Question: how many 5 star general in us history

Answer: Nine

This is a document about United States Army officer rank insignia
  While not currently in use today, special insignia were authorized by Congress for ten general officers who were promoted to the highest ranks in the United States Army: general of the Army, designed as a "five-star" rank, and general of the armies, considered to be the equivalent of a "six-star" rank. Eight generals were promoted to the rank and title "general of the Army" (Ulysses S. Grant, William Tecumseh Sherman, Philip Sheridan, George Marshall, Douglas MacArthur, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Henry H. Arnold, and Omar Bradley), while two generals were promoted to the higher rank and title of "general of the armies

This is a document about List of United States Army four-star generals
   This is a complete list of four-star generals in the United States Army, past and present. The rank of general (or full general, or four-star general) is the highest rank normally achievable in the U.S. Army. It ranks above lieutenant general (three-star general) and below General of the Army (five-star general). There have been 248 four-star generals in the history of the U.S. Army. Of these, 234 achieved that rank while on active duty in the U.S. Army; eight were promoted after retirement; five were promoted posthumously; and one (George Washington) was appointed to that rank in the Continental Army, the U.S. Army's predecessor. Generals entered the Army via several paths: 157 were commissioned via the U.S. Military Academy (USMA), 50 via Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) at a civilian university, 16 via direct commission (direct), 13 via Officer Candidate School (OCS), eight via ROTC at a senior military college, one via ROTC at a military junior college, one via direct commission in the Army National Guard (ARNG), one via the aviation cadet program, and one via battlefield commission.

This is a document about Dwight D. Eisenhower
  stuck at the rank of major for 16 years in the interwar period.) On December 20, 1944, Eisenhower was appointed to the rank of General of the Army, placing him in the company of George Marshall, Henry "Hap" Arnold, and Douglas MacArthur, the only four men to achieve the rank in World War II. Along with Omar Bradley, they were the only five men to achieve the rank since the August 5, 1888 death of Philip Sheridan, and the only five men to hold the rank of five-star general. The rank was created by an Act of Congress on a temporary basis, when Public Law

This is a document about General of the Air Force
   General Henry H. Arnold, commanding general of the United States Army Air Forces, became the first airman to be promoted to the five-star rank of general of the Army on 21 December 1944. The four other individuals promoted to the rank of General of the Army, all from the Army Ground Forces, were George C. Marshall, chief of staff of the United States Army, Douglas MacArthur, supreme commander of the South West Pacific Area, Dwight D. Eisenhower, supreme commander of Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force, and Omar Bradley, commander of the Twelfth United States Army Group. Four Navy admirals were also promoted to the five-star rank of fleet admiral, including

This is a document about List of United States Marine Corps four-star generals
  This is a complete list of four-star generals in the United States Marine Corps. The rank of general (or full general, or four-star general) is the highest rank in the Marine Corps. It ranks above lieutenant general (three-star general). There have been 73 four-star generals in the history of the United States Marine Corps. Of these, 55 achieved that rank while on active duty, 17 were promoted upon retirement in recognition of combat citations ("tombstone promotions", 1942–1959), and one was promoted posthumously. Generals entered the Marine Corps via several paths: 29 via Officer Candidates School (OCS), 24 via Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps (NROTC) at a civilian university, 10 via the United States Naval Academy (USNA), 3 via Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) at a civilian university, and 7 via ROTC at a senior military college.

This is a document about Field marshal
  No branch of the United States Armed Forces has ever used the rank of field marshal. On 14 December 1944, Congress created the rank of "general of the army", a five-star rank equivalent to that of field marshal in other countries. Two days later, George Marshall was promoted to this rank, becoming the first five-star general in American history. It has been suggested that the international denomination of "Marshal" for a five-star officer was not adopted because, otherwise, Marshall would be addressed as "Marshal Marshall", which was considered undignified.

This is a document about Five-star rank
  by rank or by seniority due to an earlier date of rank). Five-star ranks were created in the U.S. military during World War II because of the awkward situation created when some American senior commanders were placed in positions commanding allied officers of higher rank. U.S. officers holding five-star rank draw full active duty pay for life, both before and after retiring from active duty. The five-star ranks were retired in 1981 on the death of General of the Army Omar Bradley. Nine Americans have been promoted to five-star rank, one of them, Henry H. Arnold, in two services (U.S.

This is a document about List of United States Air Force four-star generals
  This is a complete list of four-star generals in the United States Air Force. The rank of general (or full general, or four-star general) is the highest rank normally achievable in the U.S. Air Force. It ranks above lieutenant general (three-star general) and below General of the Air Force (five-star general). There have been 227 four-star generals in the history of the U.S. Air Force. Of these, 223 achieved that rank while on active duty, 3 were promoted after retirement, and one was promoted posthumously. Generals entered the Air Force via several paths: 60 were commissioned via the U.S. Military Academy (USMA), 49 via the aviation cadet program, 44 via the U.S. Air Force Academy (USAFA), 42 via Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps (AFROTC) at a civilian university, 12 via AFROTC at a senior military college, 8 via Air Force Officer Training School (OTS), 4 via the U.S. Naval Academy (USNA), 4 via Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) at a civilian university, 2 via direct commission (direct), one via direct commission inter-service transfer from the Army National Guard (ARNG), and one via direct commission inter-service transfer from the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF).

This is a document about 1944
  Five-Star General. ; December 17 ; WWII: Malmedy massacre: German SS troops under Joachim Peiper machine gun American prisoners of war captured during the Battle of the Bulge near Malmedy, and elsewhere in Belgium. ; WWII: Bombing of Ulm: 707 people are killed and 25,000 are left homeless. ; December 18 – General Douglas MacArthur becomes the second U.S. Five-Star General. ; December 19 – The daily newspaper Le Monde begins publication in Paris. ; December 20 ; The United States Women Airforce Service Pilots are disbanded. ; General Dwight D. Eisenhower is promoted to the rank of 5-star U.S. Five-Star General. ; December

This is a document about General of the Armies
  life, official publications consistently treated the General of the Armies as being one grade higher than a five-star general. As late as 1951, Army regulations specified 19 guns to salute the General of the Armies, and only 17 guns for a General of the Army. Pershing himself never wore more than four stars. Army regulations let the General of the Armies design his own uniform, but by the time the five-star grade was created in 1944, Pershing was too infirm to consider updating his insignia. When Pershing died on July 15, 1948, a proposal to bury him in a uniform bearing six stars was rejected in favor of the four stars he had always worn.

This is a document about Highest military ranks
  The United States Armed Forces have proposed and used two six-star ranks: General of the Armies and Admiral of the Navy. These are ranked directly above their five-star counterparts, General of the Army and Fleet Admiral.

This is a document about General of the Army (United States)
  were worn with shirts and sweaters. The rank of "General of the Army" has had two incarnations. The rank was introduced in 1866, the year after the American Civil War. It was reserved for the Commanding General of the United States Army, was a four-star rank, and was held by three different individuals from 1866 to 1888. The rank was revived as the modern five-star rank during World War II, and may be awarded to more than one serving officer at a time. It was held by five different individuals from 1944 to 1981. A special rank of General of the Armies, which ranks above the second incarnation of General of the Army, exists but has been conferred only twice, to World War I's John J. Pershing, and posthumously to George Washington, by proclamation 177 years after his death.

This is a document about General officers in the United States
  but none currently. The highest ranks, senior to the five-star ranks, are General of the Armies (in the Army) and Admiral of the Navy (in the Navy). These ranks are sometimes called six-star ranks, but holders of the ranks have never used six-star insignia. Only three people have ever held these ranks, which are sometimes considered to be the equivalent of the foreign ranks of generalissimo or grand marshal, and they have never been used at the same time as all other general-officer ranks. The rank of General of the Armies has been held only by John Pershing, promoted in 1919, and George Washington, promoted posthumously in 1976

This is a document about General of the Armies
  on par with a British admiral of the fleet or field marshal. When the five-star grades were created in 1944, the initial legislation called them Admiral of the Navy and General of the Armies. However, House Naval Affairs Committee chairman Carl Vinson inserted a five-star fleet admiral below Admiral of the Navy, which he wanted to be a six-star grade. Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson then required that the five-star Army grade not be called General of the Armies, which he thought was also a higher rank. Although the 1944 proposal to create six-star grades was dropped, Army and Navy regulations in 1951 still authorized only 17 guns to salute a five-star officer, and 19 guns for an Admiral of the Navy or General of the Armies.

