Question: who starred in the french lieutenant 's woman

Answer: Jeremy Irons

This is a document about Ann Mollo
 The French Lieutenant's Woman (1981)

This is a document about Academy Award for Best Actress
 Meryl Streep as Sarah Woodruff and Anna in The French Lieutenant's Woman (1981)

This is a document about The French Lieutenant's Woman (film)
  The French Lieutenant's Woman is a 1981 British romantic drama film directed by Karel Reisz, produced by Leon Clore, and adapted by the playwright Harold Pinter. It is based on The French Lieutenant's Woman, a 1969 novel by John Fowles. The music score is by Carl Davis and the cinematography by Freddie Francis. The film stars Meryl Streep and Jeremy Irons. Other featured actors include Hilton McRae, Peter Vaughan, Colin Jeavons, Liz Smith, Patience Collier, Richard Griffiths, David Warner, Alun Armstrong, Penelope Wilton, and Leo McKern. The film received five Oscar nominations. Streep was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress, and Pinter for the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay.

This is a document about The French Lieutenant's Woman (film)
  of brilliant"> A mixed review by Pauline Kael described the novel as "a meditation on the romantic mystery women and sensual madwomen of Victorian fiction", explaining that "We never really get into the movie, because, as Sarah, Meryl Streep gives an immaculate, technically accomplished performance, but she isn't mysterious." Gary Arnold of The Washington Post wrote, "An unfailing pictorial treat, The French Lieutenant's Woman rivals last year's Tess as a handsome and evocative period production." As of March 2021, The French Lieutenant's Woman held a rating of 81% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 26 reviews. The film was the second highest-grossing British film for the year with theatrical rentals of £1,244,152, behind Chariots of Fire.

This is a document about The French Lieutenant's Woman (film)
  The film intercuts the stories of two romantic affairs. One is within a Victorian period drama involving a gentleman palaeontologist, Charles Smithson, and the complex and troubled Sarah Woodruff, known as "the French lieutenant's woman". The other affair is between the actors Mike and Anna, playing the lead roles in a modern filming of the story. In both segments, Jeremy Irons and Meryl Streep play the lead roles. John Fowles's The French Lieutenant's Woman had multiple endings, and the two parallel stories in the movie have different outcomes. In the Victorian story, Charles enters into an intensely emotional relationship with Sarah, an enigmatic and self-imposed exile he meets

This is a document about Meryl Streep
  imitate (although she's a great mimic in private). She transmits a sense of danger, a primal unease lying just below the surface of normal behavior." Streep denounced her fervent media coverage at the time as "excessive hype". The story within a story drama The French Lieutenant's Woman (1981) was Streep's first leading role. The film paired Streep with Jeremy Irons as contemporary actors, telling their modern story, as well as the Victorian era drama they were performing. Streep developed an English accent for the part, but considered herself a misfit for the role: " I couldn't help wishing that I was more beautiful". A

This is a document about Simon Thompson (make-up artist)
 The French Lieutenant's Woman (1981) ; Emma (1996) ; Titanic (1997)

This is a document about The French Lieutenant's Woman
  The French Lieutenant's Woman is a 1969 postmodern historical fiction novel by John Fowles. It was his third published novel, after The Collector (1963) and The Magus (1965). The novel explores the fraught relationship of gentleman and amateur naturalist Charles Smithson and Sarah Woodruff, the former governess and independent woman with whom he falls in love. The novel builds on Fowles' authority in Victorian literature, both following and critiquing many of the conventions of period novels. Following publication, the library magazine American Libraries described the novel as one of the "Notable Books of 1969". Subsequent to its initial popularity, publishers produced numerous editions and translated the novel into many languages; soon after

This is a document about The Life of Emile Zola
  Colonel Picquart (Henry O'Neill), the new chief of intelligence, discovers evidence implicating Major Walsin-Esterhazy (Robert Barrat), an infantry officer of Hungarian descent, as the spy. But Picquart is ordered by his superiors to remain silent to avert official embarrassment and he is quickly reassigned to a remote post. Four years have passed since Dreyfus's degradation. Finally, Dreyfus's loyal wife Lucie (Gale Sondergaard) pleads with Zola to take up her husband's cause. Zola is reluctant to give up a comfortable life, but she brings forth new evidence to pique his curiosity. He publishes an open letter, known as "J'accuse", in the newspaper L'Aurore accusing

This is a document about Confession (1929 film)
 Robert Ames as 1st Soldier ; Carroll Nye as 2nd Soldier ; Christiane Yves as 1st French Woman ; Yvonne Starke as 2nd French Woman

This is a document about Musicians of the Sky
 Michèle Morgan as Le lieutenant Saulnier ; Michel Simon as Le capitaine Simon ; René Lefèvre as Victor ; René Alexandre as Louis ; Auguste Bovério as Le commissaire ; Sylvette Saugé as La Louise ; Alexandre Rignault as Le grand Georges

This is a document about Maimie McCoy
 The French Lieutenant's Woman, Richmond Theatre, October 2006 (playing Mary/Girl/Catherine)

This is a document about Night Watch (1928 film)
 Billie Dove as Yvonne Corlaix ; Paul Lukas as Captain Corlaix ; Donald Reed as Lieutenant D'Artelle ; Nicholas Soussanin as Officer Brambourg ; Nicholas Bela as Leduc ; George Periolat as Fargasson ; William H. Tooker as Mobrayne ; Gusztáv Pártos as Dagorne ; Anita Garvin as Ann

This is a document about A Soldier's Farewell
 Arthur Lowe as Captain Mainwaring and Napoleon ; John Le Mesurier as Sergeant Wilson and Wellington ; Clive Dunn as Lance Corporal Jones and French corporal ; John Laurie as Private Frazer and Gordon ; James Beck as Private Walker and French cavalryman Captain Gerald ; Arnold Ridley as Private Godfrey and French artilleryman ; Ian Lavender as Private Pike and French drummer boy ; Bill Pertwee as ARP Warden Hodges and British officer ; Frank Williams as The Vicar ; Robert Gillespie as Charles Boyer playing Napoleon ; Joan Savage as Greta Garbo playing Marie Walewska ; Joy Allen as Bus Conductress and Marie Walewska ; Colin Bean as Private Sponge and Marshal Ney

This is a document about The Windmill (1937 film)
 Hugh Williams ... Lt. Peter Ellington ; Glen Alyn ... Clodine Asticot ; Henry Mollison ... Gaston Lefarge ; Anthony Shaw ... Colonel Richardson ; George Galleon ... Major Arbuthnot ; William Dewhurst ... Mons. Asticot ; Winifred Oughton ... Mme. Asticot ; John Laurie ... Mons. Coutard ; John Carol ... Pvt. Goggie ; Bruce Lester ... Officer

This is a document about Kissing Time
 Captain Wentworth – Stanley Holloway ; Georgette St. Pol – Yvonne Arnaud ; Lady Mercia Merivale – Isabel Jeans ; Zelie – Avice Kelham ; Bibi St. Pol – Leslie Henson ; Brichoux – George Barrett ; Max Touquet – George Grossmith, Jr. ; Lucienne Touquet – Phyllis Dare ; Colonel Bolinger – Tom Walls

This is a document about What Price Glory? (1926 film)
 Edmund Lowe as 1st Sergeant Quirt ; Victor McLaglen as Captain Flagg ; Dolores del Río as Charmaine de la Cognac ; William V. Mong as Cognac Pete ; Phyllis Haver as Shanghai Mabel ; Elena Jurado as Carmen, Philippine girl ; Leslie Fenton as Lieutenant Moore ; Barry Norton as Private 'Mother's Boy' Lewisohn ; Sammy Cohen as Private Lipinsky ; Ted McNamara as Private Kiper ; August Tollaire as French Mayor ; Mathilde Comont as Camille, fat lady ; Patrick Rooney as Mulcahy (billed as Pat Rooney) ; J. Carrol Naish bit part

This is a document about The Road to Glory
 Fredric March as Lieutenant Michel Denet ; Warner Baxter as Captain Paul La Roche ; Lionel Barrymore as Papa La Roche / Private Morin ; June Lang as Monique La Coste ; Gregory Ratoff as Russian Sergeant ; Victor Kilian as Tall Sergeant ; Paul Stanton as Captain ; John Qualen as Scared Soldier ; Julius Tannen as Lieutenant Tannen ; Theodore von Eltz as Major ; Paul Fix as Second Volunteer ; Leonid Kinskey as Soldier ; Jacques Lory as Courier ; Jacques Vanaire as Doctor ; Edythe Raynore as Nurse ; George Warrington as Jean Dulac

This is a document about Curt Courant
  ; Amok (1934) ; The Higher Command (1935) ; Me and Marlborough (1935) ; The Passing of the Third Floor Back (1935) ; She Knew What She Wanted (1936) ; Man in the Mirror (1936) ; Broken Blossoms (1936) ; Spy of Napoleon (1936) ; Cheer Up (1936) ; Dusty Ermine (1936) ; The Lie of Nina Petrovna (1937) ; Clothes and the Woman (1937) ; Princess Tarakanova (1938) ; La Bête Humaine (1938) ; Lights of Paris (1938) ; Le Jour Se Lève (1939) ; Louise (1939) ; Monsieur Brotonneau (1939) ; Sarajevo (1940) ; Monsieur Verdoux (1947) uncredited ; It Happened in Athens (1962)

This is a document about Prestige (film)
 Ann Harding as Therese Du Flos ; Adolphe Menjou as Capt. Remy Bandoin ; Melvyn Douglas as Capt. Andre Verlaine ; Ian Maclaren as Colonel Du Flos ; Guy Bates Post as Major ; Rollo Lloyd as Capt. Emil de Fontenac ; Clarence Muse as Nham ; Tetsu Komai as Sergeant

Meryl Streep and Jeremy Irons starred in the film "The French Lieutenant's Woman." Meryl Streep played the role of Sarah Woodruff in both the Victorian era and the modern storyline, while Jeremy Irons played the role of Charles Smithson in the Victorian era and the modern storyline.


