Question: who won the triple crown before american pharaoh

Answer: Affirmed

This is a document about American Pharoah
  American Pharoah (foaled February 2, 2012) is a Thoroughbred racehorse who won the American Triple Crown and the Breeders' Cup Classic in 2015. He was the 12th Triple Crown winner in history, and in winning all four races, became the first horse to win the Grand Slam of Thoroughbred racing. He won the 2015 Eclipse Award for Horse of the Year and 2015 Champion three-year-old. In 2021 he was inducted into the American Racing Hall of Fame. He was bred and owned throughout his racing career by Ahmed Zayat of Zayat Stables, trained by Bob Baffert, and ridden in most of his races by Victor Espinoza. He now stands at stud at Ashford Stud in Kentucky. After finishing fifth in his track debut as a two-year-old, American Pharoah won his next

This is a document about 2015 Preakness Stakes
  from the pack in the homestretch and won by seven lengths, as Tale of Verve made a strong rally to overtake Divining Rod to place. Firing Line slipped badly at the start and was eased in the stretch. Baffert commented on American Pharoah's race, "when I saw those ears go up [on the backside of the track], I thought, ‘Oh, yeah. Oh yeah.’” The win by American Pharoah set up an attempt for the Triple Crown for the second time in two years. Due to weather conditions, the winning time of 1:58.46 was the slowest time since Hill Prince won in 1950 with a time of 1:59.20, and well off the record, set by Secretariat

This is a document about 2015 Belmont Stakes
  for glory as they come into the final furlong! Frosted is second with one-eighth of a mile to go! American Pharoah's got a two-length lead! Frosted is all out at the sixteenth pole! And here it is! The 37-year wait is over! American Pharoah is finally the one! American Pharoah has won the Triple Crown!”—Larry Collmus, NBC The win was the fourth attempt at a Triple Crown for trainer Bob Baffert, who at age 62 was the second-oldest trainer to win a Triple Crown. It was the third attempt for jockey Victor Espinoza, who was the first Latino jockey to win the Triple Crown, and, at age 43, the oldest.

This is a document about Thoroughbred Racing on NBC
 2015 Belmont Stakes: 2018 Belmont Stakes "American Pharoah has opened up a two-length lead as they come to the top of the stretch. And Frosted has moved up into second. And they're into the stretch! And American Pharoah makes his run for glory as they come into the final furlong. Frosted is second with one-eighth of a mile to go. American Pharoah's got a two-length lead! Frosted is all out at the sixteenth pole. And here it is! The 37-year wait is over! American Pharoah is the one! American Pharoah has won the Triple Crown!" - Larry Collmus calling American Pharoah's win, making him the first Triple Crown winner since Affirmed in 1978. "A sixteeenth to go. Justify is still there. Justify from Gronkowski—he's just perfect. And now he's just immortal! Justify is the 13th Triple Crown winner!" - Collmus calling Justify's run to the 2018 Triple Crown.

This is a document about American Pharoah
  races, the Grade I Del Mar Futurity and FrontRunner Stakes, each by several lengths. An injury kept him out of the Breeders' Cup Juvenile, but the strength of his two wins nonetheless resulted in his being voted American Champion Two-Year-Old Male Horse at the 2014 Eclipse Awards. Before the 2015 season began, Zayat had sold breeding rights to the colt to the Ashford Stud, a division of Ireland's Coolmore Stud. He retained control over the colt and his racing career, as well as an undisclosed dividend on stud fees. American Pharoah began his 2015 campaign with wins in the Rebel Stakes and Arkansas Derby and went on to win the 2015 Kentucky Derby and 2015 Preakness Stakes. He won the Triple Crown in a wire-to-wire victory at the 2015 Belmont Stakes,

This is a document about American Pharoah
  the first American Triple Crown winner since Affirmed in 1978 and the 12th in history. His winning time was the second-fastest for a Triple Crown winner. He next shipped to Monmouth Park and easily won the Haskell Invitational on August 2. Three weeks later, he finished a close second in a hard-fought Travers Stakes at Saratoga Race Course on August 29, 2015, snapping a winning streak of eight races. After a layoff of two months, he shipped to Keeneland for the 2015 Breeders' Cup and ran in the Breeders' Cup Classic, where he challenged older horses for the first time and won by 6½ lengths, breaking the track record. At the conclusion of his 2015 racing year, American Pharoah was retired to stud, per the agreement between Zayat and Ashford.

This is a document about American Pharoah
  American Pharoah is a bay colt with a faint star on his forehead and no other white markings. He is from the second crop of foals sired by  the Nile, who finished second in the 2009 Kentucky Derby. The stallion's first crop included Holy Bull Stakes winner Cairo Prince, and Social Inclusion, who finished third in the 2014 Preakness Stakes. American Pharoah's dam, Littleprincessemma, was purchased by Zayat in 2007 for $250,000. She raced but did not win either of her two starts in 2008. American Pharoah was her second foal, following allowance race winner Xixixi. Since his birth, she had produced two more full siblings to

This is a document about Seattle Slew
  Triple Crown winner and rival Affirmed had died the year before, he had been the sole living Triple Crown winner. At the horse's death, there were no living Triple Crown winners for the first time since Sir Barton won the first Triple Crown in 1919. This phenomenon continued until American Pharoah's Triple Crown in 2015. The Taylors remained close to Seattle Slew throughout his life and were with him at the time of his death. "He had the greatest heart," said Karen Taylor. "He was a fighter to the end." John Sikura of Hill 'n' Dale commented, "To be near greatness is what everyone in this business aspires to, and it happens so rarely. He was one in a million, and showed us there is that possibility in a game

This is a document about Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing (United States)
  using the term Triple Crown to refer to the three races as early as 1923, but it was not until Gallant Fox won the three events in 1930 that Charles Hatton of the Daily Racing Form put the term into common use. In the history of the Triple Crown, 13 horses have won all three races: Sir Barton (1919), Gallant Fox (1930), Omaha (1935), War Admiral (1937), Whirlaway (1941), Count Fleet (1943), Assault (1946), Citation (1948), Secretariat (1973), Seattle Slew (1977), Affirmed (1978), American Pharoah (2015), and Justify (2018). As of May 2021, American Pharoah and Justify are the only living Triple Crown winners. James E. "Sunny Jim" Fitzsimmons was the first trainer to win the Triple Crown more than

This is a document about Great River, New York
  Stakes, and the Travers Stakes, a feat accomplished since by only two other colts: Man o' War and Native Dancer. Even 2015's American Pharoah won the current American Triple Crown but finished a close second in a hard-fought Travers Stakes snapping a winning streak of eight races. The United States Congress shut down on October 24, 1877, for a day so its members could attend "The Great Race" at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore, Maryland. The event was a 2.5 mi match race run by a trio of champions: Ten Broeck, Tom Ochiltree and Parole. Ten Broeck, the Kentucky champion, was owned by F. B. Harper. Tom Ochiltree, the Eastern champion and winner of the 1875 Preakness Stakes, was owned by George L. Lorillard. Parole,

This is a document about Bob Baffert
 1996 - Cavonnier (2nd) ; 1997 - Silver Charm (1st) ; 1998 - Real Quiet (1st) ; 1998 - Indian Charlie (3rd) ; 2001 - Congaree (3rd) ; 2002 - War Emblem (1st) ; 2009 - Pioneerof The Nile (2nd) ; 2012 - Bodemeister (2nd) ; 2015 - Dortmund (3rd) ; 2015 - American Pharoah (1st) ✝ ; '''2018 - Justify (1st)✝ ; '''2020 - Authentic (1st) ; '''2021 - Medina Spirit (1st) 1997 - Silver Charm (1st) ; 1998 - Real Quiet (1st) ; 2001 - Point Given (1st) ; 2001 - Congaree (3rd) ; 2002 - War Emblem (1st) ; 2010 - Lookin At Lucky (1st) ; 2012 - Bodemeister (2nd) ; 2015 - American Pharoah (1st) ✝ ; '''2018 - Justify (1st)✝ ; 2020 - Authentic (2nd) 1997 - Silver Charm (2nd) ; 1998 - Real Quiet (2nd) ; 2001 - Point Given (1st) ; 2012 - Paynter  (2nd) ; 2015 - American Pharoah (1st) ✝ ; '''2018 - Justify (1st)✝ ✝ - won Triple Crown. The Kentucky Derby The Preakness Stakes Belmont Stakes

This is a document about Royal Delta
  Royal Delta was a dark bay mare with a white star and a white sock on her left hind leg. She was bred in Kentucky by Prince Saud bin Khaled's Palides Investments. She was sired by Empire Maker, who had won the 2003 Belmont Stakes winner. Prior to Royal Delta, Empire Maker's most successful offspring was Pioneerof the Nile, who placed second in the Kentucky Derby and became the sire of Triple Crown winner American Pharoah. Royal Delta was from Empire Maker's fourth crop and started racing shortly after her sire was exported to Japan. Royal Delta's dam was Delta Princess,

This is a document about Ahmed Zayat
  several months of rehabilitation, Paynter successfully returned to racing in 2013. After Zayat and his son Justin began making regular social media updates on Twitter with the hashtag #PowerUpPaynter, the horse developed a significant fan base, and received hundreds of get well cards, many from children. For his struggle to return to health, Paynter won NTRA Moment of the Year Award and Secretariat Vox Populi Award. Zayat's Triple Crown race losing-streak was finally broken by American Pharoah, who won the 2015 Kentucky Derby, the 2015 Preakness Stakes, and the 2015 Belmont Stakes, becoming the first horse to win the Triple Crown since 1978.

This is a document about American Pharoah
  Preakness, and stated, "I couldn't see how far I was in front because there was so much water in my eyes." The margin of victory was tied for the sixth-largest in Preakness history. The win by American Pharoah set up an attempt for the Triple Crown for the second straight year. It was also the second straight year that Espinoza had won both the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes and the jockey's third time winning both races. For Baffert, it was the fourth time in 19 years that he won the first two Triple Crown races. Of the colt, Baffert said, "He brought his A-game today."

This is a document about 2015 Belmont Stakes
  was a descendant, through his sire, of Mr. Prospector. American Pharoah had previously defeated every horse entered, but he was also the only horse to contest all three legs of the Triple Crown and had run four races in the preceding eight weeks. Of the group, Frosted, who ran wide on the turn in the Kentucky Derby but rallied strongly to finish fourth, just three lengths from the lead, was considered by some commentators to pose the strongest challenge to American Pharoah. While acknowledging that a Triple Crown win "is something every single person is rooting for", Justin Zayat, of Zayat Stables, LLC, which owns American Pharoah, anticipated a strong run from Materiality.

