Question: when was the office of homeland security created

Answer: November 25 , 2002

This is a document about Seal of the United States Department of Homeland Security
  The U.S. Department of Homeland Security was formed in November 2002, succeeding the U.S. Office of Homeland Security (OHS), which was created in October 2001 in response to the September 11 attacks. Whereas the OHS was a subsidiary office of the Executive Office of the President (EOP), the DHS is an independent, cabinet-level department. From the creation of the agency in late 2002 until the adoption of a dedicated departmental seal in 2003, the DHS utilized a slightly-modified version of the U.S. great seal. The seal was developed with input from senior DHS leadership, employees, and the U.S. Commission on Fine

This is a document about Homeland Security Advisory System
  The system was created by Homeland Security Presidential Directive 3 on March 11, 2002, in response to the September 11 attacks. It was meant to provide a "comprehensive and effective means to disseminate information regarding the risk of terrorist acts to federal, state, and local authorities and to the American people." It was unveiled March 12, 2002, by Tom Ridge, then the Assistant to the President for Homeland Security. However, responsibility for developing, implementing and managing the system was given to the U.S. Attorney General. In January 2003, the new Department of Homeland Security (DHS) began administering the system. The decision to

This is a document about Information Sharing Environment
  The Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT) Act of 2001 removed barriers that once restricted the sharing of information between the law enforcement and intelligence communities. The Homeland Security Act of 2002 established the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) in part to improve the sharing of information among Federal, State, and local government agencies and the private sector, in order to enhance the Nation's ability to detect, identify, understand, and assess terrorist threats to and vulnerabilities of the homeland, to better protect our Nation's critical infrastructure, integrate our emergency response networks, and link State and Federal Governments. On July 29, 2003, the U.S. President

This is a document about United States Department of Homeland Security
   In response to the September 11 attacks, President George W. Bush announced the establishment of the Office of Homeland Security (OHS) to coordinate "homeland security" efforts. The office was headed by former Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge, who assumed the title of Assistant to the President for Homeland Security. The official announcement states: "The mission of the Office will be to develop and coordinate the implementation of a comprehensive national strategy to secure the United States from terrorist threats or attacks. The Office will coordinate the executive branch's efforts to detect, prepare for, prevent, protect against, respond to, and recover from terrorist attacks within the United States." Ridge began his duties as OHS director on October 8, 2001. On November 25, 2002, the Homeland Security Act established the Department of Homeland Security to consolidate U.S. executive branch organizations related to "homeland security" into a single Cabinet agency. The Gilmore Commission, supported by much of Congress and John Bolton, helped further solidify need for the department. The DHS incorporated the following 22 agencies.

This is a document about Political positions of George W. Bush
  After the attacks on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, President Bush founded the Cabinet Department of Homeland Security. He initially opposed it, arguing that the department placed an unnecessary bureaucratic burden on the U.S. government. Bush changed his mind in June 2002 to approve of the proposal, however its creation was delayed due to disagreements in Congress over labor protection and the role of trade unions in the department. The department was created on November 25, following the passage of the Homeland Security Act.

This is a document about Federal Emergency Management Agency
   Following the attacks of September 11, 2001, Congress passed the Homeland Security Act of 2002, which created the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to better coordinate among the different federal agencies that deal with law enforcement, disaster preparedness and recovery, border protection and civil defense. FEMA was absorbed into DHS effective March 1, 2003. As a result, FEMA became part of the Emergency Preparedness and Response Directorate of Department of Homeland Security, employing more than 2,600 full-time employees. It became the Federal Emergency Management Agency again on March 31, 2007, but remained in DHS. President Bush appointed Michael D. Brown as FEMA's director in January 2003. Brown warned in September 2003 that FEMA's

This is a document about Oklahoma Office of Homeland Security
  Recognizing the need for coordinated preparedness and security efforts after the Oklahoma City Bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in 1995, and more especially after the attack on the World Trade Centers, and Pentagon on September 11, 2001, Governor Frank Keating issued an executive order calling for the creation of the Interim Oklahoma Office of Homeland Security. In February 2002, the Oklahoma Legislature passed Senate Joint Resolution 42 and the Oklahoma Interim Office of Homeland Security was formally created. 1.2. 9/11: In the wake of the September 11th attacks the need for defensive approach on American soil was seen, and along with the United States Department of Homeland Security, many states organized their own versions of Homeland

This is a document about Homeland Security Act of 2002
   The United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS), formed November 25, 2002 through the Homeland Security Act, is a Cabinet department composed of several different divisions that work to protect the United States from domestic and foreign terrorism. It was created as a response to the September 11 attacks in 2001. The Department of Homeland Security manages the Emergency Preparedness and Response Directorate. The directorate helps fulfill the Department's overarching goal: to keep America safe from terrorist attacks. The Department also works to enhance preparedness and response efforts and to integrate these efforts with prevention work. With the Homeland Security Act there are several provisions that identify the specific duties for the EP&R Directorate.

This is a document about Tom Ridge
  Following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, U.S. President George W. Bush created the Office of Homeland Security within the White House, and named Ridge to head it. The charge to the nation's new director of homeland security was to develop and coordinate a comprehensive national strategy to strengthen the United States against terrorist threats or attacks. Ridge formally resigned as Pennsylvania's governor on October 5, 2001. In January 2003 and after the passage of the Homeland Security Act of 2002, the Office of Homeland Security split into a Cabinet-level Department, the Department of Homeland Security, and the White House Homeland Security Advisory Council. Ridge left the White House and became the first Secretary of Homeland Security. The department's mission "is to (A) prevent terrorist attacks within the United States; (B) reduce the vulnerability of the United States to terrorism; and (C)

This is a document about Homeland Security Advisor
  In the immediate aftermath of the September 11 attacks, President George W. Bush announced the creation of the interim Office of Homeland Security as a cabinet-level office in a speech to a joint session of Congress. He appointed Tom Ridge as its first Director. The Homeland Security Council was formally created on October 5, 2001, replacing the Office of Homeland Security. Under the George W. Bush administration, the Homeland Security Advisor was independent of the National Security Council, residing within the Homeland Security Council. Under the Obama administration, while the Homeland Security Council remained, the Advisor held the title of Deputy National Security Advisor for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism, subordinating the position to the National Security Advisor. At the start of the Trump administration, the position of Homeland Security Advisor, occupied by Tom Bossert, was elevated to the rank of Assistant to the President, making it equal in rank to the National Security Advisor. However, after clashes with the National Security Advisor, John Bolton, the position returned to the rank of Deputy Assistant to the President and was subordinate to the National Security Advisor.

This is a document about Homeland
 The Soviet Union created homelands for some minorities in the 1920s, including the Volga German ASSR and the Jewish Autonomous Oblast. In the case of the Volga German ASSR, these homelands were later abolished and their inhabitants deported to either Siberia or the Kazakh SSR. ; In the United States, the Department of Homeland Security was created soon after the 11 September 2001, terrorist attacks, as a means to centralize response to various threats. In a June 2002 column, Republican consultant and speechwriter Peggy Noonan expressed the hope that the Bush administration would change the name of the department, writing that, "The name Homeland Security grates on a lot of people, understandably. Homeland isn't really an American word, it's not something

This is a document about Center for Homeland Defense and Security
  homeland security programs nationwide. The events of September 11th, 2001 revealed that new homeland security issues and threats were facing the United States. There was a need for educational programs for homeland security professionals who could prevent, plan for, respond to, and lead recovery efforts from terrorist events occurring within the U.S. The Naval Postgraduate School Center for Homeland Defense and Security was created by Congress, the U.S. Department of Justice, and the U.S. Department of Defense in April 2002 to implement this educational role. The first master's degree classes began in January 2003. The CHDS created educational programs to:

This is a document about United States Secretary of Homeland Security
  Prior to the establishment of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, there existed an assistant to the president for the Office of Homeland Security, which was created following the September 11 attacks in 2001. Parties (5) (3) (4) Status a. James Loy served as acting secretary in his capacity as Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security. b. Rand Beers served as acting secretary in his capacity as confirmed Undersecretary of Homeland Security for National Protection and Programs and Acting Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security; Beers was the highest ranking [[List of positions filled by presidential appointment with Senate confirmation#Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs|Senate-approved

This is a document about United States Department of Homeland Security
  The United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is the U.S. federal executive department responsible for public security, roughly comparable to the interior or home ministries of other countries. Its stated missions involve anti-terrorism, border security, immigration and customs, cyber security, and disaster prevention and management. It began operations in 2003, formed as a result of the Homeland Security Act of 2002, enacted in response to the September 11 attacks. With more than 240,000 employees, DHS is the third-largest Cabinet department, after the Departments of Defense and Veterans Affairs. Homeland security policy is coordinated at the White House by the Homeland Security Council. Other agencies with significant homeland security responsibilities include the Departments of Health and Human Services, Justice, and Energy.