Question: how many episodes in game of theones season 1

Answer: 10

This is a document about Aharoni & Gidi's Wonderful Journey
 Episode 1 – Sian – The beginning – the King's dumplings ; Episode 2 – Going West ; Episode 3 – All the way to the edge of China ; Episode 4 – Buchara. Aharoni searches for his roots ; Episode 5 – Eastern Turkey ; Episode 6 – Turkey and the Encounter with Biblical History ; Episode 7 – Pasta as Science – Italy Season 1 premiered June 2011 and consisted of 7 episodes, which explored Turkey, China and Italy:

This is a document about Miss BG
  The series has 102 segments spread among 52 episodes, with 2 apiece. Season 1 is 52 episodes 13 minutes each.

This is a document about Kid Paddle
 The first season consists of 52 11-minute episodes or 26 22-minute episodes. The production codes are listed on the show's YouTube channel in French.

This is a document about Undekhi
  Season 1 consists of 10 episodes.

This is a document about W.I.T.C.H. (TV series)
  Two seasons were produced in total, adapting plot elements from The Twelve Portals and Nerissa's Revenge comic arcs from the original series. Each season consists of twenty-six episodes, resulting in a total of fifty-two episodes overall. An unaired 15-minute pilot episode exists, which was never fully animated. It was used to test the show with a focus group in 2003. The first episode of the series was originally meant to air on Halloween, with corresponding themes. German network Super RTL was originally announced to be collaborating on the show alongside Jetix and France 3. However, it does not appear in the actual closing credits of the series.

This is a document about Kiko (TV series)
  In the pre-season (pre-school age version), there are 39 episodes with a duration of 7 minutes. There were 52 episodes in season 1, each of which lasted 11 minutes.

This is a document about Crash Canyon
  The show consists of two seasons, with the first season consisting of 18 episodes and the second of 8. The episode order of the show as aired on Teletoon in Canada differs from that of airings in other countries.

This is a document about Roman Empire (TV series)
 Ep 1: Born in the Purple ; Ep 2: The Making of an Emperor ; Ep 3: Enemy of the Senate ; Ep 4: Rome is Burning ; Ep 5: Fight for Glory ; Ep 6: 14 Days of Blood The first season is named Commodus: Reign of Blood, and consists of 6 episodes. It became available for streaming on November 11, 2016.

This is a document about List of Greek episodes
  After the first 10 episodes of Greek aired, production was halted because of the Writers Guild Strike. Prior to the airing of the remainder of season 1, a compilation of the first 10 episodes titled Season One: Chapter One was released. Following suit, the latter half of season 1 was later compiled as Season 1: Chapter Two. Later seasons would be divided into two halves, or simply "chapters."

This is a document about Taking the Stage (season 2)
  1 Denotes a 1-hour episode.

This is a document about Giants (web series)
  The first season, released on January 25, 2017, consists of six episodes, while the second, which consists of seven episodes, was released on February 21, 2018. Episodes were released once a week on a weekly basis.

This is a document about Star Wars: Clone Wars (2003 TV series)
  The first season consisted of 10 episodes, lasting three minutes each. Along with the second season, it was released on DVD as Volume One.

This is a document about List of Rescue 911 episodes
 This season consisted of 15 episodes (14 original episodes and 1 episode containing a mix of new and repeat segments).

This is a document about List of Hepsi 1 episodes
  The following is an episode list for the show Hepsi 1. As of December 29, 2007, 30 episodes had aired.

This is a document about List of Soap episodes
  This season was originally shown as 16 episodes of which six were one hour in length. When the one-hour episodes were standardized into half-hour episodes this yielded 22 episodes.

This is a document about The Girl from Steel City
  The series was mostly in English but contained some Greek dialogue with English subtitles. It was written by Angelo Loukakis, directed by Peter Andrikidis and produced by John Martin and Colin Baker. Music was produced by Tony Karras. The first season consisted of 15 episodes and the second season consisted of 8 episodes.

This is a document about Alice (Brazilian TV series)
 1) Pela toca do coelho ; 2) O tesouro de Alice ; 3) O retorno de Elvira Cipriani ; 4) No jardim das flores perdidas ; 5) Os peixinhos dourados de Dona Sumiko ; 6) O lado Escuro do espelho ; 7) Wonderland ; 8) A guerra de Alice ; 9) Em busca do ouro ; 10) Na cidade de Alice ; 11) A mil quilômetros por hora ; 12) Queda livre ; 13) À flor da pele The series consists of 15 episodes. 13 corresponding to the first season, and the other two were made as television films.

This is a document about Heads Up! (TV series)
  There are three seasons, each with 13 episodes, for a total of 39 episodes. Here's a list of the first season along with the original broadcast dates:

This is a document about Onihei Hankachō (1989 TV series)
 Season1 26episodes ; Season2 18 episodes ; Season3 19 episodes ; Season4 19 episodes ; Season5 13 episodes ; Season6 11 episodes ; Season7 16 episodes

This is a document about Oi Treis Harites
  Season 1 consists of 22 episodes and begins with Maria trying to persuade Eirini to accept their other sister, Olga, at the house because Olga has to wait for her house to be built. Eirini unwillingly accepts, but in the middle of the first episode Maria announces that she is getting divorced from her husband and she is going to stay with her sisters. The whole season shows their life, the difficulties they face living all together again under the same roof, their constant problems with men and many other hilarious adventures. In the last episode of the first season, the three sisters are making plans for their vacations.

The document does not provide information about the number of episodes in "Game of Thrones" Season 1. The information in the document pertains to "Aharoni's Wonderful Journey," "Miss BG," "Kid Paddle," "Undekhi," and "W.I.T.C.H."


Question: when was the zebra mussel introduced to the us

Answer: 1980s

This is a document about Ballast water discharge and the environment
  The zebra mussel, which is native to the Caspian and Black Seas, arrived in Lake St. Clair in the ballast water of a transatlantic freighter in 1988. Within 10 years it had spread to all of the five neighbouring Great Lakes. The economic cost of this introduction has been estimated by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service at about $5 billion. Ballast water discharges are believed to be the leading source of invasive species in U.S. marine waters, thus posing public health and environmental risks, as well as significant economic cost to industries such as water and power utilities, commercial and recreational fisheries, agriculture, and

This is a document about Quagga mussel
  Zebra mussels, the first dreissenid mussel introduced in North America, rapidly spread throughout many major river systems and the Great Lakes, causing substantial ecological and environmental impacts. The quagga mussel was first observed in North America in September 1989, when it was discovered in Lake Erie near Port Colborne, Ontario. It was not identified as a distinct species until 1991. By 2021 the biomass of quaggas in the lower 4 Great Lakes was estimated to be so great as to become the primary regulator of phosphorus, remetabolizing and recirculating it instead of allowing it to sedimentize as normal. The introduction of both

This is a document about Zebra mussel
  The zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) is a small freshwater mussel. The species was originally native to the lakes of southern Russia and Ukraine, but has been accidentally introduced to numerous other areas and has become an invasive species in many countries worldwide. Since the 1980s, the species has invaded the Great Lakes, Hudson River, and Lake Travis. The species was first described in 1769 by German zoologist Peter Simon Pallas in the Ural, Volga, and Dnieper Rivers. Zebra mussels get their name from a striped pattern commonly seen on their shells, though it is not universally present. They are usually about the size of a fingernail, but can grow to a maximum length around 2 in. Shells are D-shaped, and attached to the substrate with strong byssal fibers, which come out of their umbo on the dorsal (hinged) side.

This is a document about Zebra mussel
  They were first detected in Canada in the Great Lakes in 1988, in Lake St. Clair. They are thought to have been inadvertently introduced into the lakes by the ballast water of ocean-going ships that were traversing the St. Lawrence Seaway. Another possible, but unproven, mode of introduction is on anchors and chains. Since adult zebra mussels can survive out of water for several days or weeks if the temperature is low and humidity is high, chain lockers provide temporary refuge for clusters of adult mussels that could easily be released when transoceanic ships drop anchor in freshwater ports. They have become an invasive species

This is a document about Great Lakes
  Since the 19th century, an estimated 160 new species have found their way into the Great Lakes ecosystem; many have become invasive; the overseas ship ballast and ship hull parasitism are causing severe economic and ecological impacts. According to the Inland Seas Education Association, on average a new species enters the Great Lakes every eight months. Introductions into the Great Lakes include the zebra mussel, which was first discovered in 1988, and quagga mussel in 1989. Since 2000, the invasive quagga mussel has smothered the bottom of Lake Michigan almost from shore to shore, and their numbers are estimated at 900 trillion. The mollusks are efficient filter feeders, competing with native mussels and

This is a document about Ballast water regulation in the United States
  year. The zebra mussel, native to the Caspian and Black Seas arrived in Lake St. Clair in the ballast water of a transatlantic freighter in 1988 and within 10 years spread to all of the five neighbouring Great Lakes. The economic cost of this introduction has been estimated by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service at about $5 billion. Congress passed the National Invasive Species Act of 1996 (NISA) in an attempt to control aquatic invasive species. The Coast Guard issued ballast water regulations, pursuant to NISA, in 2012. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has issued discharge permits for controlling ballast water under Clean Water Act authority.