This is a document about Hot Springs, Arkansas
   Oaklawn Park has been operating since 1904. (A second horse racing park was once within the city limits, but was eventually closed.) Former U.S. President Bill Clinton, his half-brother Roger, and Billy Bob Thornton, all Hot Springs natives, have frequented Oaklawn Park. The meet, held from January through mid-April each year, is sometimes called the "Fifth Season". In mid-April, its final week sees the "Racing Festival of the South", concluding with the Arkansas Derby, which has drawn many Triple Crown contenders. In 2015, American Pharoah won the Derby and another race at Oaklawn before going on to win the first Triple Crown in three decades. In 2018, the track commemorated the horse's victories by installing a life-sized bronze sculpture by James Peniston.

This is a document about Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing (United States)
  After the first Triple Crown winner, Sir Barton, in 1919, there was not another winner until Gallant Fox in 1930, a gap of 11 years. Between 1930 and 1948, seven horses won the Triple Crown, with five years being the longest gap between winners. However, following the 1948 win of Citation, there was a considerable gap of 25 years before Secretariat ended the drought of Triple Crown champions in 1973. Between 1973 and 1978, there were three Triple Crown winners. After Affirmed's Triple Crown in 1978, the longest drought in Triple Crown history began in 1979 with Spectacular Bid's failed Triple Crown attempt when he finished third in the Belmont. It lasted until American Pharoah won in 2015. Between 1979 and 2014, thirteen horses won

This is a document about Bob Baffert
  the previously undefeated colt Dortmund. American Pharoah next won the 140th Preakness Stakes, making six victories in that race for Baffert, who also finished fourth with Dortmund. Then, when American Pharoah won the 2015 Belmont Stakes, the win was the fourth attempt at a Triple Crown for Baffert, who at age 62 became the second-oldest trainer to win a Triple Crown. Baffert also trained the 2018 Triple Crown Winner, Justify and the 2020 Kentucky Derby winner, Authentic. Baffert became a 7-time winner of the Kentucky Derby in 2021 with Medina Spirit. However, Medina Spirit tested positive for the steroid betamethasone. the question of whether the horse would join Dancer’s Image by being disqualified for a drug violation in the Derby remains pending.

This is a document about Pioneerof the Nile
  American Pharoah, who became an eight-time-grade I winner and the 12th U.S. Triple Crown winner in 2015. In 2016, his son Classic Empire won the Breeders' Futurity and Breeders' Cup Juvenile, earning the title of Champion Two-Year-Old Colt. Classic Empire went on to win the 2017 Arkansas Derby, before finishing a troubled fourth in the Kentucky Derby, and then suffering a head defeat in the Preakness Stakes. the Nile stood at WinStar Farm. In 2015 his fee was increased to $60,000. Following the racing success of American Pharoah, in October 2015, it was announced that the Nile's stud fee had more than doubled, and he would stand the 2016 season for a fee of $125,000, though Justin Zayat, son of Ahmed Zayat, said offers as high as $150,000 had been entertained for 2016. For 2017, his stud fee was set at $110,000.

This is a document about Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing (United States)
  Belmont with Tabasco Cat and the 1996 Derby with Grindstone. Like Veitch, only with two different horses, Bob Baffert also had second-place finishes in all three legs of the Triple Crown, both owned by Ahmed Zayat: in 2012, Bodemeister finished second in the Kentucky Derby and Preakness stakes to I'll Have Another, then Paynter was entered and finished second to Union Rags. Baffert and Zayat teamed up again for the 2015 Triple Crown victory of American Pharoah. Gallant Fox is the only Triple Crown winner to sire another U.S. Triple Crown winner, Omaha. Affirmed sired Peteski, winner of the 1993 Canadian Triple Crown.

The last horse to win the Triple Crown before American Pharaoh was Affirmed in 1978.


Question: where did the bubonic plague start in europe

Answer: Sicily

This is a document about Black Death in the Holy Roman Empire
  The bubonic plague pandemic known as the Black Death reached Switzerland and Austria from Northern Italy in the South and Savoy in the West, and the Rhine and Central Germany from Northern France, and Northern Germany from Denmark. It continued from the Empire East to the Baltics and finally to Russia.

This is a document about Black Death
  Plague was reportedly first introduced to Europe via Genoese traders from their port city of Kaffa in the Crimea in 1347. During a protracted siege of the city, in 1345–1346 the Mongol Golden Horde army of Jani Beg, whose mainly Tatar troops were suffering from the disease, catapulted infected corpses over the city walls of Kaffa to infect the inhabitants, though it is more likely that infected rats travelled across the siege lines to spread the epidemic to the inhabitants. As the disease took hold, Genoese traders fled across the Black Sea to Constantinople, where the disease first arrived in Europe in summer 1347. The epidemic there killed the 13-year-old

This is a document about Globalization and disease
   Bubonic plague is a variant of the deadly flea-borne disease plague, which is caused by the enterobacteria Yersinia pestis, that devastated human populations beginning in the 14th century. Bubonic plague is primarily spread by fleas that lived on the black rat, an animal that originated in south Asia and spread to Europe by the 6th century. It became common to cities and villages, traveling by ship with explorers. A human would become infected after being bitten by an infected flea. The first sign of an infection of bubonic plague is swelling of the lymph nodes, and the formation of buboes. These

This is a document about Second plague pandemic
  there is no proof currently that these were caused by plague though there are indications for the second set of epidemics. Europe was initially protected by a hiatus in the Silk Road. Plague was reportedly first introduced to Europe via Genoese traders from their port city of Kaffa in the Crimea in 1347. During a protracted siege of the city, in 1345–1346 the Mongol Golden Horde army of Jani Beg, whose mainly Tatar troops were suffering from the disease, catapulted infected corpses over the city walls of Kaffa to infect the inhabitants, though it is more likely that infected rats travelled across the siege lines to spread the epidemic to the inhabitants. As the disease took hold, Genoese traders fled across the

This is a document about 1340s
  plague, the especially fast and lethal airborne variant. The few areas that escaped included Poland, Hungary, Rouergue in France, Liège in Belgium, and the county of Béarn in the Pyrenees. It has been suggested that these areas were spared due to the predominance of O-Blood type, which had only recently taken root in the heartlands of Europe, although this hypothesis has yet to be proven. The pandemic, which began in central Asia, was first reported in Europe in the summer of 1346. The Genoese colony of Caffa in the Crimea was besieged by the Tartars, who catapulted plague-ridden corpses into the city. The defenders carried the disease back to

This is a document about Paleopathology
  The Black Death pandemic occurred between 1347 and 1351. It is believed that the origin of the Black Death was bubonic plague. Symptoms of Bubonic Plague include swollen lymph nodes, fever, headache, fatigue, and muscle aches. Some people also developed swellings in which blood and pus seeped from them during the Black Death. The Black Death originated in China and spread along trade routes and ports affecting many countries including North Africa and many European countries such as Italy, Spain, France, Germany, Switzerland, and Hungary. It is estimated that the Black Death killed up to 200 million people. In 2013, during an excavation in Thornton Abbey in North Lincolnshire, a mass grave was discovered with 48

This is a document about Black Death
   Recent research has suggested plague first infected humans in Europe and Asia in the Late Neolithic-Early Bronze Age. Research in 2018 found evidence of Yersinia pestis in an ancient Swedish tomb, which may have been associated with the "Neolithic decline" around 3000 BCE, in which European populations fell significantly. This Y. pestis may have been different from more modern types, with bubonic plague transmissible by fleas first known from Bronze Age remains near Samara. The symptoms of bubonic plague are first attested in a fragment of Rufus of Ephesus preserved by Oribasius; these ancient medical authorities suggest bubonic plague had appeared in the Roman Empire before the reign of Trajan, six centuries before arriving at Pelusium in the reign of Justinian I. In 2013, researchers confirmed earlier speculation that the cause of the Plague of Justinian (541–542 CE, with recurrences until 750) was Y. pestis. This is known as the First plague pandemic.

This is a document about Societal collapse
  bubonic plague across much of Eurasia, which helped to spark the Black Death of the early fourteenth century. The Italian historian Gabriele de’ Mussi wrote that the Mongols catapulted the corpses of those who contracted the plague into Caffa (now Feodossia, Crimea) during the siege of that city and that soldiers who were transported from there brought the plague to Mediterranean ports. However, that account of the origin of the Black Death in Europe remains controversial, though plausible, because of the complex epidemiology of the plague. Modern epidemiologists do not believe that the Black Death had a single source of spreading into Europe. Research

This is a document about History of Western civilization
  the Protestant Reformation. In the Later Middle Ages the Black Plague struck Europe, arriving in 1348. Europe was overwhelmed by the outbreak of bubonic plague, probably brought to Europe by the Mongols. The fleas hosted by rats carried the disease and it devastated Europe. Major cities like Paris, Hamburg, Venice and Florence lost half their population. Around 20 million people – up to a third of Europe's population – died from the plague before it receded. The plague periodically returned over the coming centuries. The last centuries of the Middle Ages saw the waging of the Hundred Years' War between England and France. The war began in

This is a document about Black Death
  course of European history. The origin of the Black Death is disputed. The pandemic originated either in Central Asia or East Asia but its first definitive appearance was in Crimea in 1347. From Crimea, it was most likely carried by fleas living on the black rats that travelled on Genoese ships, spreading through the Mediterranean Basin and reaching Africa, Western Asia and the rest of Europe via Constantinople, Sicily and the Italian Peninsula. There is evidence that once it came ashore, the Black Death mainly spread person-to-person as pneumonic plague, thus explaining the quick inland spread of the epidemic, which was faster than would be expected if the primary vector was

This is a document about Bubonic plague
   In the Late Middle Ages Europe experienced the deadliest disease outbreak in history when the Black Death, the infamous pandemic of bubonic plague, hit in 1347, killing one-third of the European human population. Some historians believe that society subsequently became more violent as the mass mortality rate cheapened life and thus increased warfare, crime, popular revolt, waves of flagellants, and persecution. The Black Death originated in Central Asia and spread from Italy and then throughout other European countries. Arab historians Ibn Al-Wardni and Almaqrizi believed the Black Death originated in Mongolia. Chinese records also showed a huge outbreak in Mongolia in the early 1330s. Research published in 2002 suggests that it began in early

This is a document about 1629–1631 Italian plague
  Thought to have originated in Northern France in 1623, the plague was carried throughout Europe by as a result of troop movements associated with the Thirty Years' War and was allegedly brought to Lombardy in 1629 by soldiers involved in the War of the Mantuan Succession. The disease first spread to Venetian troops and in October 1629 reached Milan, Lombardy's major commercial centre. Although the city instituted a quarantine and limited access to external visitors and trade goods, it failed to eliminate the disease. A major outbreak in March 1630 resulted from relaxed health measures during the carnival season, followed by a second wave in

This is a document about Medieval medicine of Western Europe
  Middle Ages and the Renaissance than they are today. During the Renaissance, trade routes were the perfect means of transportation for disease. Eight hundred years after the Plague of Justinian, the bubonic plague returned to Europe. Starting in Asia, the Black Death reached Mediterranean and western Europe in 1348 (possibly from Italian merchants fleeing fighting in Crimea), and killed 25 million Europeans in six years, approximately 1/3 of the total population and up to a 2/3 in the worst-affected urban areas. Before Mongols left besieged Crimean Kaffa the dead or dying bodies of the infected soldiers were loaded onto catapults and launched over Kaffa's walls to infect those inside.

