Question: paper as we know it would not have been available in europe until

Answer: the 11th century

This is a document about Book
   Paper was first made in China as early as 200 BC, and reached Europe through Muslim territories. At first made of rags, the industrial revolution changed paper-making practices, allowing for paper to be made out of wood pulp. Papermaking in Europe began in the 11th century, although vellum was also common there as page material up until the beginning of the 16th century, vellum being the more expensive and durable option. Printers or publishers would often issue the same publication on both materials, to cater to more than one market. Paper made from wood pulp became popular in the early 20th century, because it was cheaper than linen or abaca

This is a document about History of paper
  The oldest known paper document in Europe is the Mozarab Missal of Silos from the 11th century, probably using paper made in the Islamic part of the Iberian Peninsula. They used hemp and linen rags as a source of fiber. The first recorded paper mill in the Iberian Peninsula was in Xàtiva in 1056. Papermaking reached Europe as early as 1085 in Toledo and was firmly established in Xàtiva, Spain by 1150. During the 13th century mills were established in Fabriano, Italy and in Treviso and other northern Italian towns by 1340. Papermaking then spread further northwards, with evidence of paper being made in Troyes, France by 1348, in Holland

This is a document about History of Europe
  in Mainz, building upon the impetus provided by the prior introduction of paper from China via the Arabs in the High Middle Ages. Paper was already readily available in Europe by the late 14th century. While forms of moveable type of printing press had been already used in China and Korea, the technique was singularly successful in Europe given the small number of characters of the Latin alphabet, massively reducing costs of book production. The adoption of the technology across the continent at dazzling speed for the remaining part of the 15th century would usher a revolution and by 1500 over 200 cities in Europe had presses that printed between 8 and 20 million books.

This is a document about László Bíró
  paper. Bíró patented the invention in Paris in 1938. During World War II, Bíró fled the Nazis with his brother, moving to Argentina, in 1943. On 17 June 1943, they filed another patent, issued in the US as, and formed Biro Pens of Argentina (in Argentina the ballpoint pen is known as birome, a portmanteau of the brothers' surname with that of their business partner, Juan Jorge Meyne). This new design was supposedly licensed for production in the United Kingdom for supply to Royal Air Force aircrew. In 1945, Marcel Bich bought the patent from Bíró for the pen, which soon became the main product

This is a document about Mummy paper
  Paper can be said to have been born in ancient Egypt, circa 3000 B.C., with the invention of what the Romans called “papyrus”, based on an earlier Greek name for the material. Papyrus is not paper in the modern sense of the word, since it was formed from compressed sheets of reed stalks and not a pulp. Paper made from a pulped plant fiber can be credited to Ts’ai Lun of China in 105 A.D., when he first presented the Emperor a sheet of paper made from the inner bark of a mulberry tree. When the technique of papermaking found its way into Europe, paper was made not from trees but from a pulp of cotton and linen rag fibers. This technique of papermaking first came to America in Germantown, Pennsylvania in 1690 when William Rittenhouse established the first paper mill. Rittenhouse had been a papermaker

This is a document about Writing material
  leaf continue to be used even today on a limited scale in a rural milieu for the use of horoscopes, wedding invitations, and other cultural uses. In China, the early material was animal bones, later silk, bamboo and wooden slips, until the 2nd century when paper was invented. The invention of paper is attributed to a eunich of the imperial court called Cai Lun in 105 A.D. However, paper wasn't introduced to Europe for another thousand years following a battle in 751 A.D. where a few paper-makers were captured and thus the technology spread from Baghdad westward, only reaching Spain in the 12th century.

This is a document about Leitrim Observer
  paper was folded by hand and it was not until the early 1950s that the first folding machine was introduced. In 1947 a major blizzard in the West of Ireland brought everything to a standstill including the Observer. It was a few days late that week as the storm had knocked out all electricity in the area and made transport impossible. Down the latter part of the 20th century the paper moved from hot metal printing to the use of linotype machines. The third linotype machine to be bought for the paper had to be lowered from a four story building in Cork

This is a document about Mummy paper
  Amsterdam, the Netherlands before coming to America, bringing European techniques with him. By the 1850s, papermaking in America was reaching a crisis point. America was producing more newspapers than any other country and its paper consumption was equal to England and France’s combined. According to one 1856 estimate, it would take 6,000 wagons, each carrying two tons of paper, to carry all the paper consumed by American newspapers in a single year. This equals out to a need for 405,000,000 pounds of rags for the 800 paper mills then at work in the United States. Most of these rags were imported from Europe, with the largest source being from Italy. By 1854, however, Italy also started exporting rags to England, decreasing the supply available to American paper-makers. This meant that a substitute for or a new supply source of rags needed to be found, and quickly.

This is a document about Literacy
  and does not last well in the wetter European climate, parchment was used, which was expensive and accessible only by the Church and the wealthy. Paper was introduced into Europe in Spain in the 11th century. Its use spread north slowly over the next four centuries. Literacy saw a resurgence as a result, and by the 15th century paper had largely replaced parchment except for luxury manuscripts. The Reformation stressed the importance of literacy and being able to read the Bible. The Protestant countries were the first to attain full literacy; Scandinavian countries were fully literate in the early 17th century.

This is a document about Paper size
  Thailand (1973) ; Turkey (1967) ; United Kingdom (1971) ; Venezuela (1962) ; Yugoslavia (now Croatia, Serbia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and North Macedonia) (1956)  There are 11 sizes in the A series, designated A0–A10, all of which have an aspect ratio of The advantages of basing a paper size upon an aspect ratio of √2 were first noted in 1786 by the German scientist and philosopher Georg Christoph Lichtenberg. When a sheet is folded, the length to width ratio does not change. The formats that became A2, A3, B3, B4 and B5 were developed in France, having been proposed by the mathematician Lazare Carnot, and published for judicial purposes in 1798 during the French Revolution. Early in the

This is a document about Drexel 5611
  Bruce Gustafson identified six watermarks present in Drexel 5611: Robert Klakowich believed that the paper of Drexel 5611 was probably of French or German origin. He based this assumption on knowing that Holland was the main paper distributor for Europe during the mid-17th century, importing paper from France, Switzerland, Germany and Italy, and then redistributing it. (Holland would not be a paper manufacturer until the last two decades of the seventeenth century.)

This is a document about History of paper
  around 1340–1350, and in Nuremberg, Germany by 1390 in a mill set up by Ulman Stromer. This was just about the time when the woodcut printmaking technique was transferred from fabric to paper in the old master print and popular prints. There was a paper mill in Switzerland by 1432 and the first mill in England was set up by John Tate around 1490 near Hertford, but the first commercially successful paper mill in Britain did not occur before 1588 when John Spilman set up a mill near Dartford in Kent. During this time, paper making spread to Austria by 1469, to Poland by 1491, to Russia by 1576, to

This is a document about The Trouble Shooter
 A print is preserved in a European archive.

This is a document about Windowed envelope
  that the paper of the envelope can be substituted with lesser-quality paper as the envelope no longer must be written upon; this perhaps was more relevant at the time of Callahan's invention but is a somewhat specious claim today. Over time the quality of paper generally has improved. Satisfactorily-strong envelopes for business and general-purpose domestic correspondence can be, and are, in fact made out of paper of various qualities. In Britain by the 1940s, during World War 2, envelopes were made out of newspaper because of the paper shortage. Additional savings can be achieved by removing the time spent inscribing additional addresses

This is a document about Papermaking
  starch food so that their feces can be used to make paper as well. This can be found in elephant preservation camps in Myanmar where the paper are sold to fund the operations. In Europe, papermaking moulds using metallic wire were developed, and features like the watermark were well established by 1300 CE, while hemp and linen rags were the main source of pulp, cotton eventually taking over after Southern plantations made that product in large quantities. Papermaking was originally not popular in Europe due to not having many advantages over papyrus and parchment. It wasn't until the 15th century with the invention of the movable type printing and its demand for paper that many paper

This is a document about Manufacturing
  The Middle Ages witnessed a radical change in the rate of new inventions, innovations in the ways of managing traditional means of production, and economic growth. Papermaking, a 2nd-century Chinese technology, was carried to the Middle East when a group of Chinese papermakers were captured in the 8th century. Papermaking technology was spread to Europe by the Umayyad conquest of Hispania. A paper mill was established in Sicily in the 12th century. In Europe the fiber to make pulp for making paper was obtained from linen and cotton rags. Lynn Townsend White Jr. credited the spinning wheel with increasing the supply of rags, which led to cheap paper, which was a factor in the development of printing. Due to the casting of cannon, the blast furnace came into widespread use in France in the mid 15th century. The blast furnace had been used in China since the 4th century BC. The stocking frame, which was invented in 1598, increased a knitter's number of knots per minute from 100 to 1000.

This is a document about Wove paper
  James Whatman. Twenty-five years later (1780s) the manufacture of wove paper spread quickly to other paper mills in England, and was also being developed in France and America. All this took place over a decade before a machine to replace making paper by hand was conceived. With the establishment of the paper machine (1807), the manufacture of paper on a wove wire base would become the predominant standard in the world, with laid paper being relegated to certain specialist uses, such as being used as a support for charcoal drawings. Today more than 99% of the world's paper is made in this way.

This is a document about Canson
  The story goes that Jean Montgolfier was taken prisoner by the Turks during the Crusades and was compelled to work in a paper mill in Damascus. There he learned how to produce paper, and he brought the knowledge back to Europe when he regained his freedom.

