Question: when was the last nuclear power plant built in the us

Answer: October 19 , 2016

This is a document about Nuclear power in the United States
  reactors were permanently closed in 2013 and 2014 before their licenses expired because of high maintenance and repair costs at a time when natural gas prices have fallen: San Onofre 2 and 3 in California, Crystal River 3 in Florida, Vermont Yankee in Vermont, and Kewaunee in Wisconsin, and in April, 2021 New York State permanently closed Indian Point in Buchanan, 30 miles from New York City. Most reactors began construction by 1974; following the Three Mile Island accident in 1979 and changing economics, many planned projects were canceled. More than 100 orders for nuclear power reactors, many already under construction, were canceled in the 1970s and 1980s, bankrupting some

This is a document about Nuclear renaissance in the United States
  Between 2007 and 2009, 13 companies applied to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) for construction and operating licenses to build 31 new nuclear power reactors in the United States. However, the case for widespread nuclear plant construction has been hampered due to inexpensive natural gas, slow electricity demand growth in a weak US economy, lack of financing, and safety concerns following the Fukushima nuclear disaster in 2011. Most of the proposed 31 reactors have been canceled, and only two reactors are under construction. In 2013, four reactors were permanently closed: San Onofre 2 and 3 in California following equipment problems, Crystal River 3 in Florida, and Kewaunee in Wisconsin. Vermont Yankee, in Vernon, was closed on Dec. 29, 2014. In March 2017, the last remaining U.S.-based new nuclear company, Westinghouse Electric Company, filed for Chapter

This is a document about Pressurized water reactor
  TMI-1 and TMI-2. The partial meltdown of TMI-2 in 1979 essentially ended the growth in new construction of nuclear power plants in the United States for two decades. Watts Bar unit 2 (a Westinghouse 4-loop PWR) came online in 2016, becoming the first new nuclear reactor in the United States since 1996. The pressurized water reactor has several new Generation III reactor evolutionary designs: the AP1000, VVER-1200, ACPR1000+, APR1400, Hualong One, IPWR-900 and EPR. The first AP1000 and EPR reactors were connected to the power grid in China in 2018. In 2020, NuScale Power became the first U.S. company to receive regulatory approval from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission for a small modular reactor with a modified PWR design. Also in 2020, the Energy Impact Center introduced the OPEN100 project, which published open-source blueprints for the construction of a nuclear power plant with a PWR design.

This is a document about Nuclear power phase-out
  gas, and may be retired early. The 556 MWe Kewaunee Power Station is being closed 20 years before license expiry for these economic reasons. Duke Energy's Crystal River 3 Nuclear Power Plant in Florida closed, as it could not recover the costs needed to fix its containment building. As a result of these changes, after reaching peak production in 2007, US nuclear capacity has been undergoing constant reduction every year. In 2021, Indian Point Energy Center, the last remaining nuclear power plant in the New York City metropolitan area, was shut down. Environmental groups celebrated the decision to close the plant, while critics pointed to the sites generation being replaced by two gas fired power plants resulting in an increase of fossil fuel consumption.

This is a document about Nuclear power in the United States
  1992 in Oregon. Humboldt Bay in California closed in 1976, 13 years after geologists discovered it was built on the Little Salmon Fault. Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant was completed but never operated commercially as an authorized Emergency Evacuation Plan could not be agreed on due to the political climate after the Three Mile Island accident and Chernobyl disaster. The last permanent closure of a US nuclear power plant was in 1997. US nuclear reactors were originally licensed to operate for 40-year periods. In the 1980s, the NRC determined that there were no technical issues that would preclude longer service. Over half of US

This is a document about Nuclear energy policy of the United States
  Many license applications filed with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission for proposed new reactors have been suspended or cancelled. As of October 2011, plans for about 30 new reactors in the United States have been "whittled down to just four, despite the promise of large subsidies and President Barack Obama’s support of nuclear power, which he reaffirmed after Fukushima". A reactor currently under construction in America, is at Watts Bar, Tennessee, was begun in 1973 and may be completed in 2012. Matthew Wald from The New York Times has reported that "the nuclear renaissance is looking small and slow". Generation III reactors are safer than older reactors like

This is a document about Economics of nuclear power plants
  about 30 new reactors in the United States have been reduced to 14. There are currently five new nuclear plants under construction in the United States (Watts Bar 2, Summer 2, Summer 3, Vogtle 3, Vogtle 4). Matthew Wald from The New York Times has reported that "the nuclear renaissance is looking small and slow". In 2013, four aging, uncompetitive reactors were permanently closed in the US: San Onofre 2 and 3 in California, Crystal River 3 in Florida, and Kewaunee in Wisconsin. The Vermont Yankee plant closed in 2014. New York State is seeking to close Indian Point Nuclear Power Plant, in Buchanan, 30 miles

This is a document about Nuclear energy policy by country
  President Barack Obama's support of nuclear power, which he reaffirmed after Fukushima". The only reactor currently under construction in America, at Watts Bar, Tennessee, was begun in 1973 and may be completed in 2012. Matthew Wald from the New York Times has reported that "the nuclear renaissance is looking small and slow". In 2008, the Energy Information Administration projected almost 17 gigawatts of new nuclear power reactors by 2030, but in its 2011 projections, it "scaled back the 2030 projection to just five". A survey conducted in April 2011 found that 64 percent of Americans opposed the construction of new nuclear reactors. A survey sponsored by the Nuclear Energy Institute, conducted in September 2011, found that "62 percent of respondents said they favor the use of nuclear energy as one of the ways to provide electricity in the United States, with 35 percent opposed".

This is a document about Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station
  Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station (TMI) is a closed nuclear power plant on Three Mile Island in Londonderry Township, Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna River just south of Harrisburg. It had two separate units, TMI-1 (owned by Exelon Generation) and TMI-2 (owned by FirstEnergy Corp). The plant was the site of the most significant accident in United States commercial nuclear energy when, on March 28, 1979, TMI-2 suffered a partial meltdown. According to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) report, the accident resulted in no deaths or injuries to plant workers or in nearby communities. Follow-up epidemiology studies have linked no incidents of cancer

This is a document about Nuclear power in the United States
  past and future scheduled plant closings, China and Russia could surpass the United States in nuclear energy production. As of October 2014, the NRC has granted license renewals providing a 20-year extension to a total of 74 reactors. In early 2014, the NRC prepared to receive the first applications of license renewal beyond 60 years of reactor life, as early as 2017, a process which by law requires public involvement. Licenses for 22 reactors are due to expire before the end of the next decade if no renewals are granted. Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station was the most recent nuclear power plant to be decommissioned, on June 1, 2019. Another five

This is a document about Nuclear power in the United States
  As of 2020, a total of 88 nuclear power plants have been built in the United States, 86 of which have had at least one operational reactor. In 2019 the NRC approved a second 20-year licence extension for Turkey Point units 3 and 4, the first time NRC had extended licences to 80 years total lifetime. Similar extensions for about 20 reactors are planned or intended, with more expected in the future.

This is a document about Nuclear power in the United States
  Ground has been broken on two new nuclear plants with a total of four reactors. The Obama administration was seeking the expansion of a loan guarantee program but as of December 2010 had been unable to commit all the loan guarantee money already approved by Congress. Since talk a few years ago of a “nuclear renaissance”, gas prices have fallen and old reactors are getting license extensions. The only reactor to finish construction after 1996 was at Watts Bar, Tennessee, is an old unit, begun in 1973, whose construction was suspended in 1988, and was resumed in 2007. It became operational in October 2016. Of the 100 reactors operating in the U.S., ground was broken on

This is a document about Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station
  Oyster Creek Nuclear Power Station was a single unit 636 MWe boiling water reactor power plant in the United States. The plant is located on an 800 acre site adjacent to Oyster Creek in the Forked River section of Lacey Township in Ocean County, New Jersey. At the time of its closure, the facility was owned by Exelon Corporation and, along with unit 1 at Nine Mile Point Nuclear Generating Station, was the oldest operating commercial nuclear power plant in the United States. The plant first started commercial operation on December 23, 1969, and is licensed to operate until April 9, 2029, but Oyster Creek was permanently shut down in

This is a document about Nuclear energy policy of the United States
  on to rate-payers all its expense over-runs". In 2008, the Energy Information Administration projected almost 17 gigawatts of new nuclear power reactors by 2030, but in its 2011 projections, it "scaled back the 2030 projection to just five". Following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, public support for building nuclear power plants in the U.S. dropped to 43%, slightly lower than it was immediately after the Three Mile Island accident in 1979, according to a CBS News poll. A survey conducted in April 2011 found that 64 percent of Americans opposed the construction of new nuclear reactors. A survey sponsored by the Nuclear Energy Institute, conducted in

This is a document about Nuclear power in the United States
  Those that were completed after Three Mile island experienced a much longer time lag from construction permit to starting of operations. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission itself described its regulatory oversight of the long-delayed Seabrook Nuclear Power Plant as "a paradigm of fragmented and uncoordinated government decision making," and "a system strangling itself and the economy in red tape." The number of operating power reactors in the US peaked at 112 in 1991, far fewer than the 177 that received construction permits. By 1998 the number of working reactors declined to 104, where it remains as of 2013. The loss of electrical generation from

This is a document about Nuclear power in the United States
  Up until 2013, there had also been no ground-breaking on new nuclear reactors at existing power plants since 1977. Then in 2012, the NRC approved construction of four new reactors at existing nuclear plants. Construction of the Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Generating Station Units 2 and 3 began on March 9, 2013 but was abandoned on July 31, 2017 after the reactor supplier Westinghouse filed for bankruptcy protection on March 29, 2017. On March 12, 2013 construction began on the Vogtle Electric Generating Plant Units 3 and 4, the target in-service date for Unit 3 is November 2021. On October 19, 2016 TVA's Unit-2 reactor at the Watts Bar Nuclear

This is a document about United States and weapons of mass destruction
  105,000 people and injured thousands more while devastating hundreds or thousands of military bases, factories, and cottage industries. The U.S. conducted an extensive nuclear testing program. 1054 tests were conducted between 1945 and 1992. The exact number of nuclear devices detonated is unclear because some tests involved multiple devices while a few failed to explode or were designed not to create a nuclear explosion. The last nuclear test by the United States was on September 23, 1992; the U.S. has signed but not ratified the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. Currently, the United States nuclear arsenal is deployed in three areas: The United States is one of

