispanic Week was established by legislation sponsored by Rep. Edward R. Roybal of Los Angeles and was signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson in 1968. In 1988, the commemorative week was expanded to a month (September 15 to October 15) by legislation sponsored by Rep. Esteban Edward Torres (D–Pico Rivera), amended by Senator Paul Simon, and signed into law by President Ronald Reagan. September 15 was chosen as the starting point for the commemoration because it is the anniversary of the Cry of Dolores (early morning, 16 September 1810), which marked the start of the Mexican War of Independence

This is a document about Hispanophone
  The National Hispanic Heritage Month is celebrated in the United States from September 15 to October 15.

This is a document about Columbus Day
  the Hispanicity has been celebrated as a national day since 1918 under different names like "Día de la Hispanidad" or "Dia de la Raza", due to changes of political regimes in the 20th century. The national day emphasises Spain's ties with the Hispanidad, the international Hispanic community and Spanish legacy to the world. In 1981 a royal decree established the Fiesta Nacional y Día de la Hispanidad as a national holiday. However, in 1987 the name was changed again to Fiesta Nacional and October 12 became one of two national celebrations, along with Constitution Day on December 6 as part of a compromise between conservatives, who wanted to emphasize the status of the monarchy and Spain's history, and Republicans, who wanted to commemorate Spain's burgeoning democracy with an official holiday. Since 2000,

This is a document about National Hispanic Heritage Month
  is to celebrate the diverse and inclusive environment of the United States Army. Through coordinated efforts throughout the Army, this observance will be used to inform Army audiences and celebrate the contributions of Hispanic soldiers, civilians, and their families. The representation of Hispanic Americans on active duty has increased by 10 percent during the past 30 years. In 1985, it was three percent, and in 2016 it was 13.7 percent. The United States Navy celebrates Hispanic Heritage Month by honoring sailors of Hispanic heritage. Hispanic Americans' military service dates back to the Civil War. , approximately 59,000 active and reserve sailors of Hispanic heritage serve in the U.S. Navy and Marines.

This is a document about National Hispanic Heritage Month
  Official Latino Short Film Festival began in 2015. The Hispanic Star, a platform created by the We Are All Human Foundation, hosted a virtual Hispanic Heritage Month kick-off in 2020 featuring artists such as Residente and Fonseca, as well as civic and corporate leaders. The program engaged leaders to discuss Hispanic heritage and pride, the community's reality and Hispanic success stories. The organization also published a toolkit developed to help individuals and organizations join in the celebration. On April 15, 2021, they launched a 2021 version of their Hispanic Heritage Month toolkit for corporations, organizations and individuals to use in their planning for this month and calling for everyone to use and share it.

This is a document about West Indian Americans
  National Caribbean American Heritage Month is celebrated in June. The heritage month was first officially observed in 2006, after being unanimously adopted by the House of Representatives on June 27, 2005 in H. Con. Res. 71, sponsored by Congresswoman Barbara Lee, recognizing the significance of Caribbean people and their descendants in the history and culture of the United States. The Senate adopted the resolution on February 14, 2006, which was introduced by Senator Chuck Schumer of New York. On June 5, 2006, George W. Bush issued a presidential proclamation declaring than June be annually recognized as National Caribbean American Heritage Month to celebrate the contributions of Caribbean Americans (both naturalized and US citizens by birth) in the United States. Since the declaration, the White House has issued an annual proclamation recognizing June as National Caribbean-American Heritage Month. The Institute of Caribbean Studies based in Washington DC is the lead organization behind the Campaign which led to the establishment of Caribbean American Heritage Month.

This is a document about Hispanic and Latino Americans
  During the 20th and 21st centuries, Latino immigration to the United States increased markedly following changes to the immigration law in 1965. During the World Wars, Latino Americans and immigrants had helped stabilize the American economy from falling due to the industrial boom in the Midwest in states such as Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. While a percentage of Americans had fled their jobs for the war, Latinos had taken their jobs in the Industrial world. This can explain why there is such a high concentration of Latino Americans in Metro Areas such as the Chicago-Elgin-Naperville, Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, and Cleveland-Elyria areas. Latino contributions in the historical past and present of the United States are addressed in more detail below (See Notables and their contributions). To recognize the current and historic contributions of Latino Americans, on September 17, 1968, President Lyndon B. Johnson designated a week in mid-September as National Hispanic Heritage Week, with Congress's authorization. In 1988, President Ronald Reagan extended the observance to a month, designated National Hispanic Heritage Month. Latino Americans became the largest minority group in 2004.

This is a document about Chicano
  Hispanic was first promoted in the late 1970s and was first used on the 1980 U.S. Census. Hispanic was first defined by the U.S. Federal Office of Management and Budget's (OMB) Directive No. 15 in 1977, which defined a Hispanic as "a person of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South America or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race." The term was formed out of a collaboration with Mexican American political elites to encourage cultural assimilation into American society among all Hispanic/Latino peoples and move away from the anti-assimilationist politics of Chicano identity, which had gained prominence in the preceding decades through the Chicano Movement. The rise of Hispanic identity paralleled an emerging era

This is a document about Phi Iota Alpha
 April 14 (Pan American Day) ; September 15 – October 15 (National Hispanic Heritage Month) ; October 12 (Day of the Race) ; December 26 (Establishment Anniversary and Day of the illuminated Latin Americans)

This is a document about Columbus Day
  The date Columbus arrived in the Americas is celebrated in some countries of Latin America. The most common name for the celebration in Spanish (including some Latin American communities in the United States) is the Día de la Raza ("day of the race" or the "day of the [Hispanic] people"), commemorating the first encounters of Europeans and the Native Americans. The day was first celebrated in Argentina in 1917, in Venezuela and Colombia in 1921, in Chile in 1922 and in Mexico it was first celebrated in 1928. The day was also celebrated under this title in Spain until 1957, when it was changed to the Día de la Hispanidad ("Hispanicity Day"), and in Venezuela it was celebrated under this title until 2002, when it was changed to the Día de la Resistencia Indígena (Day

This is a document about Hispanic Heritage Foundation
  Hispanic College Fund to prepare Latina/o professionals for the workplace. The LOFT program also works with Human Resource departments and corporate diversity programs to place new workers. LOFT also houses the LOFT Innovation branch, the technology and computer programming program, with an office located in Los Angeles, CA. ; the Hispanic Heritage Awards, founded in 1987 as part of the first Hispanic Heritage Month and hosted by over thirty-five national Hispanic organizations, which honor the contributions of Latinas/os in the fields of (alphabetically) arts, education, leadership, literature, math/science, and sports, as well as Vision and Lifetime Achievement Awards. In recent years, the awards ceremony has been televised on both

This is a document about List of awards and nominations received by Ricky Martin
 rowspan="1"|2002 ; Ricky Martin ; Honoree in Arts ; Won Won The Hispanic Heritage Awards, founded in 1987 as part of the first Hispanic Heritage Month and hosted by over thirty-five national Hispanic organizations, which honor the contributions of Latinas/os in the fields of (alphabetically) arts, education, leadership, literature, math/science, and sports, as well as Vision and Lifetime Achievement Awards. {|class="wikitable" !Year !Nominee / work !Award !Result !Ref.

