Question: when were pass laws abolished in south africa

Answer: 1986

This is a document about Pass laws
  On July 24, 1986, as part of a process of removing some apartheid laws, the South African government lifted the requirement to carry passbooks, although the pass law system itself was not yet repealed. The system of pass laws was formally repealed retroactive on April 23, 1986, with the Abolition of Influx Control Act. Helen Suzman (MP) mentioned the act as the most eminent reform a government had ever introduced.

This is a document about Pass laws
  In South Africa, pass laws were a form of internal passport system designed to segregate the population, manage urbanization, and allocate migrant labor. Also known as the natives' law, pass laws severely limited the movements of not only black African citizens, but other people as well by requiring or designated areas. Before the 1950s, this legislation largely applied to African men, and attempts to apply it to women in the 1910s and 1950s were met with significant protests. Pass laws were one of the dominant features of the country's apartheid system until it was effectively ended in 1986.

This is a document about Pass laws
  and could only be seen as a scheme to control the black population in South Africa. As the years passed by, pass laws would be used less and less to prosecute people. There was a “decline in pass law prosecutions over the period 1968-1981”, which is not surprising considering “the new forms of tight influx controls”. There had been a radical change when the Riekert Commission recommended “that ‘unlawful occupation of accommodation by persons’, together with ‘unlawful employment’, be grounds for ‘repatriation’ of persons from the white area”, which meant that they changed their enforcement to “being taken off the streets and into housing and factories”. Pass laws were repealed in 1986.

This is a document about Border control
  and 1950s were met with significant protests. Pass laws were one of the dominant features of the country's apartheid system until it was effectively ended in 1986. The first internal passports in South Africa were introduced on 27 June 1797 by the Earl Macartney in an attempt to prevent Africans from entering the Cape Colony. The Cape Colony was merged with the two Afrikaners republics in southern Africa to form the Union of South Africa in 1910. By this time, versions of pass laws existed elsewhere. A major boost for their utilization was the rise of the mining sector from the 1880s: pass laws provided a convenient means of controlling workers' mobility and enforcing

This is a document about Nomzamo
  a criminal record. During 1980s there was a lot of revolt against apartheid regime in South Africa. This has resulted in international boycotts from other countries which did not support apartheid. On July 23, 1986, the South African government lifted the requirement to carry passbooks, although the pass law system itself was repealed in November that same year. As the result people started sneaking illegally into Lwandle including women. Around this time the area that was designed to accommodate only 500 men had a population of about 3000 people and informal areas known as Umgababa A and B (Greenfields in present day) started to

This is a document about Apartheid legislation
 Natives (Urban Areas) Act, 1923 ; Natives (Urban Areas) Consolidation Act, 1945 ; Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act, 1951 ; Native Laws Amendment Act, 1952 ; Natives (Abolition of Passes and Co-ordination of Documents) Act, 1952 ; Natives Resettlement Act, 1954 ; Natives (Prohibition of Interdicts) Act, 1956 ; Urban Bantu Councils Act, 1961 ; Black Local Authorities Act, 1982 The pass laws were repealed by the Identification Act, 1986 and the influx control laws by the Abolition of Influx Control Act, 1986.

This is a document about Border control
  In 1896 the South African Republic brought in two pass laws which required Africans to carry a metal badge. Only those employed by a master were permitted to remain on the Rand. Those entering a "labour district" needed a special pass which entitled them to remain for three days. The Natives (Urban Areas) Act of 1923 deemed urban areas in South Africa as "white" and required all black African men in cities and towns to carry around permits called "passes" at all times. Anyone found without a pass would be arrested immediately and sent to a rural area. It was replaced in 1945 by the Natives (Urban Areas) Consolidation Act, which imposed "influx control"

This is a document about Apartheid
  and those entering a "labour district" needed a special pass. In 1905 the General Pass Regulations Act denied blacks the vote and limited them to fixed areas, and in 1906 the Asiatic Registration Act of the Transvaal Colony required all Indians to register and carry passes. The latter was repealed by the British government but re-enacted again in 1908. In 1910, the Union of South Africa was created as a self-governing dominion, which continued the legislative program: the South Africa Act (1910) enfranchised white people, giving them complete political control over all other racial groups while removing the right of black people to sit in parliament, the

This is a document about Racism
  electricity; as well as access to adequate schooling. Non-white South Africans were also prevented from accessing certain public areas, from using certain public transportation, and were required to live only in certain designated areas. Non-white South Africans were taxed differently than white South Africans and they were also required to carry on them at all times additional documentation, which later became known as "dom passes", to certify their non-white South African citizenship. All of these legislative racial laws were abolished through a series of equal human rights laws which were passed at the end of the Apartheid era in the early 1990s.

This is a document about Pass laws
  10. The Natives (Abolition of Passes and Co-ordination of Documents) Act of 1952, commonly known as the Pass Laws Act, repealed the many regional pass laws and instituted one nationwide pass law, which made it compulsory for all black South Africans over the age of 16 to carry the "passbook" at all times within white areas. The law stipulated where, when, and for how long a person could remain. The document was similar to an internal passport, containing details on the bearer such as their fingerprints, photograph, the name of his/her employer, his/her address, how long the bearer had been

This is a document about Internal passport
  In South Africa, the pass laws (notably the Pass Laws Act 1952, which applied until 1986) were a component of the apartheid system. The laws regulated where, when and for how long persons could remain outside their "homeland"—which, for many people, was not their homeland, so thousands of autochthon people were forced to change region. These laws also made it compulsory for all black South Africans over the age of 15 to carry a pass book at all times. However, the legislation also required that citizens of all races have on their person an ID book, which closely approximates a passport.

This is a document about Border control
 the person had been born there and resided there always since birth; ; the person had laboured continuously for ten years in any agreed area for any employer, or lived continuously in any such area for fifteen years;  In South Africa prior to the end of Apartheid, pass laws were a form of internal passport system designed to segregate the population, manage urbanisation, and allocate migrant labour. Also known as the natives' law, pass laws severely limited the movements of not only black African citizens, but other people as well by requiring or designated areas. Before the 1950s, this legislation largely applied to African men, and attempts to apply it to women in the

This is a document about Sharpeville massacre
  South African governments since the eighteenth century had enacted measures to restrict the flow of black South Africans into cities. Pass laws intended to control and direct their movement and employment were updated in the 1950s. Under the country's National Party government, black residents in urban districts were subject to influx control measures. Individuals over sixteen were required to carry passbooks, which contained an identity card, employment and influx authorisation from a labour bureau, name of employer and address, and details of personal history. Leading up to the Sharpeville massacre, the National Party administration under the leadership of Dr. Hendrik Verwoerd used these laws to enforce greater racial segregation and, in 1959–1960, extended them to include women. From the 1960s, the pass laws were the primary instrument used by the state to detain and harass its political opponents. The African National Congress (ANC) prepared to initiate a campaign of protests against pass laws. These protests were to begin on 31 March 1960, but the rival Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC), led by Robert Sobukwe, decided to pre-empt the ANC by launching its own campaign ten days earlier, on 21 March, because they believed that the ANC could not win the campaign.

This is a document about Resident registration
  South Africa introduced the Population Registration Act in 1950, which created a national population register, and required the classification of residents based on race, and the issuing of identity cards. This system formed an important part in the pass laws, one of the dominant features of South Africa's apartheid system, after the Native Laws Amendment Act and the Abolition of Passes and Co-ordination of Documents Act of 1952 regularized their use. The apartheid system effectively ended in 1986.

This is a document about Griqualand West Annexation Act
  for the vote, with the qualifications for suffrage applied equally regardless of race. This was welcomed by the Griqua and Tswana majority, but rejected by the diggers, who comprised much of the white minority. The promulgation of the act was set for 18 October 1880, when the last Lieutenant Governor, James Rose Innes stepped down and direct British imperial rule over the territory ended. Many spent (obsolete) sections of the act were repealed on 19 May 1934 by the Cape Statute Law Revision Act, 1934. Another section was repealed on 14 June 1967 by the Pre-Union Statute Law Revision Act, 1967, and the remainder of the act was repealed on 2 September 1970 by the Pre-Union Statute Law Revision Act, 1970.

This is a document about Apartheid
  the pass laws. Botha told White South Africans to "adapt or die" and twice he wavered on the eve of what were billed as "rubicon" announcements of substantial reforms, although on both occasions he backed away from substantial changes. Ironically, these reforms served only to trigger intensified political violence through the remainder of the 1980s as more communities and political groups across the country joined the resistance movement. Botha's government stopped short of substantial reforms, such as lifting the ban on the ANC, PAC and SACP and other liberation organisations, releasing political prisoners, or repealing the foundation laws of

This is a document about Freedom of movement
  Under apartheid, freedom of movement for nonwhites was limited by pass laws beginning with the Natives (Urban Areas) Act 1923 requiring black men to have a pass with them to enter cities. After the National Party imposed apartheid in the 1950s, these laws were expanded to prohibit all non-whites from remaining in cities for longer than 72 hours. Beyond the African Charter on Human and People's Rights, the Constitution of South Africa also contains express freedoms of movement, in section 21 of Chapter 2. Freedom of movement is guaranteed to "everyone" in regard to leaving the country but is limited to citizens when entering it or staying in it. Citizens also have a right to a passport, critical to full exercise of the freedom of movement internationally.

This is a document about Pass laws
  These discriminatory regulations fueled growing discontent from the black population. The 1910s saw significant opposition to pass laws being applied to black women. In 1919, the revolutionary syndicalist International Socialist League (South Africa), in conjunction with the syndicalist Industrial Workers of Africa and the early African National Congress, organised a major anti-pass campaign. The 1950s saw the ANC begin the Defiance Campaign to oppose the pass laws. This conflict climaxed at the Sharpeville Massacre, where the anti-pass protestors led by the rival breakaway Pan Africanist Congress of Azania (PAC) surrounded the Sharpeville police station, prompting the police to open fire, killing 69 people and injuring over 180. Subsequent protests and strikes were met with major repression and the ANC and PAC were both banned.