This is a document about Bechtel
  Stephen D. Bechtel Jr. took over for his father as president of the company as Stephen Bechtel Sr. retired in 1960. During the 1960s and 1970s, Bechtel was involved in constructing 40 percent of the nuclear plants in the United States. In 1968, the company completed the largest nuclear plant in the U.S. at the time, the San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station, in California. In 1972, Bechtel was involved in approximately 20 percent of all of the United States' new power-generating capacity. By the end of the decade, the company had moved from nuclear power construction toward nuclear cleanup projects, including Three Mile Island in 1979. Bechtel completed work on other megaprojects during the 1970s, including major airports in Saudi

This is a document about Nuclear weapon design
  The global alarm over radioactive fallout, which began with the Castle Bravo event, eventually drove nuclear testing literally underground. The last U.S. above-ground test took place at Johnston Island on November 4, 1962. During the next three decades, until September 23, 1992, the United States conducted an average of 2.4 underground nuclear explosions per month, all but a few at the Nevada Test Site (NTS) northwest of Las Vegas. The Yucca Flat section of the NTS is covered with subsidence craters resulting from the collapse of terrain over radioactive caverns created by nuclear explosions (see photo). After the 1974 Threshold Test Ban Treaty (TTBT), which limited underground explosions to

This is a document about Pacific Gas and Electric Company
  MWe. The plant operated for 13 years, until 1976 when it was shut down for seismic retrofitting. New regulations enacted after the Three Mile Island accident rendered the plant unprofitable and it was never restarted. Unit 3 is currently in decommissioning phase. Based on PG&E's schedule of planned decommissioning activities, which incorporates various assumptions, including approval of its proposed new scope, decommissioning of the Unit 3 site is expected to conclude in 2019. Pacific Gas & Electric planned to build the first commercially viable nuclear power plant in the United States at Bodega Bay, a fishing village fifty miles north of San Francisco. The proposal was controversial and conflict with local citizens began in 1958. In 1963, there was a large demonstration at the site of the proposed Bodega Bay Nuclear Power Plant. The conflict ended in 1964, with the forced abandonment of plans for the power plant.

The last nuclear power plant to be built in the US was the Watts Bar Unit 2 in Tennessee, which came online in 1996. However, the last nuclear reactor to be licensed in the US was the NuScale Vapor Temperature Reactor in Idaho in 2020.


Question: what is the name of the river in salzburg austria

Answer: Salzach

This is a document about List of mines in Germany
  Salzburg

This is a document about Red Bull BC One
  Location: Salzburg, Austria

This is a document about Timeline of Salzburg
  The following is a of the history of the city of Salzburg, Austria.

This is a document about List of songs about cities
 "Salzburg" by Worakls

This is a document about Salzburg
  Salzburg (, ; literally "Salt Castle"; Soizbuag) is the fourth-largest city in Austria. In 2020, it had a population of 156,872. The town is on the site of the Roman settlement of Iuvavum. Salzburg was founded as an episcopal see in 696 and became a seat of the archbishop in 798. Its main sources of income were salt extraction, trade and gold mining. The fortress of Hohensalzburg, one of the largest medieval fortresses in Europe, dates from the 11th century. In the 17th century, Salzburg became a centre of the Counter-Reformation, with monasteries and numerous Baroque churches built. Salzburg's historic centre (German: Altstadt) is renowned for its Baroque architecture and is one of the best-preserved city centres north of the Alps. The historic center was enlisted as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996. The city has three universities and a large population of students. Tourists also visit Salzburg to tour the historic centre and the scenic Alpine surroundings. Salzburg is also the birthplace of the 18th-century composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, who is considered one of the greatest composers of all time.

This is a document about Salzburg
  Salzburg is on the banks of the River Salzach, at the northern boundary of the Alps. The mountains to Salzburg's south contrast with the rolling plains to the north. The closest alpine peak, the 1,972‑metre-high Untersberg, is less than 16 km from the city centre. The Altstadt, or "old town", is dominated by its baroque towers and churches and the massive Hohensalzburg Fortress. This area is flanked by two smaller hills, the Mönchsberg and Kapuzinerberg, which offer green relief within the city. Salzburg is approximately 150 km east of Munich, 281 km northwest of Ljubljana, Slovenia, and 300 km west of Vienna. Salzburg has about the same latitude of Seattle.

This is a document about Salzburg (state)
  Salzburg (, ;Soizbuag) (also known as Salzburgerland) is a state (Land) of the modern Republic of Austria. It is officially named Land Salzburg to distinguish it from its eponymous capital — the city of Salzburg. For centuries, it was an independent Prince-Bishopric of the Holy Roman Empire.

This is a document about Salzburg (state)
  The state of Salzburg covers area of 7,156 km2. It stretches along its main river — the Salzach – which rises in the Central Eastern Alps in the south to the Alpine foothills in the north. It is located in the north-west of Austria, close to the border with the German state of Bavaria; to the northeast lies the state of Upper Austria; to the east the state of Styria; to the south the states of Carinthia and Tyrol. With 529,085 inhabitants, it is one of the country's smaller states in terms of population. Running through the south are the main ranges of the Alpine divide (incl. the Hohe Tauern mountains) with numerous three-thousanders. The Dachstein massif and the Berchtesgaden Alps ranges of the Northern Limestone Alps border Salzburg Land to the east and north.

This is a document about Salzburg (state)
 Eisriesenwelt, the largest ice cave in the world ; Großglockner Hochalpenstraße: a panoramic road, called Grossglockner High Alpine Road ; Salzkammergut: a lake district situated in Salzburg state, Upper Austria and Styria ; Liechtensteinklamm: Salzburg is home to one of the longest and deepest gorges of the Alps, the Liechtensteinklamm. It is located near Sankt Johann im Pongau or St.Johann/Pg., a small town in the middle of the state. ; Nonnberg Abbey, a Benedictine monastery that was immortalized in the movie The Sound of Music.

This is a document about Outline of Austria
  = Districts of Salzburg

This is a document about Northern Salzburg Alps
  Administratively the range belongs to the Austrian state of Salzburg and, marginally, to Styria and to the German state of Bavaria. The whole range is drained by the Danube river.

This is a document about Salzkammergut and Upper Austria Alps
  Administratively the range belongs to the Austrian state of Upper Austria, Salzburg and, marginally, to Styria. The whole range is drained by the Danube river.

This is a document about Salzburg Airport
  Salzburg Airport, branded as Salzburg Airport W. A. Mozart, is Austria's second largest airport. It serves Salzburg, the fourth-largest Austrian city, and is a gateway to Austria's numerous ski areas. The airport is located 1.7 NM west-south-west of Salzburg city centre and 2 km from the Austrian-German border. It is jointly owned by Salzburg municipality (25%) and Salzburg state (75%). The airport is named after the Austrian composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.

This is a document about Salzburger Nachrichten
  The Salzburger Nachrichten is a German language newspaper published in Salzburg, Austria.

This is a document about Geography of Austria
  The Danube has its source near Donaueschingen in southwestern Germany and flows through Austria before emptying into the Black Sea. It is the only major European river that flows eastwards, and its importance as an inland waterway has been enhanced by the completion in 1992 of the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal in Bavaria, which connects the rivers Rhine and Main with the Danube and makes barge traffic from the North Sea to the Black Sea possible. The major rivers north of the watershed of the Austrian Alps (the Inn in Tyrol, the Salzach in Salzburg, and the Enns in Styria and Upper Austria) are direct tributaries of the Danube and flow north into the Danube valley, whereas the rivers south of the watershed in central and eastern Austria (the Gail and Drau rivers in Carinthia and the Mürz and Mur rivers in Styria) flow south into the drainage system of the Drau, which eventually empties into the Danube in Serbia. Consequently, central and eastern Austria are geographically oriented away from the watershed of the Alps: the provinces of Upper Austria and Lower Austria toward the Danube and the provinces of Carinthia and Styria toward the Drau.

This is a document about Tyrol Schistose Alps
  Administratively the range belongs to the Austrian state of Tyrol and, marginally, of Salzburg. The whole range is drained by the tributaries of the Danube river.

This is a document about List of etymologies of country subdivision names
  city of Salzburg (literally "salt castle"), which takes its name from the salt mines that existed there during the Middle Ages ; Styria, German Steiermark: after the castle of Steyr; in the high Middle Ages, it formed a march of the Holy Roman Empire, hence -mark ; Tirol: after the Tirol Castle near Meran ; Upper Austria, German Ober-Österreich: the upper (physically higher) part of the original territory of Austria, as opposed to Lower Austria; also called Österreich ob der Enns "Austria above the (river) Enns" ; Vienna, German Wien: from Celtic Vindobona (vindo "white" + bona "foundation, fort") ; Vorarlberg, literally "in front of the Arlberg", takes its name from the Arlberg, a mountain (German: Berg) with a high mountain pass, characterised by Arle, a local German term for "mountain pine".

This is a document about Wien (river)
  The Wien is a river that flows through Austria's capital Vienna.

This is a document about Salzburg
  When Theodo of Bavaria asked Rupert to become bishop c. 700, Rupert reconnoitered the river for the site of his basilica. Rupert chose Juvavum, ordained priests, and annexed the manor of Piding. Rupert named the city "Salzburg". He travelled to evangelise among pagans. The name Salzburg means "Salt Castle" (Latin: Salis Burgium). The name derives from the barges carrying salt on the River Salzach, which were subject to a toll in the 8th century as was customary for many communities and cities on European rivers. Hohensalzburg Fortress, the city's fortress, was built in 1077 by Archbishop Gebhard, who made it his residence. It was greatly expanded during the following centuries.

The name of the river in Salzburg, Austria is not explicitly mentioned in the provided background information. However, it is mentioned that Salzburg is located in Austria and is known for its history and the Red Bull BC One event. The river that flows through Salzburg is called the Salzach River.