This is a document about National Communications System
  Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The NCS was one of 22 federal agencies transferred to the department on March 1, 2003, in accordance with Executive Order 13286. A revised Executive Order 12472 reflects the changes of E.O. 13286. On November 15, 2005, the NCS became part of the department's Directorate for Preparedness after nearly two years under the Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection Directorate. In March 2007 the NCS became an entity of the National Protection and Programs Directorate. The DHS Under Secretary for National Protection and Programs Directorate served as the NCS Manager. On July 6, 2012, President Barack Obama signed Executive Order 13618, which replaced Executive Order 12472, thus eliminating the NCS as a separate organization;

This is a document about Domestic policy of the George W. Bush administration
  Security Act signed into law by President Bush on November 25, 2002 to create the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Ridge became the first director of the newly created department. The department was charged with overseeing immigration, border control, customs, and the newly established Transportation Security Administration (TSA), which focused on airport security. Though the FBI and CIA remained independent agencies, the DHS was assigned jurisdiction over the Coast Guard, the Immigration and Naturalization Service (which was divided into three agencies), the United States Customs Service (which was also divided into separate agencies), and the Federal Emergency Management Agency. The Homeland Security Act represented the most significant departmental reorganization since the National Security Act of 1947.

This is a document about United States Secret Service
 Significant economic or community impact, ; Participation of multiple-district or transnational organized criminal groups, ; Use of new technology as a means to commit crime. Effective March 1, 2003, the Secret Service transferred from the Treasury to the newly established Department of Homeland Security. The USA Patriot Act, signed into law by President George W. Bush on October 26, 2001, mandated the Secret Service to establish a nationwide network of ECTFs in addition to the one already active in New York. As such, this mandate expanded on the agency's first ECTF—the New York Electronic Crimes Task Force, formed in 1995—which brought together

This is a document about Presidency of George W. Bush
  Shortly after the September 11 attacks, Bush announced the creation of the Office of Homeland Security and appointed former governor of Pennsylvania Tom Ridge its director. After Congress passed the Homeland Security Act to create the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Ridge became the first director of the newly created department. The department was charged with overseeing immigration, border control, customs, and the newly established Transportation Security Administration (TSA), which focused on airport security. Though the FBI and CIA remained independent agencies, the DHS was assigned jurisdiction over the Coast Guard, the Immigration and Naturalization Service (which was divided into three agencies), the United States Customs Service (which was also divided into

This is a document about Homeland security
  2003, to form the United States Department of Homeland Security after the September 11 attacks, and may refer to the actions of that department, the United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, or the United States House of Representatives Committee on Homeland Security. The term, "Homeland Security" is not to be confused with the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS). In its February 15, 2001 report, the U.S. Commission on National Security/21st Century, said the United States must change how it operates in the area of homeland security. The report recommended the creation of what was ultimately called

This is a document about Lame-duck session
  Congress met in intermittent or pro forma sessions during the pre-election period in 2002, but returned to a full schedule of business on November 12 with two priorities: finish work on 11 appropriations bills and consider creation of a Department of Homeland Security (DHS), a measure at the top of President George W. Bush's legislative agenda. A bill to create the DHS had passed the House in late July, 2002, but the Senate did not act until after the election. The Senate passed a similar version of the measure on November 19, and the House agreed to the Senate amendment on November 22. President Bush signed the bill into law on November 25. Congress,

The Office of Homeland Security was created on October 8, 2001.


Question: the south carolina exposition and protest was published in response to the

Answer: Tariff of 1828

This is a document about South Carolina Exposition and Protest
  The South Carolina Exposition and Protest, also known as Calhoun's Exposition, was written in December 1828 by John C. Calhoun, then Vice President of the United States under John Quincy Adams and later under Andrew Jackson. Calhoun did not formally state his authorship at the time, though it was widely suspected and later confirmed. The document was a protest against the Tariff of 1828, also known as the Tariff of Abominations. It stated also Calhoun's Doctrine of nullification, i.e., the idea that a state has the right to reject federal law, first introduced by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in their Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions.

This is a document about States' rights
  South. Southerners vocally expressed their tariff opposition in documents such as the South Carolina Exposition and Protest in 1828, written in response to the "Tariff of Abominations". Exposition and Protest was the work of South Carolina senator and former vice president John C. Calhoun, formerly an advocate of protective tariffs and internal improvements at federal expense. South Carolina's Nullification Ordinance declared that both the tariff of 1828 and the tariff of 1832 were null and void within the state borders of South Carolina. This action initiated the Nullification Crisis. Passed by a state convention on November 24, 1832, it

This is a document about French Industrial Exposition of 1834
  Publications by or about the exposition included:

This is a document about South Carolina Exposition and Protest
  the tariff. Calhoun readily accepted the challenge and in a few weeks time had a 35,000 word draft of what would become his "Exposition and Protest." Fearful that "hotheads" such as McDuffie might force the legislature into taking some drastic action against the federal government, Calhoun aimed for a more measured process: "All through that hot and humid summer, emotions among the vociferous planter population had been worked up to a near-frenzy of excitement. The whole tenor of the argument built up in the "Exposition" was aimed to present the case in a cool, considered manner that would dampen any drastic moves yet would set in motion the machinery for repeal of the tariff act. It would also warn other sections of the Union against any future legislation that an increasingly self-conscious South might consider punitive, especially on the subject of slavery."

This is a document about Nullification (U.S. Constitution)
  The idea of nullification increasingly became associated with matters pertaining to the sectional conflict and slavery. The best known statement of the theory of nullification during this period, authored by John C. Calhoun, was the South Carolina Exposition and Protest of 1828. Calhoun asserted that the Tariff of 1828, which favored the northern manufacturing states and harmed the southern agricultural states, was unconstitutional. Calhoun argued that each state, as "an essential attribute of sovereignty", has the right to judge the extent of its own powers and the allocation of power between the state and the federal government. Calhoun argued that each state therefore necessarily

This is a document about History of South Carolina
  The white minority in South Carolina felt more threatened than in other parts of the South, and reacted more to the economic Panic of 1819, the Missouri Controversy of 1820, and attempts at emancipation in the form of the Ohio Resolutions of 1824 and the American Colonization Petition of 1827. South Carolina's first attempt at nullification occurred in 1822, when South Carolina adopted a policy of jailing foreign Black sailors at South Carolina ports. This policy violated a treaty between the United Kingdom and the United States, but South Carolina defied a complaint from Britain through American Secretary of State John Quincy Adams and a United States Supreme Court justice's federal circuit

This is a document about Proclamation to the People of South Carolina
  Jackson's Proclamation to the People of South Carolina was written in response to the growing opposition to the Tariff of 1828, which was perceived to affect heavily in the economy of the antebellum South, and the Tariff of 1832, which cut overall revenues of the previous tariff by half but was still regarded as unconstitutional by South Carolina. The South Carolina legislature declared these tariffs to be null and void within their Ordinance of Nullification. Besides nullifying the tariffs, it also forbade the appeal of the ordinance to the Supreme Court and prohibited the federal government from collecting duties in South Carolina after February 1, 1833. The immediate response to the Ordinance of Nullification was to substantially reduce the tariffs imposed on South Carolina and other colonies in the South. Jackson proposed this approach in his annual message to Congress on December 4, 1832, shortly before the creation of the Proclamation to the People of South Carolina.

This is a document about Tariff of Abominations
  Vice President John C. Calhoun of South Carolina strongly opposed the tariff, anonymously authoring a pamphlet in December 1828 titled the South Carolina Exposition and Protest, in which he urged nullification of the tariff within South Carolina. The South Carolina legislature, although it printed and distributed 5,000 copies of the pamphlet, took none of the legislative action that the pamphlet urged. The expectation of the tariff's opponents was that with the election of Jackson in 1828, the tariff would be significantly reduced. Jackson in 1829 said the 1828 tariff was constitutional. In response the most radical faction in South Carolina began to advocate that the state itself declare the tariff null and void within South Carolina. In Washington, an open split on the

This is a document about History of the United States (1789–1849)
  Toward the end of his first term, Jackson was forced to confront the state of South Carolina on the issue of the protective tariff. The protective tariff passed by Congress and signed into law by Jackson in 1832 was milder than that of 1828, but it further embittered many in the state. In response, several South Carolina citizens endorsed the "states rights" principle of "nullification", which was enunciated by John C. Calhoun, Jackson's Vice President until 1832, in his South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828). South Carolina dealt with the tariff by adopting the Ordinance of Nullification, which declared both the Tariff of 1828 and the

This is a document about Angelina Grimké
  publication offended and stirred controversy within the Orthodox Quaker meeting, which openly condemned such radical activism, especially by a woman. Sarah Grimké asked her sister to withdraw the letter, concerned that such publicity would alienate her from the Quaker community. Though initially embarrassed by the letter's publication, Angelina refused. The letter was later reprinted in the New York Evangelist and other abolitionist papers; it was also included in a pamphlet with Garrison's Appeal to the Citizens of Boston. In 1836, Grimké wrote "An Appeal to the Christian Women of the South", urging Southern women to petition their state legislatures and church officials to end slavery. It

This is a document about South Carolina Inter-State and West Indian Exposition
  The South Carolina Inter-State and West Indian Exposition, commonly called the Charleston Exposition or the West Indian Exposition, was a regional trade exposition held in Charleston, South Carolina from December 1, 1901 to June 20, 1902.