This is a document about Women in South Africa
  was able to organize more than 20,000 women to march on government buildings in Pretoria to protest against the pass laws and other apartheid restrictions in 1955. Their protests eventually failed, however. In the early 1960s, pass-law restrictions were extended to women and new legislation restricted black women without steady employment to stays of no more than seventy-two hours in any urban area. Also in 1964, many senior ANC leaders were arrested, and others fled from South Africa or went underground, and the ANCWL became almost defunct. Women continued to join the urban work force, and by the late 1980s, women made up

This is a document about History of the African National Congress
  The ANC planned a campaign against the Pass Laws, which required black South Africans to carry an identity card at all times to justify their presence in white areas, to begin on 31 March 1960. The PAC pre-empted the ANC by holding unarmed protests 10 days earlier, during which 69 protesters were killed and 180 injured by police fire in what became known as the Sharpeville massacre. In the aftermath of the tragedy, both organisations were banned from political activity. International opposition to the regime increased throughout the 1950s and 1960s, fuelled by the growing number of newly independent nations, the Anti-Apartheid Movement in Britain, and the civil rights movement in the United States. In 1960, Luthuli was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. This feat that would be repeated in 1993 by Nelson Mandela and F.W. de Klerk jointly, for their actions in helping to negotiate peaceful transition to democracy after Mandela's release from prison.

Pass laws were formally abolished in South Africa on April 23, 1986. However, the requirement to carry passbooks was lifted on July 24, 1986.


Question: when did the dodgers move to la from brooklyn

Answer: 1957

This is a document about Sports in Los Angeles
  The Los Angeles area is one of four metropolitan areas to host two Major League Baseball teams—the Los Angeles Dodgers in the National League and the Los Angeles Angels in the American League.  The Dodgers were founded in Brooklyn, New York in 1883; they officially adopted the name Dodgers in 1932. The team moved to Los Angeles before the 1958 season and played four consecutive seasons at Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum before they moved to their current home stadium, Dodger Stadium, in 1962. The Dodgers are one of the most valuable franchises in MLB. They have won seven World Series championships and 24 National League

This is a document about Los Angeles Dodgers
  The Los Angeles Dodgers are an American professional baseball team based in Los Angeles. The Dodgers compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the National League (NL) West division. Established in 1883 in the city of Brooklyn, which later became a borough of New York City, the team joined the NL in 1890 as the Brooklyn Bridegrooms and assumed several different monikers thereafter before finally settling on the name Dodgers in 1932. From the 1940s through the mid-1950s, the Dodgers developed a fierce cross-town rivalry with the New York Yankees as the two clubs faced each other in the World Series seven times, with the Dodgers losing the first five

This is a document about History of the Brooklyn Dodgers
  considering moving the Giants to Minneapolis, but was persuaded instead to move them to San Francisco, ensuring that the Dodgers had a National League rival closer than St. Louis. So the two arch-rival teams, the Dodgers and Giants, moved out to the West Coast together after the 1957 season. The Brooklyn Dodgers played their final game at Ebbets Field on September 24, 1957, which the Dodgers won 2–0 over the Pittsburgh Pirates. On April 18, 1958, the Los Angeles Dodgers played their first game in L.A., defeating the former New York and newly relocated and renamed San Francisco Giants, 6–5, before 78,672 fans at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. Catcher

This is a document about History of the Brooklyn Dodgers
  The Brooklyn Dodgers were a Major League Baseball team, active primarily in the National League (founded 1876) from 1884 until 1957, after which the club moved to Los Angeles, California, where it continues its history as the Los Angeles Dodgers. The team moved west at the same time as its longtime rival, the New York Giants, also in the National League, relocated to San Francisco in northern California as the San Francisco Giants. The team's name derived from the reputed skill of Brooklyn residents at evading the city's trolley streetcars; the name is a shortened form of their old name, the Brooklyn Trolley Dodgers. The Dodgers played in two stadiums in South Brooklyn, each named Washington Park, and at Eastern Park in the neighborhood of Brownsville before moving to Ebbets Field in the neighborhood of Crown Heights in 1913. The team is noted for signing Jackie Robinson in 1947 as the first black player in the modern major leagues.

This is a document about Ebbets Field
  to move to a city-owned stadium in Flushing Meadows in the borough of Queens (the future site of Shea Stadium and Citi Field). O'Malley refused to consider Moses' proposal, famously saying, "We are the Brooklyn Dodgers, not the Queens Dodgers!" As a result, O'Malley began to flirt publicly with Los Angeles, using a relocation threat as political leverage to win favor for a Brooklyn stadium. Ultimately, O'Malley and Moses could not come to agreement on a new location for the stadium, and the club moved west to Los Angeles after the 1957 season. During their last two years in Brooklyn, the Dodgers played several games each year in Jersey City,

This is a document about Los Angeles Dodgers
  before defeating them to win the franchise's first title in 1955. It was also during this period that the Dodgers made history by breaking the baseball color line in 1947 with the debut of Jackie Robinson, the first African-American to play in the Major Leagues since 1884. Another major milestone was reached in 1956 when Don Newcombe became the first player ever to win both the Cy Young Award and the NL MVP in the same season. After 68 seasons in Brooklyn, Dodgers owner and president Walter O'Malley relocated the franchise to Los Angeles before the 1958 season. The team played their first four seasons at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum before moving

This is a document about Sports in Brooklyn
  Just two years later, the Dodgers moved to Los Angeles, after the 1957 season, causing widespread resentment and sorrow. Brooklyn's most beloved and cherished institution had left, and the move is cited by some historians as one of the catalysts for the decline of Brooklyn in the 1960s and 1970s. In addition, the Brooklyn Ward's Wonders of the Players' League in 1890 and the Brooklyn Tip-Tops of the Federal League in 1914 and 1915 called the borough home. The Players' League team played in Eastern Park, in what is now known as East New York. The Tip-Tops played in the final

This is a document about List of Los Angeles Dodgers no-hitters
  The Los Angeles Dodgers are a Major League Baseball franchise currently based in Los Angeles. They play in the National League West division. The franchise joined the American Association in 1884 as the "Brooklyn Atlantics". They have been known in their early years as the "Brooklyn Grays" (1885–1887), "Brooklyn Bridegrooms" (1888–1890, 1896–1898), "Brooklyn Grooms" (1891–1895), "Brooklyn Superbas" (1899–1910, 1913), "Brooklyn Robins" (1914–1931), and "Brooklyn Dodgers" (1911–12, 1932–1957). There have been 20 pitchers for the Dodgers that have thrown 25 no-hitters in franchise history. A no-hitter is officially recognized by Major League Baseball only "...when a pitcher (or pitchers) allows no hits during the entire course of a game, which consists of at least

This is a document about History of the Los Angeles Dodgers
  On April 18, 1958, the Los Angeles Dodgers played their first game in LA, defeating the former New York and now new San Francisco Giants, 6–5, before 78,672 fans at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. Sadly, catcher Roy Campanella, left partially paralyzed in an off-season accident, was never able to play for Los Angeles. The process of building Walter O'Malley's dream stadium soon began in semi-rural Chavez Ravine, in the hills just north of downtown L.A. There was some political controversy, as the residents of the ravine, mostly Hispanic and mostly poor, resisted the eminent domain removal of their homes (land which had been previously

This is a document about List of Los Angeles Dodgers managers
  The Los Angeles Dodgers are a Major League Baseball team that plays in the National League Western Division. The Dodgers began play in 1884 as the Brooklyn Atlantics and have been known by seven nicknames since (including the Grays, Grooms, Superbas, and Robins), before adopting the Dodgers name for good in 1932. They played in Brooklyn, New York until their move to Los Angeles in 1958. During the team's existence, they have employed 32 different managers. The duties of the team manager include team strategy and leadership on and off the field.

This is a document about History of baseball team nicknames
  The minor league team and the nickname were displaced when the Brooklyn Dodgers of the National League moved coast-to-coast in 1958. The Los Angeles Dodgers carried their successful ways, and there were no trolleys to be dodged in Los Angeles.

This is a document about List of professional sports teams in California
 based in Los Angeles (Main article) ; Relocated from Brooklyn in 1958 ; Previously known as the Brooklyn Dodgers (1932–1957) and others (1883–1931) ; Currently play at Dodger Stadium (1962–present) ; Previously played at Ebbets Field (1913–1957), Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (1958–1961) , and others (1883–1912) ; World Championships: 1959, 1963, 1965, 1981, 1988, 2020

This is a document about Long Island
  their last full season at the Nassau Coliseum during the 2020-2021 NHL Season. The Islanders will move full-time to UBS Arena at Belmont Park, in Elmont, New York, in November 2021. Ebbets Field, which stood in Brooklyn from 1913 until its demolition in 1960, was the home of the Brooklyn Dodgers baseball team, who moved to California after the 1957 Major League Baseball season to become the Los Angeles Dodgers. The Dodgers won several National League pennants in the 1940s and 1950s, losing several times in the World Series—often called Subway Series—to their Bronx rivals, the New York Yankees. The Dodgers won their lone championship in Brooklyn in the 1955

This is a document about 1957 Major League Baseball season
 October 7 – the Los Angeles City Council approves the Chavez Ravine site for Dodger Stadium by a vote of 10 to 4. ; October 8 – Walter O'Malley announces that the Dodgers will move to Los Angeles for the 1958 season. New York would not have a National League team again until the expansion New York Mets began play in 1962.

This is a document about List of Los Angeles Dodgers in the Baseball Hall of Fame
  The Los Angeles Dodgers are a Major League Baseball team based in Los Angeles. The team is in the Western Division of the National League. Established in 1883, the team originated in Brooklyn, where it was known as the Brooklyn Dodgers, before moving to Los Angeles for the 1958 season. A total of 55 players, managers, and executives in the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum, plus four broadcasters who have received the Hall's Ford C. Frick Award, spent some or part of their professional careers with the Los Angeles Dodgers

This is a document about Chavez Ravine
  used for a public purpose. Following the "baseball referendum", promoted by the Taxpayers Committee for Yes on Baseball, which was approved by Los Angeles voters on June 3, 1958, the city made the controversial decision to trade 352 acre of land at Chavez Ravine to the Brooklyn Dodgers and team's owner Walter O'Malley in exchange for land around the minor league park, Wrigley Field, with the aim of providing incentives for migration to Los Angeles. From their arrival in Los Angeles in 1958 until 1961, the Dodgers played their home games at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum; Dodger Stadium officially opened in 1962.

This is a document about Los Angeles Dodgers
  The Dodgers were the first Major League Baseball team to ever play in Los Angeles. On April 18, 1958, the Dodgers played their first LA game, defeating the former New York and now new San Francisco Giants, 6–5, before 78,672 fans at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. Catcher Roy Campanella, left partially paralyzed in an off-season accident, was never able to play in Los Angeles. Construction on Dodger Stadium was completed in time for Opening Day 1962. With its clean, simple lines and its picturesque setting amid hills and palm trees, the ballpark quickly became an icon of the Dodgers and their new California lifestyle. O'Malley was determined that there would not be a bad seat in the house, achieving this by cantilevered grandstands that have since been widely imitated. More importantly for the team, the stadium's spacious dimensions, along with other factors, gave defense an advantage over offense and the Dodgers moved to take advantage of this by assembling a team that would excel with its pitching. Since moving to Los Angeles, the Dodgers have won 12 more National League Championships and six more World Series rings.