This is a document about History of paper
   Paper is thin nonwoven material traditionally made from a combination of milled plant and textile fibres. It is primarily used for writing, artwork, and packaging; it is commonly white. The first papermaking process was documented in China during the Eastern Han period (25–220 CE) traditionally attributed to the court official Cai Lun. During the 8th century, Chinese papermaking spread to the Islamic world, where pulp mills and paper mills were used for papermaking and money making. By the 11th century, papermaking was brought to Europe. By the 13th century, papermaking was refined with paper mills utilizing waterwheels in Spain. Later European improvements to the papermaking process came in the 19th century with the invention of wood-based papers. Although precursors such as papyrus and amate existed in the Mediterranean world and pre-Columbian Americas, respectively, these materials are not defined as true paper. Nor is true parchment considered paper; used principally for writing, parchment is heavily prepared animal skin that predates paper and possibly papyrus. In the twentieth century with the advent of plastic manufacture some plastic "paper" was introduced, as well as paper-plastic laminates, paper-metal laminates, and papers infused or coated with different products that give them special properties.

This is a document about History of paper
  Although cheaper than vellum, paper remained expensive, at least in book-sized quantities, through the centuries, until the advent of steam-driven paper making machines in the 19th century, which could make paper with fibres from wood pulp. Although older machines pre-dated it, the Fourdrinier papermaking machine became the basis for most modern papermaking. Nicholas Louis Robert of Essonnes, France, was granted a patent for a continuous paper making machine in 1799. At the time he was working for Leger Didot with whom he quarrelled over the ownership of the invention. Didot sent his brother-in-law, John Gamble, to meet Sealy and Henry Fourdrinier, stationers of London, who agreed to finance the project. Gamble was granted British patent

Paper as we know it, which is made from the pulp of plant fibers, was not available in Europe until the 13th century. The earliest known paper document in Europe was made from the Mozarabic Silos Missal, which was likely made from paper imported from the Islamic world. The first European paper mill was established in Xativa, Spain, in 1055, and by 1300, paper was well established in Europe. However, the mass production of paper using the technique of papermaking, which was invented in China in the 2nd century AD, did


Question: once upon a time is the tag line of which film

Answer: Lagaan

This is a document about Pilot (Once Upon a Time)
  A title card which states "Once Upon a Time..."

This is a document about Down the Rabbit Hole (Once Upon a Time in Wonderland)
  A title card which states "Once Upon a Time..."

This is a document about A Chairy Tale
  The title is a pun on the term "fairy tale" (using a portmanteau of "chair" and "fairy"), which is further emphasized by the use of the cliché fairy tale opening phrase "Once upon a time..." at the start of the film. It may also play on the word "chary", a British adjective seldom encountered in American English. The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) defines the word "chary" as "cautiously or suspiciously reluctant to do something."

This is a document about Victoria Acosta
 "Once Upon A Time"

This is a document about Once upon a time
   "Once upon a time" is a stock phrase used to introduce a narrative of past events, typically in fairy tales and folk tales. It has been used in some form since at least 1380 (according to the Oxford English Dictionary) in storytelling in the English language and has started many narratives since 1600. These stories sometimes end "and they all lived happily ever after", or, originally, "happily until their deaths". The phrase is common in fairy tales for younger children. It was used in the original translations of the stories of Charles Perrault as a translation for the French "il était une fois", of Hans Christian Andersen as a translation for the Danish "der var engang", (literally "there was once"), the Brothers Grimm as a translation for the German "es war einmal" (literally "it was once") and Joseph Jacobs in English translations and fairy tales. The phrase is also used in retellings of myths, fables and folklore.

This is a document about Obenewa
 "Once upon a time..."

This is a document about List of Once Upon a Time episodes
  Once Upon a Time is an American fairy tale drama television series created by Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz, who also serve as executive producers alongside Steve Pearlman. It debuted on ABC on October 23, 2011. The first season introduces a bail bond agent, Emma Swan (Jennifer Morrison) and her birth-son, Henry Mills (Jared S. Gilmore), who discover that a New England town named Storybrooke, Maine is actually a remnant of a parallel world that was cursed by Henry's adoptive mother the Evil Queen/Mayor Regina Mills (Lana Parrilla) and that all the characters from the fairy tales have no memories of who they were, including the parents of Emma: Snow White/Mary Margaret Blanchard (Ginnifer Goodwin) and Prince Charming/David Nolan (Josh Dallas), who sent her to the real world to save their world and break the curse. In February 2018, it was announced the seventh season would serve as the final season of the series.

This is a document about The Postman (film)
  film: "I always thought it was a really good movie! I always thought I probably started it wrong. I should have said something like “once upon a time.” Because it was just like a modern-day fairy tale — it wraps itself up with a storybook ending with the statue. You know, I thought it was a pretty funny movie set against the idea of a Superman — somebody stepping up. But in this case, it’s a very humble guy who's nothing but a liar [laughs] — delivers mail and burns half of it just to stay alive. So, I like the movie."

This is a document about And Straight On 'til Morning
  "And Straight On 'til Morning" is the 22nd episode of the second season of the American ABC fantasy/drama television series Once Upon a Time, and the show's 44th episode overall. It aired on May 12, 2013 and serves as the second-season finale of the series. The episode was written by Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz and directed by Dean White. The episode was watched by 7.33 million American viewers, and was given mixed reviews from professional critics. In this episode, Emma Swan, her parents, Regina, Henry, and Hook try to stop Greg and Tamara, while flashbacks show Hook's past with Baelfire.

This is a document about Once Upon a Time in Hollywood
  Once Upon a Time in Hollywood is a 2019 comedy-drama film written and directed by Quentin Tarantino. Produced by Columbia Pictures, Bona Film Group, Heyday Films, and Visiona Romantica and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing, it is a co-production between the United States, United Kingdom, and China. It features a large ensemble cast led by Leonardo DiCaprio, Brad Pitt, and Margot Robbie. Set in 1969 Los Angeles, the film follows a fading actor and his stunt double as they navigate the rapidly changing film industry, with the looming threat of the Tate murders hanging overhead. It features "multiple storylines in a

This is a document about Beauty and the Beast (1946 film)
  in us. They believe that a rose plucked from a garden can plunge a family into conflict. They believe that the hands of a human beast will smoke when he slays a victim, and that this will cause him shame when a young maiden takes up residence in his home. They believe a thousand other simple things. I ask of you a little of this childlike sympathy and, to bring us luck, let me speak four truly magic words, childhood's "Open Sesame": Once upon a time... After the opening credits, Cocteau briefly breaks the fourth wall with a written preamble:

This is a document about List of television shows set in Seattle
  Once Upon a Time (2017)

This is a document about Hyperion Heights
 During the episode, a sticker of Lost fictional band Geronimo Jackson is seen in Henry's laptop. ; Elements from both the 1950 film and the classic Cinderella tale receive a rendition in this episode, as well as the protagonist of The Princess and the Frog and Alice's Adventures in Wonderland Alice. ; The scene where Victoria enters the Belfrey Towers is a homage to the 2006 film The Devil Wears Prada, in which Meryl Streep's Miranda Priestly enters the Runway building in a similar way. ; The name "Hyperion" is a reference to Hollywood's Hyperion Avenue, where the two original Animation Buildings of the Disney company were located. They are mainly known for being the place where Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was made. Eventually, in the 1940s, these buildings were moved to the studio lot in Burbank, where they have been rebuilt and renamed. The writing office of Once Upon a Time was relocated there shortly before production of the seventh season began.

This is a document about Once Upon a Time (2013 film)
  Once Upon A Time is the first Indian film to use animated models of real actors. Salim Kumar and Mala Aravindan were cast to play the voices of the lead roles. Once Upon a Time is the second regional language animated film to be created in India, the first being Hindi. In making the movie, director Binu Sasidharan stated that his intent in releasing the film to cinemas was to "make something new and relatable to children". The film was produced by FX3 Productions in association with VIPs International. The developers opted to use gaming technology rather than conventional software for the movie, using applications produced by Daz 3D and iClone software for character modelling and animation. The screenplay was written by Anil Perumbalam. Music director Bijibal composed five songs for the film as well as the original background score. The five songs were performed by Sujatha, Shweta Mohan and Rajesh Ravindran, with lyrics written by Dr. Valsala Vijayana and Anil Perumbalam.

This is a document about Once Upon a Time (TV series)
  Once Upon a Time is an American fantasy adventure drama television series that aired for seven seasons on ABC from October 23, 2011 to May 18, 2018. The action alternates between two main settings: a fantastical world where fairy tales happen; and a fictional seaside town in Maine called Storybrooke. The "real-world" part of the story unfolds with the characters of Emma Swan (Jennifer Morrison) and her 10-year-old son, Henry Mills (Jared S. Gilmore). Henry discovers the other people of the town are fairy-tale characters. The audience is shown the backstory of the town's people as fairy-tale characters, in conjunction

This is a document about Billy Jack
  Marketed as an action film, the story focuses on the plight of Native Americans during the civil rights era. It attained a cult following among younger audiences due to its youth-oriented, anti-authority message and the then-novel martial arts fight scenes which predate the Bruce Lee/kung fu movie trend that followed. The centerpiece of the film features Billy Jack, enraged over the mistreatment of his Native American friends, fighting racist thugs using hapkido techniques. In 2019, it was revealed that writer-director Quentin Tarantino and actor Brad Pitt used the film and Laughlin's performance as an influence while developing Pitt's character in Once Upon a Time in Hollywood During the second chapter of the Once Upon a Time in Hollywood novel, the story of Billy Jack is told with the involvement of both Leonardo DiCaprio and Brad Pitt's characters.

