Question: the kinked demand curve in oligopoly is used to explain

Answer: sticky prices

This is a document about Kinked demand
   The Kinked-Demand curve theory is an economic theory regarding oligopoly and monopolistic competition. Kinked demand was an initial attempt to explain sticky prices.

This is a document about Collusion
  traditional theory is the theory of kinked demand. Firms face a kinked demand curve if, when one firm decreases its price, other firms are expected to follow suit in order to maintain sales. When one firm increases its price, its rivals are unlikely to follow, as they would lose the sales gains that they would otherwise receive by holding prices at the previous level. Kinked demand potentially fosters supra-competitive prices because any one firm would receive a reduced benefit from cutting price, as opposed to the benefits accruing under neoclassical theory and certain game-theoretic models such as Bertrand competition. Collusion may also occur in auction markets, where independent firms coordinate their bids (bid rigging).

This is a document about Oligopoly
  of their good/service and competing entities do not follow, the entity that raised their price will lose a significant market as they face the elastic upper segment of the demand curve. As the joint profit-maximizing efforts achieve greater economic profits for all participating entities, there is an incentive for an individual entity to "cheat" by expanding output to gain greater market share and profit. In the case of oligopolist cheating, when the incumbent entity discovers this breach in collusion, competitors in the market will retaliate by matching or dropping prices lower than the original drop. Hence, the market share originally gained by having dropped the price will be minimized or eliminated. This is why on the kinked demand curve model the lower segment of the demand curve is inelastic. As a result, in such markets price rigidity prevails.

This is a document about Kinked demand
  "Kinked" demand curves and traditional demand curves are similar in that they are both downward-sloping. They are distinguished by a hypothesized concave bend with a discontinuity at the bend - the "kink." Therefore, the first derivative point is undefined and leads to a jump discontinuity in the marginal revenue curve. Classical economic theory assumes that a profit-maximizing producer with some market power (either due to oligopoly or monopolistic competition) will set marginal costs equal to marginal revenue. This idea can be envisioned graphically by the intersection of an upward-sloping marginal cost curve and a downward-sloping marginal revenue curve. In classical theory, any change in the marginal cost structure or the marginal revenue structure will be immediately reflected in a new price and/or quantity sold of the item. This result does not occur if a "kink" exists. Because of this jump discontinuity in the marginal revenue curve, marginal costs could change without necessarily changing the price or quantity.

This is a document about Non-price competition
  Non-price competition often occurs in oligopoly, where few firms dominate the market. Due to the little or few firms in the market, these firms tend to compete in non-price measures to distinguish themselves. Such competition would be otherwise known as quality competition where oligopolistic firms depend on their quality improvement intensities to survive. In order to distinguish themselves well, These firms can compete in price, but more often, oligopolistic firms engage in non-price competition because of their kinked demand curve. In the kinked demand curve model, the firm will maximize its profits at Q,P where the marginal revenue (MR) is equal to the marginal cost (MC) of the firm. Hence, a change in MC would not necessarily change the market price, implying rather stable and sticky market prices.

This is a document about Kinked demand
  An In-Class Economic Game." The Journal of Economic Education, vol. 30, no. 4. (Autumn, 1999): 383-391. ; O'Brien, D.P. The Classical Economists Revisited. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004. ; Primeaux, Walter J. and Mark R. Bomball. "A Re-examination of the Kinked Oligopoly Demand Curve." The Journal of Political Economy 82, no. 4 (1974): 851-62. ; Primeaux, Walter J. and Mickey C. Smith. "Pricing Patterns and the Kinky Demand Curve." The Journal of Law and Economics 19, no. 1 (1976):189-99. ; Rothschild, K. W. "Price Theory and Oligopoly." The Economic Journal 57, no. 227 (September 1947): 299-320. ; "Round Table on Monopolistic and Imperfect Competition." American Economic Review 27, no.

This is a document about Oligopoly
   In an oligopoly, firms operate under imperfect competition. With the fierce price competitiveness created by this sticky-upward demand curve, firms use non-price competition in order to accrue greater revenue and market share. "Kinked" demand curves are similar to traditional demand curves, as they are downward-sloping. They are distinguished by a hypothesized convex bend with a discontinuity at the bend–"kink". Thus, the first derivative at that point is undefined and leads to a jump discontinuity in the marginal revenue curve. Classical economic theory assumes that a profit-maximizing producer with some market power (either due to oligopoly or monopolistic competition) will set marginal costs equal to marginal revenue. This idea can be envisioned graphically by the intersection of an upward-sloping

This is a document about Kinked demand
 A Duopoly Price Game ; A Theory of Dynamic Oligopoly, Price Competition, Kinked Demand Curves, and Edgeworth Cycles ; Competition in the Aluminium Industry 1945-58 ; The Kinked Demand Curve: A Game-Theoretic Approach

This is a document about Kinked demand
  (June 1937): 324-326. ; Sawyer, Malcolm. "Post-Keynesian and Marxian Notions of Competition: Towards a Synthesis." In Competition, Technology and Money: Classical and Post-Keynesian Perspectives, ed. Mark A. Glick, 3-22. Brookfield, VT: Edward Elgar Publishing Co., 1994. ; Sen, Debapriya. "The Kinked Demand Curve Revisited." Economics Letters 84 (2004):99-105. ; Simon, Julian L. "A Further Test of the Kinky Oligopoly Demand Curve." The American Economic Review 59, no. 5, (1969): 971-975. ; Smith, Victor E. "Note on the Kinky Oligopoly Demand Curve." Southern Economic Journal 15, no.2, (1948): 205-210. ; Stein, Jerome L. Monetarist, Keynesian, and New Classical Economics. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Publishing, 1982. ; Managerial Economics. "G S Gupta"

This is a document about Kinked demand
  The two seminal papers on kinked demand were written nearly simultaneously in 1939 on both sides of the Atlantic. Paul Sweezy of Harvard College published "Demand Under Conditions of Oligopoly." Sweezy argued that an ordinary demand curve does not apply to oligopoly markets and promotes a kinked demand curve. From Queen's College in Oxford, Robert Lowe Hall and Charles J. Hitch wrote "Price Theory and Business Behavior," presenting similar ideas but including more rigorous empirical testing, including a business survey of 39 respondents in the manufacturing industry. Hall and Hitch further present a hypothesis for the initial setting of prices; this explains why the "kink" in the curve is located where it is. They base this on a notion of "full cost" - marginal cost of each unit plus a percent of overhead costs or fixed costs with an additional percent added for profit. They emphasize the importance of industry tradition in history in determining this initial price, noting further, "An overwhelming majority of the entrepreneurs thought that a price based on full average cost…was the ‘right’ price, the one which ‘ought’ to be charged."

This is a document about Market power
  Sweezy who was an American economist. It is important to note that this graph is a simplistic example of a kinked demand curve.  Oligopolistic firms are believed to operate within the confines of the kinked demand function. This means that when firms set prices above the prevailing price level (P*), prices are relatively elastic because individuals are likely to switch to a competitor's product as a substitute. Prices below P* are believed to be relatively inelastic as competitive firms are likely to mimic the change in prices, meaning less gains are experienced by the firm. An oligopoly may engage in collusion, either tacit or overt to exercise market power. A group of firms that explicitly agree to affect market price or output is called a cartel, with the organization of petroleum-exporting countries (OPEC) being one of the most well known example of an international cartel.

This is a document about Price point
  In relation to customary price points, oligopolies can also generate price points. Such price points do not necessarily result from collusion, but as an emergent property of oligopolies: when all firms sell at the same price, any firm which attempts to raise its selling price will experience a decrease in sales and revenues (preventing firms from raising prices unilaterally); on the other hand, any firm in an oligopoly which lowers its prices will most likely be matched by competitors, resulting in small increases in sales but decreases in revenues (for all the firms in that market). This effect can potentially produce a kinked demand-curve where the kink lies at the point of the current price-level in the market. These results depend on the elasticity of the demand curve and on the properties of each market.

This is a document about Oligopoly
 The firm's marginal revenue curve is discontinuous (or rather, not differentiable), and has a gap at the kink ; For prices above the prevailing price the curve is relatively elastic ; For prices below the point the curve is relatively inelastic According to this model, each firm faces a demand curve kinked at the existing price. The conjectural assumptions of the model are; if the firm raises its price above the current existing price, competitors will not follow and the acting firm will lose market share and second, if a firm lowers prices below the existing price then their competitors will follow to retain their market share and the firm's output will increase only marginally. In other words, oligopolist's pricing logic is that competitors will match and respond to any price cut - retaliating to obtain more market share, while they will stick with the current or initial price for any price rising among competitors. If the assumptions hold, then: The gap in the marginal revenue curve means that marginal costs can fluctuate without changing equilibrium price and quantity, thus, prices tend to be rigid.

This is a document about Market power
 1) A few sellers and many buyers. ; 2) Homogenous or differentiated products. ; 3) Barriers to entry. This includes, but is not limited to, 'technology challenges, government regulations, patents, start-up costs, or education and licensing requirements'. ; 4) Interaction/strategic behaviour. Another form of market power is that of an oligopoly or oligopsony. Within this market structure, the market is highly concentrated and several firms control a significant share of market sales. The main characteristics of an oligopoly are:  It is salient to note that only a few firms make up the market share. Hence, their market power is large as a collective and each firm has little or no market power independently. Generally, when a firm operating in an oligopolistic market adjusts prices, other firms in the industry will be directly impacted. The graph below depicts the kinked demand curve hypothesis which was proposed by

This is a document about Demand
  product than can be satisfied. ; 8) Unwholesome demand — Consumers may be attracted to products that have undesirable social consequences. In economics the demand curve is the graphical representation of the relationship between the price and the quantity that consumers are willing to purchase. The curve shows how the price of a commodity or service changes as the quantity demanded increases. Every point on the curve is an amount of consumer demand and the corresponding market price. The graph shows the law of demand, which states that people will buy less of something if the price goes up and vice versa. According to Kotler, eight demand states are possible:

This is a document about Paul Sweezy
  Sweezy's work in economics focused on applying Marxist analysis to what he identified as three dominant trends in modern capitalism: monopolization, stagnation, and financialization. Sweezy's first formally published paper on economics was a 1934 article entitled "Professor Pigou's Theory of Unemployment," published in the Journal of Political Economy in 1934. Over the rest of the decade Sweezy wrote prolifically on economics-related topics, publishing some 25 articles and reviews. Sweezy did pioneering work in the fields of expectations and oligopoly in these years, introducing for the first time the concept of the kinked demand curve in the determination of oligopoly pricing. Harvard published Sweezy's dissertation, Monopoly and Competition in the English Coal Trade,

This is a document about Cournot competition
  Cournot's discussion of oligopoly draws on two theoretical advances made in earlier pages of his book. Both have passed (with some adjustment) into standard economic theory. His demand curves were rediscovered independently in 1870 by Fleeming Jenkin, who paired them with supply curves to give them their modern form. Cournot's discussion of monopoly was definitive, influencing later writers such as Edward Chamberlin and Joan Robinson in the 1930s revival of interest in imperfect competition.

