Question: 4 . which latitudes experience the greatest annual change in daylight hours

Answer: higher middle latitudes

This is a document about Earth
  the climate becomes cooler and the days shorter. Above the Arctic Circle and below the Antarctic Circle there is no daylight at all for part of the year, causing a polar night, and this night extends for several months at the poles themselves. These same latitudes also experience a midnight sun, where the sun remains visible all day. By astronomical convention, the four seasons can be determined by the solstices—the points in the orbit of maximum axial tilt toward or away from the Sun—and the equinoxes, when Earth's rotational axis is aligned with its orbital axis. In the Northern Hemisphere, winter solstice currently occurs around 21

This is a document about Daytime
  At middle latitudes, far from both the Equator and the poles, variations in the length of daytime are moderate. In the higher middle latitudes where Montreal, Paris and Ushuaia are located, the difference in the length of the day from summer to winter can be very noticeable: the sky may still be lit at 10 pm in summer, but may be dark at 5 pm in winter. In the lower middle latitudes where southern California, Egypt and South Africa are located, the seasonal difference is smaller, but still results in approximately 4 hours difference in daylight between the winter and summer solstices. The difference becomes less pronounced the closer one gets to the equator. An approximation to the monthly change can be obtained from the rule of twelfths.

This is a document about Night
  Pole or the South Pole, the wider the range of variation in the night's duration. Although daytime and night nearly equalize in length on the equinoxes, the ratio of night to day changes more rapidly at high latitudes than at low latitudes before and after an equinox. In the Northern Hemisphere, Denmark experiences shorter nights in June than India. In the Southern Hemisphere, Antarctica sees longer nights in June than Chile. Both hemispheres experience the same patterns of night length at the same latitudes, but the cycles are 6 months apart so that one hemisphere experiences long nights (winter) while the other is experiencing short nights (summer). In the region within either polar circle, the variation in daylight hours is so extreme that part of summer sees a period without night intervening between consecutive days, while part of winter sees a period without daytime intervening between consecutive nights.

This is a document about Sunshine duration
   If the Sun were to be above the horizon 50% of the time for a standard year consisting of 8,760 hours, apparent maximal daytime duration would be 4,380 hours for any point on Earth. However, there are physical and astronomical effects that change that picture. Namely, atmospheric refraction allows the Sun to be still visible even when it physically sets below the horizon. For that reason, average daytime (disregarding cloud effects) is longest in polar areas, where the apparent Sun spends the most time around the horizon. Places on the Arctic Circle have the longest total annual daytime, 4,647 hours, while the North Pole receives 4,575. Because of elliptic nature of the Earth's orbit, the Southern Hemisphere is not symmetrical: the Antarctic Circle, with 4,530 hours of daylight, receives five days less of sunshine than its antipodes. The Equator has a total daytime of 4,422 hours per year.

This is a document about Sunshine duration
  hours. There is also a smaller, isolated area of sunshine maximum in the heart of the western section of the Sahara Desert around the Eglab Massif and the Erg Chech, along the borders of Algeria, Mauritania, and Mali where the 4,000-hour mark is exceeded, too. Some places in the interior of the Arabian Peninsula receive 3,600–3,800 hours of bright sunshine annually. The largest sun-baked region in the world (over 3,000 hours of yearly sunshine) is North Africa. The sunniest month in the world is December in Eastern Antarctica, with almost 23 hours of bright sun daily. Conversely, higher latitudes (above 50° north/south) lying in stormy westerlies have much

This is a document about Sunshine duration
  are very high. The two major areas with the highest sunshine duration, measured as annual average, are the central and the eastern Sahara Desert—covering vast, mainly desert countries such as Egypt, Sudan, Libya, Chad, and Niger—and the Southwestern United States (Arizona, California, Nevada). The city claiming the official title of the sunniest in the world is Yuma, Arizona, with over 4,000 hours (about 91% of daylight time) of bright sunshine annually, but many climatological books suggest there may be sunnier areas in North Africa. In the belt encompassing northern Chad and the Tibesti Mountains, northern Sudan, southern Libya, and Upper Egypt, annual sunshine duration is estimated at over

This is a document about Rule of twelfths
  If midwinter sunrise and set are at 09:00 and 15:00, and midsummer at 03:00 and 21:00, the daylight duration will shift by 0:30, 1:00, 1:30, 1:30, 1:00 and 00:30 over the six months from one solstice to the other. Likewise the day length changes by 0:30, 1:00, 1:30, 1:30, 1:00 and 00:30 each month. More equatorial latitudes change by less, but still in the same proportions; more polar by more.

This is a document about International Date Line
  new day vary by the season. Around the June solstice, the first area would be any place within the Kamchatka Time Zone (UTC+12:00) that is far enough north to experience midnight sun on the given date. At the equinoxes, the first place to see daylight would be the uninhabited Millennium Island in Kiribati, which is the easternmost land located west of the IDL. Near the December solstice, the first places would be Antarctic research stations using New Zealand Time (UTC+13:00) during summer that experience midnight sun. These include Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, McMurdo Station, Scott Base and Mario Zucchelli Station.

This is a document about Twilight
  Vancouver, Calgary, Unalaska, Bellingham (largest in the continental USA), Rio Gallegos, and Punta Arenas. ; Major cities that near astronomical twilight from nautical dusk to nautical dawn: Khabarovsk (48°29'0"N), Dnipro (48°27'0"N), Victoria (48°25'42"N), Saguenay (48°25′0"N), Brest (48°23′26"N), Thunder Bay (48°22′56″N), Vienna (48°12′30″N), Bratislava (48°8′38″N), Munich (48°8'0"N)  The duration of twilight depends on the latitude and the time of the year. The apparent travel of the sun occurs at the rate of 15 degrees per hour (360° per day), but sunrise and sunset happen typically at oblique angles to the horizon and the actual duration of any twilight period will be a function of that

This is a document about Midnight sun
  sun, even though most of it (Grímsey is the exception) is slightly south of the Arctic Circle. For the same reasons, the period of sunlight at the poles is slightly longer than six months. Even the northern extremities of the United Kingdom (and places at similar latitudes, such as St. Petersburg) experience twilight throughout the night in the northern sky at around the summer solstice. Also, the periods of polar day and polar night are unequal in both polar regions because the Earth is at perihelion in early January and at aphelion in early July. As a result, the polar day is longer than the polar night in the Northern Hemisphere (at Utqiagvik, Alaska,

This is a document about Spherical Earth
  On a flat Earth with an omnidirectional Sun, all places would experience the same amount of daylight every day, and all places would get daylight at the same time. Actual day length varies considerably, with places closer to the poles getting very long days in the summer and very short days in the winter, with northerly summer happening at the same time as southerly winter. Places north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle get no sunlight for at least one day a year, and get 24-hour sunlight for at least one day a year. Both the poles experience sunlight for 6 months and darkness for 6 months, at opposite times. The movement of daylight between the northern and southern hemispheres happens because of the axial tilt of Earth. The imaginary line around which Earth spins, which goes between

This is a document about Solar irradiance
  Total solar irradiance (TSI) changes slowly on decadal and longer timescales. The variation during solar cycle 21 was about 0.1% (peak-to-peak). In contrast to older reconstructions, most recent TSI reconstructions point to an increase of only about 0.05% to 0.1% between the Maunder Minimum and the present. Ultraviolet irradiance (EUV) varies by approximately 1.5 percent from solar maxima to minima, for 200 to 300 nm wavelengths. However, a proxy study estimated that UV has increased by 3.0% since the Maunder Minimum. Some variations in insolation are not due to solar changes but rather due to the Earth moving between its perihelion and aphelion, or changes in the latitudinal distribution of radiation. These orbital changes or Milankovitch cycles have caused radiance variations of as much as 25% (locally; global average changes are much smaller) over long periods. The most recent significant event was an axial tilt of 24° during boreal summer near the Holocene climatic optimum. Obtaining a time series for a, the precession index, whose variation dominates the variations in insolation at 65°N when eccentricity is large. For the next 100,000 years, with variations in eccentricity being relatively small, variations in obliquity dominate.

This is a document about Summer solstice
  The summer solstice, also known as estival solstice or midsummer, occurs when one of Earth's poles has its maximum tilt toward the Sun. It happens twice yearly, once in each hemisphere (Northern and Southern). For that hemisphere, the summer solstice is when the Sun reaches its highest position in the sky (for areas outside of the tropics) and is the day with the longest period of daylight. Within the Arctic circle (for the northern hemisphere) or Antarctic circle (for the southern hemisphere), there is continuous daylight around the summer solstice. On the summer solstice, Earth's maximum axial tilt toward the Sun is 23.44°. Likewise, the Sun's declination from the celestial equator is 23.44°. The summer solstice occurs during summer. This is the

This is a document about Daytime
  tropics to be warm, while low angles (barely above the horizon) causes the polar regions to be cold. The slight effect of daylight hours on average seasonal temperature can be seen with the poles and tropical regions. The poles are still cold during their respective summers, despite seeing 24 hours of daylight for six months, while the Equator remains warm throughout the year, with only 12 hours of daylight per day. Although the daytime length at the Equator remains 12 hours in all seasons, the duration at all other latitudes varies with the seasons. During the winter, daytime lasts shorter than 12 hours; during the summer, it lasts longer than 12 hours. Northern winter and southern summer concur, while northern summer and southern winter concur.