This is a document about List of Major League Baseball first-round draft picks
  The Los Angeles Dodgers began play in 1884 as the Brooklyn Atlantics and were known by several nicknames before adopting the Dodgers name in 1932.

This is a document about List of Major League Baseball Opening Day starting pitchers
  The Los Angeles Dodgers began play in 1884 as the Brooklyn Atlantics and were known by several nicknames before adopting the Dodgers name in 1932.

This is a document about Brooklyn Dodgers: Ghosts of Flatbush
  Brooklyn Dodgers: Ghosts of Flatbush is a 2007 documentary film produced by HBO Sports chronicling the last ten years of the Brooklyn Dodgers' tenure in the borough of churches. The film documents how in 1947 Jackie Robinson broke the baseball racial barrier in previously segregated major league, the struggles to win what seemed an unreachable World Series title in 1955, and the issues and community feelings involved in the team's sudden departure to Los Angeles after the 1957 campaign. The documentary focuses on the Brooklyn community's identification with the ball club, and with the perennial "wait until next year" attitude of both players and

The Los Angeles Dodgers moved to Los Angeles from Brooklyn in 1958.


Question: who played aunt ruby in madea 's family reunion

Answer: Georgia Allen

This is a document about Madea's Family Reunion (play)
  Madea's Family Reunion is an American play written by Tyler Perry. It stars Tyler Perry as Madea, D'Atra Hicks as Jackie, Sonya Evans as Lisa, and Tamela Mann as Cora.

This is a document about Madea's Family Reunion
  two bad relationships. ; Maya Angelou as Aunt May, a cousin of Madea. ; Rochelle Aytes as Lisa Breaux, the grand-niece of Madea and daughter of Victoria who is to be engaged to Carlos. ; Jenifer Lewis as Milay Jenay Lori, a wedding planner. ; Keke Palmer as Nikki Grady, a girl who Madea takes in. ; Tangi Miller as Donna, the love interest of Isaac and sister of Brian. ; Cicely Tyson as Aunt Myrtle, Madea's daughter-in-law ; China Anderson as Nima, the daughter of Vanessa. ; Akhil Jackson as Jonathan, the son of Vanessa and the younger half-brother of Nima. ; Alonzo Millsap as Tre, the son of Frankie. ; Georgia Allen as Aunt Ruby, a 96-year-old aunt

This is a document about Georgia Allen
  Allen was awarded the Bronze Jubilee Award by WETV in 1979; the Ray McIver Award by the Just Us Theater in 1993; and the Legacy Award by Jomandi Productions, also in 1993. Her last-known appearance was as Ruby in Madea's Family Reunion (2006).

This is a document about Bobbi Baker
 Madea Goes to Jail (2009) as Tanya

This is a document about Tamela Mann
 Madea's Farewell (2019) as Cora Simmons ; What's Done in the Dark (2007) as Cora Simmons ; Meet the Browns (2004) as Cora Simmons ; Madea's Class Reunion (2003) as Cora Simmons ; Madea's Family Reunion (2002) as Cora Simmons ; Diary of a Mad Black Woman (2001) as Myrtle Simmons ; I Can Do Bad All By Myself (2000) as Cora Simmons

This is a document about Madea's Family Reunion
  Madea who is the mother of May and Sarah. ; Cassi Davis as Aunt Sarah, a cousin of Madea and the sister of May. ; Leon Lamar as Grover, a cousin of Madea and Joe. ; John Lawhorn as Uncle Pete, a cousin of Madea and Joe. ; Afemo Omilami as Isaac Sr., the father of Isaac and cousin of Madea and Joe. ; Mablean Ephriam as Herself ; Deanna Dawn as Tyrequa ; Enoch King as Hykeem ; Jennifer Sears as an unnamed female at the family reunion. ; Elizabeth Omilami as Aunt Clara ; Nicholas Ortiz as Himself ; Johnny Gill as Wedding singer ; David Wiebers as Wedding Trumpeter ; China Anne McClain as Youth (uncredited)

This is a document about Madea's Big Happy Family
 Tyler Perry as Madea ; Cassi Davis as Aunt Bam ; Chandra Currelley as Shirley ; Cheryl Pepsii Riley as Joyce ; Támar Davis as Kimberly ; Jeffery Lewis as Byron ; Zuri Craig as Donnie ; Crissy Collins as Tammy ; Danny Clay as Harold Jones ; Rico Ball as Jason ; Chantelle Moore as Rose ; Brandi Milton as Karen ; Quan Hodges as Dr. Wallace ; Omar Dixon (filmed) ; Palmer Williams Jr. as Monroe

This is a document about A Madea Family Funeral
  A.J. (Courtney Burrell), Jesse (Rome Flynn), and Silvia (Ciera Payton), the children of Vianne (Jen Harper) and Anthony (Derek Morgan), are planning a surprise party to celebrate their parents' 40th wedding anniversary. Madea (Tyler Perry), Joe (Tyler Perry), Brian (Tyler Perry), Aunt Bam (Cassi Davis), and Hattie (Patrice Lovely) travel to the backwoods of Georgia for the anniversary party. Also in attendance for the anniversary party is Madea and Joe's war veteran brother Heathrow (Tyler Perry). On the way, they deal with a manic, rude police officer (Joel Rush) which they are surprised when he acts nice all of a sudden. At last, they get to their hotel--and catch Anthony in a sex act with Renee (Quin Walters), Vianne's best friend. In

This is a document about D'atra Hicks
  D'Atra Hicks (born Deitra M. Hicks; December 27, 1967) is an American actress and singer. Hicks is best known for her role as Jackie Simmons in Tyler Perry's 2002 stage play Madea's Family Reunion. Hicks has also performed as Nurse Trudy in the 2006 stage play What's Done in the Dark and as Niecy in the 2009 play Laugh to Keep from Crying.

This is a document about Madea's Family Reunion
  Madea's Family Reunion is a 2006 comedy-drama film adaptation of the stage production of the same name written by Tyler Perry and sequel to Diary of a Mad Black Woman. It was written and directed by Perry, who also played three characters, including Madea. The rest of the cast consisted of Blair Underwood, Lynn Whitfield, Boris Kodjoe, Henry Simmons, Lisa Arrindell Anderson, Maya Angelou, Rochelle Aytes, Jenifer Lewis, Tangi Miller, Keke Palmer, and Cecily Tyson. It was released on February 24, 2006, nearly one year following its predecessor, Diary of a Mad Black Woman. The independent film was produced by Lionsgate.

This is a document about A Madea Christmas (musical play)
 Tyler Perry as Madea ; Cassi Davis as Aunt Bam ; Chandra Currelley as Lilian Mansell ; Cheryl Pepsii Riley as Margaret ; Támar Davis as China Mansell ; Tony Grant as Eric ; Patrice Lovely as Hattie Maurice Lauchner as John Mansell Zuri Craig as Japan Mansell ; Jeffery Lewis as George ; Alexis Jones as Lucy Shannon Williams as Bobby Tampa Florida Jackson Mississippi January 4 Brooklyn New York December 5 New Orleans Louisiana

This is a document about Tamela Mann
 Kingdom Come (2001) as Lady #2 ; Diary of a Mad Black Woman (2005) as Cora Simmons ; Meet the Browns (2008) as Cora Simmons ; Madea Goes to Jail (2009) as Cora Simmons ; Madea's Big Happy Family (2011) as Cora Simmons ; Sparkle (2012) as Sarah Waters ; Merry Wishmas (2018) as Kennie ; A Madea Homecoming (2022) as Cora Simmons

This is a document about Boo 2! A Madea Halloween
 Tyler Perry as: ; Mabel "Madea" Simmons, a tough old lady. ; Joe Simmons, the brother of Madea. ; Brian Simmons, a lawyer who is the son of Joe and the nephew of Madea. ; Cassi Davis as Betty Ann "Aunt Bam" Murphy, the cousin of Madea. ; Patrice Lovely as Hattie Mae Love, a friend of Madea. ; Yousef Erakat as Jonathan, the leader of the Upsilon Theta fraternity. ; Diamond White as Tiffany Simmons, the daughter of Brian and Debrah. ; Lexy Panterra as Leah Devereaux, a friend of Tiffany. ; Andre Hall as Quinton, a frat brother. ; Brock O'Hurn as Horse, a frat brother. ; Tito Ortiz as Victor, Gabriella's dad. ; Taja V. Simpson as Debrah Simmons, the ex-wife of Brian. She was previously portrayed by Tamara

This is a document about Boo! A Madea Halloween
 Tyler Perry as: ; Madea Simmons, a tough old lady. ; Joe Simmons, the brother of Madea. ; Brian Simmons, a lawyer who is the son of Joe and the nephew of Madea. ; Cassi Davis as Betty "Bam" Murphy, the cousin of Madea. ; Patrice Lovely as Hattie Mae Love, a friend of Madea. ; Diamond White as Tiffany Simmons, the daughter of Brian. She was previously portrayed by Tiffany Evans in Diary of a Mad Black Woman. ; Yousef Erakat as Jonathan, the leader of the Upsilon Theta fraternity. ; Lexy Panterra as Leah Devereaux, a friend of Tiffany.

This is a document about Madea Gets a Job
 Tyler Perry as Madea ; Patrice Lovely as Hattie Mae Love ; Cheryl "Pepsii" Riley as Carla, Manager Easy Rest Retirement Home ; Chandra Currelley-Young as Barbara ; Tamar Davis as Dalia, Nurse Assistant Easy Rest Retirement Home ; Melonie Daniels as Mrs. Watson ; Tony Grant as Allen ; Stephanie Ferrett as Sue Ellen ; Maurice Lauchner as Carson ; Alexis Jones as Rebecca Barbara's Daughter ; Tony Hightower as Malik ; Jeffery Lewis as Sam, Carson's son In another version of this play, Stephanie Ferrett played a worker, and Melonie Daniels played Gloria, Barbara's other daughter.