This is a document about Once Upon a Time (1933 film)
  Once Upon a Time (French: ''Il était une fois' It was shot at the Joinville Studios in Paris. The film's sets were designed by the art director Guy de Gastyne.

This is a document about Angelical Tears
 Once Upon a Time (2018)

This is a document about List of awards and nominations received by Once Upon a Time
  Once Upon a Time is an American fairy tale drama television series created by Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz. The show takes place in the fictional seaside town of Storybrooke, Maine, whose residents are characters from various fairy tales transported to the "real world" town and robbed of their real memories by a powerful curse and borrows elements and characters from the Disney-franchise and popular Western literature, folklore, and fairy tales. It has been nominated for a variety of different awards, including the Primetime Emmy Awards, Satellite Award, Saturn Award, People's Choice Awards, Teen Choice Awards, etc. Once Upon a Time has been nominated for 91 awards in total and has won 12.

This is a document about Once Upon a Time in America
  Once Upon a Time in America (C'era una volta in America) is a 1984 epic crime film co-written and directed by Italian filmmaker Sergio Leone and starring Robert De Niro and James Woods. The film is an Italian–American venture produced by The Ladd Company, Embassy International Pictures, PSO Enterprises, and Rafran Cinematografica, and distributed by Warner Bros. Based on Harry Grey's novel The Hoods, it chronicles the lives of best friends David "Noodles" Aaronson and Maximilian "Max" Bercovicz as they lead a group of Jewish ghetto youths who rise to prominence as Jewish gangsters in New York City's world of

The tagline "Once Upon a Time" is used in various films, including "Once Upon a Time in Wonderland" and "A Chairy Tale." However, without additional context, it's not clear which specific film you're asking about. If you could please specify which film you have in mind, I'd be happy to help you with that.


Question: earth 's interior heat is the engine that powers

Answer: most geological processes

This is a document about Earth's internal heat budget
   Earth's internal heat budget is fundamental to the thermal history of the Earth. The flow of heat from Earth's interior to the surface is estimated at 47±2 terawatts (TW) and comes from two main sources in roughly equal amounts: the radiogenic heat produced by the radioactive decay of isotopes in the mantle and crust, and the primordial heat left over from the formation of Earth. Earth's internal heat powers most geological processes and drives plate tectonics. Despite its geological significance, this heat energy coming from Earth's interior is actually only 0.03% of Earth's total energy budget at the surface, which is dominated by 173,000 TW of incoming solar radiation. The insolation that eventually, after reflection, reaches the surface penetrates only several tens of centimeters on the daily cycle and only several tens of meters on the annual cycle. This renders solar radiation minimally relevant for internal processes. Global data on heat-flow density are collected and compiled by the International Heat Flow Commission of the International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior.

This is a document about Heat engine
  Earth's atmosphere and hydrosphere—Earth's heat engine—are coupled processes that constantly even out solar heating imbalances through evaporation of surface water, convection, rainfall, winds and ocean circulation, when distributing heat around the globe. A Hadley cell is an example of a heat engine. It involves the rising of warm and moist air in the earth's equatorial region and the descent of colder air in the subtropics creating a thermally driven direct circulation, with consequent net production of kinetic energy.

This is a document about Geoneutrino
  The Earth's interior radiates heat at a rate of about 47 TW (terawatts), which is less than 0.1% of the incoming solar energy. Part of this heat loss is accounted for by the heat generated upon decay of radioactive isotopes in the Earth interior. The remaining heat loss is due to the secular cooling of the Earth, growth of the Earth's inner core (gravitational energy and latent heat contributions), and other processes. The most important heat-producing elements are uranium (U), thorium (Th), and potassium (K). The debate about their abundances in the Earth has not concluded. Various compositional estimates exist where the total Earth's internal radiogenic heating rate ranges from as low as ~10 TW to as high as

This is a document about Geothermal energy
   Geothermal energy is the thermal energy in the Earth's crust which originates from the formation of the planet and from radioactive decay of materials in currently uncertain but possibly roughly equal proportions. The high temperature and pressure in Earth's interior cause some rock to melt and solid mantle to behave plastically, resulting in parts of the mantle convecting upward since it is lighter than the surrounding rock and temperatures at the core–mantle boundary can reach over 4000 °C (7200 °F). Geothermal heating, for example using water from hot springs has been used for bathing since Paleolithic times and for space heating since ancient Roman times, however more recently geothermal power, the

This is a document about Energy development
   Geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth. Thermal energy is the energy that determines the temperature of matter. The geothermal energy of the Earth's crust originates from the original formation of the planet (20%) and from radioactive decay of minerals (80%). The geothermal gradient, which is the difference in temperature between the core of the planet and its surface, drives a continuous conduction of thermal energy in the form of heat from the core to the surface. The adjective geothermal originates from the Greek roots γη (ge), meaning earth, and θερμος (thermos), meaning hot. Earth's internal heat is thermal energy generated from radioactive decay and continual heat loss from

This is a document about Engine
  4StrokeEngine Ortho 3D Small.gif gasoline-fueled internal combustion cycle with electrical ignition source: 1. Induction (Fuel enters) 2. Compression 3. Ignition (Fuel is burnt) 4. Emission (Exhaust out)]] An engine or motor is a machine designed to convert one or more forms of energy into mechanical energy. Available energy sources include potential energy (e.g. energy of the Earth's gravitational field as exploited in hydroelectric power generation), heat energy (e.g. geothermal), chemical energy, electric potential and nuclear energy (from nuclear fission or nuclear fusion). Many of these processes generate heat as an intermediate energy form, so heat engines have special importance. Some natural processes, such as atmospheric convection cells convert environmental heat into motion (e.g. in the form of rising air currents). Mechanical energy is of

This is a document about Renewable energy
   High temperature geothermal energy is from thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth. Thermal energy is the energy that determines the temperature of matter. Earth's geothermal energy originates from the original formation of the planet and from radioactive decay of minerals (in currently uncertain but possibly roughly equal proportions). The geothermal gradient, which is the difference in temperature between the core of the planet and its surface, drives a continuous conduction of thermal energy in the form of heat from the core to the surface. The adjective geothermal originates from the Greek roots geo, meaning earth, and thermos, meaning heat. The heat that is used for geothermal energy can

This is a document about Internal heating
  The internal heating within terrestrial planets powers tectonic and volcanic activities. Of the terrestrial planets in the Solar System, Earth has the most internal heating because it is the most massive. Mercury and Mars have no ongoing visible surface effects of internal heating because they are only 5 and 11% the mass of Earth respectively; they are nearly "geologically dead" (however, see Mercury's magnetic field and Geological history of Mars). Earth, being more massive, has a great enough ratio of mass to surface area for its internal heating to drive plate tectonics and volcanism.

This is a document about Natural convection
  order of hundreds of millions of years to complete a cycle of convection. Neutrino flux measurements from the Earth's core (see kamLAND) show the source of about two-thirds of the heat in the inner core is the radioactive decay of 40K, uranium and thorium. This has allowed plate tectonics on Earth to continue far longer than it would have if it were simply driven by heat left over from Earth's formation; or with heat produced from gravitational potential energy, as a result of physical rearrangement of denser portions of the Earth's interior toward the center of the planet (i.e., a type of prolonged falling and settling).

This is a document about Heat engine
   In thermodynamics and engineering, a heat engine is a system that converts heat to mechanical energy, which can then be used to do mechanical work. It does this by bringing a working substance from a higher state temperature to a lower state temperature. A heat source generates thermal energy that brings the working substance to the high temperature state. The working substance generates work in the working body of the engine while transferring heat to the colder sink until it reaches a low temperature state. During this process some of the thermal energy is converted into work by exploiting the properties of the working substance. The working substance can be any system with a non-zero heat capacity, but it usually is a gas or liquid. During this process, some heat is normally lost to the surroundings and is not converted to

This is a document about Geoneutrino
  TW. About 7 TW worth of heat-producing elements reside in the Earth's crust, the remaining power is distributed in the Earth mantle; the amount of U, Th, and K in the Earth core is probably negligible. Radioactivity in the Earth mantle provides internal heating to power mantle convection, which is the driver of plate tectonics. The amount of mantle radioactivity and its spatial distribution—is the mantle compositionally uniform at large scale or composed of distinct reservoirs?—is of importance to geophysics. The existing range of compositional estimates of the Earth reflects our lack of understanding of what were the processes and building blocks (chondritic meteorites) that contributed to its formation. More accurate knowledge of U, Th, and K abundances in

This is a document about Energy transformation
  A direct transformation of energy occurs when hydrogen produced in the Big Bang collects into structures such as planets, in a process during which part of the gravitational potential is to be converted directly into heat. In Jupiter, Saturn, and Neptune, for example, such heat from the continued collapse of the planets' large gas atmospheres continue to drive most of the planets' weather systems. These systems, consisting of atmospheric bands, winds, and powerful storms, are only partly powered by sunlight. However, on Uranus, little of this process occurs. On Earth, a significant portion of the heat output from the interior of the planet, estimated at a third to half of the total, is caused by the slow collapse of planetary materials to a smaller size, generating heat.

This is a document about Glossary of fuel cell terms
 An engine is a machine that converts heat energy into mechanical energy.