This is a document about Oligopoly
  competitive market, firms will not raise their prices because even a small price increase will lose many customers. This is because competitors will generally ignore price increases, with the hope of gaining a larger market share as a result of now having comparatively lower prices (price rigidity). However, even a large price decrease will gain only a few customers because such an action will begin a price war with other firms. The curve is, therefore, more price-elastic for price increases and less so for price decreases. Theory predicts that firms will enter the industry in the long run since market price for oligopolists is more stable or 'focal' in the long run under this kinked demand curve situation.

This is a document about Demand curve
  In economics, a demand curve is a graph depicting the relationship between the price of a certain commodity (the y-axis) and the quantity of that commodity that is demanded at that price (the x-axis). Demand curves can be used either for the price-quantity relationship for an individual consumer (an individual demand curve), or for all consumers in a particular market (a market demand curve). It is generally assumed that demand curves slope down, as shown in the adjacent image. This is because of the law of demand: for most goods, the quantity demanded falls if the price rises. Certain unusual situations do not follow this law. These include Veblen goods, Giffen goods, and speculative

This is a document about Kinked demand
 Bhaskar, V., S. Machin and G. Reid "Testing a Model of the Kinked Demand Curve." The Journal of Industrial Economics 39, no. 3 (March 1991): 241-254. ; Borenstein, Severin. "Evolution of U.S. Airline Competition." The Journal of Economic Perspectives 6, no. 2 (Spring 1992):45-73. ; "Economic focus: Sticky situations," The Economist, 11 November 2006, 88. ; Elmore, Kautz, Walls et al."Kinked Expectations", Working Paper, Stanford University. ; Greenwald, B., J.E. Stiglitz. "Keynesian, New Keynesian and New Classical Economics." Oxford Economic Papers, n.s., 39, no.1 (March 1987): 119-133. ; Jones, Kit. An Economist Among Mandarins: A biography of Robert Hall (1901-1988). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. ; Meister, J. Patrick.

The kinked demand curve in oligopoly is used to explain the potential for collusive price-setting behavior among firms in an oligopolistic market. The curve represents the idea that firms may maintain prices at a higher level than in a competitive market due to the fear of retaliation from competitors if they lower their prices. This can result in a "kinked" demand curve, where the price elasticity of demand is assumed to be discontinuous and concave, leading to a non-linear profit function and potential inefficiencies in the market.


Question: galvanized metals have been covered with a thin sheet of

Answer: zinc

This is a document about Galvannealed
  Gamma (Γ), Zeta (ζ), and Delta (δ) layers, of compositions Fe3Zn10, FeZn10, FeZn13 respectively; resulting in an overall bulk iron content of 9-12%. The layers also contain around 1-4% aluminium. Composition depends primarily on heating time and temperature, limited by the diffusion of the two metals. The resulting coating has a matte appearance, and is hard and brittle - under further working such as pressing or bending powder is produced from degradation of the coating, together with cracks on the surface. In comparison to a zinc (galvanized) coating galvannealed has better spot weldability, and is paintable, Due to iron present in the surface alloy phase galvanneal develops a reddish patina in moist environments - it is generally used painted. Zinc phosphate coating is a common pre-painting surface treatment. Galvannealed sheet can also be produced from electroplated zinc steel sheet.

This is a document about Cathodic protection
  Galvanizing generally refers to hot-dip galvanizing which is a way of coating steel with a layer of metallic zinc or tin. Galvanized coatings are quite durable in most environments because they combine the barrier properties of a coating with some of the benefits of cathodic protection. If the zinc coating is scratched or otherwise locally damaged and steel is exposed, the surrounding areas of zinc coating form a galvanic cell with the exposed steel and protect it from corrosion. This is a form of localized cathodic protection - the zinc acts as a sacrificial anode. Galvanizing, while using the electrochemical principle of cathodic protection, is not actually cathodic protection. Cathodic protection requires the anode to be separate from the metal surface to be protected, with an ionic connection through the electrolyte and an electron connection through a connecting cable, bolt or similar. This means that any area of the protected structure within the electrolyte can be protected, whereas in the case of galvanizing, only areas very close to the zinc are protected. Hence, a larger area of bare steel would only be protected around the edges.

This is a document about Galvanic corrosion
  A common example of galvanic corrosion occurs in galvanized iron, a sheet of iron or steel covered with a zinc coating. Even when the protective zinc coating is broken, the underlying steel is not attacked. Instead, the zinc is corroded because it is less "noble"; only after it has been consumed can rusting of the base metal occur. By contrast, with a conventional tin can, the opposite of a protective effect occurs: because the tin is more noble than the underlying steel, when the tin coating is broken, the steel beneath is immediately attacked preferentially.

This is a document about Galvannealed
  Production of galvannealed sheet steel begins with hot dip galvanization of sheet steel. After passing through the galvanizing zinc bath the sheet steel passes through air knives to remove excess zinc, and is then heated in an annealing furnace for several seconds causing iron and zinc layers to diffuse into one another causing the formation of zinc-iron alloy layers at the surface. The annealing step is performed with the strip still hot after the galvanizing step, with the zinc still liquid. The galvanising bath contains slightly over 0.1% aluminium, added to form a layer bonding between the iron and coated zinc. Annealing temperatures are around 500 to 565 °C. Pre-1990 annealing lines used gas-fired heating; post-1990s the use of induction furnaces became common. Three distinct alloys are identified in the galvannealed surface. From the steel boundary these are named

This is a document about Hot-dip galvanization
  grade zinc. Steel strip can be hot-dip galvanized in a continuous line. Hot-dip galvanized steel strip (also sometimes loosely referred to as galvanized iron) is extensively used for applications requiring the strength of steel combined with the resistance to corrosion of zinc, such as roofing and walling, safety barriers, handrails, consumer appliances and automotive body parts. One common use is in metal pails. Galvanised steel is also used in most heating and cooling duct systems in buildings Individual metal articles, such as steel girders or wrought iron gates, can be hot-dip galvanized by a process called batch galvanizing. Other modern techniques have largely replaced hot-dip for these sorts of roles. This includes electrogalvanizing, which deposits the layer of zinc from an aqueous electrolyte by electroplating, forming a thinner and much stronger bond.

This is a document about Metal roof
  Metal roofs are sometimes made of corrugated galvanized steel: a wrought iron–steel sheet was coated with zinc and then roll-formed into corrugated sheets. Another approach is to blend zinc, aluminum, and silicon-coated steel. These products are sold under various trade names like "Zincalume" or "Galvalume". The surface may display the raw zinc finish, or it may be used as a base metal under factory-coated colors. Another metal roofing product comes in a rolled form of various widths of so-called standing seam metal. The material is "seamed" together using a special roof seaming machine that is run vertically up the panel to seal the joints and prevent water intrusion. Metal

This is a document about Rust
   Galvanization consists of an application on the object to be protected of a layer of metallic zinc by either hot-dip galvanizing or electroplating. Zinc is traditionally used because it is cheap, adheres well to steel, and provides cathodic protection to the steel surface in case of damage of the zinc layer. In more corrosive environments (such as salt water), cadmium plating is preferred. Galvanization often fails at seams, holes, and joints where there are gaps in the coating. In these cases, the coating still provides some partial cathodic protection to iron, by acting as a galvanic anode and corroding itself instead of the underlying protected metal. The protective zinc layer is consumed by this action, and thus galvanization provides protection only for a

This is a document about Electrogalvanization
 Lower thickness deposits to achieve comparable performance ; Broader conversion coating availability for increased performance and colour options ; Brighter, more aesthetically appealing, deposits Electrogalvanizing is a process in which a layer of zinc is bonded to steel in order to protect against corrosion. The process involves electroplating, running a current of electricity through a saline/zinc solution with a zinc anode and steel conductor. Such Zinc electroplating or Zinc alloy electroplating maintains a dominant position among other electroplating process options, based upon electroplated tonnage per annum. According to the International Zinc Association, more than 5 million tons are used yearly for both hot dip galvanizing and electroplating. The plating of zinc was developed at the beginning of the 20th century. At that time, the electrolyte was cyanide based. A significant innovation occurred in the 1960s, with the introduction of the first acid chloride based electrolyte. The 1980s saw a return to alkaline electrolytes, only this time, without the use of cyanide. The most commonly used electrogalvanized cold rolled steel is SECC, acronym of "Steel, Electrogalvanized, Cold-rolled, Commercial quality". Compared to hot dip galvanizing, electroplated zinc offers these significant advantages:

This is a document about Steel frame
  walls between rooms. The wall finish is anchored to the two flange sides of the stud, which varies from 1+1/4 to 3 in thick, and the width of web ranges from 1+5/8 to 14 in. Rectangular sections are removed from the web to provide access for electrical wiring. Steel mills produce galvanized sheet steel, the base material for the manufacture of cold-formed steel profiles. Sheet steel is then roll-formed into the final profiles used for framing. The sheets are zinc coated (galvanized) to prevent oxidation and corrosion. Steel framing provides excellent design flexibility due to the high strength-to-weight ratio of steel, which allows it to span over long distances, and also

This is a document about Hot-dip galvanization
  of stainless steel, and is considered superior in terms of cost and life-cycle. It can be identified by the crystallization patterning on the surface (often called a "spangle"). Galvanized steel can be welded; however, one must exercise caution around the resulting toxic zinc fumes. Galvanized fumes are released when the galvanized metal reaches a certain temperature. This temperature varies by the galvanization process used. In long-term, continuous exposure, the recommended maximum temperature for hot-dip galvanized steel is 200 C, according to the American Galvanizers Association. The use of galvanized steel at temperatures above this will result in peeling of the zinc at the inter metallic layer . Electrogalvanized

This is a document about Hot-dip galvanization
  steel is often used in automotive manufacturing to enhance the corrosion performance of exterior body panels; this is, however, a completely different process which tends to achieve lower coating thicknesses of zinc. Like other corrosion protection systems, galvanizing protects steel by acting as a barrier between steel and the atmosphere. However, zinc is a more electropositive (active) metal in comparison to steel. This is a unique characteristic for galvanizing, which means that when a galvanized coating is damaged and steel is exposed to the atmosphere, zinc can continue to protect steel through galvanic corrosion (often within an annulus of 5 mm, above which electron transfer rate decreases).