This is a document about Earth
   The axial tilt of Earth is approximately 23.439281° with the axis of its orbit plane, always pointing towards the Celestial Poles. Due to Earth's axial tilt, the amount of sunlight reaching any given point on the surface varies over the course of the year. This causes the seasonal change in climate, with summer in the Northern Hemisphere occurring when the Tropic of Cancer is facing the Sun, and in the Southern Hemisphere when the Tropic of Capricorn faces the Sun. In each instance, winter occurs simultaneously in the opposite hemisphere. During the summer, the day lasts longer, and the Sun climbs higher in the sky. In

This is a document about Time zone
  solar noon in the Spanish city of Vigo occurs at 14:41 clock time. This westernmost area of continental Spain never experiences sunset before 18:00 clock time, even in winter, despite lying 42 degrees north of the equator. Near the summer solstice, Vigo has sunset times after 22:00, similar to those of Stockholm, which is in the same time zone and 17 degrees farther north. Stockholm has much earlier sunrises, though. A more extreme example is Nome, Alaska, which is at 165°24′W longitude – just west of center of the idealized Samoa Time Zone (165°W). Nevertheless, Nome observes Alaska Time (135°W) with DST so it is slightly more than two hours

This is a document about Daytime
  few days past the fall equinox). This phenomenon of more daylight than night is not unique to the poles. In fact, at any given time slightly more than half of the earth is in daylight. The 24 hours of summer daylight is known as the midnight sun that is famous in some northern countries. To the north, the Arctic Circle marks this 23.44° boundary. To the south, the Antarctic Circle marks the boundary. These boundaries correspond to 66.56° north or south latitude, respectively. Because the sky is still bright and stars can't be seen when the sun is less than 6

This is a document about Solar power in Africa
  as much as 4,300 hours a year, which is equal to 97% of the possible total. This region also has the highest mean annual values of solar radiation (the maximum recorded being over 220 kcal/cm2 ). The low latitude of the landmass is another asset: much of the continent lies in the intertropical zone, where the intensity and the strength of the sunlight are always high. The area contains lots of vast sun-drenched arid and semi-arid expanses in the north, in the south, and to a lesser extent in the east. About two fifths of the continent are desert, and thus continuously sunny.

This is a document about Daylight saving time
  reducing the need for lighting and heating, but the actual effect on overall energy use is heavily disputed. The shift in apparent time is also motivated by practicality. In American temperate latitudes, for example, the sun rises around 04:30 at the summer solstice and sets around 19:30. Since most people are asleep at 04:30, it is seen as more practical to pretend that 04:30 is actually 05:30, thereby allowing people to wake close to the sunrise and be active in the evening light. The manipulation of time at higher latitudes (for example Iceland, Nunavut, Scandinavia or Alaska) has little effect on daily life, because the length of day and night changes more extremely throughout the seasons (in

This is a document about Sleep in space
 shift work ; extended work hours ; timeline changes ; slam shifting (sleep shifting) ; prolonged light of lunar day ; Mars sol on Earth ; Mars sol on Mars ; abnormal environmental cues (i.e.: unnatural light exposure) Exposure to light is the largest contributor to circadian desynchronization on board the ISS. Since the ISS orbits the Earth every 1.5 hours, the flight crew experiences 16 sunrises and sunsets per day. Slam shifting (sleep shifting) is also a considerable external factor that causes circadian desynchronization in the current space flight environment. Other factors that may cause circadian desynchronization in space:

The greatest annual change in daylight hours occurs at the poles. At the North Pole, there is no daylight at all during the winter solstice, and at the South Pole, there is no darkness at all during the summer solstice.


Question: when was the first black and white camera invented

Answer: 1816

This is a document about Thomas Sutton (photographer)
  In 1859, Sutton developed the earliest panoramic camera with a wide-angle lens. The lens consisted of a glass sphere filled with water, which projected an image onto a curved plate. The camera was capable of capturing an image in a 120 degree arc. In 1861, Sutton created the first single lens reflex camera. Sutton was the photographer for James Clerk Maxwell's pioneering 1861 demonstration of colour photography. In a practical trial of a thought-experiment Maxwell had published in 1855, Sutton took three separate black-and-white photographs of a multicoloured ribbon, one through a blue filter, one through a green filter, and one through

This is a document about Photograph
  many years, even after the introduction of the more convenient gelatin process in 1871. Refinements of the gelatin process have remained the primary black-and-white photographic process to this day, differing primarily in the sensitivity of the emulsion and the support material used, which was originally glass, then a variety of flexible plastic films, along with various types of paper for the final prints. Color photography is almost as old as black-and-white, with early experiments including John Herschel's Anthotype prints in 1842, the pioneering work of Louis Ducos du Hauron in the 1860s, and the Lippmann process unveiled in 1891, but for many years color photography remained little more

This is a document about Hand-colouring of photographs
  Monochrome (black and white) photography was first exemplified by the daguerreotype in 1839 and later improved by other methods including: calotype, ambrotype, tintype, albumen print and gelatin silver print. The majority of photography remained monochrome until the mid-20th century, although experiments were producing colour photography as early as 1855 and some photographic processes produced images with an inherent overall colour like the blue of cyanotypes. In an attempt to create more realistic images, photographers and artists would hand-colour monochrome photographs. The first hand-coloured daguerreotypes are attributed to Swiss painter and printmaker Johann Baptist Isenring, who used a mixture of gum arabic and pigments to colour daguerreotypes soon after their invention in

This is a document about History of photography
  A practical means of color photography was sought from the very beginning. Results were demonstrated by Edmond Becquerel as early as the year of 1848, but exposures lasting for hours or days were required and the captured colors were so light-sensitive they would only bear very brief inspection in dim light. The first durable color photograph was a set of three black-and-white photographs taken through red, green, and blue color filters and shown superimposed by using three projectors with similar filters. It was taken by Thomas Sutton in 1861 for use in a lecture by the Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell, who had

This is a document about Color motion picture film
   Color motion picture film refers both to unexposed color photographic film in a format suitable for use in a motion picture camera, and to finished motion picture film, ready for use in a projector, which bears images in color. The first color cinematography was by additive color systems such as the one patented by Edward Raymond Turner in 1899 and tested in 1902. A simplified additive system was successfully commercialized in 1909 as Kinemacolor. These early systems used black-and-white film to photograph and project two or more component images through different color filters. During 1930s the first practical subtractive color processes were introduced. These also used black-and-white film to photograph multiple color-filtered source images, but the

This is a document about Adolf Miethe
  the designer of a camera for color photography, the first photographic product made by the Berlin cabinetmaker Wilhelm Bermpohl. Introduced to the public in 1903, it produced sets of three separate black-and-white images on glass plates by making a series of three photographs of the subject through red, green and blue color fliters, a method of color photography first proposed by James Clerk Maxwell. These were used to reconstitute the full original range of color by projecting transparent positives made from them through similar filters and exactly superimposing the images on the projection screen (additive color), or by making three prints consisting of transparent pigment or dye images in the complementary colors

This is a document about Photography
  Color photography was explored beginning in the 1840s. Early experiments in color required extremely long exposures (hours or days for camera images) and could not "fix" the photograph to prevent the color from quickly fading when exposed to white light. The first permanent color photograph was taken in 1861 using the three-color-separation principle first published by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell in 1855. The foundation of virtually all practical color processes, Maxwell's idea was to take three separate black-and-white photographs through red, green and blue filters. This provides the photographer with the three basic channels required to recreate a color image. Transparent prints of the images could be projected through similar

This is a document about Frederic Eugene Ives
  Ives was a pioneer in the field of color photography. He first demonstrated a system of natural color photography at the 1885 Novelties Exposition of the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia. His fully developed Kromskop (long-vowel marks over both "o"s and pronounced "chrome-scope") color photography system was commercially available in England by late 1897 and in the US about a year later. Three separate black-and-white photographs of the subject were taken through carefully adjusted red, green and blue filters, a method of photographically recording color first suggested by James Clerk Maxwell in 1855 and imperfectly demonstrated in 1861, but subsequently forgotten and independently reinvented by others. Transparent positives

This is a document about History of film technology
  The first person to demonstrate a natural-color motion picture system was British inventor Edward Raymond Turner, who applied for his patent in 1899, received it in 1900, and was able to show promising but very mechanically defective results in 1902. Turner's camera used a rotating disk of three color filters to photograph color separations on one roll of black-and-white film. A red, green or blue-filtered image was recorded on each successive frame of film. The finished film print was projected, three frames at a time, through the corresponding color filters. When Turner died in 1903, his financial backer at that time, pioneering film

This is a document about History of photography
  day in 1869. Included were methods for viewing a set of three color-filtered black-and-white photographs in color without having to project them, and for using them to make full-color prints on paper. The first widely used method of color photography was the Autochrome plate, a process inventors and brothers Auguste and Louis Lumière began working on in the 1890s and commercially introduced in 1907. It was based on one of Louis Duclos du Haroun's ideas: instead of taking three separate photographs through color filters, take one through a mosaic of tiny color filters overlaid on the emulsion and view the results through an

This is a document about Timeline of photography technology
  credited with introduction of the carte de visite (English: visiting card or calling card) format for portraiture. Disdéri uses a camera with multiple lenses that can photograph eight different poses on one large negative. After printing on albumen paper, the images are cut apart and glued to calling-card-size mounts. ; 1857 – In America David Acheson Woodward patents the solar camera, derived from the earlier solar microscope, using sunlight to make enlargements from glass negatives ; 1861 – James Clerk Maxwell presents a projected additive color image of a multicolored ribbon, the first demonstration of color photography by the three-color method he suggested in

This is a document about Daguerreotype
  Daguerreotype ( daguerréotype) was the first publicly available photographic process; it was widely used during the 1840s and 1850s. "Daguerreotype" also refers to an image created through this process. Invented by Louis Daguerre and introduced worldwide in 1839, the daguerreotype was almost completely superseded by 1860 with new, less expensive processes, such as ambrotype, that yield more readily viewable images. There was a revival of daguerreotype in the late 20th century by a small number of photographers interested in making artistic use of early photographic processes.  To make the image, a daguerreotypist polished a sheet of silver-plated copper to a mirror finish; treated it with fumes that made its surface light sensitive; exposed it

This is a document about Digital photography
  kg), recorded black and white images to a cassette tape, had a resolution of 0.01 megapixels (10,000 pixels), and took 23 seconds to capture its first image in December 1975. The prototype camera was a technical exercise, not intended for production. While it was not until 1981 that the first consumer camera was produced by Sony, Inc., the groundwork for digital imaging and photography had been laid. The first digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera was the Nikon SVC prototype demonstrated in 1986, followed by the commercial Nikon QV-1000C released in 1988. The first widely commercially available digital camera was the 1990