This is a document about Bubonic plague
  the greatest number of cases are the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Madagascar, and Peru. The plague was the cause of the Black Death that swept through Asia, Europe, and Africa in the 14th century and killed an estimated 50 million people, including about 25% to 60% of the European population. Because the plague killed so many of the working population, wages rose due to the demand for labor. Some historians see this as a turning point in European economic development. The disease was also responsible for the Plague of Justinian, originating in the Eastern Roman Empire in the 6th century CE, as well as the third epidemic, affecting China, Mongolia, and India, originating in the Yunnan Province in 1855. The term bubonic is derived from the Greek word βουβών, meaning "groin".

This is a document about Black Death in England
  death rates. The Black Death seems to have originated in Central Asia, where the Y. pestis bacterium is endemic in the rodent population. It is unknown exactly what caused the outbreak, but a series of natural occurrences likely brought humans into contact with the infected rodents. The epidemic reached Constantinople in the late spring of 1347, through Genoese merchants trading in the Black Sea. From here it reached Sicily in October that same year, and by early 1348 it had spread over the entire Italian mainland. It spread rapidly through France, and had reached as far north as Paris by June 1348. Moving simultaneously westward, it arrived in the English province of Gascony around the same time.

This is a document about Black Death in England
  The Black Death was a bubonic plague pandemic, which reached England in June 1348. It was the first and most severe manifestation of the second pandemic, caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria. The term Black Death was not used until the late 17th century. Originating in Asia, it spread west along the trade routes across Europe and arrived on the British Isles from the English province of Gascony. The plague was spread by flea-infected rats, as well as individuals who had been infected on the continent. Rats were the reservoir hosts of the Y. pestis bacteria and the Oriental rat flea was the primary vector. The first-known case in England was a seaman

This is a document about 1629–1631 Italian plague
  north into Tyrol, an alpine region of western Austria and northern Italy. Later outbreaks of bubonic plague in Italy occurred in the city of Florence in 1630–1633 and the areas surrounding Naples, Rome and Genoa in 1656–57. Population before the plague and death toll, selected cities: A 2019 study found that the plague of 1629–1631 led to lower growth in several cities affected by the plague and "caused long‐lasting damage to the size of Italian urban populations and to urbanization rates. These findings support the hypothesis that seventeenth‐century plagues played a fundamental role in triggering the process of relative decline of the Italian economies."

This is a document about Mass grave
  The bubonic plague outbreak existed in three pandemic waves and is known as the Black Death. In the 1300s alone, an estimated 20–30 million people were killed in Europe and approximately 12 million people were killed in China. These deaths were at least 30 percent of the European population at that time. The last major outbreak of the bubonic plague occurred in London from 1665–1666 and is known as The Great Plague. In March 2013, a plague pit of 25 skeletons was found in a 5.5 meter-wide shaft during the construction of a new railroad in London. The skeletons were neatly lined up in two rows and were about 8 feet underground. Samples from 12 corpses were taken and forensic analysis confirmed traces of DNA from Yersinia pestis.

This is a document about Black Death
  The Black Death (also known as the Pestilence, the Great Mortality or the Plague) was a bubonic plague pandemic occurring in Afro-Eurasia from 1346 to 1353. It is the most fatal pandemic recorded in human history, causing the death of 75–200 million people in Eurasia and North Africa, peaking in Europe from 1347 to 1351. Bubonic plague is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis spread by fleas, but it can also take a secondary form where it is spread person-to-person contact via aerosols causing septicaemic or pneumonic plagues. The Black Death was the beginning of the second plague pandemic. The plague created religious, social and economic upheavals, with profound effects on

This is a document about Great Plague of Vienna
  What has become known as the "Great Plague of Vienna", was actually only a subset of a much larger outbreak across Germany, Austria, Bohemia, and neighboring regions. This epidemic appears to have been carried into the region from two opposing directions. It had been raging in Western Europe for many years, traveling East by trade routes. The Great Plague of London of 1665–1666, which is believed to have originated from the Netherlands in the 1650s, killed around 100,000 people, and was the first major epidemic in a series of outbreaks. In 1666 a severe plague raged in Cologne and on the Rhine, which was prolonged until 1670 in the district. In the Netherlands, there was a plague in 1667–1669, but there are no definite notices of it after 1672. France saw its

The bubonic plague is believed to have started in Europe through the port of Genoa in Italy, where infected rats or their fleas were introduced from the Crimea in 1347.


Question: when did smart phones first hit the market

Answer: 1999

This is a document about Feature phone
  The first cellular phone, the Motorola DynaTAC released in 1984, is considered a basic mobile phone due to its inability to do anything more than making voice calls. Despite the introduction of smartphones in the mid-1990s, ignited with the August 1994 release of the IBM Simon, Nokia Communicator from 1996 on, and the BlackBerry range of handheld personal digital assistants (PDAs) from Research in Motion (RiM); feature phones enjoyed unchallenged popularity into the mid 2000s. In North America, smartphones, such as Palm and BlackBerry, were still considered a niche category for enterprise use. Outside North America, Nokia's Symbian devices had captured the early smartphone market, in which price was the only barrier to entry, and

This is a document about Digital media
  Motorola named Martin Cooper was the first person to make a phone call on April 3, 1973. He decided the first phone call should be to a rival telecommunications company saying "I'm speaking via a mobile phone". However the first commercial mobile phone was released in 1983 by Motorola. In the early 1990s Nokia came into succession, with their Nokia 1011 being the first mass-produced mobile phone. The Nokia Communicator 9000 became the first smartphone as it was inputed with an Intel 24 MHz CPU and had 8 MB of RAM. Smartphone users have increased by a lot over the years

This is a document about Mobile technology
  camera at a building while having the live feed open, and the phone will show text with the image of the building, and save its location for use in the future. The future of smartphones is ever-growing as smartphone technology is fairly new, existing only for the last two decades with the first one released in the market in 1994 by IBM. Currently, smartphones are ubiquitous, that many rely on as a tool for leisure, business, entertainment, productivity, and much more. There are currently 237 brands of smartphones with thousands of models combined, and these numbers are growing. Companies release smartphones for each use case and for different price segments. Over the

This is a document about Mobile interaction
  Tsutano).jpg iPhone]] ; 1) Convergence ; During this era, different types of specialized mobile devices started to converge into new types of hybrid devices with primarily different form factors and interaction designs. On 1992, the first device of such technique, the "smartphones" was introduced. The first smart phone was the IBM Simon and it was used for making phone calls, calendars, addresses, notes, e-mail, fax and games. ; 1) Divergence ; During the 2000s, a trend toward a single function many devices started to spread. the basic idea behind divergence is that specialized tools facilitate optimization of functionality over time and enhancement of use. The most famous device of this era was the Apple iPod on 2001. ; 1) Apps ;

This is a document about History of the Internet
  popular mobile phone application is texting, of which 2.1 trillion messages were logged in 2020. The texting phenomenon began on December 3, 1992 when Neil Papworth sent the first text message of “Merry Christmas” over a commercial cell phone network to the CEO of Vodafone. The first mobile phone with Internet connectivity was the Nokia 9000 Communicator, launched in Finland in 1996. The viability of Internet services access on mobile phones was limited until prices came down from that model, and network providers started to develop systems and services conveniently accessible on phones. NTT DoCoMo in Japan launched the first mobile Internet service, i-mode, in 1999 and this is

This is a document about Personal digital assistant
  to the Apple Newton. In 1994, IBM introduced the first PDA with analog cellular phone functionality, the IBM Simon, which can also be considered the first smartphone. Then in 1996, Nokia introduced a PDA with digital cellphone functionality, the 9000 Communicator. Another early entrant in this market was Palm, with a line of PDA products which began in March 1996. Palm would eventually be the dominant vendor of PDAs until the rising popularity of Pocket PC devices in the early 2000s. By mid-2000s most PDAs had morphed into smartphones as classic PDAs without cellular radios were increasingly becoming uncommon.

This is a document about Mobile phone features
  Google and the Open Handset Alliance to create an open competitor to other major smartphone platforms of the time (Mainly Symbian operating system, BlackBerry OS, and iOS)-The operating system offered a customizable graphical user interface and a notification system showing a list of recent messages pushed from apps. The most commonly used data application on mobile phones is SMS text messaging. The first SMS text message was sent from a computer to a mobile phone in 1992 in the UK, while the first person-to-person SMS from phone to phone was sent in Finland in 1993. The first mobile news service, delivered via SMS, was launched in Finland

This is a document about Smartphone
   In the early 1990s, IBM engineer Frank Canova realised that chip-and-wireless technology was becoming small enough to use in handheld devices. The first commercially available device that could be properly referred to as a "smartphone" began as a prototype called "Angler" developed by Canova in 1992 while at IBM and demonstrated in November of that year at the COMDEX computer industry trade show. A refined version was marketed to consumers in 1994 by BellSouth under the name Simon Personal Communicator. In addition to placing and receiving cellular calls, the touchscreen-equipped Simon could send and receive faxes and emails. It included an address book, calendar, appointment scheduler, calculator, world time clock, and notepad, as well as other visionary mobile applications such as maps,

This is a document about Mobile phone
  are referred to as smartphones. The development of metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) large-scale integration (LSI) technology, information theory and cellular networking led to the development of affordable mobile communications. The first handheld mobile phone was demonstrated by John F. Mitchell and Martin Cooper of Motorola in New York City in 1973, using a handset weighing c. 2 kilograms (4.4 lbs). In 1979, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) launched the world's first cellular network in Japan. In 1983, the DynaTAC 8000x was the first commercially available handheld mobile phone. From 1983 to 2014, worldwide mobile phone subscriptions grew to over seven billion; enough to provide one for every person on Earth. In the first quarter of 2016, the top smartphone developers worldwide were Samsung, Apple and Huawei; smartphone sales represented 78 percent of total mobile phone sales. For feature phones (slang: "dumbphones"), the top-selling brands were Samsung, Nokia and Alcatel.

This is a document about Digital Revolution
  were nearly twice as likely to own one at 15.3% (middle and upper middle class households were the most likely to own one, at 22.9%). By 1989, 15% of all U.S. households owned a computer, and nearly 30% of households with children under the age of 18 owned one. By the late 1980s, many businesses were dependent on computers and digital technology. Motorola created the first mobile phone, Motorola DynaTac, in 1983. However, this device used analog communication - digital cell phones were not sold commercially until 1991 when the 2G network started to be opened in Finland to accommodate the unexpected demand for cell

This is a document about Virtual office
  continents in near-real time. ; 2000:The first Symbian phone, the touchscreen Ericsson R380 Smartphone, was released in 2000, and was the first device marketed as a "smartphone". It combined a PDA with a mobile phone. ; 2003:Skype is released to the public, allowing free IP-based communications using microphone, webcam and instant messaging to individual consumers. ; 2005:The official first "Coworking space" opened in San Francisco by Brad Neuberg. That same year, the first Impact Hub coworking space launched in London. ; 2006:Frank Cottle introduced the concept of wholesaling virtual offices and services to third-party retailers. This launched an influx of virtual office companies that still operate today. The concept of

This is a document about Telephone
  a few customers, these systems were quickly replaced by manually operated centrally located switchboards. These exchanges were soon connected together, eventually forming an automated, worldwide public switched telephone network. For greater mobility, various radio systems were developed for transmission between mobile stations on ships and automobiles in the mid-20th century. Hand-held mobile phones were introduced for personal service starting in 1973. In later decades, their analog cellular system evolved into digital networks with greater capability and lower cost. Convergence has given most modern cell phones capabilities far beyond simple voice conversation. Most are smartphones, integrating all mobile communication and many computing needs.