This is a document about Hot-dip galvanization
   Hot-dip galvanization is a form of galvanization. It is the process of coating iron and steel with zinc, which alloys with the surface of the base metal when immersing the metal in a bath of molten zinc at a temperature of around 450 °C (842 °F). When exposed to the atmosphere, the pure zinc (Zn) reacts with oxygen (O2) to form zinc oxide (ZnO), which further reacts with carbon dioxide (CO2) to form zinc carbonate (ZnCO3), a usually dull grey, fairly strong material that protects the steel underneath from further corrosion in many circumstances. Galvanized steel is widely used in applications where corrosion resistance is needed without the

This is a document about Zinc
  Zinc is most commonly used as an anti-corrosion agent, and galvanization (coating of iron or steel) is the most familiar form. In 2009 in the United States, 55% or 893,000 tons of the zinc metal was used for galvanization. Zinc is more reactive than iron or steel and thus will attract almost all local oxidation until it completely corrodes away. A protective surface layer of oxide and carbonate ( forms as the zinc corrodes. This protection lasts even after the zinc layer is scratched but degrades through time as the zinc corrodes away. The zinc is applied electrochemically or as molten zinc by hot-dip galvanizing or spraying. Galvanization

This is a document about Galvanization
  Hot-dip galvanizing deposits a thick, robust layer of zinc iron alloys on the surface of a steel item. In the case of automobile bodies, where additional decorative coatings of paint will be applied, a thinner form of galvanizing is applied by electrogalvanizing. The hot-dip process generally does not reduce strength on a measurable scale, with the exception of high-strength steels (>1100 MPa) where hydrogen embrittlement can become a problem. This deficiency is a consideration affecting the manufacture of wire rope and other highly stressed products. The protection provided by hot-dip galvanizing is insufficient for products that will be constantly exposed to corrosive materials such as acids, including

This is a document about Galvanization
 The zinc coating, when intact, prevents corrosive substances from reaching the underlying steel or iron. ; Additional electroplating such as a chromate conversion coating may be applied to provide further surface passivation to the substrate material. ; The zinc acts as a sacrificial metal to protect the underlying iron/steel and thus acts as a sacrificial anode. In the event the underlying metal becomes exposed, protection can continue as long as there is zinc close enough to be electrically coupled. After all of the zinc in the immediate area is consumed, localized corrosion of the base metal can occur. Galvanizing protects the underlying iron or steel in the following main ways:

This is a document about Sheet metal
  Sheet metal is metal formed by an industrial process into thin, flat pieces. Sheet metal is one of the fundamental forms used in metalworking, and it can be cut and bent into a variety of shapes. Countless everyday objects are fabricated from sheet metal. Thicknesses can vary significantly; extremely thin sheets are considered foil or leaf, and pieces thicker than 6 mm (0.25 in) are considered plate steel or "structural steel". Sheet metal is available in flat pieces or coiled strips. The coils are formed by running a continuous sheet of metal through a roll slitter. In most of the world, sheet metal thickness is consistently specified in millimeters. In the U.S., the thickness

This is a document about Rust
  period of time. More modern coatings add aluminium to the coating as zinc-alume; aluminium will migrate to cover scratches and thus provide protection for a longer period. These approaches rely on the aluminium and zinc oxides protecting a once-scratched surface, rather than oxidizing as a sacrificial anode as in traditional galvanized coatings. In some cases, such as very aggressive environments or long design life, both zinc and a coating are applied to provide enhanced corrosion protection. Typical galvanization of steel products that are to be subjected to normal day-to-day weathering in an outside environment consists of a hot-dipped 85 µm zinc coating. Under normal weather conditions, this will deteriorate at a rate of 1 µm per year, giving approximately 85 years of protection.

This is a document about Architectural metals
  Pure zinc was used for roofing in Belgium, France and Germany, where it replaced more expensive copper and lead in roofing. Starting in the 1820s, Belgian sheet zinc was imported in America, used by builders in New York City and elsewhere. Pure zinc is subject to creep at ordinary temperatures. Zinc-coated metals were first patented in 1837, separately by M. Sorel in France and H. W. Crawford in England. The methods employed a “hot dipping” process to coat sheet iron with zinc. By 1839 “galvanized” sheet iron roofing was being used in New York City. The Merchant's Exchange in Manhattan was one of the first buildings to have both a galvanized roof and galvanized gutters. Some galvanized sheet roofing was pressed with designs, a

This is a document about Galvanization
  Galvanization or galvanizing (also spelled galvanisation or galvanising) is the process of applying a protective zinc coating to steel or iron, to prevent rusting. The most common method is hot-dip galvanizing, in which the parts are submerged in a bath of molten hot zinc.

This is a document about Salt spray test
 Phosphated (pre-treated) surfaces (with subsequent paint/primer/lacquer/rust preventive) ; Zinc and zinc-alloy plating (see also electroplating). See ISO 4042 for guidance ; Electroplated chromium, nickel, copper, tin ; Coatings not applied electrolytically, such as zinc flake coatings according to ISO 10683 ; Organic coatings, such as rust preventives ; Paint Coating Typical coatings that can be evaluated with this method are:  Hot-dip galvanized surfaces are not generally tested in a salt spray test (see ISO 1461 or ISO 10684). Hot-dip galvanizing produces zinc carbonates when exposed to a natural environment, thus protecting the coating metal and reducing the corrosion rate. The zinc carbonates are not produced when a hot-dip galvanized specimen is exposed to a salt spray fog, therefore this testing method does not give an accurate measurement of corrosion protection. ISO 9223 gives the guidelines for proper measurement of corrosion resistance for hot-dip galvanized specimens. Painted surfaces with an underlying hot-dip galvanized coating can be tested according to this method. See ISO 12944-6. Testing periods range from a few hours (e.g. 8 or 24 hours of phosphated steel) to more than a month (e.g. 720 hours of zinc-nickel coatings, 1000 hours of certain zinc flake coatings).

Galvanized metals have been covered with a thin sheet of zinc through a process called hot-dip galvanizing. This results in a coating with a zinc layer on the surface and a layer of iron-zinc alloy at the interface, which provides both cathodic protection and a decorative appearance.


Question: how many episodes in season 4 agents of shield

Answer: 22

This is a document about Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 5)
  In January 2017, ahead of the mid-season premiere of the fourth season, ABC's Channing Dungey said that she was "very bullish" about S.H.I.E.L.D.s future, feeling that "the episodes just keep getting better and stronger". The series was renewed for a fifth season of 22 episodes on May 11, with ABC looking to lower the cost of the series moving forward, by reducing its budget and licensing fee. Asked whether she had considered giving the season a shorter episode order, Dungey noted that every season of the series had been 22 episodes long, and she felt its prior success in delayed viewership and overseas justified continuing that. She added that the "show has continued to grow creatively every season. I feel like last season [was] its strongest creatively yet. I'm very excited for what we have planned for Season 5." It was reported that Disney, the parent company of Marvel Television, ABC Studios, and ABC, had given a mandate to ABC to renew Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. "despite the desire by some at the network to end the series".

This is a document about Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.
  by two pod story arcs. The sixth and seventh seasons each featured 13 episodes. Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. has been licensed in 155 countries and territories: CTV holds the broadcast rights for Canada; Channel 4 aired the series in the United Kingdom for the first two seasons, before it moved to E4 for the third through sixth seasons, with season seven releasing on Disney+; in Australia, the series aired on Seven Network for the first two seasons, before moving to Fox8 starting with the third; and in New Zealand, the show airs on TV2. MyNetworkTV was awarded the series' syndication rights in the United States, and began broadcasting it in September 2016.

This is a document about Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 3)
  and his relationship with Daisy)." Goldman also felt that the first half of the season was "the stronger, more cohesive of the two halves" as it aired the episode "4,722 Hours" which Goldman called "the best hour of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. to date." He criticized the pacing of the season, saying "some episodes felt a bit jumbled and could have benefited from slowing down a bit—or simply not trying to do so much at once. Sometimes it was just a question of including too many characters or storylines in single episodes, causing some scenarios to not have time to breathe or get the proper build up they might have with more character-focused episodes."

This is a document about List of Nintama Rantarō episodes
  There are 120 episodes in Season 4.