This is a document about Andrew Jackson
  In 1828, Congress had approved the "Tariff of Abominations", which set the tariff at a historically high rate. Southern planters, who sold their cotton on the world market, strongly opposed this tariff, which they saw as favoring northern interests. The South now had to pay more for goods it did not produce locally; and other countries would have more difficulty affording southern cotton. The issue came to a head during Jackson's presidency, resulting in the Nullification Crisis, in which South Carolina threatened disunion. The South Carolina Exposition and Protest of 1828, secretly written by Calhoun, asserted that their state had the right to "nullify"—declare void—the tariff legislation of 1828. Although

This is a document about Southern Exposition
  The Southern Exposition was a five-year series of world's fairs held in the city of Louisville, Kentucky, from 1883 to 1887 in what is now Louisville's Old Louisville neighborhood. The exposition, held for 100 days each year on 45 acre immediately south of Central Park, which is now the St. James-Belgravia Historic District, was essentially an industrial and mercantile show. At the time, the exposition was larger than any previous American exhibition with the exception of the Centennial Exposition held in Philadelphia in 1876. U.S. President Chester A. Arthur opened the first annual exposition on August 1, 1883.

This is a document about History of the Southern United States
  nullified the entire "Tariff of Abominations", as the Tariff of 1828 was known in the South, prompting a stand-off between the state and federal government. On May 1, 1833, President Andrew Jackson wrote, "the tariff was only a pretext, and disunion and southern confederacy the real object. The next pretext will be the negro, or slavery question." Although the crisis was resolved through a combination of the actions of the president, Congressional reduction of the tariff, and the Force Bill, it had lasting importance for the later development of secessionist thought. An additional factor that led to Southern sectionalism was the proliferation of cultural and literary magazines such as the Southern Literary Messenger and DeBow's Review.

This is a document about History of South Carolina
  the Approach of Secession in the Palmetto State," South Carolina Historical Magazine 112 (July–Oct. 2011), 139–56. ; Rogers, George C. Evolution of a Federalist: William Loughton Smith of Charleston (1758–1812) (1962) ; Roper, L. H. Conceiving Carolina: Proprietors, Planters, and Plots, 1662–1729 Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN: 1-4039-6479-3. ; Scarborough, William K., "Propagandists for Secession: Edmund Ruffin of Virginia and Robert Barnwell Rhett of South Carolina," South Carolina Historical Magazine 112 (July–Oct. 2011), 126–38. ; Schultz, Harold S. Nationalism and Sectionalism in South Carolina, 1852–1860 (1950) ; Sinha, Manisha. The Counterrevolution of Slavery: Politics and Ideology in Antebellum South Carolina (2000)

This is a document about Nullification crisis
  of what would become his "Exposition and Protest". Calhoun's "Exposition" was completed late in 1828. He argued that the tariff of 1828 was unconstitutional because it favored manufacturing over commerce and agriculture. He believed the tariff power could be used only to generate revenue, not to provide protection from foreign competition for American industries, and that the people of a state or several states, acting in a democratically elected convention, had the power to veto any act of the federal government that violated the Constitution. This veto, the core of the doctrine of nullification, was explained by Calhoun in the Exposition: "If it

This is a document about Force Bill
  South Carolina had been sorely disappointed by negotiations surrounding the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. The state declared the two acts unconstitutional and refused to collect federal import tariffs. President Andrew Jackson saw the nullification doctrine as being equivalent to treason. In an early draft of what would eventually become his "Proclamation to the People of South Carolina" on December 10, 1832, Jackson declared to the South Carolina government: "Seduced as you have been, my fellow countrymen by the delusion theories and misrepresentation of ambitious, deluded & designing men, I call upon you in the language of truth, and with the feelings of a Father to retrace your

This is a document about South Carolina in the American Civil War
 Cauthen, Charles Edward; Power, J. Tracy. South Carolina goes to war, 1860–1865. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 2005. Originally published: Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1950. ISBN: 978-1-57003-560-9. ; Edgar, Walter. South Carolina: A History, Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press:1998. ISBN: 978-1-57003-255-4. ; Rogers Jr. George C. and C. James Taylor. A South Carolina Chronology, 1497-1992 2nd Ed. (1994) ; Wallace, David Duncan. South Carolina: A Short History, 1520-1948 (1951) standard scholarly history ; WPA. South Carolina: A Guide to the Palmetto State (1941) ; Wright, Louis B. South Carolina: A Bicentennial History' (1976) Wright, Louis B. South Carolina: A Bicentennial History' (1976)

This is a document about Presidency of Andrew Jackson
  In 1828, Congress had approved the so-called "Tariff of Abominations", which set the tariff at a historically high rate. The tariff was popular in the Northeast and, to a lesser extent, the Northwest, since it protected domestic industries from foreign competition. Southern planters strongly opposed high tariff rates, as they resulted in higher prices for imported goods. This opposition to high tariff rates was especially intense in South Carolina, where the dominant planter class faced few checks on extremism. The South Carolina Exposition and Protest of 1828, secretly written by Calhoun, had asserted that their state could "nullify"—declare void—the tariff legislation of 1828. Calhoun argued that, while the Constitution authorized the federal government to impose tariffs for the collection of revenue, it

This is a document about African Americans in South Carolina
   Like much of the nation during the 1950s and 1960s, African Americans in South Carolina led peaceful and nonviolent protests against unfair segregation laws. However, much of the national spotlight during the civil rights movement focused on Alabama and Mississippi. Much of the civil rights movement in South Carolina happened without many riots or violence, except in a few cases. In Greenville, the Greenville Eight consisted of African American college students sitting protesting the segregated library system by entering the white-only branch. In Columbia, black students at Allen University and Benedict College led protests throughout the city. In Orangeburg, South Carolina, students at South Carolina State University and Claflin University led protests and marches to challenge desegregation. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, many businesses, institutions, and governments resisted integration. In 1956, U.S. Senator Strom Thurmond of South Carolina authored the Southern Manifesto, which denounced the 1954 Brown v. Board decision as "unwarranted" and referred to anti-segregationists as "agitators and troublemakers invading our States." Many school districts ignored the Brown v. Board of Education decision in 1954; some districts were still segregated into the 1970s.

The South Carolina Exposition and Protest was published in response to the Tariff of 1828, also known as the Tariff of Abominations.


Question: when did town lake became lady bird lake

Answer: July 26 , 2007

This is a document about Lady Bird Lake
  to the Town Lake project, allowing for the planting of hundreds of shrubs and trees. The city also built a system of hike and bike trails along the shoreline of the lake. On July 26, 2007, the Austin City Council passed a controversial resolution authorizing the renaming of the reservoir from Town Lake to Lady Bird Lake in honor of Lady Bird Johnson, who had died earlier that month. Johnson had declined the honor of having the lake renamed for her while she was alive. In renaming the lake, the City Council recognized Johnson's dedication to beautifying the lake and her efforts to create a recreational trail system around the lake's shoreline. In 2009, non-profit organization Keep Austin Beautiful launched "Clean Lady Bird Lake". The program mobilizes thousands of community volunteers annually to conduct large-scale cleanups along the lake every other month and targeted cleanups throughout the year.

This is a document about Town Lake Gazebo
  In 1960 the completion of Longhorn Dam on the Colorado River created Lady Bird Lake (then known as Town Lake) on the south edge of downtown Austin, Texas. The next year the Austin City Council formed a Town Lake Study Committee to recommend plans for the development of public land on the shores of the new lake. In 1965 the Austin chapter of the National Association of Women in Construction approached the City with a proposal to contribute a civic structure to beautify the Town Lake shoreline. On November 9, 1965, City Council approved NAWIC's plan to build a public gazebo that would provide a scenic view of downtown Austin and of the lake from Auditorium Shores to the south. In January 1966 the Austin chapter

This is a document about Lady Bird Lake
  formed by the 1900 collapse of the McDonald Dam that serves as a recreation area with a dog park and access to the lake for canoeing and fishing. Swimming in Lady Bird Lake is illegal not due to poor water quality from the run-off from area streets, which is a false rumor, but rather due to several drownings as well as debris in the water from bridges and dams destroyed by floods in years past. The City of Austin enacted the ban in 1964, and the fine can be up to $500. For the first time in August 2019, a toxic blue-green algae was found in the lake and

This is a document about Lady Bird Lake
  Lady Bird Lake (formerly, and still colloquially referred to as Town Lake) is a river-like reservoir on the Colorado River in Austin, Texas, United States. The City of Austin created the reservoir in 1960 as a cooling pond for a new city power plant. The lake, which has a surface area of 416 acres, is now used primarily for recreation and flood control. The reservoir is named in honor of former First Lady of the United States Lady Bird Johnson. Lady Bird Lake is the easternmost lake of a chain of reservoirs on the river, which is completely located in Texas, and should not be confused with the larger Colorado River located in the Southwestern United States. This chain, known locally as the Texas Highland Lakes, also includes Lake Buchanan, Inks Lake, Lake LBJ, Lake Marble Falls, Lake Travis, and Lake Austin.