This is a document about Byron McCandless
  on May 29, 1916 to officially define it. In March 1945, Franklin Roosevelt wondered if the four stars were still appropriate, given the creation of the five-star Fleet Admiral and General of the Army ranks during World War II. Despite initial responses which recommended no change (the stars were not supposed to be indicative of rank), Roosevelt persisted and had a message sent to his old colleague McCandless, by this time a Commodore and commanding the Naval Repair Base in San Diego. Roosevelt died on April 12 before McCandless could reply, but Truman still expressed interest, so on May 29 McCandless sent a long letter containing a history of the President's flag, dozens of attachments

This is a document about Henry H. Arnold
  Air Force members or retirees. On December 21, 1944, Arnold was appointed to the rank of General of the Army, placing him in the company of Dwight D. Eisenhower, George Marshall, and Douglas MacArthur, the only four men to achieve the rank in World War II, and along with Omar Bradley, one of only five men to achieve the rank since the August 5, 1888 death of Philip Sheridan, and the only five men to hold the rank as a Five-star general. The rank was created by an Act of Congress on a temporary basis when Public Law 78–482 was passed on December 14, 1944, as a

This is a document about General officers in the United States
  Civil War era version. The insignia for General of the Army, as created in 1944, consisted of five stars in a pentagonal pattern, with points touching. The five officers who have held the 1944 version of General of the Army were: The timing of the first four appointments was coordinated with the appointment of the U.S. Navy's five-star Fleet Admirals (on 15, 17, and 19 December 1944) to establish both a clear order of seniority and a near-equivalence between the services. A historical rumor suggests that the title 'General of the Army' was used instead of the 'Field Marshal' so that George Marshall would not be known as "Marshal Marshall". Most military sources

This is a document about Military rank
  to as "star ranks" for the number of stars worn on some rank insignia: typically one-star for brigadier general or equivalent with the addition of a star for each subsequent rank. In the United States, five stars has been the highest rank regularly attainable (excluding the marines and coast guard, which have traditionally served as branches of the navy in times of war and thus under the command of a fleet admiral). There also exists the specialty ranks of General of the Armies of the United States and Admiral of the Navy which at their inception were considered senior four star officers but came to be considered six-star rank after the

This is a document about Fleet admiral (United States)
  A proper five-star rank of fleet admiral was created in 1944 in order to give United States military officers comparable rank to five-star officers of allied nations. The rank of fleet admiral was created by an Act of Congress for four officers to hold on a temporary basis under Pub.L. 78-482 on December 14, 1944. The rank was made permanent for the four individual holders by on March 23, 1946. Although Congress authorized the promotion of Omar Bradley to the five-star rank of General of the Army in 1950 while serving as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff so that he would be of the same rank as General of

This is a document about Five-star rank
  U.S. military officer to have ever served -- Congress' ways and means achieved their object.  Before the five-star ranks were established in 1944, two officers had previously been promoted from their four-star ranks to the superior and unique ranks of Admiral of the Navy and General of the Armies: Admiral George Dewey (appointment 1903 retroactive to 1899, died 1917) and General John J. Pershing (appointed 1919, died 1948). In 1944 the Navy and Army specified that these officers were considered senior to any officers promoted to the five-star ranks within their services (but it was not clear if they were

There have been eight five-star generals in the history of the United States Army.


Question: when was the first submarine used in war

Answer: During the American Revolutionary War

This is a document about Submarines in the United States Navy
  The first submarine used in combat was the USS Turtle, the Turtle was built in 1775 and was made to attach explosive charges to the hulls of the ships. Several attempts were made against British Ships in American harbors in 1776, but none were successful. Other submersible projects date to the 19th century. Alligator was a US Navy submarine that was never commissioned. She was being towed to South Carolina to be used in taking Charleston, but was lost in bad weather on 2 April 1863 off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. On February 17, 1864, the H. L. Hunley (submarine) became the first submarine to sink a warship. Real progress began late in the century with the building of the USS Holland (SS-1), named after John Philip Holland. The boat was developed at Lewis Nixon's Crescent Shipyard located in Elizabeth, New Jersey. This pioneering craft was in service for 10 years and was a developmental and trials vessel for many systems on other early submarines.

This is a document about Industrial warfare
  Just as important was the development of submarines to travel underneath the sea, at first for short dives, then later to be able to spend weeks or months underwater powered by a nuclear reactor. The first successful submarine attack in wartime was in 1864 by the Confederate submarine H.L. Hunley which sank the frigate USS Housatonic (1861). In both World Wars, submarines primarily exerted their power by sinking merchant ships using torpedoes, in addition to attacks on warships. All nations practiced unrestricted submarine warfare in which submarines sank merchant ships without warning, but the only successful campaign during this period was America's submarine war against Japan during the Pacific War. In the 1950s the Cold War inspired the development of ballistic missile submarines, each one loaded with dozens of nuclear-armed missiles and with orders to launch them from sea should the other nation attack.

This is a document about Turtle (submersible)
  the first years of the nineteenth century and took it to Europe when the United States proved largely uninterested in the design. During the American Civil War, the Confederate States of America, faced with a similar situation to that of the colonies during the War of Independence, developed an operational submarine CSS H.L. Hunley, whose destruction of the USS Housatonic in Charleston Harbor in February 1864 was the first successful submarine attack in history. By the early-twentieth century, the world's navies were beginning to adopt submarines in larger numbers. Like Bushnell's design, these boats mimicked the natural forms of marine animals in their

This is a document about Anti-submarine weapon
  Prior to about 1890, naval weapons were only used against surface shipping. With the rise of the military submarine after this time, countermeasures were considered for use against them. The first submarine installation of torpedo tubes was in 1885 and the first ship was sunk by a submarine-launched torpedo in 1887. There were only two ways of countering the military submarine initially: ramming them or sinking them with gunfire. However, once they were submerged, they were largely immune until they had to surface again. By the start of the First World War there were nearly 300 submarines in service with another 80 in production.

This is a document about Military history
  port of Haiphong during the Vietnam War. The Iraqi Navy of Saddam Hussein used naval mines extensively during the Tanker War, as part of the Iran–Iraq War. The first navigable submarine was built in 1624 by Cornelius Drebbel, it could cruise at a depth of 15 feet (5 m). However, the first military submarine was constructed in 1885 by Isaac Peral. The Turtle was developed by David Bushnell during the American Revolution. Robert Fulton then improved the submarine design by creating the Nautilus. The Howitzer, a type of field artillery, was developed in the 17th century to fire high trajectory explosive shells at targets that could not

This is a document about Submarine warfare
  The age of submarine warfare began during the American Civil War. The 1860s was a time of many turning points in terms of how naval warfare was fought. Many new types of warships were being developed for use in the United States and Confederate States Navies. Submarine watercraft were among the newly created vessels. The first sinking of an enemy ship by a submarine occurred on 17 February 1864, when the Confederate submarine, a privateer, sank the sloop USS Housatonic (1861) in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina. Shortly afterward, however, H. L. Hunley sank, with the loss of her entire crew of eight.

This is a document about History of submarines
  The first military submarine was Turtle in 1776. During the American Revolutionary War, Turtle (operated by Sgt. Ezra Lee, Continental Army) tried and failed to sink a British warship, HMS Eagle (flagship of the blockaders) in New York harbor on September 7, 1776. There is no record of any attack in the ships' logs. During the War of 1812, in 1814 Silas Halsey lost his life while using a submarine in an unsuccessful attack on a British warship stationed in New London harbour.

This is a document about Submarine
  entirely from the US company, the actual design used was an untested improvement to the original Holland design using a new 180 hp petrol engine. These types of submarines were first used during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05. Due to the blockade at Port Arthur, the Russians sent their submarines to Vladivostok, where by 1 January 1905 there were seven boats, enough to create the world's first "operational submarine fleet". The new submarine fleet began patrols on 14 February, usually lasting for about 24 hours each. The first confrontation with Japanese warships occurred on 29 April 1905 when the Russian submarine Som was fired upon by Japanese torpedo boats, but then withdrew.

This is a document about Military history of Germany
  Submarines – the U-boats- were used by the Imperial German Navy to sink merchant ships bringing supplies to England. This strategy alienated the United States, which declared war in April 1917. Shipments of food and munitions to Britain and France were increased, as the convoy system largely neutralized the U-boats. By 1917 the German army had begun employing new infiltration tactics in an effort to break the trench warfare deadlock. Units of stormtroopers, were trained and equipped for the new tactics, and were used with devastating effect along the Russian front at Riga then at the Battle of Caporetto in

This is a document about David Bushnell
  Bushnell is credited with creating the first submarine ever used in combat, while studying at Yale in 1775. He called it Turtle because of its look in the water. His idea of using water as ballast for submerging and raising his submarine is still in use, as is the screw propeller, which was used in Turtle. While at Yale, Bushnell proved that gunpowder could be exploded under water. He used this knowledge not only in construction of the underwater mine but later in creating floating torpedoes that exploded on contact. Working with the wealthy New Haven inventor, clock-maker, and brass foundry-man Isaac Doolittle, he

This is a document about Anti-submarine warfare
  The first attacks on a ship by an underwater vehicle are generally believed to have been during the American Revolutionary War, using what would now be called a naval mine but what was then referred to a torpedo. Even so, various attempts to produce submarines had been made prior to this. In 1866, British engineer Robert Whitehead invented the first effective self-propelled torpedo, the eponymous Whitehead torpedo; French and German inventions followed soon thereafter. The first submarine with a torpedo was Nordenfelt I built in 1884–1885, though it had been proposed earlier. By the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War, all the large navies except the Germans had

This is a document about Nuclear marine propulsion
  The first nuclear submarine, USS Nautilus (SSN-571), put to sea in 1955 (SS was a traditional designation for US submarines, while SSN denoted the first "nuclear" submarine). The Soviet Union also developed nuclear submarines. The first types developed were the Project 627, NATO designated with two water-cooled reactors, the first of which, K-3 Leninskiy Komsomol, was underway under nuclear power in 1958. Nuclear power revolutionized the submarine, finally making it a true "underwater" vessel, rather than a "submersible" craft, which could only stay underwater for limited periods. It gave the submarine the ability to operate submerged at high speeds, comparable to those of surface vessels, for unlimited periods, dependent only on