This is a document about Zebra mussel
  The native distribution of the species is in the Black Sea and Caspian Sea in Eurasia. Zebra mussels have become an invasive species in North America, Great Britain, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and Sweden. They disrupt the ecosystems by monotypic colonization, and damage harbors and waterways, ships and boats, and water-treatment and power plants. Water-treatment plants are most affected because the water intakes bring the microscopic, free-swimming larvae directly into the facilities. Zebra mussels also cling to pipes under the water and clog them. Grossinger reported it in Hungary in 1794. Kerney and Morton described the rapid colonization of Britain by the zebra mussel, first in Cambridgeshire in the 1820s, London in 1824, and in the Union Canal near Edinburgh in 1834. In

This is a document about Canadarago Lake
  Zebra mussels were first introduced into the Great Lakes in the mid- to late-1980s from ballast discharged from freighters originating in the Black and Caspian Sea region of eastern Europe and western Asia. They first became established in Canadarago Lake since around 2000. They can outcompete and kill native unionid clams. They also disrupt the food web, destroy shoreline infrastructure and swimming areas. In Canadarago Lake, they are of particular concern due to the relatively large areas of suitable habitat, which increase their impact the lake.

This is a document about Zebra mussel
  From their first appearance in American waters in 1988, zebra mussels have spread to a large number of waterways, including Lake Simcoe in the Great Lakes region, the Mississippi, Hudson, St. Lawrence, Ohio, Cumberland, Missouri, Tennessee, Huron, Colorado, and Arkansas Rivers, and 11 lakes and five river basins in Texas. In 2009, the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation confirmed that zebra mussels had been found in Laurel Lake in the Berkshires. That same year, the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources announced that live zebra mussels had been found in Pelican Lake. This was the first confirmed sighting in the Red

This is a document about Otsego Lake (New York)
  Zebra mussels were first introduced into the Great Lakes in the mid- to late-1980s from ballast discharged from freighters originating in the Black and Caspian Sea region of eastern Europe and western Asia. They first became established in Otsego Lake in 2007, and by 2010, carpeted most of the lake trout spawning areas. The mussels impact fry numbers by covering shallow rocky shoals and deep water rocks, were they spawn. The mussels, in high densities, block eggs from being protected in the rocks, making the eggs more vulnerable to predators. Native freshwater pearly mussels have also been negatively impacted by zebra mussels. Six different species of clams once occupied the

This is a document about Aquatic invasive species in Canada
  Another example of the migration of non-native species is Dreissena polymorpha, common name Zebra Mussel, originating in Western Asia. They first appeared in North America in 1988 in Lake St Clair and have spread through the Great Lakes and other fresh waters. They can be identified as small triangular mussels with a flat bottom and dark, zigzagged stripes. The Zebra mussels are filter feeders and breed repidly. Large populations of mussels can grow in Canadian fresh waters, and their massive filtering capacity damages the environment for native species. The filtering changes the growth of algae, vegetation, and bacteria which hurts native fish growth and allows Zebra mussels to outcompete native mussels. Zebra mussels are illegal to import due to their ecological impact and damage they cause to boats and infrastructure.

This is a document about Lake Powell
  Zebra and quagga mussels first appeared in the United States in the 1980s. The mussels were initially brought to the United States through the ballast water of ships entering the Great Lakes. These aquatic invaders soon spread to many bodies of water in the Eastern United States and have even made their way to the western United States. In January 2008, Zebra mussels have been detected in several reservoirs along the Colorado River system such as Lakes Mead, Mojave, and Havasu. By the early 2000s Arizona, California, Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, Nevada and Utah have all confirmed the presence of larval zebra mussels in lakes and reservoirs. Zebra and quagga mussels can be destructive to an ecosystem due to competition for resources with native species. The filtration of zooplankton by the mussels can

This is a document about Marimo
  On 2 March 2021, the United States Geological Survey was notified that zebra mussels had been discovered in moss balls sold in pet stores across North America. By 8 March, invasive zebra mussels had been detected in moss balls in 21 states. These discoveries were prompted by the initial find at a Seattle Petco. Owners of fish tanks were urged to decontaminate the moss balls by boiling, freezing or bleaching them before disposing of them to prevent spread to local waterways. Petco and PetSmart voluntarily recalled moss balls in their stores. If the mussels reach open water in Washington, they could cost the state $100 million each year in maintenance for power and water systems.

This is a document about Invasive species
  For example, freshwater zebra mussels, native to the Black, Caspian and Azov seas, most likely reached the Great Lakes via ballast water from a transoceanic vessel. Zebra mussels outcompete other native organisms for oxygen and food, such as algae. Although the zebra mussel invasion was first noted in 1988, and a mitigation plan was successfully implemented shortly thereafter, the plan had a serious flaw or loophole, whereby ships loaded with cargo when they reached the Seaway were not tested because their ballast water tanks were empty. However, even in an empty ballast tank, there remains a puddle of water filled with organisms that could

This is a document about Mytilopsis leucophaeata
  This species is native in the Gulf of Mexico, and spread from there via ballast water, or attached to oysters that were moved, to the Hudson River in the 1930s, and from there to other estuaries in the eastern US including Chesapeake Bay as well as to the Pernambuco coast in northeastern Brazil. This species also spread via ballast water to brackish waters in Europe, including the Baltic Sea, the North Sea, the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea as well as the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. Like the zebra mussel, this species is a significant biofouling pest in many countries, especially where it has been introduced in Europe.

This is a document about National Invasive Species Act
  In 1988 zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) were found in Lake Erie, and soon after they spread to all the Great Lakes. Since then, zebra mussels can still be found in each of the Great Lakes, as well as throughout the major navigable rivers in the eastern part of the United States (including the Hudson, St. Lawrence, and Niagara Rivers). Recent reports have revealed that this species has dispersed as far as California. A native of southern Russia, the zebra mussel most likely made its way to North America through the release of ballast water from cargo ships traveling from the Black Sea to the Great Lakes. After its introduction there, it was

This is a document about Lake Constance
  Even the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is not a native fish. It was introduced into Lake Constance around 1880 for economic reasons to enhance the local fauna. Among the foreign species of animal in Lake Constance are the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) which, since the 18th century, has spread from the Black Sea region across most of Europe and was carried into Lake Constance between 1960 and 1965. After a huge increase in numbers during the 1980s in the Rhine and large lakes, this species is now in retreat today. The zebra mussel causes problems because, among other things, it blocks water extraction pipes. In addition, the species can

This is a document about Zebra mussel
  lakes in the Midwest including Lake Michigan, and the largest freshwater lake in Wisconsin, Lake Winnebago. Congressional researchers have estimated that the zebra mussel has cost businesses and communities over $5 billion since their initial invasion. Zebra mussels have cost power companies alone over $3 billion. On 2 March 2021, the US Geological Survey was notified that zebra mussels had been discovered in marimo moss balls, a common aquarium plant, sold in pet stores across North America. By 8 March, the invasive species were detected in moss balls in 30 different states at multiple retail locations in the United States. These discoveries were prompted by

This is a document about Dikerogammarus villosus
  German–Dutch border (1995), the canals and rivers of northern Germany (1998), the Baltic Szczecin Lagoon (2001), the Moselle (2001), the Netherlands (2002), Lake Constance (2003), Lake Leman, the Rhine in France (2003), the Grand Canal d'Alsace (2003) and Lake Garda (2003). Its spread is thought to be related to the previous introduction of the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha which it has evolved alongside. In September 2010, it was found in Grafham Water in Cambridgeshire, the first report of the species in the United Kingdom and it was found in Wales in November 2010. There are fears that it could spread to the Great Lakes in North America in future, carried in the ballast water of ships.

This is a document about Platte Lake (Michigan)
  A foreign species of mussel, called the zebra mussel has over the past 20 years inhabited Platte Lake as well as many other lakes in the Great Lake area. These mussels help water clarity, but they are not native to the Northern Michigan area. They have been transported to North America by large vessels from Asia. They are a serious problem because they have nearly eliminated the native clam population in Platte Lake and many other bodies of water in the area.

The zebra mussel was first introduced to the United States in 1988.


Question: when did cuba gain independence from the us

Answer: May 20 , 1902

This is a document about Republic of Cuba (1902–1959)
  For the present day "Republic of Cuba" after 1959, see Cuba The Republic of Cuba encompasses the period from 1902 to 1959  after Cuba's independence from the Spanish Empire and end of its first U.S. military occupation in 1902. This era included various changing governments and US military occupations, and ended with the success of the Cuban Revolution in 1959. During this period, the United States exerted great influence on Cuban politics, notably through the Platt Amendment. The governments of Cuba between independence from Spain and the Revolution have been regarded as client states of the United States. From 1902 to 1932 Cuban and United States

This is a document about Military history of Cuba
  of "trenches" (raised parapets), toward the Spanish positions. Once completed, these parapets were occupied by U.S. soldiers and a new set of excavations went forward. The Spanish forces surrendered on 17 July. In the Treaty of Paris (1898), Spain renounced its sovereignty over Cuba without naming a receiving country. Cuba then established its own civil government, which was recognized by the United States as the legal government of Cuba upon the announcement of the termination of United States Military Government (USMG) jurisdiction over the island on May 20, 1902. This date is celebrated as Independence day for the Republic of Cuba.