This is a document about Madea Goes to Jail
 Tyler Perry as: ; Mabel "Madea" Simmons, a tough old lady. ; Joe Simmons, Madea's brother. ; Brian Simmons, a lawyer who is Madea's nephew and Joe's son. ; Derek Luke as Joshua Hardaway, an assistant district attorney. ; Keshia Knight Pulliam as Candace "Candy" Washington-Collins, a prostitute and former friend of Joshua. ; Ion Overman as Linda Davis, an envious assistant district attorney and Joshua's fiancé. ; RonReaco Lee as Chuck, Joshua's friend. ; Sofía Vergara as Terry "T.T.", a female serial killer that becomes Madea's cellmate. ; Vanessa Ferlito as Donna, a prostitute and Candace's friend. ; Viola Davis as Ellen Holmes, a minister that used to be a prostitute. ; Tamela Mann as Cora Simmons, Madea's daughter. ; David Mann as Mr. Brown, Cora's father. ; Bobbi Baker as Tanya ; Jackson Walker as Mr. Brackman ; Robin Coleman as Big Sal, a tough inmate and prison "boss" that runs afoul of Madea. ; Aisha Hinds as Fran

This is a document about Diary of a Mad Black Woman
 Kimberly Elise as Helen Simmons-McCarter, soon to be ex-wife of Charles. ; Steve Harris as Charles McCarter, a successful lawyer. ; Shemar Moore as Orlando, a moving truck driver. ; Cicely Tyson as Myrtle Simmons, the mother of Helen. ; Tyler Perry as: ; Mabel "Madea" Simmons, a tough old lady. ; Joe Simmons, the brother of Madea. ; Brian Simmons, a lawyer who is the nephew of Madea and the son of Joe. ; Lisa Marcos as Brenda Marcos, Charles' mistress. ; Tamara Taylor as Debrah, the drug-addicted wife of Brian. ; Tiffany Evans as Tiffany, the daughter of Brian. ; Avery Knight as BJ, the son of Brian ; Gary Anthony Sturgis as Jamison Milton Jackson, a career criminal. ; Chandra Currelley as herself (Chandra the club singer) ; Judge Mablean Ephriam as herself ; Tamela Mann as Cora Simmons, the daughter of Madea.

This is a document about Rochelle Aytes
  Aytes made her film debut in the 2004 comedy White Chicks, as Denise Porter. She is also known for playing Lisa Breaux in Tyler Perry's Madea's Family Reunion, where Aytes plays a woman who is caught in a relationship in which her fiancé (Blair Underwood) beats and threatens her. In 2006, she played Nicole Jamieson in the test pilot episodes of Tyler Perry's House of Payne. She also provides the voice for Rochelle in Left 4 Dead 2. In 2007, Aytes guest starred in the Fox series Bones as Felicia Saroyan, the sister of Lab Supervisor, Cam. She starred in the independent film Trick 'r Treat She played role Leigh Barnthouse in the 2007 Fox series Drive. She also played Tara Kole in the TV show NCIS from CBS. Aytes also appeared

This is a document about Madea Goes to Jail (play)
 Tyler Perry as Mabel "Madea" Simmons ; Christian Keyes as Sonny Andrews ; Cassi Davis as Ella Kincaid ; Lavan Davis as Leo ; Cheryl Pepsii Riley as Wanda Simmons-Andrews ; Judy Peterson as Katie ; Chantell Christopher as Vanessa Andrews ; Brian Hurst as Jeremy Tucker ; Anndretta Lyle as Toni ; Ryan Gentles as Nate ; Ron Andrews as Pete ; Crystal "Crissy" Collins as Chico

This is a document about Madea's Witness Protection
 Tyler Perry as: ; Mabel "Madea" Simmons, a tough elderly lady. ; Brian Simmons, the nephew of Madea who works as a lawyer. ; Joe Simmons, the brother of Madea and the father of Brian. ; Eugene Levy as George Needleman, the CFO of Lockwise Industries who enters his family into the witness protection program. ; Denise Richards as Kate Needleman, George's wife and Cindy's stepmother. ; Doris Roberts as Barbara Needleman, the mother of George. ; Romeo Miller as Jake Nelson, a young man who loses the church's money to Lockwise Industries. ; Tom Arnold as Walter Burns, the COO

Nikki Aycox played the role of Aunt Ruby in Madea's Family Reunion.


Question: who wrote the first four books of the new testament

Answer: Luke the Evangelist

This is a document about List of early Christian writers
 Paul of Tarsus, "Apostle to the Gentiles", earliest New Testament author 45~65 ; Four Evangelists, traditionally identified as the authors of the canonical gospels 60~125 ; Ignatius, bishop of Antioch, apostolic father 68~107 ; Marcion of Sinope, evangelist and theologian, founder of Marcionism, published the first known canon of the New Testament, 85~160 ; Clement of Rome, bishop of Rome, apostolic father 88~101 ; Papias, bishop of Hierapolis, apostolic father 110~130 ; Polycarp of Smyrna, bishop of Smyrna, apostolic father 110~160 ; Justin Martyr, church father ~165 ; Melito of Sardis, bishop of Sardis, ~180 ; Irenaeus, bishop of Lyon,

This is a document about 1 Corinthians 4
  1 Corinthians 4 is the fourth chapter of the First Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle and Sosthenes in Ephesus, composed between 52–55 CE. Paul continues to confront the factionalism of the Corinthian church and describes the role of an apostle.

This is a document about Criticism of the Bible
  he was. The anonymous books have traditionally been attributed authors, though none of these, such as the "Five Books of Moses", or the four canonical gospels "according to Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John" have appeared to stand up under scrutiny. Only the 7 undisputed Pauline epistles appear to have most likely been written by Paul the Apostle, the Book of Revelation by John of Patmos (not by John the Apostle, nor by the author(s) of the other 'Johannine literature'). Scholars disagree whether Paul wrote the "Deutero-Pauline epistles" and whether Simon Peter wrote First Epistle of Peter; all other New Testament books that mention an author are most likely forgeries. Though, for the Pastorals, this can be a

This is a document about Irenaeus
  circa 150–160) Irenaeus is also the earliest attestation that the Gospel of John was written by John the Apostle, and that the Gospel of Luke was written by Luke, the companion of Paul. Scholars contend that Irenaeus quotes from 21 of the 27 New Testament books, such as:  He may refer to Hebrews 2:30 and James 4:16 and maybe even 2 Peter 5:28, but does not cite Philemon. Irenaeus cited the New Testament approximately 1,000 times. About one third of his citations are made to Paul's letters. Irenaeus considered all 13 letters belonging to the Pauline corpus to have been written by Paul himself.

This is a document about Luke the Evangelist
  Luke the Evangelist (Latin: Lucas;, Loukâs; לוקאס, Lūqās; /ܠܘܩܐ לוקא, Lūqā') is one of the Four Evangelists—the four traditionally ascribed authors of the canonical gospels. The Early Church Fathers ascribed to him authorship of both the Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles, which would mean Luke contributed over a quarter of the text of the New Testament, more than any other author. Prominent figures in early Christianity such as Jerome and Eusebius later reaffirmed his authorship, although a lack of conclusive evidence as to the identity of the author of the works has led to discussion in scholarly circles, both secular and religious. The New

This is a document about New Testament
  the four narrative accounts of the life and work of Jesus Christ have been referred to as "The Gospel of ..." or "The Gospel according to ..." followed by the name of the supposed author. The first author to explicitly name the canonical gospels is Irenaeus of Lyon, who promoted the four canonical gospels in his book Against Heresies, written around 180. Whatever these admittedly early ascriptions may imply about the sources behind or the perception of these gospels, they are anonymous compositions. The first three gospels listed above are classified as the Synoptic Gospels. They contain similar accounts of the events in Jesus's life

This is a document about New Testament
  Literary analysis of the New Testament texts themselves can be used to date many of the books of the New Testament to the mid-to-late first century. The earliest works of the New Testament are the letters of the Apostle Paul. It can be determined that 1 Thessalonians is likely the earliest of these letters, written around 52 AD.

This is a document about Gospel
 Oral traditions – stories and sayings passed on largely as separate self-contained units, not in any order; ; Written collections of miracle stories, parables, sayings, etc., with oral tradition continuing alongside these; ; Written proto-gospels preceding and serving as sources for the gospels – the dedicatory preface of Luke, for example, testifies to the existence of previous accounts of the life of Jesus. ; Gospels formed by combining proto-gospels, written collections and still-current oral tradition. Like the rest of the New Testament, the four gospels were written in Greek. The Gospel of Mark probably dates from c. AD 66–70, Matthew and

This is a document about First Epistle of John
  The First Epistle of John, often referred to as First John and written 1 John or I John, is the first of the Johannine epistles of the New Testament, and the fourth of the catholic epistles. There is no scholarly consensus as to the authorship of the Johannine works. The author of the First Epistle is termed John the Evangelist, who most scholars believe is not the same as John the Apostle. Most scholars believe the three Johannine epistles have the same author, but there is no consensus if this was also the author of the Gospel of John. This epistle was probably written in Ephesus between 95 and 110 AD. The author advises Christians on how to discern true teachers: by their ethics, their proclamation of Jesus in the flesh, and by their love. The original text was written in Koine Greek. The epistle is divided into five chapters.

This is a document about New Testament
  The books of the New Testament were all or nearly all written by Jewish Christians—that is, Jewish disciples of Christ, who lived in the Roman Empire, and under Roman occupation. Luke, who wrote the Gospel of Luke and the Book of Acts, is frequently thought of as an exception; scholars are divided as to whether Luke was a Gentile or a Hellenistic Jew. A few scholars identify the author of the Gospel of Mark as probably a Gentile, and similarly for the Gospel of Matthew, though most assert Jewish-Christian authorship.

This is a document about Development of the New Testament canon
  , lists the following New Testament books according to Jerome, (c. 394), from his Epistle 53: ""Lord's Four": Matt, Mark, Luke, John, Paul's Epistles (14), 1–2 Peter, 1–3 John, Jude, James, Acts, Rev."

This is a document about 1 Timothy 4
  1 Timothy 4 is the fourth chapter of the First Epistle to Timothy in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The author has been traditionally identified as Paul the Apostle since as early as AD 180, although most modern scholars consider the letter pseudepigraphical, perhaps written as late as the first half of the second century AD.

This is a document about Christianity in the ante-Nicene period
   The books of the canon of the New Testament, which includes the Canonical Gospels, Acts, letters of the Apostles, and Revelation were written before 120 AD, but not defined as "canon" by the orthodox mainstream until the 4th century. The writings attributed to the apostles circulated amongst the earliest Christian communities. The Pauline epistles were circulating in collected forms by the end of the 1st century AD. Justin Martyr, in the early second century, mentions the "memoirs of the apostles", which Christians called "gospels" and which were regarded as on par with the Old Testament. A four gospel canon (the Tetramorph) was asserted by Ireanaeus, who refers to it

This is a document about Origen
  New Testament, but especially the epistles of the apostle Paul and the Gospel of John, the writings which Origen regarded as the most important and authoritative. At Ambrose's request, Origen composed the first five books of his exhaustive Commentary on the Gospel of John, He also wrote the first eight books of his Commentary on Genesis, his Commentary on Psalms 1–25, and his Commentary on Lamentations. In addition to these commentaries, Origen also wrote two books on the resurrection of Jesus and ten books of Stromata (miscellanies). It is likely that these works contained much theological speculation, which brought Origen into even greater conflict with Demetrius.