This is a document about Frogman
  In ancient Roman and Greek times, there were instances of men swimming or diving for combat, sometimes using a hollow plant stem or a long bone as a snorkel. Diving with snorkel is mentioned by Aristotle (4th century BC). The earliest descriptions of frogmen in war are found in Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War. The first instance was in 425 BC, when the Athenian fleet besieged the Spartans on the small island of Sphacteria. The Spartans managed to get supplies from the mainland by underwater swimmers towing submerged sacks of supplies. In another incident of the same war, in 415 BC, the Athenians used combat

This is a document about List of warships sunk during the Russo-Japanese War
  Although submarines, torpedoes, torpedo boats, and steel battleships had existed for many years, the Russo-Japanese war was the first conflict to see mature forms of these weapon systems deployed in large numbers. Over a hundred of the newly invented torpedo boats and nearly the same number of torpedo boat destroyers were involved. The Imperial Russian Navy would become the first navy in history to possess an independent operational submarine fleet on 1 January 1905. With this submarine fleet making its first combat patrol on 14 February 1905, and its first clash with enemy surface warships on 29 April 1905, all this nearly a decade before

This is a document about Submarine
  military use. The first was Nordenfelt I, a 56-tonne, 19.5 m vessel similar to Garrett's ill-fated (1879), with a range of 240 km, armed with a single torpedo, in 1885. A reliable means of propulsion for the submerged vessel was only made possible in the 1880s with the advent of the necessary electric battery technology. The first electrically powered boats were built by Isaac Peral y Caballero in Spain (who built ), Dupuy de Lôme (who built ) and Gustave Zédé (who built Sirène) in France, and James Franklin Waddington (who built Porpoise) in England. Peral's design featured torpedoes and other systems that later became standard in submarines. Commissioned in June 1900,

This is a document about Submarine
   Military submarines first made a significant impact in World War I. Forces such as the U-boats of Germany saw action in the First Battle of the Atlantic, and were responsible for sinking, which was sunk as a result of unrestricted submarine warfare and is often cited among the reasons for the entry of the United States into the war. At the outbreak of the war, Germany had only twenty submarines immediately available for combat, although these included vessels of the diesel-engined U-19 class, which had a sufficient range of 5000 mi and speed of 8 kn to allow them to operate effectively around the entire British coast., By contrast, the Royal Navy had a total of 74 submarines, though of mixed effectiveness. In August 1914, a flotilla of ten U-boats sailed from their base in Heligoland to attack Royal

This is a document about Human torpedo
  The concept of a tiny manned submarine carrying a bomb was developed and patented by a British naval officer in 1909, but was never used during the First World War. The Italian Navy experimented with a primitive tiny sub (Mignatta) carrying two men and a limpet mine: this craft successfully sank Austro-Hungarian battleship SMS Viribus Unitis on 1 November 1918. The first truly practical human torpedo was the Italian Maiale (nicknamed the "pig" because it was difficult to steer) used in the Second World War. The Maiale was electrically propelled by a 1.6 hp motor in most of the units manufactured, with a top speed of 3 kn and often required a travel time of

This is a document about Propeller
  Saybrook, Connecticut. On the night of September 6, 1776, Sergeant Ezra Lee piloted Turtle in an attack on HMS Eagle in New York Harbor. Turtle also has the distinction of being the first submarine used in battle. Bushnell later described the propeller in an October 1787 letter to Thomas Jefferson: "An oar formed upon the principle of the screw was fixed in the forepart of the vessel its axis entered the vessel and being turned one way rowed the vessel forward but being turned the other way rowed it backward. It was made to be turned by the hand or

This is a document about Imperial Russian Navy
  Navy created the world's first operational submarine fleet at Vladivostok on 1 January 1905. On 14 February 1905 the new submarine fleet sent out its first combat patrol consisting of the vessels Som and Delfin. With patrols varying from 24 hours to a few days, the sub fleets first enemy contact occurred on 29 April 1905 when Imperial Japanese Navy torpedo boats fired upon Som, withdrawing after failing to score a hit. On 1 July the Russian submarine Keta made contact with two Japanese torpedo boats in the Tartar Strait. Keta could not submerge quick enough to obtain a firing position and both adversaries broke contact.

This is a document about Hydrophone
  Early in the war, French President Raymond Poincaré provided Paul Langevin with the facilities needed to work on a method to locate submarines by the echos from sound pulses. They developed a piezoelectric hydrophone by increasing the power of the signal with a vacuum tube amplifier; the high acoustic impedance of piezoelectric materials facilitated their use as underwater transducers. The same piezoelectric plate could be vibrated by an electrical oscillator to produce the sound pulses. The first submarine to be detected and sunk using a primitive hydrophone was the German submarine UC-3 on 23 April 1916. UC-3 was detected by the anti-submarine trawler

The first submarine to be used in war was the USS Turtle, which was used in the American Revolutionary War in 1775. However, it did not explode and was not successful in its mission. The first successful use of a submarine in war was by the Confederate States of America in the American Civil War in 1864 with the CSS Hunley.


Question: when did the eagle last win the super bowl

Answer: 2017

This is a document about 2017 Philadelphia Eagles season
  The 2017 Philadelphia Eagles season was the franchise's 85th season in the National Football League, their 15th playing their home games at Lincoln Financial Field and the second under head coach Doug Pederson. Philadelphia won its first-ever Super Bowl title, as well as the franchise's first World Championship since 1960.They defeated Tom Brady and the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LII. The Eagles improved from their 7–9 record from 2016, reaching a record of 13–3, and tying their 2004 season for the most wins in a season franchise history, though the 1949 team and the 1960 team had higher winning percentages. They, along with the Minnesota Vikings, Pittsburgh Steelers, and New

This is a document about Super Bowl LII
  Super Bowl LII was an American football game played to determine the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2017 season. The National Football Conference (NFC) champion Philadelphia Eagles defeated the American Football Conference (AFC) and defending Super Bowl LI champion New England Patriots, 41–33, to win their first Super Bowl and their first NFL title since 1960. The game was played on February 4, 2018, at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota. This was the second time that a Super Bowl was played in Minneapolis, the northernmost city to ever host the event, after Super Bowl XXVI at the Metrodome during the 1991 season. It was also the sixth Super Bowl held in a cold-weather city. New England finished the

This is a document about Super Bowl XXXIX
  World Series. The Eagles did not return to the Super Bowl until 2017, also with a 13–3 record, when they beat the Falcons and Vikings in the reverse order that they did in the 2004–05 playoffs. They exacted revenge on New England in Super Bowl LII, defeating them 41–33 and winning their first championship since 1960. 15 years later, Andy Reid returned to the Super Bowl as head coach of the Kansas City Chiefs, who defeated the San Francisco 49ers 31–20 at Super Bowl LIV, winning the team's first title since Super Bowl IV and Reid's first as head coach. They would return to the Super Bowl in 2021, but lose to Tom Brady's second team, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, 31–9. As of 2021, this is the last time that a team has won back-to-back Super Bowls.

This is a document about Lombardi curse
  the 1980 season and Super Bowl XXXIX in the 2004 season, but lost both times. In 1970, the Super Bowl trophy was officially named the Vince Lombardi trophy when the league decided to honor Lombardi by naming the trophy after him following his death in 1970. This renaming of the Super Bowl trophy combined with the Eagles inability to win the championship game has led some Eagles fans to believe that the franchise is cursed by Vince Lombardi; that beating Lombardi meant never winning the trophy named after him. The Eagles defeated the New England Patriots by a score of 41–33 in Super Bowl LII at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota on February 4, 2018, ending the alleged curse.

This is a document about Sports in Philadelphia
   The Philadelphia Eagles, founded in 1933, are members of the East Division of the National Football Conference (NFC) in the National Football League. They have operated continuously since then, with the partial exception of the 1943 season, when the Eagles temporarily merged with the Pittsburgh Steelers to become the Steagles. The Eagles have won three NFL titles (1948, 1949, 1960), four conference championships, and 13 division championships. They have made three Super Bowl appearances, losing in Super Bowl XV and Super Bowl XXXIX, and winning Super Bowl LII. The franchise frequently finished at the bottom of the standings in the 1930s,

This is a document about Duce Staley
  Staley became a coaching intern for the Philadelphia Eagles during the 2010 offseason. On February 8, 2011, Staley was promoted to special teams quality control coach. After the departure of Andy Reid, Staley remained on the new staff with Chip Kelly and was promoted to the team's running backs coach. Kelly was fired as the team's head coach in December 2015 and Staley was interviewed for the vacant head coaching job in January 2016. Staley was retained as the team's running backs coach by new head coach Doug Pederson on January 20, 2016. On February 4, 2018, Staley won his first Super Bowl as