This is a document about Earth's magnetic field
  is 6370 km). It is divided into a solid inner core, with a radius of 1220 km, and a liquid outer core. The motion of the liquid in the outer core is driven by heat flow from the inner core, which is about 6000 K, to the core-mantle boundary, which is about 3800 K. The heat is generated by potential energy released by heavier materials sinking toward the core (planetary differentiation, the iron catastrophe) as well as decay of radioactive elements in the interior. The pattern of flow is organized by the rotation of the Earth and the presence of the solid inner core.

This is a document about Earth's energy budget
  The geothermal heat flow from the Earth's interior is estimated to be 47 terawatts (TW) and split approximately equally between radiogenic heat and heat left over from the Earth's formation. This corresponds to an average flux of 0.087 W/m2 and represents only 0.027% of Earth's total energy budget at the surface, being dwarfed by the 173,000 TW of incoming solar radiation. Human production of energy is even lower at an estimated 160,000 TW-hr for all of year 2019. This corresponds to an average continuous heat flow of about 18 TW. Photosynthesis has a larger effect: An estimated 140 TW (or around 0.08%) of incident energy gets captured by photosynthesis, giving energy to plants to produce biomass. A similar flow of thermal energy is released over the course of a year when plants are used as food or fuel. Other minor sources of energy are usually ignored in the calculations, including accretion of interplanetary dust and solar wind, light from stars other than the Sun and the thermal radiation from space. Earlier, Joseph Fourier had claimed that deep space radiation was significant in a paper often cited as the first on the greenhouse effect.

This is a document about Renewable energy
  from deep within the Earth, all the way down to Earth's core – 4,000 mi down. At the core, temperatures may reach over 9,000 °F (5,000 °C). Heat conducts from the core to the surrounding rock. Extremely high temperature and pressure cause some rock to melt, which is commonly known as magma. Magma convects upward since it is lighter than the solid rock. This magma then heats rock and water in the crust, sometimes up to 700 F. Low temperature geothermal refers to the use of the outer crust of the Earth as a thermal battery to facilitate renewable thermal energy for heating and cooling buildings, and other refrigeration and

This is a document about Geothermal energy
   The Earth's internal thermal energy flows to the surface by conduction at a rate of 44.2 terawatts (TW), and is replenished by radioactive decay of minerals at a rate of 30 TW. These power rates are more than double humanity's current energy consumption from all primary sources, but most of this energy flow is not recoverable. In addition to the internal heat flows, the top layer of the surface to a depth of 10 m is heated by solar energy during the summer, and releases that energy and cools during the winter. Outside of the seasonal variations, the geothermal gradient of temperatures through the crust is 25–30 °C (77–86 °F)

This is a document about Internal heating
  Internal heat is the heat source from the interior of celestial objects, such as stars, brown dwarfs, planets, moons, dwarf planets, and (in the early history of the Solar System) even asteroids such as Vesta, resulting from contraction caused by gravity (the Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism), nuclear fusion, tidal heating, core solidification (heat of fusion released as molten core material solidifies), and radioactive decay. The amount of internal heating depends on mass; the more massive the object, the more internal heat it has; also, for a given density, the more massive the object, the greater the ratio of mass to surface area, and thus the greater the retention of internal heat. The internal heating keeps celestial objects warm and active.

This is a document about Dynamo theory
  the Earth's magnetism, proposed that this magnetic field resulted from electric currents induced in the fluid outer core of the Earth. He revealed the history of the Earth's magnetic field through pioneering the study of the magnetic orientation of minerals in rocks. In order to maintain the magnetic field against ohmic decay (which would occur for the dipole field in 20,000 years), the outer core must be convecting. The convection is likely some combination of thermal and compositional convection. The mantle controls the rate at which heat is extracted from the core. Heat sources include gravitational energy released by the compression of the core, gravitational energy released by the rejection of light elements (probably sulfur, oxygen, or silicon) at the inner core boundary as it grows, latent heat of

This is a document about Planetary habitability
  through continent creation and increased environmental complexity and helps create the convective cells necessary to generate Earth's magnetic field. "Low mass" is partly a relative label: the Earth is low mass when compared to the Solar System's gas giants, but it is the largest, by diameter and mass, and the densest of all terrestrial bodies. It is large enough to retain an atmosphere through gravity alone and large enough that its molten core remains a heat engine, driving the diverse geology of the surface (the decay of radioactive elements within a planet's core is the other significant component of planetary heating). Mars, by contrast, is nearly (or perhaps totally) geologically

Earth's interior heat, primarily from radioactive decay and primordial heat left over from the formation of the Earth, is the engine that powers various geological processes such as plate tectonics and volcanic activity. However, it accounts for only 0.03% of Earth's total energy budget at the surface.


Question: who tried to evaluate attitude through the social distance

Answer: Emory S. Bogardus

This is a document about Social distance
  While French sociologist Jean-Gabriel De Tarde explored some related concepts as early as 1903, the modern construct of social distance are often tracked to work by sociologist Georg Simmel. Simmel’s conceptualization of social distance is represented in his writings about a hypothetical stranger and how he is simultaneously near to and far from his social group. Simmel’s lectures on this topic were attended by Robert Park, who later extended Simmel’s ideas to the study of relations across racial/ethnic groups. At the time, racial tensions in the US at the time had brought intergroup relations to the forefront of academic interest. Robert Park tasked his student, Emory Bogardus, to create a quantifiable measure of social distance. Bogardus’ creation of the first Social Distance Scale played a large role in popularizing Park’s and Bogardus conceptualization of social distance, which had some significant differences from Simmel’s original ideas. Today, while studies of social distance do exhibit some features of a cohesive body of literature, the definitions and frameworks show significant variations across researchers and disciplines.

This is a document about Social Distance Corollary
  The notion of social distance was first introduced by the sociologist Emory Bogardus (1925), who referred to it as the degrees of understanding and feeling that people experience regarding each other. Considering the social distance phenomenon an aspect of Davison's (1983) third-person perception, Perloff (1993) articulated it as a complex variable including perceived similarity, familiarity, and identification, and pointed that there are at least two different ways to conceptualize social distance. First, social distance is a continuum going from “just like me” to “not at all like me.” Second, social distance reflects the heterogeneity and size of the audience. Perloff (1993), reviewing 16 studies of the third-person effect, acknowledged that the phenomenon is magnified

This is a document about Social distance
 1) Affective social distance: One widespread view of social distance is affectivity. Social distance is associated with affective distance, i.e. how much sympathy the members of a group feel for another group. Emory Bogardus, the creator of "Bogardus social distance scale" was typically basing his scale on this subjective-affective conception of social distance: "[i]n social distance studies the center of attention is on the feeling reactions of persons toward other persons and toward groups of people." ; 2) Normative social distance: A second approach views social distance as a normative category. Normative social distance refers to the widely accepted and often consciously expressed norms about who should be considered as an "insider" and who an "outsider/foreigner". Such norms, in

This is a document about Talcott Parsons
  mathematical and quantitative systematization of social sciences. Dodd advanced a particular approach, known as an "S-theory". Parsons discussed Dodd's theoretical outline in a review article the same year. Parsons acknowledged Dodd's contribution to be an exceedingly formidable work but argued against its premises as a general paradigm for the social sciences. Parsons generally argued that Dodd's "S-theory", which included the so-called "social distance" scheme of Bogardus, was unable to construct a sufficiently sensitive and systematized theoretical matrix, compared with the "traditional" approach, which has developed around the lines of Weber, Pareto, Émile Durkheim, Sigmund Freud, William Isaac Thomas, and other important agents

This is a document about Self-persuasion
  Social judgment theory (SJT) is a persuasion theory proposed by Carolyn Sherif, Muzafer Sherif, and Carl Hovland in 1961, and was defined by Sherif and Sherif as the perception and evaluation of an idea by comparing it with current attitudes. The social judgment theory aims to explain how audiences process messages. The receiver of a message processes the information as a comparison to existing ideas or beliefs on the issue, a sort of lens use of accepting or rejecting the message. A fundamental of the social judgment theory surrounds two internal elements present with every individual, the first being the anchor point or more commonly referred to as attitudes. This lens is always present,

This is a document about Carolyn Sherif
  Wood Sherif outlined a seminal theory of attitude change in Attitude and Attitude Change (1965). In this work, Wood Sherif outlined social judgment theory, relating the involvement of the individual (the self) to situations of persuasion. She argued that audiences judge persuasive messages by the degree to which the messages agree or disagree with their own attitudes. People compare their attitudes with those of others using "latitudes of acceptence [sic], rejection, and noncommitment." That is, individuals have their own position on a topic, but also maintain a range, or latitude, or other related attitudes on that topic that they accept, a latitude of attitudes that they reject as inappropriate, and a latitude of attitudes that they neither support nor find objectionable. These three latitudes together characterize an individual's attitude toward any topic. Furthermore, social judgment theory states that the greater the latitude of rejection for an individual (the more positions they object to outside of their own), the more involved that person is assumed to be with that topic (i.e. the stronger their attitude towards the topic), and the harder it will be to persuade them to change their attitude.

This is a document about Social comparison theory
  Social comparison theory, initially proposed by social psychologist Leon Festinger in 1954, centers on the belief that there is a drive within individuals to gain accurate self-evaluations. The theory explains how individuals evaluate their own opinions and abilities by comparing themselves to others in order to reduce uncertainty in these domains, and learn how to define the self. Following the initial theory, research began to focus on social comparison as a way of self-enhancement, introducing the concepts of downward and upward comparisons and expanding the motivations of social comparisons.