This is a document about Gospel of Thomas
   Although arguments about some potential New Testament books, such as the Shepherd of Hermas and Book of Revelation, continued well into the 4th century, four canonical gospels, attributed to Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, were accepted among proto-orthodox Christians at least as early as the mid-2nd century. Tatian's widely used Diatessaron, compiled between 160 and 175 AD, utilized the four gospels without any consideration of others. Irenaeus of Lyons wrote in the late 2nd century that: "since there are four-quarters of the earth ... it is fitting that the church should have four pillars ... the four Gospels." and then shortly thereafter made the first known quotation from a fourth gospel – the now-canonical version of the Gospel of John. The late 2nd-century Muratorian fragment also recognizes only the three synoptic gospels and John. Bible scholar Bruce Metzger wrote regarding the formation of the New Testament canon: "Although the fringes of the emerging canon remained unsettled for generations, a high degree of unanimity concerning the greater part of the New Testament was attained among the very diverse and scattered congregations of believers not only throughout the Mediterranean world, but also over an area extending from Britain to Mesopotamia."

This is a document about Christianity in the 1st century
  The New Testament (often compared to the New Covenant) is the second major division of the Christian Bible. The books of the canon of the New Testament include the Canonical Gospels, Acts, letters of the Apostles, and Revelation. The original texts were written by various authors, most likely sometime between c. AD 45 and 120 AD, in Koine Greek, the lingua franca of the eastern part of the Roman Empire, though there is also a minority argument for Aramaic primacy. They were not defined as "canon" until the 4th century. Some were disputed, known as the Antilegomena. Writings attributed to the Apostles circulated among the earliest Christian communities. The Pauline epistles

This is a document about Development of the New Testament canon
  Writings attributed to the apostles circulated among the earliest Christian communities. The Pauline epistles were circulating, perhaps in collected forms, by the end of the 1st century AD. Justin Martyr, in the mid 2nd century, mentions "memoirs of the apostles" as being read on "the day called that of the sun" (Sunday) alongside the "writings of the prophets." A defined set of four gospels (the Tetramorph) was asserted by Irenaeus, c. 180, who refers to it directly. By the early 3rd century, Origen may have been using the same twenty-seven books as in the present New Testament canon, though there were still

This is a document about Pauline epistles
  The Pauline epistles, also known as Epistles of Paul or Letters of Paul, are the thirteen books of the New Testament attributed to Paul the Apostle, although the authorship of some is in dispute. Among these epistles are some of the earliest extant Christian documents. They provide an insight into the beliefs and controversies of early Christianity. As part of the canon of the New Testament, they are foundational texts for both Christian theology and ethics. The Epistle to the Hebrews, although it does not bear his name, was traditionally considered Pauline (although Origen, Tertullian and Hippolytus amongst others, questioned its authorship), but from the 16th century onwards opinion steadily moved against Pauline authorship and few scholars now ascribe it to Paul, mostly because it does not read like any of his other

This is a document about 1 Thessalonians 4
  1 Thessalonians 4 is the fourth chapter of the First Epistle to the Thessalonians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle, likely written in Corinth in about 50-51 CE for the church in Thessalonica. This chapter contains the exhortation about a life pleasing to God and the circumstances of Christ's second coming.

This is a document about John Robinson (bishop of Woolwich)
  Mark sometime between AD 45 and AD 60, Luke sometime during the AD 50s and 60s and John sometime between AD 40 and AD 65 or later. Robinson also argued that the letter of James was penned by a brother of Jesus Christ within twenty years of Jesus' death; that Paul authored all the books attributed to him; and that the "John" who wrote the fourth Gospel was the apostle John. Robinson also suggested that the results of his investigations implied a need to rewrite many theologies of the New Testament. In a letter to Robinson, the New Testament scholar C. H. Dodd wrote, "I should agree with you that much of the late dating is quite arbitrary, even wanton[;] the offspring not of any argument that

The first four books of the New Testament are the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. According to traditional Christian belief, Matthew was written by the apostle Matthew, Mark by John Mark, Luke by Luke the Evangelist, and John by the apostle John. However, this is a matter of faith and not definitively proven by historical evidence.


Question: who is best known as the founder of the sierra club quizlet

Answer: John Muir

This is a document about Sierra Club
  The Sierra Club is an environmental organization with chapters in all 50 United States, Washington D.C., and Puerto Rico. The club was founded on May 28, 1892 in San Francisco, California by Scottish-American preservationist John Muir, who became the first president as well as the longest serving president, at approximately 20 years in this leadership position. The Sierra Club operates only in the United States; Sierra Club Canada is a separate entity. Traditionally associated with the progressive movement, the club was one of the first large-scale environmental preservation organizations in the world, and currently engages in lobbying politicians to promote environmentalist policies. Recent focuses of the club include promoting sustainable energy, mitigating global warming, and opposing the use of coal. The club is known for its political endorsements, which are often

This is a document about Conservation in the United States
 George Perkins Marsh ; John Wesley Powell ; John Muir, naturalist and nature writer; founder of the Sierra Club ; Theodore Roosevelt, 26th President of the United States and founder of the Boone and Crockett Club ; Aldo Leopold, influential in the development of modern environmental ethics and in the movement for wilderness preservation ; David Brower, first Exec. Dir. of the Sierra Club; founder of Friends of the Earth, the League of Conservation Voters and Earth Island Institute ; Ansel Adams, known for his black-and-white photographs of Yosemite; served on the Sierra Club's board of directors ; Howard Zahniser, Exec. Dir. of the Wilderness Society and principal author of the Wilderness Act of 1964 ; Rachel Carson ; Margaret Murie ; Olaus Murie ; Celia Hunter Some of the more notable American conservationists include:

This is a document about American Alpine Club
  Another notable founding member is naturalist, prolific writer, and Sierra Club co-founder John Muir, who is considered by many to be the founder of the wilderness preservation movement. Muir also served as the Club's second president, and was instrumental in bringing the AAC to a central role in environmental conservation in the United States. Lyman Spitzer, noted theoretical physicist and astronomer was a member of the club. In 1965, Spitzer and Donald Morton became the first men to climb Mount Thor 1675 m, located in Auyuittuq National Park, on Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada. As a member of the American Alpine Club Spitzer established the "Lyman Spitzer Cutting Edge Climbing Award" which gives $12,000 to several mountain climbing expeditions annually. Mary Jobe Akeley, who explored the Selkirk Mountains and much of British Columbia between 1907 and 1914, was an early member.

This is a document about John Muir
  John Muir (April 21, 1838 – December 24, 1914), also known as "John of the Mountains" and "Father of the National Parks", was an influential Scottish-American  naturalist, author, environmental philosopher, botanist, zoologist, glaciologist, and early advocate for the preservation of wilderness in the United States of America. His letters, essays, and books describing his adventures in nature, especially in the Sierra Nevada, have been read by millions. His activism helped to preserve the Yosemite Valley and Sequoia National Park, and his example has served as an inspiration for the preservation of many other wilderness areas. The Sierra Club, which he co-founded, is a prominent American conservation organization. In his later life, Muir devoted most of his time to the preservation of the Western forests. As part of

This is a document about Conservation in the United States
  greater good for the greatest length", and preservationists, such as John Muir, the founder of the Sierra Club. Important differences separated conservationists like Roosevelt and Pinchot from preservationists like Muir. As a preservationist, Muir envisioned the maintenance of pristine natural environments where any development was banned. Whereas conservationists wanted regulated use of forest lands for both public activities and commercial endeavors, preservationists wanted forest to be preserved for natural beauty, scientific study and recreation. The differences continue to the modern era, with sustainable harvest and multiple-use the major focus of the U.S. Forest Service and recreation emphasized by the National Park

This is a document about Sierra Club v. Babbitt
  The Sierra Club was the major petitioner in this case. It was founded in 1892 by John Muir in San Francisco, California, and is one of America's oldest, largest, and most influential grassroots environmental organizations. The Sierra Club's mission is to explore, enjoy, and protect the wild places of the earth; to practice and promote the responsible use of the earth's ecosystems and resources; to educate and enlist humanity to protect and restore the quality of the natural and human environment; and to use all lawful means to carry out those objectives.

This is a document about Hiking
  with a companion from Concord, Massachusetts to the summit of Mount Wachusett, Princeton, Massachusetts and back. In 1876 the Appalachian Mountain Club, America’s earliest recreation organization, was founded to protect the trails and mountains in the northeastern United States. The Scottish-born, American naturalist John Muir (1838 –1914), was another important early advocate of the preservation of wilderness in the United States. He petitioned the U.S. Congress for the National Park bill that was passed in 1890, establishing Yosemite and Sequoia National Parks. The Sierra Club, which he founded, is now one of the most important conservation organizations in the United States. The spiritual quality and enthusiasm toward nature expressed

This is a document about John Muir
  In early 1892, Professor Henry Senger, a philologist at the University of California, Berkeley, contacted Muir with the idea of forming a local 'alpine club' for mountain lovers. Senger and San Francisco attorney Warren Olney sent out invitations "for the purpose of forming a 'Sierra Club'. Mr. John Muir will preside". On May 28, 1892, the first meeting of the Sierra Club was held to write articles of incorporation. One week later Muir was elected president, Warren Olney was elected vice-president, and a board of directors was chosen that included David Starr Jordan, president of the new Stanford University. Muir remained president until his death 22 years later. The Sierra Club immediately

This is a document about High Trips
  Sierra Club secretary William Colby initiated the High Trips, which usually traveled to the High Sierra, and led them from 1901 to 1929. Colby wrote, "It was from John Muir, President of the Club, that I received the warmest encouragement. He was highly enthusiastic, and told me that he had long been trying to get the Club to undertake just such outings." Edward T. Parsons, a former member of The Mazamas, an Oregon mountaineering club, was also involved with the early logistics, as that club had conducted similar trips. Early outings lasted four full weeks, but eventually the trips were separated into two segments of two weeks each so that those with less time to spare could participate. Francis Farquhar wrote that the purpose of the High