This is a document about 2018 Philadelphia Eagles season
  The 2018 season was the Philadelphia Eagles' 86th season in the National Football League and their third under head coach Doug Pederson. The Eagles entered the season as the defending champions of Super Bowl LII, when they defeated the previous defending Super Bowl champion New England Patriots 41–33 and attempted to become the first team since the 2004 New England Patriots to repeat as Super Bowl Champions. They opened the season with the NFL Kickoff Game on September 6, beating the Atlanta Falcons 18–12. A vast majority of their Super Bowl-winning squad from the 2017 season was retained, although some notable losses included tight end

This is a document about Super Bowl XL
  Super Bowl XL was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Seattle Seahawks and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Pittsburgh Steelers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2005 season. The Steelers defeated the Seahawks by the score of 21–10. The game was played on February 5, 2006, at Ford Field in Detroit, Michigan. It is currently the most recent Super Bowl broadcast on ABC, and the first where all aspects of the game itself were aired in HD. With the win, the Steelers tied the San Francisco 49ers and the Dallas Cowboys with the then-record five Super Bowl victories (a record the Steelers themselves would

This is a document about Doug Pederson
  having a career year and was considered a front runner for league MVP, tore his ACL in Week 14, leaving backup Nick Foles with the starting job for the remainder of the year. Despite becoming major playoff underdogs due to the loss of Wentz, Foles filled in admirably as the starter, allowing Philadelphia to make it to Super Bowl LII, their first Super Bowl appearance since the 2004 season. Eventual Super Bowl MVP Foles led the team in a 41–33 win over the New England Patriots, giving them their first Lombardi Trophy in franchise history and their first league championship since 1960. On May 3, 2018, it was reported the Philadelphia Eagles picked

This is a document about History of the Philadelphia Eagles
  On January 23, 2005, the Eagles reached a fourth consecutive conference championship game (the first time this happened in the salary cap era of the NFL). At long last, the Eagles justified the hopes of their long-suffering fan base, defeating Michael Vick's much-hyped Atlanta Falcons, 27–10, sending them to Super Bowl XXXIX in Jacksonville, Florida, their first Super Bowl in 24 years. The victory sent the city of Philadelphia into wild celebrations.

This is a document about Eagles–Giants rivalry
  Eagles. Elliott's kick set an Eagles' franchise record for the longest field goal, tied for the 7th-longest field goal in NFL history, and was the longest since November 2015. Elliott helped the Eagles to their first Super Bowl victory later that season in Super Bowl LII. On January 3, 2021, with the Giants having won earlier in the day, they needed the Eagles, who were eliminated from playoff contention, to defeat the Washington Football Team in order to for the Giants to clinch the NFC East division. The Eagles lost to Washington; Washington rallied from down 14-10 to win 20-14 thus giving them the

This is a document about Super Bowl XXXIX
  Super Bowl XXXIX was an American football game played between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Philadelphia Eagles to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2004 season. The Patriots defeated the Eagles by the score of 24–21. The game was played on February 6, 2005, at Alltel Stadium in Jacksonville, Florida, the first time the Super Bowl was played in that city. The Patriots, who entered the Super Bowl after compiling a 14–2 regular season record, became the most recent team to win consecutive Super Bowls. New England also became the second team after the Dallas Cowboys to win three Super Bowls in four years. The Eagles were making their second Super Bowl appearance after posting a 13–3 regular season record. The game was close throughout, with the teams battling

This is a document about Sports in Philadelphia
  hired as head coach in 1999, and across 14 seasons he led the franchise to nine playoff appearances and a run to Super Bowl XXXIX. After Chip Kelly's three-year tenure as head coach, the Eagles hired Doug Pederson, a former offensive coordinator under Reid. The Eagles defeated the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LII. In 1994, defensive end Reggie White, running back Steve Van Buren, and two-way players Chuck Bednarik and Pete Pihos were named to the National Football League 75th Anniversary All-Time Team. The city's first NFL team was the Frankford Yellow Jackets. Originally a community athletic-association team in

This is a document about Jason Kelce
  and was the highest rated offensive lineman by PFF. He also won Run Blocker of the Year by PFF. He won Super Bowl LII with the Eagles after they defeated the New England Patriots 41–33. During the Eagles' Super Bowl parade on February 8, 2018, Kelce garnered national attention after giving an impassioned speech where he defended his teammates, coaches, and front office and compared Eagles fans to hungry dogs who "for 52 years have been starved of this championship," while famously dressed up as a mummer. In 2018, Kelce was given his second First-Team All-Pro honor. On March 2,

This is a document about List of Phi Gamma Delta members
 Eric Bjornson (Washington, 1994): Dallas Cowboys Super Bowl XXX (won) (1995) ; Tom Brookshier (Colorado, 1953): Philadelphia Eagles (won) (1960) (prior to AFL–NFL merger) ; Jimmy Cefalo (Penn State, 1978): Miami Dolphins Super Bowl XVII (lost) (1983) and Super Bowl XIX (lost) (1985) ; Riki Ellison (Southern California, 1982): San Francisco 49ers Super Bowl XIX (won) (1985); Super Bowl XXIII (won) (1989); and, Super Bowl XXIV (won) (1990) ; Morgan Cox (University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2010): Baltimore Ravens Super Bowl XLVII (won)(2012) ; Brian Griese (Michigan, 1997): Denver Broncos Super Bowl XXXIII (won) (1999) ; E. J. Holub (Texas Tech, 1961): Kansas City Chiefs Super Bowl I(lost) (1967) and Super Bowl IV (won) (in 1970) ; Tom Matte (Ohio State, 1961): Baltimore Colts Super Bowl III (lost) (1969); Super Bowl V (won) (1971) ; Robert Steele (North Alabama, 1977): Dallas Cowboys Super Bowl XII (won) (1978) ; Matt Suhey (Penn State, 1980): Chicago Bears Super Bowl XX (won) (1986) ; Bake Turner (Texas Tech, 1962): New York Jets Super Bowl III (won) (1969) ; Tim Foley (Purdue 1969): Miami Dolphins Super Bowl VI (won) (1972) Super Bowl VII (won) (1973)Super Bowl V (lost)(1971)

This is a document about Nigel Bradham
  Bradham an overall grade of 80.6, which ranked 21st among all qualifying linebackers in 2017. The Philadelphia Eagles finished the season atop the NFC East with a 13–3 record, clinching home-field advantage and a first round bye. On January 13, 2018, Bradham started in his first career playoff game and recorded four combined tackles, a pass deflection, and sacked quarterback Matt Ryan during a 15–10 victory against the Atlanta Falcons in the NFC Divisional Round. The Philadelphia Eagles reached Super Bowl LII after defeating the Minnesota Vikings 38–7 in the NFC Championship Game. On February 4, 2018, Bradham started in Super Bowl LII and recorded seven combined tackles in the Eagles' 41–33 victory over the New England Patriots.

This is a document about 2017 New England Patriots season
  Brandon Graham and a failed Hail Mary pass, the Eagles defeated the Patriots in Super Bowl LII by 41–33, ending the Patriots chance at a sixth Super Bowl title and resulting in their first Super Bowl loss since 2011. The loss prevented the Patriots from repeating their three-in-four Super Bowl run that they managed from 2001 to 2004. Also with the loss, the Patriots tied the NFL record for most Super Bowl losses with five, and made them the fifth defending Super Bowl champion to lose the next year's game, after the 1978 Dallas Cowboys, the 1983 Washington Redskins, the 1997 Green Bay Packers and the 2014 Seattle Seahawks.

This is a document about Cinderella (sports)
  Kansas City Chiefs 31–13 in the AFC divisional round. This season also marked the end of an era for the Colts, as Andrew Luck announced his retirement on August 24, 2019, after playing only 7 years in the league. ; 2018 Philadelphia Eagles — A year after winning their first Super Bowl title over the New England Patriots, the Eagles had hopes of defending such title and winning consecutive Super Bowls for the first time since the Patriots did so in the 2004 season. Quarterback Carson Wentz, whom was sidelined during the final weeks of the 2017 season, returned from

This is a document about NFC East
  1990s the division claimed four consecutive Super Bowl champions, all against the Buffalo Bills, with the Giants and Washington respectively winning back-to-back in Super Bowls XXV and XXVI; and the Cowboys winning twice after in Super Bowls XXVII and XXVIII. Those same three teams won seven out of ten Super Bowls, from 1986–87 to 1995–96 (the 49ers won the other three during that span). The Eagles are the most recent team in the division to win a Super Bowl, beating the Patriots 41–33 in Super Bowl LII. The NFC East was the first division since the 2002 realignment to send 3 teams to

This is a document about List of Philadelphia Eagles head coaches
  This is a list of head coaches for the Philadelphia Eagles. The Philadelphia Eagles are a professional American football team based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Eagles joined the National Football League (NFL) as an expansion team in 1933. Currently members of the Eastern Division of the National Football Conference (NFC), the team has won three NFL titles and made three Super Bowl appearances (1980, 2004, and 2018), with their first Super Bowl victory coming in Super Bowl LII under second-year head coach Doug Pederson. There have been 24 head coaches of the Eagles in the NFL. Three coaches have won NFL championships with the team: Earl "Greasy" Neale in 1948 and 1949, Buck Shaw in 1960, and Pederson in Super Bowl LII. Andy Reid is the all-time leader in games coached and wins,

The Philadelphia Eagles last won the Super Bowl in 2018, specifically Super Bowl LII.