This is a document about Photo booth
  The patent for the first automated photography machine was filed in 1888 by William Pope and Edward Poole of Baltimore. The first known really working photographic machine was a product of the French inventor T. E. Enjalbert (March 1889). It was shown at the 1889 World's Fair in Paris. The German-born photographer Mathew Steffens from Chicago filed a patent for such a machine in May 1889. These early machines were not reliable enough to be self-sufficient. The first commercially successful automatic photographic apparatus was the "Bosco" from inventor Conrad Bernitt of Hamburg (patented July 16, 1890). All of these early machines produced ferrotypes. The first photographic automate with

This is a document about Field-sequential color system
  The use of sequential color systems for moving images predates the invention of fully electronic television. Described at the time as "additive" rather than sequential color systems, two-color Kinemacolor, in commercial use since 1906, and its predecessor three-color format, invented by Edward Raymond Turner and patented in 1899, were both sequential natural color systems for use with motion picture film. They utilized black-and-white film and rotating color filter wheels to record the amount of each color in the scene on alternating frames of the film, so that when the frames were projected by light of similar colors at a sufficiently rapid rate, those

This is a document about Dufaycolor
  The photographic reproduction of natural colour by means of a black-and-white photograph taken and viewed through a mosaic of tiny colour filters was an idea first patented and published by Louis Ducos du Hauron in the late 1860s, but the incomplete colour sensitivity of contemporary photographic materials made it impractical at that time. John Joly independently reinvented the concept in 1894 and attempted to commercialise it, but the first successful product based on this idea, the Autochrome plate, did not reach the market until 1907. Several competing mosaic colour screen plate products soon appeared, including Louis Dufay's Dioptichrome plate, but the Autochrome plate remained by far the most popular. A film-based version of Autochrome

This is a document about Timeline of photography technology
 1901 – Kodak introduces the 120 film format. ; 1902 – Arthur Korn devises practical telephotography technology (reduction of photographic images to signals that can be transmitted by wire to other locations).Wire-Photos are in wide use in Europe by 1910, and transmitted to other continents by 1922. ; 1907 – The Autochrome plate is introduced. It becomes the first commercially successful color photography product. ; 1908 – Kinemacolor, a two-color process known as the first commercial "natural color" system for movies, is introduced. ; 1909 – Kodak announces a 35 mm "safety" motion picture film on an acetate base as an alternative to the

This is a document about Cinematography
  In the 1830s, three different solutions for moving images were invented on the concept of revolving drums and disks, the stroboscope by Simon von Stampfer in Austria, the phenakistoscope by Joseph Plateau in Belgium, and the zoetrope by William Horner in Britain. In 1845, Francis Ronalds invented the first successful camera able to make continuous recordings of the varying indications of meteorological and geomagnetic instruments over time. The cameras were supplied to numerous observatories around the world and some remained in use until well into the 20th century. William Lincoln patented a device, in 1867, that showed animated pictures called the "wheel

This is a document about Digital photography
  While digital photography has only relatively recently become mainstream, the late 20th century saw many small developments leading to its creation. The history of digital photography as we know it began in the 1950s. In 1951, the first digital signals were saved to magnetic tape via the first video tape recorder. Six years later, in 1957, the first digital image was produced through a computer by Russell Kirsch. It was an image of his son. The metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) process, invented by engineers Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959, led to the development of digital semiconductor image sensors, including

This is a document about 1900s (decade)
  New Year Eve's broadcast had reached places in the Caribbean. Although now seen as a landmark, these two broadcasts were barely noticed at the time and soon forgotten— the only first-hand account appears to be a letter Fessenden wrote on January 29, 1932, to his former associate, Samuel M. Kinter. 1907 – The Autochrome Lumière which was patented in 1903 becomes the first commercial color photography process. ; 1907 – Thomas Edison invented the "Universal Electric Motor" which made it possible to operate dictation machines, etc. on all lighting circuits. ; 1907 – The Photostat machine begins the modern era

The first black and white photograph was taken using a camera with a lens capable of a wide angle of view, which Thomas Sutton invented in 1859. However, the first practical color photograph was taken by Thomas Sutton in 1861 using a single lens reflex camera and a prism. The first practical color photographic process, known as the three-color process, was developed by James Clerk Maxwell in 1861.


Question: who has won the world cup back to back

Answer: Italy

This is a document about List of FIFA World Cup winning managers
  The FIFA World Cup is considered the most prestigious association football tournament in the world. The 21 World Cup tournaments have been won by eight national teams. Brazil have won five times, followed by Germany and Italy with four titles each; Argentina, France, and Uruguay, with two titles each; and England and Spain, with one title each. Alberto Suppici led the Uruguay national team to victory in the inaugural tournament in 1930. Vittorio Pozzo is the only person who has won the World Cup twice as a manager, in 1934 and 1938 with Italy. Twenty different managers have won the

This is a document about FIFA World Cup
  32 teams, including the automatically qualifying host nation(s), compete for the title at venues within the host nation(s) over about a month. The 21 World Cup tournaments have been won by eight national teams. Brazil have won five times, and they are the only team to have played in every tournament. The other World Cup winners are Germany and Italy, with four titles each; Argentina, France, and inaugural winner Uruguay, with two titles each; and England and Spain, with one title each. The World Cup is the most prestigious association football tournament in the world, as well as the most widely viewed and followed single sporting event in the world. The cumulative

This is a document about FIFA World Cup
  runner- ups', and third-place); five players were from West Germany's squad of 1966–1974: Franz Beckenbauer, Jürgen Grabowski, Horst-Dieter Höttges, Sepp Maier, and Wolfgang Overath (1966–1974), Italy's Franco Baresi (1982, 1990, 1994) and the most recent has been Miroslav Klose of Germany (2002–2014) with four consecutive medals. Brazil's Mário Zagallo, West Germany's Franz Beckenbauer and France's Didier Deschamps are the only people to date to win the World Cup as both player and head coach. Zagallo won in 1958 and 1962 as a player and in 1970 as head coach. Beckenbauer won in 1974 as captain and in 1990 as head coach, and Deschamps repeated the feat in 2018,

This is a document about FIFA World Cup
  The FIFA World Cup, often simply called the World Cup, is an international association football competition contested by the senior men's national teams of the members of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The championship has been awarded every four years since the inaugural tournament in 1930, except in 1942 and 1946 when it was not held because of the Second World War. The current champion is France, which won its second title at the 2018 tournament in Russia. The current format involves a qualification phase, which takes place over the preceding three years, to determine which teams qualify for the tournament phase. In the tournament

This is a document about List of FIFA World Cup finals
  side of the trophy. Throughout the twenty-one editions of the World Cup, thirteen nations have reached the final, and eight have won. Brazil is the most successful team having won the title five times; Italy and Germany have four titles each; Uruguay, Argentina and current champion France have two each; while England and Spain have one each. Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Sweden, the Netherlands and Croatia have played in the final without winning. The team with the most appearances in the final overall is Germany, with eight. No team from outside Europe (UEFA) or South America (CONMEBOL) has made it to the final.

This is a document about FIFA World Cup
  and Asia (2002). Argentina won a World Cup in North America in 1986, while Spain won in Africa in 2010. In 2014, Germany became the first European team to win in the Americas. Only on five occasions have consecutive World Cups been won by teams from the same continent. The current run of four champions from one continental confederation (Italy, Spain, Germany, and France) has not happened before. Italy and Brazil successfully defended their titles in 1938 and 1962 respectively, while Italy's triumph in 2006 has been followed by wins for Spain in 2010, Germany in 2014 and France in 2018. Currently, it is also the first time that one of the currently winning continents (Europe) is ahead of the other (South America) by more than one championship.

This is a document about List of FIFA World Cup winning players
  (1990). Didier Deschamps is the third: he led France to victory in 1998 as captain, and then in 2018 as manager. ; Germany's Miroslav Klose is the only player to have won four World Cup medals: 2002 (silver), 2006, 2010 (both bronze) and 2014 (gold). Notes A total of 445 players have been in the winning team in the World Cup. Brazil's Pelé is the only one to have won three times, while another 20 have won twice. In the below table, years in bold indicate that the player appeared in the respective final where his team won, while years in italics indicate that the player was an unused squad member in the respective tournament.

This is a document about Brazil v Germany (2014 FIFA World Cup)
  Brazil was hosting the FIFA World Cup for the second time (the first being 1950), and had won the tournament on five previous occasions. Germany was a three-time winner but had not won the tournament in 24 years. Brazil was in the semi-finals for the first time since 2002, from which they emerged victorious and subsequently won the tournament against Germany; while Germany was in a record-breaking fourth consecutive semi-final. Both teams had entered the tournament among the favourites to win, with Germany ranked 2nd and Brazil ranked 3rd in the FIFA World Rankings. It was only the second World Cup match between the two sides. Brazil's route to the semi-final included a group stage with Croatia, Mexico and Cameroon in

This is a document about 2014 FIFA World Cup
  The final featured Germany against Argentina for a record third time after 1986 and 1990. This marked the first time that teams from the same continent had won three consecutive World Cups (following Italy in 2006 and Spain in 2010). It was also the first time that a European nation had won the World Cup in the Americas. On aggregate Europe then had 11 victories, compared to South America's 9 victories.