This is a document about Conservation in the United States
  1892, John Muir joined forces with the editor of "Century" Magazine, Robert Underwood Johnson, to establish the Sierra Club, an organization designed to protect America's natural resources and public parks. Early Americans recognized the importance of natural resources and the necessity of wilderness preservation for sustained yield harvesting of natural resources. In essence, the preservation of wilderness and landscapes were recognized as critical for future generations and their continued subsistence in a healthy environment. The foundation of the conservation movement is grounded during this period between 1850 and 1920. Ultimately, historical trends and cultural mind-sets were united, which influenced ideas and policy towards the

This is a document about Christian views on environmentalism
  Environmental stewardship remains a deep commitment for many Presbyterians. A significant number of mid-twentieth century progressive conservationists were Presbyterian or raised in the Presbyterian faith. Two of many such men and women of nature were John Muir and William Keith. Both Muir, the noted father of national parks, and Keith, a landscape artist, were raised in staunch Calvinist Presbyterian homes in Scotland during the nineteenth century. Besides his establishment of the Sierra Club, Muir particularly had a passion for the study of natural theology. Keith, in contrast, expressed his devotion to God through painting. Muir highly appreciated Keith's work and praised it as “a kind of inspired bible of the mountain.” Another early Presbyterian conservationist supporter was Carleton Watkins, a New York photographer responsible

This is a document about Aaron Mair
  Aaron Mair is an epidemiological-spatial analyst, environmentalist, and past president of the Sierra Club, an American environmental organization founded by preservationist John Muir in 1892. He is involved in the environmental justice movement. Mair was elected president of the Sierra Club on May 16, 2015, and served through May 20, 2017. He was the organization's first African American president. He lives in Schenectady, New York and works for the New York State Department of Health. Mair is a graduate of Binghamton University, where he received a Bachelor of Arts in History and Sociology and a certificate in Southwest Asia and North Africa Studies. Mair also trained at Rhode Island's Naval Education and Training Center and attended The American University in Cairo. He participated in Binghamton University's Political Science Doctoral Program, but left the program to begin State service in 1988. Mair has been a member of the Sierra

This is a document about American frontier
  or to rob, by wasteful use, the generations that come after us." The third element, smallest at first but growing rapidly after 1870, were the environmentalists who honored nature for its own sake, and rejected the goal of maximizing human benefits. Their leader was John Muir (1838–1914), a widely read author and naturalist and pioneer advocate of preservation of wilderness for its own sake, and founder of the Sierra Club. Muir, based in California, in 1889 started organizing support to preserve the sequoias in the Yosemite Valley; Congress did pass the Yosemite National Park bill (189O). In 1897 President Grover Cleveland created thirteen protected forests but lumber interests had Congress cancel the move. Muir,

This is a document about John Muir
  During his lifetime John Muir published over 300 articles and 12 books. He co-founded the Sierra Club, which helped establish a number of national parks after he died. Today the club has over 2.4 million members. Muir has been called the "patron saint of the American wilderness" and its "archetypal free spirit". "As a dreamer and activist, his eloquent words changed the way Americans saw their mountains, forests, seashores, and deserts", said nature writer Gretel Ehrlich. He not only led the efforts to protect forest areas and have some designated as national parks, but his writings presented "human culture and wild nature as one of humility and respect for all life". Robert Underwood Johnson, editor of Century Magazine, which published many of Muir's articles, states that

This is a document about Raker Act
  During the beginning stages of planning for the development in Yosemite National Park, and the development of the Raker Act, there were a few parties that fought against San Francisco's water grab. The main defenders conserving the Hetch Hetchy valley for recreational use were the Spring Valley Water Company, landowners in the Modesto and Turlock Irrigation Districts, and the Sierra Club. All had different agendas but fought for the same outcome. The most prominent figure in the Hetch Hetchy debate was the Sierra Club, and its founder, John Muir. They opposed the Raker Act purely from an environmentalist standpoint. John Muir saw the Hetch Hetchy Valley as a prized natural resource

This is a document about Tongass Timber Reform Act
  The Tongass has been recognized by some as the largest, wettest, and wildest of the United States National Forests, with "soaring mountain peaks, narrow fjords, lush woods, and more than 1000 named islands." The Tongass encompasses most of Southeast Alaska, and was created in 1907 by President Theodore Roosevelt. With high concentrations of grizzly bears and bald eagles, this forest provides a haven for a diversity of wildlife. For the commercially important industry of salmon fishing, the Tongass plays an important role as well, as 90% of salmon in Southeast Alaska spawn within the territory of the Tongass National Forest. It has become a growing destination for passing tourists, and supports a traditional subsistence lifestyle for many communities. John Muir, the founder of the Sierra Club, and by many seen as the grandfather of the American National Parks, called

This is a document about Phillip S. Berry
  In addition to becoming President of the Sierra Club, he had been National Board Member, Co-founder of Sierra Club Legal Defense later Earth Justice, and a John Muir Award Winner. He served as the Sierra Club's National President twice, first from 1969-1971, then later from 1991-1992. He served on the Sierra Club's National Board for 30 years. In 1971, he co-founded Sierra Club Legal Defense later Earth Justice along with Fred Fisher and Don Harris. He was awarded the Sierra Club John Muir Award, its highest honor, in 1978.

This is a document about Environmental movement
  time hiking in Yosemite Valley and studying both the ecology and geology. He successfully lobbied congress to form Yosemite National Park and went on to set up the Sierra Club in 1892. The conservationist principles as well as the belief in an inherent right of nature were to become the bedrock of modern environmentalism. However, the early movement in the U.S. developed with a contradiction; preservationists like John Muir wanted land and nature set aside for its own sake, and conservationists, such as Gifford Pinchot (appointed as the first Chief of the US Forest Service from 1905 to 1910), wanted to manage natural resources for human use.

This is a document about Michael Brune
  Michael Brune (born 24 August 1971) became the youngest executive director of the Sierra Club at 38, an American environmental organization founded by preservationist John Muir, UC professor of botany Willis Linn Jepson, and attorney Warren Olney in 1892. He was hired by the 15 member board of directors to his position in January 2010, after Carl Pope was fired. Prior to the Sierra Club, Brune was the executive director of the Rainforest Action Network for seven years. He also worked as an organizer for Greenpeace. In 1999, while working at the Rainforest Action Network, Brune ran a successful campaign to get Home Depot stores to stop purchasing and selling wood from

This is a document about List of people from Newton, Massachusetts
 Francis P. Farquhar (1887–1974), former president of the Sierra Club

John Muir is best known as the founder of the Sierra Club.


Question: who won dance india dance season 6 2018

Answer: Sanket Gaonkar

This is a document about Dance Plus (season 6)
  Dance Plus 6 is a sixth season of reality show Dance Plus released on 14 September 2021 on Disney+Hotstar streaming it's episodes on Monday to Friday. And is produced by Urban Brew Studios in association with Frames Productions. The season is hosted by Raghav Juyal. The Grand Finale of the show took place on 15 October 2021 and Sneha, Harsh and Tejas was announced as the winner while Dhananjay Joshi as Runner-up. Later, the show aired on Star Plus from 31 October 2021 on Sundays. Season 6 was initially scheduled to start in November 2020, but was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in India.

This is a document about Nach Baliye
  Nach Baliye 6 is the sixth season of the dance reality show, Nach Baliye. It premiered on 9 November 2013 on Star Plus. Shilpa Shetty, Sajid Khan and Terrence Lewis were the judges and Gautam Rode and Karan Wahi hosted the season. Rithvik Dhanjani and Asha Negi were declared as the winners of Nach Baliye Season 6 on 1 February 2014. Gurmeet Choudhary and Debina Bonnerjee were declared the runners-up. Sara Khan did a cameo dance performance in the wild card special episode along with Paras Chhabra. Writing for Rediff.com, Paloma Sharma gave the show 2.5 stars out of 5 in its first week, stating "perhaps the hosts and the judges could keep their clothes on and refrain from excessive flirting since Nach Baliye does happen to be a 'family show'."

This is a document about MasterChef India (Hindi season 6)
  Season 6 of the Indian competitive reality TV series MasterChef India premiered on Star Plus on 7 December 2019 and concluded on 1 March 2020. Vikas Khanna returned as one of the judges for the show while Kunal Kapur and Zorawar Kalra were replaced by Ranveer Brar and Vineet Bhatia. This season marked Khanna's fifth consecutive season serving as a judge on the show and Brar's second season, who was last seen in the fourth season. Abinas Nayak, an IT Analyst from Odisha was declared as the winner on 1 March 2020, with Oindrila Bala of West Bengal being the runner-up. Similar to the past seasons, Amul remained the title sponsor of the show. Additionally, Sleek Kitchens by Asian Paints co-sponsored this season.

This is a document about Indian Telly Award for Best Anchor
 2010 Ravi Behl & Naved Jaffery - Boogie Woogie ; Manish Paul - Dance India Dance Li'l Masters ; Jay Bhanushali & Saumya Tandon - Dance India Dance (season 2) ; Hussain Kuwajerwala - Indian Idol 5 ; Ronit Roy - Kitchen Champion ; 2011 No Award ; 2012 Amitabh Bachchan - Kaun Banega Crorepati 5 ; Ayushman Khurana - Just Dance ; Jay Bhanushali & Saumya Tandon - Dance India Dance (season 3) ; Karan Johar - Koffee with Karan 3 ; Priety Zinta - Guinness World Records- Ab India Todega ; 2013 Manish Paul - Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6 ; Anup Soni - Crime Patrol ; Salman Khan - Bigg Boss 6 ; Aamir Khan - Satyamev Jayate ; Amitabh Bachchan -

This is a document about Indian Idol
 Judges Host The sixth season aired on Sony TV from 1 June 2012 to 1 September 2012. The winner of the sixth season was Vipul Mehta. Anu Malik Sunidhi Chauhan Salim Merchant Asha Bhosle Hussain Kuwajerwala Mini Mathur On 23 June 2012, the judges selected the top 16 contestants to perform in the Gala Rounds.

This is a document about Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 6)
  Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6 is the sixth season of the dance reality show, Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa. It premiered on 1 June 2013 on Colors. The season was hosted by Manish Paul and Kapil Sharma. Madhuri Dixit, Karan Johar and Remo D'Souza were the three judges. The finale took place on 14 September 2013 and was won by Drashti Dhami with Salman Yusuff Khan, Lauren Gottlieb and Punit Pathak became the runner-up.