This is a document about Cuba–France relations
  from Haiti to Cuba. During the Spanish–American War (April - August 1898), France (along with the United Kingdom and Germany) urged Spain to end the war with the United States and to relinquish its territories of Cuba, the Philippines, Puerto Rico and Guam. The end of the war was finalized by the signing of the Treaty of Paris in December 1898. After the war, Cuba became a territory of the United States. In 1902, Cuba became an independent nation. In January 1959, after the Cuban Revolution, Fidel Castro came to power on the island-nation. Initially, French intellectuals and writers were intrigued with

This is a document about List of ambassadors of the United States to Cuba
  Cuba was the last major Spanish colony to gain independence, following a lengthy struggle that began in 1868. José Martí, Cuba's national hero, helped initiate the final push for independence in 1895. In 1898, the United States fought a brief war known as the Spanish–American War, after the USS Maine sank in Havana Harbor on February 15, 1898 due to an explosion of undetermined origin. In December 1898, Spain relinquished control of Cuba to the United States with the Treaty of Paris. On May 20, 1902, the United States granted Cuba its independence but retained the right to intervene to preserve Cuban independence and stability in accordance with the Platt Amendment. In 1902 the US established an embassy in Havana and appointed its first ambassador, Herbert G. Squiers. In 1934, the Platt Amendment was repealed. The United States and Cuba concluded a Treaty of Relations in 1934 which, among

This is a document about Spanish–American War
  1899. The United States gained Spain's colonies of the Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico in the treaty, and Cuba became a U.S. protectorate. The treaty came into force in Cuba April 11, 1899, with Cubans participating only as observers. Having been occupied since July 17, 1898, and thus under the jurisdiction of the United States Military Government (USMG), Cuba formed its own civil government and gained independence on May 20, 1902, with the announced end of USMG jurisdiction over the island. However, the U.S. imposed various restrictions on the new government, including prohibiting alliances with other countries, and reserved the right to intervene. The U.S. also established a de facto perpetual lease of Guantánamo Bay.

This is a document about History of Cuba
  Spanish rule and claimed the lives of hundreds of thousands of Cubans. However, the Spanish–American War resulted in a Spanish withdrawal from the island in 1898, and following three-and-a-half years of subsequent US military rule, Cuba gained formal independence in 1902. In the years following its independence, the Cuban republic saw significant economic development, but also political corruption and a succession of despotic leaders, culminating in the overthrow of the dictator Fulgencio Batista by the 26th of July Movement, led by Fidel Castro, during the 1953–1959 Cuban Revolution. The new government aligned with the Soviet Union and embraced communism. In the early 1960s, Castro's regime withstood invasion

This is a document about Republic of Cuba (1902–1959)
  After the Spanish–American War, Spain and the United States signed the 1898 Treaty of Paris, by which Spain ceded Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam to the United States for the sum of $20million (equivalent to $million in ). Cuba gained formal independence from the U.S. on 20 May 1902, as the Republic of Cuba. Under Cuba's new constitution, the U.S. retained the right to intervene in Cuban affairs and to supervise its finances and foreign relations. Under the Platt Amendment, the U.S. leased the Guantánamo Bay naval base from Cuba.

This is a document about Cuba
  After the Spanish–American War, Spain and the United States signed the Treaty of Paris (1898), by which Spain ceded Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam to the United States for the sum of US$20 million and Cuba became a protectorate of the United States. Cuba gained formal independence from the U.S. on 20 May 1902, as the Republic of Cuba. Under Cuba's new constitution, the U.S. retained the right to intervene in Cuban affairs and to supervise its finances and foreign relations. Under the Platt Amendment, the U.S. leased the Guantánamo Bay Naval Base from Cuba. Following disputed elections in 1906, the

This is a document about Territorial evolution of the Caribbean
  Republic of Cuba formal independence on May 20, 1902, with the independence leader Tomás Estrada Palma becoming the country's first president. Under the new Cuban constitution, however, the U.S. retained the right to intervene in Cuban affairs and to supervise its finances and foreign relations. Under the Platt Amendment, Cuba also agreed to lease to the U.S. the naval base at Guantánamo Bay. The Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty was signed on November 18, 1903 (two weeks after Panama's independence from Colombia on November 3, 1903). Philippe Bunau-Varilla went to Washington, D.C. and New York City to negotiate the terms with several U.S. officials, most prominently, Secretary

This is a document about History of Cuban nationality
  For most of its history, Cuba was controlled by foreign powers. The country was a Spanish colony from approximately 1511 until 1898. The United States governed the nation from 1898 to 1902, and would intervene in national affairs until the abolishment of the Platt Amendment in 1935. The struggle for independence and a national identity was a complex and prolonged affair that began in earnest during the late 18th century and lasted well into the 20th century.

This is a document about Spain–United States relations
  independence of the United States in 1783. The purchase of the underdeveloped Spanish Florida by the US was made effective in 1821. The U.S. gave diplomatic support to the breakaway Spanish colonies as they secured their independence around 1820. American diplomatic offers to buy Cuba in the 1850s failed. When Cuba revolted in the late 19th century American opinion became strongly hostile to Spanish brutality. The Spanish–American War erupted in 1898. The Spanish defeat in the conflict entailed the loss of the last Spanish colonies outside north Africa, notably Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines. When the Spanish Civil War erupted in 1936, Washington

This is a document about Cubans
  the Spanish–American War, and in 1902 Cuba gained formal independence. During the first decades of the 20th century, USA interests were dominant and in Cuba, leading to large influence over the island. This ended in 1959 when de facto leader Fulgencio Batista was ousted by revolutionaries led by Fidel Castro. Quickly deteriorating relations with the US led to Cuba's alliance with the Soviet Union and Castro's transformation of Cuba into a declared socialist republic. Cuban soldiers were sent overseas to fight in the Angolan Civil War and Ogaden War in the 1970s-1980s. Castro remained in power until 2008, first as Prime Minister then from 1976 as President of Cuba. Fidel was succeeded by his brother Raúl Castro.

This is a document about Greater Antilles
  the Americas. U.S. military rule over the island lasted until 1902, when Cuba was granted formal independence. In 1917, the U.S. Congress passed the Jones–Shafroth Act (popularly known as the Jones Act), granting U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans born on or after April 25, 1898. In 1947, the U.S. Congress passed the Elective Governor Act, signed by President Truman, allowing Puerto Ricans to vote for their own governor. The Cuban Revolution in 1959 established Cuba as the only socialist state in the Greater Antilles. Jamaica was granted independence from the U.K in August 1962 becoming the last currently independent state in the Greater Antilles to achieve independence.

This is a document about History of Cuba
  to help Cuban patriots gain independence from Spain. This was adopted by resolution of Congress and included from Senator Henry Teller the Teller Amendment, which passed unanimously, stipulating that "the island of Cuba is, and by right should be, free and independent". The amendment disclaimed any intention on the part of the United States to exercise jurisdiction or control over Cuba for other than pacification reasons, and confirmed that the armed forces would be removed once the war is over. Senate and Congress passed the amendment on 19 April, McKinley signed the joint resolution on 20 April and the ultimatum was forwarded to Spain. War was declared on 20/21 April 1898. "It's

This is a document about Education in Cuba
 to educate every Cuban and teach them to read ; to give those who live in the city a chance to experience rural living Spain colonized Cuba from the early 16th century until 1898, when the Treaty of Paris granted the island independence following the Spanish–American War. The University of Havana, founded in 1727, is the oldest university in Cuba and one of the oldest in the Americas. In 1900 Cuba had a literacy rate of 36.1% - which was quite high for Latin America at the time. By the early 1900s Cuba had a strong education system, but only half of the country’s children participated. Schools remained inaccessible to the poorest Cubans and this resulted in a low literacy-rate for rural areas compared to the cities. The 1953

This is a document about Timeline of the Cuban Revolution
 May 20 Cuba declares independence although the country remains a US protectorate.

This is a document about Cuban–American Treaty of Relations (1903)
  U.S. law directed the president to cede control of Cuba to its government only when that government had endorsed the seven provisions established in U.S. law by the Platt Amendment of March 1901. The 1903 Treaty of Relations noted that Cuba's Constitutional Convention had, on June 12, 1901, added the Platt Amendment provisions to its constitution on February 21, 1901. Those provisions, among other things, restricted the independence of the Cuban government and gave the U.S. the right to oversee and at times interfere in Cuban affairs. The Cuban government had taken power and the U.S. withdrawn its forces as of May 20, 1902. The final provision of the Platt Amendment required that its other provisions be adopted by treaty as well. The Treaty of Relations, signed in

This is a document about Timeline of the Spanish–American War
 February 24 - In the small town of Baire near the city of Santiago de Cuba, Martí issues the Grito de Baire, igniting the Cuban War of Independence. Within 18 months, the insurrectionists have 50,000 men under arms and uprisings have spread across the island. ; June 12 - U.S. President Grover Cleveland issues a proclamation declaring the United States neutral in the Cuban war of independence.

This is a document about Cuba–Mexico relations
  After the Spanish–American War, the United States gained control of Cuba and slowly gave the country its independence in a limited form. Under the Platt Amendment, the country was given independence with a few conditions.