This is a document about Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.
  of Agent Carter airing in between. Bell explained that this decision was made following the challenge of producing 22 episodes for the first season to be aired over 36–40 weeks, which meant having repeats and "losing momentum". Instead, Agent Carter took up much of that gap in a row, leaving the back half of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.s season to run uninterrupted. This format allowed the producers and writers to approach each season in two parts, each with distinct stories connected by carried-over elements. Ahead of the fourth season, Tancharoen explained, "For the past two seasons, we've been able to break our season down into two little mini-seasons because of the airdate

This is a document about List of Heroes episodes
  23 episodes called Genesis, which is also the title of the pilot episode. The second season was designed to contain three volumes called Generations, Exodus, and Villains, but Exodus was scrapped due to viewer criticism and the 2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike. Villains was carried over to the show's third season, leaving the second season with only 11 episodes, 13 fewer than were originally ordered by NBC. The third season included 25 episodes, 13 episodes comprising Villains and 12 episodes in a volume titled Fugitives. The fourth season consisted of a fifth volume of 18 episodes titled Redemption. The final scene of the last episode began a

This is a document about ReBoot
  father into a robot, enabling him to move and speak like he used to. Initial plans for the fourth season included three films broken into 12 episodes, followed by a 13th musical-special episode. Due to a change in deals and budget, the series was reduced to eight episodes. The following plan was to produce 30-minute episodes. These would be edited down to 21 minutes for broadcast and the extra scenes added to the film versions for DVD release. Against the writer's wishes, these scenes were cut from the scripts. After this decision was made, the eighth episode was rewritten to end on a cliffhanger. Creator Gavin Blair has publicly refused to reveal the plans for the resolution and final episodes, in case he ever got the chance to resolve the cliffhanger.

This is a document about List of Combat! episodes
  The fourth-season DVDs come in two sets, "Conflict 1" and "Conflict 2," which, like the first-season "Campaigns," the second-season "Missions," and the third-season "Operations," are sold separately. Each "Conflict" contains four discs. Each disc contains four episodes, except from the last CD which contains three episodes, plus bonus material. There are eight discs total in both "Conflicts," with 16 episodes in "Conflict 1" and 15 episodes in "Conflict 2," for a combined 31 episodes, which are listed in order below.

This is a document about Ingenious Animals
 1) Intelligence (1 September 2016) ; 2) Relationships (8 September 2016) ; 3) Communication (15 September 2016) ; 4) Bodies (22 September 2016) A total of four hour-long episodes were aired as part of the series.

This is a document about Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 5)
  be broken into pods as with season four, executive producer Jeffrey Bell said, "A 22-episode arc is a lot for people to hold onto. By breaking it up into either smaller arcs or different pods, by introducing a set of antagonists and putting them down, or moving from space to space, our experience has been that it's something the viewers enjoy, and it makes it a little easier to digest when you're telling some of these stories." However, Whedon noted that it would depend on how the season would be aired as to where the story is broken up. The season ultimately was broken into two pod story arcs, with each pod having a different emphases, but the whole season having an arc "that will pay off". The writers for the season began work at the end of May 2017.

This is a document about NASA's Story
  The series consists of 4 episodes.

This is a document about My Big Redneck Wedding
  Seasons 1 and 2 consist of eight episodes each, Season 3 is a fourteen-episode run, and Season 4 is a ten-episode run.

This is a document about List of Steven Universe episodes
 Season 4 was initially ordered together with Season 5, as a set of 26 half-hours, but the two were split into separate seasons during production. Season 4 consists of 13 half-hours (23 regular episodes, 1 double-length special, and 5 shorts). ; The episodes "Kindergarten Kid" and "Know Your Fusion" were the last two episodes to air during a four-week special event titled Summer Adventures. ; "Steven's Dream", "Adventures in Light Distortion", "Gem Heist", "The Zoo", and "That Will Be All" aired as a four-night special event titled Out of This World. ; Episode premieres moved to Fridays beginning with the episode "The New Crystal Gems".

This is a document about Félix Enríquez Alcalá
  Satisfaction - 1 episode, 2015 ; Agent X - 1 episode, 2015 ; Madam Secretary - 13 episodes, 2015-2019 ; Second Chance - 2 episodes, 2016 ; Quantico - 1 episode, 2016 ; Criminal Minds: Beyond Borders – 1 episode, 2016 ; BrainDead - 1 episode, 2016 ; Shades of Blue - 2 episodes, 2017 ; SEAL Team - 1 episode, 2017 ; The Brave - 1 episode, 2017 ; Mayans MC - 1 episode, 2018 ; Manifest - 1 episode, 2018 ; The Good Fight - 1 episode, 2019 ; How to Get Away with Murder - 1 episode, 2019 ; Charmed - 1 episode, 2020 ; The Lost Symbol - 2 episodes, 2021

This is a document about History of The WB
  season one episodes, making it a 22-episode season. Many problems occurred during the production of season three. 19 episodes had been produced for season three, and with Fox cancelling the series later being picked up by The WB, only 11 episodes aired through the two networks, 12 & 13 never aired, and episodes 14 through 19, were included as part of season four. The fourth season originally produced 22 episodes, with the new addition of six from season three, making it the longest season with 28 episodes. Season five produced 13 episodes and was the only season to have all its episodes intact.

This is a document about Agent Carter (TV series)
  the series, which had not yet been greenlit, as a limited series of approximately 13 episodes. By April 2014, there were indications that the series would be ordered straight to series, bypassing a pilot order, and would air between the late 2014 and early 2015 portions of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., if that series got a second season renewal. On May 8, 2014, ABC officially ordered the series for eight episodes, with executive producers Butters, Fazekas, Markus, McFeely, Dingess, Kevin Feige, Louis D'Esposito, Alan Fine, Joe Quesada, Stan Lee, and Jeph Loeb. The series was renewed for a second season on May 7, 2015, of 10 episodes.

This is a document about Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 6)
  In January 2018, ABC Entertainment president Channing Dungey was optimistic about Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. receiving a renewal for a sixth season, but in March, Nellie Andreeva of Deadline Hollywood described the series as being "on the bubble", meaning it "could go either way". Despite receiving low live ratings in its fifth season, the series was considered a "strong DVR gainer and an even stronger international seller" as well as Marvel Television's only chance to have a series on ABC in the 2018–19 television season given that fellow series Inhumans was considered "dead", and ultimately canceled. The series' crew believed that it was likely to be cancelled, and they made the fifth-season finale as if it was the last episode of the series. On May 14, 2018, Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. was renewed for a sixth season, consisting of 13 episodes. Some commentators, as well as the series' crew, assumed that this shorter season (previous seasons consisted of 22 episodes) would be the series' last, but Dungey denied this, and a seventh season was ordered in November 2018. The sixth-season premiere features an onscreen tribute to S.H.I.E.L.D. co-creator Stan Lee, who died in November 2018.

This is a document about Henry's Cat
  Each episode in this season is 4 minutes long.

This is a document about Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.
  in the United States on September 24, 2013, and concluded with a two-part series finale on August 12, 2020, with 136 episodes broadcast over seven seasons. After starting the first season with high ratings but mixed reviews, the ratings began to drop while reviews improved. Ratings continued to lower with subsequent seasons, but were more consistent within each season, while reviews for later seasons were consistently positive. Several characters created for the series have since been introduced to the comic universe and other media. An online digital series, Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: Slingshot, centered on Cordova-Buckley's Elena "Yo-Yo" Rodriguez, was released in December 2016 on ABC.com. Other spin-offs were planned but never materialized.

This is a document about Fake or Fortune?
  The series had four episodes:

Season 4 of "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D." consists of 22 episodes.


Question: when was the last time england win the world cup

Answer: 1966

This is a document about England national football team
  England first appeared at the 1950 FIFA World Cup, and have subsequently qualified for a total of 15 FIFA World Cup finals tournaments, tied for sixth best by number of appearances. They are also tied for sixth by number of wins, alongside Spain. The national team is one of eight national teams to have won at least one FIFA World Cup title. The England team won their first and only World Cup title in 1966. The tournament was played on home soil, and England defeated West Germany 4–2 in the final. In 1990, England finished in fourth place, losing 2–1 to host nation Italy in the third place play-off, after losing on penalties to champions West Germany in the semi-final. They also finished in fourth place in 2018, after losing 2–0 to Belgium in the third place play-off and 2–1

This is a document about List of FIFA World Cup final stadiums
  There have been 21 editions of the FIFA World Cup which is an international association football tournament established in 1930. It is contested by the men's national teams which are members of FIFA, the sport's global governing body. The tournament has taken place every four years since its inauguration, apart from 1942 and 1946 due to World War II. The last tournament was hosted in Russia, which was won by France in 2018. The World Cup final match is the last of the competition, and the result determines which country is declared world champions. If after 90 minutes of regular play the score is a draw, an additional

This is a document about 1966 FIFA World Cup Final
  The 1966 FIFA World Cup Final was a football match played at Wembley Stadium, London, on 30 July 1966 to determine the winner of the 1966 FIFA World Cup, the eighth FIFA World Cup. The match was contested by England and West Germany, with England winning 4–2 after extra time to claim the Jules Rimet Trophy. It was the first – and to date only – occasion that England has hosted or won the World Cup. This remains England's only major tournament win and last final at a major international football tournament for 55 years, until 2021 when the nation reached the UEFA Euro 2020 Final at the new Wembley Stadium

This is a document about England national football team manager
  from one another), Peter Taylor (one game) and Stuart Pearce (one game). In comparison, Winterbottom held the position for the longest to date; a tenure of 16 years, comprising four appearances in the World Cup and a total of 139 matches. Alf Ramsey is the only manager to have won a major tournament, winning the 1966 World Cup with his "Wingless Wonders". Besides Ramsey, only Gareth Southgate at the Euro 2020 has taken the team to a major tournament final. Other managers to have progressed to the semi-finals of a major competition before or since are: Bobby Robson at the 1990 World Cup, Terry Venables at Euro 1996, and Gareth Southgate at the 2018 World Cup and

This is a document about England national under-16 football team
  In 2005, the team made their debut in the annual Montaigu Tournament, held in Montaigu, France. England have won the competition three times, in 2008, 2011, and 2015, defeating the hosts France in the final on all three occasions. In 2008 and 2011, England won in a penalty shoot-out after a 0–0 draw, while in 2015 they won the final outright by 3–1. In 2019, England finished third overall after losing 2–1 to eventual champions Argentina, winning 5–0 against Ivory Coast, 3–1 against Portugal in the group stage and 4–0 against Brazil in the 3rd place playoff

This is a document about Steven Gerrard
  FA Cup Final, which has been termed The Gerrard Final in homage to his performance. Despite success in cup competitions, he never won the Premier League. Gerrard won 114 England caps between 2000 and 2014, captaining the team 38 times and scoring 21 goals. He played at three UEFA European Championships, in 2000, 2004 and 2012—where he was named in the Team of the Tournament—and three FIFA World Cups, in 2006, 2010 and 2014. Gerrard began his managerial career managing the Liverpool Youth Academy's under-18 team. His senior managerial career began in 2018 with Scottish Premiership club Rangers. In his third full season in charge, Gerrard's side went unbeaten

This is a document about England national football team
  Southgate. England is one of eight nations to have won the World Cup. England has qualified for the World Cup 15 times. It won the 1966 World Cup Final, a tournament it also hosted, and finished fourth in both 1990 and 2018. England has never won the European Championship, with its best performance to date being runners-up in 2020. As a constituent country of the United Kingdom, England is not a member of the International Olympic Committee and so does not compete at the Olympic Games. England is currently the only team to have won the World Cup but not won any major continental title at senior level, and the only non-sovereign entity to have won the World Cup.