This is a document about Native American Indian Heritage Month
  On August 3, 1990, President of the United States George H. W. Bush declared the month of November as National American Indian Heritage Month, thereafter commonly referred to as Native American Heritage Month. The bill read in part that "the President has authorized and requested to call upon Federal, State and local Governments, groups and organizations and the people of the United States to observe such month with appropriate programs, ceremonies and activities". This landmark bill honoring America's tribal people represented a major step in the establishment of this celebration which began in 1976 when a Cherokee/Osage Indian named Jerry C. Elliott-High Eagle authored Native American Awareness Week legislation the first historical week of recognition in

This is a document about Caribbean-American Heritage Month
  Caribbean-American Heritage Month is celebrated by proclamation of the President and Congress in the United States to honor the achievements and contributions of Caribbean immigrants and their descendants living in the United States, particularly in government, sports, entertainment, and the arts. Events are held throughout the month celebrating and educating the public about Caribbean-American history and culture. The heritage month was first officially observed in 2006, after being unanimously adopted by the House of Representatives on June 27, 2005 in H. Con. Res. 71, sponsored by Congresswoman Barbara Lee, recognizing the significance of Caribbean people and their descendants in the history and culture of the United States. The Senate adopted the resolution on February 14, 2006, which was introduced by Senator Chuck Schumer of New York. On June 5, 2006, George W. Bush issued a presidential proclamation declaring that June be annually recognized as National Caribbean American Heritage Month to celebrate the contributions of Caribbean Americans (both naturalized and US citizens by birth) in the United States. Since the declaration, the White House has issued an annual proclamation recognizing June as National Caribbean-American Heritage Month.

This is a document about Columbus Day
  The first celebration of the Discovery of the Américas by Columbus in Spain was as early as 1642 when the city of Zaragoza designated the Virgen del Pilar (Our Lady of the Pillar) as symbol of the Hispanidad (Hispanicity) on the date of the Spanish expedition's arrival to the New World. This holiday was declared a religious feast day throughout the Spanish Empire in 1730. In 1892, the 12 of October was declared a one-time national day in commemoration of the 4th centenary of the Discovery of America and the perpetuation of the festivity was then first considered. The Spanish government suggested other nations (Hispanic American countries, Italy and the United States of America) to join the celebration, which was followed with enthusiasm by them, with a few exceptions. The Discovery of America

National Hispanic Heritage Month was first celebrated in the United States in 1968 as National Hispanic Heritage Week, and it was expanded to a month-long observance in 1988.


Question: what is the largest lake in west virginia

Answer: Summersville Lake

This is a document about Outline of West Virginia
 Islands of West Virginia ; Lakes of West Virginia ; Rivers of West Virginia

This is a document about Summersville Lake
  Summersville Lake is a reservoir located in the US state of West Virginia. The lake is formed by a rock-fill dam (Summersville Dam) on the Gauley River, south of Summersville in Nicholas County. It is the largest lake in West Virginia, with 2700 acre of water and over 60 mi of shoreline at the summer pool water level. Its maximum depth is 327 feet.

This is a document about Spruce Knob Lake (West Virginia)
  Spruce Knob Lake is a 23 acre reservoir located within the Monongahela National Forest in Randolph County, West Virginia, USA. The recreation area surrounding Spruce Knob Lake contains camping and picnicking facilities as well as a boating site. At an elevation of 3,840 feet, it is the highest lake in West Virginia.

This is a document about List of lakes of West Virginia
 Alpine Lake ; Beech Fork Lake ; Big Ditch Lake ; Bluestone Lake ; Boley Lake ; Brushy Fork Lake ; Buffalo Creek Reservoir ; Burnsville Lake ; Cheat Lake ; Conaway Run Lake ; East Lynn Lake ; Elk Fork Lake ; Lake Floyd ; Hawks Nest Lake ; Jennings Randolph Lake ; Kimsey Run Lake ; North Bend Lake ; Moncove Lake ; Mount Storm Lake ; O'Brien Lake ; Parker Hollow Lake ; Plum Orchard Lake ; R.D. Bailey Lake ; Lake Sherwood ; Sleepy Creek Lake ; Spruce Knob Lake ; Stephens Lake ; Stonecoal Lake ; Stonewall Jackson Lake ; Stony River Reservoir ; Summersville Lake ; Summit Lake ; Sutton Lake ; Trout Pond ; Tygart Lake ; Upper Mud Lake ; Warden Lake ; Woodrum Lake This is a list of lakes in the U.S. state of West Virginia.

This is a document about John Muir Wilderness
 Lake Virginia ; Squaw Lake

This is a document about Alpine Lake, West Virginia
  Alpine Lake is an unincorporated community located in Preston County, West Virginia, United States.

This is a document about Roanoke Region
  In Franklin County, a 1960s era project to build the hydroelectric Smith Mountain Dam created the largest lake in Virginia, Smith Mountain Lake, which is an economic powerhouse for the region. The lake's 20,600 acre and 500 mi of shoreline are dotted with luxury homes and condominiums. It is popular for recreation and recognized for boating, skiing, and fishing. Bassmasters tournaments are televised nationally from the lake. The region combines a host of well-known nature-based attractions such as the Appalachian Trail, Blue Ridge Parkway, and Jackson and James Rivers with a growing and sophisticated business community.

This is a document about Oral Lake, West Virginia
  Oral Lake is an unincorporated community in Harrison County, West Virginia, United States.

This is a document about Fayette County, West Virginia
  According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 668 sqmi, of which 662 sqmi is land and 6.8 sqmi (1.0%) is water. Plum Orchard Lake, a reservoir southwest of Oak Hill, is the second largest lake in West Virginia.

This is a document about Summit Lake (West Virginia)
  Summit Lake is a 43 acre cold water reservoir located in Greenbrier County, West Virginia in the Gauley Ranger District of the Monongahela National Forest. The reservoir is formed by the impoundment of the waters of two forks of Coats Run, a small tributary of the North Fork of the Cherry River. There have been attempts to rename the lake in honor of Carl E. Gainer, a politician from nearby Richwood. These efforts, however, have had limited success with local residents and the United States Forest Service. In times of drought when the Cherry River becomes too shallow, the lake can be used to supply Richwood's municipal water system.

This is a document about Lake Monongahela
  Lake Monongahela was a proglacial lake in western Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Ohio. It formed during the Pre-Illinoian ice epoch when the retreat of the ice sheet northwards blocked the drainage of these valleys to the north. The lake formed south of the ice front continued to rise until it was able to breach a low divide near New Martinsville, West Virginia. The overflow was the beginning of the process which created the modern Ohio River valley.

This is a document about Smith Mountain Lake
  Smith Mountain Lake is a large reservoir in the Roanoke Region of Virginia, United States, located southeast of the City of Roanoke and southwest of Lynchburg. The lake was created in 1963 by the Smith Mountain Dam impounding the Roanoke River. The majority of the south shore of the lake lies in Franklin County while a small portion, including access to the dam, lies in Pittsylvania County. Bedford County makes up the northern half of the lake with the Roanoke River as the dividing line. The lake has become a popular recreation spot and has also experienced significant development in the last decade. It is the largest lake contained entirely within the Commonwealth of Virginia.

This is a document about Lake, West Virginia
  Lake is an unincorporated community in Logan County, West Virginia, United States. Lake is 4.5 mi east-northeast of Mitchell Heights. Lake has a post office with ZIP code 25121. The community was named after Nicholas Lake, the original owner of the town site.

This is a document about List of United States water companies
 West Virginia American Water

This is a document about List of West Virginia state parks
  areas. There are state parks in 30 of West Virginia's 55 counties with Pocahontas County having the most at five. WVDNR divides the state into six regional districts to administer its state parks, forests, and wildlife management areas. The largest state park by area is Watoga at 10100 acres, and Fairfax Stone and Tu-Endie-Wei are the smallest at 4 acres. Four state parks have U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) dams or reservoirs: Beech Fork, Bluestone, Stonewall Jackson Lake, and Tygart Lake. Nine state parks feature New Deal-era buildings and structures completed between 1933 and 1942; Lost River has the most with 78. Cathedral is

This is a document about Plum Orchard Lake
  Plum Orchard Lake is a 202 acre reservoir in the Plum Orchard Wildlife Management Area in Fayette County, West Virginia. The reservoir is the result of an impoundment on Plum Orchard Creek. Plum Orchard Lake was constructed in 1962 with a maximum depth of 40 ft and an average depth of 15 ft.