This is a document about History of the Internet
  the birth of the mobile phone Internet services. In 2001, the mobile phone email system by Research in Motion (now BlackBerry Limited) for their BlackBerry product was launched in America. To make efficient use of the small screen and tiny keypad and one-handed operation typical of mobile phones, a specific document and networking model was created for mobile devices, the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP). Most mobile device Internet services operate using WAP. The growth of mobile phone services was initially a primarily Asian phenomenon with Japan, South Korea and Taiwan all soon finding the majority of their Internet users accessing resources by phone rather than by PC. Developing countries

This is a document about Mass media
  Mobile phones were introduced in Japan in 1979 but became a mass media only in 1998 when the first downloadable ringing tones were introduced in Finland. Soon most forms of media content were introduced on mobile phones, tablets and other portable devices, and today the total value of media consumed on mobile vastly exceeds that of internet content, and was worth over $31 billion in 2007 (source Informa). The mobile media content includes over $8 billion worth of mobile music (ringing tones, ringback tones, truetones, MP3 files, karaoke, music videos, music streaming services etc.); over $5 billion worth of mobile gaming; and

This is a document about Feature phone
  offered smartphones across all feasible price segments. In the mid-2000s, phone makers such as Nokia and Motorola enjoyed record sales of feature phones. In developed economies, fashion and brand loyalty drove sales, as markets had matured and people moved to their second and third phones. In the United States, technological innovation with regard to expanded functionality was a secondary consideration, as phone designs there centred on miniaturisation. However, consumer-oriented smartphones such as the iPhone and those running Android fundamentally changed the market, with Steve Jobs proclaiming in 2007 that "the phone was not just a communication tool but a way of life". Existing feature phone operating systems at the time, such as Symbian, were

This is a document about Mobile commerce
  and Andrew Tobin at Logica won the 1998 Financial Times award for "most innovative mobile product," in a solution implemented with De La Rue, Motorola and Logica. The Financial Times commended the solution for "turning mobile commerce into a reality." The trademark for m-Commerce was filed on 7 April 2008. In 1998, the first sales of digital content as downloads to mobile phones were made possible when the first commercial downloadable ringtones were launched in Finland by Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Oyj). Two major national commercial platforms for mobile commerce were launched in 1999: Smart Money in the Philippines, and NTT DoCoMo's i-Mode Internet service

This is a document about Mobile advertising
  Martin Cooper invented a portable handset in 1973, when he was a project manager at Motorola. It was almost three decades after the idea of cellular communications was introduced by Bell Laboratories. Two decades later, cellular phones made a commercial debut in the mass market in the early 1990s. In the early days of cellular handsets, phone functionality was limited to dialing, and voice input/output. When the second generation of mobile telecoms (so-called 2G) was introduced in Finland by Radiolinja (now Elisa) on the GSM standard (now the world's most common mobile technology with over 2 billion users) in 1991, the digital technology introduced data services. SMS text messaging was the first such service. The first person-to-person SMS text message was

This is a document about History of mobile phones
  ring tone, launched by Finland's Radiolinja (now Elisa). Advertising on the mobile phone first appeared in Finland when a free daily SMS news headline service was launched in 2000, sponsored by advertising. Mobile payments were trialed in 1998 in Finland and Sweden where a mobile phone was used to pay for a Coca-Cola vending machine and car parking. Commercial launches followed in 1999 in Norway. The first commercial payment system to mimic banks and credit cards was launched in the Philippines in 1999 simultaneously by mobile operators Globe and Smart. The first full internet service on mobile phones was introduced by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in 1999.

This is a document about History of mobile phones
  Mobile telephones for automobiles became available from some telephone companies in the 1940s. Early devices were bulky, consumed large amounts of power, and the network supported only a few simultaneous conversations. Modern cellular networks allow automatic and pervasive use of mobile phones for voice and data communications. In the United States, engineers from Bell Labs began work on a system to allow mobile users to place and receive telephone calls from automobiles, leading to the inauguration of mobile service on June 17, 1946 in St. Louis, Missouri. Shortly after, AT&T offered Mobile Telephone Service. A wide range of mostly incompatible mobile telephone services offered limited coverage area and

This is a document about Millicom
  royalty from Racal-Millicom, a controlling shareholder, Stenbeck commissioned a startup with three employees, Technophone, to develop the world's first pocket-sized mobile phone. Highlighting its plans to offer the Voice and Data phone (predecessor to the smartphone), his Racal-Millicom joint-venture was renamed Vodafone. On 12 October 1983, Millicom Inc. created China Telecom Systems (HK), a joint-venture with partners China Resources Ltd. and Comvik, a Swedish mobile firm also controlled by Jan Stenbeck. China Telecom Systems (HK) held the first cellular telephone contract in China, making its service available to the public on 20 May 1985. In December 1989, Millicom set up

The first smartphone, the IBM Simon, was released in 1993. However, the term "smartphone" and the widespread use of smartphones as we know them today did not become common until the late 1990s and early 2000s.


Question: who sang the angel in your arms this morning

Answer: Barbara Mandrell

This is a document about Angel in Your Arms
 Lynn Anderson (I Love What Love Is Doing to Me 1977), ; Red Hurley (as "The Angel in Your Arms") (With Love 1978) ; Millie Jackson (Feelin' Bitchy 1977) ; Reba McEntire (Reba McEntire 1977) ; Billie Jo Spears (I Will Survive 1979). ; In the UK, where the Hot original had had an unsuccessful April 1977 release, "Angel in Your Arms" was recorded in 1979 by veteran vocalist Carol Deene who had been inactive for some years: Deene's version, released on her own Koala label, failed to effect a chart comeback. ; "Angel in Your Arms" was one of a number of tracks recorded in the spring of 2009 at Muscle Shoals Sound Studio by Queen Emily; Wolf Stephenson produced the sessions which featured Clayton Ivey on keyboards. The Queen Emily album was released in the UK in December 2010. ; A Finnish rendering: "Älä Kysy Kuka On Sylissäin", was recorded by Vicky for her 1978 album Tee Mulle Niin. "Angel in Your Arms" has also been recorded by:

This is a document about Angel in Your Arms
  "I Heard It on the Radio" (#71 C&W) and the duet with Lobo: "Paint the Town Blue" (#54 C&W). ; Barbara Mandrell, who had scored a 1982 #1 C&W hit with Brasfield's "Till You're Gone", recorded "Angel in Your Arms" in June 1985 in Nashville to serve as an advance single from the album Get to the Heart, marking the first newly recorded release by Mandrell after her 11 September 1984 automobile accident. A thematic return by Mandrell to the connubial concerns prevalent in her early hits, including her 1978 career record "(If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right", "Angel in Your Arms" reached #8 C&W.

This is a document about In the Arms of an Angel
  In the Arms of an Angel is the debut studio album by Scottish singer Nicholas McDonald, who finished as the runner-up on the tenth series of The X Factor in 2013. It was released through RCA Records on 17 March 2014. The album has peaked to number 6 on the UK Albums Chart. Consisting mostly of covers, the album was recorded over a seven-day period in January 2014. The album's title comes from the line "you're in the arms of the angel", from the Sarah McLachlan song "Angel", which is one of the songs McDonald covered for the album. The lead single "Answerphone" was released on 16 March 2014, a day before the album. "Answerphone" is one of just three original songs on the album—the others are "Smile" and "Solid Gold".

This is a document about Angel (Sarah McLachlan song)
  "Angel" is a song by Canadian singer-songwriter Sarah McLachlan. The song first appeared on McLachlan's fourth studio album, Surfacing, in 1997 and was released as the album's fourth and final single the following year. The lyrics are about the death of Jonathan Melvoin (1961–1996), the Smashing Pumpkins' touring keyboard player, from a heroin overdose, as McLachlan explained on VH1 Storytellers. It is sometimes mistitled as "In the Arms of an Angel" or "Arms of the Angel". "Angel" was McLachlan's second consecutive top-five hit on the US Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number four. It also spent 12 weeks at number one on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart, placing as the number-one song on that chart for 1999. In McLachlan's native Canada, it reached number seven on the RPM Top Singles chart and number three on the Adult Contemporary chart. Outside North America, the song has charted in several countries in the years following its release, including reaching number seven in Ireland in 2002 and number nine in Norway in 2008.

This is a document about Hot (American vocal group)
  Ivey was the keyboardist and Mac McAnally played guitar. "Angel in Your Arms," which Ivey and Woodford had written with local songwriter Tommy Brasfield, was given to the group to record after Gwen Owens asked if they could record a C&W song. Picked up by Big Tree Records for release, "Angel in Your Arms" broke in Florida in February 1977, debuting that month on the Billboard Hot 100 at #97, gradually accruing sufficient airplay to enter the Pop Top 40 that April and proceed to number 6 that July. The track also charted R&B (#29) and Easy Listening (#9). Certified a RIAA certification gold record for U.S. sales of one million units, "Angel in Your Arms" was also a hit for Hot in Australia (#27), Canada (#3), and New Zealand (#7).

This is a document about Angel in Your Arms
 The success of Hot with "Angel in Your Arms" brought an expedient cover aimed at the C&W market by Vivian Bell, a March 1977 release which failed to become a major hit with a #71 C&W peak. ; Robin Lee recorded "Angel in Your Arms" in late 1982, the track originally serving as B-side of her inaugural single release "Turning Back the Covers" (#81 C&W): the single was re-released December 1982 with "Angel in Your Arms" as the A-side and as such more successful though still not a major hit with a #54 C&W peak. ; "Angel in Your Arms" subsequently served as the B-side for two single releases by

This is a document about Angel in Your Arms
  Although "Angel in Your Arms" belongs to the tradition of cheating songs prevalent in C&W music, the song was introduced by pop/R&B act Hot on their self-titled debut album, recorded 1976 at Wishbone Studios in Muscle Shoals, Alabama with Wishbone's owners Clayton Ivey and Terrence (Terry) Woodford producing. It was Hot's lead singer Gwen Owens who requested the group be given a C&W song, and Ivey and Woodford obliged with "Angel in Your Arms" whose third co-writer was Muscle Shoals resident Tom/Tommy Brasfield. Although Hot was officially a trio consisting of Owens, Cathy Carson and Juanita Curiel, Owens has stated that she recorded "Angel in Your Arms" with only Carson as background vocalist as Irene Cathaway, with whom Owens and Carson had been performing and who was expected to record with them at Muscle Shoals, was a no-show at the recording studio, and "Angel in Your Arms" was recorded prior to the recruitment of Curiel as Cathaway's replacement. Ivey played keyboards on Hot's recording of "Angel in Your Arms", which featured Mac McAnally on guitar. At the time of Hot's success with their single version, the group also recorded a Spanish-language version entitled "Angel en Tus Brazos".