This is a document about FIFA World Cup
  The FIFA World Cup, often simply called the World Cup, is an international association football competition contested by the senior men's national teams of the members of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The championship has been awarded every four years since the inaugural tournament in 1930, except in 1942 and 1946 when it was not held because of the Second World War. The current champion is France, which won its second title at the 2018 tournament in Russia. The current format involves a qualification phase, which takes place over the preceding three years, to determine which teams qualify for the tournament phase. In the tournament

This is a document about England at the Rugby League World Cup
  England have competed six times in the World Cup; in 1975, 1995, 2000, 2008, 2013 and 2017. They have never won the competition, though finished runners-up three times to Australia; in 1975, 1995 and 2017. In every other year, Great Britain have represented England.

This is a document about UEFA Euro 2020 Final
  beat Yugoslavia in 1968 after a replay, lost to France in 2000 via a golden goal and lost to Spain in 2012. They entered the final on a 33-match unbeaten run, the third-longest in international football history behind the 35-match streaks of Brazil (1993–1996) and Spain (2007–2009), having last lost 1–0 to Portugal in the 2018–19 UEFA Nations League on 10 September 2018. Italy were also on a 27-match unbeaten run in competitive fixtures, only behind the 29-match streak of Spain from 2010 to 2013. The final was England's first at a major tournament since the 1966 World Cup, the only other

This is a document about England at the FIFA World Cup
  The England national football team has competed at the FIFA World Cup since 1950. The FIFA World Cup is the premier competitive international football tournament, first played in 1930, whose finals stage has been held every four years since, except 1942 and 1946, due to the Second World War. The tournament consists of two parts, the qualification phase and the final phase (officially called the World Cup Finals). The qualification phase, which currently take place over the three years preceding the finals, is used to determine which teams qualify for the finals. The current format of the finals involves thirty-two teams competing for the title, at venues within the host nation (or nations) over a period of about a month. The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in

This is a document about Timeline of English football
 Doug Ellis sells Aston Villa to American billionaire Randy Lerner for £64million. ; John Terry succeeds David Beckham as England's national team captain. Liverpool's Steven Gerrard is named vice-captain. ; Sven-Göran Eriksson announces that he will step down as England manager following the 2006 World Cup. He will be succeeded by Steve McClaren with effect from 1 August. ; Chelsea win the Premiership for the second year in succession. ; Thierry Henry scores the last goal, and the last hat trick, in the final game at Highbury before Arsenal move to their new 60,000-seat Emirates Stadium ; Manchester United win

This is a document about Didier Deschamps
  la Ligue titles between 2010 and 2012, and consecutive Trophée des Champions titles in 2010 and 2011. On 8 July 2012, Deschamps was named as the new manager of the French national team. He led the team to the quarter-finals of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, the final of UEFA Euro 2016, and victory in the 2018 FIFA World Cup, the last of these making Deschamps the third man to win the World Cup as both a player and a manager. Alongside Mário Zagallo and Franz Beckenbauer, Deschamps follows Beckenbauer as only the second to do so as captain.

This is a document about Penalty shoot-out (association football)
  Euro 1996, England lost five more shoot-outs in a row in major tournament finals, losing to Argentina at the 1998 World Cup, Portugal at Euro 2004 and the 2006 World Cup and Italy at Euro 2012, before finally breaking their losing streak at the 2018 World Cup against Colombia; this shoot-out also allowed England to progress into the quarter-finals for the first time in twelve years. England again lost a penalty shoot-out to Italy in the UEFA Euro 2020 final. The Netherlands, meanwhile, lost four consecutive shoot-outs; against Denmark in Euro 1992, France in Euro 1996, Brazil in the 1998 World Cup, and Italy in Euro 2000, before finally

This is a document about 2030 FIFA World Cup
  FIFA World Cup, with the Treasury expected to pump £2.8 million into a bid for 2030. Feasibility studies by the Irish government and the UK government (including the devolved governments of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales) have subsequently been initiated. Johnson added "We are very, very keen to bring football home in 2030." The football associations of the bidding nations issued a joint statement saying that they were delighted with the government's commitment to the bid. Following scenes of crowd disorder at the UEFA Euro 2020 Final between England and Italy held on 11 July 2021 at Wembley Stadium Boris Johnson reiterated his hope that the UK and Ireland could still host the 2030 World Cup.

This is a document about Jack Warner (football executive)
  Warner apologize. Warner argued that, "The time has come. The fact is they invented this sport [...] They last held the World Cup 42 years ago. That is almost two to three generations. There are guys in England who have never seen a World Cup on English soil." Warner maintained that the choice of England would not be popular among mainland Europe though. During the bidding process to host the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup's Warner continually supported the English bid, promising to vote in England's favour at the draw in December 2010. Warner approached the England bid team through David Beckham, offering to hold off on bringing out the vote for Russia in exchange for promises in relation to CONCACAF. Russia won the vote to hold the FIFA World Cup in 2018, with Warner widely reported to have voted for the Russian bid.

This is a document about England
  2 occasions, Aston Villa F.C. have only won the trophy once. Cricket is generally thought to have been developed in the early medieval period among the farming and metalworking communities of the Weald. The England cricket team is a composite England and Wales, team. One of the game's top rivalries is The Ashes series between England and Australia, contested since 1882. The climax of the 2005 Ashes was viewed by 7.4 million as it was available on terrestrial television. England has hosted five Cricket World Cups (1975, 1979, 1983, 1999 and 2019), winning the 2019 edition in a final regarded as one

This is a document about List of years in rugby union
 2001 ; 2002 ; 2003 — England win the World Cup ; 2004 ; 2005 ; 2006 ; 2007 — South Africa win the World Cup ; 2008 ; 2009 ; 2010 ; 2011 — New Zealand win the World Cup ; 2012 ; 2013 ; 2014 ; 2015 — New Zealand win the World Cup ; 2016 ; 2017

This is a document about England national football team records and statistics
  1958 ; Bobby Charlton and Bobby Moore, 1962, 1966 and 1970 ; Terry Butcher, Bryan Robson and Peter Shilton, 1982, 1986 and 1990 ; David Beckham, Michael Owen and Sol Campbell, 1998, 2002 and 2006 ; Ashley Cole, 2002, 2006 and 2010 ; Steven Gerrard, Frank Lampard and Wayne Rooney, 2006, 2010 and 2014 ; Most non-playing selections for the World Cup finals ; George Eastham and Alan Hodgkinson, 2, 1958 and 1962 ; Viv Anderson, 2, 1982 and 1986 ; Chris Woods, 2, 1986 and 1990 ; Martin Keown and Nigel Martyn, 2, 1998 and 2002 ; David James, 2, 2002 and

This is a document about Roberto Martínez
  1–0. Belgium defeated England 2–0 in the third-place play-off to secure their best World Cup finish of all time. Under Martínez, Belgium rose to first in the FIFA World Rankings in September 2018 and remained there in February 2021, without winning a single title in many years. After winning the group at Euro 2020, he became the only manager to do so at the 2018 World Cup and at that tournament. In addition, he set the record for most Belgium wins in one spell as manager (46 from 49, compared to 45 in 114 for Guy Thys; Thys won four more in a

The last time England won the FIFA World Cup was in 1966.


Question: who did houston play in 2005 world series

Answer: Chicago White Sox

This is a document about 2005 World Series
  The 2005 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball's (MLB) 2005 season. The 101st edition of the World Series, it was a best-of-seven playoff between the American League (AL) champion Chicago White Sox and the National League (NL) champion Houston Astros. The White Sox swept the Astros in four games, winning their third World Series championship and their first in 88 seasons. The series was played between October 22–26, 2005. Home field advantage was awarded to Chicago by virtue of the AL's 7–5 victory over the NL in the 2005 MLB All-Star Game. The Astros were attempting to become the fourth consecutive wild card team to

This is a document about 2005 Chicago White Sox season
  Chicago's opponent in the 2005 World Series was the National League Champion Houston Astros, who defeated the St. Louis Cardinals in the National League Championship Series to clinch a trip to their first World Series in franchise history. The night was special for Craig Biggio and Jeff Bagwell, two longtime Astros making their first trip to the World Series. Game 1 was José Contreras vs. Roger Clemens. However, Clemens re-injured his hamstring in the second inning, and so his night was done early. In the fourth, with the score tied 3–3, Joe Crede took control of the game. He homered in the inning, and then, in the sixth, he made two diving stops to save runs and keep the White Sox ahead by one. The

This is a document about 2005 Houston Astros season
  2005 World Series (4-0): Chicago White Sox (A.L.) over Houston Astros (N.L.)