This is a document about Perfect season
  The likelihood of a national team in the FIFA World Cup winning all its matches in regulation time to become the champion is much higher than most clubs in their domestic league, as the finals tournament in its current format lasts only seven games. This feat has been achieved three times, by Uruguay in the inaugural 1930 tournament, and by Brazil in 1970 and 2002. This is not counting the qualifying round of the tournament, which lasts over a year and has had a varied format since 1934. Only the Brazilian team of 1970 has won every game in the qualification and final rounds of a single tournament, a total of 13 games. As there was

This is a document about 1970 FIFA World Cup
  former two-time world champion, and current 1968 European champion Italy, by 4–1 in the final. Furthermore, during the tournament, Brazil also had to defeat other former two-time world champion and current 1967 South American champion Uruguay, by 3–1 in the semi-final, and the 1966 World Cup defending champions England, by 1–0 in the group stage. This is currently the only time that the winning team defeated the European and South American champions alongside the tournament's defending champions. The win gave Brazil its third World Cup title, which allowed them to permanently keep the Jules Rimet Trophy, and a new trophy was introduced in 1974. The victorious team, led by Carlos Alberto and featuring

This is a document about Silvio Gazzaniga
  spaces of the winning nations will be filled. Beginning with Germany in 1974, the trophy has been awarded three times to Germany (1974, 1990 and 2014), twice to Argentina (1978 and 1986), Italy (1982 and 2006), Brazil (1994 and 2002), France (1998 and 2018) and once to Spain (2010). Beginning with the World Cup Final in Germany in 2006, FIFA stipulated that the original trophy would not be given to the winning national team. In the past the Cup was kept by the winning team at their national football association headquarters for 4 years. It was returned to FIFA only after lots were drawn to decide on the opposing teams. Today the Cup is awarded to the captain of the winning team at the ceremony following the final game. After the festivities, the winning team receives a copy of the original Cup.

This is a document about Brazil national football team
  played in all World Cup editions without any absence nor need for playoffs, and the only national team to have won the World Cup on four different continents: once in Europe (1958 Sweden), once in South America (1962 Chile), twice in North America (1970 Mexico and 1994 United States), and once in Asia (2002 Korea/Japan). Brazil is also the most successful national team in the now-defunct FIFA Confederations Cup, being the winner four times: 1997, 2005, 2009, 2013; and one of the most successful national teams in the Olympic tournament, winning gold medals twice, in 2016 and 2020. Thus, it shares with France and Argentina the feat of winning the three most important men's football titles overseen

This is a document about List of FIFA World Cup winning players
 No player has won two World Cups both as captain. Italy's Giuseppe Meazza (1938), Brazil's Bellini (1958), Mauro (1962) and Cafu (2002), and Argentina's Daniel Passarella (1978) lifted the trophy once as captain, but were not captain for the other tournament they won. Argentina's Diego Maradona (1986, 1990) and Brazil's Dunga (1994, 1998) captained their sides in two final matches, but only won on their first occasions, while West Germany's Karl-Heinz Rummenigge (1982, 1986) lost both finals as captain. ; Brazil's Pelé and Vavá are the only two players to score in two finals for winning teams. West Germany's Paul Breitner (1974, 1982) and France's Zinedine Zidane (1998, 2006) also scored in two finals, but

This is a document about Star (football badge)
   Brazil had two stars above their badge in 1968. It was used briefly (friendly matches only) and then removed. After winning their third World Cup in 1970, three stars were officially added and Italy did likewise in 1982. Germany added three in 1996, one in each of the German flag's colours. All world champions have since followed suit. Brazil, Italy, and Germany have since added more stars, after they won later tournaments (cf. 1994, 2002, 2006, 2014), while France are the most recent nation to add a star, commemorating their 2018 triumph less than an hour after victory in the Final. Uruguay display four stars, including their triumphs in the 1924 and 1928 Olympics, which are regarded as FIFA amateur world championships by the governing body. The 1924 FIFA Congress ruled, "on condition that the Olympic

This is a document about List of undefeated national association football teams
  subsequent final tournament. Each of Cuba, Lesotho, Morocco and Tunisia have had this fate twice. For others, see the tables below. Brazil have remained unbeaten in a total of seven World Cup final tournaments, more than any other team, including all five tournaments where they triumphed as world champions. Italy are a close second with six, and England and France are third with three each. No other nation has achieved this more than twice. Germany (including West Germany) have had a record twelve unbeaten World Cup qualifying campaigns. In fact the German national team has lost only three World Cup qualifying games in its history: against Portugal in 1985, against England in 2001 and against North Macedonia in 2021. A number of teams have managed not to record any losses during an entire FIFA World Cup cycle (qualifying and final tournaments):

This is a document about 2014 FIFA World Cup Final
  tournaments, having also won Euro 2008 and Euro 2012. Spain were eliminated in the group phase in the 2014 event. Germany had won the title three times before as West Germany – in 1954, 1974 and 1990. Argentina had two titles, in 1978 and 1986. The two sides had met each other six times previously in the World Cup, including in the 1986 final, which Argentina won 3–2, and the 1990 final, which West Germany won 1–0. They had met in the quarter-final stage of both of the most recent two Worlds Cup, Germany winning both – a penalty-shootout win in 2006 and a 4–0 win in 2010. Germany lost in the semi-final on both

This is a document about European Cup and UEFA Champions League records and statistics
  to have won a treble in two consecutive seasons with two different teams ; Only eleven players have won both the UEFA Champions League and the FIFA World Cup in the same year: ; 1974: Sepp Maier, Paul Breitner, Hans-Georg Schwarzenbeck, Franz Beckenbauer, Gerd Müller, Uli Hoeneß and Jupp Kapellmann (Bayern Munich and West Germany) ; 1998: Christian Karembeu (Real Madrid and France) ; 2002: Roberto Carlos (Real Madrid and Brazil) ; 2014: Sami Khedira (Real Madrid and Germany) ; 2018: Raphaël Varane (Real Madrid and France) ; Only fourteen players have won both the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA European Championship in the same

This is a document about List of managers at the FIFA World Cup
  won the World Cup, with Vittorio Pozzo being the only one to do so twice, in 1934 and 1938 with Italy. The first person who had the roles of both a player and a manager in the tournament is Milorad Arsenijević, who played for Yugoslavia in 1930 and then coached them in 1950. Three individuals who lifted the trophy as players went on to also triumph as managers: Brazil's Mário Zagallo in 1970, West Germany's Franz Beckenbauer in 1990 and France's Didier Deschamps in 2018. The youngest manager to appear in the competition is Juan José Tramutola, who co-managed Argentina at age 27 in 1930, while the oldest is Otto

This is a document about Culture of Italy
   Football is a popular spectator and participation sport. The Italian national team is among the very best in the world and has won the World Cup on four different occasions: 1934, 1938, 1982, and 2006. Only Brazil has a better record. Major Italian clubs frequently compete at a high level of European competitions. Amongst the players who won the FIFA World Cup there are Giuseppe Meazza, Silvio Piola (to date the highest goalscorer in Italian first league history), Dino Zoff, Paolo Rossi, Marco Tardelli, Bruno Conti, Gianluigi Buffon, Fabio Cannavaro, Alessandro Del Piero, Andrea Pirlo and Francesco Totti. Other champions include Gianni Rivera, Luigi Riva (to date Italy's leading scorer of all time),

Brazil, under the management of Vittorio Pozzo, won the World Cup back-to-back in 1934 and 1938.


Question: where do the kilchers from alaska the last frontier live

Answer: 11 miles outside of Homer

This is a document about Alaska: The Last Frontier
  Alaska: The Last Frontier is an American reality cable television series on the Discovery Channel, currently in its 10th season of broadcast. The show documents the extended Kilcher family, descendants of Swiss immigrants and Alaskan pioneers, Yule and Ruth Kilcher, at their homestead 11 miles outside of Homer. By living without modern heating, the clan chooses to subsist by farming, hunting and preparing for the long winters. The Kilcher family are relatives of the singer Jewel, who has appeared on the show. The ninth season premiered on October 6, 2019. On September 28, 2020, it was announced that the tenth season will premiere on October 25, 2020.

This is a document about Jewel (singer)
  He was also the first recorded person to cross the Harding Icefield. Shortly after her birth, the family relocated to Anchorage, Alaska, settling on the Kilcher family's 770 acre homestead. There, her younger brother Atz Jr. was born.She also has a half-brother, Nikos, who was primarily raised in Oregon by his mother, with whom her father had a brief relationship; Jewel would later become close to him in adulthood.After her parents' divorce in 1981, Kilcher lived with her father near Homer, Alaska. The house she grew up in lacked indoor plumbing and had only a simple outhouse. The Kilcher family is featured on the Discovery Channel show Alaska: The Last Frontier,

This is a document about Atz Kilcher
  Atilla Kuno "Atz" Kilcher is the oldest son of Yule F. Kilcher and Ruth Weber. He is one of the stars on the Discovery show Alaska: The Last Frontier, which focuses on the Kilcher homestead established 80 years ago outside of Homer, Alaska on Kachemak Bay.

This is a document about Atz Kilcher
  Discovery Channel started producing the TV Series Alaska: The Last Frontier. The show is in its 10th season and features Atz, his brother Otto, and other family members from the Kilcher clan.

This is a document about Yule F. Kilcher
  United States, and in Scandinavia, where he also worked as a logger. In Sweden and in the Carpathian Mountains, he learned to build log houses. In 1936, Kilcher went for the first time to Alaska, intending to "found an idealistic community" there. In Alaska, he changed his name to Yule Forenorth Kilcher. He received 160 acres of land to homestead. This land was in the Kachemak Bay area, outside of Homer, Alaska. In 1939, Kilcher went back to Switzerland for a short time, intending to persuade likeminded people to emigrate to Alaska. From 1940, he lived permanently in Alaska. In 1941, he

This is a document about Yule F. Kilcher
  she had the rank of a colonel. As of 2012, she worked for the Republican Party. The unconventional lifestyle of the Kilcher family often found media attention. In 1984, the Swiss documentary film Die schwierige Schule des einfachen Lebens ("The hard school of the simple life") by Alfi Sinniger portrayed Yule Kilcher and his family. Discovery Channel's reality TV series Alaska: The Last Frontier also portrays the life of the Kilchers in Alaska and was in its 10th season in 2021. In 2012, Swiss Radio and Television (SRF) broadcast the documentary film Rousseaus Kinder – Ein Reality-Check in Alaskas Wildnis ("Rousseau's children – a reality check in Alaska's wilderness") in its series DOK, making a comparison of Jean-Jacques Rousseau's philosophy to the lifestyle of the Kilcher family. A review in the newspaper Tages-Anzeiger criticised it for leaving that promised connection unclear.