This is a document about Social distance
  words, specify the distinctions between "us" and "them". Therefore, normative social distance differs from affective social distance, because it conceives social distance is conceived as a non-subjective, structural aspect of social relations. Examples of this conception can be found in some of the works of sociologists such as Georg Simmel, Emile Durkheim and to some extent Robert Park. ; 3) Interactive social distance: Focuses on the frequency and intensity of interactions between two groups, claiming that the more the members of two groups interact, the closer they are socially. This conception is similar to the approaches in sociological network theory, where the frequency of interaction between two parties is used as a measure of the "strength" of the

This is a document about Network theory in risk assessment
  Early social network studies can be traced back to the end of the nineteenth century. However well-documented studies and foundation of this field are usually attributed to a psychiatrist named Jacob Moreno. He published a book entitled Who Whall Survive? in 1934 which laid out the foundation for sociometry (later known as social network analysis). Another famous contributor to the early development of social network analysis is a perimental psychologist known as Stanley Milgram. His "small-world" experiments gave rise to concepts such as six degrees of separation and well-connected acquaintances (also known as "sociometric superstars"). This experiment was recently repeated by Dodds et al. by means of email messages, and the basic results were similar to Milgram's. The estimated true average path length (that is, the number of edges the email message has to pass from one unique individual to the intended targets in different countries) for the experiment was around five to seven, which is not much deviated from the original six degree of separation.

This is a document about Social loafing
  evidence of social loafing. Many of the causes of social loafing stem from individual members' feeling their individual effort will not matter to the group. Max Ringelman, a French professor of agricultural engineering, demonstrated in the 1890s the concept of social loafing. Ringelman, who was also considered one of the founders of social psychology, made people pull on ropes both separately and in groups and measured and compared how hard they pulled. After collecting the results he realized that members of a group tended to exert less effort in pulling a rope than did individuals alone. In more recent research,

This is a document about Social distance
  Some ways social distance can be measured include: direct observation of people interacting, questionnaires, speeded decision making tasks, route planning exercises, or other social drawing tasks (see sociogram). Bogardus Social Distance Scale and its variations remain the most popular measure of social distance. In questionnaires based on Bogardus’ scale, respondents are typically asked members of which groups they would accept in particular relationships. For example, to check whether or not they would accept a member of each group as a neighbor, as a fellow worker as a marriage partner. The social distance questionnaires may not accurately measure what people actually would do if a member of another group sought to become a friend or neighbour. The social distance scale is only an attempt to measure one's feeling of unwillingness to associate equally with a group. What a person will actually do in a situation also depends upon the circumstances of the situation.

This is a document about Social tuning
  Social tuning theory describes the process whereby people adopt another person's attitudes or opinions regarding a particular subject. This phenomenon is also termed "shared reality theory." The study of this occurrence began in 1902 when Charles Cooley coined the term "looking glass self", stating that people see themselves and their own social world through the eyes of others. Research further discovered that people create their self-images through their beliefs of how others perceive them. Many people adopt the views of those surrounding them in an effort to feel like they belong and feel liked. In 1934, Mead determined that not only do individuals shape

This is a document about Bogardus social distance scale
  Guttman scale), because agreement with any item implies agreement with all preceding items. Research by Bogardus first in 1925 and then repeated in 1946, 1956, and 1966 shows that the extent of social distancing in the US is decreasing slightly and fewer distinctions are being made among groups. The study was also replicated in 2005. The results supported the existence of this tendency, showing that the mean level of social distance has been decreasing comparing with the previous studies. For Bogardus, social distance is a function of affective distance between the members of two groups: ‘‘[i]n social distance studies the center of attention is on the feeling reactions of persons toward other persons and toward groups of people.’’ Thus, for him, social distance is essentially a measure of how much or little sympathy the members of a group feel for another group.

This is a document about Social Distance Corollary
  by the subjectively salient social relationship between self and other, and are governed by motivational needs, such as self-esteem, social-identity, and differentiation from others. Other researchers (e.g., Burger, 1981; Schlenker & Miller, 1977) suggested that self-serving biases consider close friends and relatives as an extension of self, whereas such a vague category as “other” might evoke stereotypes in people's minds (Perloff & Fetzer, 1986). After several studies, the notion of social distance was enshrined as the “social distance corollary” (Meirick, 2005). According to Perloff's review (1999), of the 11 studies that have tested the social-distance notion, 9 confirmed it, articulating this phenomenon as “another factor on which the strength of the third-person effect hinges.”

This is a document about Joseph Woelfel
  individual and to measure their educational and occupational expectations for him or her. This research later developed into a more general theory of attitude formation called Galileo theory. Woelfel was instrumental in developing computer software such as CATPAC, a neural network that analyzes text, and the Galileo suite of programs used to measure beliefs and attitudes. The Rand Corporation surveyed numerous social science approaches for measuring attitudes and indicated in a 2009 report that "One of the more interesting approaches to communication and attitude change we found was Joseph Woelfel’s metric multidimensional scaling approach, which is called Galileo. In many ways, Woelfel’s theory was the closest that any

This is a document about The Interpersonal Gap
  The Interpersonal Gap is a model of communication developed by John L. Wallen (March 24, 1918 – July 31, 2001), an educator and a pioneer in the fields of emotional intelligence and interpersonal communication. As Chinmaya & Vargo state in their 1979 paper on Wallen “Many people who conduct interpersonal relations laboratories have been influenced by the ideas of John Wallen, a social psychologist from Portland, Oregon. He has written a number of papers which identify the sources of difficulty in communication. In these writings, Wallen focuses on the process of communication, not the underlying motives, drives, traits, attitudes, or personality characteristics of the individual. Wallen's ideas

This is a document about Bogardus social distance scale
  the scale. Bogardus’s conceptualization is not the only one in the sociological literature. Several sociologists have pointed out that social distance can also be conceptualized on the basis of other parameters such as the frequency of interaction between different groups or the normative distinctions in a society about who should be considered an "insider" or "outsider." ; The scale has been criticized as oversimplified because social interactions and attitudes in close familial or friendship-type relationships may for at least some persons be qualitatively different from social interactions with and attitudes toward relationships with far-away contacts such as citizens or visitors in one's country.

This is a document about Theories about religions
 (1) a system of symbols ; (2) which acts to establish powerful, pervasive and long-lasting moods and motivations in men ; (3) by formulating conceptions of a general order of existence and ; (4) clothing these conceptions with such an aura of factuality that ; (5) the moods and motivations seem uniquely realistic. The anthropologist Clifford Geertz (1926–2006) made several studies in Javanese villages. He avoided the subjective and vague concept of group attitude as used by Ruth Benedict by using the analysis of society as proposed by Talcott Parsons who in turn had adapted it from Max Weber. Parsons' adaptation distinguished all human

This is a document about Social facilitation
  In 1968, Henchy and Glass proposed the evaluation approach to social facilitation. Their evaluation apprehension hypothesis states that it is not the mere presence of others that increases individual activation/arousal, but rather the fear of being evaluated by an audience. They studied the reactivity of male high school and college students, where their responses were based on the strength they developed through prior training, and found that the groups who felt their performance was being evaluated had more dominant responses than the groups who were simply in the presence of an audience without being evaluated, or those that were alone.

This is a document about False consensus effect
  The false-consensus effect can be traced back to two parallel theories of social perception, "the study of how we form impressions of and make inferences about other people". The first is the idea of social comparison. The principal claim of Leon Festinger's (1954) social comparison theory was that individuals evaluate their thoughts and attitudes based on other people. This may be motivated by a desire for confirmation and the need to feel good about oneself. As an extension of this theory, people may use others as sources of information to define social reality and guide behavior. This is called informational social influence. The problem, though, is that people are

Emory Bogardus is known for his work on social distance and the creation of the Social Distance Scale, which is a quantitative measure of the perceived social distance between different groups.


Question: what is the purpose of a traffic circle

Answer: traffic calming

This is a document about Transportation in New Jersey
  In the 1920s and 1930s, traffic circles were built throughout the state because they were viewed as an efficient way to move traffic through three or more intersecting roads. As suburban and rural populations grew, the traffic circles became outdated because increased vehicle speed and traffic volume caused them to be more dangerous. Many traffic circles became notorious for having frequent accidents and being confusing, especially for non-locals. Part of the confusion has arisen because a circle is comprised as a series of uncontrolled intersections, so the driver to the right (entering the circle) has the right of way. Since the 1970s, the NJDOT has begun phasing out traffic circles by building a road through the circle, adding traffic signals, adding grade separation, or converting the circle into a modern roundabout.

This is a document about Ring road
  A ring road (also known as circular road, beltline, beltway, circumferential (high)way, loop, bypass or orbital) is a road or a series of connected roads encircling a town, city, or country. The most common purpose of a ring road is to assist in reducing traffic volumes in the urban centre, such as by offering an alternate route around the city for drivers who do not need to stop in the city core.

This is a document about Traffic Circle (Antarctica)
  Traffic Circle is a glacier-filled expanse 500 m high, situated south of Mount Ptolemy and medially on Antarctic Peninsula between Marguerite Bay and Mobiloil Inlet. Hub Nunatak rises from the center of the Traffic Circle. From this position, five glacial troughs radiate like the spokes of a wheel. One connects on the north with Gibbs Glacier and Neny Glacier, leading to Neny Fjord. Another connects on the west with Lammers Glacier and Windy Valley, leading to Mikkelsen Bay. A third, Cole Glacier, trends southwest along Godfrey Upland toward the Wordie Ice Shelf area. The fourth, Weyerhaeuser Glacier, trends southward toward Wakefield Highland and connects with glaciers leading westward to Wordie Ice Shelf. The fifth, Mercator Ice Piedmont, is nourished by the outflow from Weyerhaeuser, Cole and Gibbs Glaciers; it broadens as it descends eastward to the head of Mobiloil Inlet. Discovered in 1940 by members of the East Base party of the United States Antarctic Service (USAS), 1939–41, who used this system of troughs in traveling across the upland, hence the name Traffic Circle.