This is a document about History of Latin America
  Americans could find all sorts of licit and illicit pleasures, provided they had the cash. Despite having the socially advanced constitution of 1940, Cuba was plagued with corruption and the interruption of constitutional rule by autocrats like Batista. Batista began his final turn as the head of the government in a 1952 coup. The coalition that formed under the revolutionaries hoped to restore the constitution, reestablish a democratic state and free Cuba from the American influence. The revolutionaries succeeded in toppling Batista on January 1, 1959. Castro, who initially declared himself as a non-socialist, initiated a program of agrarian reforms and

Cuba gained independence from the US on May 20, 1902. However, it was not until 1934 that the US granted Cuba full independence.


Question: the neurotransmitter that is active at the neuromuscular junction is

Answer: acetylcholine

This is a document about Neuromuscular junction
  A neuromuscular junction (or myoneural junction) is a chemical synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. It allows the motor neuron to transmit a signal to the muscle fiber, causing muscle contraction. Muscles require innervation to function—and even just to maintain muscle tone, avoiding atrophy. In the neuromuscular system nerves from the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system are linked and work together with muscles. Synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction begins when an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal of a motor neuron, which activates voltage-gated calcium channels to allow calcium ions to enter the neuron. Calcium ions bind to sensor proteins (synaptotagmin) on synaptic vesicles, triggering vesicle fusion with the cell membrane and subsequent neurotransmitter release from

This is a document about Muscular system
  Neuromuscular junctions are the focal point where a motor neuron attaches to a muscle. Acetylcholine, (a neurotransmitter used in skeletal muscle contraction) is released from the axon terminal of the nerve cell when an action potential reaches the microscopic junction called a synapse. A group of chemical messengers cross the synapse and stimulate the formation of electrical changes, which are produced in the muscle cell when the acetylcholine binds to receptors on its surface. Calcium is released from its storage area in the cell's sarcoplasmic reticulum. An impulse from a nerve cell causes calcium release and brings about a single, short muscle contraction called a muscle twitch. If there is a problem at the neuromuscular junction, a very prolonged contraction may occur, such as the muscle contractions that result from tetanus.

This is a document about Cell–cell interaction
  be released into the synaptic junction. These neurotransmitters bind and activate receptors on the post-synaptic neuron thereby transmitting the signal to the target cell. Thus, a post-synaptic membrane belongs to the membrane receiving the signal, while a pre-synaptic membrane is the source of the neurotransmitter. In a neuromuscular junction, a synapse is formed between a motor neuron and muscle fibers. In vertebrates, acetylcholine released from the motor neuron acts as a neurotransmitter which depolarizes the muscle fiber and causes muscle contraction. A neuron’s ability to receive and integrate simultaneous signals from the environment and other neurons allows for complex animal behavior.

This is a document about Muscle contraction
  A neuromuscular junction is a chemical synapse formed by the contact between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. It is the site in which a motor neuron transmits a signal to a muscle fiber to initiate muscle contraction. The sequence of events that results in the depolarization of the muscle fiber at the neuromuscular junction begins when an action potential is initiated in the cell body of a motor neuron, which is then propagated by saltatory conduction along its axon toward the neuromuscular junction. Once it reaches the terminal bouton, the action potential causes a ion influx into the terminal by way of the voltage-gated calcium channels. The

This is a document about Ionotropic GABA receptor
  The neuromuscular junction in the CNS can be composed of a presynaptic unit located at an axon terminal with synaptic vesicles and a postsynaptic unit located at a dendrite. Neurotransmitters are chemical molecules that are released from a presynaptic unit into the synapse and received by the postsynaptic unit, resulting in a biological and electrophysiological effect. The two main types of neurotransmitters are amino acid transmitters and GABA transmitters. The release of and binding of glutamate, an amino acid transmitter, to its respective receptor manifests in an excitatory postsynaptic potential. On the other hand, the release and binding of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) to the GABA receptor results in an inhibitory postsynaptic potential. The ability of the GABA receptor function rests on its molecular structure of multiple binding sites and conductance levels. These receptors are prevalent in interneurons relaying messages among various regions of the brain.

This is a document about Action potential
  A special case of a chemical synapse is the neuromuscular junction, in which the axon of a motor neuron terminates on a muscle fiber. In such cases, the released neurotransmitter is acetylcholine, which binds to the acetylcholine receptor, an integral membrane protein in the membrane (the sarcolemma) of the muscle fiber. However, the acetylcholine does not remain bound; rather, it dissociates and is hydrolyzed by the enzyme, acetylcholinesterase, located in the synapse. This enzyme quickly reduces the stimulus to the muscle, which allows the degree and timing of muscular contraction to be regulated delicately. Some poisons inactivate acetylcholinesterase to prevent this control, such as the nerve agents sarin and tabun, and the insecticides diazinon and malathion.

This is a document about Synaptogenesis
  The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the most well-characterized synapse in that it provides a simple and accessible structure that allows for easy manipulation and observation. The synapse itself is composed of three cells: the motor neuron, the myofiber, and the Schwann cell. In a normally functioning synapse, a signal will cause the motor neuron to depolarize, by releasing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). Acetylcholine travels across the synaptic cleft where it reaches acetylcholine receptors (AChR) on the plasma membrane of the myofiber, the sarcolemma. As the AChRs open ion channels, the membrane depolarizes, causing muscle contraction. The entire synapse is covered ina myelin sheath provided by the Schwann cell to insulate and encapsulate the junction. Another important part of the neuromuscular system and central nervous system are the astrocytes. While originally they were thought to have only functioned as support for the neurons, they play an important role in functional plasticity of synapses.

This is a document about Excitatory synapse
 Acetylcholine (ACh) is an excitatory, small-molecule neurotransmitter involved in synaptic transmission at neuromuscular junctions controlling the vagus nerve and cardiac muscle fibers, as well as in the skeletal and visceral motor systems and various sites within the central nervous system. This neurotransmitter crosses the synaptic cleft and binds to a variety of postsynaptic receptors depending on the species, but all of these receptors depolarize the postsynaptic membrane and thus classify ACh as an excitatory neurotransmitter.

This is a document about Human musculoskeletal system
  In mammals, when a muscle contracts, a series of reactions occur. Muscle contraction is stimulated by the motor neuron sending a message to the muscles from the somatic nervous system. Depolarization of the motor neuron results in neurotransmitters being released from the nerve terminal. The space between the nerve terminal and the muscle cell is called the neuromuscular junction. These neurotransmitters diffuse across the synapse and bind to specific receptor sites on the cell membrane of the muscle fiber. When enough receptors are stimulated, an action potential is generated and the permeability of the sarcolemma is altered. This process is known as initiation.

This is a document about Synapse
 In a chemical synapse, electrical activity in the presynaptic neuron is converted (via the activation of voltage-gated calcium channels) into the release of a chemical called a neurotransmitter that binds to receptors located in the plasma membrane of the postsynaptic cell. The neurotransmitter may initiate an electrical response or a secondary messenger pathway that may either excite or inhibit the postsynaptic neuron. Chemical synapses can be classified according to the neurotransmitter released: glutamatergic (often excitatory), GABAergic (often inhibitory), cholinergic (e.g. vertebrate neuromuscular junction), and adrenergic (releasing norepinephrine). Because of the complexity of receptor signal transduction, chemical synapses can have complex effects on the postsynaptic cell. ; In

This is a document about Neuromuscular blocking agents
  Neuromuscular blocking agents exert its effect by modulating the signal transmission in skeletal muscles. An action potential is, in other words, a depolarisation in neurone membrane due to a change in membrane potential greater than the threshold potential leads to an electrical impulse generation. The electrical impulse travels along the pre-synaptic neurone axon to synapse with the muscle at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) to cause muscle contraction. When the action potential reaches the axon terminal, it triggers the opening of the calcium ion gated channels, which causes the influx of Ca2+. Ca2+ will stimulate the release of neurotransmitter in the neurotransmitter containing vesicles by exocytosis

This is a document about Acetylcholine
  neuromuscular junction—in other words, it is the chemical that motor neurons of the nervous system release in order to activate muscles. This property means that drugs that affect cholinergic systems can have very dangerous effects ranging from paralysis to convulsions. Acetylcholine is also a neurotransmitter in the autonomic nervous system, both as an internal transmitter for the sympathetic nervous system and as the final product released by the parasympathetic nervous system. Acetylcholine is the primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system. In the brain, acetylcholine functions as a neurotransmitter and as a neuromodulator. The brain contains a number of cholinergic

This is a document about Neurotransmitter
  the inhibitory transmitter in the spinal cord. ; Acetylcholine was the first neurotransmitter discovered in the peripheral and central nervous systems. It activates skeletal muscles in the somatic nervous system and may either excite or inhibit internal organs in the autonomic system. It is distinguished as the transmitter at the neuromuscular junction connecting motor nerves to muscles. The paralytic arrow-poison curare acts by blocking transmission at these synapses. Acetylcholine also operates in many regions of the brain, but using different types of receptors, including nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. ; Dopamine has a number of important functions in the brain; this includes regulation of motor behavior, pleasures related to motivation and also emotional arousal. It plays a critical role in

This is a document about Motor neuron
  rate that individual twitches are indistinguishable, and tension rises smoothly eventually reaching a plateau. The interface between a motor neuron and muscle fiber is a specialized synapse called the neuromuscular junction. Upon adequate stimulation, the motor neuron releases a flood of acetylcholine (Ach) neurotransmitters from the axon terminals from synaptic vesicles bind with the plasma membrane. The acetylcholine molecules bind to postsynaptic receptors found within the motor end plate. Once two acetylcholine receptors have been bound, an ion channel is opened and sodium ions are allowed to flow into the cell. The influx of sodium into the cell causes depolarization and triggers a muscle action potential. T tubules of the sarcolemma are then stimulated to elicit

This is a document about End-plate potential
   The neuromuscular junction is the synapse that is formed between an alpha motor neuron (α-MN) and the skeletal muscle fiber. In order for a muscle to contract, an action potential is first propagated down a nerve until it reaches the axon terminal of the motor neuron. The motor neuron then innervates the muscle fibers to contraction by causing an action potential on the postsynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction.