This is a document about Sutton Lake (West Virginia)
  Sutton Lake is a 1520 acre reservoir on the Elk River in Braxton and Webster counties, West Virginia. Sutton Lake is located just upstream of Sutton. It was authorized by Congress in the Flood Control Act of 1938. Construction of the dam began in 1956 and was completed in 1961. The dam is 210 ft high, 1178 ft long, and constructed of concrete. The lake was named by Congressional action, Public Law 90-46, July 4, 1967.

This is a document about Stonewall Jackson Lake
 Crappie ; Walleye ; Bluegill ; Yellow perch ; Muskellunge ; Channel catfish ; Bullhead ; Carp Stonewall Jackson Lake is an 2630 acre impoundment on the West Fork River in Lewis County, West Virginia. The lake is a flood control project of the Pittsburgh District of the United States Army Corps of Engineers and named for Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson, a native of Lewis County. Stonewall Resort is located along the lake's shore. Facilities provided by the Corps of Engineers included a visitors center with public restrooms, a hiking trail, and fishing access. Downstream towns and cities protected by the lake include Weston, Clarksburg, Shinnston, and Fairmont, all in West Virginia The lake is a popular spot for largemouth bass fishing. A list of fishing species in the lake include: Trout is stocked in the lake's tailwaters.

This is a document about Warden Lake
  Warden Lake is a reservoir on Moores Run (a Cacapon River tributary) near Wardensville in northern Hardy County, West Virginia, United States. Warden Lake is located within the Warden Lake Wildlife Management Area nestled between Baker Mountain (2,024 ft/617 m) and Big Ridge (1,995 ft/608 m).

This is a document about Randolph County, West Virginia
   According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1040 sqmi, of which 1040 sqmi is land and 0.3 sqmi (0.03%) is water. It is the largest county in West Virginia by area.

The largest lake in West Virginia is Summersville Lake, with a surface area of over 2,700 acres and a maximum water depth of over 60 feet.


Question: who was the first woman to climb mount everst

Answer: Junko Tabei

This is a document about Wetterhorn
  successful" one. In 1866, Lucy Walker was the first documented female to summit the peak. The 24-year-old English mountaineer William Penhall and his Meiringen guide Andreas Maurer were killed by an avalanche high up on the Wetterhorn on 3 August 1882. The famed guide and Grindelwald native Christian Almer climbed the mountain many times in his life, including on his first of many trips with Meta Brevoort and her nephew W. A. B. Coolidge in 1868. His last ascent was in 1898 at the age of 72 together with his wife to celebrate their golden anniversary on the summit. Winston Churchill climbed the Wetterhorn in 1894.

This is a document about List of climbers and mountaineers
 James Eccles (1838–1915) UK, first ascents in Mont Blanc massif ; Oscar Eckenstein (1859–1921) UK, alpinist, rock climber and boulderer ; Patrick Edlinger (1960–2012) France, award-winning rock climber, featured in several rock climbing movies ; Angela Eiter (born 1986), Austria, first woman in history to climb a 9b (5.15b) route (La Planta de Shiva at Villanueva del Rosario, Spain) ; Zsolt Erőss (1968–2013) Hungary, ten eight-thousanders, two with prosthetic leg, died on descent from Kangchenjunga summit ; Susan Ershler (born 1956) US, first married couple to climb the Seven Summits, together (with Phil Ershler) ; Leila Esfandyari (1970–2011) Iran, first Iranian woman to climb Nanga Parbat; died on Gasherbrum II ; Jens Esmark (1763–1839) Norway, first ascent Snøhetta (1798) and Mount Gaustatoppen, led first expedition to Bitihorn ; Nick Estcourt (1942–1978) UK, killed on K2 by avalanche ; Charles Evans (1918–1995) UK, Alps, Wales, leader of Kangchenjunga first ascent 1955 British Kangchenjunga expedition ; John Ewbank (born 1948) Australia, pioneer of Australian rock climbing, invented Australian (Ewbank) grading system

This is a document about List of climbers and mountaineers
  route across the Khumbu Glacier ; Ashima Shiraishi (born 2001) US, first female to climb V15 (Horizon, Mount Hiei, Japan) ; William Shockley (1910–1989) US, Nobel Prize-winning physicist, proponent of eugenics, first ascent Shockleys Ceiling in the Gunks (1953) ; Joe Simpson (born 1960) UK, survived a fall on Siula Grande, wrote Touching the Void ; Arunima Sinha India, first Indian amputee to climb Everest ; Todd Skinner (1958–2006) US, rock climber, first free ascent Salathe Wall, died on Leaning Tower ; Cecilie Skog (born 1974) Norway, first female to climb Seven Summits and both Poles, Everest and K2 ; Laurie Skreslet (born 1949) Canada, first Canadian to summit Everest (1982) ; William Cecil Slingsby (1849–1929)

This is a document about List of climbers and mountaineers
  woman to summit Everest, died on descent (1993) ; Tom Patey (1932–1970) UK, first ascent Muztagh Tower (1956), Am Buachaille (1968), killed in abseiling accident, author of One Man's Mountains ; Krushnaa Patil (born 1989) India, second youngest Indian girl to climb Mount Everest ; Maciej Pawlikowski ; Ryszard Pawłowski ; Julius Payer (1841–1915) Czech-Austrian polar explorer who made many first ascents in the Adamello and Ortler mountains in the 1860s ; Annie Smith Peck (1850–1935) US, mountaineer ; William Penhall (1858–1882) UK, first ascent Matterhorn west face ; Carla Perez Ecuadorian climber, first Latin American female to ascend mount Everest with no supplemental oxygen ; Jim Perrin (born 1947) UK,

This is a document about List of climbers and mountaineers
 Freda du Faur (1882–1935) Australia, first female ascent of Aoraki / Mount Cook ; Ron Fawcett (born 1955) UK, one of the first professional rock climbers ; Sue Fear (1963–2006) Australia, five 8,000ers, killed in crevasse fall on Manaslu ; Rudolf Fehrmann (1886–1947) Germany, pioneer rock climber in Elbsandsteingebirge ; Darby Field (1610–1649) Ireland?, first European to climb Mount Washington (New Hampshire) (1642) ; George Ingle Finch (1888–1970) Australia, reached 8,300 m on 1922 Everest expedition; Dent d'Hérens north face ; Scott Fischer (1955–1996) US, Lhotse 1990, K2 1992, Everest 1994; died in 1996 Mount Everest disaster ; Hans Florine

This is a document about List of climbers and mountaineers
  female unassisted Everest (1995), died on descent from K2 summit ; John Harlin (1934–1966) US, direct route pioneer, killed on Eiger north face ; Heinrich Harrer (1912–2006) Austria, first ascent Eiger north face (1938) and Carstensz Pyramid (1962), author of Seven Years in Tibet ; Ginette Harrison (1958–1999) UK, Seven Summits, first female ascent Kangchenjunga (1998), killed on Dhaulagiri ; Dougal Haston (1940–1977) Scotland, first ascent Annapurna south face (1970), killed in avalanche near Leysin ; Elizabeth Hawkins-Whitshed (1860–1934) UK, pioneer of mountaineering, mountain photographer, author ; Margo Hayes (born 1998), US, first woman to climb 5.15a (La Rambla, Spain) ; Andreas Heckmair (1906–2005) Germany, first ascent Eiger north face

This is a document about Timeline of climbing the Matterhorn
 July 22: First ascent by a woman: Lucy Walker reached the summit with her father Frank Walker and Frederick Gardiner, guided by Heinrich and Melchior Anderegg, N. Knubel, P. Knubel and P. Perren. ; September 5: First traverse by a woman: Meta Brevoort with W.A.B. Coolidge guided by Christian Almer, Ulrich Almer and N. Knubel.