This is a document about Ledgewood Circle
  provide gaps in traffic so that motorists could in theory move in and out of the circle safely, but these signals were overwhelmed by the volume of daily traffic entering and exiting the circle and were not effective. Speeding around the circle was a hazard as well because the roadway was broad and the circle itself had a large diameter, allowing those who wished to travel at highway speeds (50–55 m.p.h.) to do so even though these speeds were significantly higher than the advisory speed of 25 mi/h. This was the cause of many serious automobile accidents at the circle and another reason that the circle was replaced.

This is a document about Intersection (road)
 A traffic circle is a type of intersection at which traffic streams are directed around a circle. Types of traffic circles include roundabouts, "mini-roundabouts", "rotaries", "STOP"-controlled circles, and signal-controlled circles. Some people consider roundabouts to be a distinct type of intersection from traffic circles (with the distinction based on certain differences in size and engineering). ; A box junction can be added to an intersection, generally prohibiting entry to the intersection unless the exit is clear. ; Some (unconventional or alternative) intersections employ indirect left turns to increase capacity and reduce delays. The Michigan left combines a right turn and a U-turn. Jughandle lefts diverge to the right, then curve to the left, converting a left turn to a crossing maneuver, similar to throughabouts. These techniques are generally used in conjunction with signal-controlled intersections, although they may also be used at stop-controlled intersections. ; Other designs include advanced stop lines, parallel-flow and continuous-flow intersections, hook turns, quadrants, seagull intersections, slip lanes, staggered junctions, superstreets, Texas Ts, Texas U-turns and turnarounds. ; A roundabout and its variants like turbo roundabouts, bowties and distributing circles like traffic circles and right-in/right-out (RIRO) intersections.

This is a document about Ring Road (Cairo)
  Ring Road had the main purpose of stopping the urbanization of arable lands by creating a barrier around the Greater Cairo region. It was unsuccessful, with the urbanization tripling in amount and the remaining arable land inside the perimeter being to all effects condemned to urbanization. There were also negative effects, like settlements being cut in two parts, with the outer part getting isolated. It also helped rich people create luxury urbanizations outside of the main city nucleus, following the example of American cities like Los Angeles and straying away from the European model of compact cities. A secondary purpose was to reduce the traffic inside the city.

This is a document about List of traffic circles in New Jersey
  traffic circles became outdated. The increased number of drivers on the roads resulted in traffic circles being more likely to hinder traffic than help it. Increased number of vehicles and faster traffic speeds made traffic circles more dangerous and accidents common. Many traffic circles became notorious for having frequent accidents and being confusing, especially for non-locals. Starting around the 1970s, the New Jersey Department of Transportation began phasing out traffic circles. Common methods of eliminating traffic circles are building a road through the circle, adding traffic lights, and the use of grade separation. Modified traffic circles are intersections where parts or all of the original circle still exist as a major part of the intersection.

This is a document about Circle Drive
  (see below). As noted above, the junction of 8th Street and Circle Drive was originally, in the late 1960s, constructed as a large roundabout dubbed the "Traffic Circle". The first such construction of its kind in Saskatchewan, motorists found it difficult to navigate, leading to local media airing advisories on how to use it. The site of many accidents over the years, and dubbed the most accident-prone location in the city, the circle was ultimately dismantled in the 1980s and replaced with a split at-grade intersection in anticipation for a standard diamond interchange that was constructed in the 1990s.

This is a document about Roundabout
   A roundabout is a type of circular intersection or junction in which road traffic is permitted to flow in one direction around a central island, and priority is typically given to traffic already in the junction. Engineers use the term modern roundabout to refer to junctions installed after 1960 that incorporate various design rules to increase safety. Both modern and non-modern roundabouts, however, may bear street names or be identified colloquially by local names such as circle, road circle, traffic circle, rotary, rotunda or island. Compared to stop signs, traffic signals, and earlier forms of roundabouts, modern roundabouts reduce the likelihood and severity of collisions greatly by reducing traffic speeds

This is a document about Grid plan
  to see oncoming traffic. Any time traffic flows meet at an acute angle, someone cannot see traffic approaching them. The grid is thus a geometric response to our human physiology. It is very likely the original purpose of grid layouts comes from the Athenian Agora. Before the grid organization, markets were laid out randomly in a field with traffic approaches at odd angles. This caused carts and wagons to turn over due to frequent collisions. Laying out the market stalls into regularized rows at right angles solved this problem and was later built into the Athenian Agora and copied ever since.

This is a document about Roundabout
   The central island may be surrounded by a truck apron that is high enough to discourage drivers from crossing over it, but low enough to allow wide or long vehicles to navigate the roundabout. The island may provide a visual barrier, to alert approaching drivers to the presence of the roundabout, and to encourage drivers to focus on the traffic in the path of the circle. A visual barrier significantly reduces the accident rate. Otherwise, vehicles anywhere in or near the circle can cause those entering to stop and wait for them to pass, even if they are opposite, which unnecessarily reduces traffic flow. The barrier may be a landscaped mound, a raised wall, a tree or tall shrubs. Road signage or flagpoles may be erected at the top of a landscaped mound. Some communities use the island for monuments, the display of large public art or for a fountain. Pedestrians may be prohibited from crossing the circling lane(s). Access to the central island requires an underpass or overpass for safety.

This is a document about Dupont Circle
  The neighborhood is centered around the traffic circle, which is divided between two counterclockwise roads. The outer road serves all the intersecting streets, while access to the inner road is limited to through traffic on Massachusetts Avenue. Connecticut Avenue passes under the circle via a tunnel; vehicles on Connecticut Avenue can access the circle via service roads that branch from Connecticut near N Street and R Street. The park within the circle is maintained by the National Park Service. The central fountain designed by Daniel Chester French provides seating, and long, curved benches around the central area were installed in 1964. The park within the circle is a gathering place for those wishing to play chess on the permanent stone chessboards. Tom Murphy, a homeless championship chess player, is a resident. The park has also been the location of political rallies, such as those supporting

This is a document about Berlin Circle (traffic circle)
  The circle was created in 1953 when Route 73 was created, and marked the crossroads of two state highways, three county roads, four local roads and a railway. The circle was constructed at a time when Berlin was largely rural and the land in the area used primarily for agricultural purposes. By 2002 and with increased suburbanization of the area, the circle became notorious for its congestion and traffic accidents, and for flooding caused by the Great Egg Harbor River. New Jersey had been quite fond of traffic circles starting in 1927, when the Airport Circle in Pennsauken Township opened to traffic on July 1, 1927, as the first such traffic rotary in the United States. While the state had as many as 67 traffic circles at its peak, projects initiated by the NJDOT since the mid-1970s had reduced the count to 37 by 1999.

This is a document about Welkom
  Welkom is well known for its efficient road traffic design mainly through the use of traffic circles, which has been the basis of worldwide studies. This is encouraged by flow design, the minimum of stop streets and the total absence of traffic lights and parking meters in the Central Business District. There are currently 33 large traffic circles.

This is a document about Road transport
  Nearly all roadways are built with devices meant to control traffic. Most notable to the motorist are those meant to communicate directly with the driver. Broadly, these fall into three categories: signs, signals or pavement markings. They help the driver navigate; they assign the right-of-way at intersections; they indicate laws such as speed limits and parking regulations; they advise of potential hazards; they indicate passing and no passing zones; and otherwise deliver information and to assure traffic is orderly and safe. Two hundred years ago these devices were signs, nearly all informal. In the late 19th century signals began to appear in the biggest cities at a few highly congested intersections. They were manually operated, and consisted of semaphores, flags or paddles, or in some cases colored electric lights,

This is a document about Traffic cone
   Traffic cones, also called pylons, witches' hats, road cones, highway cones, safety cones, channelizing devices, construction cones, or just cones, are usually cone-shaped markers that are placed on roads or footpaths to temporarily redirect traffic in a safe manner. They are often used to create separation or merge lanes during road construction projects or automobile accidents, although heavier, more permanent markers or signs are used if the diversion is to stay in place for a long period of time.

This is a document about Glossary of road transport terms
  Pedestrians, ridden or herded animals, vehicles, streetcars, buses and other conveyances, either singly or together, that use roads for purposes of travel. ; Traffic bottleneck ; A localized disruption of vehicular traffic on a road. ; Traffic calming ; The practice of making a road safer for motorists, pedestrians, and bicyclists. ; Traffic circle ; Traffic collision, motor vehicle collision, car crash or car accident ; Occurs when a vehicle collides with another vehicle, pedestrian, animal, road debris, or other stationary obstruction. ; Traffic cone or pylon ; A cone-shaped marker that is placed on roads or footpaths to temporarily redirect traffic

This is a document about Roundabout
  mph) require circulating vehicles to yield, often stopping, which lowers capacity and increases crash rates compared to modern roundabouts. ; Lane changes: Allowed or not ; Diameter: The greater the traffic, the larger the circle. ; Island function: Parking, parks, fountains, etc. The fundamental principle of modern roundabouts is that entering drivers give way to traffic within the roundabout without the need for traffic signals. Conversely, older traffic circles typically require circling drivers to give way to entering traffic. Roundabouts may also have an interior lane. Generally, exiting directly from an inner lane of a multi-lane roundabout is permitted, given that

This is a document about Roundabout
  Pedestrian crossings at each entry/exit may be located at least one full car length outside the circle. The extra space allows pedestrians to cross behind vehicles waiting to enter the circle, and to allow exiting vehicles to stop for pedestrians without obstruction. Each pedestrian crossing may traverse a pedestrian island for protection that also forces drivers to slow and begin to change direction, encouraging slower, safer speeds. On the island, the pedestrian crossing may become diagonal, to direct the gaze of those crossing into exiting traffic.