Question: who plays quill in guardians of the galaxy

Answer: Chris Pratt

This is a document about Peter Quill (Marvel Cinematic Universe)
  Peter Quill, also known by his alias Star-Lord, is a fictional character portrayed primarily by Chris Pratt in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) media franchise, based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name. Quill is initially depicted as a member of the space mercenary group called the Ravagers who was abducted from Earth as a child. He becomes the leader of the Guardians of the Galaxy after they assemble out of necessity to stop Ronan the Accuser from destroying Xandar. , Quill has appeared in four films, as well as the animated series What If...? (2021) as an alternate version, voiced by Brian T. Delaney. Quill will return in the upcoming films Thor: Love and Thunder (2022) and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 (2023), as well as The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special (2022).

This is a document about Characters of the Marvel Cinematic Universe
  Peter Jason Quill (portrayed by Chris Pratt ) is the half-human, half-celestial leader of the Guardians of the Galaxy who was abducted from Missouri as a child by a group of alien mercenaries called the Ravagers, where he adopted the self-proclaimed outlaw identity known as Star-Lord. Quill witnessed the death of his mother from terminal cancer and resultantly left the hospital grief-stricken. He later discovers his long lost father, Ego, whom he and the rest of the Guardians must defeat after learning his plan to eliminate all life. He and the rest of the Guardians join with the Avengers to battle Thanos in Avengers: Infinity War and Avengers: Endgame. , the character has appeared in four films: Guardians of the Galaxy, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, Avengers: Infinity War, and Avengers: Endgame; as well as the Disney+ animated series What If...?, voiced by Brian T. Delaney. He will return in the upcoming films Thor: Love and Thunder and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3, as well as The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special.

This is a document about Guardians of the Galaxy (film)
  In September 2012, Gunn confirmed that he had signed on to direct the film and rewrite the script. By the end of November, Joel Edgerton, Jack Huston, Jim Sturgess, and Eddie Redmayne signed deals to test for the role of Peter Quill],as did Lee Pace, which he confirmed a week later in early December. Other actors who were considered for the role included Thor: The Dark Worlds Zachary Levi, Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Michael Rosenbaum, and John Gallagher Jr. Chris Pratt was cast in the role in February 2013, as part of a multi-film deal that he signed with Marvel. Glenn Howerton was Gunn's second choice for the role.

This is a document about Guardians of the Galaxy (film)
  months. Pratt signed a multi-film contract with Marvel, and was granted a temporary leave from his work on Parks and Recreation to accommodate his participation in the film. Wyatt Oleff portrays a young Quill. An orphan from an alien world who seeks redemption for her past crimes. She was trained by Thanos to be his personal assassin. Saldaña said that she became Gamora through make-up rather than computer-generated imagery (CGI) or performance capture. On taking the role, Saldaña said, "I was just excited to be asked to join by James Gunn and to also play someone green. I've been blue before

This is a document about Peter Quill (Marvel Cinematic Universe)
  An alternate variant of Quill from the events of Guardians of the Galaxy appears in Avengers: Endgame.

This is a document about The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special
 Chris Pratt as Peter Quill / Star-Lord: Zoe Saldaña as Gamora: An orphan who seeks redemption for her past crimes, and was trained by Thanos to be his personal assassin. ; Dave Bautista as Drax the Destroyer: A member of the Guardians and highly skilled warrior whose family was slaughtered by Thanos. ; Vin Diesel as Groot: A member of the Guardians who is a tree-like humanoid and the accomplice of Rocket. ; Bradley Cooper as Rocket: A member of the Guardians who is a genetically modified raccoon bounty hunter and a master of weapons and military tactics. ; Karen Gillan as Nebula: A member of the Guardians who is an orphan from an alien world, and was trained by Thanos to be his personal assassin. ; Pom Klementieff as Mantis: A member of the Guardians with empathic powers. The half-human, half-Celestial leader of the Guardians of the Galaxy who was abducted from Earth as a child and raised by a group of alien thieves and smugglers called the Ravagers.

This is a document about Guardians of the Galaxy (film)
  Guardians of the Galaxy (retroactively referred to as Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 1) is a 2014 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team of the same name. Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, it is the 10th film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Directed by James Gunn, who wrote the screenplay with Nicole Perlman, the film features an ensemble cast including Chris Pratt, Zoe Saldaña, Dave Bautista, Vin Diesel, and Bradley Cooper as the titular Guardians, along with Lee Pace, Michael Rooker, Karen Gillan, Djimon Hounsou, John C. Reilly, Glenn Close, and Benicio del Toro. In the film, Peter Quill and a group of extraterrestrial criminals go on the run after stealing a powerful artifact. Perlman began

This is a document about Peter Quill (Marvel Cinematic Universe)
  the two, at which point Gunn was immediately convinced that Pratt was perfect for the role. Pratt also won over Feige, despite having gained weight again for Delivery Man. Prior to filming, Pratt underwent a strict diet and training regimen to lose 60 lb in six months. Pratt signed a multi-film contract with Marvel, and was granted a temporary leave from his work on Parks and Recreation to accommodate his participation in the film. Wyatt Oleff portrayed a young Quill in this film, and again in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2. In Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, Pratt said that Quill is

This is a document about List of Marvel Comics characters: Q
 Meredith Quill appears in the 2014 film Guardians of the Galaxy, portrayed by Laura Haddock. Dying of terminal cancer, she gives Peter Quill a mixtape before passing, all the while declaring that Peter's father was "an angel made of pure light". ; Laura Haddock reprises her role in the 2017 film Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, appearing in the prologue. This film reveals that Peter's father is Ego, rather than J'son. It is later revealed that Ego visited her multiple times, and in their last meeting secretly gave her the tumor which caused her death. Star-Lord and the rest of the Guardians of the Galaxy avenge her death by foiling Ego's plan of universal genocide.

This is a document about Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2
  of Stakar and Yondu's old team, based on the comic's original incarnation of the Guardians of the Galaxy, include Michael Rosenbaum as Martinex, Ving Rhames as Charlie-27, and Michelle Yeoh as Aleta Ogord. Also included in the team are the CG characters Krugarr and Mainframe, with the latter voiced, in an uncredited cameo, by Miley Cyrus. Rosenbaum had previously auditioned to play Peter Quill in Vol. 1. Gunn cast Yeoh because of his love of 1990s Hong Kong films, and Cyrus after admiring "the tone of her voice" while watching her as a coach on The Voice. He added that the team

This is a document about Chris Pratt
  While Pratt had been known to this point for playing supporting characters and was best known for his portly character on Parks and Recreation, 2014 marked a turning point in his career when he headlined two major studio films: Emmet Brickowski in The Lego Movie, which grossed $469.1 million; and Peter Quill / Star-Lord in Marvel Studios' Guardians of the Galaxy, which grossed $773.3 million. Pratt had initially turned down the role of Peter Quill, explaining he did not "want another Captain Kirk or Avatar moment" (after humbling auditions for both). The film's casting director, Sarah Finn, suggested Pratt to the director James Gunn, who

This is a document about Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Two
  Peter Quill / Star-Lord and a group of misfits, including Gamora, Rocket, Drax the Destroyer and Groot, fight to keep a powerful orb from the clutches of the villainous Ronan. Nicole Perlman began writing a screenplay in 2009. Marvel Studios announced it was developing a Guardians of the Galaxy film in July 2012. The film is directed by James Gunn, based on his and Perlman's screenplay. In February 2013, Chris Pratt was cast in the lead role, as Peter Quill / Star-Lord. The film was shot at Shepperton Studios and in London from July to October 2013, and post-production work was completed on July 7, 2014. The film premiered on July 21, 2014 in Hollywood. Guardians of the Galaxy was released in the United Kingdom on July 31, 2014, and in the United States on August 1. The film is set in 2014.

This is a document about Guardians of the Galaxy (film)
 Chris Pratt as Peter Quill / Star-Lord: Zoe Saldaña as Gamora: Dave Bautista as Drax the Destroyer: Vin Diesel as Groot: Bradley Cooper as Rocket: Lee Pace as Ronan the Accuser: Michael Rooker as Yondu Udonta: Karen Gillan as Nebula: Djimon Hounsou as Korath: John C. Reilly as Rhomann Dey: A corpsman in the Nova Corps, the Nova Empire's military and police force. ; Glenn Close as Irani Rael: Benicio del Toro as Taneleer Tivan / The Collector: The half-human, half-alien leader of the Guardians who was abducted from Missouri as a child in 1988 and raised by a group of

This is a document about Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3
 Chris Pratt as Peter Quill / Star-Lord: Zoe Saldaña as Gamora: Dave Bautista as Drax the Destroyer: A member of the Guardians and highly skilled warrior whose family was slaughtered by Thanos. ; Vin Diesel as Groot: A member of the Guardians who is a tree-like humanoid and the accomplice of Rocket. ; Bradley Cooper as Rocket: Karen Gillan as Nebula: A member of the Guardians and former Avenger who is an orphan from an alien world, and was trained by Thanos to be his personal assassin. ; Pom Klementieff as Mantis: A member of the Guardians with empathic powers. ; Sean Gunn as Kraglin Obfonteri: Yondu's former second-in-command in the Ravagers. ; Sylvester Stallone as Stakar Ogord: A high-ranking Ravager. ; Will Poulter as Adam Warlock: An artificial powerful being created by the Sovereign to destroy the Guardians as revenge. The half-human,

This is a document about Peter Quill (Marvel Cinematic Universe)
  Quill is introduced in Guardians of the Galaxy as the half-human, half-alien leader of the Guardians who was abducted from Missouri as a child in 1988 and raised by a group of alien thieves and smugglers called the Ravagers. Pratt was cast in the role in February 2013, as part of a multi-film deal that he signed with Marvel. About the character, Pratt said, "He had a hard time as a kid, and now he goes around space, making out with hot alien girls and just being a rogue and a bit of a jerk, and through teaming up with these guys, finds a higher

This is a document about Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2
  be made before the end of 2015, and by the end of October, Pom Klementieff was cast as Mantis. Also, it was reported that Matthew McConaughey had recently turned down the role of "the villain" in the film, in favor of The Dark Tower (2017). McConaughey felt he would have been "an amendment" in Vol. 2 in "a colorful part [made] for another big-name actor." In December, Gunn said that he was corresponding with John C. Reilly about him reprising his role as Nova Corpsman Rhomann Dey, while Kurt Russell entered early talks to play Quill's father. After the death of David Bowie in January 2016,