This is a document about 2005 National League Championship Series
  The 2005 National League Championship Series (NLCS), the second round of the 2005 National League playoffs, matched the Central Division champion and defending league champion St. Louis Cardinals against the wild card qualifier Houston Astros, a rematch of the 2004 NLCS. The Cardinals, by virtue of having the best record in the NL during the 2005 season, had the home-field advantage. The Astros won the series four games to two, and became the National League champions; they faced the American League champion Chicago White Sox in the 2005 World Series, where the Astros lost to the White Sox in a sweep in four games. The Cardinals and Astros were victorious

This is a document about 2017 Houston Astros season
  the Astros met the Red Sox at home in the AL Division Series (ALDS), and defeated them in four games. Houston then advanced to the AL Championship Series (ALCS) and defeated the New York Yankees in seven games for their first American League pennant. Combined with their NL pennant in 2005, the Astros became the first MLB team to make it to the World Series as members of both the National and American Leagues. Finally, the Astros faced and defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 2017 World Series 4 games to 3. The 2017 Astros featured the highest-scoring offense in the major leagues (896 runs scored), including the highest batting

This is a document about 2005 National League Championship Series
  2005 NLCS (4–2): Houston Astros over St. Louis Cardinals

This is a document about 2005 in baseball
 Chicago White Sox swept (4-0) the Houston Astros to win the 2005 World Series. ; 2005 also marked the inaugural season of the Washington Nationals, who relocated from Montreal and were formerly known as the Expos. This is Washington, D.C.'s first time having a baseball team since the Washington Senators became the Texas Rangers following the 1971 season. ; Chris Burke ended the 2005 NLDS with a walk-off home run in the bottom of the 18th inning. ; The Astros went from 15-30 to the 2005 World Series. They also went 22-7 in July.

This is a document about 2005 World Series
  faced each other in the 2011 NLCS, the 2005 World Series is one of only two World Series in the modern era (1903–present) with no possibility for a rematch between the two opponents, but possible in the League Championship Series, because the Astros moved to the AL in 2013. The Astros would next return to the World Series in 2017 as an AL franchise, where they would win in seven games against the Los Angeles Dodgers. The Astros would return to the Fall Classic again in 2019 and 2021, but fell short to the Washington Nationals in 7 games and to the Atlanta Braves in 6 games, respectively.

This is a document about 2005 National League Division Series
  2005 NLDS (3–1): Houston Astros over Atlanta Braves

This is a document about Drayton McLane
  From the time he purchased the team in 1993 to 2005, the Houston Astros ranked fifth in Major League Baseball and second in the National League in winning percentage (.543), but never won a World Series. The Astros, originally the Colt 45's, were founded in 1962. They won their first World Series in 2017. Until 2017, the 2005 Houston Astros season was the most successful season on the field for the Houston franchise. Winning the National League Pennant to advance to the World Series, Houston hosted the first World Series game ever played in Texas. However, the Astros, who had rallied from a losing record earlier in the season, were swept by the Chicago White Sox in four games, granting

This is a document about World Series
  in 1980 to the Philadelphia Phillies, lost in 1986 to the New York Mets, lost in 2004 to the Cardinals, and won in 2005 versus the Cardinals) and 2–2 in four ALCS appearances (winning in 2017 and 2019 against the New York Yankees and losing to the Boston Red Sox in 2018 and the Tampa Bay Rays in 2020). The Astros are the only team in MLB to appear in the World Series as a member of both the National League (2005) and the American League (2017 and 2019); they have gone 1-2 overall across three World Series appearances, going 0-1 as a member of

This is a document about 2015 in baseball
  Houston Astros lost to the Arizona Diamondbacks at Chase Field, 5–3, they claimed the second AL wild card after Anaheim's loss. This will be Houston's first trip to the MLB postseason since being swept by the Chicago White Sox in the 2005 World Series. Now the Astros will face the New York Yankees at Yankee Stadium on October 6, and the winner will take on the AL Central champion Kansas City Royals in the AL Division Series, starting on October 8. ; On the final day of the season, Clayton Kershaw struck out seven batters in the Los Angeles Dodgers' 6–3 victory over the

This is a document about 2005 World Series
  2005 World Series (4–0): Chicago White Sox (A.L.) over Houston Astros (N.L.) The winning margin of six runs tied for the lowest for a four-game sweep; the only other time was in 1950.

This is a document about Hurricane Harvey
  to move three home games to Citi Field in New York City. In the aftermath, the Houston Astros began to wear patches which had the logo of the team with the word "Strong" on the bottom of the patch, as well as promoting the hashtag Houston Strong, prominently displaying them as the Astros won the 2017 World Series. Manager A. J. Hinch has stated in an interview that the team wasn't just playing for a title, but to help boost moral support for the city. The annual Texas Kickoff game that was to feature BYU and LSU to kick off the 2017 college football season was moved

This is a document about Houston
  Houston has sports teams for every major professional league except the National Hockey League and the National Lacrosse League. The Houston Astros are a Major League Baseball expansion team formed in 1962 (known as the "Colt .45s" until 1965) that won the World Series in 2017 and appeared in  the 2005, 2019, and 2021 World Series. It is the only MLB team to have won pennants in both modern leagues. The Houston Rockets are a National Basketball Association franchise based in the city since 1971. They have won two NBA Championships, one in 1994 and another in 1995 under star players Hakeem Olajuwon, Otis Thorpe, Clyde Drexler, Vernon Maxwell, and Kenny Smith. The Houston Texans are

This is a document about 2006 World Series
  2006, where the Tigers swept the Cardinals 3–0 in Detroit, part of an eight-game Cardinals losing streak. This was the first time since 2000 that teams meeting during the regular season met again in the World Series. The Series marked the third time in a row that both teams sought to win a championship after at least a 20-year drought. In 2004, the Boston Red Sox ended their 86-year hiatus by defeating the Cardinals; in 2005 the Chicago White Sox ended an 88-year drought by defeating the Houston Astros, who were competing in their first World Series after 43

This is a document about History of the Houston Astros
  team with a losing record to win a postseason series. In the ALCS, they became the second MLB team after the 2004 Boston Red Sox to force a seventh game in a best-of-seven series after trailing three games to none, but lost the seventh game to the Tampa Bay Rays. In 2021, the Houston Astros were once again a winning team and clinched the AL West crown with a 95–67 record. They defeated the Boston Red Sox in the ALCS to go to their third World Series in five years, where they lost to the Atlanta Braves in six games.

This is a document about 2017 Houston Astros season
  The 2017 Houston Astros season was the team's 56th season in Major League Baseball (MLB). The Astros won the 2017 World Series in seven games over the Los Angeles Dodgers. On September 17, the Astros clinched the AL West with a 7–1 victory over the Mariners, for their first AL West division title, and their seventh division title overall. The Astros defeated Boston 3–2 on September 29 for their 100th win of the season, their first 100-win season since 1998. Overall, the Astros finished with a 101–61 regular season record, their second-highest win total in franchise history, for a .623 winning percentage. Just four days after the end of the regular

This is a document about Roger Clemens
  final start of the 2005 season, Clemens got his 4,500th strikeout. On October 9, 2005, Clemens made his first relief appearance since 1984, entering as a pinch hitter in the 15th, then pitching three innings to get the win as the Astros defeated the Atlanta Braves in Game 4 of the NLDS. It is the longest postseason game in MLB history at 18 innings. Clemens lasted only two innings in Game 1 of the 2005 World Series, and the Astros went on to be swept by the Chicago White Sox. It was the Astros' first World Series appearance. Clemens had aggravated a hamstring pull

This is a document about October 2005 in sports
 Major League Baseball 2005 World Series Game 1 ; Chicago White Sox 5, Houston Astros 3 ; WP: José Contreras. LP: Wandy Rodríguez. SV: Bobby Jenks HRs: Hou – Mike Lamb; ChW – Jermaine Dye, Joe Crede. The White Sox, just as they did back in 1959, won the World Series opener, thanks to José Contreras' seven innings of strong pitching, and home runs by Jermaine Dye and Joe Crede. Astros starter Roger Clemens left after two innings after tweaking his hamstring. White Sox lead series, 1–0. ; Soccer: MLS Cup 2005 Playoffs: Conference semifinals ; MetroStars 1, New England Revolution 0 ;

The Houston Astros played the Chicago White Sox in the 2005 World Series.


Question: when did the fight for women 's right to vote began

Answer: 1868

This is a document about Feminism in South Africa
  In South Africa, the struggle for women's suffrage started in 1889 and was mainly driven by the Women's Enfranchisement Association of the Union. White women were given the right to vote by the Women's Enfranchisement Act, 1930. The first general election at which women could vote was the 1933 election. Due to the patriarchal structure embedded in South Africa's cultural norms and governing bodies, women have faced adversity in the fight for equality, particularly women of color who, because of the unique racial history of the country, have faced even greater disadvantages due to apartheid. Asian and women of color in South Africa gained suffrage in

This is a document about Women's suffrage
   Women's suffrage is the right of women to vote in elections. Beginning in the mid-19th century, aside from the work being done by women for broad-based economic and political equality and for social reforms, women sought to change voting laws to allow them to vote. National and international organizations formed to coordinate efforts towards that objective, especially the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (founded in 1904 in Berlin, Germany), as well as for equal civil rights for women. Many instances occurred in recent centuries where women were selectively given, then stripped of, the right to vote. The first place in the world to award and maintain women's suffrage was New Jersey in 1776 (though in

This is a document about Antifeminism
  The "women's movement" began in 1848, most famously articulated by Elizabeth Cady Stanton demanding voting rights, joined by Lucy Stone, Susan B. Anthony and others who also pushed for other rights such as education, job freedom, marital and property rights, and the right to choose when or whether to become a mother. However, by the end of the century, a cultural counter movement had begun. Janet Chafetz identified in a study 32 first-wave antifeminist movements, including those in the 19th century and early 20th century movements. These countermovements were in response to some women's growing demands, which were perceived as threatening to the standard way of life. Though men

This is a document about Art in the women's suffrage movement in the United States
  Art in the women's suffrage movement of the United States played a critical role. This movement was social so propaganda was crucial to its success. The women's suffrage movement began in America in the 1840s with the purpose to gain full voting rights for women. Suffragists in the United States succeeded in their effort to receive voting rights on August 26, 1920, when the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified by state legislatures. This amendment stated that voting rights could not be restricted or denied due to the gender of the citizen. There were men and women on both sides of the Women's Suffrage Movement, and opposition by other women was an issue the suffragettes faced throughout their campaign.