This is a document about Traffic
  Drivers often seek to turn onto another road or onto private property. The vehicle's blinking turn signals (commonly known as "blinkers" or "indicators") are often used as a way to announce one's intention to turn, thus alerting other drivers. The actual usage of directional signals varies greatly amongst countries, although its purpose is to indicate a driver's intention to depart from the current (and natural) flow of traffic well before the departure is executed (typically 3 seconds as a guideline). This will usually mean that turning traffic must stop and wait for a breach to turn, and this might cause inconvenience for drivers that follow them but do not want to turn. This is why dedicated lanes and

A traffic circle, also known as a roundabout, is a circular roadway or series of connected roads encircling a town or city, designed to assist drivers in reducing the number of stops at intersections and improve traffic flow. It is particularly useful in areas with high traffic volume and frequent accidents caused by inexperienced or out-of-state drivers.


Question: what is the meaning of nat in networking

Answer: Network address translation

This is a document about Network address translation
   Network address translation (NAT) is a method of mapping an IP address space into another by modifying network address information in the IP header of packets while they are in transit across a traffic routing device. The technique was originally used to avoid the need to assign a new address to every host when a network was moved, or when the upstream Internet service provider was replaced, but could not route the networks address space. It has become a popular and essential tool in conserving global address space in the face of IPv4 address exhaustion. One Internet-routable IP address of a NAT gateway can be used for an entire private network. As network address translation modifies the IP address information in packets, NAT implementations may vary in their specific behavior in various addressing cases and their effect on network traffic. The specifics of NAT behavior are not commonly documented by vendors of equipment containing NAT implementations.

This is a document about Network address translation
 source NAT is the most common expansion, as the counterpart of destination NAT (DNAT). Usually this is used to mean what is described above as One-to-Many NAT (NAT for outgoing connections to public services.) ; stateful NAT is used by Cisco Systems ; static NAT is used by WatchGuard ; secure NAT is used by F5 Networks and by Microsoft (in regard to the ISA Server) The meaning of the term SNAT varies by vendor. Many vendors have proprietary definitions for SNAT: Microsoft's Secure network address translation (SNAT) is part of Microsoft's Internet Security and Acceleration Server and is an extension to the NAT driver built into Microsoft Windows Server. It provides connection tracking and filtering for the additional network connections needed for the FTP, ICMP, H.323, and PPTP protocols as well as the ability to configure a transparent HTTP proxy server.

This is a document about Network address translation
  The simplest type of NAT provides a one-to-one translation of IP addresses. RFC 2663 refers to this type of NAT as basic NAT; it is also called a one-to-one NAT. In this type of NAT, only the IP addresses, IP header checksum, and any higher-level checksums that include the IP address are changed. Basic NAT can be used to interconnect two IP networks that have incompatible addressing.

This is a document about IPv6 transition mechanism
  Network Address Translation/Protocol Translation (NAT-PT) is defined in RFC 2766, but due to numerous problems, it has been obsoleted by RFC 4966 and deprecated to historic status. It is typically used in conjunction with a DNS application-level gateway (DNS-ALG) implementation.

This is a document about NAT traversal
  Network address translation traversal is a computer networking technique of establishing and maintaining Internet protocol connections across gateways that implement network address translation (NAT). NAT traversal techniques are required for many network applications, such as peer-to-peer file sharing and Voice over IP.

This is a document about List of computing and IT abbreviations
 NAC—Network Access Control ; NACK—Negative ACKnowledgement ; NAK—Negative AcKnowledge Character ; NaN—Not a Number ; NAP—Network Access Protection ; NAS—Network-Attached Storage ; NASM—Netwide ASseMbler ; NAT—Network Address Translation ; NCP—NetWare Core Protocol ; NCQ—Native Command Queuing ; NCSA—National Center for Supercomputing Applications ; NDIS—Network Driver Interface Specification ; NDPS—Novell Distributed Print Services ; NDS—Novell Directory Services ; NEP—Network Equipment Provider ; NetBIOS—Network Basic Input/Output System ; NetBT—NetBIOS over TCP/IP ; NEXT—Near-End CrossTalk ; NFA—Nondeterministic Finite Automaton ; NFC—Near field communication ; NFS—Network File System ; NGL—aNGeL ; NGSCB—Next-Generation Secure Computing Base ; NI—National Instruments ; NIC—Network Interface Controller or Network Interface Card ; NIM—No Internal Message ; NIO—Non-blocking I/O ;

This is a document about Hairpinning
  In network computing, hairpinning (or NAT loopback) describes a communication between two hosts behind the same NAT device using their mapped endpoint. Because not all NAT devices support this communication configuration, applications must be aware of it. Hairpinning is where a machine on the LAN is able to access another machine on the LAN via the external IP address of the LAN/router (with port forwarding set up on the router to direct requests to the appropriate machine on the LAN).

This is a document about NAT traversal
  Hosted NAT traversal (HNT) is a set of mechanisms, including media relaying and latching, that is widely used by communications providers for historical and practical reasons. The IETF advises against using latching over the Internet and recommends ICE for security reasons.

This is a document about Port forwarding
  In computer networking, port forwarding or port mapping is an application of network address translation (NAT) that redirects a communication request from one address and port number combination to another while the packets are traversing a network gateway, such as a router or firewall. This technique is most commonly used to make services on a host residing on a protected or masqueraded (internal) network available to hosts on the opposite side of the gateway (external network), by remapping the destination IP address and port number of the communication to an internal host.

This is a document about Network address translation
  A NAT device is similar to a phone system at an office that has one public telephone number and multiple extensions. Outbound phone calls made from the office all appear to come from the same telephone number. However, an incoming call that does not specify an extension cannot be automatically transferred to an individual inside the office. In this scenario, the office is a private LAN, the main phone number is the public IP address, and the individual extensions are unique port numbers.

This is a document about Network address translation
  Dynamic NAT, just like static NAT, is not common in smaller networks but is found within larger corporations with complex networks. The way dynamic NAT differs from static NAT is that where static NAT provides a one-to-one internal to public static IP address mapping, dynamic NAT usually uses a group of available public IP addresses.

This is a document about TCP hole punching
  TCP NAT traversal and TCP hole punching (sometimes NAT punch-through) in computer networking occurs when two hosts behind a network address translation (NAT) are trying to connect to each other with outbound TCP connections. Such a scenario is particularly important in the case of peer-to-peer communications, such as Voice-over-IP (VoIP), file sharing, teleconferencing, chat systems and similar applications. TCP hole punching is an experimentally used NAT traversal technique for establishing a TCP connection between two peers on the Internet behind NAT devices. NAT traversal is a general term for techniques that establish and maintain TCP/IP network and/or TCP connections traversing NAT gateways.

This is a document about Route (command)
 -n : Bypasses translating IP addresses to symbolic host names ; -q : Suppresses all output ; -v : Verbose ; COMMAND : The command to run ( add, delete , change , get , monitor , flush ) ; -net : is a network address ; -host : is host name or address (default) ; -netmask : the mask of the route ;   : IP address or host name of the destination ;   : IP address or host name of the next-hop router

This is a document about Network address translation
  of Internet traffic uses Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or User Datagram Protocol (UDP). For these protocols the port numbers are changed so that the combination of IP address (within the IP header) and port number (within the Transport Layer header) on the returned packet can be unambiguously mapped to the corresponding private network destination. RFC 2663 uses the term network address and port translation (NAPT) for this type of NAT. Other names include port address translation (PAT), IP masquerading, NAT overload and many-to-one NAT. This is the most common type of NAT and has become synonymous with the term "NAT" in common usage.

This is a document about Network address translation
 Public address: . This is the address of the WAN interface on the router. ; Internal address of router: ; Address of the server: ; Address of a local computer: NAT hairpinning, also known as NAT loopback or NAT reflection, is a feature in many consumer routers that permits the access of a service via the public IP address from inside the local network. This eliminates the need for using separate domain name resolution for hosts inside the network than for the public network for a website. The following describes an example network: If a packet is sent to the public address by a computer at, the packet would normally be routed to the default gateway (the router), unless an explicit route is set in the computer's routing tables. A router with the NAT loopback feature detects that is the address of its

This is a document about Hole punching (networking)
  Networked devices with public or globally accessible IP addresses can create connections between one another easily. Clients with private addresses may also easily connect to public servers, as long as the client behind a router or firewall initiates the connection. However, hole punching (or some other form of NAT traversal) is required to establish a direct connection between two clients that both reside behind different firewalls or routers that use network address translation (NAT). Both clients initiate a connection to an unrestricted server, which notes endpoint and session information including public IP and port along with private IP and port. The firewalls also note the endpoints

This is a document about NAT traversal
  NAT devices allow the use of private IP addresses on private networks behind routers with a single public IP address facing the Internet. The internal network devices communicate with hosts on the external network by changing the source address of outgoing requests to that of the NAT device and relaying replies back to the originating device. This leaves the internal network ill-suited for hosting servers, as the NAT device has no automatic method of determining the internal host for which incoming packets are destined. This is not a problem for general web access and email. However, applications such as peer-to-peer file sharing, VoIP services, and video game consoles require clients to be servers as well. Incoming requests cannot be easily correlated to the proper internal host. Furthermore, many of these types of services carry

This is a document about Proxy server
  The proxy concept refers to a layer 7 application in the OSI reference model. Network address translation (NAT) is similar to a proxy but operates in layer 3. In the client configuration of layer-3 NAT, configuring the gateway is sufficient. However, for the client configuration of a layer 7 proxy, the destination of the packets that the client generates must always be the proxy server (layer 7), then the proxy server reads each packet and finds out the true destination. Because NAT operates at layer-3, it is less resource-intensive than the layer-7 proxy, but also less flexible. As we compare these two technologies, we might encounter a terminology known as 'transparent firewall'. Transparent firewall means that the proxy uses the layer-7 proxy advantages without the knowledge of the client. The client presumes that the gateway is a NAT in layer 3, and it does not have any idea about the inside of the packet, but through this method, the layer-3 packets are sent to the layer-7 proxy for investigation.