This is a document about Austin, Texas
   Lady Bird Lake (formerly Town Lake) is a river-like reservoir on the Colorado River. The lake is a popular recreational area for paddleboards, kayaks, canoes, dragon boats, and rowing shells. Austin's warm climate and the river's calm waters, nearly 6 mi length and straight courses are especially popular with crew teams and clubs. Other recreational attractions along the shores of the lake include swimming in Deep Eddy Pool, the oldest swimming pool in Texas, and Red Bud Isle, a small island formed by the 1900 collapse of the McDonald Dam that serves as a recreation area with a dog park and access to the lake for canoeing and fishing. The 10.1 mi Ann and Roy Butler Hike and Bike Trail forms a complete circuit around the lake. A local nonprofit, The Trail Foundation, is the Trail's private steward and has built amenities and infrastructure including trailheads, lakefront gathering

This is a document about Roy Butler (American politician)
  to recruit former United States First Lady Lady Bird Johnson to team up with his wife, Ann Butler, to establish the Town Lake Beautification Committee. Before Ann Butler and First Lady Johnson began their work the lake, located in Austin, was in a state of neglect and polluted with trash and overgrown weeds. KTBC described Town Lake before Butler's efforts as an "eyesore". Efforts by Johnson and Butler transformed Town Lake and the adjoining Town Lake Hike and Bike Trail, into one of the most important recreation areas in Austin. Town Lake was renamed Lady Bird Lake in 2007, and the Hike and Bike Trail was renamed Butler Trail in 2012. Contrary to some beliefs, Austin's Butler Park is not named for Roy Butler.

This is a document about Lamar Boulevard Bridge
  of Transportation) was charged with designing and building a bridge to carry Highway 20 across the river. Construction began on March 27, 1941, and the bridge was completed and opened to traffic on July 15, 1942, at a total cost of $303,900. At that time, the bridge was left without street lights, perhaps because of material shortages relating to World War II; these were later added in 1955. The construction of Longhorn Dam in 1960 transformed the river beneath the bridge into Town Lake (now known as Lady Bird Lake), raising the water level to just below the bottoms of the arches. The view of the

This is a document about Town Lake Gazebo
  The Town Lake Gazebo (also known as the Women in Construction Gazebo or Fannie Davis Town Lake Gazebo) is a historic gazebo on the south shore of Lady Bird Lake in Austin, Texas, beside Auditorium Shores. Built in 1969 to beautify the south shore of Lady Bird Lake, the gazebo was paid for by the National Association of Women in Construction and features eclectic architecture. The structure was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2020.

This is a document about Lady Bird Lake
  The City of Austin constructed Longhorn Dam in 1960 to form Town Lake. The city needed the reservoir to serve as a cooling pond for the Holly Street Power Plant, which operated from 1960 until 2007. Before 1971, the shoreline of Town Lake was mostly a mixture of weeds, unkempt bushes, and trash. Local television station KTBC referred to the lake as an "eyesore". Some concerned Austinites led small projects to clean up the lake. Roberta Crenshaw, chair of the Austin Board of Parks and Recreation, purchased nearly 400 trees and shrubs in an effort to spearhead parkland development around the lake. During his two terms in office (1971–75), the Mayor of Austin Roy Butler led the Austin City Council to establish the Town Lake Beautification Committee, and he appointed Lady Bird Johnson as the project's honorary chairman. Johnson's involvement brought attention and money (including $19,000 of her

This is a document about History of Austin, Texas
  ordinances during the 1970s and 1980s. A program was inaugurated in 1971 to beautify the shores of Town Lake (now named Lady Bird Lake), a downtown lake impounded in 1960 behind Longhorn Crossing Dam. Historic preservationists fought the destruction of Austin's architectural heritage by rescuing and restoring historic buildings. City election campaigns during the 1970s and 1980s frequently featured struggles over the management of growth, with neighborhood groups and environmentalists on one side and business and development interests on the other. As Austin became known as a location for creative individuals, corporate retail branches also moved into town and displaced many "home-grown" businesses. To many longtime Austinites, this loss of landmark retail establishments left a void in the city's culture. In the 1970s, Austin became a refuge

This is a document about Longhorn Dam
  Longhorn Dam was constructed in the late 1950s to establish a cooling reservoir for Austin's Holly Street Power Plant, a 570-megawatt natural gas and fuel oil-fired electrical power plant. The reservoir it created, Lady Bird Lake, was also originally used as a source of drinking water for the city. It is not a hydroelectric dam and generates no electrical power. In 2007 the power plant was decommissioned and subsequently demolished to make way for a new lakeside urban park; today the reservoir's major uses are recreation and fishing. The stabilization of the downtown shoreline that the dam afforded enabled substantial parkland development along the newly created lake, including Auditorium Shores and other parts of Town Lake Park. In the 2000s and 2010s

This is a document about Auditorium Shores
  In November 1998, City of Austin voters authorized creation of the Town Lake Park Community Events Center Venue Project, funded by a tax on local car rentals to fund its construction. The project consisted of a new Palmer Events Center (PEC), development of a major metropolitan redevelopment on adjacent parkland, and a parking garage to serve both as well as the new Long Center for the Performing Arts. The parkland extended from Barton Springs Road to Lady Bird Lake and from South First Street to Lee Barton Drive, thus including Auditorium Shores Park. Under a Memorandum of Understanding, in Spring 1999, project stakeholders and nationally recognized professional planners and architects guided

This is a document about Lady Bird Lake
  The Ann and Roy Butler Hike-and-Bike Trail, formerly the Town Lake Hike and Bike Trail, creates a complete circuit around Lady Bird Lake. It is one of the oldest urban Texas hike and bike paths. The trail is the longest trail designed for non-motorized traffic maintained by the City of Austin Parks and Recreation Department. A local nonprofit, The Trail Foundation, is the Trail's private steward and has made Trail-wide improvements by adding user amenities and infrastructure including trailheads and lakefront gathering areas, locally-designed jewel box restrooms, exercise equipment, as well as doing trailwide ecological restoration work on an ongoing basis. The Butler Trail loop was completed in 2014 with the public-private partnership 1-mile Boardwalk at Lady Bird Lake project, which was spearheaded by The Trail Foundation. Construction on the $28 million project was completed during October 2012 – June

This is a document about Lady Bird Lake
  Lady Bird Lake has been stocked with several species of fish intended to improve the utility of the reservoir for recreational fishing. The predominant fish species in Lady Bird Lake are largemouth bass, catfish, carp, and sunfish. Fishing is regulated, requiring a fishing license, and daily bag and length limits apply for most species. A ban on the consumption of fish caught in the lake was issued by the City of Austin in 1990, as a result of excessively high levels of chlordane found in the fish. Although the use of chlordane as a pesticide was banned in the United States in 1988, the chemical sticks strongly to soil particles and can continue to pollute groundwater for years after its application. The ban on the consumption of fish caught in the lake was finally lifted in 1999.

This is a document about Roy Butler (American politician)
  On November 3, 2011, the Austin City Council, in recognition of Roy Butler's civil service and contributions to the community and City of Austin, including the revitalization and improvement of Lady Bird Lake (formerly Town Lake), approved a resolution naming the "hike and bike trail" surrounding Lady Bird Lake in downtown Austin as the "Ann and Roy Butler Hike and Bike Trail."

This is a document about Lady Bird Johnson
  was renamed Lady Bird Lake on July 26, 2007. In April 2008, the "Lady Bird Johnson Memorial Cherry Blossom Grove" was dedicated in Marshfield, Missouri. The dedication took place during the city's annual cherry blossom festival. Johnson had been supportive of the rural community and their initiative to plant ornamental cherry trees. In 1995, she received an Honor Award from the National Building Museum for her lifetime leadership in beautification and conservation campaigns. She was also named the honorary chairwoman of the Head Start program. Lady Bird held honorary degrees from many universities: Boston University; the University of Alabama; George Washington University; Johns Hopkins University; State University of New York; Southern

This is a document about Paul Hernandez
  The Austin Aqua Festival started drag boat races on the east end of Town Lake (now Lady Bird Lake) in 1964. The very loud races had an adverse effect on nearby East Austin residents. The East Town Lake Citizens Neighborhood Association, with leaders Paul Hernandez and Edward Rendon Sr. organized noisy, but peaceful protests calling for an end to the races. They were joined by El Centro Chicano and the Brown Berets. In 1978, when police broke up one protest Hernandez was beaten up badly. A widely published photograph shows Hernandez surrounded by plainclothes and uniformed law enforcement wielding billy clubs. Afterward a police officer was suspended for using excessive force and the Austin City Council abolished the drag boat races. The summer of 1978 was the last summer the boat races were held on Town Lake. Hernandez helped the East Town Lake Citizens Neighborhood Association develop a plan to beautify the north shore of Town Lake east of IH-35 where the races had been held. The neglected area was improved using a grant the neighborhood received and became a green, recreational park.

This is a document about Lady Bird Johnson
  the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. In November 1968, Columbia Island, in Washington, D.C., was renamed Lady Bird Johnson Park, in honor of her campaign as First Lady to beautify the capital. In 1976, the Lyndon Baines Johnson Memorial Grove on the Potomac was dedicated on Columbia Island. Lady Bird declined many overtures to name Austin's Town Lake in her honor after she had led a campaign to clean up the lake and add trails to its shoreline; following her death, Austin Mayor Will Wynn's office said it was a "foregone conclusion that Town Lake is going to be renamed" in honor of Lady Bird Johnson. The

This is a document about Lady Bird Lake
  killed at least 5 dogs who were exposed. Music venues on the banks of Lady Bird Lake are home to a number of events year-round, including the Austin City Limits Music Festival in the fall, the Austin Reggae Festival and Spamarama in the spring, and many open-air concerts at Auditorium Shores on the south bank and Fiesta Gardens on the north bank. The Austin Aqua Festival was held on the shores of Lady Bird Lake from 1962 until 1998. The late Austin resident and blues guitar legend, Stevie Ray Vaughan played a number of concerts at Auditorium Shores and is honored with a memorial statue on the south bank.