This is a document about Dreamchaser
 "Angel" was originally recorded by Jerry Burns and Sally Herbert for the soundtrack of the 2001 film Crush. ; "One Day Like This" was originally recorded by Elbow for their 2008 album The Seldom Seen Kid. ; "Glosoli" was originally recorded by Sigur Rós for their 2005 album Takk.... While the song was originally sung in Icelandic, Brightman's version features entirely new English lyrics written by Chris Difford of the band Squeeze. ; "Lento e Largo" is an extract from Henryk Górecki's Symphony No. 3. ; "Breathe Me" was originally recorded by Sia for her 2004 album Colour the Small One. ; "Ave Maria" is an interpretation of "Ave Maria,

This is a document about Juice Newton
  Heart. This marks the first time these albums have been available in the CD format. With the release of this set, all Newton's 17 studio albums have been issued on CD. In the 2016 film Deadpool, Juice Newton's version of "Angel of The Morning" was used for the opening credits montage. As a result, the track re-charted on the Billboard Country chart, reaching #43, and also hit #3 on Spotify's World Music chart. In 2021, Juice Newton's version of "Angel of The Morning" was featured in the critically acclaimed, Oscar-winning film Promising Young Woman. Newton's recording is played for longer than four minutes during the film's climactic scene.

This is a document about Angel in Your Arms
  Picked up by Big Tree Records, "Angel in Your Arms" accrued sufficient airplay to by February 1977 to enter the Billboard Hot 100, entering the Pop Top 40 that April to peak that July at #6; the track also charted R&B (#29) and Easy Listening (#9). Billboard ranked it as the No. 5 song for 1977. Certified a gold record for U.S. sales of one million units, "Angel in Your Arms" was also a hit for Hot in Australia (#27), Canada (#3) and New Zealand (#7).

This is a document about Flipped (2010 film)
 1) "Pretty Little Angel Eyes” – Curtis Lee ; 2) "One Fine Day" – The Chiffons ; 3) "He's So Fine" – The Chiffons ; 4) "Chantilly Lace" – Big Bopper ; 5) "There Goes My Baby" – The Drifters ; 6) "You've Really Got a Hold on Me" – The Miracles ; 7) "Devoted to You" – The Everly Brothers ; 8) "A Teenager in Love" – Dion and the Belmonts ; 9) "When" – The Kalin Twins ; 10) "Let It Be Me" – Phil Everly ; 11) "What's Your Name" – Rob Reiner, Michael Christopher Bolten, and Shane Harper [Org: Don & Juan] ; 12) "Flipped Suite" – Marc Shaiman

This is a document about Angel in Your Arms
  "Angel in Your Arms" is a song composed by Herbert Clayton Ivey, Terrence Woodford and Tom Brasfield, which was a 1977 Top Ten hit for Hot and also a Top Ten C&W 1985 hit for Barbara Mandrell.

This is a document about Here in My Arms
 Lee Wiley - originally recorded in 1940 for a 78rpm album Lee Wiley - Rodgers and Hart Album and later included in the compilations Hot House Rose (1996) and Legendary Song Stylist (1999). ; Doris Day - for her album Tea for Two (1950). Doris Day also performed the  song in the film Tea for Two (1950). ; Don Cherry - a single release in 1950. ; Ella Fitzgerald included this song on her 1957 Verve 2-record set: Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Rodgers and Hart Songbook with a lush orchestra conducted by Buddy Bregman. ; "Here in My Arms" was one of four songs (along with "Glad to Be Unhappy", "My

This is a document about It's a Good Day
  Great Day. The song was also sung on November 8, 1963 by Judy Garland on The Judy Garland Show and included in the album "Just for Openers". It was also lip-synch performed by Susan Hayward portraying injured vocalist Jane Froman in the 1952 musical biopic With a Song in My Heart, with the non-singer Hayward's vocal recorded by Froman herself. It has been most recently recorded by Susie Arioli for her 2004 album "That's for Me". Country music superstar Kenny Rogers recorded the song in 1962 when he was a member of a jazz trio fronted by Bobby Doyle. The group split in 1965, but reunited for a live performance of the song 30 years later. Country swing band Asleep at the Wheel recorded the song with country legend Leon Rausch for their 2010 album of the same name.

This is a document about When the Girl in Your Arms Is the Girl in Your Heart
  in Your Arms..." was not given a US release concurrent with its UK charting, as ABC-Parmamount felt it prudent to await the American opening of the track's parent movie The Young Ones. Connie Francis heard Richard's hit while visiting the UK and in an unusual move Francis - whose singles were typically remakes of traditional pop standards or original material - covered Richard's UK hit in a 2 November 1961 session in New York City produced by Arnold Maxin with Don Costa as arranger/conductor. Entitled "When the Boy in Your Arms (Is the Boy in Your Heart)", Francis' version reached #10 on the Billboard Hot 100 in January 1962 and #8 in Cash Box. The

This is a document about Malcolm Vaughan
  "My Loving Arms" (1958) UK No. 14 ; "Ev'ry Hour Ev'ry Day of My Life" / "Miss You" (1958) ; "More Than Ever" ("Come prima") / "A Night to Remember" (1958) UK No. 5 ; "Wait for Me" (Ti dirò) / "Willingly" (1959) UK No. 13 ; "You'll Never Walk Alone" / "The Holy City" (1959) ; "Oh So Wunderbar" / "For Everyone in Love" (1960) ; "My Love For You" / "Lady of Spain" (1960) ; "There's No Other Love" / "Dolce Vita" (1961) ; "The Wedding" / "Guardian Angel" (1961) ; "This Side of Heaven" / "The Love of a Lifetime" (1963) All chart hits were on the His Master's Voice label.

This is a document about List of Billboard Adult Contemporary number ones of 1999
  spot for the first nine weeks of the year to finish with a total of twelve consecutive weeks atop the chart. It was the only AC number one of the year to also top Billboards all-genre listing, the Hot 100. In the issue dated March 6, the track was displaced from the top of the AC chart by "Angel" by Canadian singer Sarah McLachlan, which also spent twelve consecutive weeks at number one. McLachlan's song was replaced at number one in the issue dated May 29 by "You'll Be in My Heart" by British singer Phil Collins. Taken from the soundtrack

This is a document about New Zealand Idol (season 1)
 Ngahekenga Growcott – "The Voice Within" by Christina Aguilera ; Gemma Russell – "Ain't No Mountain High Enough" by Marvin Gaye & Tammi Terrell ; Inangaro Tangianau – "Everything Is Everything" by Lauryn Hill ; Sam Cowley-Lupo – "Unchained Melody" by The Righteous Brothers Jessie Cassin – "Angel" by Sarah McLachlan ; Luke Whaanga – "The Greatest Love of All" by Whitney Houston ; Dave Houma – "Yesterday Once More" by The Carpenters ; Michael Murphy – "Drive" by Incubus   Advancing to the Top 10: Luke Whaanga, Dave Houma and Michael Murphy Wildcard Contender: Jessie Cassin

This is a document about Angel of the Morning
  launched, in 1981. In the UK, this recording reached No. 43 on the UK Singles Chart, marking the song's third appearance on that chart without becoming a truly major hit. Newton recorded the song again in 1998 for her The Trouble with Angels album. The song "Angel", released by reggae artist Shaggy, heavily samples the melody of "Angel of the Morning". It reached No. 1 on the Billboard  Hot 100 for the week ending March 31, 2001. Swedish singer Jill Johnson released "Angel of the Morning", with lyrics in English, in 2007 from her album of cover versions, Music Row. This version peaked at No. 30 at the Swedish singles chart.

This is a document about Journey South
 "Something About the Way You Look Tonight" (Elton John) – 15 October ; "Desperado" (The Eagles) – 22 October ; "Angel of Harlem" (U2) – 29 October ; "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" – 5 November ; "Livin' on a Prayer" (Bon Jovi) – 12 November ; "Angels" (Robbie Williams) – 19 November ; "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For" (U2) – 26 November ; "Candle in the Wind" (Elton John) – 3 December ; "Bad Day" (Daniel Powter) – 3 December ; "Let it Be" (The Beatles) – 11 December ; "You're in My Heart" (Rod Stewart) – 11 December ; "Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me" (Elton John & George Michael) – 17 December ; "Happy Xmas (War Is Over)" – 17 December ; "Let It Be" (The Beatles) – 17 December

The song "Angel in Your Arms" was recorded by various artists including Reba McEntire, Carol Deem, Millie Jackson, Lynn Anderson, Hurricane Smith, and Colin McAllister. The version you're asking about specifically is the one by Reba McEntire, which was released in 1985.


Question: list of chapters in a book is called

Answer: Table of contents

This is a document about Chapter (books)
  Many novels of great length have chapters. Non-fiction books, especially those used for reference, almost always have chapters for ease of navigation. In these works, chapters are often subdivided into sections. Larger works with a lot of chapters often group them in several 'parts' as the main subdivision of the book. The chapters of reference works are almost always listed in a table of contents. Novels sometimes use a table of contents, but not always. If chapters are used they are normally numbered sequentially; they may also have titles, and in a few cases an epigraph or prefatory quotation. In older novels it was a common practice to summarise the content of each chapter in the table of contents and/or in the beginning of the chapter.

This is a document about Musashi (novel)
  Chapters per book

This is a document about Invariances
  The book is divided into sections, each comprising several chapters, bearing the following titles.

This is a document about Chapter (books)
   A chapter (capitula in Latin; sommaires in French) is any of the main thematic divisions within a writing of relative length, such as a book of prose, poetry, or law. A chapter book may have multiple chapters that respectively comprise discrete topics or themes. In each case, chapters can be numbered, titled, or both. An example of a chapter that has become well known is "Down the Rabbit-Hole", which is the first chapter from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.

This is a document about Vox Clamantis
  All books are divided into chapters. Each chapter is preceded by a prose heading which summarizes the chapter. Three books have prologues.