This is a document about Network address translation
  NAT operation is typically transparent to both the internal and external hosts. The NAT device may function as the default gateway for the internal host which is typically aware of the true IP address and TCP or UDP port of the external host. However, the external host is only aware of the public IP address for the NAT device and the particular port being used to communicate on behalf of a specific internal host.

This is a document about UDP hole punching
  the second packet from A reaches B; at worst the second packet from B reaches A. Holes have been "punched" in the NAT and both hosts can directly communicate. ; If both hosts have Restricted cone NATs or Symmetric NATs, the external NAT ports will differ from those used with S. On some routers, the external ports are picked sequentially, making it possible to establish a conversation through guessing nearby ports. Let A and B be the two hosts, each in its own private network; NA and NB are the two NAT devices with globally reachable IP addresses EIPA and EIPB respectively; S is a public server with a well-known, globally reachable IP address.

NAT stands for Network Address Translation, which is a method of modifying network address information in an IP packet while it is being routed across a traffic-routing device, such as a router. It is used to conserve global Internet address space by allowing multiple devices on a private network to share a single public IP address. There are various types of NAT, including basic NAT, stateful NAT, and NAT-PT, each with different capabilities and uses.


Question: yesterday once more ( 2016 film ) cast

Answer: Bai Jingting

This is a document about Yesterday Once More (2016 film)
  Yesterday Once More is a 2016 Chinese youth romance film directed by Yoyo Yao and starring Bai Jingting, Guo Shutong, Li Hongyi, Wang Herun, Ding Guansen and Zhao Wenlong. It was released in China by Beijing Enlight Pictures on April 22, 2016.

This is a document about Yesterday Once More (2004 film)
  Yesterday Once More is a 2004 Hong Kong romantic comedy caper film produced and directed by Johnnie To and starring Andy Lau and Sammi Cheng.

This is a document about Yesterday (2004 film)
 Kenneth Khambula as John Khumalo, Yesterday's husband ; Leleti Khumalo as Yesterday ; Harriet Lenabe as Teacher ; Lihle Mvelase as Beauty ; Camilla Walker as The female doctor

This is a document about Kathryn Miller Haines
 1) The Girl from Yesterday (2017)

This is a document about Yesterday (2002 film)
  Yesterday is a 2002 science fiction/action movie set in a unified Korean peninsula in the year 2020. The movie stars Kim Seung-woo, Yunjin Kim and Choi Min-soo.

This is a document about Once Again (2018 film)
  Once Again is a 2018 Indian romantic drama film written and directed by Kanwal Sethi. Starring Shefali Shah and Neeraj Kabi, the film follows two middle-aged people, one a famous actor, another a restaurateur, falling in love with each other. Rasika Dugal, Bidita Bag and Priyanshu Painyuli appear in supporting roles. The film was originally written in German since Sethi is Indian-German; Later it was translated in English and Hindi. It won the best project award in Work-in-Progress Lab at the Film Bazaar in Goa and later also other awards. Shah also sang a song for the film. Once Again was released on Netflix on 1 September 2018 and also had a limited theatrical release in metro cities on December 8. It has been also released in Germany by Arsenalfilm and France with great reviews from the critics.

This is a document about ...And Once Again
  And Once Again is a 2010 Indian drama film directed by Amol Palekar. The film stars Antara Mali, Rajat Kapoor and Rituparna Sengupta in lead roles. For the role of the monk, Antara Mali shaved her head.

This is a document about Once Again (Philippine TV series)
  Once Again is a 2016 Philippine television drama romantic fantasy series broadcast by GMA Network. Directed by Don Michael Perez, it stars Janine Gutierrez and Aljur Abrenica. It premiered on May 2, 2016 on the network's Telebabad line up replacing That's My Amboy. The series concluded on July 22, 2016 with a total of 59 episodes. It was replaced by Descendants of the Sun in its timeslot. The series is streaming online on YouTube.

This is a document about Dublin International Film Festival
 Career Achievement Awards: ; Gabriel Byrne, actor ; Brendan McCaul, film producer and distributor ; Jeremy Thomas, producer ; Consolata Boyle, costume designer ; Audience Award: Once

This is a document about The Pool (2018 film)
 Theeradej Wongpuapan as Day ; Ratnamon Ratchiratham as Koi

This is a document about Endless Love (2019 TV series)
 Thanat Lowkhunsombat (Lee) as Day ; Violette Wautier as Min

This is a document about One More Time (South Korean TV series)
  One More Time is a 2016 South Korean web series starring L and Yoon So-hee. It was released exclusively on Netflix on March 10, 2017.

This is a document about Sergio Esquenazi
 You only live Once (film) (story, script) (2017)

This is a document about Yesterday Once More (album)
  Yesterday Once More is a 2-disc compilation album by US pop group The Carpenters. It was released in 1985 and has been certified platinum in both the US and UK. The album was re-released in 1987 as Classics Volume 2 in the A&M 25th Anniversary Classics series. It was a simple repackage, reusing the 1985 glass CD masters, but with different artwork. It was re-released in 1998 with the addition of an extra track, "I Just Fall in Love Again," a revised track order, and remastered in 24-bit sound with new notes by Paul Grein.

This is a document about Scott Westerfeld
 So Yesterday (2004) ; Afterworlds (2014) ; Horizon (2017)

This is a document about Ao: The Last Hunter
 Simon Paul Sutton as Ao, the main protagonist of the film. He is the chieftain of a small Neanderthal clan in Northern Siberia. After his clan was exterminated by early modern humans, Ao embarks on a journey to find his native tribe in southern Europe, and his twin brother Oa, from whom he was separated when he was eleven. ; Aruna Shields as Aki, the second protagonist who dominates the plot. She is a female Homo Sapiens who is captured by the same tribe of modern humans who imprisoned Ao. She proved to be an independent female character in the movie time and again. ; Helmi Dridi as Aguk, the main antagonist of the film. He is the headman of a tribe of early modern humans. ; Craig Morris as Boorh, Ao's friend and a member of his clan. ; Vesela Kazakova as Unak, Ao's wife. ; Yavor Vesselinov as Aka, Aki's husband. ; Sara Malaterre as the four year old Wama, the daughter of Aki and her late husband. She became Ao's stepdaughter after her mother and him decided to become a couple nearing the end of the movie.

This is a document about Yesterday (2019 film)
  Yesterday is a 2019 musical romantic comedy film directed by Danny Boyle and screenplay by Richard Curtis, based on a story by Jack Barth and Curtis. Himesh Patel stars as struggling musician Jack Malik, who suddenly finds himself the only person who has ever heard of the Beatles and becomes famous after reintroducing their songs to the world. The film also stars Lily James, Joel Fry, Ed Sheeran, and Kate McKinnon. It gets its title from the Beatles song of the same name. Yesterday was announced in March 2018. Filming began the following month around England, particularly Norfolk and Halesworth in Suffolk. Photography also took place at Wembley Stadium,

This is a document about Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again
  'Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again' is a 2018 jukebox musical romantic comedy film written and directed by Ol Parker, from a story by Parker, Catherine Johnson, and Richard Curtis. It is a follow-up to the 2008 film Mamma Mia!, which in turn is based on the musical of the same name using the music of ABBA. The film features an ensemble cast, including Dominic Cooper, Amanda Seyfried, Pierce Brosnan, Colin Firth, Stellan Skarsgård, Jeremy Irvine, Josh Dylan, Hugh Skinner, Lily James, Jessica Keenan Wynn, Alexa Davies, Christine Baranski, Julie Walters, Andy García, Meryl Streep, and Cher. Both a prequel and a sequel, the

This is a document about Kenichi Suzumura
 Genius – Maurice Solovine (Alexander Vlahos) ; If I Stay – Adam Wilde (Jamie Blackley) ; Purple Noon (2016 Star Channel edition) – Philippe Greenleaf (Maurice Ronet) ; Staged – Tom (Ben Schwartz) ; The Third Man (New Era Movies edition) – Harry Lime (Orson Welles)

This is a document about Masato Saki
 Vanilla Boy: Tomorrow Is Another Day (2016) as Kikuhara

The 2016 film "Yesterday Once More" features Bai Jingting, Guo Yutong, Dong Yunlong, Li Hongyi, Wang Shuting, and Zhao Enlong in the cast.