Question: who plays dickens in the man who invented christmas

Answer: Dan Stevens

This is a document about John Dickens
  John Dickens is played by Jonathan Pryce in the 2017 film, The Man Who Invented Christmas, which portrays the 1843 writing and production of Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol.

This is a document about A Christmas Carol (1999 film)
 Patrick Stewart – Ebenezer Scrooge ; Richard E. Grant – Bob Cratchit ; Joel Grey – Spirit of Christmas Past ; Ian McNeice – Albert Fezziwig (Ian McNeice would go onto play Edward Chapman in 2017's The Man Who Invented Christmas) ; Saskia Reeves – Mrs. Cratchit ; Desmond Barrit – Spirit of Christmas Present ; Bernard Lloyd – Jacob Marley's Ghost ; Dominic West – Fred ; Trevor Peacock – Old Joe ; Liz Smith – Mrs. Dilber (Charwoman) ; Elizabeth Spriggs – Mrs. Riggs (Laundress) ; Kenny Doughty – Young Ebenezer Scrooge ; Laura Fraser – Belle ; Celia Imrie – Mrs. Bennett ; John Franklyn-Robbins – Mister Crump (Undertaker) ; Claire Slater – Martha Cratchit ; Barnaby Francis – Young Boy Cratchit ; Tabitha Francis – Young Girl Cratchit ; Tim Potter – Spirit of Christmas Future ; Jeremy Swift – Mr. Williams ; Rosie Wiggins – Fran (Scrooge's sister) ; Crispin Letts – Topper Haines ; Helen Coker – Betsy  Liz Smith had also played Mrs. Dilber in the 1984 made-for-television film.

This is a document about The Man Who Invented Christmas (film)
  The Man Who Invented Christmas is an Irish - Canadian 2017 Christmas biographical comedy drama film directed by Bharat Nalluri and written by Susan Coyne. Based on the 2008 book of the same name about Charles Dickens by Les Standiford, the joint Irish/Canadian production stars Dan Stevens, Christopher Plummer, and Jonathan Pryce, and follows Dickens (Stevens) as he conceives and writes his 1843 novella A Christmas Carol. The film was produced by Parallel Film and Rhombus Media. It was released by Bleecker Street in the United States on 22 November 2017, and by Thunderbird Releasing in the United Kingdom on 1 December 2017. It received generally positive reviews from critics.

This is a document about Edward Chapman (publisher)
  Ian McNeice portrays Chapman in the 2017 film, The Man Who Invented Christmas, which tells the story of the writing and production of Charles Dickens' 1843 novella A Christmas Carol.

This is a document about Jacob Marley
  loosen from him at the end of the film due to a loophole he exploited. ; Peter Firth in Dickensian (2015) ; Donald Sumpter in The Man Who Invented Christmas (2017) ; Alex Gaumond in the play A Christmas Carol (2017) ; Stephen Graham in the BBC miniseries A Christmas Carol (2019) - In this version, he and Scrooge were asset-strippers. After visiting him as a ghost, he interacts with each of the ghosts that visit Scrooge. After a second talk with Scrooge and wanting the ghosts to spare Tiny Tim's life, Jacob returns to his grave to rest in peace. ; Andy Serkis (voice) A Christmas Carol (2020)

This is a document about Adaptations of A Christmas Carol
  in Scotland, featuring Stuart Brennan as distillery-owner Scrooge, Bonnie Wright as Nell and Sarina Taylor as a female Bob Cratchit. Digital online release. ; The Man Who Invented Christmas (2017), a film about Charles Dickens' struggle to write the book while dealing with his personal life with his characters, especially Ebenezer Scrooge (played by Christopher Plummer), seeming to haunt him with their opinions. ; A Christmas Carol (2020), a British Christmas drama dance film directed by Jacqui Morris and David Morris. ; Marley (TBA), an upcoming musical film by Walt Disney Pictures, which will adapt A Christmas Carol through Jacob Marley's perspective. Bill Condon will write and direct the film, while Stephen Schwartz will write its songs.

This is a document about William Hall (publisher)
  by Chapman and Hall and for John Forster to become the literary advisor to the company. William Hall died suddenly at Chapman & Hall's office at 186 Strand, London in March 1847 aged 46. Charles Dickens attended his burial on the western side of Highgate Cemetery (plot no.539). On Hall's death Edward Chapman's cousin Frederic Chapman began his progress through the ranks of the company, eventually becoming a partner in 1858 and sole proprietor on Edward Chapman's retirement from Chapman & Hall in 1866. In the film The Man Who Invented Christmas (2017) Hall was played by David McSavage.

This is a document about Elizabeth Dickens
  Ger Ryan portrayed Elizabeth Dickens in the 2017 film The Man Who Invented Christmas, a story of the 1843 writing and production of her son Charles' A Christmas Carol.

This is a document about Christopher Plummer
  for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in Mike Mills' independent comedy drama film Beginners (2011) starring Ewan McGregor, and Mélanie Laurent. Plummer was announced as the winner at the 84th Academy Awards. Plummer's win made him, at age 82, the oldest actor to win an Academy Award. When he accepted the award, he quipped "You're only two years older than me, darling. Where have you been all my life?".  In 2015, he starred in the Atom Egoyan directed thriller Remember starring alongside Martin Landau and Bruno Ganz. Plummer played Ebenezer Scrooge in The Man Who Invented Christmas (2017), which is based on Charles Dickens' novella A Christmas Carol. In November 2017, Plummer, who was director Ridley

This is a document about Ghost of Christmas Present
 Richard L'Estrange in The Right to Be Happy (1916) ; Oscar Asche in Scrooge (1935) ; Lionel Braham in A Christmas Carol (1938) ; Francis de Wolff in Scrooge (1951) ; Kenneth More in Scrooge (1970) ; Felix Felton (voice) in A Christmas Carol (1971) ; Will Ryan in Mickey's Christmas Carol (1983) ; Carol Kane in Scrooged (1988) ; Jerry Nelson (face and voice) in The Muppet Christmas Carol (1992) ; Whoopi Goldberg (voice) in A Christmas Carol (1997) ; Michael Gambon in Christmas Carol: The Movie (2001) ; Keith Wickham (voice) in A Christmas Carol (2006) ; Jim Carrey (voice) in A Christmas Carol (2009) ; Justin Edwards in The Man Who Invented Christmas (2017) ; Daniel Kaluuya in A Christmas Carol (2020) The character does not appear in Scrooge, or, Marley's Ghost (1901), the first film version of the story.

This is a document about Ebenezer Scrooge
  Christmas Carol ; Robert Powell in Neil Brand's 2014 BBC Radio 4 adaptation of A Christmas Carol. ; Ned Dennehy in the BBC drama Dickensian, 2015 ; Kerry Shale as Diesel in the Thomas & Friends episode, "Diesel's Ghostly Christmas", 2015 ; Jason Graae in the musical Scrooge in Love!, 2016 ; Kelly Sheridan as Starlight Glimmer (playing Snowfall Frost) in the My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic episode "A Hearth's Warming Tail", 2016 ; Christopher Plummer in The Man Who Invented Christmas, 2017 ; Denny Laine in Decker, "Double Decker", 2017 ; Stuart Brennan in 2018 ; Guy Pearce in the BBC/FX miniseries, 2019

This is a document about Susan Coyne
  Fernando Meirelles adaptation of the Jose Saramago novel, Blindness. In 2006, she won two Gemini Awards for her work on Slings & Arrows, one for best performance in a supporting role and one for best writing for a dramatic series (shared with her fellow co-creators, Bob Martin and Mark McKinney). In 2007, she again won for writing, but lost to co-star Martha Burns in the acting category. She wrote the screenplay for the 2017 film, The Man Who Invented Christmas, starring Dan Stevens and Christopher Plummer. Other television writing credits include Mozart in the Jungle, The Best Laid Plans, and L.M. Montgomery's Anne of Green Gables.

This is a document about Catherine Dickens
  Catherine Dickens was the subject of the sixty-minute BBC Two documentary Mrs Dickens' Family Christmas, broadcast on 30 December 2011 and performed and presented by Sue Perkins, and which looked at the marriage of Charles Dickens through the eyes of Catherine. In the 1976 series Dickens of London, she was portrayed by Adrienne Burgess. In the 2013 film The Invisible Woman, she was portrayed by Joanna Scanlan. In the 2017 film The Man Who Invented Christmas, she was portrayed by Morfydd Clark.

This is a document about John Leech (caricaturist)
  Leech was played by Simon Callow in the 2017 film The Man Who Invented Christmas which depicts the 1843 writing and production of Dickens' A Christmas Carol.