This is a document about Chapter book
 Flat Stanley (1964) by Jeff Brown ; Busybody Nora (1976) by Johanna Hurwitz A chapter book or chapterbook is a story book intended for intermediate readers, generally age 7–10. Unlike picture books for beginning readers, a chapter book tells the story primarily through prose rather than pictures. Unlike books for advanced readers, chapter books contain plentiful illustrations. The name refers to the fact that the stories are usually divided into short chapters, which provide readers with opportunities to stop and resume reading if their attention spans are not long enough to finish the book in one sitting. Chapter books are usually works of fiction of moderate length and complexity. Examples of "chapter books" include: The New York Times Best Seller list of Children's Chapter Books has included books with intended audience age ranges from 6 to 12 and up. This may reflect a straightforward interpretation of "chapter books" as those books directed at children that are long enough to include chapters. However, some publishers such as Scholastic Corporation and Harper Collins include the phrase "chapter book" in series titles aimed specifically at younger or beginning readers, including the I Can Read! series and the Magic School Bus series.

This is a document about Book design
  sometimes called modules. The numbering of the chapters can begin again at the start of every module. In educational books, especially, the chapters are often called units. The Lord of the Rings has three parts (either in one volume each, or in a single volume), with each part containing two books, each containing, in turn, multiple chapters. ; The Christian Bible (usually bound as a single volume) comprises two "testaments" (which might more typically be described as "parts", and differ in length by a factor of three or four), each containing dozens of books of varying lengths. In turn, each book (except for the shortest) contains multiple chapters, which are traditionally divided (for purposes of citation) into "verses" each containing roughly one independent clause. The structure of

This is a document about Outline of books
  the book, the pages often collected or folded into signatures; the pages are usually numbered sequentially, and often divided into chapters. Chapters may also have titles, and in a few cases an epigraph or prefatory quotation. ; Back matter – also known as end matter is the final section of the book it can contain a number of items ; Epilogue – a piece of writing at the end of the a book which brings closure to the work. ; Afterword – a piece of writing covering the story of how the book came into being ; Appendix – supplemental addition

This is a document about Chapter (books)
  Many ancient books had neither word divisions nor chapter divisions. In ancient Greek texts, some manuscripts began to add summaries and make them into tables of contents with numbers, but the titles did not appear in the text, only their numbers. Some time in the fifth century CE, the practice of dividing books into chapters began. Jerome (d. 420) is said to use the term capitulum to refer to numbered chapter headings and index capitulorum to refer to tables of contents. Augustine did not divide his major works into chapters, but in the early sixth century Eugippius did. Medieval manuscripts often had no titles, only numbers in the text and a few words, often in red, following the number.

This is a document about Open Data Now
  The book is divided into two parts, each of which has chapters.

This is a document about Physics (Aristotle)
  The Physics is composed of eight books, which are further divided into chapters. This system is of ancient origin, now obscure. In modern languages, books are referenced with Roman numerals, standing for ancient Greek capital letters (the Greeks represented numbers with letters, e.g. A for 1). Chapters are identified by Arabic numerals, but the use of the English word "chapter" is strictly conventional. Ancient "chapters" (capita) are generally very short, often less than a page. Additionally, the Bekker numbers give the page and column (a or b) used in the Prussian Academy of Sciences' edition of Aristotle's works, instigated and managed by Bekker himself. These are evident in the 1831 2-volume edition. Bekker's line numbers may be given. These are often given, but unless the edition is the Academy's, they do match any line counts.

This is a document about Book embedding
  A book is a particular kind of topological space, also called a fan of half-planes. It consists of a single line ℓ, called the spine or back of the book, together with a collection of one or more half-planes, called the pages or leaves of the book, each having the spine as its boundary. Books with a finite number of pages can be embedded into three-dimensional space, for instance by choosing ℓ to be the z-axis of a Cartesian coordinate system and choosing the pages to be the k half-planes whose dihedral angle with respect to the xz-plane is an integer multiple of 2/k . A book drawing of a finite

This is a document about The English and Australian Cookery Book
  The book has 115 chapters, labeled by Roman numerals. Some are quite short (a page) and may be best thought of as categories, while others are much more lengthy. They are not listed in alphabetical order. As a sampling, the first dozen comprise I.Soups, II.Broths, III.Roasting, IV.Boiling, V.Baking, VI.Frying, VII.Broiling, VIII.Made dishes, IX.Sauces, X.Gravies, XI.The cook, and XII.Condiments.

This is a document about How to Read a Book
  How to Read a Book is divided into four parts, each consisting of several chapters.

This is a document about Beyond Freedom and Dignity
  The book is organized into nine chapters.

This is a document about O Pioneers!
  The book is divided into five parts, each of which has numerous chapters.

This is a document about Gimmick! (manga)
  Each chapter is called a "scene".

This is a document about Chapter (books)
  In ancient civilizations, books were often in the form of papyrus or parchment scrolls, which contained about the same amount of text as a typical chapter in a modern book. This is the reason chapters in recent reproductions and translations of works of these periods are often presented as "Book 1", "Book 2" etc. In the early printed era, long works were often published in multiple volumes, such as the Victorian triple decker novel, each divided into numerous chapters. Modern omnibus reprints will often retain the volume divisions. In some cases the chapters will be numbered consecutively all the way through, such that "Book 2" might begin with "Chapter 9", but in other cases the numbering might reset after each part (i.e., "Book 2, Chapter 1"). Even though the practice of dividing novels into separate volumes is rare in modern publishing, many authors still structure their works into "Books" or "Parts" and then subdivide them into chapters. A notable example of this is The Lord of the Rings which consists of six 'Books', each with a recognizable part of the story, although it is usually published in three volumes.

This is a document about Book
   A book is a medium for recording information in the form of writing or images, typically composed of many pages (made of papyrus, parchment, vellum, or paper) bound together and protected by a cover. The technical term for this physical arrangement is codex (plural, codices). In the history of hand-held physical supports for extended written compositions or records, the codex replaces its predecessor, the scroll. A single sheet in a codex is a leaf and each side of a leaf is a page. As an intellectual object, a book is prototypically a composition of such great length that it takes a considerable investment of time to compose and

This is a document about Abhidharmakośa-bhāsya
  The text is divided into the following chapters.

A table of contents or a list of chapters is called a "table of contents" or simply "contents" in a book. It provides a list of the chapters or sections in the book, often with page numbers for easy reference.


Question: who sings be prepared in the lion king

Answer: Kevin Cahoon

This is a document about Be Prepared (song)
  "Be Prepared" is a song written by Elton John and Tim Rice (music and lyrics, respectively) for the Disney animated feature film The Lion King (1994). The song was originally performed in the film by Jeremy Irons, with Whoopi Goldberg, Cheech Marin, and Jim Cummings providing supporting vocals; Cummings performed partial material for Scar after Irons' baritone voice gave out. The song is also featured in the 1997 Broadway musical The Lion King, with John Vickery, Kevin Cahoon, Stanley Wayne Mathis, and Tracy Nicole Chapman performing it in the original Broadway cast for the musical. Chiwetel Ejiofor performed an altered version of the song in the 2019 film adaptation.

This is a document about Friends on the Other Side
  sounds so amazing. Sequences like that, which are so wholly immersive, with the dialogue so crystal clear and the surround atmospherics at peak precision, are the sequences that will sway anyone towards the glories of the high definition format." Variety said the song was "sinister", and said it "recalls Scar's "Be Prepared" from The Lion King. FilmTracks said the song "steals the show, Keith David's performance a standout". It also notes "The melodies of the songs do carry over throughout the score, of which more than half an hour exists on Disney's album for the soundtrack. The themes of "Almost There," "Friends on the Other Side," and "Ma Belle Evangeline" carry most of the load". Yahoo.com described it

This is a document about Be Prepared (song)
  On February 3, 2019, Skyler Shuler of The DisInsider reported that "Be Prepared" would be one of the songs featured in the 2019 remake of The Lion King, directed by Jon Favreau. On June 24, 2019, the remake was confirmed to feature a reworked version of the song.

This is a document about Be Prepared (song)
  In Walt Disney World's Animal Kingdom's Festival of the Lion King, Kiume sings the song while the theater takes on a darker tone with the male dancers carrying spears and shields, while the female dancers dance with streamers. After Kiume sings the first verse, the solo hyena performer does a tribal dance with a fire torch. In the finale, when the snippet of "Be Prepared" is sung, the hyena comes back out but dances with blades.

This is a document about The Lion King (musical)
 1) "Circle of Life" – Faca Kulu, Lebo M, The Lion King Ensemble and Tsidii Le Loka ; 2) "Grasslands Chant" – The Lion King Ensemble ; 3) "The Morning Report" – Geoff Hoyle, Samuel E. Wright and Scott Irby-Ranniar ; 4) "The Lioness Hunt" – Lebo M and The Lion King Ensemble ; 5) "I Just Can't Wait to Be King" – Geoff Hoyle, Kajuana Shuford, Scott Irby-Ranniar and The Lion King Ensemble ; 6) "Chow Down" – Kevin Cahoon, Stanley Wayne Mathis and Tracy Nicole Chapman ; 7) "They Live in You" – Samuel E. Wright and The Lion King Ensemble ; 8) "Be Prepared" – John Vickery, Kevin Cahoon,

This is a document about Hoodwinked!
  Edwards considered too childish and described as being "in the vein of Saturday morning cartoons." This change required the scene to be re-animated and re-cut. "Be Prepared" was sung by Benjy Gaither and developed out of a practicality; the filmmakers wanted to introduce Japeth while the character is rocking back and forth on his horns, as though the horns are a rocking chair. However, they realized that this would make the horns too big to fit in a minecart later on in the film. As a solution, they came up with the gag of having the character switch his horns several times, and this led

This is a document about Scar (The Lion King)
  during 1934. According to Entertainment Weekly, the concept originated from a sketch by story artist Jorgen Klubien, in which Scar was depicted as Hitler. Although hesitant that then-Disney Animation chief Jeffrey Katzenberg would approve, the filmmakers ultimately decided to pursue it, describing the sequence as a "Triumph of the Will-style mock-Nuremberg rally." The St. Louis Post-Dispatch reviewed, "those goose-stepping hyenas seem a little much in hindsight," while Film School Rejects coined it a "hellish gathering." On February 3, 2019, Skyler Shuler of The DisInsider reported that "Be Prepared" would be one of the songs featured in the 2019 remake of The Lion King, directed by Jon Favreau. On June 24, 2019 Disney released the soundtrack's official track listing (which includes the song).

This is a document about Jim Cummings
  vocal problems during recording of the song "Be Prepared", Cummings replaced him on the remainder of the track along with providing the voice for Ed the hyena. He also provided Scar's voice in a brief nightmare sequence in The Lion King II: Simba's Pride. Cummings would later be hired as the singing double for Russell Means in Pocahontas, the speaking voice of Kekata in Pocahontas and the singing voice of Grigori Rasputin in Anastasia. In commercials, he voiced Smokey the Bear in several commercials, ads and promos from 1993 to 2006. Also in 2006 through 2008 he was the

This is a document about The Lion King
  for Sarabi. ; The three leaders of a clan of spotted hyenas who serve Scar were animated by Alex Kupershmidt and David Burgess. ; Whoopi Goldberg as Shenzi, the sassy and short-tempered female leader of the trio. ; Cheech Marin as Banzai, an aggressive and hot-headed hyena prone to complaining and acting on impulse. ; Jim Cummings as Ed, a dim-witted hyena who does not talk, only communicating through laughter. Cummings also voiced a mole that talks with Zazu and sang as Scar in place of Irons for certain lines of "Be Prepared". ; Zoe Leader as Sarafina, Nala's mother, who is shown briefly talking to Simba's mother, Sarabi.