This is a document about Guardians of the Galaxy – Mission: Breakout!
 Chris Pratt as Peter Quill / Star-Lord ; Zoe Saldana as Gamora ; Dave Bautista as Drax the Destroyer ; Fred Tatasciore as Groot (voice) ; Bradley Cooper as Rocket (voice) ; Benicio del Toro as Taneleer Tivan / The Collector ; Pom Klementieff as Mantis ; Stan Lee as himself ; Seth Green as Howard the Duck (voice)

This is a document about Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2
  Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 is a 2017 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team Guardians of the Galaxy, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the sequel to Guardians of the Galaxy (2014) and the 15th film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Written and directed by James Gunn, the film stars an ensemble cast featuring Chris Pratt, Zoe Saldaña, Dave Bautista, Vin Diesel, Bradley Cooper, Michael Rooker, Karen Gillan, Pom Klementieff, Elizabeth Debicki, Chris Sullivan, Sean Gunn, Sylvester Stallone, and Kurt Russell. In Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, the Guardians travel throughout the cosmos as they help Peter Quill learn more about his mysterious parentage. The

This is a document about Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2
  Michael Rooker said he would return as Yondu, and was looking forward to exploring new areas of the character. Chris Pratt, who played Peter Quill/Star-Lord in the first film, confirmed the sequel would be one of his next projects. Bradley Cooper expressed interest and excitement when asked if he would return as Rocket. Vin Diesel also confirmed he would return as Groot. In March 2015, Gunn revealed that filming would take place in Atlanta, Georgia with "major crew changes" from the first film, and that his brother, Sean Gunn, would return as Kraglin alongside Karen Gillan as Nebula. He explained his relationship with Marvel,

This is a document about London Film Critics Circle Awards 2000
 Michael Caine - Quills ; Jason Isaacs - The Patriot ; Jude Law - The Talented Mr. Ripley ; Timothy Spall - Topsy-Turvy Albert Finney - Erin Brockovich

Chris Pratt plays Quill in the Guardians of the Galaxy films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.


Question: was the memphis belle the first to complete 25 missions

Answer: one of the first

This is a document about Robert Hanson (United States Army Air Forces)
  of his life. The first aircraft to complete at tour of 25 missions was the Hot Stuff, a B-24 Liberator bomber. However, it crashed into a mountain en route to the United States in bad weather. The Memphis Belle was selected to return to the United States in its place upon completing their 25-mission tour. After finishing their tour the crew were introduced to King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. They then returned to the United States to take part in a 32-city tour to raise morale and sell war bonds. They were accompanied on the tour by their Highland Terrier mascot called Stuka. Their arrival back in the United States took place at Long Beach on August 19, 1943, to the cheers of thousands Douglas Aircraft Company workers.

This is a document about Robert K. Morgan
  The Memphis Belle was the second heavy bomber in the Eighth Air Force to complete 25 combat missions in the European Theatre; and was the first to return to the United States as part of a publicity campaign to sell war bonds. In those missions, all of which were daylight raids, the Memphis Belle flew 148 hours, dropped more than 60 tons of bombs and had every major part of the plane replaced at least once. Morgan and his crew were the subjects of a 1944 film documentary, Memphis Belle: A Story of a Flying Fortress.

This is a document about Memphis Belle: A Story of a Flying Fortress
   The Memphis Belle: A Story of a Flying Fortress is a 1944 documentary film which provides an account of the final mission of the crew of the Memphis Belle, a Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress. In May 1943 it became the third U.S. Army Air Forces heavy bomber to complete 25 missions over Europe, but the first to return to the United States. The dramatic 16 mm color film of actual battles was made by three cinematographers, including First Lieutenant Harold J. Tannenbaum. Tannenbaum, a veteran of World War I, was killed in action during the filming when the bomber he

This is a document about Memphis Belle (film)
  electrics that power the landing gear, though the crew successfully deploy the gear manually just prior to landing. Back on friendly soil, Lt. Colonel Derringer and the ground crew run to the plane to celebrate its victory, with Captain Dearborn opening a stowed bottle of Champagne aboard the aircraft with his crew. The closing credits state that the Memphis Belle flew its 25th and final mission on May 17th, 1943, and that over a quarter of a million aircraft saw action over Western Europe during World War Two, with 200,000 airmen losing their lives and the film being dedicated in theirs and every serviceman's honour.

This is a document about Memphis Belle (aircraft)
  composite crew chosen by the Eighth Air Force, airmen who had flown combat aboard; they were led by Capt. Morgan for a 31-city war bond tour. Morgan's original co-pilot was Capt. James A. Verinis, who himself piloted the Memphis Belle for one mission. Verinis was promoted to aircraft commander of another B-17 for his final 16 missions and finished his tour on 13 May. He rejoined Morgan's crew as co-pilot for the flight back to the United States. The B-17 Hell's Angels (41-24577) of the 303rd Bomb Group completed 25 combat missions on 13 May 1943, becoming the first to complete the feat, one week before the Memphis Belle.

This is a document about Memphis Belle (film)
  Memphis Belle, a B-17 Flying Fortress and her crew are set to complete 25 missions, a prerequisite for the crew to complete their tour of duty. Along with the rest of the squadron, Belle is given the task of attacking a Focke Wulf 190 manufacturing plant in Bremen, Germany. Though initially escorted by P-51's, the short-range fighters have to eventually withdraw, leaving the vulnerable bombers to fend for themselves to the target and back. The success of Belle carries a lot of significance in that she would be the first in the Eighth Air Force to complete her tour. Army Publicist Lieutenant Colonel Bruce Derringer intends

This is a document about Memphis Belle (aircraft)
  the fuselage bore the unit and aircraft identification markings of a B-17 of the 324th Bomb Squadron (Heavy), with the squadron code "DF" and individual aircraft letter "A". Captain Robert K. Morgan's crew flew 25 combat missions with the 324th Bomb Squadron, all but four were in the Memphis Belle. The bomber's 25 combat missions, which included eight German aircraft shot down by its aircrew, were:  Sources disagree on which two of these three missions the Memphis Belle received mission credits. Morgan's crew completed the following missions in B-17s other than the Memphis Belle:  The Memphis Belle was flown back to the United States on 8 June 1943 by

This is a document about 303rd Air Expeditionary Group
  The 303rd Air Expeditionary Group is a provisional United States Air Force unit. In 2011, it was assigned to United States Air Forces Europe to activate or inactivate as needed. The unit was first activated as the 303rd Bombardment Group in February 1942. During World War II, the 303rd was one of the first VIII Bomber Command B-17 Flying Fortress units in England. The group's "Hell's Angels" is recognized by the USAF as the first B-17 to complete 25 combat missions in the ETO on 13 May 1943, six days before the Memphis Belle, though 12 days after Delta Rebel

This is a document about Memphis Belle: A Story of a Flying Fortress
  401st were shot down over Bremen, Germany, on April 17, 1943, at that time the most costly mission yet for the Eighth Air Force. Morgan was then selected and his crew re-united by the Eighth Air Force to complete its tour together and to return to the United States for a war bond drive. Wyler also informed Morgan when asked that, had the Memphis Belle been shot down on the crew's final mission, Wyler had a backup crew working with another B-17 about to finish its 25 missions, Hell's Angels of the nearby 303d Bombardment Group. Hell's Angels actually completed 25 missions first, on May 13 (the date of

This is a document about Hot Stuff (aircraft)
  Gen. Andrews's death, the job of Supreme Allied Commander was assigned to Gen. Dwight Eisenhower seven months later in December 1943. Additionally, because Hot Stuff was destroyed in the crash, the War Department chose to send the Memphis Belle home and celebrate it as the first bomber to reach 25 missions. Memphis Belle later inspired the making of two motion pictures: a 1944 documentary film, Memphis Belle: A Story of a Flying Fortress, and a 1990 Hollywood feature film, Memphis Belle. A monument honoring the dead was unveiled near the crash site on 3 May 2018, 75 years after the crash.

This is a document about List of accidents and incidents involving military aircraft (1943–1944)
  Andrews Field (later Andrews Air Force Base), for him on 7 February 1945. It appears that "Hot Stuff" was actually the first heavy bomber to complete 25 missions successfully, despite the publicity given the "Memphis Belle" and "Hell's Angels" of the 303d Bomb Group, when the B-24 bombed Naples on 7 February 1943. The bomber was, in fact, on the first leg of a trip back to the United States for a War Bond Tour when she was lost. 6 May ; Curtiss XP-60D-CU 41-19508 (the second Curtiss XP-53-CU re-designated), crashed at Rome Air Depot, New York. Circa 7 May

This is a document about Hot Stuff (aircraft)
  Hot Stuff was part of the 8th Air Force out of Hardwick (Station 104), England, and part of the 93rd Bomb Group, 330th Bomb Squadron. Hot Stuff flew its 25th mission on February 7, 1943, against long odds at a time when many planes were being shot down. Hot Stuff became the first heavy bomber and crew, and first B-24, in the 8th Air Force to complete twenty-five missions in Europe in World War II. It reached its 25th mission milestone three-and-a-half months before the widely celebrated Memphis Belle. After Hot Stuff completed thirty-one missions, it was selected to return to the United States on May 3, 1943, to tour the country and help sell war bonds.