This is a document about Christmas Carol: The Movie
 Simon Callow – Charles Dickens/Ebenezer Scrooge (voice) ; Kate Winslet – Belle (voice) ; Nicolas Cage – Jacob Marley (voice) ; Jane Horrocks – Ghost of Christmas Past (voice) ; Michael Gambon – Ghost of Christmas Present (voice) ; Rhys Ifans – Bob Cratchit (voice) ; Juliet Stevenson – Emily Cratchit (voice) ; Robert Llewellyn – Old Joe (voice) ; Iain Jones – Fred (voice) ; Beth Winslet – Fan (voice) ; Colin McFarlane – Albert Fezziwig (voice) ; Arthur Cox – Dr. Lambert (voice) ; Keith Wickham – Mr. Leach/Undertaker (voices) ; Joss Sanglier – Choir Master (voice) ; Sarah Annison – Mice Voice No. 1 (voice) ; Rosalie MacCraig – Mice Voice No. 2 (voice)

This is a document about The Muppet Christmas Carol
  On Christmas Eve, in nineteenth century London, Charles Dickens (played by The Great Gonzo) and his friend Rizzo arrive, to act as narrators throughout the film. Ebenezer Scrooge (Michael Caine), a cold-hearted, bad-tempered and selfish moneylender, does not share the merriment of Christmas. Scrooge rejects his nephew Fred's invitation to Christmas dinner, dismisses two gentlemen (played by Dr. Bunsen Honeydew and Beaker) collecting money for charity, and tosses a wreath at a carol-singing Bean Bunny. His loyal employee Bob Cratchit (played by Kermit the Frog) and the other bookkeepers request to take Christmas Day off, since there will be no

This is a document about Jim Carrey
  in Disney's 3D animated take on the classic Charles Dickens tale, A Christmas Carol (2009), voicing Ebenezer Scrooge and the Ghosts of Christmas Past, Present, and Future. Directed by Robert Zemeckis, the film also starred Robin Wright Penn, Bob Hoskins, Colin Firth, Gary Oldman, and Cary Elwes. The film received decent reviews and was a financial success. Carrey landed the lead role in Mr. Popper's Penguins (2011), playing Thomas "Tom" Popper Jr. a realtor who becomes the caretaker of a family of penguins. The film received a mixed reception upon release. He starred alongside former co-star Steve Carell in the Don Scardino-directed

This is a document about Varney the Vampire
  characters in Strange Practice (2017) and its sequels by Vivian Shaw. The 2017 film The Man Who Invented Christmas shows Charles Dickens reading it at the time that he was developing the supernatural elements of his novella A Christmas Carol. This is an anachronism, as A Christmas Carol was written in late 1843, two years before release of the first Varney chapter. However, it serves as a plot device because Dickens is known to have been inspired by gothic literature. In 2021, Varney appears as a character in Castlevania season 4, as an alter ego of Death, used to operate beneath notice to advance his goals.

This is a document about Robert Zemeckis
  based on Charles Dickens' 1843 short story of the same name, with plans to use performance capture and release it under the aegis of ImageMovers Digital. Zemeckis wrote the script with Jim Carrey in mind, and Carrey agreed to play a multitude of roles in the film, including Ebenezer Scrooge as a young, middle-aged, and old man, and the three ghosts who haunt Scrooge. The film began production in February 2008 and was released on November 6, 2009, to mixed reviews and grossed $325 million at the box office. Actor Gary Oldman also appeared in the film. Zemeckis is an avid supporter of 3-D

This is a document about Ebenezer Scrooge
  Oliver Muirhead as "Constable Scrooge" in A Christmas Held Captive, 1986 ; Bill Murray as Frank Cross in Scrooged, 1988 ; Buddy Hackett (as himself) played Scrooge in the film-within-a-film. ; Rowan Atkinson as Ebenezer Blackadder in Blackadder's Christmas Carol, 1988 ; Michael Caine in The Muppet Christmas Carol, 1992 ; Jeffrey Sanzel has appeared in more than 1,000 stage performances since 1992. ; James Earl Jones in Bah, Humbug, 1994 ; Henry Corden (as Fred Flintstone) in A Flintstones Christmas Carol, 1994 ; Walter Charles, Tony Randall, Terrence Mann, Hal Linden, Roddy McDowall, F. Murray Abraham, Frank Langella, Tony Roberts, Roger Daltrey, and Jim Dale

Dan Stevens plays Charles Dickens in the film "The Man Who Invented Christmas."


Question: the carbon carbon bond length in benzene is

Answer: 139 pm

This is a document about Resonance (chemistry)
   Comparing the two contributing structures of benzene, all single and double bonds are interchanged. Bond lengths can be measured, for example using X-ray diffraction. The average length of a C–C single bond is 154 pm; that of a C=C double bond is 133 pm. In localized cyclohexatriene, the carbon–carbon bonds should be alternating 154 and 133 pm. Instead, all carbon–carbon bonds in benzene are found to be about 139 pm, a bond length intermediate between single and double bond. This mixed single and double bond (or triple bond) character is typical for all molecules in which bonds have a different bond order in different contributing structures. Bond lengths can be compared using bond orders. For example, in cyclohexane the bond order is 1 while that in benzene is 1 + (3 ÷ 6) = 1 1⁄2. Consequently, benzene has more double bond character and hence has a shorter bond length than cyclohexane.

This is a document about Benzene
  X-ray diffraction shows that all six carbon-carbon bonds in benzene are of the same length, at 140 picometres (pm). The C–C bond lengths are greater than a double bond (135 pm) but shorter than a single bond (147 pm). This intermediate distance is caused by electron delocalization: the electrons for C=C bonding are distributed equally between each of the six carbon atoms. Benzene has 6 hydrogen atoms, fewer than the corresponding parent alkane, hexane, which has 14. Benzene and cyclohexane have a similar structure, only the ring of delocalized electrons and the loss of one hydrogen per carbon distinguishes it from cyclohexane. The molecule is planar. The molecular

This is a document about Aromaticity
 [[Image:Benzene-orbitals.png|330px|Benzene electron orbitals]] [[Image:Benzene Orbitals.svg|330px|Benzene orbital delocalization]] As it is a standard for resonance diagrams, the use of a double-headed arrow indicates that two structures are not distinct entities but merely hypothetical possibilities. Neither is an accurate representation of the actual compound, which is best represented by a hybrid (average) of these structures. A C=C bond is shorter than a C−C bond. Benzene is a regular hexagon—it is planar and all six carbon–carbon bonds have the same length, which is intermediate between that of a single and that of a double bond. In a cyclic molecule with three alternating double bonds, cyclohexatriene, the bond length of the single bond

This is a document about Naphthalene
 [[Image:Naphthalene resonance structure.svg|400px|Resonance structures of naphthalene]] The molecule is planar, like benzene. Unlike benzene, the carbon–carbon bonds in naphthalene are not of the same length. The bonds C1−C2, C3−C4, C5−C6 and C7−C8 are about 1.37 Å (137 pm) in length, whereas the other carbon–carbon bonds are about 1.42 Å (142 pm) long. This difference, established by X-ray diffraction, is consistent with the valence bond model in naphthalene and in particular, with the theorem of cross-conjugation. This theorem would describe naphthalene as an aromatic benzene unit bonded to a diene but not extensively conjugated to it (at least in the ground state), which is consistent with two of its three resonance

This is a document about Bond length
  1,8-Bis(5-hydroxydibenzo[a,d]cycloheptatrien-5-yl)naphthalene, one of many molecules within a category of hexaaryl ethanes, which are derivatives based on hexaphenylethane skeleton. Bond is located between carbons C1 and C2 as depicted in a picture below.  Another notable compound with a extraordinary C-C bond length is tricyclobutabenzene, in which a bond length of 160 pm is reported. Longest C-C bond within the cyclobutabenzene category is 174 pm based on X-ray crystallography. In this type of compound the cyclobutane ring would force 90° angles on the carbon atoms connected to the benzene ring where they ordinarily have angles of 120°.  The existence of a very long C–C bond length of up to 290 pm is claimed in a dimer of

This is a document about Delocalized electron
  In the simple aromatic ring of benzene the delocalization of six π electrons over the C6 ring is often graphically indicated by a circle. The fact that the six C-C bonds are equidistant is one indication that the electrons are delocalized; if the structure were to have isolated double bonds alternating with discrete single bonds, the bond would likewise have alternating longer and shorter lengths. In valence bond theory, delocalization in benzene is represented by resonance structures.

This is a document about Bond length
  The bond length between two atoms in a molecule depends not only on the atoms but also on such factors as the orbital hybridization and the electronic and steric nature of the substituents. The carbon–carbon (C–C) bond length in diamond is 154 pm. It is generally considered the average length for a carbon–carbon single bond, but is also the largest bond length that exists for ordinary carbon covalent bonds. Since one atomic unit of length(i.e., a Bohr radius) is 52.9177 pm, the C–C bond length is 2.91 atomic units, or approximately three Bohr radii long. Unusually long bond lengths do exist. Current record holder for the longest C-C bond with a length of 186.2 pm

This is a document about Aromaticity
  be 1.54 Å and that of the double bond would be 1.34 Å. However, in a molecule of benzene, the length of each of the bonds is 1.40 Å, indicating it to be the average of single and double bond. A better representation is that of the circular π-bond (Armstrong's inner cycle), in which the electron density is evenly distributed through a π-bond above and below the ring. This model more correctly represents the location of electron density within the aromatic ring. The single bonds are formed from overlap of hybridized atomic sp2-orbitals in line between the carbon nuclei—these are called σ-bonds. Double bonds consist of a σ-bond and

This is a document about Superphane
  X-ray analysis shows D6h molecular symmetry with the aromatic planes separated by 262 pm. The sp2-sp3 carbon carbon bonds are out of planarity with the benzene rings by 20°. The strain energy is estimated at 20 kcal/mole. Proton NMR shows just one peak at 2,98 ppm and carbon NMR two at 32 ppm and 144 ppm.