This is a document about Lucy Walker (climber)
  as a cure for rheumatism. Accompanied by her father Frank Walker and her brother Horace Walker, both of whom were early members of the Alpine Club, and Oberland guide Melchior Anderegg, she became the first woman to regularly climb in the Alps. Walker's achievements were, at first, largely unnoticed except by those in her immediate company. Early successes included the first ascent of the Balmhorn (1864), and the first female ascent of the Eiger (1864), Wetterhorn (1866), and Piz Bernina (1869). In 1871 her long-standing guide, Melchior Anderegg, learned that a contemporary Meta Brevoort, an American female mountaineer, was planning an expedition to climb the Matterhorn. Walker's party hastily rearranged their plans and on 21 July, she became the first woman to

This is a document about Matterhorn
  The first direct ascent of the Italian (south-west) ridge as it is climbed today was by J. J. and J. P. Maquignaz on 13 September 1867. Julius Elliott made the second ascent via the Hörnli (north-east) ridge in 1868, and later that year the party of John Tyndall, J. J. and J. P. Maquignaz was the first to traverse the summit by way of the Hörnli and Italian ridges. On 22 August 1871, while wearing a white print dress, Lucy Walker became the first woman to reach the summit of the Matterhorn, followed a few weeks later by her rival Meta Brevoort. The first winter

This is a document about List of climbers and mountaineers
 Michel-Gabriel Paccard (1757–1827) France, first ascent Mont Blanc (1786) ; Bachendri Pal (born 1954) first Indian female ascent (and fifth female ascent) Everest ; Tsewang Paljor (1968–1996) India, died on Everest in 1996 Mount Everest disaster ; Ines Papert (born 1974) German ice climber, apinist and author ; Marie Paradis (1757–1827) France, first female ascent Mont Blanc (1809) ; Young-seok Park (1963–2011) South Korea, first true Explorers Grand Slam (2005), died on Annapurna ; Elizabeth Parker (1856–1944) Canada, journalist and mountaineer ; Chris Webb Parsons (born 1985) England/Australia, rock climber and boulderer ; Edurne Pasaban (born 1973) Basque, Spain, first woman to climb all eight-thousanders ; Pasang Lhamu Sherpa (1961–1993) first

This is a document about Melissa Arnot
  on Mount Everest. In 2016, she became the first American woman to summit Mount Everest and survive the descent without supplemental oxygen; another American woman Francys Arsentiev reached the summit without oxygen in 1998 but died during the descent. She is currently sponsored by Eddie Bauer and was one of the original six mountain guides, also including Peter Whittaker, Ed Viesturs, Dave Hahn, Seth Waterfall and Chad Peele, who developed products for the First Ascent brand and continues to participate in product development and testing. She is also sponsored by Whittaker Mountaineering, a retail store based in Ashford, Washington.

This is a document about Lucy Walker (climber)
  Lucy Walker (1836–1916) was a British mountaineer and the first woman to climb the Matterhorn. Walker was born in 1836, in British North America, in what would later become Canada. Her mother, Jane McNeil McMurdo, moved from Scotland to North America with her husband and infant daughter in 1836. Mrs McMurdo left her husband to live with Francis (Frank) Walker; Lucy Walker and her brother Horace were born before their parents moved to England. The McMurdos divorced in 1841, and Frank Walker and Jane McMurdo married on 24 April 1841. The family then moved to Liverpool, England, where Frank Walker became a lead merchant. Walker began her climbing rather modestly in 1858 when she was advised by her doctor to take up

This is a document about List of climbers and mountaineers
  200 first/free ascents in Britain ; Oliver Perry-Smith (1884–1969) US, rock climber in Saxon Switzerland and the Dolomites ; Petrarch (1304–1374) Italy, climbed Mont Ventoux (1336) ; Elfrida Pigou (1911–1960) Canadian female climber, discovered crash site of Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 810, died on Mount Waddington ; Tadeusz Piotrowski mountaineer ; Burçak Özoğlu Poçan (born 1970) Turkey, first Turkish female over 8,000 m (2005) ; Klára Poláčková (born 1978) first Czech female ascent Everest ; Dean Potter (1972–2015) US, speed soloed El Cap in 4:17; speed soloed El Cap and Half Dome in one day ; Paul Preuss (1886–1913) Austria, early promoter of free climbing, climbed 1200 peaks in his short

This is a document about List of climbers and mountaineers
 Junko Tabei (born 1939) Japan, first female ascent Everest; first completion of Bass and Messner's Seven Summits ; Joe Tasker (1948–1982) UK, Dunagiri, Kanchenjunga, Changabang West Wall; died on Everest (May 1982) ; Vernon Tejas (born 1953) US, first solo winter ascent Denali, Seven Summits time world record ; Lionel Terray (1921–1965) France, first ascents Fitz Roy, Chakrarahu, Jannu and Makalu on the 1955 French Makalu expedition; second ascent Eiger north face (1947) ; Vladislav Terzyul (1953–2004) Ukraine, disputed claim to have climbed all eight-thousanders ; Kevin Thaw (born 1967) UK, ascents in Himalaya and Yosemite ; Herbert Tichy (1912–1987) Austrian, first ascent Cho Oyu (1954) ; Bill Tilman (1898–1977) UK, explorer, climbed in Africa and Himalaya, first ascent Nanda Devi (1936) ; Luis Trenker (1892–1990) Italy, mountaineer, film director and writer ; Sonnie Trotter (born 1979) Canada, award-winning climber, known for hard trad climbing ; Francis Fox Tuckett (1834–1913) UK, first ascent Aletschhorn (1859) ; Julie Tullis (1939–1986) UK, Broad Peak (1984) and K2 (1986); died on descent from K2 ; Mark Twight (born 1962) US, advocate of "light and fast" style of mountaineering ; John Tyndall (1820–1893) UK, early attempts on Matterhorn, first ascent Weisshorn (1861)

This is a document about Meta Brevoort
  Marguerite "Meta" Claudia Brevoort (November 8, 1825 – December 19, 1876) was an American mountain climber. Brevoort was born on November 8, 1825, and spent her early years in a Paris convent school. She made a number of important ascents in the Alps in the 1860s and 1870s, but was thwarted in her two greatest alpine ambitions: to be the first woman to climb the Matterhorn, and the first person to climb the Meije in the Dauphiné. Her role-model and rival was Lucy Walker, who began her considerable mountaineering career at the age of 28, in 1859. In 1871, hearing that Brevoort planned an expedition to the Matterhorn in 1871, Walker quickly assembled a party that included

This is a document about Cathy O'Dowd
  In 1998 she attempted the north side of Everest, where George Mallory had disappeared in 1924. Her attempt ended hours from the summit when she came across Francys Arsentiev, an American climber who had collapsed. They attempted to help her for over an hour but were forced to turn around and descend, leaving Arsentiev behind. Two of the Sherpas went on to the summit. She described this decision to Michael Buerk on the BBC Radio 4 programme 'The Choice' aired in November 2009. In 1999 she returned, and on this occasion succeeded, becoming the first woman to climb Everest from both north and south sides. In 2000, she became the fourth woman to climb Lhotse, the world's fourth highest mountain.