This is a document about Women Against Feminism
  Major historical movements of women against feminism began in the 19th century. After the "women's movement" in 1848 started, created by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton who fought for women's right to vote, a counterculture, known as first wave antifeminist movements, began. The antifeminists of this era believed the traditional way of life was threatened by the feminist agenda. Antifeminists opposed women's rights in the public and private sphere and labor forces. During the early 20th century another larger opposition was towards women's suffrage. In Britain the Anti-Suffrage Review published from 1908 till 1918 expressed some women's hostility to the vote by collective

This is a document about National Woman Suffrage Association
  Women's suffrage in the U.S. emerged as a significant issue in the mid-1800s. A key event was the first women's rights convention, the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848, which was initiated by Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Women's right to vote was endorsed at the convention only after a vigorous debate about an idea that was controversial even within the women's movement. Soon after the convention, however, it became a central tenant of the movement. In 1851, Stanton and Susan B. Anthony formed a decades-long partnership that became important to the women's rights movement and to the future National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA). For the next several years, they worked together

This is a document about Women's suffrage
  which blocked attempts to give women political rights. First feminist claims started emerging during the French Revolution in 1789. Condorcet expressed his support for women's right to vote in an article published in Journal de la Société de 1789, but his project failed. After World War I, French women continued demanding political rights, and despite the Chamber of Deputies being in favor, the Senate continuously refused to analyze the law proposal. Surprisingly, the political left, who were generally supportive of women's emancipation, repeatedly opposed the right to vote for women because they would support conservative positions. It was only after World War II that women were granted political rights.

This is a document about Anti-suffragism
  Organized campaigns against women's suffrage began in earnest in 1905, around the same time that suffragettes were turning to militant tactics. In general, most ordinary women had prioritized domestic and family life over paid employment and political activism when it came to the issue of suffrage. Most historical evidence shows that ordinary women did not have much interest in the right to vote before the first World War and also after suffrage had been granted to women. The Women's National Anti-Suffrage League was established in London on 21 July 1908. Its aims were to oppose women being granted the vote in British parliamentary elections, although it did support their having votes in local government elections. It

This is a document about Feminism in the United States
  force in the fight for women's suffrage. In 1878 a woman suffrage amendment was first introduced in the United States Congress, but it did not pass. In 1920, the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified, giving white women the right to vote; the first wave of feminism is considered to have ended with that victory. Margaret Higgins Sanger, was one of the first American birth control activists. She was also a sex educator, writer, and nurse. She popularized the term "birth control", opened the first birth control clinic in the United States in 1916, and established organizations that evolved into the Planned Parenthood Federation of America.

This is a document about Women's suffrage in the United States
   Women's legal right to vote was established in the United States over the course of more than half a century, first in various states and localities, sometimes on a limited basis, and then nationally in 1920. The demand for women's suffrage began to gather strength in the 1840s, emerging from the broader movement for women's rights. In 1848, the Seneca Falls Convention, the first women's rights convention, passed a resolution in favor of women's suffrage despite opposition from some of its organizers, who believed the idea was too extreme. By the time of the first National Women's Rights Convention in 1850, however, suffrage was becoming an increasingly important aspect

This is a document about Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
  the vote. Pro-suffrage organizations used a variety of tactics including legal arguments that relied on existing amendments. After those arguments were struck down by the U.S. Supreme Court, suffrage organizations, with activists like Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, called for a new constitutional amendment guaranteeing women the same right to vote possessed by men. By the late 19th century, new states and territories, particularly in the West, began to grant women the right to vote. In 1878, a suffrage proposal that would eventually become the Nineteenth Amendment was introduced to Congress, but was rejected in 1887. In the 1890s, suffrage organizations focused on a national amendment while still working at

This is a document about Feminism
  leaders of this movement included Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Susan B. Anthony, who each campaigned for the abolition of slavery before championing women's right to vote. These women were influenced by the Quaker theology of spiritual equality, which asserts that men and women are equal under God. In the US, first-wave feminism is considered to have ended with the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (1919), granting women the right to vote in all states. The term first wave was coined retroactively when the term second-wave feminism came into use. During the late Qing period and reform

This is a document about Trial of Susan B. Anthony
  The demand for women's suffrage grew out of the broader movement for women's rights, which began to emerge in the U.S. in the early 1800s. There was little demand for the right to vote in the movement's early days, when the focus was on such issues as the right of women to speak in public settings and on property rights for married women. At the first women's rights convention, the Seneca Falls Convention held in western New York in 1848, the only resolution that did not pass unanimously was the one that called for women's suffrage. Originated by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who was just beginning her career as a suffrage leader,

This is a document about History of women in the United States
  The women's suffrage movement began with the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention; many of the activists became politically aware during the abolitionist movement. The movement reorganized after the Civil War, gaining experienced campaigners, many of whom had worked for prohibition in the Women's Christian Temperance Union. By the end of the 19th century a few western states had granted women full voting rights, though women had made significant legal victories, gaining rights in areas such as property and child custody. In 1866, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony formed the American Equal Rights Association, an organization for white and black women and men dedicated to the goal of suffrage for all. In 1868,

This is a document about Women's suffrage in the United States
  several attempts to vote in the early 1870s and then filed lawsuits when they were turned away. Anthony actually succeeded in voting in 1872 but was arrested for that act and found guilty in a widely publicized trial that gave the movement fresh momentum. After the Supreme Court ruled against them in the 1875 case Minor v. Happersett, suffragists began the decades-long campaign for an amendment to the U.S. Constitution that would enfranchise women. Much of the movement's energy, however, went toward working for suffrage on a state-by-state basis. In 1916 Alice Paul formed the National Woman's Party (NWP), a militant group focused on the passage of a national

This is a document about Women's suffrage
  The female descendants of the Bounty mutineers who lived on Pitcairn Islands could vote from 1838. This right was transferred after they resettled in 1856 to Norfolk Island (now an Australian external territory). The emergence of modern democracy generally began with male citizens obtaining the right to vote in advance of female citizens, except in the Kingdom of Hawai'i, where universal suffrage was introduced in 1840 without mention of sex; however, a constitutional amendment in 1852 rescinded female voting and put property qualifications on male voting. The seed for the first Woman's Rights Convention in the United States in Seneca Falls, New York was planted in 1840, when

This is a document about Black suffrage in the United States
  Black women began to work for political rights in the 1830s in New York and Philadelphia. Throughout the 19th century, black women like Harriet Forten Purvis, Mary Ann Shadd Cary, and Frances Ellen Watkins Harper worked on black civil rights, like the right to vote. Black women had to fight for racial equality, as well as women's rights. They were often marginalized because of their race and their gender. This led to the creation of groups like the National Association of Colored Women. Black women gained the legal right to vote with the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1920. With women gaining the vote, and the passage of the Civil Rights Act, black women became a powerful voting block. Even with having the amendment ratified Black women were kept from voting using violence and intimidation. Black women protested this in many ways. Some women such as Indiana Little marched to their local voting registrar office and demanded their right to vote.

This is a document about History of feminism
   The women's right to vote, with its legislative representation, represented a paradigm shift where women would no longer be treated as second-class citizens without a voice. The women's suffrage campaign is the most deeply embedded campaign of the past 250 years. At first, suffrage was treated as a lower priority. The French Revolution accelerated this, with the assertions of Condorcet and de Gouges, and the women who led the 1789 march on Versailles. In 1793, the Society of Revolutionary Republican Women was founded, and originally included suffrage on its agenda before it was suppressed at the end of the year. As a gesture, this showed that issue was now part of the European

This is a document about Feminism in Germany
  and some radical women became outspoken in promoting the cause of women's rights. Sophie Mereau launched the Almanach für Frauen (Women's Almanac) in 1784. Feminism as a movement began to gain ground toward the end of the 19th century, although it did not yet include a strong push to extend suffrage to German women. Some women who worked for women's rights were in fact opposed to extending the vote to women, a stance that became more widespread at the turn of the 20th century, when many Germans were concerned that granting women the vote would result in more votes for socialists.

This is a document about Black women in American politics
  The U.S. women’s rights movements involved many African American women suffragists who were simultaneously fighting for the abolishment of slavery. Formerly enslaved and free Black women like Sojourner Truth, Harriet Tubman, Mary Ann Shadd Cary, and Maria. W Stewart advocated for their rights by involving themselves in women’s rights gatherings in the 1850s and 1860s. Organizations like the American Equal Rights Association, which was founded at a National Woman’s Right Convention by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony on May 10, 1866, advocated for women to have the right to vote. Though women obtained the right to vote in the United States in 1920, many women of color still ran into obstacles. Some faced tests that required them to interpret the Constitution in order to vote. Others were threatened with physical violence, false charges, and other extreme danger to prevent voting. Due to these tactics and others that marginalized people of color, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was put into place by President Johnson. It outlawed any discriminatory acts to prevent people from voting.

The fight for women's right to vote began in the mid-19th century, with the first organized efforts in the United States and the United Kingdom. However, the first place to award and maintain women's suffrage was New Jersey in 1776. The women's suffrage movement gained momentum in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with the formation of organizations such as the National American Woman Suffrage Association in the United States and the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies in the United Kingdom. The movement reached its peak in the 1


Question: song at the end of who dat boy

Answer: 911 / Mr. Lonely

This is a document about Who Dat Boy
  "Who Dat Boy" is a song by American rapper Tyler, the Creator featuring fellow American rapper ASAP Rocky. It was released on June 30, 2017 alongside, "911 / Mr. Lonely" through Columbia Records, as the lead singles from the Tyler, the Creator's fourth studio album Flower Boy. The song was written by the two artists and produced by Tyler, the Creator.

This is a document about 911 / Mr. Lonely
  Tyler, the Creator released a preview of the song at the end of his music video for "Who Dat Boy". Tyler then released the song along with "Who Dat Boy" as double singles on June 30, 2017. The song is an interpolation of "Outstanding" by The Gap Band.