This is a document about Thiobenzophenone
  The C=S bond length of thiobenzophenone is 1.63 Å, which is comparable to 1.64 Å, the C=S bond length of thioformaldehyde, measured in the gas phase. Due to steric interactions, the phenyl groups are not coplanar and the dihedral angle SC-CC is 36°. A variety of thiones with structures and stability related to thiobenzophenone have also been prepared.

This is a document about Arsabenzene
  Arsabenzene is planar. The C—C bond distances of 1.39 Å, the As—C bond has a length of 1.85 Å, this is 6.6% shorter than the normal As—C single bond. NMR spectroscopy carried out on arsabenzene indicates that it has a diamagnetic ring current.

This is a document about Benzene
  Benzene (also called Cyclohexatriene) is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H6. The benzene molecule is composed of six carbon atoms joined in a planar ring with one hydrogen atom attached to each. Because it contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms, benzene is classed as a hydrocarbon. Benzene is a natural constituent of crude oil and is one of the elementary petrochemicals. Due to the cyclic continuous pi bonds between the carbon atoms, benzene is classed as an aromatic hydrocarbon. It is sometimes abbreviated PhH. Benzene is a colorless and highly flammable liquid with a sweet smell, and is partially responsible for the aroma around petrol (gasoline) stations. It is used primarily as a precursor to the manufacture of chemicals with more complex structure, such as ethylbenzene and cumene, of which billions of kilograms are produced annually. Although a major industrial chemical, benzene finds limited use in consumer items because of its toxicity.

This is a document about Thioketone
  The C=S bond length of thiobenzophenone is 1.63 Å, which is comparable to 1.64 Å, the C=S bond length of thioformaldehyde, measured in the gas phase. Due to steric interactions, the phenyl groups are not coplanar and the dihedral angle SC-CC is 36°. Consistent with the double bond rule, most alkyl thioketones are unstable with respect to dimerization. The energy difference between the p orbitals of sulfur and carbon is greater than that between oxygen and carbon in ketones. The relative difference in energy and diffusity of the atomic orbitals of sulfur compared to carbon results in poor overlap of the orbitals and the energy gap between the HOMO and LUMO is thus reduced for C=S relative to C=O. The striking blue appearance of thiobenzophenone is due to π→ π* transitions upon the absorption of light with a wavelength of 314.5 nm.

This is a document about Aniline
  the benzene ring π system). Consistent with these factors, substituted anilines with electron donating groups are more pyramidalized, while those with electron withdrawing groups are more planar. In the parent aniline, the lone pair is approximately 12% s character, corresponding to sp7.3 hybridization. (For comparison, alkylamines generally have lone pairs in orbitals that are close to sp3.) The pyramidalization angle between the C–N bond and the bisector of the H–N–H angle is 142.5°. (For comparison, in more strongly pyramidal methylamine, this value is ~125°, while a planar nitrogen like that of formamide has an angle of 180°.) The C−N distance is also correspondingly shorter. In aniline, the C−N bond length is 1.41 Å, compared to 1.47 Å for cyclohexylamine, indicating partial π-bonding between N and C.

This is a document about Carbon–fluorine bond
 {| class="wikitable" CCH2F, C2CHF || 1.399 ; C3CF || 1.428 ; C2CF2, H2CF2, CCHF2 || 1.349 ; CCF3 || 1.346 ; FCNO2 || 1.320 ; FCCF || 1.371 ; Csp2F || 1.340 ; CarF || 1.363 ; FCarCarF || 1.340 ; } FCCF || 1.371 ; Csp2F || 1.340 ; CarF || 1.363 ; FCarCarF || 1.340 ; } CarF || 1.363 ; FCarCarF || 1.340 ; } } The carbon–fluorine bond length is typically about 1.35 ångström (1.39 Å in fluoromethane). It is shorter than any other carbon–halogen bond, and shorter than single carbon–nitrogen and carbon–oxygen bonds, despite fluorine having a larger atomic

This is a document about Carbon–oxygen bond
  and many more. Internal C=O bonds are found in positively charged oxonium ions. In furans, the oxygen atom contributes to pi-electron delocalization via its filled p-orbital and hence furans are aromatic. Bond lengths of C=O bonds are around 123 pm in carbonyl compounds. The C=O bond length in carbon dioxide is 116 pm. The C=O bonds in acyl halides have partial triple bond character and are consequently very short: 117 pm. Compounds with formal C ≡O triple bonds do not exist except for carbon monoxide, which has a very short, strong bond (112.8 pm). Such triple bonds have a very high bond energy, even higher than N–N triple bonds. Oxygen can also be trivalent, for example in triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate.

This is a document about Hückel method
  diminished by the distortions in bond lengths that must take place going from the single and double bonds of "non-aromatic 1,3,5-cyclohexatriene" to the delocalized bonds of benzene. Taking this distortion energy into account, the value of |β| for delocalization without geometric change (called the "vertical resonance energy") for benzene is found to be around 37 kcal/mole. On the other hand, experimental measurements of electronic spectra have given a value of |β| (called the "spectroscopic resonance energy") as high as 3 eV (~70 kcal/mole) for benzene. Given these subtleties, qualifications, and ambiguities, Hückel theory should not be called upon to provide accurate quantitative predictions – only semi-quantitative or qualitative trends and comparisons are reliable and robust.

This is a document about Phosphorine
  Structural studies by electron diffraction reveal that phosphorine is a planar aromatic compound with 88% of aromaticity of that of benzene. Potentially relevant to its high aromaticity are the well matched electronegativities of phosphorus (2.1) and carbon (2.5). The P-C bond length is 173 pm and the C-C bond lengths center around 140 pm and show little variation. Although phosphorine and pyridine are structurally similar, phosphorines are far less basic. The pKa's of C5H5PH+ and C5H5NH+ are respectively -16.1 and 5.2. Methyl lithium adds to phosphorus in phosphorine whereas it adds to the 2-position of pyridine. Phosphorine undergoes electrophilic substitution reactions like ordinary aromatic compounds: bromination, acylation, and so on.

This is a document about Atomic spacing
  Bond length can be determined between different elements in molecules by using the atomic radii of the atoms. Carbon bonds with itself to form two covalent network solids. Diamond's C-C bond has a distance of Sqrt[3]a/4 ≈ 0.154 nm away from each carbon since adiamond ≈ 0.357 nm, while graphite's C-C bond has a distance of a/Sqrt[3] ≈ 0.142 nm away from each carbon since agraphite ≈ 0.246 nm. Although both bonds are between the same pair of elements they can have different bond lengths.

This is a document about Potassium benzoate
  The carbon-13 NMR shows 5 unique peaks. There are four peaks between 130-140 ppm from the carbon atoms in the benzene ring. There is an additional carbon peak around 178 ppm representing the carbon atom from the carbonyl group.

The carbon-carbon bond length in benzene is 1.39 Å.


Question: when did the first amendent of the indian constitution carried out

Answer: 1951

This is a document about Krishna Ballabh Sahay
  body blow intended to wipe him out. K.B. Sahay was almost alone in his crusade for land reforms in the formative 1950s and '60s. Bihar was the first to introduce legislation to abolish zamindari. But Patna High Court struck down the Act, as did the Supreme Court. It was this that led an exasperated Jawaharlal Nehru to push the first amendment to the Constitution. The Constitution of India was amended for the first time and Article 31 (A) and Article 31 (B) were added to nullify the effect of Article 14. The legislation on land ceilings was introduced in the Assembly in 1955. A watered-down version was passed only in 1959 and got presidential

This is a document about Amendment of the Constitution of India
  held that any attempt to amend the Constitution by a Legislature other than Parliament, and in a manner different from that provided for, will be void and inoperative. The Supreme Court first struck down a constitutional amendment in 1967, ruling in the case of I.C. Golak Nath and Ors. vs. State of Punjab and Anr. An amendment was struck down on the basis that it violated Article 13: "The State shall not make any law which takes away or abridges the rights conferred by [the charter of Fundamental Rights]". The term "law" in this article was interpreted as including a constitutional amendment. Parliament responded by enacting the

This is a document about Constituent assembly
  The Constituent Assembly of India was elected to write the Constitution of India, and served as its first Parliament as an independent nation. It was set up as a result of negotiations between the leaders of the Indian independence movement and members of the British Cabinet Mission. The constituent assembly was elected indirectly by the members of the Provincial legislative assembly, which existed under the British Raj. It first met on December 9, 1946, in Delhi. On August 15, 1947, India became an independent nation, and the Constituent Assembly started functioning as India's Parliament. B. R. Ambedkar drafted the Constitution of India in conjunction with the requisite deliberations and debates in the Constituent Assembly. The Assembly approved the Constitution on November 26, 1949 (celebrated as Constitution Day), and it took effect on January 26, 1950 — a day now commemorated as Republic Day in India. Once the Constitution took effect, the Constituent Assembly became the Provisional Parliament of India

This is a document about Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India
  The 42nd amendment, officially known as The Constitution (Forty-second amendment) Act, 1976, was enacted during the Emergency (25 June 1975 – 21 March 1977) by the Indian National Congress government headed by Indira Gandhi. Most provisions of the amendment came into effect on 3 January 1977, others were enforced from 1 February and Section 27 came into force on 1 April 1977. The 42nd Amendment is regarded as the most controversial constitutional amendment in history. It attempted to reduce the power of the Supreme Court and High Courts to pronounce upon the constitutional validity of laws. It laid down the Fundamental

This is a document about Amendment of the Constitution of India
  Part-xx Article 368 (1) of the Constitution of India grants constituent power to make formal amendments and empowers Parliament to amend the Constitution by way of addition, variation or repeal of any provision according to the procedure laid down therein, which is different from the procedure for ordinary legislation. Article 368 has been amended by the 24th and 42nd Amendments in 1971 and 1976 respectively. The following is the full text of Article 368 of the Constitution, which governs constitutional amendments. New clauses 368 (1) and 368 (3) were added by the 24th Amendment in 1971, which also added a

This is a document about 1951 in India
 4-11 March, First Asian Games held in Delhi. ; 18 June – First Amendment of the Constitution of India says "state can make special provisions for advancement of any backward class" ; 5 November – Central Railway is formed by the merger of several government-owned railways. ; Western Railway is formed by merging smaller railways.