This is a document about Ginette Harrison
  woman, and the second British woman (behind Rebecca Stephens), to climb all seven continental summits inclusive of the Carstensz Pyramid in Australasia. On 18 May 1998, she climbed Kangchenjunga by its north face, making her the first woman to have reached the summit of the world's third highest mountain. Her obituary in The Guardian quotes her as "She watched in sorrow as other climbers she knew were lost – Alison Hargreaves, Chantal Mauduit – and wrote of her historic ascent: "Over the years four women had died while attempting to climb Kangchenjunga and it made me appreciate all the more how lucky I was to make the first female ascent and return safely." She later became the first British woman to summit Makalu on 22 May 1999.

This is a document about Timeline of women in Antarctica
 First all-female over-wintering group spends the winter at Georg von Neumayer, with leader Monika Puskeppeleit. In-Young Ahn is the first female leader of an Asian research station (King Sejong Station), and the first South Korean woman to step onto Antarctica. ; Serap Tilav is the first Turkish woman at the South Pole. ; Junko Tabei, who later becomes the first woman to complete the Seven Summits, climbs to the summit of Mount Vinson. Judy Chesser Coffman, of the U.S. Navy, was the first female helicopter pilot to fly in Antarctica, in support of the National Science Foundation (NSF). Ann Bancroft leads the first all-woman expedition to the South Pole and becomes the

This is a document about Meta Brevoort
  famous guide Melchior Anderegg, and made the summit a few days before Brevoort arrived in Zermatt. In contrast to Walker, who always wore dresses, Brevoort was the first female mountaineer to wear trousers. Brevoort was the aunt of W. A. B. Coolidge, whom she brought to Europe in 1865, when he was 15 years of age, and introduced to alpine climbing. Coolidge eventually became an outstanding mountaineer, with over 1,700 ascents in the Alps, and the greatest alpine historian of the Victorian age. The two climbed together for over ten seasons, and were joined in many of their adventures by Tschingel (1865–1879), a small dog their guide Christian Almer gave to her nephew. Later, she would proudly

This is a document about List of climbers and mountaineers
  Bielecki (born 1983) first winter ascents of eight-thousanders: Gasherbrum I and Broad Peak ; John Biggar (born 1964) Scottish mountaineer who has made various first ascents in the Andes ; Isabella Bird (1831–1904) UK, traveller, writer and natural historian ; Barry Blanchard (born 1959) Canada, mountain guide; first ascents in the Saint Elias range of Alaska ; Smoke Blanchard (1915–1989) US, developed Buttermilk bouldering area ; Karl Blodig (1859–1956) Austria, mountaineer, optician and journalist; first to climb all 4,000 metres peaks in the Alps ; Arlene Blum (born 1945) US, first US female attempt on Everest, led first all-woman ascent of Annapurna ; Peter Boardman (1950–1982) UK,

The first woman to climb Mount Everest was Junko Tabei, a Japanese mountaineer, on May 16, 1975.


Question: who sings do you come from the land down under

Answer: Men at Work

This is a document about The New Bush
 1) "Where I Come From" ; 2) "Listen To The Radio" ; 3) "The New Bush" ; 4) "Diamantina Dream" (featuring Trisha Yearwood) ; 5) "Love Shack" ; 6) "Western World" ; 7) "I'll Remember You" ; 8) "Livin' In Australia" ; 9) "Little Men" ; 10) "Like Angels" ; 11) "On The Beach" ; 12) "When The Country Comes" ; 13) "Close As A Whisper (The Gift)"

This is a document about Culture of Australia
  The national anthem of Australia is "Advance Australia Fair". The early Anglo-Celtic immigrants of the 18th and 19th centuries introduced folk ballad traditions which were adapted to Australian themes: "Bound for Botany Bay" tells of the voyage of British convicts to Sydney, "The Wild Colonial Boy" evokes the spirit of the bushrangers, and "Click Go the Shears" speaks of the life of Australian shearers. The lyrics of Australia's best-known folk song, "Waltzing Matilda", were written by the bush poet Banjo Paterson in 1895. This song remains popular and is regarded as "the nation's unofficial national anthem". Well-known singers of Australian folk music include Rolf Harris (who wrote "Tie Me Kangaroo Down Sport"), John Williamson, and Eric Bogle whose 1972 song "And the Band Played Waltzing Matilda" is a sorrowful lament to the Gallipoli Campaign.

This is a document about Down Under (song)
  The lyrics to "Down Under" depict an Australian man travelling the globe, who meets people who are interested in his home country. The story is based in part on singer Colin Hay's own experiences, including a prominent reference to a Vegemite sandwich (a popular snack in Australia), which derived from an encounter, during Hay's travels abroad, with a baker who emigrated from Brunswick, Melbourne. Hay has also said that the lyrics were partly inspired by Barry Humphries' character Barry McKenzie, a comically stereotypical Australian who tours abroad. Slang and drug terms are featured in the lyrics. They open with the singer travelling

This is a document about Country music
  Australian subjects, is generally known as "bush music" or "bush band music". "Waltzing Matilda", often regarded as Australia's unofficial national anthem, is a quintessential Australian country song, influenced more by British and Irish folk ballads than by American country and western music. The lyrics were composed by the poet Banjo Paterson in 1895. Other popular songs from this tradition include "The Wild Colonial Boy", "Click Go the Shears", "The Queensland Drover" and "The Dying Stockman". Later themes which endure to the present include the experiences of war, of droughts and flooding rains, of Aboriginality and of the railways and trucking routes which link Australia's vast

This is a document about Me First and the Gimme Gimmes
  from Mahogany (Do You Know Where You're Going To)". Fat Wreck Chords released Go Down Under on February 1, 2011, featuring covers of five songs by Australian artists. On September 13, 2011 (in anticipation of a tour of Japan) Fat Wreck Chords released a 5-song EP, Sing in Japanese. In a Reddit AMA on January 28, 2014, Fat Mike revealed the next album theme would be "Divas". Featuring covers of Barbra Streisand, Christina Aguilera and Lady Gaga, Are We Not Men? We Are Diva! was released on May 13, 2014 on Fat Wreck Chords. On November 30, 2018, they released a cover of "Santa Baby".

This is a document about Down Under (song)
  "Down Under" is a song recorded by Australian rock band Men at Work. It was originally released in 1980 as the B-side to their first local single titled "Keypunch Operator", released before the band signed with Columbia Records. Both early songs were written by the group's co-founders, Colin Hay and Ron Strykert. The early version of "Down Under" has a slightly different tempo and arrangement from the later Columbia release. The most well known version was then released on Columbia in 1981 as the second single from their debut album Business as Usual (1981). The hit song went to number one in their home country of Australia in December 1981, and then topped the New Zealand charts in February 1982. The song topped the Canadian charts in October 1982. In the United States, the song debuted on the Billboard

This is a document about Music of Australia
   Australia has a long tradition of country music, which has developed a style quite distinct from its US counterpart. The early roots of Australian country are related to traditional folk music traditions of Ireland, England, Scotland and many diverse nations. "Botany Bay" from the late 19th century is one example. "Waltzing Matilda", often regarded by foreigners as Australia's unofficial national anthem, is a quintessential Australian country song, influenced more by Celtic folk ballads than by American Country and Western music. This strain of Australian country music, with lyrics focusing on strictly Australian subjects, is generally known as "bush music" or "bush band music." The most successful Australian bush band is Melbourne's The Bushwackers, active since the early 1970s, other well-known country singers include Reg Lindsay,