This is a document about Muscle cell
  around each sarcomere and are filled with Ca2+. Excitation of a myocyte causes depolarization at its synapses, the neuromuscular junctions, which triggers action potential. With a singular neuromuscular junction, each muscle fiber receives input from just one somatic efferent neuron. Action potential in a somatic efferent neuron causes the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. When the acetylcholine is released it diffuses across the synapse and binds to a receptor on the sarcolemma, a term unique to muscle cells that refers to the cell membrane. This initiates an impulse that travels across the sarcolemma. When the action potential reaches the sarcoplasmic reticulum

This is a document about Neuromuscular junction
  motor neuron into the synaptic cleft. In vertebrates, motor neurons release acetylcholine (ACh), a small molecule neurotransmitter, which diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on the cell membrane of the muscle fiber, also known as the sarcolemma. nAChRs are ionotropic receptors, meaning they serve as ligand-gated ion channels. The binding of ACh to the receptor can depolarize the muscle fiber, causing a cascade that eventually results in muscle contraction. Neuromuscular junction diseases can be of genetic and autoimmune origin. Genetic disorders, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy, can arise from mutated structural proteins that comprise the neuromuscular junction, whereas autoimmune diseases, such as myasthenia gravis, occur when antibodies are produced against nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the sarcolemma.

This is a document about Neuromuscular junction disease
  The neuromuscular junction is a specialized synapse between a neuron and the muscle it innervates. It allows efferent signals from the nervous system to contract muscle fibers causing them to contract. In vertebrates, the neuromuscular junction is always excitatory, therefore to stop contraction of the muscle, inhibition must occur at the level of the efferent motor neuron. In other words, the inhibition must occur at the level of the spinal cord. Release of acetylcholine vesicles from the presynaptic terminal occurs only after adequate depolarization of the efferent nerve. Once a motor nerve action potential reaches the presynaptic nerve terminal it causes an increase in intracellular calcium concentration by causing an increase in ion conductance through voltage gated calcium channels. This increase in calcium concentration allows the acetylcholine vesicles to fuse

This is a document about Butyrylcholinesterase
  Pseudocholinesterase deficiency results in delayed metabolism of only a few compounds of clinical significance, including the following: succinylcholine, mivacurium, procaine, heroin, and cocaine. Of these, its most clinically important substrate is the depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent, succinylcholine, which the pseudocholinesterase enzyme hydrolyzes to succinylmonocholine and then to succinic acid. In individuals with normal plasma levels of normally functioning pseudocholinesterase enzyme, hydrolysis and inactivation of approximately 90-95% of an intravenous dose of succinylcholine occurs before it reaches the neuromuscular junction. The remaining 5-10% of the succinylcholine dose acts as an acetylcholine receptor agonist at the neuromuscular junction, causing prolonged depolarization of the postsynaptic junction of the motor-end plate. This depolarization initially triggers fasciculation of skeletal muscle. As a result

This is a document about Stimulus (physiology)
  Nerves in the peripheral nervous system spread out to various parts of the body, including muscle fibers. A muscle fiber and the motor neuron to which it is connected. The spot at which the motor neuron attaches to the muscle fiber is known as the neuromuscular junction. When muscles receive information from internal or external stimuli, muscle fibers are stimulated by their respective motor neuron. Impulses are passed from the central nervous system down neurons until they reach the motor neuron, which releases the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) into the neuromuscular junction. ACh binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the surface of the muscle cell and opens ion channels, allowing sodium ions to flow into the cell and potassium ions to flow out; this ion movement causes a depolarization, which allows for the release of calcium ions within the cell. Calcium ions bind to proteins within the muscle cell to allow for muscle contraction; the ultimate consequence of a stimulus.

The neurotransmitter that is active at the neuromuscular junction is acetylcholine.


Question: who is the attorney general for the state of new jersey

Answer: Gurbir Grewal

This is a document about New Jersey Attorney General
  The Attorney General of New Jersey is a member of the executive cabinet of the state and oversees the Department of Law and Public Safety. The office is appointed by the governor of New Jersey, confirmed by the New Jersey Senate, and term limited. Under the provisions of the New Jersey State Constitution, the attorney general serves a concurrent term to the governor (starting on the third Tuesday of January following the election and ending on the third Tuesday following the next election). Andrew Bruck was appointed acting attorney general by Governor Phil Murphy. Bruck is the first openly LGBT attorney general in New Jersey. The conventional wisdom is that the attorney general cannot be removed from office except "for cause" by the governor or by way of legislative impeachment. It is fourth in the line of succession after the lieutenant governor of New Jersey, president of the New Jersey Senate, and speaker of the New Jersey General Assembly. The attorney general cannot also serve as the lieutenant governor.

This is a document about Peter N. Perretti Jr.
 Official bio, Office of the Attorney General of New Jersey. Accessed March 20, 2008.

This is a document about Kevin O'Dowd
  Kevin O'Dowd is a New Jersey public servant and political figure who served as Chief of Staff to the Governor of New Jersey Chris Christie. He was considered, but not formally nominated, for the position of Attorney General of the State of New Jersey. O'Dowd was born in Morristown, New Jersey. He graduated from Catholic University of America and St. John's University law school. O'Dowd was hired by then-US Attorney Chris Christie and served as a federal prosecutor. He worked in the US Attorney's Office Securities and Health Care Fraud Unit. O'Dowd spent two years employed as Chief of Staff to the Governor of New Jersey. O'Dowd lives in New Brunswick. On December 3, 2013, O'Dowd was nominated to be the next Attorney General of New Jersey. O'Dowd's confirmation hearing was scheduled

This is a document about Bergen County, New Jersey
  to Article VII Section II of the New Jersey State Constitution, each county in New Jersey is required to have three elected administrative officials known as "constitutional officers." These officers are the County Clerk and County Surrogate (both elected for five-year terms of office) and the County Sheriff (elected for a three-year term). Bergen County's constitutional officials are: The Acting Bergen County Prosecutor is Mark Musella. Calo was sworn into office in January 2018 after Gurbir Grewal of Glen Rock left office to become New Jersey Attorney General. Grewal had originally been nominated for the post by Governor Chris Christie in September 2013, but the New

This is a document about Attorney General of New York
  The Attorney General of New York is the chief legal officer of the U.S. state of New York and head of the Department of Law of the state government. The office has been in existence in some form since 1626, under the Dutch colonial government of New Netherlands. The Attorney General of the State of New York is the highest-paid State Attorney General in the country. Democrat Letitia James currently serves as Attorney General, in office since January 1, 2019.

This is a document about Christopher Porrino
  Christopher S. Porrino (born October 20, 1967) is an American trial lawyer who served as the Attorney General of New Jersey from 2016 to 2018. Porrino is currently a partner of Lowenstein Sandler, and chair of the firm's Litigation Department. Porrino was born in Teaneck and raised in Fort Lee and Englewood Cliffs. He resides in Summit, New Jersey with his wife, Christina, and their two children.

This is a document about Paul J. Fishman
  U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey. He was sworn into office on October 14, 2009, along with his First Assistant U.S. Attorney, Gil Childers. Fishman succeeded Acting U.S. Attorney Ralph J. Marra, who had served after the resignation of Chris Christie in December 2008 to run for Governor of New Jersey. After his release in 2017, he joined the faculty of Seton Hall Law School as Distinguished Visiting Fellow. Fishman is a registered Democrat and resides in Montclair. He is married with two children. He is also a board member of the Yogi Berra Museum and Learning Center in Little Falls.

This is a document about Andrew Bruck
  Andrew Bruck is the Acting Attorney General of New Jersey, having assumed the office on July 17, 2021. Bruck will serve as Acting Attorney General for the balance of the current term of Governor Phil Murphy, which ends in January 2022. Murphy was a candidate for re-election in 2021. Bruck was a federal prosecutor before joining the office of then-newly installed Attorney General Gurbir Grewal in January 2018 as Executive Assistant Attorney General. Bruck was subsequently promoted to First Assistant Attorney General. Grewal resigned effective July 16, 2021 to take a position with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Bruck is openly gay and resides with his husband and their infant daughter.