This is a document about Austin Aqua Festival
  The Austin Aqua Festival (usually called Aqua Fest) was a ten-day festival held the first week of August on the shores of Town Lake (now Lady Bird Lake) in Austin, Texas from 1962 until 1998.

Town Lake was renamed Lady Bird Lake on July 26, 2007.


Question: who plays the hulk in the avengers movies

Answer: Mark Ruffalo

This is a document about Hulk (film)
  Hulk (also known as The Hulk) is a 2003 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name, directed by Ang Lee and written by James Schamus, Michael France, and John Turman from a story by Schamus. Eric Bana stars as Bruce Banner/Hulk, alongside Jennifer Connelly, Sam Elliott, Josh Lucas, and Nick Nolte. The film explores Bruce Banner's origins. After a lab accident involving gamma radiation, he transforms into a giant, green-skinned creature known as the "Hulk" whenever stressed or emotionally provoked. The United States military pursues him, and he clashes with his biological father, who has dark plans for his son. Development for the film started as far back as 1990. At one point, Joe Johnston and then Jonathan Hensleigh were to

This is a document about Bruce Banner (Marvel Cinematic Universe)
  Bruce Banner is a fictional character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) media franchise initially portrayed by Edward Norton and subsequently by Mark Ruffalo—based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name—known commonly by his alter ego, the Hulk. Banner is depicted as a genius physicist who subjected himself to a gamma radiation experiment designed to replicate a World War II-era super soldier program. The experiment failed, and whenever his heart rate goes above 200 bpm or if he is placed in mortal danger, Banner transforms into a large, muscular creature with green skin. As the Hulk, he possesses superhuman abilities

This is a document about Mark Ruffalo
  Mark Alan Ruffalo (born November 22, 1967) is an American actor. He began acting in the early 1990s and first gained recognition for his work in Kenneth Lonergan's play This Is Our Youth (1998) and drama film You Can Count On Me (2000). He went on to star in the romantic comedies 13 Going on 30 (2004) and Just like Heaven (2005) and the thrillers In the Cut (2003), Zodiac (2007) and Shutter Island (2010); and received a Tony Award nomination for his supporting role in the Broadway revival of Awake and Sing! in 2006. Ruffalo gained international recognition for playing Hulk in the Marvel Cinematic Universe superhero films The Avengers (2012), Iron Man 3 (2013), Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), Thor: Ragnarok (2017), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), Captain Marvel (2019), Avengers: Endgame (2019), and Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings (2021), as

This is a document about Bruce Banner (Marvel Cinematic Universe)
  a fugitive story". When he met Leterrier and Marvel, he liked their vision, and believed they were looking to him to guide the project. During the 2008 New York Comic Con Leterrier publicly offered Lou Ferrigno the chance to voice the Hulk for the film. Originally, the Hulk's only line was "Betty" at the film's ending, which would have been his first word. Leterrier was aware that fans wanted him to speak normally, and added "leave me alone" and "Hulk smash!" The latter line received cheers during a screening he attended. Mark Ruffalo began his role as Banner / Hulk in The Avengers, after Feige said he

This is a document about Hulk in other media
  Edward Norton portrays Bruce Banner in The Incredible Hulk (2008), with Lou Ferrigno providing the voice of the Hulk. Norton did not return to the role in The Avengers (2012), and was replaced by Mark Ruffalo. Ruffalo reprises the role of Banner in Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), Thor: Ragnarok (2017), Avengers: Infinity War, and Avengers: Endgame (2019). Additionally, Ruffalo makes various cameos appearances as Banner in post-credits scenes for three films: Iron Man 3 (2013), Captain Marvel (2019), and Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings (2021) with the latter two featuring him in the mid-credits scene.

This is a document about Hulk
  number of media. Banner and the Hulk have been adapted in live-action, animated, and video game incarnations. The character was first played in a live-action feature film by Eric Bana, released in 2003. In the Marvel Cinematic Universe, the character was portrayed by Edward Norton in the film The Incredible Hulk (2008) and by Mark Ruffalo in the films The Avengers (2012), Iron Man 3 (2013) in a cameo, Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), Thor: Ragnarok (2017), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), Captain Marvel (2019) in a cameo, Avengers: Endgame (2019), Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings (2021) in a cameo, and in the limited series What If...?. Ruffalo will reprise the role in the upcoming Disney+ series She-Hulk (2022).

This is a document about The Incredible Hulk (film)
  The Incredible Hulk is a 2008 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character the Hulk. Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Universal Pictures, it is the second film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). It was directed by Louis Leterrier from a screenplay by Zak Penn, and stars Edward Norton as Bruce Banner alongside Liv Tyler, Tim Roth, Tim Blake Nelson, Ty Burrell, and William Hurt. In the film, Bruce Banner becomes the Hulk as an unwitting pawn in a military scheme to reinvigorate the "Super-Soldier" program through gamma radiation. Banner goes on the run from the military while attempting to cure himself of the Hulk. After the mixed reception to Universal's 2003 film Hulk, Marvel Studios reacquired the

This is a document about The Incredible Hulk (film)
  mind and was now amenable. Mark Ruffalo (Leterrier's first choice before casting Norton ) began his role as Banner / Hulk in The Avengers, after Feige said he chose not to bring back Norton. In October 2014, Norton claimed he chose never to play Hulk again because he "wanted more diversity" with his career, and did not want to be associated with only one character. In April 2012, despite Ruffalo being on board to play the Hulk in the sequel, Feige confirmed to Collider that Marvel had no plans at that time to film another Hulk film. In a Q&A session, Feige and Ruffalo

This is a document about Bruce Banner (Marvel Cinematic Universe)
  actor capable of going just as deep as Robert Downey Jr., we don't feel a strong sense of Bruce Banner's inner conflict". Mark Ruffalo's portrayal of Dr. Bruce Banner/the Hulk in The Avengers was well received by commentators. Joe Neumaier opined that his performance was superior to the rest of the cast; "Ruffalo is the revelation, turning Banner into a wry reservoir of calm ready to become a volcano." Similarly, The New Yorker Anthony Lane proclaimed Ruffalo's acting to be one of the film's highlights—alongside Downey. The Village Voice Karina Longworth concluded: "Ruffalo successfully refreshes the Hulk myth, playing Banner

This is a document about Alternative versions of the Hulk
  In the Marvel Cinematic Universe (Earth-199999), this version of Bruce Banner / Hulk is initially played by actor Edward Norton in The Incredible Hulk but was replaced by Mark Ruffalo from The Avengers onward.

This is a document about The Incredible Hulk (film)
  was a front-runner for the film before Norton's casting, while Louis Leterrier's original choice for the role was Mark Ruffalo, who would later play Banner in future Marvel Cinematic Universe films. Gale Anne Hurd recalled Norton's portrayals of duality in Primal Fear and Fight Club, while Norton reminded Kevin Feige of Bill Bixby, who played Banner in the TV series. Lou Ferrigno, who played the Hulk with Bixby, remarked Norton "has a similar physique [and a] similar personality". Norton was a Hulk fan, citing the first comic appearances, the Bixby TV show, and Bruce Jones' run on the comic, as his

This is a document about The Avengers (2012 film)
  they deserve is arguable". Conversely, A. O. Scott of The New York Times believed that "while The Avengers is hardly worth raging about, its failures are significant and dispiriting. The light, amusing bits cannot overcome the grinding, hectic emptiness, the bloated cynicism that is less a shortcoming of this particular film than a feature of the genre." The performances of several cast members was a frequent topic in the critiques. In particular, Mark Ruffalo's portrayal of Dr. Bruce Banner/the Hulk was well received by commentators. Joe Neumaier opined that his performance was superior to the rest of the cast; "Ruffalo is the

This is a document about The Incredible Hulk (2008 video game)
  Dr. Bruce Banner (Edward Norton) is a scientist who became a fugitive after gamma radiation exposure afflicted him with a condition that causes him to transform into a savage beast known as the Hulk (Fred Tatasciore) whenever he is angry or stressed. In Brazil, Banner evades the forces of Emil Blonsky (Tim Roth) – a soldier serving under General Thunderbolt Ross (William Hurt) – and arrives in Manhattan as the Hulk. He saves the life of Rick Jones, a teenager who had been captured by soldiers working for an organization called the Enclave. Its four leaders, each with their own private

This is a document about Mark Ruffalo
  with the Creative Artists Agency (CAA); in June 2010, he signed on with the United Talent Agency (UTA). Ruffalo starred in The Avengers (2012), the sixth installment of the Marvel Cinematic Universe, replacing Edward Norton as Dr. Bruce Banner / Hulk. He reprised the role again in Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), Thor: Ragnarok (2017), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and Avengers: Endgame (2019). He has been noted for spoiling the endings of Avengers: Infinity War a year ahead of theatrical release, as well as Avengers: Endgame a few weeks ahead of release. Ruffalo also made cameo appearances as Banner in Iron Man 3, Captain Marvel, and Shang-Chi and the