This is a document about Judith Durham
  Town) ; 1974 "What'll I Do" / "The Hottest Band in Town" (with the Hottest Band in Town) ; 1975 "Down by the Riverside" / "Chase Those Blues away" (with the Hottest Band in Town) ; 1975 "I Love You" / "Gloryland" ; 1992 "Australia Land of Today" ; 1994 "A World of Our Own" (with the Seekers) UK: 76 ; 1994 "Georgy Girl" (with the Seekers) UK: 79 ; 1997 "I Am Australian" (with Russell Hitchcock and Mandawuy Yunupingu) AUS: 17 ; 1997 "Far Shore" (with the Seekers) ; 1997 "Calling Me Home" (with the Seekers) ; 1998 "Yil Lull" (as Singers For The Red Black & Gold) ; 2009 "Advance Australia Fair"

This is a document about Arts in Australia
 Australians all let us rejoice, ; For we are one and free; ; We've golden soil and wealth for toil, ; Our home is girt by sea; ; Our land abounds in Nature's gifts ; Of beauty rich and rare; ; In history's page, let every stage ; Advance Australia fair! ; In joyful strains then let us sing, ; Advance Australia fair!  The early Anglo-Celtic immigrants of the 18th and 19th centuries introduced folk ballad traditions which were adapted to Australian themes: "Bound for Botany Bay" tells of the voyage of British convicts to Sydney, "The Wild Colonial Boy" evokes the spirit of the bushrangers, and "Click Go the Shears" speaks of the life of Australian shearers. The lyrics of Australia's best-known folk song, "Waltzing Matilda", were written by the bush poet Banjo Paterson in 1895. Adopted by Australian

This is a document about List of songs about Sydney
 "A Tale of Two Cities" The Lucksmiths ; "A Reason for it All" Eric Bogle ; "Arrival at Sydney Harbour" Port Blue ; "Australia" (Ray Davies) The Kinks ; "Bradman" Paul Kelly ; "Bruce Went Down To Sydney" Col Elliott ; "The City Is Humming" 78 Saab ; "City of Lights"* (Grant McFarland) Grant McFarland ; "Diamantina Drover" (Hugh McDonald) Redgum ; "Don't Go to Sydney" (John Dowler, Mick Holmes) The Zimmermen ; "Fast Boat to Sydney" Johnny Cash ; "Found" Horrorshow ; "From Little Things Big Things Grow" Paul Kelly ; "Ghost Town" (Don Walker) Cold Chisel ; "Go Farther In Lightness" Gang of Youths ; "Harbour Town" Icehouse ; "He's on the Beach" Kirsty MacColl ; "Inland Sea" (Carus Thompson)

This is a document about Yothu Yindi
  drums and Baruka Tau-Matagu on keyboards. Gurrumul Yunupingu had left by 1995 to live full-time on Elcho Island, he later formed Saltwater Band to record three albums, and in 2008 released his self-titled solo album. Yothu Yindi's fourth album Birrkuta (birrkuta means wild honey) was released in August 1996. "I Am Australian" is a popular song written in 1987 by Dobe Newton of The Bushwackers and Bruce Woodley of The Seekers. It was released as a single in 1997 by trio Judith Durham of The Seekers, Russell Hitchcock from Air Supply and Yothu Yindi's Mandawuy Yunupingu by EMI Australia and it peaked at No. 17 on the ARIA Singles Charts in June. Yothu Yindi's fifth album

This is a document about Live Earth concert, Sydney
 Indigenous Australians (welcoming ceremony) (S 02:10) ; Blue King Brown – "Resist", "Don't Let Go", "Water", "Stand Up", "Come and Check Your Head" (S 02:55) ; Angela Bishop (presenter) (S 03:30) ; Toni Collette & the Finish – "This Moment is Golden", "Johnny's Lips", "Cowboy Games", "Tender Hooks", "Look Up", "Children of the Revolution" (S 03:35) ; Tim Ross (presenter) (S 04:20) ; Sneaky Sound System – "Thin Disguise", "Pictures", "Hip Hip Hooray", "I Love It", "Goodbye", "UFO" (S 04:25) ; Adam Spencer (presenter) (S 05:10) ; Ghostwriters – "Wreckery Road", "Start the Day", "World is Almost at Peace", "Ready Steady Go", "When the Generals Talk", "Second Skin" (S 05:15) ; Jimmy Barnes (presenter) (S 06:00) ; Paul Kelly – "God Told Me

This is a document about Australia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017
  Australia participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017 with the song "Don't Come Easy" written by Anthony Egizii, David Musumeci and Michael Angelo. The song was performed by Isaiah Firebrace, who was internally selected by the Australian broadcaster Special Broadcasting Service (SBS) to represent that nation at the 2017 contest in Kyiv, Ukraine. Firebrace as the Australian representative and the song he performed, "Don't Come Easy", was announced and presented to the public on 7 March 2017 during an announcement event in Melbourne. Australia debuted in the Eurovision Song Contest in 2015 by invitation from the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) as a "one-off" special guest to celebrate the 60th anniversary of Eurovision. On 17 November 2015, the EBU announced that SBS had been invited to participate in the 2016 contest and that Australia would once again take part. In 2015, Australia was guaranteed a spot

This is a document about Christian music in Australia
  Christian Music in Australia has been played since the first European settlers arrived in the late 18th century, and forms part of the cultural life of religion in Australia and worldwide Christian Music. Australians have contributed to a variety of genres of Christian music including the liturgical music, classical music, hymns, Christian rock, country gospel, and Christmas music, as well as cross-over contemporary music sung by popular artists such as Johnny O'Keefe, Paul Kelly (folk rock), Nick Cave and Slim Dusty. Notable contemporary Christian music milestones in Australia include Sister Janet Mead's rock version of "The Lord's Prayer", which was the first Australian record to sell over a million copies in the United States of America; Jimmy Little's Royal Telephone, which made him the first Aboriginal to attain a No. 1 hit on the Australian charts; and Guy Sebastian's Receive the Power, which welcomed the Pope to World Youth Day 2008.

This is a document about The Seekers
  Following the Seekers' split, Durham pursued a solo career. She released a Christmas album called For Christmas with Love (recorded in Hollywood, California) and later signed with A&M Records, releasing more albums including Gift of Song and Climb Ev'ry Mountain. Guy hosted his own TV show in Australia, A Guy Called Athol, before entering politics in 1973. In 1969, Potger formed and managed another group, the New Seekers in the UK, which were more pop-oriented. Woodley released several solo albums and focused on songwriting, including co-writing the patriotic song "I Am Australian" with Dobe Newton (of the Bushwackers) in 1987. From

This is a document about 2021 AFL Grand Final
  The entertainment for the 2021 AFL Grand Final was centred around artists from Western Australia due to COVID-19 restrictions. The Welcome to Country was given by Noongar man Richard Walley. Mike Brady performed "Up There Cazaly", a song traditionally sung at AFL grand finals, remotely from Melbourne. The pre-match live entertainment began with a performance of AC/DC's "Thunderstruck" by Abbe May from the roof of the stadium. Baker Boy performed a mashup of Kylie Minogue's "Spinning Around" and Baker Boy's "Meditjin", including a didgeridoo solo in the middle. John Butler performed Icehouse's iconic 1982 hit "Great Southern Land", joined in by Stella Donnelly, Donna Simpson and Vikki Thorn of The Waifs, Gina Williams, and Guy Ghouse. Eskimo Joe performed "Black Fingernails, Red Wine" and INXS's "Kick", featuring saxophonist Erin Royer. Colin Hay from Men At Work performed "Land Down Under" from a beach in Los Angeles, joined in by the rest of the performers live at the stadium. Soprano Amy Manford performed Australia's national anthem, "Advance Australia Fair". At half-time, Birds of Tokyo and the West Australian Symphony Orchestra performed "Lanterns", a cover of Silverchair's "Straight Lines", and "Unbreakable".