This is a document about Memphis Belle: A Story of a Flying Fortress
  19th for the Memphis Belle). Morgan states in his memoirs that he was approached by Wyler in late January 1943 after his crew's eighth mission. Wyler told Morgan he wanted to film the Memphis Belle and her crew because of "a certain mystique" to the aircraft's nickname, and that Morgan's reputation as a pilot meant that Wyler would be "in the center of the action...(with) a pretty good chance of coming back." Morgan agreed after assurances from Wyler that the film crew would not interfere with operation of the airplane in combat in any way. The first mission flown in filming was not aboard the Memphis Belle, but aboard

This is a document about Robert Hanson (United States Army Air Forces)
  The crew flew the Memphis Belle to their wartime base in the United Kingdom in September 1942. From there they flew against targets in France and Nazi Germany between November 7, 1942, and May 17, 1943. The air raids amounted to 148 hours of flying and over 60 tonnes of bombs dropped. The first raid on November 7 was against the dockyard at Brest in France. The crew's other missions came approximately every 10 days attacking the ports of France, Belgium and Nazi Germany. Hanson carried a lucky rabbit's foot on their missions. The crew had some close shaves: on one occasion the tail of the aircraft was shot away. This happened on January 23, 1943, while attacking the submarine pens at Lorient in France. As Hanson related -

This is a document about Dauntless Dotty
  Captain Robert K. Morgan (31 July 1918 – 15 May 2004), of Asheville, North Carolina, had been the pilot on the majority of the missions flown by the B-17 Flying Fortress, Memphis Belle, when it was designated the official "first" bomber to complete 25 operations, while flying with the 91st Bomb Group, VIII Bomber Command, in the European Theatre of Operations. (Hell's Angels, of the 303d Bomb Group, actually beat the Belle by one week.) Memphis Belle was the first combat-veteran bomber to return to the United States as part of a publicity campaign to sell war bonds. Morgan flew the plane all over the United States for bond rallies.

This is a document about 91st Bombardment Group
  25 February 1944 and the end of the war, at least 126 in a row without turning back because of mechanical failure, for which MSgt Davis received the Bronze Star. ; Lt Col (later Col USAF) Immanuel J. Klette, 324th Bomb Squadron ; Colonel Klette flew 91 bomber missions as a co-pilot and pilot with the 306th Bomb Group, and as a command pilot with the 91st. Over 30 of his missions were as group, wing, division, or air force mission commander while serving with the 91st BG. His 91 sorties are the most by any Eighth Air Force pilot in World War II. ; Capt (later Col USAF) Robert K. Morgan, 324th Bomb Squadron ; Captain Morgan, an original member of the group, piloted the Memphis Belle in combat and returned it to the United States. ; 1st Lt Bert Stiles, 401st Bomb Squadron (author)

This is a document about Memphis Belle (aircraft)
  The Memphis Belle is a Boeing B-17F Flying Fortress used during the Second World War that inspired the making of two motion pictures: a 1944 documentary film, Memphis Belle: A Story of a Flying Fortress and the 1990 Hollywood feature film, Memphis Belle. It was one of the first United States Army Air Forces B-17 heavy bombers to complete 25 combat missions, after which the aircrew returned with the bomber to the United States to sell war bonds. In 2005 restoration began on the Memphis Belle at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson AFB in Dayton, Ohio where, from May 2018, it has been on display. The B-17 used in the 1990 feature film is housed at the National Warplane Museum in Geneseo, New York.

This is a document about Memphis Belle (aircraft)
  February 1943 – Wilhelmshaven, Germany (in B-17 41-24515) ; 5 April 1943 – Antwerp, Belgium (in B-17 41-24480 Bad Penny) ; 4 May 1943 – Antwerp, Belgium (in B-17 41-24527, The Great Speckled Bird)  The Memphis Belle, a Boeing-built B-17F-10-BO, manufacturer's serial number 3470, USAAC Serial No. 41-24485, was added to the USAAF inventory on 15 July 1942, and delivered in September 1942 to the 91st Bombardment Group at Dow Field, Bangor, Maine. It deployed to Prestwick, Scotland, on 30 September 1942, moving to a temporary base at RAF Kimbolton on 1 October, and then finally to its permanent base at RAF Bassingbourn, England, on 14 October. Each side

This is a document about Accidents and incidents involving the Consolidated B-24 Liberator
  Gen. Frank Andrews and six of his staff; only tail gunner SSgt George A. Eisel survived. Andrews was the highest-ranking Allied officer to die in the line of duty at that point in the war, and was on an inspection tour as Commander of US Forces, European Theatre of Operations. Andrews Field (later Andrews Air Force Base) was named for him on 7 February 1945. It appears that "Hot Stuff" was the first heavy bomber to successfully complete 25 missions when it bombed Naples on 7 February 1943, despite the publicity given the "Memphis Belle" and "Hell's Angels" of the 303d

This is a document about Memphis Belle (aircraft)
 A Republic F-105D Thunderchief (AF Ser. No. 60-0504) from 357th Tactical Fighter Squadron of the 355th Tactical Fighter Wing based at Takhli Royal Thai Air Base during the Vietnam War was named Memphis Belle II in honor of the original B-17F. The aircraft claimed two MiG-17 kills in addition to numerous bombing missions, and was the last F-105 to fly. It is currently preserved at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton, Ohio. It was donated in April 1990. ; A Rockwell B-1B Lancer (AF Ser. No. 86-0133) was named Memphis Belle. In 1996, Colonel Robert K. Morgan, pilot

No, the Memphis Belle was not the first B-17 to complete 25 missions. The first B-17 to do so was the Hell's Angels, which completed its 25th mission on May 13, 1943, three days before the Memphis Belle.


Question: who was a french aristocrat and military officer who served as a general in the continental army

Answer: Marquis de Lafayette

This is a document about Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette
  Marie-Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de La Fayette (6 September 1757 – 20 May 1834), known in the United States as Lafayette, was a French aristocrat and military officer who fought in the American Revolutionary War, commanding American troops in several battles, including the siege of Yorktown. After returning to France, he was a key figure in the French Revolution of 1789 and the July Revolution of 1830. He has been considered a national hero in both countries. Lafayette was born into a wealthy land-owning family in Chavaniac in the province of Auvergne in south central France. He followed the family's martial tradition and was commissioned an officer at

This is a document about List of Assassin's Creed characters
  Marie-Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de La Fayette (voiced by Vince Corazza) (1757–1834) often known as Lafayette, is a French aristocrat and military officer born in south central France. During the American Revolutionary War, Lafayette serves as a Major-General in the Continental Army under George Washington. Blocked by British spies who learned of his support for the Patriots, Lafayette disguises himself as a woman to board a ship to America in 1777. He recounts this to Ratonhnhaké꞉ton' while camping in Valley Forge that winter. On June 28, 1778, Lafayette leads a battalion in the battle of Monmouth, when he is given strange orders by Charles Lee to advance into enemy

This is a document about Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau
  Marshal Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau (1 July 1725 – 10 May 1807) was a French nobleman and general whose army played the decisive role in helping the United States defeat the British army at Yorktown in 1781 during the American Revolution. He was commander-in-chief of the French Expeditionary Force sent by France to help the American Continental Army fight against British forces.

This is a document about History of Rockland County, New York (1798–1900)
 Comte de Rochambeau – A French aristocrat, soldier, and a Marshal of France who participated in the American Revolutionary War. ; General "Mad" Anthony Wayne earned his nickname leading 1,350 Continental Army troops in a surprise attack against the 544 man British garrison at Stony Point. ; Henry Lee III – An early American patriot who served as the 9th Governor of Virginia and a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Virginia's 19th district. He was also the father of Confederate general Robert E. Lee. ; Marquis de Lafayette – Revolutionary War hero and a leader of the Garde Nationale during the French Revolution visited in 1824. ; Washington Irving (April 3, 1783 – November 28, 1859) was an American author, essayist, biographer and historian of the early 19th century. He accompanied President Martin Van Buren when Van Buren came to call on Mrs. Gertrude Oblenis of West Nyack. Thurgood Marshall – Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States

This is a document about Benedict Arnold
   Benedict Arnold ( – 14 June 1801) was an American military officer who served during the Revolutionary War. He fought with distinction for the American Continental Army and rose to the rank of major general before defecting to the British side of the conflict in 1780. General George Washington had given him his fullest trust and had placed him in command of West Point in New York. Arnold was planning to surrender the fort there to British forces, but the plot was discovered in September 1780, whereupon he fled to the British lines. In the later part of the conflict, Arnold was commissioned

This is a document about Louis Desaix
  Louis Charles Antoine Desaix (17 August 1768 – 14 June 1800) was a French general and military leader during the French Revolutionary Wars. According to the usage of the time, he took the name Louis Charles Antoine Desaix de Veygoux. He was considered one of the greatest generals of the Revolutionary Wars.

This is a document about Louis de Mauris, Vicomte de Malartic
  Louis Hippolyte Joseph de Mauris, Vicomte de Malartic (1769–1832) was a French aristocrat and military officer who served in the French Army as well as in the United States Army in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

This is a document about Thomas Gage
  General Thomas Gage (10 March 1718/19 – 2 April 1787) was a British Army general officer and colonial official best known for his many years of service in North America, including his role as British commander-in-chief in the early days of the American Revolution. Being born to an aristocratic family in England, he entered military service, seeing action in the French and Indian War, where he served alongside his future opponent George Washington in the 1755 Battle of the Monongahela. After the fall of Montreal in 1760, he was named its military governor. During this time he did not distinguish himself militarily, but proved himself to

This is a document about Darnhall
 Charles Lee – A British army officer who later became a general in the American Continental Army.

This is a document about Nathanael Greene
  Nathanael Greene (August 7 1742 – June 19, 1786, sometimes misspelled Nathaniel) was a major general of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War. He emerged from the war with a reputation as General George Washington's most talented and dependable officer, and is known for his successful command in the southern theater of the war. Born into a prosperous Quaker family in Warwick, Rhode Island, Greene became active in the colonial opposition to British revenue policies in the early 1770s and helped establish the Kentish Guards, a state militia. After the April 1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord, the legislature of Rhode Island established an army and appointed Greene to command it. Later in the year, Greene became a general in the newly-established Continental Army. Greene served under Washington in the Boston campaign, the New York and New Jersey campaign, and the Philadelphia campaign before being appointed quartermaster

This is a document about John de Barth Walbach
  John Baptiste de Barth Walbach (October 3, 1766 – June 10, 1857) was an Alsatian baron who fought in the French Revolutionary Wars, and was one of the few foreign-born senior officers in the United States Army prior to the American Civil War, attaining the honorary rank of brevet Brigadier General. After immigrating to the United States to join his father, Walbach became an aide to Alexander Hamilton, rising to Adjutant General of the United States during the War of 1812. With a military career spanning over 57 years, he remained in active duty until his death at the age of 90, making him the oldest acting officer in U.S. history. During his long career he commanded most forts along the eastern seaboard: Fort Constitution, Fort Trumbull, Fort Severn, Fort Monroe, Frankford Arsenal, Fort McHenry, and Fort Pickens. Many American place names are in his honor, including Fort Walbach.