This is a document about The Smeezingtons production discography
 04. "Who Dat Girl" (featuring Akon) (produced by Dr. Luke & Benny Blanco)

This is a document about Cole World: The Sideline Story
  The album's first intended single, called "Who Dat" was released on June 8, 2010. The song was produced by Cole and Elite. The song failed to garner J. Cole the attention needed to drop a major label debut, the song was thought not to have made the final cut due to the song being released sixteen months prior to the album's release and its lackluster performance on the charts: however, the song appears as a bonus track on the iTunes edition as well as Daddy's Little Girl. J. Cole explained he kept the song on the album and included it as a bonus track, because "[it] connects

This is a document about Who Dat Girl
  "Who Dat Girl" is a song by American rapper Flo Rida. It features American singer Akon. The song was written by Flo Rida, Dr. Luke, Claude Kelly, Benny Blanco, Bruno Mars, and Philip Lawrence, and it was produced by Dr. Luke and Benny Blanco. It was released on January 11, 2011 as the third single from Flo Rida's third studio album, Only One Flo (Part 1). It peaked at number twenty-nine on the Billboard Hot 100.

This is a document about Who Dat?
 Who Dat - Spose ; Who Dat? - Aaron Neville ; Who Dat (Going to the Super Bowl) - Ashley Forrestier ; Who Dat - Royal Crown Revue ; Dat "Who Dat" Jazz - Olympia Brass Band ; Who Let the Dogs Out (Who Dat remix) - Baha Men/Clear Channel New Orleans ; The Who Dat Roll - Williams Riley ; Who Dat? - Young Jeezy ; Who Dat? Tom Tom Club ; Who Dat David Frizzell, #60 Country hit in 1984 ; Who Dat - J. Cole ; Who Dat Girl - Flo Rida ; Who Dat Boy - Tyler, The Creator Who Dat..Monster Talk - Bobby Orlando   The 1966 single "Please Forget Her"/"Who Dat?" by The Jury, from Winnipeg, Manitoba is pure coïncidence and completely unrelated.

This is a document about Who Dat?
  In 2008, New Orleans based artist Lil Wayne referenced the chant in his hit single "A Milli" where he raps Who dat say dey gonna beat Lil Wayne even though he is a Green Bay Packers fan. In 2009, New Orleans based artist K. Gates recorded "Black and Gold (Who Dat)" based on Ying Yang Twins' "Halftime (Get Crunk)". "Who dat" is also used in the song "Holla Back" by New Orleans-based rapper Juvenile: "They want a pimp to give them some money, but I don't do that. But baby I'm a Saints fan that's why I say who dat." "Who Dat" is the name of the 8th single from 2008 The Recession by Young Jeezy. They say who dat? JT Money has a 1999 single called "Who Dat". The song was a hit, but was likely not intended

This is a document about Flower Boy
  After a one-week countdown on Twitter and Instagram, Tyler, the Creator released a music video, titled "Who Dat Boy", to his official YouTube channel on June 29, 2017. The album's lead single, "Who Dat Boy" / "911", containing two songs: "Who Dat Boy" and "911 / Mr. Lonely" was released as a dual single on June 30, 2017. The single peaked at number 87 on the US Billboard Hot 100. The album's second single, "Boredom", was released on July 11, 2017. The album's third single, "I Ain't Got Time!", was released on July 19, 2017. The album's fourth single, "See You Again", was released on August 29, 2017, to rhythmic and urban contemporary radio.

This is a document about One Sweet Day
  Nas X's "Old Town Road", featuring Billy Ray Cyrus, broke the record in 2019, spending nineteen weeks atop the Billboard Hot 100. Boyz II Men had previously held this record twice, with "End of the Road" (1992) spending 13 weeks at the top and "I'll Make Love to You" (1994) spending 14. The former song shares this record with Brandy and Monica's "The Boy Is Mine", and the latter song shared its record with Whitney Houston's "I Will Always Love You". Carey's 2005 song "We Belong Together", The Black Eyed Peas's 2009 "I Gotta Feeling" and Mark Ronson's 2014 track, "Uptown Funk", managed to stay at number one for 14

This is a document about Goodfellas (soundtrack)
  Visit to the cocaine connection; Call from Sandy; Call to Lois; Lois calls from an inside line. ; "Mannish Boy" by Muddy Waters – Last time at Sandy's place, mixing the coke; Dinner at the Hill's with children, Lois, and brother Michael. ; "Jump into the Fire" by Harry Nilsson – (3rd time played) The drum solo of the song is played immediately before Henry is arrested in his driveway. ; "My Way" by Sid Vicious – End credits. ; "Layla (Piano Exit)" by Derek and The Dominos – (2nd time played) second song in the end credits. Songs used in the movie in chronological order:

This is a document about Who's Ya Daddy?
 "Who's Ya Daddy?" – 3:45

This is a document about Who Dat (JT Money song)
 1) "Who Dat" (Main Mix)- 3:54 ; 2) "Who Dat" (Instrumental)- 3:54

This is a document about Who Dat (JT Money song)
 1) "Who Dat" (Clean Mix)- 3:54 ; 2) "Who Dat" (Accapella)- 3:54 ; 3) "Pimp Matrimony" (Interlude)- 1:43

This is a document about Bellyas
 1) "Who Dem?" - Capleton ; 2) "Model & Pose" - Ward 21 ; 3) "Two Minute More" - Mr. Vegas ; 4) "Skettel Tune" - Beenie Man & Angel Doolas ; 5) "Ghetto Youths" - Lexxus, Kiprich & Elephant Man ; 6) "Blood Stain" - Ward 21 ; 7) "Praise" - Spragga Benz ; 8) "Halla Halla" - Lexxus ; 9) "Skin-A-Slap" - Red Rat ; 10) "Prowler" - Alozade ; 11) "Heights Of Great Men" - Beenie Man ; 12) "Live Up" - Bushman & I Lue ; 13) "Tight Pants" - Mega Banton ; 14) "Wash Pan" - Frisco Kid ; 15) "Mix Up Time" - Hawkeye ; 16) "Wi Like It" - Tanto Metro & Devonte ; 17) "Naah Go Switch" - Kiprich ; 18) "Dat Nuh Mek It" - Madd Anju ; 19) "Naah Heng Out" - Goofy ; 20) "Tight It Tight" - Jack A Diamond

This is a document about Unstoppable (soundtrack)
 "Work" by Ciara featuring Missy Elliott ; The song is used at some parts of the film, particularly at the pre-credits epilogue montage. ; "Country Boy" by Alan Jackson ; The song is used during Ned's introduction.

This is a document about Who Dat?
  have any relation to the Saints or Vaudeville. In 2009, New Orleans rapper Birdman chants a "Who Dat". in the Single Wasted(Remix) by Gucci Mane featuring Birdman, Jadakiss and Lil Wayne. In 2010, rapper J. Cole recorded a song called "Who Dat". In 2010, New Orleans native, Ashley Forrestier released "Who Dat (Going to the Super Bowl)" celebrating the New Orleans Saints 31-28 Overtime Win over the Minnesota Vikings in the 2009-10 NFC Championship Game. In 2012, Bay Area based rapper G-Eazy, in collaboration with artists Mod Sun and Meta, released the song "Rappin' A$$ Rappers" in which G-Eazy raps "livin' in New Orleans where dem people holla 'Who Dat'". Australian hip-hop artist Iggy Azalea has employed the refrain in several songs, including "Fancy" and "Leave It", drawing criticism from some who perceive an appropriation of Southern Black culture.

This is a document about Wake Up! (John Legend and the Roots album)
  Wake Up! features mostly covers of songs from the soul music of the 1960s and 1970s, and incorporates musical elements from gospel, rock, reggae, and hip hop. Songs covered for the album include "Wholy Holy" by Marvin Gaye, "Little Ghetto Boy" by Donny Hathaway, "Hard Times" by Baby Huey & the Babysitters and "Hang on in There" by Mike James Kirkland. The lone original song for Wake Up! is the Legend-penned album closer "Shine". A different version of "Shine" was included in the album's deluxe edition and is used during the closing credits of the 2010 film Waiting for "Superman". In an interview for The Guardian, Ahmir "Questlove" Thompson of

This is a document about Who Dat (J. Cole song)
  "Who Dat" is a song by the American hip hop recording artist J. Cole. It was released as a single in the United States on May 31, 2010. Despite initially being meant to be the lead single from Cole's first album Cole World: The Sideline Story (2011), "Who Dat" was ultimately cut from the album's standard track listing. It does, however, appear as a bonus track on the iTunes edition of the album.

This is a document about Who Dat Boy
  Tyler, the Creator began a one-week countdown on Twitter and Instagram to promote and release the two dual-singles called "Who Dat Boy" and "911 / Mr. Lonely" on June 30, 2017. The single debuted at 87 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song was originally written for Schoolboy Q, but he turned it down.

This is a document about Sprung (soundtrack)
 1) "Who You Wit" by Jay-Z (S. Carter) ; 2) "Let Me Know" by Keystone (A. Armer, R. Badazz, M. Kinchen, L. Kinchen, L. Smith) ; 3) "Group Home Family" by Canibus, Lost Boyz and Panama P.I. (G. Williams, T. Kelly, Panama P.I.) ; 4) "I Don't Know" by Next Level and K-Borne (K-Borne, The Whole 9 (J. Rhone, O. Haynes), M. Richmond, R. Scrivens, M. Stewart, H. Tate, A. Tate, J. Tate) ; 5) "Move On (I'm Leaving)" by John Forté and Pras (J. Forté, M. Moir, S. Michel, N. Renee) ; 6) "If It Ain't Love" by Keystone (Will Gardner, Tyrone Taylor) ; 7) "One in a Million (Remix)" by Aaliyah featuring Ginuwine (M. Elliot, T. Mosley) ; 8) "I Still Love You" by Monifah (Big Bub, T. Dofat, Heavy D.) ; 9) "Since You've Gone Away

The song at the end of "Who Dat Boy" by Tyler, the Creator and ASAP Rocky is "Outstanding" by The Gap Band.