This is a document about The Last Frontier (TV series)
  The Last Frontier, is an American sitcom that aired on Fox in 1996. It featured a wealthy woman who moved to Anchorage, Alaska, sharing housing with three men who did not possess her social adeptness.

This is a document about Yule F. Kilcher
  In 1862, the United States of America passed the Homestead Law. If someone met certain requirements, they could obtain federally owned land as long as they proved they lived on the land and maintained it. As of 1986, homesteading is no longer possible in Alaska. The Kilcher homestead grew from 160 acres to 600 acres of land. As time wore on, Yule saw how other homesteads around Kachemak Bay were slowly being divided up between family members and becoming smaller versions of the previous homestead. He did not want the hard work of his family's homestead to disappear. He created a conservation easement, set up in the 1990's, starting the Kilcher Family Trust. Through the trust, the 600 acres of the Kilcher homestead remains intact for future generations to grow on and improve.

This is a document about Yule F. Kilcher
  Yule Forenorth Kilcher (1913–1998), born Julius Jacob Kilcher, was a Swiss-born American homesteader who was a member of the Alaska state senate from 1963 to 1966. He moved from Switzerland to Alaska in 1936 where he then lived permanently, after returning to Switzerland for a short time in 1939, outside of Homer, Alaska.

This is a document about Atz Kilcher
  The Kilcher Homestead was established when his father Yule Kilcher moved to Alaska in 1940 and was given 160 acres of federal land to homestead. His mother Ruth and the children helped work the homestead while Yule traveled for months at a time to Juneau as a state Senator. Over time, the homestead grew to over 600 acres of land. In the 1990’s, Yule established the Kilcher Family Trust, which would prevent the homestead from being divided between his children, and would insure that it remained intact for future generations of Kilchers to work the land he so loved. The homestead is owned by all 8 Kilcher siblings. The family offers tours of the homestead, where an original cabin has been turned into a museum. There, old tools are displayed which were used for farming. As one of the siblings gives a tour, they offer first hand stories of growing up on their homestead.

This is a document about Yule F. Kilcher
  first crossing of the Harding Icefield from Homer to Seward. Exit Glacier received its name from that expedition leaving the icefield over the glacier. Ruth and the children helped operate the homestead while Yule travelled to Juneau to attend the state legislature. Yule and Ruth Kilcher divorced in 1969. Ruth then moved to Tennessee, working as a journalist, writer and translator. In 1971, she married Charles Rod Mariott in New Mexico. Yule Kilcher died in Homer on December 8, 1998. The governor of Alaska, at the time Tony Knowles, ordered state flags flown at half staff at the day of the funeral.

This is a document about Harding Icefield
  in Seward. He was headed for Kachemak Bay, where he intended to take up residence, but was so intrigued by the icefield he had seen from the steamship that he vowed to cross it before long. Unwilling to wait two weeks for a coastal steamer, Kilcher walked to the Homer area, probably by way of the Resurrection River valley. After securing a homestead, he returned to Seward, and in late July he hiked up the Lowell Creek drainage toward the icefield. Conditions on the icefield overwhelmed him, however, and a week later he was back in Seward. About 1940, two Kenai

This is a document about Frontier
  free-spirited than in the East because of its lack of social and political institutions. The idea that the frontier provided the core defining quality of the United States was elaborated by the historian Frederick Jackson Turner, who built his Frontier Thesis in 1893 around this notion. Subsequently, the frontier has also been described as the point of contact between two cultures, where contact led to exchanges that affected both cultures. In popular culture, Alaska: The Last Frontier is an American reality cable television series about Alaskan pioneers, Yule and Ruth Kilcher, at their homestead 11 miles outside of Homer.

This is a document about Yule F. Kilcher
  Ruth Weber, originally from Pratteln, who was an American citizen. They had eight children who were all raised on the family homestead: Atz, Otto, Wurtilla, Fay, Catkin, Stellavera, Mossy and Sunrise. Kilcher sought a self-sufficient, natural lifestyle. The family lived without electricity and running water. Yule Kilcher produced two documentaries, filmed on 16 mm film, The Last Frontier and A Pioneer Family in Alaska. This were the first documentaries depicting homesteading life. He showcased his documentaries around Europe in the years 1947/48 and from 1956 to 1958. In 1955, Yule Kilcher was elected to the Constitutional convention which drew the Constitution of

This is a document about Chief Kilchis
  Kilchis ([gə́lšəs] or [gə́lčəs] in Tillamook ) (1806–1866 ) was one of the last free chiefs of the Tillmook Native Americans. He lived during the 19th century near Tillamook Bay, Oregon. Chief Kilchis and Chief Illga (also known as Tse-tse-no or Illga Adams) were the last Tillamook leaders to preside uncontested in the Tillamook's homeland around Tillamook Bay. Kilchis may have been a descendant of one of the survivors of a Spanish Manila Galleon that wrecked near Neahkahnie Mountain and the mouth of the Nehalem River. Known as the beeswax wreck, it was probably the Santo Cristo de Burgos, which was lost in 1693 while sailing from the Philippines to Mexico. Warren Vaughn, an early white settler in Tillamook,

This is a document about Alaska Nellie's Homestead
  Alaska Nellie's Homestead, located at Mile 23 of the Seward Highway in Kenai Peninsula Borough, Alaska, is the former homestead of Nellie Neal Lawing. Neal Lawing had migrated to Alaska in 1915 and ran a number of roadhouses for the Alaska Railroad before settling at the Roosevelt roadhouse on Kenai Lake in 1923, where she built her homestead. She planned to marry Kenneth Holden after settling, but he died in an industrial accident before their marriage; his cousin Billie Lawing then proposed to her, and the two married. A post office opened in the area in 1924; Nellie was the first postmistress, and the post office was named Lawing in her honor. Nellie was a wildlife expert and trophy hunter, and she kept her hunting trophies, which included three bears, in the roadhouse. She was also known to keep pet bear cubs

This is a document about The Last Alaskans
  The Last Alaskans is an American reality television series. The series premiered on Animal Planet on May 25, 2015. The second season premiered on the Discovery Channel on April 12, 2016. The fourth and final season premiered on the Discovery Channel on November 25, 2018. The series follows several families and trappers who live in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in Alaska.

This is a document about List of census-designated places in Alaska
   Alaska is a state situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent. According to the 2010 United States Census, Alaska is the 3rd least populous state with 733,391 inhabitants but is the largest by land area spanning 665,384.04 sqmi of land. As of the 2020 Census, Alaska has 206 census-designated places. Changes for 2020 include the addition of five census-designates places: Eareckson Station (last gazetted in 1980), Mill Bay, North Lakes, Petersburg (a former city), and South Lakes. Five former census-designates places counted for the 2010 census were not included in 2020: Edna Bay, incorporated in 2014; Lakes, split into North Lakes and South Lakes; New Allakaket, annexed by neighboring Allakaket in March 2015; Northway

This is a document about Pilgrim Hot Springs
  Pilgrim Hot Springs is a ghost town in the interior of the Seward Peninsula of northwestern Arctic Alaska. Also known as Kruzgamepa, it is located on the southeast bank of the Kruzgamepa River, about 8 mi south of milepost 65 of the Kougarok Road. The location gained prominence in the early 20th century because of its thermal hot springs, which made agricultural homesteading possible, and which were adapted to provide a respite for the gold miners of Nome. Early buildings, built 1900–03, were of log construction, and included a log cabin, barn and chicken house. A roadhouse and saloon were built after 1903, but were destroyed by fire in 1908, after the mining boom had ended. After the flu epidemic

This is a document about Heimo Korth
  Heimo Korth is an American outdoorsman. He and his wife Edna are among the few permanent residents of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. They live along the Coleen River, just south of the Brooks Range, and move between cabins seasonally. Striving to be self-reliant, they hunt and fish for their own food. The Korths' lifestyle came to public attention with James Campbell's 2004 book The Final Frontiersman: Heimo Korth and His Family, Alone in Alaska's Arctic Wilderness. In 2009, VBS.tv produced Surviving Alone in Alaska, a documentary film showing Korth's lifestyle. He was also featured among others on PBS's "Braving Alaska" in 1992. Reliant on bush pilots

The Kilcher family from "Alaska: The Last Frontier" live on a homestead outside of Homer, Alaska.


Question: who conducted the little albert study on conditioned fear

Answer: John B. Watson

This is a document about Little Albert experiment
  The Little Albert experiment was a controlled experiment showing empirical evidence of classical conditioning in humans. The study also provides an example of stimulus generalization. It was carried out by John B. Watson and his graduate student, Rosalie Rayner, at Johns Hopkins University. The results were first published in the February 1920 issue of the Journal of Experimental Psychology. After observing children in the field, Watson hypothesized that the fearful response of children to loud noises is an innate unconditioned response. He wanted to test the notion that by following the principles of the procedure now known as "classical conditioning", he could use this unconditioned response to condition a child to fear a distinctive stimulus that normally would not be feared by a child (in this case, furry objects).

This is a document about Mary Cover Jones
  While attending a speech by leading behavioral psychologist, John B. Watson, Cover Jones became interested in his most famous study, the "Little Albert experiment". In this experiment, an infant was classically conditioned to express a fearful response when a white rat was presented along with a loud noise that shocked the child. Cover Jones began to wonder if the techniques used by Watson could be used to make children less fearful of a stimulus, in essence reversing his findings. These thoughts led to her most cited work, a study of the removal of a fear of rabbits through conditioning conducted on a three-year-old named Peter at Columbia University. She treated Peter's fear of a white rabbit

This is a document about Little Albert experiment
  Albert was about one years old at the end of the experiment, and he reportedly left the hospital shortly thereafter. Though Watson had discussed what might be done to remove Albert's conditioned fears, he had no time to attempt such desensitization with Albert, and it is thought likely that the infant's fear of furry things continued post-experimentally. Watson later gave a series of weekend lectures describing the Little Albert study. One of these lectures was attended by Mary Cover Jones, which sparked her interest in pursuing graduate work in psychology. Jones conducted an experiment to figure out how to eliminate fear responses in children and studied a boy named Peter, who was two years old. Peter shared similar fears of white rabbits and furry objects to Little Albert. Jones was able to increase Peter's tolerance of white rabbits by exposing him to the animal, known as direct conditioning, and having Peter interact with children who were not afraid of the rabbit. Mary Cover Jones was the first psychologist to desensitize or uncondition a fear response and become known as the "Mother of Behavior Therapy".