This is a document about What If... the World Lost Its Mightiest Heroes?
  Jeffrey Wright narrates the episode as the Watcher, with Marvel planning to have other characters in the series voiced by the actors who portrayed them in the MCU films. This episode stars the returning voices of Samuel L. Jackson as Nick Fury, Michael Douglas as Hank Pym / Yellowjacket, Clark Gregg as Phil Coulson, Frank Grillo as Brock Rumlow, Jeremy Renner as Clint Barton / Hawkeye, Mark Ruffalo as Bruce Banner / Hulk, Tom Hiddleston as Loki, and Jaimie Alexander as Sif. Gregg improvised various lines during recording, including some "fangirl" moments over the appearance of Thor, who has a non-speaking role in the episode along with the Destroyer and the Warriors Three. Edward Norton portrayed Bruce Banner in The Incredible Hulk, with Ruffalo taking over the role for subsequent MCU films. This episode

This is a document about List of Marvel Cinematic Universe film actors
  Phase One of the franchise includes six films, featuring four different superhero properties, leading up to a crossover in the 2012 film Marvel's The Avengers. The franchise's Phase Two features three sequels to Phase One films, as well as two new film properties, and the crossover Avengers: Age of Ultron, which released in 2015. Phase Three features four sequels to earlier films, and four new film properties, as well as the crossover films Avengers: Infinity War (2018) and Avengers: Endgame (2019). The films from Phase One through Phase Three are collectively known as "The Infinity Saga". The Infinity Saga saw multiple lead actors: Robert Downey Jr. stars as Tony Stark / Iron Man; Edward Norton headlined The Incredible Hulk (2008), playing Bruce Banner / Hulk, but did not reprise

This is a document about Characters of the Marvel Cinematic Universe
  Dr. Bruce Banner (initially portrayed by Edward Norton and subsequently by Mark Ruffalo) is a founding member of the Avengers and a genius physicist who, because of exposure to gamma radiation, transforms into a green monster—known as the Hulk—when enraged or agitated. When transformed he demonstrates superhuman strength and endurance. , the character has appeared in nine films: The Incredible Hulk, The Avengers, Iron Man 3 (post-credits cameo), Avengers: Age of Ultron, Thor: Ragnarok, Avengers: Infinity War, Captain Marvel (mid-credits cameo), Avengers: Endgame and Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings (mid-credits cameo); as well as the Disney+ series Loki (archival footage) and the animated series What If...?. He will return in the upcoming Disney+ series She-Hulk.

This is a document about The Incredible Hulk (1978 TV series)
  For the role of Dr. David Banner, Kenneth Johnson cast Bill Bixby —his first choice for the role. Jack Colvin was cast as "Jack McGee", the cynical tabloid newspaper reporter—modeled after the character of Javert in Les Misérables —who pursues the Hulk. Arnold Schwarzenegger auditioned for the role of the Hulk, but was rejected due to his inadequate height, according to Johnson in his commentary on The Incredible Hulk – Original Television Premiere DVD release. Actor Richard Kiel was hired for the role. During filming, however, Kenneth Johnson's own son pointed out that Kiel's tall-but-underdeveloped physique did not resemble the Hulk's at all. Soon, Kiel was replaced with professional bodybuilder Lou Ferrigno, although

This is a document about List of unproduced Marvel Cinematic Universe projects
  Ahead of the release of The Incredible Hulk (2008), that film's star Edward Norton revealed multiple Hulk films were planned, with director Louis Leterrier intending the final scene with Bruce Banner to be ambiguous, to either set up Banner controlling his anger in a potential sequel, or teasing him becoming "a menace" in The Avengers without a sequel. By June 2008, Leterrier was expected to return as director for a sequel, which he expressed interest in a year later, along with actors Tim Roth and Tim Blake Nelson as their characters Emil Blonsky / Abomination and Samuel Sterns;   Roth was signed for three more films, while Nelson

This is a document about Hulk in other media
  reprising the role. ; Hulk appears in Iron Man and Captain America: Heroes United, with Tatasciore reprising his role. ; Hulk appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes - Black Panther: Trouble in Wakanda, with Tatasciore again reprising his role. ; Hulk appears in Hulk: Where Monsters Dwell with Bruce Banner voiced again by Jesse Burch and Hulk voiced again by Fred Tatasciore. The film had its world premiere at the New York Comic-Con on October 8, 2016. The synopsis for the film is: "Hulk, Doctor Strange and the Howling Commandos on a mission to stop Nightmare from conquering the world."

Mark Ruffalo plays the Hulk in the Avengers movies. He made his debut as the character in "The Avengers" (2012) and has reprised the role in various Marvel Cinematic Universe films since then.


Question: high speed train los angeles to las vegas

Answer: XpressWest

This is a document about Desert Wind
  There are several private, competing plans to restore rail service from Los Angeles to Las Vegas, including the high-speed Brightline West and the more conventional X Train and Z-Train. A Los Angeles – Las Vegas route run by Amtrak nearly entered service in 2000. A Talgo VII trainset was bought for the service in 1999; when it was not implemented, the trainset was later used on the Amtrak Cascades service. Also, as of 2011, new routes were being considered, including routes using the same track as the original Desert Wind, and routes using the Metrolink San Bernardino Line. Lack of funding and congestion through the Cajon Pass remained significant obstacles. More recent proposals using high-speed rail have suggested routing through Victorville and connecting with California's high-speed rail project in Palmdale, assuming the California project can secure funding for a connection from Bakersfield to Los Angeles. The route has some merit for Amtrak, as the July 2010 issue of Trains listed the route as one to be restored in conjunction with upgrading the equipment on the California Zephyr. In 2021, Amtrak announced a Los Angeles to Las Vegas train service as part of a new expansion plan.

This is a document about Las Vegas Railway Express
  convert sections of the route to high-speed. The increase in speed will reduce the trip from 4.5 hours by conventional rail to around 3.5 hours. The proposed double-tracking for high speed rail will be built between Yermo and Las Vegas. A 500-room upscale hotel, dubbed “The X Hotel,” will be built above the Las Vegas train station in the final phase of the project. For now, the proposed schedule is a round trip that departs Friday and returns Sunday. The service was expected to begin in September 2019. However the train was believed to start in July 2020 as an Amtrak train but is now scheduled to start in 2023.

This is a document about Nevada High-Speed Rail Authority
  The authority is intended to select a franchisee to construct and operate a high-speed rail system in Nevada, which is to be known as the Nevada High-Speed Rail System. In 2015, they selected Brightline West as the company who shall be constructing the high-speed rail system that connect Las Vegas to Southern California. As of 2021, the first track is meant to connect Los Angeles and California, with the first few stations being Victorville, Rancho Cucamonga, and Palmdale, though progress is still ongoing.

This is a document about Victor Valley station
  Then developer DesertXpress signed a document with Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority officials in June to explore the plan to build a 50 mi high-speed rail link between Victor Valley and Palmdale. The link would initially connect to the Metrolink system in Palmdale. This would allow passengers to complete a train ride between Los Angeles and Las Vegas with one transfer by using Metrolink in the Los Angeles area and a transfer to the high-speed train at Palmdale station with Victor Valley serving as a through station for the line. The original plan was that the train would travel at speeds of up to 150 mph averaging 130 mph and making the 186 mi trip from Victor Valley to Las Vegas Valley in about 1 hour 24 minutes. That was subject to funding that never was allocated for the project. In 2018, Brightline West bought the projects plans and made a newer plan with 200 mph trains making the journey from Victor Valley much faster and slightly changing the station design.

This is a document about Palmdale Transportation Center
  A multi-modal high-speed rail station just south of the existing station is designated as a stop on the planned California High-Speed Rail line from San Francisco to Los Angeles. It is also proposed as a terminus of the planned Brightline West high-speed rail line to Las Vegas.

This is a document about Las Vegas Valley
  While the Las Vegas area does not have any passenger rail service, proposals to revive passenger trains to Las Vegas have included the Brightline West high-speed train from Victorville, California; the California–Nevada Interstate Maglev, which would extend to Anaheim, California, with its first segment being to Primm, Nevada. The Las Vegas Railway Express; and the Z-Train, which would travel six days a week between Los Angeles Union Station and a new Z-Train Station adjacent to the Strip; and the Desert Lightning to Los Angeles and Phoenix. Las Vegas receives about 30 freight trains per day, and serves as a district crew change point, requiring all trains to stop in downtown. Freight traffic was 179,284 cars in 2004.

This is a document about Brightline West
  with Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority officials in June 2012 to explore the plan to build a 50 mi high-speed rail link between Victor Valley and Palmdale. The link would initially connect to the Metrolink system in Palmdale. This would allow passengers to complete a train ride between Los Angeles and Las Vegas with one transfer by using Metrolink in the Los Angeles area and a transfer to the high-speed train at Palmdale station. The station would eventually connect with California High-Speed Rail, and is designed to have the same specifications and technology, allowing it to continue on California High-Speed Rail further into Burbank and Los Angeles. The early estimate of the costs for this link was $1.5 billion and the earliest environmental work was to be completed by the end of 2013. The date of the service for this link has not been determined.