This is a document about Jon Corzine
  qualifications. If I am chosen by Jon, I am more than qualified to rise to the occasion." He strongly hinted he might appoint Governor Richard Codey although on November 23, 2005, Codey announced that he was not interested in pursuing the seat. On December 9, 2005, Corzine named his friend, who lived and lives in the same apartment building, U.S. Rep. Robert Menendez, a Democrat, to succeed him. One of Corzine's first nominations was that of Zulima Farber as New Jersey Attorney General. She served for approximately seven months until an ethics investigation concluded that she had acted improperly by going to the location where local police in Fairview, New Jersey had stopped her boyfriend, Hamlet Gore,

This is a document about 2025 New Jersey gubernatorial election
 Ras Baraka, Mayor of Newark (2014–present) ; Craig Coughlin, Speaker of the New Jersey General Assembly (2018–present) and state assemblyman (2010–present) ; Vin Gopal, state senator from the 11th legislative district (2018–present) ; Gurbir Grewal, former New Jersey Attorney General (2018-2021) ; Sheila Oliver, Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey (2018–present), commissioner of the New Jersey Department of Community Affairs (2018–present), former Speaker of the New Jersey General Assembly (2010-2014), former state assemblywoman (2004-2018), and candidate for U.S. Senate in 2013 ; Nicholas Scutari, President-designate of the New Jersey Senate and state senator from the 22nd legislative district (2004–present) ; Mikie Sherrill, U.S. Representative from the 11th congressional district (2019–present)

This is a document about Christopher Porrino
  In June 2016, Porrino was nominated by the Governor of New Jersey, Chris Christie to be the New Jersey Attorney General, and served as Acting Attorney General until unanimously confirmed by the Senate on August 1, 2016. Under his leadership, the Attorney General's Office created and enacted what was then the strictest prescribing rules in the country aimed at curtailing the over-dispensing of highly addictive pain medication, and proposed regulations to prevent prescribing physicians from being influenced by gifts and other rewards from pharmaceutical companies. He targeted “pill mills” and professionals engaged in indiscriminate prescribing, resulting in more civil and criminal charges filed against medical professionals during his term than during any comparable period in

This is a document about Jeffrey Chiesa
  On December 12, 2011, Governor Christie nominated Chiesa to succeed Paula Dow as Attorney General of New Jersey. Chiesa was sworn in as Dow's successor on January 10, 2012. Chiesa supported mandatory drug rehab treatment for non-violent drug offenders and holding violent defendants without bail. In January 2012, he proposed a comprehensive program to crack down on prescription drug abuse addictions and overdoses. In February 2012, he helped deliver $837.7 million to distressed homeowners of New Jersey from a settlement with major banks. The state had 10.6% of homeowners who are 90 or more days delinquent on their mortgage, the third-highest percentage in the nation at

This is a document about Rohit Vyas
  Vyas was master of ceremonies for the India Day parade in New York City for 21 years. In the year 2014, he helped moderate a panel with local law enforcement and the New Jersey Indian American community after a string of break-ins left citizens concerned for their safety. In an 2017 interview with Vyas, then New Jersey gubernatorial candidate Phil Murphy committed to name an Indian-American or South Asian-American as attorney general. In January 2018, Gurinder Grewal was sworn in as the first Sikh-American and second South Asian (after Kamala Harris in California in 2011) attorney general of a U.S. state.

This is a document about Peter Verniero
  In 1996, following Deborah T. Poritz’s nomination to the New Jersey Supreme Court, Whitman named Verniero as the 51st attorney general of New Jersey. Verniero was sworn in on July 10, 1996. In this position, he oversaw state criminal justice, legal affairs, gaming enforcement, consumer affairs, highway safety, the state police and professional regulation. As the attorney general serves a term concurrent with that of the governor, Whitman renominated Verniero in January 1998 and he was confirmed a second time by the state senate on January 20, 1998. While attorney general, Verniero successfully defended Megan’s Law, New Jersey’s sexual offender notification statute, before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. Verniero also represented the State of New Jersey before the U.S. Supreme Court in New Jersey v. New York, 523 U.S. 767 (1998), a case settling a boundary dispute over Ellis Island. The Supreme Court declared 90 percent of the present-day island to be a part of New Jersey. Verniero also led statewide initiatives to improve public school safety, aid victims of domestic violence and sexual assault and provide fairness and uniformity in drug case sentencing.

This is a document about Deborah Gramiccioni
  Gramiccioni has worked as a special assistant to the New Jersey Attorney General. She worked in the office of United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey under Christie

This is a document about Gurbir Grewal
  Gurbir Singh Grewal (born June 23, 1973) is an American attorney and prosecutor who served as the sixty-first attorney general of the State of New Jersey from January 2018 until his resignation in July 2021. Appointed by Governor of New Jersey Phil Murphy, he was confirmed by the New Jersey Senate on January 16, 2018. He is the first Sikh-American attorney general in United States history. Grewal was formerly the county prosecutor of Bergen County, New Jersey, originally appointed in 2016; he was also the first Sikh American to be named a county prosecutor in the United States. He is the second South Asian to be a state attorney general after California's Kamala Harris in 2011. It was announced Grewal would resign to become director of the Enforcement Division at the Securities and Exchange Commission. His resignation was effective July 16, 2021.

This is a document about Ralph J. Marra Jr.
  In November 2009, Internet news sources reported that Chris Christie planned to appoint Marra as Attorney General of New Jersey following his inauguration in January 2010. Instead, on December 15, 2009, Christie announced his intention to nominate Essex County Prosecutor Paula Dow as Attorney General. On February 18, 2010, Marra was appointed to the position of senior vice president for legal and governmental affairs for the New Jersey Sports and Exposition Authority. Marra resides in Cranford, New Jersey with his wife Sharon and is a registered Democrat.

This is a document about New Jersey Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control
  the Division of Law and Public Safety under the New Jersey Attorney General's office. The Division of ABC is headed by a Director, who is appointed by the Governor of New Jersey with the advice and consent of the State Senate. Investigations of violations of the ABC law are conducted by the Alcoholic Beverage Control Enforcement Unit in the Division of State Police which, like the Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control, is within the New Jersey Department of Law and Public Safety under the state attorney general. In June 2017, State Assemblyman Dave Rible was nominated by Governor Chris Christie to head the department. Rible was confirmed to the position of Director by the State Senate and appointed the following month.

This is a document about Chris Christie
  Christopher James Christie (born September 6, 1962) is an American politician, political commentator, lobbyist and former federal prosecutor who served as the 55th Governor of New Jersey from 2010 to 2018. Christie, who was born in Newark, New Jersey, was raised in Livingston, New Jersey. After graduating in 1984 from the University of Delaware, he earned a J.D. at Seton Hall University School of Law. A Republican, Christie was elected county freeholder (legislator) for Morris County, New Jersey, serving from 1995 to 1998. By 2002, he had campaigned for Presidents George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush; the latter appointed him U.S. Attorney for New Jersey, a position he held from 2002 to 2008. Christie won the 2009 Republican primary for Governor of New Jersey and defeated Democratic incumbent Jon Corzine in the general election. In his first term, he was credited

This is a document about United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey
  - Former Bergen County Prosecutor and current Attorney General of New Jersey ; Peter C. Harvey - Former Attorney General, State of New Jersey ; Katharine Hayden - U.S. District Court Judge ; Noel Hillman - U.S. District Court Judge; Former Chief, Public Integrity Section, U.S. Department of Justice ; Richard Hughes - Former Governor of New Jersey; Former Chief Justice, New Jersey Supreme Court ; David Lat - Blogger, Underneath their Robes and Above the Law ; William Martini - U.S. District Court Judge; Former Congressman (NJ-8) ; Stuart Rabner - Chief Justice, New Jersey Supreme Court ; Jerome Simandle - U.S. District Court Judge ; Herbert Stern - former U.S. District Court Judge; former federal monitor, UMDNJ Medicaid fraud investigation Prominent assistant US attorneys

The current Attorney General of New Jersey is Gurbir Grewal.


Question: when did canada change from pounds to dollars

Answer: the mid-19th century

This is a document about Decimalisation
  currency change on a technicality, wishing to distinguish the Canadian currency from the United States' currency by referencing the units as "Royals" rather than "Dollars". The British delay was overcome by the Currency Act of 1 August 1854. In 1858, coins denominated in cents and imprinted with "Canada" were issued for the first time. Decimalisation occurred in: The colonial elite, the main advocates of decimalisation, based their case on two main arguments: The first was for facilitation of trade and economic ties with the United States, the colonies' largest trading partner; the second was to simplify calculations and reduce accounting errors.

This is a document about Canadian dollar
  The gold standard was temporarily abandoned during the First World War and definitively abolished on April 10, 1933. At the outbreak of the Second World War, the exchange rate to the U.S. dollar was fixed at CA$1.10 = US$1.00. This was changed to parity in 1946. In 1949, the pound sterling was devalued and Canada followed, returning to a peg of CA$1.10 = US$1.00. However, Canada allowed its dollar to float in 1950, whereupon the currency rose to a slight premium over the U.S. dollar for the next decade. But the Canadian dollar fell sharply after 1960 before it was again pegged in 1962 at CA$1.00 = US$0.925. This was sometimes pejoratively referred to as the "Diefenbuck" or the "Diefendollar", after the then Prime Minister, John Diefenbaker. This peg lasted until 1970, with the currency's value being floated since then.