This is a document about Conditioned emotional response
  In 1920 John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrated such fear conditioning in the Little Albert experiment. They started with a 9-month boy called "Albert", who was unemotional but was made to cry by the loud noise (unconditioned stimulus) of a hammer striking a steel bar. Albert initially showed no fear of a white rat (neutral stimulus), but after the sight of the rat had been accompanied five times by the loud noise, he cried and tried to escape the rat, showing that the rat had become a conditioned stimulus for fear. Although the Watson and Rayner work with Little Albert clearly falls under the

This is a document about John B. Watson
  One might consider the experiment Watson and his assistant Rosalie Rayner carried out in 1920 to be one of the most controversial in psychology. It has become immortalized in introductory psychology textbooks as the Little Albert experiment. The goal of the experiment was to show how principles of, at the time recently discovered, classical conditioning could be applied to condition fear of a white rat into "Little Albert", a 9-month-old boy. Watson and Rayner conditioned "Little Albert" by clanging an iron rod when a white rat was presented. First, they presented to the boy a white rat and observed that he was not afraid of it. Second, they presented him with a white rat and then clanged an iron rod.

This is a document about Generalization (learning)
  2010, p. 21). One of the earliest studies about fear generalization in humans was conducted by Watson and Raynor (1920): the Little Albert experiment. In their study, an infant known as Little Albert was exposed to various kinds of animals, none of which elicited a fear response from Little Albert. However, after 7 pairings of a white rat and the sound of a hammer clanging against a steel bar (which did elicit a fear response), the 11-month old child began to cry and try to get away from the white rat even without the loud noise. Months later, additional trials showed that Little Albert had

This is a document about Rosalie Rayner
  During her time at Johns Hopkins University, Rayner conducted research on alcohol in the body alongside her behaviorist research with Watson. She and Watson aimed to make family life reflect an empirical environment, based on the belief that behaviors were not hardwired at birth, but instead were acquired through conditioning. Rayner and Watson claimed to have studied over 500 children, with the Little Albert experiment being their only attempt at a psychological experiment (it would not be categorised as an experiment today). The basis of their study was conditioning a 9-month old baby, referred to as "Albert", to fear a white rat, which had previously been a neutral stimulus. Textbooks often claim that the fear was generalized to other white, furry stimuli, such as fur coats, rabbits, and a Santa Claus mask, but the rabbit was brown and the strength and duration of the fear do not seem impressive in retrospect (and to careful viewers of the film that Watson made). The results of the study were published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology. Despite its prominence, the "Little Albert" study would be deemed highly unethical by modern standards.

This is a document about Psychology
  coined the term behaviorism for this school of thought. Watson's famous Little Albert experiment in 1920 was at first thought to demonstrate that repeated use of upsetting loud noises could instill phobias (aversions to other stimuli) in an infant human, although such a conclusion was likely an exaggeration. Karl Lashley, a close collaborator with Watson, examined biological manifestations of learning in the brain. Clark L. Hull, Edwin Guthrie, and others did much to help behaviorism become a widely used paradigm. A new method of "instrumental" or "operant" conditioning added the concepts of reinforcement and punishment to the model of behavior change. Radical behaviorists avoided discussing the inner

This is a document about Behaviorism
  B. F. Skinner proposed radical behaviorism as the conceptual underpinning of the experimental analysis of behavior. This viewpoint differs from other approaches to behavioral research in various ways, but, most notably here, it contrasts with methodological behaviorism in accepting feelings, states of mind and introspection as behaviors also subject to scientific investigation. Like methodological behaviorism, it rejects the reflex as a model of all behavior, and it defends the science of behavior as complementary to but independent of physiology. Radical behaviorism overlaps considerably with other western philosophical positions, such as American pragmatism. Although John B. Watson mainly emphasized his position of methodological behaviorism throughout his career, Watson and Rosalie Rayner conducted the renowned Little Albert experiment (1920), a study in which Ivan Pavlov's theory to respondent conditioning was first applied to eliciting a fearful reflex of crying in a

This is a document about Behavioural sciences
  Behavioral Science began being studied predominately in the early 1900s. One of the pioneers of the study is John B Watson. He began teaching as a professor of psychology at Johns Hopkins University in 1908. In 1915 he served as the president of the American Psychological Association (APA). Some of his methods in studying behavioral science have been controversial. One of these instances was the "Little Albert" experiment. This experiment was to condition a child to fear a white rat. The fear also translated to other furry white things. This was done by associating the objects with a loud clanging noise. A point that drew controversy is that the child was never de-conditioned. In 1957 he received the APA's Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions. In 2009, behavioral scientists conducted a report on loss aversion (Gächter et al., 2009). The research concluded that the pain of losing is psychologically twice as powerful as the pleasure of gaining. Behavioral scientists use loss aversion now in studying human behavior. It has helped show why in some instances penalty frames are more effective than reward frames in motivating human behavior.

This is a document about Fear
  Animals and humans innovate specific fears as a result of learning. This has been studied in psychology as fear conditioning, beginning with John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment in 1920, which was inspired after observing a child with an irrational fear of dogs. In this study, an 11-month-old boy was conditioned to fear a white rat in the laboratory. The fear became generalized to include other white, furry objects, such as a rabbit, dog, and even a ball of cotton. Fear can be learned by experiencing or watching a frightening traumatic accident. For example, if a child falls into a

This is a document about John B. Watson
  did not uncondition "Little Albert". In 2009, Beck and Levinson found records of a child, Douglas Merritte, who seemed to have been Little Albert. They found that he had died from congenital hydrocephalus at the age of 6. Thus, it cannot be concluded to what extent this study had an effect on Little Albert's life. On 25 January 2012, Tom Bartlett of The Chronicle of Higher Education published a report that questions whether John Watson knew of cognitive abnormalities in Little Albert that would greatly skew the results of the experiment. In 2014, however, the journals that initially endorsed Beck and Fridlund's claims about Albert and Watson (the American Psychologist and History of Psychology) published articles debunking those claims.

This is a document about John B. Watson
  Albert" responded by crying. This second presentation was repeated several times. Finally, Watson and Rayner presented the white rat by itself and the boy showed fear. Later, in an attempt to see if the fear transferred to other objects, Watson presented Albert with a rabbit, a dog, and a fur coat. He cried at the sight of all of them. This study demonstrated how emotions could become conditioned responses. As the story of "Little Albert" has made the rounds, inaccuracies and inconsistencies have crept in, some of them even due to Watson himself. Analyses of Watson's film footage of Albert suggest that the infant was mentally and developmentally disabled. An ethical problem of this study is that Watson and

This is a document about John B. Watson
  Berk (2008) similarly examines the roots of the beliefs that Watson came to honor, noting the Little Albert experiment as the inspiration of Watson's emphasis on environmental factors. Little Albert did not fear the rat and white rabbit until he was conditioned to do so. From this experiment, Watson concluded that parents can shape a child's behavior and development simply by a scheming control of all stimulus-response associations. Watson's advice to treat children with respect but relative emotional detachment, has been strongly criticized. J. M. O’Donnell (1985) deems Watson's views as radical calculations. This discontent stems partly from Watsons’ description of a 'happy child', whereby a child can only cry when in physical pain, can occupy himself through his problem-solving abilities, and whereby the child strays from asking questions. Other critics were more wary of Watson's new interest and success in child psychology.

This is a document about List of experiments
 Ivan Pavlov's experiments with dogs and classical conditioning (1900s) ; John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner conduct the Little Albert experiment showing evidence of classical conditioning (1920) ; The Asch conformity experiments shows how group pressure can persuade an individual to conform to an obviously wrong opinion (1951) ; B. F. Skinner's demonstrations of operant conditioning (1930s–1960s) ; Harry Harlow's experiments with baby monkeys and wire and cloth surrogate mothers (1957–1974) ; Stanley Milgram's experiments on human obedience (1963) ; Walter Mischel's marshmallow experiment showing the importance to life outcomes of the ability to delay gratification (beginning late 1960s) ; Philip Zimbardo's Stanford prison experiment (1971) ; Allan and Beatrix Gardner's attempts to teach American Sign Language to the chimpanzee Washoe (1970s) ; Martin Seligman studies learned helplessness in dogs (1970s) ; Rosenhan experiment (1972). It involved the use of healthy associates or "pseudopatients", who briefly simulated

This is a document about John B. Watson
  Because "Little Albert" was taken out of town, Watson did not have the time to decondition the child. This obviously has ethical implications, but Watson did put in place a method for deconditioning fears. He worked with a colleague, Mary Cover Jones, on a set of procedures aimed at eliminating the fears of another little boy, Peter. Peter seemed to fear white rats and rabbits. Watson and Jones put Peter in his highchair and gave him a nice afternoon snack. At the same time a white rabbit in a cage was put in a distance that did not seem to disturb the child. The next day the rabbit was put slightly closer until Peter showed signs of slight disturbance. This treatment was repeated days after days until Peter could serenely eat his snack with the rabbit being right next to him. Peter was even able to play with the rabbit afterwards. This form of behavior modification is a technique today called systematic desensitization.