This is a document about Sound Relief
  pm) ; Kylie Minogue – "I Still Call Australia Home" (a cappella) (7:50 pm) ; Hunters & Collectors – "When the River Runs Dry", "Do You See What I See", "Blind Eye", "Say Goodbye", "Holy Grail", "Throw Your Arms Around Me", "The Slab" (encore) (8:00 pm) ; Split Enz – "Shark Attack", "Poor Boy", "I Got You", "Message to My Girl", "Dirty Creature", "Pioneer", "Six Months in a Leaky Boat", "History Never Repeats", "I See Red" (8:55 pm) ; Midnight Oil – "Redneck Wonderland", "Read About It", "Blue Sky Mine" (incorrectly listed as "Blue Sky Mining" on the DVD banner), "Advance Australia Fair" (instrumental), "One Country", "Beds Are Burning", "King of the Mountain", "The

This is a document about Name of Australia
  Australia is colloquially known as "the Land Down Under" (or just "Down Under"), which derives from the country's position in the Southern Hemisphere, at the antipodes of the United Kingdom. The term was first recorded in print in 1886, and was popularised internationally by the 1980 song of the same name by Men at Work. Other less common nicknames include "Straya" ("Australia" pronounced in an exaggerated Strine manner), and "Aussie", which is usually used as a demonym, but occasionally extended to the country as a whole (especially in New Zealand). More poetic epithets used within Australia include "the Great Southern Land" (re-popularised by a 1980s rock song, and not to be confused with the Great Southern region of Western Australia), "the Lucky Country" (deriving from Donald Horne's 1964 book of the same name), and two phrases deriving from Dorothea Mackellar's 1908 poem "My Country" – "the sunburnt country" and "the wide brown land".

This is a document about Albert Namatjira
  Stairs That Namatjira Climbed" in 1963. Other tributes include John Williamson's "Raining on the Rock" from his 1986 album Mallee Boy and "The Camel Boy" from Chandelier of Stars (2005); "Albert Namatjira" by the Australian band Not Drowning, Waving, featured on their 1993 album, Circus, and Midnight Oil's song "Truganini" of the same year; the famous patriotic song "I Am Australian"; Archie Roach's song, "Native Born"; and the reconciliation song, "Namatjira", written by Geoff Drummond and included on the politically activist album, The Chess Set released by Pat Drummond in 2004. Namatjira was honoured on postage stamps issued by Australia Post in 1968, again in 1993 with examples of his work, and in the Namatjira Centenary stamp

This is a document about Culture of Australia
   The earliest Western musical influences in Australia can be traced back to two distinct sources: the first free settlers who brought with them the European classical music tradition, and the large body of convicts and sailors, who brought the traditional folk music of England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The practicalities of building a colony mean that there is very little music extant from this early period, although some samples of music originating from Hobart and Sydney date back to the early-19th century. Nellie Melba traveled to Europe in 1886 to commence her international career as an opera singer. She became among the best-known Australians of the period

Men at Work sings "Do You Come From the Land Down Under?"


Question: which components of cells are physically connected by a gap junction

Answer: the cytoplasm

This is a document about GJB5
  Gap junctions are conduits that allow the direct cell-to-cell passage of small cytoplasmic molecules, including ions, metabolic intermediates, and second messengers, and thereby mediate intercellular metabolic and electrical communication. Gap junction channels consist of connexin protein subunits, which are encoded by a multigene family.

This is a document about Juxtacrine signalling
  Two adjacent cells can construct communicating conduits between their intracellular compartments: gap junctions in animals and plasmodesmas in plants. Gap junctions are made of connexins in vertebrates and innexins in invertebrates. Electrical synapses are electrically conductive gap junctions between neurons. Gap junctions are critical for cardiac myocytes, mice and humans deficient in a particular gap junction protein have severe heart development defects.

This is a document about Cell adhesion
  Gap junctions are composed of channels called connexons, which consist of transmembrane proteins called connexins clustered in groups of six. Connexons from adjacent cells form continuous channels when they come into contact and align with each other. These channels allow transport of ions and small molecules between cytoplasm of two adjacent cells, apart from holding cells together and provide structural stability like anchoring junctions or tight junctions. Gap junction channels are selectively permeable to specific ions depending on which connexins form the connexons, which allows gap junctions to be involved in cell signalling by regulating the transfer of molecules involved in signalling cascades. Channels can respond to many different stimuli and are regulated dynamically either by rapid mechanisms, such as voltage gating, or by slow mechanism, such as altering numbers of channels present in gap junctions.

This is a document about Gap junction
  Gap junctions are specialized intercellular connections between a multitude of animal cell-types. They directly connect the cytoplasm of two cells, which allows various molecules, ions and electrical impulses to directly pass through a regulated gate between cells. One gap junction channel is composed of two protein hexamers (or hemichannels) called connexons in vertebrates and innexons in invertebrates. The hemichannel pair connect across the intercellular space bridging the gap between two cells. Gap junctions are analogous to the plasmodesmata that join plant cells. Gap junctions occur in virtually all tissues of the body, with the exception of adult fully developed skeletal muscle and mobile cell types such as sperm or erythrocytes. Gap junctions are not found in simpler organisms such as sponges and slime molds. A gap junction may also be called a nexus or macula communicans. While an ephapse has some similarities to a gap junction, by modern definition the two are different.

This is a document about GJB7
  Connexins, such as GJB7, are involved in the formation of gap junctions, intercellular conduits that directly connect the cytoplasms of contacting cells. Each gap junction channel is formed by docking of 2 hemichannels, each of which contains 6 connexin subunits.

This is a document about Cell–cell interaction
  Gap junctions are the main site of cell-cell signaling or communication that allow small molecules to diffuse between adjacent cells. In vertebrates, gap junctions are composed of transmembrane proteins called connexins. They form hexagonal pores or channels through which ions, sugars, and other small molecules can pass. Each pore is made of 12 connexin molecules; 6 form a hemichannel on one cell membrane and interact with a hemichannel on an adjacent cell membrane. The permeability of these junctions is regulated by many factors including pH and Ca2+ concentration.

This is a document about Smooth muscle
  To maintain organ dimensions against force, cells are fastened to one another by adherens junctions. As a consequence, cells are mechanically coupled to one another such that contraction of one cell invokes some degree of contraction in an adjoining cell. Gap junctions couple adjacent cells chemically and electrically, facilitating the spread of chemicals (e.g., calcium) or action potentials between smooth muscle cells. Single unit smooth muscle displays numerous gap junctions and these tissues often organize into sheets or bundles which contract in bulk.

This is a document about Cell junction
  Communicating junctions, or gap junctions allow for direct chemical communication between adjacent cellular cytoplasm through diffusion without contact with the extracellular fluid. This is possible due to six connexin proteins interacting to form a cylinder with a pore in the centre called a connexon. The connexon complexes stretches across the cell membrane and when two adjacent cell connexons interact, they form a complete gap junction channel. Connexon pores vary in size, polarity and therefore can be specific depending on the connexin proteins that constitute each individual connexon. Whilst variation in gap junction channels do occur, their structure remains relatively standard, and this interaction ensures efficient communication without the escape of molecules or ions to the extracellular fluid. Gap junctions play vital roles in the human body, including their role in the uniform contractile of the heart muscle. They are also relevant in signal transfers in the brain, and their absence shows a decreased cell density in the brain. Retinal and skin cells are also dependent on gap junctions in cell differentiation and proliferation.