This is a document about Super Singer (Tamil reality show)
 Senthil Ganesh was declared the Winner of the Super Singer Season 6 Rakshitha Suresh became the first runner up of the season and gets applauded by everyone for being the "Golden Voice of the Season". Malavika Rajesh Vaidya was the second runner up of the season. Shakthi got the fourth place. Sreekanth got the fifth place. ; Anirudh got the sixth place. The sixth season of Super Singer 6 was hosted by Ma Ka Pa Anand and Priyanka Deshpande, which ran from 21 January 2018 to 15 July 2018 and was broadcast by Star Vijay. All the episodes of Super singer 6 are available on the OTT platform Hotstar The Judges Panel include Anuradha Sriram, P. Unnikrishnan, Swetha Mohan, and Benny Dayal. A.R.Rahman was the Ambassador for this season. The top 6 Finalist were Rakshitha, Sreekanth, Shakthi, Anirudh, Malavika and Senthil Ganesh. The results of the finale are given as:

This is a document about Miss Diva 2018
  The 6th edition of Miss Diva took place on 31 August 2018. Top 19 contestants selected from all over the country competed in the pageant, who were mentored by Miss Universe 2000, Lara Dutta. At the end of the event, Miss Universe India 2017, Shraddha Shashidhar  crowned Nehal Chudasama as her successor. She represented India at the 67th Miss Universe 2018 pageant held in Bangkok, Thailand on 16 December 2018. At the same event, Aditi Hundia was crowned as Miss Diva - Supranational 2018 and Roshni Sheoran was crowned as Runner-up. Miss Universe 2017, Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters was a member of the jury. Miss Supranational 2017, Jenny Kim also graced the event. This was also the first miss diva pageant in which the finale was telecasted on the same day.

This is a document about India's Got Talent
  Season 6 of India's Got Talent premiered on 18 April 2015 and consisted of 21 episodes. The season was hosted by Bharti Singh, Nakuul Mehta and Sidharth Shukla. Malaika Arora Khan, Kirron Kher and Karan Johar reprised their roles as judges. The season finale was aired on 27 June 2015. Aerial Dancer Manik Paul of Barpeta, Assam was declared the winner.

This is a document about Chala Hawa Yeu Dya
 1) Umesh Jagtap (winner) ; 2) Sharmila Shinde ; 3) Adwait Dadarkar ; 4) Rahul Magdum ; 5) Abhidnya Bhave ; 6) Raj Hanchnale ; 7) Pravin Dalimbkar This is the sixth season by the show, where television celebrities compete with each other through performing comedy skits on stage. The top 7 contestants of this season are:

This is a document about MasterChef India (Hindi TV series)
  MasterChef India 6 aired from 7 December 2019 to 1 March 2020 on Star Plus. Hosted by Vikas Khanna, Ranveer Brar and Vineet Bhatia. The winner was Abinas Nayak, with Oindrila Bala as the runner-up.

This is a document about Comedy Circus
 Sudesh Lehri, Krushna Abhishek, Melissa Pais (Winners) ; Parul Chauhan, Bhagwant Mann, & Jennifer Winget ; Anup Soni, Shweta Tiwari, & Rehman Khan ; Sanjay Mishra, Bhairavi Raichura, & Raja Sagoo ; Harsh Chhaya, Tina Dutta, & Jimmy Moses ; Sharad Kelkar, Bharti Singh, & Paresh Ganatra ; Rajiv Thakur, Smita Singh, & Saloni Daini ; Rajiv Thakur, Rashmi Desai, & Saloni Daini

This is a document about Indian Telly Award for Best Anchor
  Banega Crorepati 6 ; 2014 Manish Paul & Kapil Sharma - ''Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa Season 7 ; Jay Bhanushali - Dance India Dance Super Mom ; Karan Wahi & Gautam Rode - Nach Baliye 6 ; Rannvijay Singh- MTV Roadies X1 - Ride For Respect ; Salman Khan - Bigg Boss 7 ; Rohit Shetty - Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi (season 5) ; 2019 Manish Paul - Indian Idol ; 2021 Aditya Narayan - Indian Idol 12 ; Rohit Shetty - Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 11 ; Ranveer Singh - The Big Picture ; Rithvik Dhanjani & Paritosh Tripathi - Super Dancer 4 ; Salman Khan - Bigg Boss 15 ; Raghav Juyal - Dance Deewane 3 ; Raghav Juyal - Dance+6

This is a document about Dance Plus
 Contestant info The sixth season aired on 13 September 2021 on Disney+Hotstar. The show hosted by Raghav Juyal with the super judge Remo D'Souza and the team captains are Punit Pathak, Shakti Mohan and Salman Yusuff Khan.

This is a document about Bigg Boss Kannada
  the show was aired in Colors Super, the second Kannada GEC by Viacom18 to increase the viewership for the channel. The season premiered on 15 October 2017 and has been the first season to include non-celebrity housemates selected through online audition process. The grand finale was held on 28 and 29 January 2018 and Chandan Shetty emerged as the winner. Season 6 of Bigg Boss premiered on 21 October 2018 in Colors Super. After a successful season the grand finale was aired on 26 and 27 January 2019 and farmer Shashi Kumar emerged as the winner, with runner-up being singer Naveen Sajju, followed by Kavitha Gowda, Andrew Jayapaul and Rapid Rashmi in the 3rd, 4th and 5th place respectively. Sudeep was the host of this season too.

This is a document about Sneha Kapoor
  Baliye Season6, 2013 – Choreographer to Kanika Maheshwari and Ankur Ghai. ; Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa Season 6, 2013 – Top 3 Performed with Shantanu Mukherjee. ; Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa Season 6, 2013 – Top 6 Choreographer to Karanvir Bohra. ; Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa Season 5, 2012 – Top 3 Choreographer to Rithvik Dhanjani. ; Dance India Dance Season 3, 2011 – Top 15 contestants. ; Guinness World Records Holder 2011, Most number of swing flips in a minute. ; Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa Season 4, 2010 – Choreographer to Akhil Kumar. ; India’s Got Talent Season 1, 2009 – Finalist. ; Jhalak dikhla jaa Season 8, 2015 - choreographer to Raftaar. ; Super Dancer season 1 choreographer, 2016 ; Nach Baliye season 8, 2017 - choreographer to Aashka goradia and Brent Goble with her boyfriend Ruel Dausan Varidani

This is a document about Brit Asia TV Music Awards
 Best DJ: DJ Frenzy ; Breakthrough Act: G. Sidhu ; Best Lyricist: Sidhu Moose Wala for "So High" ; Best Music Video Director: Sunny Dhinsey for "Udaarian" ; Bollywood Track of the Year: "Dilbar" by Neha Kakkar ; Best Male Act: Guru Randhawa ; Best Non-Traditional Asian Act: Steel Banglez ; Best Female Act: Jasmine Sandlas ; Music Producer of the Year: Vee ; UK Act of the Year: JK ; Album of the Year: CON.FI.DEN.TIAL by Diljit Dosanjh ; Music Video of the Year: "Udaarian" by Satinder Sartaaj ; Track of the Year: "Lahore" by Guru Randhawa ; Special Recognition: Raghav ; Outstanding Achievement: Panjabi MC ; Lifetime Achievement Award: Arif Lohar The 2018 event was held on 6 October 2018 at Park Plaza Westminster Bridge in London. It was hosted by Preeya Kalidas and Apache Indian. Award winners were:

This is a document about Dance India Dance
  Janbaaz, Tanay ke Tigers and Bir ke Baahubali. Jiya Thakur from Vaishnavi ke Veer wins the title. Urva Bhavsar from Jitumoni ke Janbaaz is the first runner up followed by Tamman Gamnu from Bir ke Baahubali. The season was hosted by Jay Bhanushali and Vighnesh Pande. Dance India Dance L'il Masters North America Edition - Auditions were conducted in April 2014 with over 10,000 contestants auditioning from all across the US, Canada and Europe. Out of them 10 contestants were chosen and were flown to Mumbai, India to compete in the finals. The winner was Akhil and the second winner was Avantika Vandanapu.

This is a document about Bigg Boss (Hindi season 6)
  Bigg Boss 6 is the sixth season of the Indian reality TV show Bigg Boss, which is telecast on the TV channel Colors. Bigg Boss is the Indian edition of Big Brother TV series. The season started from 7 October 2012. Salman Khan, who was the host of the previous two seasons, returned as the host for the show. The sixth season was launched as a Parivarik season with a Gujarati tagline- Alag che! (English: It's different). The producers claimed that the contestants on Bigg Boss 6 will be presented with a cleaner, more "family like image". The prize money was reduced to inr 5000000 with an amount of 500,000s awarded to the "most entertaining" housemate each week from week 6 onwards. The award was discontinued after four

This is a document about Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi
 Rajneesh Duggal (winner) ; Gurmeet Choudhary (runner-up) ; Nikitin Dheer (3rd place) ; Debina Bonnerjee (4th place) ; Salman Yusuff Khan (5th place) ; Teejay Sidhu (6th place) ; Karanvir Bohra (7th place) ; Gauahar Khan (8th place) ; Ranvir Shorey (9th place) ; Deana Uppal (10th place) ; Ajaz Khan (11th place) ; Geeta Tandon (12th place) ; Dayanand Shetty (13th place) ; Kushal Tandon (14th place) ; Mugdha Godse (15th place) ; Rochelle Rao (16th place) ; Pooja Gor (17th place)

Sneha and Harsh won Dance India Dance Season 6 in 2021. The document does not provide information about the winner of Dance India Dance Season 6 in 2018.