This is a document about Little Albert experiment
  A detailed review of the original study and its subsequent interpretations by Ben Harris (1979) stated: "Critical reading of Watson and Rayner's (1920) report reveals little evidence either that Albert developed a rat phobia or even that animals consistently evoked his fear (or anxiety) during Watson and Rayner's experiment. It may be useful for modern learning theorists to see how the Albert study prompted subsequent research ... but it seems time, finally, to place the Watson and Rayner data in the category of "interesting but uninterpretable" results." It is difficult to be certain exactly what happened during the Little Albert experiment since concrete evidence and scientific records are lacking.

This is a document about Albert Bandura
  Albert Bandura (December 4, 1925 – July 26, 2021) was a Canadian-American psychologist who was the Professor in Psychology at Stanford University. Bandura was responsible for contributions to the field of education and to several fields of psychology, including social cognitive theory, therapy, and personality psychology, and was also of influence in the transition between behaviorism and cognitive psychology. He is known as the originator of social learning theory (renamed the social cognitive theory) and the theoretical construct of self-efficacy, and is also responsible for the influential 1961 Bobo doll experiment. This Bobo doll experiment demonstrated the concept of observational learning. A 2002 survey ranked Bandura as the fourth most-frequently cited psychologist of all time, behind B. F. Skinner, Sigmund Freud, and Jean Piaget Bandura was widely described as the greatest living psychologist,  and as one of the most influential psychologists of all time.

This is a document about Child development
  John B. Watson's behaviorism theory forms the foundation of the behavioral model of development 1925. Watson was able to explain the aspects of human psychology through the process of classical conditioning. With this process, Watson believed that all individual differences in behavior were due to different learning experiences. He wrote extensively on child development and conducted research (see Little Albert experiment). This experiment had shown that phobia could be created by classical conditioning. Watson was instrumental in the modification of William James' stream of consciousness approach to construct a stream of behavior theory. Watson also helped bring a natural science perspective to child psychology by introducing objective research methods based on observable and measurable behavior. Following Watson's lead, B.F. Skinner further extended this model to cover operant conditioning and verbal behavior. Skinner used the operant chamber, or Skinner box, to observe the behavior of small organisms in a controlled situation and proved that organisms' behaviors are influenced by the environment. Furthermore, he used reinforcement and punishment to shape in desired behavior.

This is a document about Learning
  of classical conditioning is John B. Watson. Watson's work was very influential and paved the way for B.F. Skinner's radical behaviorism. Watson's behaviorism (and philosophy of science) stood in direct contrast to Freud and other accounts based largely on introspection. Watson's view was that the introspective method was too subjective and that we should limit the study of human development to directly observable behaviors. In 1913, Watson published the article "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views," in which he argued that laboratory studies should serve psychology best as a science. Watson's most famous, and controversial, experiment was "Little Albert", where he demonstrated how psychologists can account for the learning of emotion through classical conditioning principles.

John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner conducted the Little Albert study on conditioned fear.


Question: who plays lucas mendoza in alexa and katie

Answer: Emery Kelly

This is a document about Forever in Your Mind
  vampire during their first concert in 1957. After keeping their vampire identities a secret for over half a century, a music producer convinced them to reemerge as a vampire boy band. If picked up, the series would have debuted in 2017. On January 12, 2018, Forever in Your Mind revealed that the show was not picked up. Kelly currently plays Lucas Mendoza on the Netflix series Alexa & Katie. The first season was released on March 23, 2018, with the second season being released later that year, on December 26. In season 2, Garcia and Attridge appeared in several episodes as Cameron and Steve, two inexperienced musicians Lucas auditioned to be part of his band. The band performed in the season two finale episode.

This is a document about Eddie Shin
  Edward Andrew Yoon Beom Shin (born July 17, 1976) is an American actor. He played Dave Mendoza in the Netflix series Alexa & Katie.

This is a document about Alexa & Katie
  best he can. He eventually adopts a dog, Potato. ; Tiffani Thiessen as Lori, Alexa and Lucas' mother, Dave's wife, and the matriarch of the Mendoza family. Strong-willed, competitive, and at times overprotective, she helps guide Alexa through her fight with cancer and additional problems as a teen. ; Jack Griffo as Dylan (recurring in season 1 & 3; main in season 2), Lucas' highly intelligent best friend. He begins tutoring Alexa in season one when her grades drop. Later, Dylan asks Alexa to the Winter Formal and the two begin dating. In season two, Alexa breaks up with Dylan when he doesn't know what will happen to them when he goes to college, but they eventually agree to be friends.

This is a document about Alexa & Katie
 Paris Berelc as Alexa, an ambitious basketball player battling cancer. A determined individual, she strives to live a normal life which often gives her rebellious tendencies. She also despises the pity she receives because of her illness. ; Isabel May as Katie, Alexa's best friend. Portrayed as quirky and awkward, she consistently supports Alexa's impulsive decisions when dealing with the illness. Katie also shares a liking for theatre. She seems to be attracted to Lucas. ; Jolie Jenkins as Jennifer, Katie's divorced, single mother studying to finish college while working. She is the matriarch of the Cooper family. Because of her home situation, the Cooper family is less financially fortunate than the Mendoza family. ; Emery Kelly as Lucas, Alexa's older

This is a document about Alexa & Katie
  Alexa & Katie is an American sitcom created by Heather Wordham as a Netflix original series. Matthew Carlson serves as showrunner. The series stars Paris Berelc and Isabel May as Alexa and Katie, a high schooler suffering from cancer and her best friend, respectively. Jolie Jenkins, Emery Kelly, Eddie Shin, Finn Carr, Tiffani Thiessen, with Jack Griffo also star. The series debuted on Netflix on March 23, 2018, and ran for three seasons, concluding on June 13, 2020.

This is a document about List of Army Wives characters
 Seasons 1 – 5 Lucas (portrayed by Jake Johnson) and Katherine Eileen "Katie" (portrayed by Chloe J. Taylor) are the children of Chase and Pamela Moran. The children are close to their father and his frequent and often abrupt deployments frustrated them. They are best friends with the LeBlanc boys and often slept over at each other's houses.

This is a document about Alexa & Katie
  Alexa's therapist. Katie is also treated by her for anxiety. ; Gunner Burkhardt as Spencer (season 3), a boy Alexa meets at the hospital who has cancer. Although Alexa initially has no romantic feelings for him, Alexa later develops feelings for him and they start dating. ; Barrett Carnahan as Aiden (season 3), a stress-free guy that works at Putt Putt Golf and acts as an annoyance for Katie. However as time goes on, they develop feelings for each other. He later works as a barista at Wired. ; Brady Smith as Joe (season 3), a handyman that starts to date Jennifer.

This is a document about Alexa & Katie
  Alexa & Katie is the first multi-camera sitcom produced by Netflix. The series was ordered in early 2017 with Wordham as executive producer. Berelc and May would star as the protagonists with Carlson serving as showrunner. In June 2017, Thiessen, Shin and Kelly were cast as Alexa's parents and older brother, with Jenkins cast as May's mother. In August 2017, Griffo, Medders and Leighton were cast as Berelc and May's classmates. On April 9, 2018, Netflix renewed the series for a second season, with Wordham replacing Carlson as showrunner. On February 15, 2019, the series was renewed for a third season of 16 episodes. The season was split into two parts, each featuring eight episodes and focusing on Berelc and May's characters navigating through their final years of high school. The first part of the third season premiered on December 30, 2019. The second part of the third season, which served as the series' conclusion, was released on June 13, 2020.

This is a document about Isabel May
  Isabel May (born November 21, 2000) is an American actress. She starred as Katie Cooper on the Netflix series Alexa & Katie and has a recurring role as Veronica Duncan on the CBS series Young Sheldon.

This is a document about Josh Lucas
  Magary premiered at South By Southwest in March 2014 with Lucas receiving a series of positive reviews for his portrayal of Mat, one of two dysfunctional brothers who collide in a small Harlem apartment. From September 2014 to March 2016, Lucas appeared as a main character in the NBC crime drama The Mysteries of Laura. In 2018, Lucas was cast in a recurring role in Yellowstone, as a younger version of John Dutton, portrayed by Kevin Costner. Lucas's career also includes voice-over work (or voice acting) with Breathe Bible. Lucas is also an owner and promoter of the company Filthy Food with friends Marc and Daniel Singer.

This is a document about Jake Lucas
  starred as Ralphie in A Christmas Story: The Musical at Madison Square Garden (2013) and on tour. Lucas also played the son of O'Hara's character in two subsequent projects: first in his television debut as John Darling to O'Hara's Mrs. Darling in NBC's Peter Pan Live! (2014), and then as Louis Leonowens to O'Hara's Anna Leonowens in the 2015 Broadway revival of The King and I by Rodgers and Hammerstein, which won the Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical. Lucas' younger sister is actress Sydney Lucas. Jake and Sydney appeared together in a commercial for Campbell's cream of mushroom soup and alongside Jennifer Aniston in the movie She's Funny That Way, which was released in 2015.

This is a document about Anthony Keyvan
  Anthony Cyrus Keyvan is an American actor. He has appeared in various TV shows, most notably as Nathan on the Netflix series Alexa & Katie, and as Rahim on Hulu's Love, Victor.

This is a document about Lucas Adams
  Lucas Brentley Adams (born July 24, 1993) is an American actor. He is known for his appearances in True Blood and a recurring role on Disney's Liv and Maddie. Adams joined the cast of Days of Our Lives in 2017. He was nominated for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series in 2018 and 2019 for his work on the series.

This is a document about Paris Berelc
  Paris Berelc (born December 29, 1998 ) is an American actress and model. She is known for her roles as Skylar Storm in the Disney XD series Mighty Med and Lab Rats: Elite Force, and Alexa Mendoza in the Netflix sitcom Alexa & Katie.

This is a document about La Diosa Coronada
 Lincoln Palomeque as Lucas ; Diego Narváez Rincón as Kathya's client ; Adriana López as Priscila ; Mafe Barreto as Sofía

This is a document about Alexa PenaVega
  Alexa Ellesse PenaVega (née Vega; born August 27, 1988) is an American actress and singer. She is known for her roles as Carmen Cortez in the Spy Kids film series and Julie Corky in the 2004 film Sleepover. In 2009, she starred as the title character Ruby Gallagher in the ABC Family series Ruby & the Rockits.