This is a document about Founding Fathers of the United States
  Nathanael Greene, Revolutionary War general; commanded the southern theater ; Nathan Hale, captured U.S. soldier executed in 1776 ; Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton, wife of Alexander Hamilton ; Esek Hopkins, Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Navy ; James Iredell, essayist for independence and advocate for the constitution, one of the first Supreme Court justices ; John Paul Jones, navy captain ; Henry Knox, army general, Secretary of War, founder Society of the Cincinnati ; Tadeusz Kościuszko, American general, former Polish army general ; Bernardo de Galvez, Spanish military, governor of Spanish Louisiana. ; Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, French Marquis who became a Continental Army general ; John Laurance, New York

This is a document about Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau
  In 1780, Rochambeau was appointed commander of land forces as part of the project code-named Expédition Particulière. He was given the rank of Lieutenant General in command of some 7,000 French troops and sent to join the Continental Army under George Washington during the American Revolutionary War. Axel von Fersen the Younger served as his aide-de-camp and interpreter. The small size of the force at his disposal made him initially reluctant to lead the expedition.  He landed at Newport, Rhode Island on 10 July but was held there inactive for a year due to his reluctance to abandon the French fleet blockaded by the British in Narragansett Bay. The College in the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations (now known as Brown University) served as an encampment site for some of Rochambeau's troops. The College Edifice

This is a document about John Laurance
  Laurance served in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War as a commissioned officer from 1775 to 1782. At the outbreak of war in 1775, he was appointed a second lieutenant in the 4th New York Regiment, and took part in the 1775 Invasion of Quebec. In 1776, he received a commission as captain and paymaster of the Continental Army's 1st New York Regiment, serving under his father-in-law Alexander McDougall (sometimes spelled MacDougall). He was Judge Advocate General from 1777 to 1782. Among the cases he handled were prosecuting at the court-martial of Charles Lee for insubordination in 1778, and the 1779 court-martial of Benedict Arnold for corruption. He also presided at the trial of Major John André, serving on the 1780 board that convicted the major of spying and sentenced him to death by hanging, and was the board's recorder. Laurance attained the rank of colonel and resigned his commission in 1782. He was a charter member of the Society of the Cincinnati.

This is a document about Jacques Anne Joseph Le Prestre de Vauban
  Entering military service in 1770, he was Rochambeau's aide-de-camp during the American War of Independence and was sent back to France with the general's dispatches in 1782. He became colonel and second in command of the régiment d'Agenors, and shortly afterwards, the duc d'Orléans, whose chamberlain he was, made him colonel in command of the régiment d'infanterie that took his name and knight of the order of Saint-Louis on 13 June 1784. Like most other officer of his corps, he emigrated around the time of Louis XVI's flight to Varennes, going to Ath, then Koblenz, where the comte d'Artois made him his aide-de-camp. He accompanied him in this role during the campaign of 1792 and on his trip to Russia in 1793, where they were well received by Catherine II of

This is a document about Thomas Saumarez
  General Sir Thomas Saumarez (1 July 1760 – 4 March 1845) was a British General who served in the American Revolutionary War.

This is a document about Henry Knox
  Henry Knox (July 25, 1750 – October 25, 1806) was an American military officer who was a senior general of the Continental Army and later the United States Army. He directed the artillery in the successful war for independence. He was close to George Washington, who appointed him first United States Secretary of War from 1789 to 1794. Born and raised in Boston, Massachusetts, Knox owned and operated a bookstore there, cultivating an interest in military history and joining a local artillery company. When the American Revolutionary War broke out in 1775, he helped General George Washington on artillery matters which proved decisive in driving the British out of Boston in 1776. Knox quickly rose to become the chief artillery officer of

This is a document about Jean Rapp
   General Count Jean Rapp (27 April 1771 – 8 November 1821) was a French Army officer during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. Rapp was born the son of the janitor of the town-hall of Colmar, then located in the Old Customs House. He began theological studies to become a clergyman, but with his build and heated character, he was better suited to the military, which he joined in March 1788. From the rank of a regular of the chasseurs de Cévennes, he worked his way up through his courage and character to the rank of a division general and adjutant of Napoleon Bonaparte. As a

This is a document about Horatio Gates
  Horatio Lloyd Gates (July 26, 1727 – April 10, 1806) was a British-born American army officer who served as a general in the Continental Army during the early years of the Revolutionary War. He took credit for the American victory in the Battles of Saratoga (1777) – a matter of contemporary and historical controversy – and was blamed for the defeat at the Battle of Camden in 1780. Gates has been described as "one of the Revolution's most controversial military figures" because of his role in the Conway Cabal, which attempted to discredit and replace General George Washington; the battle at Saratoga; and his actions during

This is a document about List of military leaders in the American Revolutionary War
 James Agnew ; Benedict Arnold was a leading force for the Continental Army in the early days of the war, changed sides and fled to join the British, for whom he served until the end of 1781 as a brigadier general. ; Oliver De Lancey Sr. ; Simon Fraser of Balnain ; George Garth ; Sir John Johnson, 2nd Baronet ; Augustine Prévost ; Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings

Marie-Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette is the French aristocrat and military officer who served as a general in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War.


Question: who was the lady in sons of anarchy

Answer: Catherine Louise Sagal

This is a document about Mia Isabella
  In 2013, Isabella voiced a character known as "Prostitute #1" in the video game Grand Theft Auto V. She was also among the pornographic actresses who appeared in the welcome home party scene for Jax Teller after his release from prison in the Season 7 premiere of Sons of Anarchy, which aired on September 9, 2014.

This is a document about List of Scrubs characters
  Ladinia "Lady" Williams, played by Kit Pongetti, was the girlfriend of the Janitor and became his wife in Season 8. She was so named because her parents were watching the Disney film Lady and the Tramp not long after she was conceived. In "My Soul on Fire, Part 2”, at Lady's and Janitor's wedding ceremony, the Brain Trust's justice of the peace (a cameo by Bill Lawrence) called her Ladinia. Pongetti had a cameo in "My Philosophy" as Dr. Mitchell, a research fellow with an office next to Dr. Kelso's.

This is a document about List of Sons of Anarchy and Mayans M.C. characters
  of Otto's, was a bookkeeper and counterfeiter for a Triad gang, and later the bookkeeper for CaraCara. He becomes a "Guy Friday" for Gemma and the club. ;  (Ashley Monique Clark), the 17-year-old neighbor of Brenan Hefner's mistress, witnesses Brenan's murder. ;  (Michael Chiklis) is a truck driver from Northern California who befriends Gemma in Season 7. ;  (McNally Sagal; Katey's sister in law) is an administrator at St. Thomas Hospital; she disapproves of Tara's relationship with Jax and the Sons of Anarchy, but later proves to be a great support to Tara. ;  (Cleo King) becomes Abel's babysitter during

This is a document about AK-51
  "AK-51" is the sixth episode of the first season of the FX television series Sons of Anarchy. It was written by Nichole Beattie, directed by Seith Mann and originally aired on October 8, 2008 in the United States. This episode marks the first appearance of Agent June Stahl (Ally Walker).

This is a document about Gemma Teller Morrow
  Gemma Teller Morrow (née Madock) is a fictional character on the FX television series Sons of Anarchy, played by Katey Sagal. Gemma is the widow of John Teller, a founding member of the Sons of Anarchy Motorcycle Club Redwood Original (SAMCRO). At the beginning of the series, she is the matriarch of the club and wife of club President Clay Morrow and mother of Vice President Jax Teller. She is unapologetic about the lengths she'll go to in order to protect the club, and is beloved by all of its members. Her character is based on Gertrude; the Queen of Denmark and Prince Hamlet's mother from William Shakespeare's play Hamlet.

This is a document about List of Sons of Anarchy and Mayans M.C. characters
  John Thomas 'J.T.' Teller (May 5, 1940 – November 13, 1993) (voiced by Nicholas Guest) founded the Sons of Anarchy with Piney Winston and was the club's first president. He was Gemma's first husband, and they had two children together, Jax and Thomas. Thomas "Tommy" Teller (January 8, 1984 – April 4, 1990), died from a congenital heart defect at six years of age. He also fathered an illegitimate daughter, Trinity, with Maureen Ashby during an extended sojourn in Belfast. As Jax reiterates to Opie in Season 2, episode 10 ("Balm"), J.T. died from injuries sustained from a vehicular accident while riding on I-580 in California. Gemma states in an earlier episode and is shown in a Charming Police Department report in Season 4, Episode 2 ("Booster"): after J.T.'s Harley was "sideswiped" by a semi-trailer truck on November 11, 1993, at 13:54; J.T. was

This is a document about NS (Sons of Anarchy)
  "NS" is the thirteenth and final episode of the third season of the FX television series Sons of Anarchy. It was written and directed by Kurt Sutter, the original series creator and co-written by Dave Erickson. It originally aired in the United States on November 30, 2010. This episode marks the last appearance of Ally Walker (Agent June Stahl), Paula Malcomson (Maureen Ashby) and Titus Welliver as (James 'Jimmy' O'Phelan)

This is a document about Regina Corrado
  drama Sons of Anarchy as an executive story editor and writer for the second season. The series was created by Kurt Sutter and focuses on a California motorcycle gang. Corrado wrote the episode "Falx Cerebri". She was promoted to co-producer for the third season in 2010. She co-wrote the episode "Caregiver" with producer Chris Collins, co-wrote the episode "Widening Gyre" with Sutter and co-wrote the episode "Bainne" with Sutter and co-executive producer Dave Erickson. Corrado was promoted again to producer for the fourth season. She co-wrote the third episode "Dorylus" with co-producer Liz Sagal. She co-wrote the sixth episode "With an X" with Collins.