This is a document about Canadian dollar
  the Canadian dollar traded at a slight premium over the U.S. dollar, reaching a high of US$1.0614 on August 20, 1957. The Canadian dollar fell considerably after 1960, and this contributed to Prime Minister John Diefenbaker's defeat in the 1963 election. The Canadian dollar returned to a fixed exchange rate regime in 1962 when its value was set at US$0.925, where it remained until 1970. As an inflation-fighting measure, the Canadian dollar was allowed to float in 1970. Its value appreciated and it was worth more than the U.S. dollar for part of the 1970s. The high point was on April 25, 1974,

This is a document about Decimalisation
  Decimalisation in Canada was complicated by the different jurisdictions before Confederation in 1867. In 1841, the united Province of Canada's Governor General, Lord Sydenham, argued for establishment of a bank that would issue dollar currency (the Canadian dollar). Francis Hincks, who would become the Province of Canada's Prime Minister in 1851, favoured the plan. Ultimately the provincial assembly rejected the proposal. In June 1851, the Canadian legislature passed a law requiring provincial accounts to be kept decimalised as dollars and cents. The establishment of a central bank was not touched upon in the 1851 legislation. The British government delayed the implementation of

This is a document about History of the Canadian dollar
  The situation changed in the immediate run-up to World War II. Both the pound sterling and the Canadian dollar began to slip against the United States dollar in August 1939, as war began to seem inevitable. Britain imposed exchange controls in early September. Canada followed in mid-September, imposing exchange controls under the War Measures Act, which gave extensive powers to the federal Cabinet. The government fixed the value of the Canadian dollar against the pound sterling ($4.43 buying and $4.47 selling) and also against the US dollar (Can$1.10 (US$0.9091) buying and Can$1.11 (US$0.9009) selling). The government also imposed strict currency controls on exchanges with foreign currencies, particularly the United States dollar. Those measures lasted throughout the war, with some changes to the fixed exchange rates. After the war ended, the government maintained the fixed rates and exchange controls for some years. However, that was balanced out by an unofficial exchange rate established by US markets, which triggered an extensive debate about the merits of a policy of floating exchange rates.

This is a document about Shilling
  the autobiography of Solomon Northup (1853) and mentioned several times in the Horatio Alger Jr. story Ragged Dick (1868). In Canada, £sd currencies were in use both during the French period (New France livre) and after the British conquest (Canadian pound). Between the 1760s and 1840s in Lower Canada, both French and British-based pounds coexisted as units of account, the French livre being close in value to the British shilling. A variety of coinage circulated. By 1858, a decimal Canadian dollar came into use. Other parts of British North America decimalized shortly afterwards and Canadian confederation in 1867 passed control of currency to the federal government.

This is a document about Canadian dollar
  In 1867, the provinces of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia united in a federation named Canada and the three currencies were merged into the Canadian dollar. The Canadian Parliament passed the Uniform Currency Act in April 1871, tying up loose ends as to the currencies of the various provinces and replacing them with a common Canadian dollar.

This is a document about Canadian dollar
  In 1841, the Province of Canada adopted a new system based on the Halifax rating. The new Canadian pound was equal to four US dollars (92.88 grains gold), making one pound sterling equal to 1 pound, 4 shillings, and 4 pence Canadian. Thus, the new Canadian pound was worth 16 shillings and 5.3 pence sterling. In 1851, the Parliament of the Province of Canada passed an act for the purposes of introducing a pound sterling unit in conjunction with decimal fractional coinage. The idea was that the decimal coins would correspond to exact amounts in relation to the U.S. dollar

This is a document about Canadian royal symbols
  Coins were one of the first objects to bear the image of the reigning sovereign in what is today Canada. After 1640, French colonists employed the Louis d'or ("Gold Louis", which first bore the effigy of King Louis XIII and then all subsequent French monarchs) until the transfer of New France to the British in 1763. After, British sovereigns and coppers were used, sometimes long after the end of the reign of the monarch appearing on the coin. As a result of decimalisation, the Province of Canada replaced the Canadian pound with the dollar in 1858, minting new coins whose obverse side featured an

This is a document about Canadian pound
  already circulating. Remedial legislation was introduced in 1838 but it was not applied to the British North American colonies due to recent uprisings in Upper and Lower Canada. In 1841, the Province of Canada adopted a new system based on the Halifax rating. The new currency was equal to 4 U.S. dollars (92.88 grains gold), making one pound sterling equal to £1 4s 4d Canadian. Conversely the new Canadian pound was worth approximately 16s 5 1⁄4d sterling. The earliest Canadian postage stamps were denominated in this Halifax unit.  The 1850s was a decade of wrangling over whether to adopt a sterling

This is a document about Canadian pound
  was amended, abolishing accounts in pounds and the use of Sterling coinage as legal tender. Instead decimal 1¢, 5¢, 10¢, and 20¢ coins were introduced in 1858 at par with the US dollar, and postage stamps were issued with decimal denominations for the first time in 1859. British gold sovereigns and other gold coins continued to be legal tender. New Brunswick followed Canada in adopting a decimal system pegged to the US dollar in November 1860. Nova Scotia also decimalized and adopted a dollar in 1860, but the Nova Scotians set their dollar's value to $5 per gold sovereign rather

This is a document about History of Australian currency
  the change. On 7 April 1963 the government announced that a system of decimal currency was to be introduced into Australia at the earliest practicable date, and gave February 1966, as the tentative change-over date. On 14 February 1966, the Australian pound was replaced by the Australian dollar with the conversion rate of A£1 = A$2. The dollar comprised one hundred cents. Under the implementation conversion rate, £1 was set as the equivalent of $2. Thus, 10s became $1 and 1s became 10c. The conversion rate was problematic for the pre-decimal penny since the shilling was divided into twelve pence. Amounts less than a shilling

This is a document about History of the Canadian dollar
   In 1950, the federal government decided to switch to a policy of floating exchange rates, while maintaining the restrictions on currency exchanges. The rationale was a concern about an increase in inflation if the Canadian dollar continued to be fixed against the US dollar, as was required by the Bretton Woods agreement. The decision to switch to a floating rate called into question the need for restrictions on currency exchanges, and those restrictions were gradually lifted during 1951. At the end of 1951, the exchange restrictions were abolished entirely. Canada stayed on a floating exchange rate for twelve years, in spite of urgings from the International Monetary Fund to return to the fixed rate system under Bretton Woods.

This is a document about Canadian dollar
  fluctuations in the value of the Canadian dollar have tended to correlate with shifts in oil prices, reflecting the Canadian dollar's status as a petrocurrency owing to Canada's significant oil exports. The Canadian dollar traded at a record high of US$2.78 in terms of American greenbacks on July 11, 1864, since the latter was inconvertible paper currency. However, the Canadian dollar remained close to par or 1:1 versus the gold or silver US dollar of the time. Unlike other currencies in the Bretton Woods system, whose values were fixed, the Canadian dollar was allowed to float from 1950 to 1962. Between 1952 and

This is a document about New Brunswick pound
  In 1852, New Brunswick adopted the same standard for its pound as the Province of Canada was using, with 1 British pound = 1 pound 4 shillings 4 pence local currency (see Canadian pound). The pound was replaced by the dollar in 1860, at a rate of 1 dollar = 5 shillings.

This is a document about Early Canadian banking system
  banking, and incorporation of banks. This in turn allowed for the creation of a uniform currency across Canada. Official Canadian currency took the form of the Canadian dollar in 1871, overriding the currency of individual banks. After Confederation, Canada developed a banking system very different from that of the United States. Whereas the United States was served a large number of small banks serving just one town or, at most state, Canada's banking sector came to be dominated by a few banks with transcontinental branch networks. The Canadian system promoted stability and produced far fewer bank failures than either the contemporary United

This is a document about History of the Canadian dollar
  other silver coins were demonetized, although they continued to circulate. Dollar transactions were legalized. Since the New Brunswick and Canadian statutes had adopted the same conversion rates, their two currencies were now compatible, fixed at par with the US dollar. The trend towards decimalization continued, and in 1857 the Province of Canada provided that all public accounts were to be kept in dollars and cents. The next year, 1858, the first Canadian decimal coins were released. Minted at the Royal Mint in London, they were issued in the name of "Canada", with an effigy of Queen Victoria on the obverse. The coins were in denominations of one-cent, five-cents, ten-cents, twenty-cents and fifty-cents.

This is a document about Canadian dollar
  the name of "royal". However, in 1857, the decision was made to introduce a decimal coinage into the Province of Canada in conjunction with the U.S. dollar unit. Hence, when the new decimal coins were introduced in 1858, the colony's currency became aligned with the U.S. currency, although the British gold sovereign continued to remain legal tender at the rate of £1 = 4.86 2⁄3 right up until the 1990s. In 1859, Canadian colonial postage stamps were issued with decimal denominations for the first time. In 1861, Canadian postage stamps were issued with the denominations shown in dollars and cents.

This is a document about Newfoundland dollar
  in the British Empire in that it was the only part to introduce its own gold coin in conjunction with its gold standard. Newfoundland two dollar coins were minted intermittently until the Newfoundland banking crash of 1894. In 1895, following this banking crisis, the Canadian banks moved into Newfoundland and the value of the Newfoundland dollar was adjusted to set it equal to the Canadian dollar, a devaluation of 1.4%. The Newfoundland dollar was replaced by the Canadian dollar at par when Newfoundland joined Canada in 1949. The other British North American colonies adopted the American unit around the same time that Newfoundland adopted the

This is a document about Canadian dollar
   The first paper money issued in Canada denominated in dollars were British Army bills, issued between 1813 and 1815. Canadian dollar banknotes were later issued by the chartered banks starting in the 1830s, by several pre-Confederation colonial governments (most notably the Province of Canada in 1866), and after confederation, by the Canadian government starting in 1870. Some municipalities also issued notes, most notably depression scrip during the 1930s. On July 3, 1934, with only 10 chartered banks still issuing notes, the Bank of Canada was founded. This new government agency became the sole issuer of all federal notes. It began issuing notes in denominations of $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $25, $50, $100, $500 and $1000. In 1944,

Canada changed from pounds to dollars in 1858, with the first coins being issued in that year. However, the Canadian dollar was pegged to the US dollar at a fixed exchange rate of 100 cents = $1.00 from 1950 to 1962, and then allowed to float in 1970. The Canadian dollar reached a high point of $1.0610 against the US dollar in 1954.