This is a document about Nikolas
 Alexa Nikolas (born 1992), American actress

This is a document about Logan O'Brien
  Logan Craig O'Brien (born January 21, 1992) is an American child actor and singer. O'Brien is best known for his role as Lucas Jones on General Hospital.

This is a document about Dinosaur Island (2014 film)
 Darius Williams as Lucas Winton ; Kate Rasmussen as Kathryn Rose Thompson (young) ; Juliette Palmer as Kathryn Rose Thompson (adult) ; Nicole Yardley as Lydia Winton ; Paul Padagas as Jack Winton ; Joe Bistaveous as Ernest

This is a document about Tiffani Thiessen
  Channel called Dinner at Tiffani's, which ran until 2017. On June 7, 2017, Thiessen was cast as Lori Mendoza, mother of the Mendoza family on the multi camera Netflix sitcom Alexa & Katie, which premiered its first two seasons on March 23 and December 26, 2018. In March 2020, it was announced that Thiessen would join the cast of the Saved by the Bell sequel series, reprising her role as Kelly Kapowski. She guest-starred in three episodes. The show premiered on NBCUniversal's streaming network Peacock beginning November 2020. In November, it was announced that Thiessen would host the MTV comedy clip show Deliciousness, a spinoff of that network's previous program, Ridiculousness.

Eddie Shin plays Lucas Mendoza in Alexa and Katie.


Question: what state is directly west of north dakota

Answer: Montana

This is a document about List of state highways in North Dakota
  The state highways in North Dakota are the state highways owned and maintained by the North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT). North Dakota is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States, along the Canadian border. The state is bordered by Manitoba and Saskatchewan to the north, Minnesota to the east, South Dakota to the south, and Montana to the west.

This is a document about Geography of South Dakota
  South Dakota is situated in the north-central United States, and is considered to be a part of the Midwest by the U.S. Census Bureau, although the Great Plains region also covers the state. Additionally, the culture, economy, and geography of western South Dakota has more in common with the West than the Midwest. The state has a total land area of 77,116 sq. miles (199,905 km2), making it the 17th largest in the Union. South Dakota is bordered to the north by North Dakota; to the south by Nebraska; to the east by Iowa and Minnesota; and to the west by Wyoming and Montana. The western border is the Black Hills meridian, a north-south line set out at a certain distance from Washington,

This is a document about North Dakota
  North Dakota is a U.S. state in the upper Midwest of the country. It is named after the indigenous Lakota and Dakota Sioux, who historically dominated the territory and remain a large community. North Dakota is bordered by the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba to the north and by the U.S. states of Minnesota to the east, South Dakota to the south, and Montana to the west. It is believed to host the geographic center of North America, situated in the town of Rugby, and is home to the tallest man-made structure in the Western Hemisphere, the KVLY-TV mast. Of the 50 states, North Dakota is the nineteenth largest in

This is a document about West Fargo, North Dakota
  West Fargo is a city in Cass County, North Dakota, United States. It is, as of the 2020 Census, the fifth largest city in the state of North Dakota with a population of 38,626, and it is one of the state's fastest growing cities. West Fargo was founded in 1926. The city is part of the Fargo-Moorhead, ND-MN Metropolitan Statistical Area.

This is a document about North Dakota
  Dakota is in the U.S. region known as the Great Plains. The state shares the Red River of the North with Minnesota to the east. South Dakota is to the south, Montana is to the west, and the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba are to the north. North Dakota is near the middle of North America with a stone marker in Rugby, North Dakota marking the "Geographic Center of the North American Continent". With an area of 70762 sqmi, 69001 sqmi of which is land, North Dakota is the 19th largest state. The western half of the state consists of the hilly Great Plains as well as the northern part

This is a document about List of interurban railways in North America
 North Dakota

This is a document about South Dakota
  South Dakota (Sioux: Dakȟóta itókaga) is a U.S. state in the North Central region of the United States. It is also part of the Great Plains. South Dakota is named after the Lakota and Dakota Sioux Native American tribes, who comprise a large portion of the population with nine reservations currently in the state and have historically dominated the territory. South Dakota is the seventeenth largest by area, but the 5th least populous, and the 5th least densely populated of the 50 United States. As the southern part of the former Dakota Territory, South Dakota became a state on November 2, 1889,

This is a document about West North Central states
  The West North Central states form one of the nine geographic subdivisions within the United States that are officially recognized by the U.S. Census Bureau. Seven states compose the division: Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota and South Dakota and it makes up the western half of the United States Census Bureau's larger region of the Midwest, the eastern half of which consists of the East North Central states of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio and Wisconsin. The Mississippi River marks the bulk of the boundary between these two divisions. The West North Central states are regarded as constituting the core of

This is a document about North Dakota Highway 50
  North Dakota Highway 50 (ND 50) is a 100.245 mi north–south state highway in the U.S. state of North Dakota. ND 50's western terminus is a continuation as Montana Highway 258 (MT 258) at the Montana border, and the eastern terminus is at U.S. Route 52 (US 52) northwest of Donnybrook.

This is a document about Loose smut
 Australia ; US: North Dakota ; US: Oregon

This is a document about List of fictional states of the United States
  regions of eastern Oklahoma, Arkansas, and southern Missouri. ; West Elizabeth (Red Dead Redemption and Red Dead Redemption 2) is an amalgamation of the Great Plains region in Oklahoma and Texas, with a sequoia forest resembling the Calaveras Big Trees State Park in northern California, and mountain ranges similar to several regions of the Rocky Mountains, including the Sangre de Cristo Mountains of New Mexico and the San Juan Mountains of Colorado. It contains the city of Blackwater. West Dakota from Sam & Max: Save the World is a state created shortly after the Soda Poppers won the Dakotas governor election. Whizzer was its Governor.

This is a document about North Dakota Highway 66
  North Dakota Highway 66 (ND 66) is a 138.720 mi east–west state highway in the U.S. state of North Dakota. ND 66's western terminus is at ND 3 south of Dunseith, and the eastern terminus is a continuation as Minnesota State Highway 11 (MN 11) at the Minnesota/ North Dakota border.

This is a document about North Dakota
  North Dakota is located in the Upper Midwest region of the United States. It lies at the center of the North American continent and borders Canada to the north. The geographic center of North America is near the town of Center. Bismarck is the capital of North Dakota, and Fargo is the largest city. Soil is North Dakota's most precious resource. It is the base of the state's great agricultural wealth. North Dakota also has enormous mineral resources. These mineral resources include billions of tons of lignite coal. In addition, North Dakota has large oil reserves. Petroleum was discovered in the state in 1951 and quickly became one of North Dakota's

This is a document about North Dakota Highway 57
  North Dakota Highway 57 (ND 57) is an east–west highway in North Dakota, running in Benson and Ramsey counties. It runs from U.S. Route 281 (US 281) west of Fort Totten to ND 20 near Camp Grafton. Because of its proximity to Devils Lake, it has been impacted with the lake's increasing elevation; portions in and along the lake have had to be raised at least once to get the road elevation above the lake level. Despite this, the route remains vulnerable to flooding.

This is a document about South Dakota
   South Dakota is in the north-central United States, and is considered a part of the Midwest by the U.S. Census Bureau; it is also part of the Great Plains region. The culture, economy, and geography of western South Dakota have more in common with the West than the Midwest. South Dakota has a total area of 77116 sqmi, making the state the 17th largest in the Union. Black Elk Peak, formerly named Harney Peak, with an elevation of 7242 ft, is the state's highest point, while the shoreline of Big Stone Lake is the lowest, with an elevation of 966 ft. South Dakota is bordered to the north by North Dakota; to the

This is a document about List of cities in North Dakota
   North Dakota is a state located in the Midwestern United States. All incorporated communities in North Dakota are considered cities, regardless of population; there are no towns, villages, or hamlets in the state.

This is a document about Geography of Minnesota
  Minnesota is the northernmost state outside Alaska; its isolated Northwest Angle in Lake of the Woods is the only part of the 48 contiguous states lying north of the 49th parallel. Minnesota is in the U.S. region known as the Upper Midwest. The state shares a Lake Superior water border with Michigan and Wisconsin on the northeast; the remainder of the eastern border is with Wisconsin. Iowa is to the south, North Dakota and South Dakota are to the west, and the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Manitoba are to the north. With 87,014 sqmi, or approximately 2.26% of the United States, Minnesota is the 12th largest state.

This is a document about Geography of South Dakota
  South Dakota, and was founded in 1876. Rapid City's economy is largely based on tourism and defense spending, due to the close proximity of tourist attractions in the Black Hills and Ellsworth Air Force Base. The next eight largest cities in the state, in order of descending 2007 population, are Aberdeen (24,410), Watertown (20,530), Brookings (19,463), Mitchell (14,832), Pierre (14,032), Yankton (13,643), Huron (10,902), and Vermillion (10,251). Pierre is the state capital, and Brookings and Vermillion are the locations of the state's two largest universities. Of the ten largest cities in the state, Rapid City is the only one located west of the Missouri River.

This is a document about Outline of North Dakota
  The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the U.S. state of North Dakota: North Dakota – 39th state of the United States, having been admitted to the union on November 2, 1889. The state capital is Bismarck, and the largest city is Fargo. North Dakota is the 19th most extensive but the 3rd least populous and the 4th least densely populated of the 50 United States.

This is a document about Minnesota
   Minnesota is the second northernmost U.S. state (after Alaska) and northernmost contiguous state, as the isolated Northwest Angle in Lake of the Woods County is the only part of the 48 contiguous states north of the 49th parallel. The state is part of the U.S. region known as the Upper Midwest and part of North America's Great Lakes Region. It shares a Lake Superior water border with Michigan and a land and water border with Wisconsin to the east. Iowa is to the south, North Dakota and South Dakota are to the west, and the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Manitoba are to the north. With 86,943 sqmi, or approximately 2.25% of the United States, Minnesota is the 12th-largest state.