This is a document about Sammy Keyes
  avoid their nosy neighbors (Mrs. Graybill and later in the series Mrs. Wedgewood) to keep the small family from being evicted. ; Lana Keyes "Lady Lana" is Sammy's irresponsible and careless mother. She constantly keeps secrets from her only daughter, and leaves Sammy with Grams while she becomes an actress in Hollywood. She finally reveals Sammy's father's identity in Sammy Keyes and the Showdown in Sin City. She has also kept her Sammy's true age away from Sammy and changed her own identity and age to seem younger. Sammy is not happy with her mother's decision to abandon her, and holds

This is a document about Groupie
 In Sons of Anarchy, the groupies who hang around the fictional SOA motorcycle club are referred to as "Crow Eaters"; in season 6, Jax's ex-wife Wendy tells Tara, Margaret, and Lowen she was a "Crow Eater" for a year before marrying Jax.

This is a document about Mayans M.C.
  She only appears through flashbacks. (seasons 2–3) ; John Pirruccello as O'Grady, a corrupt detective in the Stockton Police Department who works with the Mayans M.C., Stockton Charter. (season 2–3) ; Kikéy Castillo as Dr. Luna, the therapist of Dita Galindo in Santo Padre. (seasons 2–3) ; Michael Anthony Perez as Luis, a member of the Galindo Cartel who often works with Marcus Alvarez as muscle. (season 2–present) ; Elizabeth Frances as Katrina, the wife of Santo Padre mayor Antonia Pena. (seasons 2–3) ; Tommy Flanagan as Filip "Chibs" Telford, reprising his role from Sons of Anarchy as the President

This is a document about Nash Bridges
  loaded with money and comes from a well-to-do English family. Boz’s family lives in the Dunsmuir Hellman Historic Estate in Oakland. ; Suki Kaiser as Lynette Summers (season 3): The sister of Nash's first ex-wife.  While Lisa is in Paris, studying French cookery, Cassidy stays with her aunt in San Francisco. ; Donna W. Scott as Tamara Van Zant (seasons 3–4, 6): A con-woman and sometimes Nash's lover. In season 6, she's stabbed and thrown overboard by mobster Vinnie Corell (Costas Mandylor) in the episode "Something Borrowed". ; Stone Cold Steve Austin as Inspector Jake Cage (seasons 4–5): A former protégé of Bridges now working in Fugitive Retrieval, who occasionally aids the SIU. ; Alie Ward as Miranda (seasons 4–6): Cassidy's roommate.

This is a document about Gemma Teller Morrow
  Gemma was born on September 15, 1957, to Nate and Rose and is a native of Charming, California; her maiden name is Madock. According to Sheriff Wayne Unser, she left Charming when she was sixteen and returned "ten years later with a baby and a motorcycle club". She was married John Teller, a Vietnam War veteran and founder of the Sons of Anarchy Motorcycle Club, with whom she had two children: Jackson in 1978 and Thomas in 1984. Gemma has a scar on her chest which is explained when her grandson Abel has surgery. Gemma has a genetic heart disorder from her mother's side which she passed on to her children — Thomas died in 1990 from complications of the disorder, and Abel nearly died from heart complications and maternal drug abuse after his premature birth. After John was hit by a semi-truck and died in 1993, she quickly married John's friend and club member Clay Morrow. Her tough, but relatively classy, image includes hair highlights and a tattoo on her breast.

This is a document about Tara Knowles
  Dr. Tara Grace Knowles-Teller is a fictional character on the FX drama Sons of Anarchy, played by Maggie Siff.

This is a document about Cleo King
  Poland, New Hampshire, also created by Kelley. In 2006, she played Aunt Lou in the HBO drama series Deadwood during its third and final season. In 2009, King had the recurring role as Neeta, the nanny of Jax Teller's son in the FX drama series, Sons of Anarchy. In 2010, King was cast in the series regular role as grandmother Rosetta "Nana" McMillan in the CBS sitcom Mike & Molly, even though she is only 7 years older than Reno Wilson (who played her grandson, Carl). In 2017 she appeared regularly in Netflix's adaptation of A Series of Unfortunate Events, which premiered in 2017. That same year she appeared as Mrs. Watkins in the film The Bye Bye Man. On February 22, 2021, King made a cameo appearance in season 2 episode 6 of Fox's 9-1-1: Lone Star. She portrayed Paul Strickland's mother, Cynthia Strickland.

This is a document about Sons of Anarchy
  flashes for the club officers. Whenever conducting club business, the members always wear their cuts; one notable exception to this is during the course of season 4, when a number of SAMCRO members are on parole and must cover their cuts in public to avoid identifying as members. Female characters—such as Tara, Ima, and Lyla—are seen wearing t-shirts that sport the name Sons of Anarchy or SAMCRO, but nobody outside of the club wears cuts or is seen wearing clothing with the symbol or Reaper image. Kelli Jones was the costume designer for all the seasons. Due to its popularity, replicas of the vests, with the same style of top pockets, zips and button clasps, have become popular on various auction sites.

This is a document about List of The Handmaid's Tale (TV series) characters
 Daisy (portrayed by Laura Vandervoort) is a Jezebel worker who aids June. ; Lieutenant Stans (portrayed by Reed Birney) is a Gilead officer who interrogates June. ; Steven (portrayed by Omar Maskati) is the leader of a resistance group in Chicago. ; Aunt Irene (portrayed by Carly Street) is a former aunt who escaped to Canada as a refugee now going by the name Iris. She was responsible for the mutilation of Emily and the hanging of a Martha with whom Emily was having an affair. She seeks forgiveness from Emily but when she doesn't receive it, she hangs herself.

This is a document about Arizona Lady
  Lady is a temperamental filly owned by Lola, and part of the foreman's job is to ride her at the big race in the Arizona State Fair. Roy succeeds in taming Arizona Lady, but is thrown in the race because the girth of his saddle has been cut by Jim Slaughter, who wins the race riding Mexican Cavalier, owned by the wealthy Lopez Ibanez. As a result of a bet on the race, Lona is now engaged to Sheriff Sullivan. At their engagement party, Bonita, a hired dancer from the Paradise Bar, identifies Roy as Burt Morton, and Roy is carted off to jail as news arrives that Arizona Lady has been

This is a document about Lynn Michaels
  A former colleague identifies Lynn as the "Lady Punisher", responsible for the deaths of local drug dealers. Rosalie Carbone, the mobster who employed the dead men, sends an enforcer called "Mondo Pain" after Lynn and consequently, Bendix, who is injured in the fight. Lynn lures Pain away to protect him. She eventually finds what she believes to be the Punisher's personal diary, but becomes despondent upon realizing that he never mentions her once and burns it. She decides that Castle's life is not for her and persuades Eddie to give up vigilantism and start over with her. Lynn's father brings the two to a rural safehouse. A later sequence seems to indicate that the three of them are living peacefully, but it might have been Frank Castle's dream. Lynn is later recruited by S.H.I.E.L.D., and poses as "Diamonelle" to infiltrate Jigsaw's gang. She shoots the Punisher's newest ally, Stuart Clarke, for being a cop killer. After Jigsaw is arrested, Lynn allows him to be murdered before being taken into custody.

This is a document about Lady Cop
  The Lady Cop is a fictional police officer, a comic book character published by DC Comics. She debuted in 1st Issue Special #4 (July 1975), and was created by Robert Kanigher and John Rosenberger. The Lady Cop is Liza Warner, a young woman who watches from beneath a bed as a murderer in cowboy boots slaughters her two roommates, leaving the ace of spades behind as his calling card. Later a policewoman (circa 1975) praises her eidetic memory, calling her a "born police officer". Liza enrolls in the unnamed metropolitan city's police academy, performing her civic duty while hoping to one day find the mysterious "killer in boots". After a long absence, Liza Warner appeared in The All-New Atom #6 and #12, now as chief of police for Ivy Town. An antagonistic version of Liza Warner appeared in the fourth and fifth seasons of Arrow, played by Rutina Wesley set in the Arrowverse.

The lady in question is Ladinia Williams, a character in the TV series "Sons of Anarchy." She is the girlfriend of Kit, who is a nurse and a friend of Jax Teller. She was introduced in the episode "Ladinia" and was named after the couple's parents.


Question: when did presidents start swearing on the bible

Answer: 1789

This is a document about Oath of office of the president of the United States
  By convention, incoming presidents raise their right hand and place the left on a Bible while taking the oath of office. In 1789, George Washington took the oath of office with an altar Bible borrowed from the St. John's Lodge No. 1, Ancient York Masons lodge in New York, and he kissed the Bible afterward. Subsequent presidents up to and including Harry S. Truman, followed suit. Dwight D. Eisenhower said a prayer in the end instead of kissing the Bible in 1953. Theodore Roosevelt did not use the Bible when taking the oath in 1901, nor did John Quincy Adams, who swore on a book of law, with the intention that he was swearing on the constitution. Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in on a Roman Catholic missal on Air Force One. Harry Truman, Dwight Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, George H. W. Bush, Barack Obama and Donald Trump each swore the oath on two Bibles. The large leather-bound Bible used by Joe Biden had been in the Biden family since 1893.

This is a document about Quran oath controversy of the 110th United States Congress
  Although Prager claimed that swearing in with a Bible is a "tradition that has been unbroken since George Washington", John Quincy Adams took the presidential oath on a law volume containing a copy of the Constitution in 1825, and in 1853, Franklin Pierce affirmed the oath rather than swearing it. Theodore Roosevelt used no Bible in taking his first oath of office in 1901, but did in 1905. Other sources have noted that after John F. Kennedy was assassinated, a Catholic missal was used, as no Bible could be found when Lyndon B. Johnson (who was not Catholic, but a Disciple of Christ ) had to assume the Presidency. The Library of Congress notes that "As the first Catholic-elected president, Kennedy was the first to use a Catholic (Douay-Rheims) version of the Bible for his oath."