This is a document about GJD4
  Connexins, such as GJD4, are involved in the formation of gap junctions, intercellular conduits that directly connect the cytoplasms of contacting cells. Each gap junction channel is formed by docking of 2 hemichannels, each of which contains 6 connexin subunits.

This is a document about Hereditary mucoepithelial dysplasia
  Desmosomes are extracellular protein structures responsible for cellular adhesion, whereby cells of the same type are held closely together. Gap junctions are specialized channels located within the cell membrane of many animal cell types, which serve as gateways that connect the cytoplasmic interior of two adjacent cells, allowing the passage of small molecules such as ions, nucleotides, second messengers and others. The movement and exchange of small molecules between cells is an important part of intracellular communication processes like cell signaling.

This is a document about Gap junction
  Gap junctions electrically and chemically couple cells throughout the body of most animals. Electrical coupling can be relatively fast acting. Tissues in this section have well known functions observed to be coordinated by gap junctions with inter-cellular signaling happening in time frames of micro-seconds or less.

This is a document about Intestinal epithelium
  Gap junctions bring the adjacent cells within 2 nanometers of each other. They are formed by several homologous proteins encoded by the connexin gene family coming together to form a multiprotein complex. The molecular structure of this complex is in the form of a hexamer. The complex, which is embedded in the cell walls of the two joined cells, forms a gap or channel in the middle of the six proteins. This channel allows various molecules, ions and electrical impulses to pass between the two cells.

This is a document about Pericyte
  can also form direct connections with neighboring cells by forming peg and socket arrangements in which parts of the cells interlock, similar to the gears of a clock. At these interlocking sites, gap junctions can be formed, which allow the pericytes and neighboring cells to exchange ions and other small molecules. Important molecules in these intercellular connections include N-cadherin, fibronectin, connexin and various integrins. In some regions of the basement membrane, adhesion plaques composed of fibronectin can be found. These plaques facilitate the connection of the basement membrane to the cytoskeletal structure composed of actin, and the plasma membrane of the pericytes and endothelial cells.

This is a document about Osteoblast
  In well-preserved bone studied at high magnification via electron microscopy, individual osteoblasts are shown to be connected by tight junctions, which prevent extracellular fluid passage and thus create a bone compartment separate from the general extracellular fluid. The osteoblasts are also connected by gap junctions, small pores that connect osteoblasts, allowing the cells in one cohort to function as a unit. The gap junctions also connect deeper layers of cells to the surface layer (osteocytes when surrounded by bone). This was demonstrated directly by injecting low molecular weight fluorescent dyes into osteoblasts and showing that the dye diffused to surrounding and deeper cells in the bone-forming unit. Bone is composed of many of these units, which are separated by impermeable zones with no cellular connections, called cement lines.

This is a document about Gap junction
  to see inside membranes and immunocytochemistry to label cell components (Freeze-fracture replica immunolabelling or FRIL and thin section immunolabelling) showed gap junction plaques in vivo contained the connexin protein. Later studies using immunofluorescence microscopy of larger areas of tissue clarified diversity in earlier results. Gap junction plaques were confirmed to have variable composition being home to connexon and non-connexin proteins as well making the modern usage of the terms "gap junction" and "gap junction plaque" non-interchangeable. In other words, the commonly used term "gap junction" always refers to a structure that contains connexins while a gap junction plaque may also contain other structural features that will define it.

This is a document about Connexin
  Connexins (Cx) (TC# 1.A.24), or gap junction proteins, are structurally related transmembrane proteins that assemble to form vertebrate gap junctions. An entirely different family of proteins, the innexins, form gap junctions in invertebrates. Each gap junction is composed of two hemichannels, or connexons, which consist of homo- or heterohexameric arrays of connexins, and the connexon in one plasma membrane docks end-to-end with a connexon in the membrane of a closely opposed cell. The hemichannel is made of six connexin subunits, each of which consist of four transmembrane segments. Gap junctions are essential for many physiological processes, such as the coordinated depolarization of cardiac muscle, proper embryonic development, and the conducted response in microvasculature. For this reason, mutations in connexin-encoding genes can lead to functional and developmental abnormalities.

This is a document about Connexon
  Connexons contribute to the formation of gap junctions, and are an essential component of the electric synapses in neural pathways. In a single gap junction, connexons will assemble around an aqueous porous membrane, forming a hemi-channel that is composed of connexins. Connexins are the smaller protein molecules that make up connexons and play a crucial part to the formation of gap junctions. Structurally, connexins are made up of 4 alpha helical transmembrane domains connected by 2 extracellular loops and 1 cytoplasmic loop, while both N and C terminals reside intracellularly. Connexin types can be further differentiated by using their predicted molecular weight (ex: Connexin 43 is Cx 43 due to its molecular weight of 43 kDa). Connexons will form the gap junction by docking a hemi-channel to another hemi-channel in an adjacent cell membrane. During this phase, the formation of an intercellular channels spanning both of the plasma membranes, occurs. Subsequently, this process leads to a better understanding of how electric synapses are facilitated between neurons.

This is a document about Invasion (cancer)
  gap junctions. A moving cell group has a “leading edge” or “leading front” that uses integrins and proteases (Fig. 1). Researchers indicate clear differences in the expression of genes and the morphology between the “leader” cells forming the leading edge and the “follower” cells that are located behind them, at the “trailing edge.” The “leaders” in the cell shape often resemble mesenchymal cells and are characterized by a less pronounced ordering and structural organization, while the “followers” tend to form more tightly packed, rosette-like tubular structures with tight intercellular contacts. In the case of collective migration, tumor cells form protrusions

This is a document about Electrical synapse
  An electrical synapse is a mechanical and electrically conductive link between two neighboring neurons that is formed at a narrow gap between the pre- and postsynaptic neurons known as a gap junction. At gap junctions, such cells approach within about 3.8 nm of each other, a much shorter distance than the 20- to 40-nanometer distance that separates cells at chemical synapse. In many animals, electrical synapse-based systems co-exist with chemical synapses. Compared to chemical synapses, electrical synapses conduct nerve impulses faster, but, unlike chemical synapses, they lack gain—the signal in the postsynaptic neuron is the same or smaller than that of the originating neuron. The fundamental bases for perceiving electrical synapses comes down to the connexons that are located in the gap junction between two neurons. Electrical synapses are often found in neural systems that require the fastest possible response, such as defensive reflexes. An important characteristic of electrical synapses is that they are mostly bidirectional (allow impulse transmission in either direction).

This is a document about Connexon
  accumulation of connexons to certain areas, and degradation of unnecessary channels. The process of these actions is very complex but involvement of protein phosphorylation is known. ; Humoral – humoral modulation of gap junction communication is done through many biomolecules such as neurotransmitters, growth factors, and various bioactive compounds. Neurotransmitters such as epinephrine and norepinephrine work in neuronal gap-junctions causing propagation of action potentials down neurons. These types of gap-junctions with this type of modulation are often found in neurons in cardiac tissue and vertebrate retina. Communication between gap-junctions can be modulated/regulated in many ways. The main types of modulation are:

Gap junctions physically connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells by allowing the direct passage of ions, small molecules, and electrical impulses between them. They are composed of transmembrane proteins called connexins, which form channels called gap junction channels. Each hemichannel consists of six connexin subunits, and two hemichannels come together to form a complete gap junction.