This is a document about Transportation in Las Vegas
  payer funds. This loan request came months before the final EIS was approved. Their Brightline West project is a plan to construct a 185 mi high-speed route from Las Vegas to Southern California. The terminus of this line, Victorville, has been criticized due to its distance from Downtown Los Angeles, the place long considered to be the prime location for any high-speed rail terminal. Victorville, approximately 85 miles from Los Angeles, was chosen due to the exponential cost of building high-speed rail infrastructure in urban areas, such as the Los Angeles metropolitan area. A competing company, Las Vegas Railway Express, also plans to begin passenger rail service between Las Vegas and Southern California, though at lower speeds.

This is a document about Z-Train
  The Z-Train was the original name of a proposed passenger train service that would operate primarily on Union Pacific Railroad lines between Los Angeles Union Station, Ontario, California, and a new station to be built adjacent to the Las Vegas Strip, with a travel time of five to five-and-a-half hours. Amtrak last operated passenger train service to Las Vegas in 1997 on the Desert Wind. The train would offer an alternative to traveling on congested Interstate 15.

This is a document about California–Nevada Interstate Maglev
  Through a series of acquisitions, Brightline (then known as Virgin Trains USA) acquired rights to a privately owned high-speed rail line running nonstop from Victorville, California, to Las Vegas, a 200-mile run along the I-15 corridor. The project was first proposed by Desert Xpress Enterprises as Desert Xpress. The name of the project was changed to XpressWest, and finally Brightline West. Construction is set to begin in 2021 with service in 2024.

This is a document about California High-Speed Rail
  Brightline West (formerly Desert Xpress and XpressWest) is a project that since 2007 has been planning to build a high-speed rail line between Southern California and Las Vegas, Nevada, part of the "Southwest Rail Network" they hope to create. The rail line would begin in Las Vegas and cross the Mojave Desert stopping in Victorville, California and terminating in Palmdale, California (where it would connect with the CAHSR line and Metrolink). This route would total about 230 miles. Lisa Marie Alley, speaking for CAHSRA, said that there have been ongoing discussions concerning allowing the trains to use CAHSRA lines to go further into the Los Angeles area, although no commitments have been made as yet. While many approvals have been obtained for the rail line from Victorville to Las Vegas, the section from Palmdale to Victorville has none as yet. In September 2018, Florida-based railway company Brightline purchased the rights and assets to the connection.

This is a document about Fiona Ma
  In her first year as treasurer, Ma appointed Dr. Beverly Scott and Frederick Jordan to the California High-Speed Rail Peer Review Group. Ma also gave a big boost to the So-Cal-to-Las Vegas XpressWest high-speed rail project connecting Southern California and Las Vegas, Nevada when she announced approval of a $300 million bond issuance for the project. The $4.8-billion, 170-mile long line running along Interstate 15 is slated to start construction in 2020 with trains running by 2023. “This is going to be the biggest shot in the arm that we have ever seen,” said Art Bishop, a councilman and former mayor in the San Bernardino County, California area, with an expected 600 permanent jobs generated and thousands of new homes in the region.

This is a document about City of Las Vegas (train)
  The City of Las Vegas was a streamlined passenger train operated by the Union Pacific Railroad between Las Vegas, Nevada and Los Angeles, California. It operated from 1956 to 1968. It was one of several trains to operate with the experimental General Motors Aerotrain, although this experiment was short-lived. After 1961 the train was known as the Las Vegas Holiday Special.

This is a document about Brightline West
  Brightline West is a proposed privately run high-speed rail route between Las Vegas Valley and Victor Valley, in the high desert area of Southern California. Formerly known as XpressWest, the project is intended to provide an alternative to air and automobile travel between Southern California and Las Vegas, a popular vacation spot for many living in the region. Construction on the route is expected to begin in early 2022 and trains are planned to enter revenue service in 2024. The line was developed starting in 2005 as DesertXpress and has passed through several developers and investors. In September 2018, the project rights were acquired by Fortress Investment Group, which owns Brightline in Florida, the only privately run inter-city rail route in the United States.

This is a document about California–Nevada Interstate Maglev
  of 2006. With McCarran International Airport expected to reach capacity in a few years and I-15 upgrades for more lanes an ongoing project, an alternative mode of transportation between Southern California and Las Vegas is considered important by many transportation planners. As a result, a maglev train was proposed in the late 1990s. Operating on a dedicated track, it would not be subject to delays from freight trains, a problem that plagued the old Amtrak service. As a high-speed service, it would be able to compete with airlines for passengers, especially from the outlying areas of Southern California. Funding allocated to date: The maglev project's cost has recently been estimated to be around

This is a document about Brightline West
  Las Vegas is a gambling and tourist destination for the Greater Los Angeles area with Interstate 15 being a direct route between the two regions. Travel by automobile takes around four hours while Greyhound buses cover the route in between five and seven hours. The highway carries heavy traffic on Thursday, Friday, and Sunday which causes significant delays and bumper to bumper traffic jams. Motorists heading back to Los Angeles on Sunday can create a 17 mile backup. Airlines have direct flights but traffic and security at the airport add time to the short flight. Las Vegas lost its last passenger train service in 1997 when Amtrak cancelled the Desert Wind.

This is a document about Proposed high-speed rail by country
  Group, is a line planned to be built between Los Angeles, California and Las Vegas, Nevada with trains running up to 200 mph. Started as an independent venture in 2005, the project changed hands several times before being acquired by Brightline, who had recently begun their initial Florida route. Construction is expected to start in 2020 with service to commence in 2024. ; In September 2010, Amtrak unveiled proposals for 355 kph trains to run between Washington, D.C. and Boston, stopping at various cities along the way, including Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York. The end-to-end journey time would be three hours. The proposals

This is a document about Transportation in Las Vegas
  without passenger rail service. In 2005 DesertXpress Enterprises LLC was formed in an attempt to restore passenger rail service to Las Vegas. They officially released their plan to construct a high-speed route to SoCal later that year. In 2009, after years of environmental reports, determining right of way, and debating over what federal agency would have regulatory authority, Secretary of Transportation Ray LaHood announced the official recognition of DesertXpress as a high-speed route. In early 2011, DesertXpress applied for a federal, $5 billion loan through the FRAs RRIF. If approved this would be the largest single amount loaned out since the program began. This contradicted original statements made by DesertXpress Enterprises, that they would not use any

This is a document about Las Vegas Railway Express
  Las Vegas Railway Express, branded as "X Train," is an American rail transport company that plans to operate passenger rail service between Southern California and Las Vegas, Nevada. In May 2017, the Las Vegas Railway Express sold its operation and branding to X Rail Entertainment. In October 2018, the Las Vegas Railway Express proposed to change its name to United Rail Inc. In November 2018, the company chose First Transit Group to operate the train, but, the company was in talks with Amtrak to operate the train.

This is a document about California–Nevada Interstate Maglev
 $1 million on December 8, 2004 in the 2005FY appropriation bill. ; $45 million (later withdrawn) for planning in the 2006FY Federal appropriation bill for the Las Vegas to Primm segment. The money was redirected to a highway project at McCarran International Airport. In the late 1970s and 1980s, Nevada politicians talked of a "bullet train" to connect Southern California to Las Vegas. Since the 1997 termination of the Amtrak-run Desert Wind, Las Vegas has been without any passenger train service. Plans to resume service using a Talgo train have failed to gain traction due to the high cost of upgrades to the existing track, much of it being only a single track

The high-speed train from Los Angeles to Las Vegas is currently being developed by Brightline West, a subsidiary of Brightline, which is a high-speed rail system in the United States. The train is expected to travel at 200 mph and make stops in Victorville, California, and Palmdale, California, before reaching Las Vegas. The first few stations are planned to be Victorville, California, Los Angeles Union Station, and Palmdale, California. The train is expected to be completed in 2023.


Question: which act or law defined the three classes of the poor

Answer: Vagabonds and Beggars Act

This is a document about 1563 Act For the Relief of the Poor
  The 1563 Act for the Relief of the Poor is a law passed in England under Queen Elizabeth I. It is a part of the Tudor Poor Laws. It extended the Poor Act of 1555. It further provided that those who refused, after exhortation by the bishop, to contribute to poor relief could be bound over to the Justice of the Peace and assessed fines.

This is a document about Workhouse
  of those within their boundaries who, through age or infirmity, were unable to work. The Act essentially classified the poor into one of three groups. It proposed that the able-bodied be offered work in a house of correction (the precursor of the workhouse), where the "persistent idler" was to be punished. It also proposed the construction of housing for the impotent poor, the old and the infirm, although most assistance was granted through a form of poor relief known as outdoor relief – money, food, or other necessities given to those living in their own homes, funded by a local tax on the property of the wealthiest in the parish.

This is a document about Irish Poor Laws
  The report of the Royal Commission on the Poorer Classes in Ireland 1833 led to the Irish Poor Law Act of 1838, under which three "poor law commissioners" divided Ireland into poor law unions, in which paupers would receive poor relief (either workhouse or outdoor relief) paid for by a poor rate based on a "poor law valuation". The name "union" was retained from the English "union of parishes" model although the Irish union boundaries diverged greatly from those of the civil parishes. A union was named after the town on which it was centred, where its workhouse was located. Unions were defined as groups of poor law

This is a document about Irish Poor Laws
   The Irish Poor Laws were a series of Acts of Parliament intended to address social instability due to widespread and persistent poverty in Ireland. While some legislation had been introduced by the pre-Union Parliament of Ireland prior to the Act of Union, the most radical and comprehensive attempt was the Irish act of 1838, closely modelled on the English Poor Law of 1834. In England, this replaced Elizabethan era legislation which had no equivalent in Ireland.