This is a document about Oath of office of the president of the United States
  when the administrator articulates the constitutional oath in the form of a question, as in, "Do you George Washington solemnly swear ...", requesting an affirmation. At that point a response of "I do" or "I swear" completes the oath. Without verbatim transcripts, the scant existing evidence shows this was the common procedure at least until the early 20th century. In 1865 the Sacramento Daily Union covered the second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln finished his oath with "So help me God", and he kissed the Bible. However, the Daily Union's account seems embellished in a number of ways, and other newspaper accounts, published closer

This is a document about United States presidential inauguration
  ceremonies. In addition, three have repeated the oath as a precaution against potential later constitutional challenges. There is no requirement that any book, or in particular a book of sacred text, be used to administer the oath, and none is mentioned in the Constitution. By convention, incoming presidents raise their right hand and place the left on a Bible or other book while taking the oath of office. While most have, John Quincy Adams did not use a Bible when taking the oath in 1825; neither did Theodore Roosevelt in 1901. In 1853, Franklin Pierce affirmed the oath of office rather than swear it. More

This is a document about George Washington Inaugural Bible
  The Bible has since been used for the inaugurations of Warren G. Harding in 1921, Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1953, Jimmy Carter in 1977, and George H. W. Bush, whose 1989 inauguration was in the bicentennial year of Washington's. The Bible was also intended to be used for the first inauguration of George W. Bush, but inclement weather didn't allow it. However, the Bible was present in the Capitol Building in the care of three freemasons of St. John's Lodge, in case the weather got better. Because of its fragility, the Bible is no longer opened during meetings of St. John's Lodge. In addition to its duties, the Bible has been used in the funeral processions of Presidents Washington and Abraham Lincoln. The Bible has also been used at the center-stone laying of the U.S. Capitol, the addition of the Washington Monument, the centennials of the cornerstone laying of the White House, U.S. Capitol, and the Statue of Liberty, the 1964 World's Fair as well as the launching of the aircraft carrier USS George Washington. In recent years, it is often displayed in Federal Hall National Memorial, built on the site of Washington's inauguration.

This is a document about Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance
  The words "under God" were added to the Pledge on June 14, 1954 when then U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed a bill into law. At the time, Eisenhower stated that "From this day forward, the millions of our school children will daily proclaim in every city and town, every village and rural schoolhouse, the dedication of our Nation and our people to the Almighty." The matter of the Pledge's constitutionality simmered for decades below the public eye. In 1992, the Chicago-based Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals decided the first challenge to the constitutionality of the words "under God", ruling in Sherman v. Community Consolidated School

This is a document about Oath of office of the president of the United States
  advocated for an official Christian U.S. government) that letters were sent to Abraham Lincoln asking him to swear to God during his inaugurations, and Lincoln allegedly wrote back saying that God's name was not in the Constitution, and he could not depart from the letter of that instrument. All federal judges and executive officers were required as early as 1789 by statute to include the phrase unless they affirmed, in which case the phrase must be omitted. Given that nearly every president-elect since President Franklin D. Roosevelt has recited the additional phrase, it is likely that the majority of presidents-elect have uttered it.

This is a document about United States presidential inauguration
  a Catholic missal was used for Lyndon B. Johnson's 1963 swearing in ceremony. Bibles of historical significance have sometimes been used at inaugurations. George H. W. Bush, Jimmy Carter and Dwight D. Eisenhower used the George Washington Inaugural Bible. Barack Obama placed his hand upon the Lincoln Bible for his oaths in 2009 and 2013, as did Donald Trump in 2017. Joe Biden placed his hand upon a large leather-bound family Bible. Immediately after the presidential oath, the United States Marine Band will perform four "ruffles and flourishes", followed by "Hail to the Chief", while simultaneously, a 21-gun salute is fired using artillery pieces from

This is a document about Legacy of George Washington
  this day. George Washington impacted the role of the presidency from his inauguration to his retirement. From the beginning, Washington did not want to resemble a king or be referred to as one. He preferred the title "Mr. President," which is how presidents are still addressed to this day. Washington also shaped the inauguration process. As Washington was sworn in during his oath of office, he placed his right hand upon the Bible. This is not required, but for the majority of presidents became tradition. On January 8, 1790, Washington gave his First Inaugural Address to a joint session of congress. Now known as the State of the Union Address, it established a platform to implement article 2 section 3 of the Constitution which

This is a document about So help me God
  There is no law that requires Presidents to add the words "So help me God" at the end of the oath (or to use a Bible). Some historians maintain that George Washington himself added the phrase to the end of his first oath, setting a precedent for future presidents and continuing what was already established practice in his day and that all Presidents since have used this phrase, according to Marvin Pinkert, executive director of the National Archives Experience. Many other historians reject this story given that "it was not until 65 years after the event that the story that Washington added this

This is a document about Oath of office of the president of the United States
  of an oath." In contrast, the oath of the president is the only oath specified in the Constitution. It does not include the closing phrase "So help me God", and it also allows for the optional form of an affirmation which is not considered an oath. In practice, however, most presidents, at least during the last century, have opted to take the oath (rather than an affirmation), to use a Bible to do so, and also to close the oath with the customary phrase. There is currently debate as to whether or not George Washington, the first president, added the phrase to his acceptance

This is a document about United States presidential inauguration
  I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States. According to Washington Irving's biography of George Washington, after reciting the oath at his (and the nation's) first inauguration, Washington added the words "so help me God". However, the only contemporaneous source that fully reproduced Washington's oath completely lacks the religious codicil. The first newspaper report that actually described the exact words used in an oath of office, Chester Arthur's in 1881, repeated the "query-response" method where the words, "so help me God" were a personal

This is a document about George Washington Inaugural Bible
  The George Washington Inaugural Bible is the Bible that was sworn upon by George Washington when he took office as the first President of the United States on April 30, 1789. The Bible has subsequently been used in the inauguration ceremonies of several other U.S. presidents. The Bible is the King James Version, dated 1767, complete with the Apocrypha and elaborately supplemented with the historical, astronomical and legal data of that period. St. John's Lodge No. 1, Ancient York Masons, are the custodians of what is now known as the George Washington Inaugural Bible. Many believe The Bible was randomly opened to Genesis 49 during the ceremony, although some experts believe Washington purposely chose it.

This is a document about George Washington Inaugural Bible
  as to whether or not he added the phrase "So help me God" to his oath. The only contemporaneous account of Washington's oath is from French consul Comte de Moustier who reported the constitutional oath with no mention of "So help me God". The earliest known source indicating Washington did add "So help me God" is attributed to Washington Irving, aged six at the time of the inauguration, and first appears 60 years after the event. At the conclusion, Washington and the others went in procession to St. Paul's Chapel, in accordance with a Congressional resolution, and there they invoked the blessing of God upon the new government.

This is a document about Year of the Bible
  In February 1982, Senator William L. Armstrong  and Congressman Carlos Moorhead sponsored Senate Joint Resolution 165, 96 Stat. 1211 (H.J.Res.487 in the house ,) a joint resolution authorizing and requesting the President to proclaim 1983 as the "Year of the Bible". In the United States, 1983 was designated as the national Year of the Bible by President Ronald Reagan by Proclamation 5018, made on February 3, 1983 at the annual National Prayer Breakfast. President Reagan was authorized and requested to so designate 1983 by Public Law 97-280 (Senate Joint Resolution 165], 96 Stat. 1211) passed by Congress and approved on October 4, 1982. The law recited that the Bible "has made a unique contribution in shaping the United States as a distinctive and blessed nation and people" and that, quoting President Andrew Jackson, the Bible is "the rock on which our Republic rests". It also acknowledged a "national need

This is a document about Second inauguration of Barack Obama
  the oath to the Vice President on the same date at Number One Observatory Circle, the official residence of the vice president. While reciting his oath, Biden's hand rested upon a Bible that had been in his family since 1893 and which he had used in every swearing-in ceremony since entering the U.S. Senate in 1973. Obama used a Bible owned by the family of First Lady Michelle Obama when he took his oath of office. This was only the third time in history that a vice president was sworn in outside of the Capitol grounds, after William King's in Matanzas, Cuba in 1853, and Harry S Truman at the White House in 1945.

This is a document about Samuel Allyne Otis
  of Congress under the Articles of Confederation, and John Adams' long-term ally. On April 8, 1789, two days after the Senate achieved its first quorum, members elected Otis as their chief legislative, financial, and administrative officer. Otis' early duties combined symbolism and substance. On April 30, he had the high honor of holding the Bible as George Washington took his presidential oath of office. Throughout that first session, which lasted until September, Otis tirelessly engaged the many tasks associated with establishing a new institution. As the Senate set down its legislative procedures and carefully negotiated relations with the House and

This is a document about Religious affiliations of presidents of the United States
  are records that show he attended Sunday school at a River Brethren church. ; 78) * Until he became president, Eisenhower had no formal church affiliation, a circumstance he attributed to the frequent moves demanded of an Army officer. He was baptized, confirmed, and became a communicant in the Presbyterian church in a single ceremony February 1, 1953, just 12 days after his first inauguration, the only president to undergo any of these rites while in office. ; 79) * Eisenhower was instrumental in the addition of the words "under God" to the Pledge of Allegiance in 1954 (an

This is a document about So help me God
  first appeared in a published volume" and other witnesses, who were present for the event, did not cite him as having added the phrase. These historians further note that "we have no convincing contemporary evidence that any president said "so help me God" until September 1881, when Chester A. Arthur took the oath after the death of James Garfield." It is demonstrable, however, that those historians are in error regarding their claim that there is no "contemporary evidence" of a president saying "so help me God" until 1881. An eyewitness reporter to Lincoln's second inaugural in 1865 clearly observed Lincoln saying the phrase.

This is a document about Oath of office of the president of the United States
  time to the ceremony, do not mention Lincoln's uttering the phrase. In 1881, the New York Times article covering the swearing in of Chester A. Arthur reported that he responded to the question of accepting the oath with the words, "I will, so help me God". In 1929, Time magazine reported that the Chief Justice began the oath uttering, "You, Herbert Hoover, do you solemnly swear ..." Hoover replied with a simple "I do". A contemporaneous newspaper account of Lincoln's 1865 inauguration states that Lincoln appended the phrase "So help me God" to the oath. This newspaper report is followed by another account, provided

The first recorded instance of a president swearing on the Bible during an inauguration was by George Washington in 1789. However, it was not a common practice until the 19th century.