This is a document about HalloWishes
  Wonderland) (Oliver Wallace / Ted Sears) ; "Heffalumps and Woozles" (from Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day) (The Sherman Brothers) ; "Pink Elephants On Parade" (from Dumbo) (Wallace / Ned Washington) ; "Who's Afraid of the Big, Bad Wolf?" (from The Three Little Pigs) (Churchill) ; Ursula's Spellbound Medley: ; Reprise of "Poor Unfortunate Souls" ; "Be Prepared" (from The Lion King) (Elton John / Tim Rice) ; "Court of Miracles" (from The Hunchback of Notre Dame) (Menken)× ; Jafar and Oogie Boogie's Medley: ; "Arabian Nights" (from Aladdin) (Menken)× ; "Oogie Boogie's Song" (from The Nightmare Before Christmas) (Elfman) ; Maleficent's Visit:† ; "Night on Bald Mountain" (from Fantasia; voice-over by Maleficent) (Modest Mussorgsky)×

This is a document about The Lion King II: Simba's Pride
  Ian Harrowell served as the supervising animator for Nuka. ; Jennifer Lien as Vitani, Zira's daughter and Nuka and Kovu's sister. Kevin Peaty served as the supervising animator for Vitani. ; Lacey Chabert voiced young Vitani while Crysta Macalush provided her singing voice. ; James Earl Jones as Mufasa, Simba's father, Kiara's grandfather, Nala's father-in-law and the previous King of the Pride Lands. ; Jim Cummings as Scar, Mufasa's younger brother, Sarabi's brother-in-law, Simba's uncle, Kiara's great-uncle, and Kovu's mentor who appears in a brief cameo. He was voiced by Jeremy Irons in the original film, but Cummings briefly provided the voice during a section of the song "Be Prepared."

This is a document about Kristle Murden
  Kristle Murden (born December 9, 1956), also known as Kristle Edwards, is an American singer-songwriter, musician, music producer, vocal coach, author and ordained minister. Murden is best known for her solo on the song "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" on Disney's animated film, The Lion King. She made her professional debut in 1979 singing the duet "I'll Be Thinking of You" with Andraé Crouch, for which Stevie Wonder played harmonica. She signed as a solo artist with Light Records, also in 1979. She was nominated for two Grammy awards: her solo album I Can't Let Go was nominated in 1980,  and in 1984, she was

This is a document about Scar (The Lion King)
  Scar sings the musical number "Be Prepared," written by songwriters Elton John and Tim Rice, while contemplating Mufasa's death plot and bringing the hyenas along. Described as the film's "darkest" song, a "pompous," "fascistic paean to usurpers," the musical sequence depicts the lion "as a big-cat fascist." According to Business Insider, in addition to loosely basing the character on Adolf Hitler to further emphasize Scar's tyranny, the filmmakers very much directly based his song "Be Prepared," which references Nazism by having Scar's army of hyenas goose step while addressing them from a high ledge – similar to the way in which Hitler would have from a balcony – in the Nazi propaganda film Triumph of the Will (1935), a film that documents Nazi

This is a document about The Lion King (2019 film)
  The Lion King is a 2019 American musical drama film directed and produced by Jon Favreau, written by Jeff Nathanson, and produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Fairview Entertainment. It is a photorealistic computer-animated remake of Disney's traditionally animated 1994 film of the same name. The film stars the voices of Donald Glover, Seth Rogen, Chiwetel Ejiofor, Alfre Woodard, Billy Eichner, John Kani, John Oliver, Florence Kasumba, Eric André, Keegan-Michael Key, JD McCrary, Shahadi Wright Joseph, and Beyoncé Knowles-Carter, as well as James Earl Jones reprising his role from the original film. The plot follows Simba, a young lion who must embrace his role as the rightful king of his homeland following the murder

This is a document about Be Our Guest
  The song appeared briefly in Jon Favreau's CGI remake of Disney's The Lion King, performed by Billy Eichner as Timon the meerkat. In order to distract the hyenas, Timon sat on top of Pumbaa the warthog (Seth Rogen) and sang the opening lines of the song, but only got to "Be our", and then screaming as the hyenas began to circle.

This is a document about Diana Ross Sings Songs from The Wiz
  Diana Ross Sings Songs from The Wiz is an album by Diana Ross, released by Motown Records/Universal on November 27, 2015. The album features Ross' versions of songs from the film version of the musical The Wiz, in which she starred along with Michael Jackson. The songs were originally recorded in 1978, produced by Ross, Suzanne de Passe and Grammy Award winner Lee Holdridge. Motown originally planned to release the album in 1979 (a year after the film's original soundtrack) but it was cancelled following low box office returns and highly negative critical response to the film. Ross recorded new versions of "Be a Lion" and "Home" for the album, together with

This is a document about The Lion King (2019 soundtrack)
  Billy Eichner. On February 3, 2019, it was reported that "Be Prepared" would be featured in the film as well. Favreau described the experience of "not trying to create new songs but trying to build on what people remember and love about the old ones" as something "really fun and formative". The score and the songs in the remake were influenced by the music featured in the Broadway version of The Lion King, as Favreau felt that "[Zimmer and John] really [explored] further what the roots of the music are [in the Broadway show]". Of the five songs of the original, the fate of "Be

This is a document about The Lion King
  The Lion King is a 1994 American animated musical drama film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures. It is the 32nd Disney animated feature film, and the fifth animated film produced during a period known as the Disney Renaissance. The Lion King was directed by Roger Allers and Rob Minkoff, produced by Don Hahn, and has a screenplay credited to Irene Mecchi, Jonathan Roberts, and Linda Woolverton. Its original songs were written by composer Elton John and lyricist Tim Rice, with a score by Hans Zimmer. The film features an ensemble voice cast that includes Matthew Broderick, James Earl Jones, Jeremy Irons, Jonathan Taylor

This is a document about Get Ready (New Order album)
  Credits adapted from the liner notes of Get Ready.

This is a document about Scar (The Lion King)
  with Simba's childhood friend and eventual love interest Nala, wanting the young lioness to rule alongside him as his queen and consequentially banishing the character when she refuses. This concept was to have been further explored during a reprise of Scar's song "Be Prepared", but both the idea and the song were ultimately completely removed from the film because they were deemed too "creepy". In addition to that, there was an ascend in which Scar was originally going to defeat Simba, and throw him off Pride Rock, before they are both engulfed by flames. This ending was cut for being far too dark for young viewers. To

The song "Be Prepared" in The Lion King has been performed by various artists including Jeremy Irons, Chiwetel Ejiofor, John Oliver, Stanley Tucci, Kevin Cahoon, and Tracy Nicole Chapman in the Broadway musical adaptation. In the original film, Jeremy Irons provided the singing voice for Scar, who sings the song.


Question: who is considered as the father of geometry

Answer: Euclid

This is a document about Timeline of ancient Greek mathematicians
  the diameters and distances of the Sun and the Moon as well as the Earth's diameter; his measurement of the diameter of the Sun was more accurate than Aristarchus', differing from the modern value by about half. ; Euclid (fl. 300 BC) is often referred to as the "founder of geometry" or the "father of geometry" because of his incredibly influential treatise called the Elements, which was the first, or at least one of the first, axiomatized deductive systems. ; Archimedes (c. 287) is considered to be the greatest mathematician of ancient history, and one of the greatest of all time. Archimedes anticipated

This is a document about List of geometers
 Baudhayana (fl. c. 800 BC) – Euclidean geometry, geometric algebra ; Manava (c. 750 BC–690 BC) – Euclidean geometry ; Thales of Miletus (c. 624 BC – c. 546 BC) – Euclidean geometry ; Pythagoras (c. 570 BC – c. 495 BC) – Euclidean geometry, Pythagorean theorem ; Zeno of Elea (c. 490 BC – c. 430 BC) – Euclidean geometry ; Hippocrates of Chios (born c. 470 – 410 BC) – first systematically organized Stoicheia – Elements (geometry textbook) ; Mozi (c. 468 BC – c. 391 BC) ; Plato (427–347 BC) ; Theaetetus (c. 417 BC – 369 BC) ; Autolycus of Pitane (360–c. 290 BC) – astronomy, spherical geometry ; Euclid (fl. 300 BC) – Elements, Euclidean geometry (sometimes called the "father of geometry") ; Apollonius of Perga (c. 262 BC – c. 190 BC) – Euclidean geometry, conic sections ; Archimedes (c. 287 BC – c. 212 BC) – Euclidean geometry ; Eratosthenes (c. 276 BC – c. 195/194 BC) – Euclidean geometry ; Katyayana (c. 3rd century BC) – Euclidean geometry

This is a document about Euclid
  Euclid ( – Eukleídēs, ; fl. 300 BC), sometimes called Euclid of Alexandria to distinguish him from Euclid of Megara, was a Greek mathematician, often referred to as the "founder of geometry" or the "father of geometry". He was active in Alexandria during the reign of Ptolemy I (323–283 BC). His Elements is one of the most influential works in the history of mathematics, serving as the main textbook for teaching mathematics (especially geometry) from the time of its publication until the late 19th or early 20th century. In the Elements, Euclid deduced the theorems of what is now called Euclidean geometry from a small set of axioms. Euclid also wrote works on perspective, conic sections, spherical geometry, number theory, and mathematical rigour.