This is a document about Act for the Relief of the Poor 1597
  The Act for the Relief of the Poor 1597 was a piece of poor law legislation in England and Wales. It provided the first complete code of poor relief and was later amended by the Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601, which formed the basis of poor relief for the next two centuries. The Act established overseers of the poor.

This is a document about Tudor Poor Laws
  Poor Laws. It provided additional structure for the registration of poor and parish collections. The 1575 Poor Act required that each parish had to have a store of "wool, hemp, flax, iron" so that the poor could be set to work. Although the phrase "Elizabethan Poor Laws" is generally used to refer to the 1598 and 1601 poor laws passed by Queen Elizabeth I and subsequent statutes, Elizabeth I passed laws early in her reign that are a part of the earlier Tudor Poor Laws. Her 1563 Act For the Relief of the Poor required all parish residents to contribute to poor collections, and further provided for the punishment of refusal to contribute.

This is a document about Poor law union
  Under the Irish Poor Law Act of 1838, three Poor Law Commissioners" divided Ireland into poor law unions, in which paupers would receive poor relief paid for by a poor rate extracted by local poor law valuations (ratings of rate payers). The name "union" was retained from the English model although boundaries were unrelated to civil parishes. A union was named after the town on which it was centred, usually where its workhouse stood. Unions were defined as groups of poor law electoral divisions, in turn groups of townlands. Electoral divisions returned members (guardians) to the board of guardians, to which ratepayers who paid higher rates had more votes. During and after the Great Famine, the impoverished west was redrawn to

This is a document about English Poor Laws
  the reign of Henry VII. In 1495, Parliament passed the Vagabonds and Beggars Act ordering that "vagabonds, idle and suspected persons shall be set in the stocks for three days and three nights and have none other sustenance but bread and water and then shall be put out of Town. Every beggar suitable to work shall resort to the Hundred where he last dwelled, is best known, or was born and there remain upon the pain aforesaid." Although this returned the burden of caring for the jobless to the communities producing more children than they could employ, it offered no immediate remedy to the problem of poverty; it

This is a document about Poor Relief Act 1691
  The Poor Relief Act 1691 (3 Will & Mary c 11) was an Act of the Parliament of England. The whole Act was repealed by section 245(1) of, and Schedule 11 to, the Poor Law Act 1927. Sections 1 to 4 (which are sections 2 to 5 in Ruffhead's Edition of the Statutes, by Serjeant Runnington, 1786) were repealed by section 1 of, and the Schedule to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1867.

This is a document about English Poor Laws
   The English Poor Laws were a system of poor relief in England and Wales that developed out of the codification of late-medieval and Tudor-era laws in 1587–1598. The system continued until the modern welfare state emerged after the Second World War. English Poor Law legislation can be traced back as far as 1536, when legislation was passed to deal with the impotent poor, although there were much earlier Tudor laws dealing with the problems caused by vagrants and beggars. The history of the Poor Law in England and Wales is usually divided between two statutes: the Old Poor Law passed during the reign of Elizabeth I (1558–1603) and the New Poor Law, passed in 1834, which

This is a document about 1555 Poor Act
  The Poor Act of 1555 was a law passed in England by Queen Mary I. It is a part of the Tudor Poor Laws. It extended the Poor Act of 1552 and added a provision that licensed beggars must wear badges. The provision requiring badges was added to shame local community members into donating more alms to their parish for poor relief.

This is a document about Act for the Relief of the Poor 1601
 1662 – Poor Relief Act 1662 (Settlement Acts) ; 1723 – Workhouse Test Act ; 1782 – Gilbert's Act ; 1795 – Speenhamland The Poor Relief Act 1601 (43 Eliz 1 c 2) was an Act of the Parliament of England. The Act for the Relief of the Poor 1601, popularly known as the Elizabethan Poor Law, "43rd Elizabeth" or the Old Poor Law was passed in 1601 and created a poor law system for England and Wales. It formalised earlier practices of poor relief distribution in England and Wales and is generally considered a refinement of the Act for the Relief of the Poor 1597 that established Overseers of the Poor. The "Old Poor Law" was not one law but a collection of laws passed between the 16th and 18th centuries. The system's administrative unit was the parish. It was not a centralised government policy but a law which made individual parishes responsible for Poor Law legislation. The 1601 act saw a move away from the more obvious forms of punishing paupers under the Tudor system towards methods of "correction". Several amending pieces of legislation can be considered part of the Old Poor Law. These include:

This is a document about Social citizenship
  Under the Elizabethan Poor Law, social rights were not part of citizenship status. The Poor Law Act of 1601 placed the responsibility of caring for the disabled on the family; the state was not legally obligated to care for those who were unable to work. By the middle of the seventeenth century, small pensions were allocated to the poor, which often included disabled persons who were barred from wage labor, although these provisions were meager and not substantial enough to live off of. In 1834, the Poor Law Amendment Act was created in order to reduce the number of able-bodied poor who received a pension. While the disabled were able to access monetary assistance, they could only receive indoor assistance through institutionalization. This structure of monetary provision stigmatized the disabled for their lack of participation in the labor force and ostracized them

This is a document about Poor relief
  In the late 15th century, parliament took action on the growing problem of poverty, focusing on punishing people for being "vagabonds" and for begging. In 1495, during the reign of King Henry VII, Parliament enacted the Vagabond Act. This provided for officers of the law to arrest and hold "all such vagabonds, idle and suspect persons living suspiciously and them so taken to set in stocks, there to remain three nights and to have none other sustenance but bread and water; and after the said three days and three nights, to be had out and set at large and to be

This is a document about Poor relief
  was in the form of food and clothing. Parishes distributed land and animals. Institutionalized charities offered loans to help craftsmen to alms houses and hospitals. Act for the Relief of the Poor 1597 provided the first complete code of poor relief, established Overseers of the Poor and was later amended by the Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601, which was one of the longest-lasting achievements of her reign, left unaltered until 1834. This law made each parish responsible for supporting the legitimately needy in their community. It taxed wealthier citizens of the country to provide basic shelter, food and clothing,

This is a document about Workhouse
  a distinction was legally enshrined between those who were willing to work but could not, and those who were able to work but would not: between "the genuinely unemployed and the idler". Supporting the destitute was a problem exacerbated by King Henry VIII's Dissolution of the Monasteries, which began in 1536. They had been a significant source of charitable relief, and provided a good deal of direct and indirect employment. The Poor Relief Act of 1576 went on to establish the principle that if the able-bodied poor needed support, they had to work for it. The Act for the Relief of the Poor 1601 made parishes legally responsible for the

This is a document about Social care in England
  Social care has long existed as an informal concept, through family and community support and charitable works. In medieval times, social care had been provided by monastic foundations, but at the Reformation, that support ended, because the monasteries were dissolved. The loss of monastic social support (and education) was one of the declared grievances behind the Pilgrimage of Grace. After briefly experimenting with harsher approaches to the destitute, the Tudor establishment passed the Elizabethan Poor Law (in 1601), which made civil parishes (a local government unit) responsible for providing basic health, domestic care, housing, and employment support, to those in need; this was one of the earliest Acts of Parliament

This is a document about Tudor Poor Laws
  The Tudor Poor Laws were the laws regarding poor relief in the Kingdom of England around the time of the Tudor period (1485–1603). The Tudor Poor Laws ended with the passing of the Elizabethan Poor Law in 1601, two years before the end of the Tudor dynasty, a piece of legislation which codified the previous Tudor legislation. During the Tudor period it is estimated that up to a third of the population lived in poverty. The population doubled in size between the reigns of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I. The earliest Tudor Poor Laws were very much focused on punishing beggars and vagabonds. For example, the Vagabonds and Beggars Act of 1494 passed by

This is a document about Poor Law Amendment Act 1834
  interpreted differently in different parishes, as these areas varied widely in their economic prosperity, and the levels of unemployment experienced within them, leading to an uneven system. Local Boards of Guardians also interpreted the law to suit the interests of their own parishes, resulting in an even greater degree of local variation. The poor working-class including the agricultural laborers and factory workers also opposed the New Poor Law Act because the diet in workhouses was inadequate to sustain workers' health and nutrition. The Times even named this act as "the starvation act." Even more, the act forced workers to relocate to the locations of workhouses which separated families.

This is a document about Poor Relief Act 1662
  The Poor Relief Act 1662 (14 Car 2 c 12) was an Act of the Cavalier Parliament of England. It was an Act for the Better Relief of the Poor of this Kingdom and is also known as the Settlement Act or the Settlement and Removal Act. The purpose of the Act was to establish the parish to which a person belonged (i.e. his/her place of "settlement"), and hence clarify which parish was responsible for him should he become in need of Poor Relief (or "chargeable" to the parish poor rates). This was the first occasion when a document proving domicile became statutory: these were

The 1563 Act for the Relief of the Poor in England defined the three classes of the poor as those who could be put to work, those who could not be put to work and were proposed for the house of correction, and those who were unable to work and were to be assisted through outdoor relief.