This is a document about Law of India
  The Constitution of India, which came into effect on 26 January 1950 is the lengthiest written constitution in the world. Although its administrative provisions are to a large extent based on the Government of India Act 1935, it also contains various other provisions that were drawn from other constitutions in the world at the time of its creation. It provides details of the administration of both the Union and the States, and codifies the relations between the Federal Government and the State Governments. Also incorporated into the text are a chapter on the fundamental rights of citizens, as well as a chapter on directive

This is a document about B. N. Rau
  B. N. Rau was appointed as the Constitutional Adviser to the Constituent Assembly in formulating the Indian Constitution in 1946. He was responsible for the general structure of its democratic framework of the Constitution and prepared its initial draft in February 1948. This draft was debated, revised and finally adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India on 26 November 1949. As part of his research in drafting the Constitution of India, in 1946, Rau travelled to the US, Canada, Ireland, and the United Kingdom, where he had personal consultations with judges, scholars, and authorities on constitutional law. Amongst others, he met Justice Felix

This is a document about Representation of the People Act, 1951
  An elected constituent assembly was set up on 9 December 1946 to frame the constitution. Most of the articles of the constitution came into force on 26 January 1950, commonly known as the Republic Day. Part XXI of the constitution contained the translational provisions. Articles 379 and 394 of Part XXI which contained provisions for provisional parliament and other articles which contained provisions like citizenship, came into force on 26 November 1949, the date on which the constitution was adopted. The provisional parliament enacted the Act vide Act No.43 of 1951 for the first general election conducted on 25 October 1951. The basic qualification to represent the people is Indian citizenship and not disqualified to vote under section 16 of the Representation of People Act, 1950 read with Part II and VII of this act.

This is a document about B. N. Rau
  the Constitution was introduced by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar on 4 November 1948 (first reading). The second reading was clause by clause consideration and took over a year. After three drafts and three readings, the constitution was declared as passed on 26 November 1949. Dr B. R. Ambedkar in his concluding speech in constituent assembly on 25 November 1949 stated that: "The credit that is given to me does not really belong to me. It belongs partly to Sir B.N. Rau the Constitutional Advisor to the Constituent Assembly who prepared a rough draft of the Constitution for the consideration of Drafting Committee."

This is a document about Constituent Assembly of India
  At 11 am on 9 December 1946 the Assembly began its first session, with 211 members attending. By early 1947, representatives of the Muslim League and princely states joined, and the Assembly approved the draft constitution on 26 November 1949. On 26 January 1950 the constitution took effect (commemorated as Republic Day), and the Constituent Assembly became the Provisional Parliament of India (continuing until after the first elections under the new constitution in 1952).

This is a document about President of India
  India achieved independence from the British on 15 August 1947, initially as a dominion within the Commonwealth of Nations with George VI as king, represented in the country by a governor-general. Still, following this, the Constituent Assembly of India, under the leadership of B.R.Ambedkar, undertook the process of drafting a completely new constitution for the country. The Constitution of India was eventually enacted on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950, making India a republic. The offices of monarch and governor-general were replaced by the new office of President of India, with Rajendra Prasad as its first incumbent. The Indian constitution accords to the president the responsibility and

This is a document about Constituent Assembly of India
  The Constituent Assembly of India was elected to frame the Constitution of India. It was elected by the 'Provincial Assembly'. Following India's independence from British Government in 1947, its members served as the nation's first Parliament. An idea for a Constituent Assembly was proposed in 1934 by M. N. Roy, a pioneer of the Communist movement in India and an advocate of radical democracy. It became an official demand of the Indian National Congress in 1935,The Indian National Congress held its session at Lucknow on April 1936 presided by Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru. The official demand for Constituent Assembly was raised and Government of India Act, 1935 was rejected as it imposed the Constitution which was against the will

This is a document about Constitutional amendment
  Representation of states in Parliament, distribution of legislative powers between Union and states etc The Indian constitution can be amended in 3 ways:  Since its commencement in 1950, Indian constitution has been amended 104 times, as of May 2020. Supreme Court in Kesavananda Bharti Case held that parliament's power to amend is not unlimited, and it can't amend the basic structure of the constitution. The ‘basic structure’ includes the supremacy of the Constitution, the rule of law, Independence of the judiciary, doctrine of separation of powers, federalism, secularism, sovereign democratic republic, the parliamentary system of government, the principle of free and fair elections, welfare state, etc.

This is a document about Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019
  The Indian Constitution that was implemented in 1950 guaranteed citizenship to all of the country's residents at the commencement of the constitution, and made no distinction on the basis of religion. The Indian government passed the Citizenship Act in 1955. The Act provided two means for foreigners to acquire Indian citizenship. People from "undivided India" were given a means of registration after seven years of residency in India. Those from other countries were given a means of naturalisation after twelve years of residency in India. Political developments in the 1980s, particularly those related to the violent Assam movement against all migrants from Bangladesh, triggered revisions to the Citizenship Act of 1955. The Citizenship Act was first amended in 1985 after the Assam Accord was signed, wherein the

This is a document about Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India
 (a) entries 12 to 14, shall be re-numbered as entries 13 to 15 respectively, and ; (b) before entry "13" as so re-numbered, the entry "12. Sindhi". shall be inserted." "BE it enacted by Parliament in the Eighteenth Year of the Republic of India as follows:—1. Short title This Act may be called the Constitution (Twenty-first Amendment) Act, 1967. 2. Amendment of Eighth Schedule In the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution—

This is a document about First Amendment of the Constitution of India
  The Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951, enacted in 1951, made several changes to the Fundamental Rights provisions of the Indian constitution. It provided means to restrict freedom of speech and expression, validation of zamindari abolition laws, and clarified that the right to equality does not bar the enactment of laws which provide "special consideration" for weaker sections of society. The formal title of the amendment is the Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951. It was moved by the then Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, on 10 May 1951 and enacted by Parliament on 18 June 1951. This Amendment set the precedent of amending the Constitution to overcome judicial judgements impeding fulfilment of the government's perceived responsibilities to particular policies and programmes.

This is a document about Bhim Sen Sachar
  In 1949, the Congress selected him for the office of Chief Minister of Punjab. He took oath on 13 April 1949 and served until 18 October 1949. However, bitter factional politics in the state party unit between Gopi Chand Bhargava and Sachar led to the first ever imposition of President's rule in any state in India under Article 365 of Indian Constitution. The first elections in independent India were held in 1952 and the Punjab legislative assembly was formed for the first time that year. The Congress party won the provincial elections at this time, and Sachar became chief minister again, serving from 17

This is a document about Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code
  In post-independence India, Section 124A came under criticism at numerous intervals, being singled out for its curbing of free speech. When the First Amendment of the Constitution of India was passed in 1951, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru proposed to "get rid of it [Section 124A]" as written, and favoured handling sedition-related by other means. Several opinion-makers have called for the abolishing of sedition laws in the context of the 2016 protests at the Jawaharlal Nehru University. In 2018, the Law Commission of India published a consultation paper that asked for a possible amendment or repeal of the law. During the 2019 Indian general election, the opposition Indian National Congress (INC) included a specific proposal to abolish Section

This is a document about Indian nationality law
  The citizenship provisions of the Constitution of India came into force on 26 November 1949, in advance of the document's full effective date and conversion into a republic on 26 January 1950. Partition resulted in large-scale population movements across the new borders separating India and Pakistan. In this context, the Constituent Assembly limited the scope of the Constitution's citizenship provisions for the immediate purpose of determining citizenship of these migrants. The Citizenship Act later enacted by Parliament in 1955 provides a full framework detailing citizenship requirements after that point. Any individual domiciled in India automatically became an Indian citizen in 1949 if they were: born in India, born to at least one parent who themself was born in India, or living in India for at least five years prior to the Constitution's commencement. Individuals of Indian descent living

The first amendment of the Indian Constitution was carried out in 1951, specifically in response to the land reforms legislation and the Supreme Court's decision in the Krishna Baldev Singh case. The amendment was introduced to nullify the effect of the Supreme Court's judgment and preserve the constitutional validity of the legislation.