Question: when was the cathedral of santa maria del fiore built

Answer: begun in 1296

This is a document about Florence Cathedral
  Santa Maria del Fiore was built on the site of Florence's second cathedral dedicated to Saint Reparata; the first was the Basilica di San Lorenzo di Firenze, the first building of which was consecrated as a church in 393 by St. Ambrose of Milan. The ancient structure, founded in the early 5th century and having undergone many repairs, was crumbling with age, according to the 14th-century Nuova Cronica of Giovanni Villani, and was no longer large enough to serve the growing population of the city. Other major Tuscan cities had undertaken ambitious reconstructions of their cathedrals during the Late Medieval period, such as Pisa and particularly

This is a document about Filippo Brunelleschi
  Santa Maria del Fiore was the cathedral and symbol of Florence, which had been begun in 1296. After the death of the first architect, Arnolfo di Cambio, work was interrupted for fifty years. The campanile, or bell tower, was added by Giotto soon after 1330. Between 1334 and 1366 a committee of architects and painters made a plan of a proposed dome, and the constructors were sworn to follow the plan. The proposed dome from the base to the lantern on top was more than eighty meters high, and the octagonal base was almost forty-two meters in diameter. It was larger than the dome of the ancient Pantheon, or any other dome in

This is a document about Republic of Florence
  Florence's population continued to grow into the 13th century, reaching a level of 30,000 inhabitants. As has been said, the extra inhabitants supported the city's trade and vice versa. Several new bridges and churches were built, most prominently the cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, begun in 1294. The buildings from this era serve as Florence's best examples of Gothic Architecture. Politically, Florence was barely able to maintain peace between its competing factions. The precarious peace that existed at the beginning of the century was destroyed in 1216 when two factions, known as the Guelphs and the Ghibellines, began to war. The Ghibellines were supporters of the noble rulers of Florence, whereas the Guelphs were populists. The Ghibellines, who had ruled the city under Frederick of Antioch since 1244, were deposed in

This is a document about Monopoli Cathedral
  The cathedral was erected near the site of a Roman temple and burial site. Work began on it in 1107, but was supposedly halted for the lack of roof beams. A miracle occurred in 1117 when a raft carrying an icon of the Madonna drifted into the harbour. The raft beams were used to construct the roof. The Romanesque structure was not complete until 1442, when it was consecrated. Two of the three bell-towers were damaged during the siege of the Marquis Del Vasto in 1528. The remaining tower collapsed in 1686, killing forty townspeople. By 1693, a new campanile had been erected. In 1738, an endowment by Bishop

This is a document about Frascati Cathedral
  Construction on the present building (the fifth cathedral of this see) began in 1598, to the designs of Ottaviano Nonni (best known as Mascherino). After twelve years, on June 29, 1610 the first Mass was celebrated. In 1696 Girolamo Fontana began work on a new façade, which was finished in 1700. The two bell towers on either side of it were constructed later. The cathedral is built on a Greek cross floorplan, and houses a wooden crucifix of the 11th century from Tusculum, a Madonna (Mysteries of the Rosary) attributed to Domenichino, a relief by Pompeo Ferrucci (1612) representing Jesus handing over the keys to Saint Peter, and a 14th-century Madonna and Child in the Chapel of the Gonfalone, that was retouched by Domenichino. On the interior side of the west front there is a bronze "Holy

This is a document about Florence
  Florence Cathedral, formally the Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore, is the cathedral of Florence, Italy. It was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style to a design of Arnolfo di Cambio and was structurally completed by 1436, with the dome designed by Filippo Brunelleschi.

This is a document about Santa Maria sopra Minerva
  island). The Dominicans began building the present Gothic church in 1280 modelling it on their church in Florence Santa Maria Novella. Architectural plans were probably drawn up during the pontificate of Nicholas III by two Dominican friars, Fra Sisto Fiorentino and Fra Ristoro da Campi. With the help of funds contributed by Boniface VIII and the faithful the side aisles were completed in the 14th century. In 1453 church interior construction was finally completed when Cardinal Juan Torquemada ordered that the main nave be covered by a vault that reduced the overall projected height of the church. In the same year of 1453 Count Francesco Orsini sponsored

This is a document about Padua Cathedral
  medieval bell tower initiated by Cardinal Pisani. The old facade was extended and adorned. Toward 1635 the construction of the right arm of the transept was begun and in 1693 the left side. The remains of the old cathedral were gradually removed and the new nave, designed by Gerolamo Frigimelica and Francesco Maria Preti, as well as Giambattista Novello, built on the same site. The cathedral was consecrated on 25 August 1754 by Cardinal Carlo Rezzonico. It was then designated a minor basilica. Construction of the dome began in 1756 under the direction of John Glory and Giorgio Massari.

This is a document about Faenza Cathedral
  Construction of the cathedral began in 1474, on the site of a previous cathedral about which very little is known, by order of Carlo II Manfredi (lord of Faenza between 1468 and 1477), while his brother Federico was bishop of Faenza. The architect was the Florentine Giuliano da Maiano. Construction finished in 1515. The dedication to Saint Peter did not take place until 1581. The cathedral also has the status of a basilica minor.

This is a document about Foligno Cathedral
  The church was built in Romanesque style in the period 1133–1201. Bishop Marco began the construction in 1133. The renewed church was consecrated in 1149 by Cardinal Giulio di San Marcello. The cathedral has two façades, the principal façade, or west front, facing the Piazza Grande, and the secondary façade facing the Piazza della Repubblica. The north transept and the secondary façade were commissioned in 1204 by Bishop Anselmo degli Atti, as attested by an inscription on the façade. The south transept was opened in 1513, giving the church its present Latin cross configuration.

This is a document about Florence Cathedral
  Florence Cathedral, formally the Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore (in English Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flower), is the cathedral of Florence, Italy (Duomo di Firenze). It was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style to a design of Arnolfo di Cambio and was structurally completed by 1436, with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi. The exterior of the basilica is faced with polychrome marble panels in various shades of green and pink, bordered by white, and has an elaborate 19th-century Gothic Revival façade by Emilio De Fabris. The cathedral complex, in Piazza del Duomo, includes the Baptistery and Giotto's Campanile. These three buildings are part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site covering the historic centre of Florence and are a major tourist attraction of Tuscany. The basilica is one of Italy's largest churches, and until the development of new structural materials in the modern era, the dome was the largest in the world. It remains the largest brick dome ever constructed. The cathedral is the mother church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Florence, whose archbishop is Giuseppe Betori.

This is a document about Cerasi Chapel
  Before the present-day edifice another funerary chapel on the same spot was dedicated to the Virgin Mary. It was built by Pietro Foscari, the Cardinal of Venice. Johann Burchard notes in his diary that the cardinal died on 11 August 1485. "His body was then transferred to the city, and given over for burial in a chapel of the Church of Santa Maria del Popolo, which he had built for himself", states Burchard. This construction obviously correlated to the general rebuilding of the basilica by Pope Sixtus IV which began in 1472. The Cardinal of Venice was an influential person

This is a document about History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes
  important religious buildings in Florence, the proportions of its dome were followed by the nearby dome of the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore that was built by Brunelleschi centuries later. The polygonal dome was built with a wooden tension ring at about 23 meters high, too high to counteract the spreading forces, and a lower iron ring was added in 1514.  The renovation of Speyer Cathedral, the largest of the Imperial Cathedrals of the Holy Roman Empire, was begun around 1080 by the Emperor Henry IV, soon after he had returned from a trip to Canossa in northern Italy.

This is a document about Santo Spirito, Siena
  Building at the site was begun by the Biccherna for monks of the Silvestrine order in 1345. In 1440 it was passed to the Benedictines of Santa Giustina, and soon after to the Dominican Order. They held the monastery till their suppression in 1782. The Benedictines were the first to erect a library. The church is largely a reconstruction from 1498-1504; the architectural design is attributed to Francesco di Giorgio, and Pandolfo Petrucci. The cupola was completed in 1504, but the church was not consecrated till 1513. The marble portal (1519) was designed by Baldassare Peruzzi. The interior houses the

This is a document about Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gaeta
  in 917, piety and patriotism moved Bishop Bonus and the Hypati, Giovanni and Docibilis, to begin construction of a more suitable and imposing basilica, in the romanesque style, to replace the little S. Maria del Parco. The cathedral was dedicated by Pope Paschal II personally on 3 February 1106. Pope Paschal died in January 1118, and immediately after the election of his successor, Pope Gelasius II (Giovanni Gaetani) on 24 January, the new Pope was compelled by the violence of the Frangipane family to flee the city. By way of the Tiber River, the papal party reached Porto, but then had to take to the sea for a rough voyage to Terracina, and from there to Gaeta. On 10 March 1118, he

This is a document about Pisa Cathedral
  Construction on the cathedral began in 1063 (1064 according to the Pisan calendar of the time) by the architect Buscheto, and expenses were paid using the spoils received fighting against the Muslims in Sicily in 1063. It includes various stylistic elements: classical, Lombard-Emilian, Byzantine, and Islamic, drawing upon the international presence of Pisan merchants at that time. In the same year, St. Mark's Basilica began its reconstruction in Venice, evidence of a strong rivalry between the two maritime republics to see which could create the most beautiful and luxurious place of worship. The church was erected outside Pisa's early medieval walls, to show that Pisa had no fear

This is a document about Florence Cathedral
  admit that the whole project was beyond him. In 1423, Brunelleschi was back in charge and took over sole responsibility. Work on the dome began in 1420 and finished in 1436. The cathedral was consecrated by Pope Eugene IV on 25 March 1436, (the first day of the year according to the Florentine calendar). It was the first 'octagonal' dome in history to be built without a temporary wooden supporting frame. It was one of the most impressive projects of the Renaissance. During the consecration in 1436, Guillaume Dufay's motet Nuper rosarum flores was performed. The decoration of the exterior of the cathedral, begun in

This is a document about Ales Cathedral (Sardinia)
  the time of Bishop Brunengo the nave and the apse were covered with barrel vaulting. In 1648 Brunengo started building one of two planned towers, but it collapsed on April 29, 1683, for reasons never discovered, and in its fall almost completely destroyed the rest of the church. Construction of the present cathedral was begun in 1687 to plans drawn up by the architect Domenico Spotorno, who had died on June 17, 1684, in Ales and was later buried in the new building. He had previously worked on the conversion of the Baroque cathedral of Cagliari, which served as a model for the cathedral of Ales. The new cathedral was completed

This is a document about Manfredonia Cathedral
  The construction of a cathedral in Manfredonia, after the transferral here of the seat of the bishops of Siponto, began on 7 February 1270 and finished in 1274. The first building was destroyed by the Turks in 1620, and was not rebuilt until 1700, using the ruins of the old Angevin church on the authority of the then bishop, Bartolomeo della Cueva, Cardinal Vincenzo Maria Orsini (later Pope Benedict XIII), and Mgr. Andrea Cesarano. Della Cueva modified the main entrance, moving it to the opposite end of the church. He also had the canons' stalls constructed and the main altar. Formerly the main entrance was where the campanile now stands that was built by Cardinal Orsini in 1677. The

This is a document about Cosenza
  The exact origins of the Duomo are unknown; it was probably built during the first half of the 11th century. An earthquake destroyed the cathedral on 9 June 1184, and rebuilding was completed by 1222 when the cathedral was consecrated by Emperor Frederick II. At some point during the first half of the 18th century the church was covered by a baroque superstructure which obliterated the original structure and its works of art. In the first half of the 19th century the façade was transformed in neo-gothic style, which completely changed its character. At the end of the 19th century, Archbishop Camillo Sorgente entrusted the work to Pisanti, who recovered the original old arches and the ancient structure of the church. In the 1940s

The construction of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence began in 1296. However, the cathedral was not completed until 1436. The dome was designed by Filippo Brunelleschi and Giotto, and the work on it began in 1418. The cathedral was consecrated in 1436.