This is a document about Euclid (spacecraft)
  Euclid emerged from two mission concepts that were proposed in response to the ESA Cosmic Vision 2015-2025 Call for Proposals, issued in March 2007: DUNE, the Dark Universe Explorer, and SPACE, the Spectroscopic All-Sky Cosmic Explorer. Both missions proposed complementary techniques to measure the geometry of the Universe, and after an assessment study phase, a combined mission resulted. The new mission concept was called Euclid, honouring the Greek mathematician Euclid of Alexandria (~300 BC) who is considered as the father of geometry. In October 2011, Euclid was selected by ESA's Science Programme Committee for implementation, and on 25 June 2012 it was formally adopted. ESA selected Thales Alenia Space, Italy for the construction of the satellite. Euclid is

This is a document about Culture of Greece
  rather than supernatural causes. Pythagoras was a mathematician often described as the "father of numbers"; it is believed that he had the pioneering insight into the numerical ratios that determine the musical scale, and the Pythagorean theorem is commonly attributed to him. Diophantus of Alexandria, in turn, was the "father of algebra". Many parts of modern geometry are based on the work of Euclid, while Eratosthenes was one of the first scientific geographers, calculating the circumference of the Earth and conceiving the first maps based on scientific principles. The Hellenistic period, following Alexander's conquests, continued and built upon this knowledge. Hipparchus is considered the pre-eminent

This is a document about Tyre, Lebanon
  successors and as a privilege continued to mint its own silver coins. While some of the trade in the Eastern Mediterranean diverted to Alexandria, Tyre profited from the developing Silk Road commerce. In terms of culture, "Tyre rapidly became Hellenized. Festivals in the Greek manner with offering of sacrifices, gymnastic contests, pageants and processions became part of the life of Tyre." Some Arabian authors claim that Tyre was the birth-place of Euclid, the "Father of Geometry" (c. 325 B.C.). Other famous scholars from Tyre during the Hellenistic period included the philosophers Diodorus of Tyre, Antipater of Tyre, and Apollonius of Tyre. In 275

This is a document about List of geometers
 Piero della Francesca (1415–1492) ; Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) – Euclidean geometry ; Jyesthadeva (c. 1500 – c. 1610) – Euclidean geometry, cyclic quadrilaterals ; Marin Getaldić (1568–1626) ; Johannes Kepler (1571–1630) – (used geometric ideas in astronomical work) ; Edmund Gunter (1581–1686) ; Girard Desargues (1591–1661) – projective geometry; Desargues' theorem ; René Descartes (1596–1650) – invented the methodology of analytic geometry, also called Cartesian geometry after him ; Pierre de Fermat (1607–1665) – analytic geometry ; Blaise Pascal (1623–1662) – projective geometry ; Giordano Vitale (1633–1711) ; Philippe de La Hire (1640–1718) – projective geometry ; Isaac Newton (1642–1727) – 3rd-degree algebraic curve ; Giovanni Ceva (1647–1734) – Euclidean geometry ; Johann Jacob Heber (1666–1727) – surveyor and geometer ; Giovanni Gerolamo Saccheri

This is a document about History of algebra
  Euclid (Greek: Εὐκλείδης) was a Greek mathematician who flourished in Alexandria, Egypt, almost certainly during the reign of Ptolemy I (323–283 BCE). Neither the year nor place of his birth have been established, nor the circumstances of his death. Euclid is regarded as the "father of geometry". His Elements is the most successful textbook in the history of mathematics. Although he is one of the most famous mathematicians in history there are no new discoveries attributed to him; rather he is remembered for his great explanatory skills. The Elements is not, as is sometimes thought, a collection of all Greek mathematical knowledge to its date; rather, it is an elementary introduction to it.

This is a document about Timeline of mathematics
  China, the earliest known work on Chinese geometry, the Mo Jing, is compiled. ; 310 BC – 230 BC – Greece, Aristarchus of Samos ; 390 BC – 310 BC – Greece, Heraclides of Pontus ; 380 BC – 320 BC – Greece, Menaechmus ; 300 BC – India, Jain mathematicians in India write the Bhagabati Sutra, which contains the earliest information on combinations. ; 300 BC – Greece, Euclid in his Elements studies geometry as an axiomatic system, proves the infinitude of prime numbers and presents the Euclidean algorithm; he states the law of reflection in Catoptrics, and he proves the

This is a document about History of geometry
   Geometry (from the ; geo- "earth", -metron "measurement") arose as the field of knowledge dealing with spatial relationships. Geometry was one of the two fields of pre-modern mathematics, the other being the study of numbers (arithmetic). Classic geometry was focused in compass and straightedge constructions. Geometry was revolutionized by Euclid, who introduced mathematical rigor and the axiomatic method still in use today. His book, The Elements is widely considered the most influential textbook of all time, and was known to all educated people in the West until the middle of the 20th century. In modern times, geometric concepts have been generalized to a high level of abstraction and complexity, and have been subjected to the methods of calculus and abstract algebra, so that many modern branches of the field are barely recognizable as the descendants of early geometry. (See Areas of mathematics and Algebraic geometry.)

This is a document about List of geometers
 Hero of Alexandria (c. AD 10–70) – Euclidean geometry ; Pappus of Alexandria (c. AD 290–c. 350) – Euclidean geometry, projective geometry ; Hypatia of Alexandria (c. AD 370–c. 415) – Euclidean geometry ; Brahmagupta (597–668) – Euclidean geometry, cyclic quadrilaterals ; Vergilius of Salzburg (c.700–784) – Irish bishop of Aghaboe, Ossory and later Salzburg, Austria; antipodes, and astronomy ; Al-Abbās ibn Said al-Jawharī (c. 800–c. 860) ; Thabit ibn Qurra (826–901) – analytic geometry, non-Euclidean geometry, conic sections ; Abu'l-Wáfa (940–998) – spherical geometry, non-Euclidean geometry ; Alhazen (965–c. 1040) ; Omar Khayyam (1048–1131) – algebraic geometry, conic sections ; Ibn Maḍāʾ (1116–1196)

This is a document about Of Alexandria
  Alexandria (c.150 - c. 215), a Christian theologian and the head of the noted Catechetical School of Alexandria ; Ctesibius of Alexandria (fl. 285–222 BC), a Greek inventor and mathematician in Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt. ; Cyril of Alexandria (c. 376 - 444), the Pope of Alexandria from 412 to 444. ; Cyrus of Alexandria (died about 641) a Melchite patriarch. ; Diophantus of Alexandria b. between 200 and 214 CE, d. between 284 and 298 CE), sometimes called "the father of algebra", an Alexandrian Greek mathematician. ; Euclid of Alexandria (fl 300BC), a Greek mathematician, often referred to as the "Father of Geometry". ; Saint Eulogius of Alexandria

This is a document about Timeline of ancient Greek mathematicians
  and enumerated the 13 Archimedean solids, which were later rediscovered by Johannes Kepler around 1620 A.D. ; Apollonius of Perga (c. 240) is known for his work on conic sections and his study of geometry in 3-dimensional space. He is considered one of the greatest ancient Greek mathematicians. ; Hipparchus (c. 190) is considered the founder of trigonometry and also solved several problems of spherical trigonometry. He was the first whose quantitative and accurate models for the motion of the Sun and Moon survive.  In his work On Sizes and Distances, he measured the apparent diameters of the Sun and Moon and their

This is a document about Sacred geometry
  The belief that a god created the universe according to a geometric plan has ancient origins. Plutarch attributed the belief to Plato, writing that "Plato said god geometrizes continually" (Convivialium disputationum, liber 8,2). In modern times, the mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss adapted this quote, saying "God arithmetizes". Johannes Kepler (1571–1630) believed in the geometric underpinnings of the cosmos. Harvard mathematician Shing-Tung Yau expressed a belief in the centrality of geometry in 2010: "Lest one conclude that geometry is little more than a well-calibrated ruler – and this is no knock against the ruler, which happens to be a technology I admire – geometry is one of the main avenues available to us for probing the universe. Physics and cosmology have been, almost by definition, absolutely crucial for making sense of the universe. Geometry's role in this may be less obvious, but is equally vital. I would go so far as to say that geometry not only deserves a place at the table alongside physics and cosmology, but in many ways it is the table."

This is a document about Geometry
  17th century, there were two important developments in geometry. The first was the creation of analytic geometry, or geometry with coordinates and equations, by René Descartes (1596–1650) and Pierre de Fermat (1601–1665). This was a necessary precursor to the development of calculus and a precise quantitative science of physics. The second geometric development of this period was the systematic study of projective geometry by Girard Desargues (1591–1661). Projective geometry studies properties of shapes which are unchanged under projections and sections, especially as they relate to artistic perspective. Two developments in geometry in the 19th century changed the way it had been studied previously. These were the discovery of non-Euclidean

This is a document about Physical geography
 Eratosthenes (276 – 194 BC) who invented the discipline of geography. He made the first known reliable estimation of the Earth's size. He is considered the father of mathematical geography and geodesy. ; Ptolemy (c. 90 – c. 168), who compiled Greek and Roman knowledge to produce the book Geographia. ; Abū Rayhān Bīrūnī (973 – 1048 AD), considered the father of geodesy. ; Ibn Sina (Avicenna, 980–1037), who formulated the law of superposition and concept of uniformitarianism in Kitāb al-Šifāʾ (also called The Book of Healing). ; Muhammad al-Idrisi (Dreses, 1100 – c. 1165), who drew the Tabula Rogeriana, the most accurate world map in pre-modern times. ; Piri Reis (1465 – c. 1554), whose Piri Reis map is the

This is a document about Outline of geography
 Eratosthenes (276 – 194 BC) – who made the first known reliable estimation of the Earth's size. He is considered the father of geodesy. ; Ptolemy (c. 90 – c. 168) – who compiled Greek and Roman knowledge to produce the book Geographia. ; Abū Rayhān Bīrūnī (973 – 1048 AD) – considered the father of geodesy. ; Ibn Sina (Avicenna, 980–1037) – whose observations in Kitab Al-Shifa contributed to later formulations of the law of superposition and concept of uniformitarianism. ; Muhammad al-Idrisi (Dreses, 1100 – c.1165) – who drew the Tabula Rogeriana, the most accurate world map in pre-modern times. ; Piri Reis (1465 – c.1554) – whose Piri Reis map is the oldest surviving world map to include the

This is a document about History of geometry
  In the early 17th century, there were two important developments in geometry. The first and most important was the creation of analytic geometry, or geometry with coordinates and equations, by René Descartes (1596–1650) and Pierre de Fermat (1601–1665). This was a necessary precursor to the development of calculus and a precise quantitative science of physics. The second geometric development of this period was the systematic study of projective geometry by Girard Desargues (1591–1661). Projective geometry is the study of geometry without measurement, just the study of how points align with each other. There had been some early work in this area by

This is a document about 290s BC
 Nan, Zhou dynasty king of China, r. 314–256 BC ; Mencius, Chinese Confucian philosopher ; Perunar killi, King of the Chola Empire, r. 316-286 BC ; Huai, King of Chu, r. 328–299 BC ; Qingxiang, King of Chu, r. 299–263 BC ; Qu Yuan, poet, scholar, and minister from Chu ; Ptolemy I, Pharaoh of Egypt, r. 305–285 BC ; Euclid of Alexandria, mathematician and "Father of Geometry" ; Onias I High-Priest of Israel, held position 320–280 BC ; Neoptolemus II, King of Epirus, r. 302–297 BC ; Pyrrhus I, King of Epirus, r. 307–302, 297–272 BC ; Pharnavaz I, King of Caucasian

This is a document about Tom Whiteside
  Whiteside wrote a 19-page non-technical account, Newton the Mathematician. In this essay he describes Newton's mathematical development starting in secondary school. Whiteside says that the most important influence on Newton's mathematical development was Book II of René Descartes's La Géométrie. Book II is devoted to a problem that had been considered and partly solved by Pappus of Alexandria and Apollonius of Perga. Descartes completely solved the problem, inventing new mathematics as needed. The problem is this: Given n lines L, with points P(L) on them, find the locus of points Q, such that the lengths of the line segments QP(C) satisfy certain conditions. For example, if n = 4, given lines a, b, c, and d and a point A on a, B on b, and

Euclid of Alexandria is considered the father of geometry due to his influential work "Elements," which served as the main textbook for teaching geometry for over two millennia.