Question: who is the actor that plays tobias on ncis

Answer: Joseph Peter Spano

This is a document about List of The Young and the Restless characters (2014)
  on November 3, having begun filming on October 24. Tobias is a lab tech in Jabot, working for Ashley, but quickly appears to be a spy hired by Victor Newman (Eric Braeden) to divulge details to him about Ashley's developing fragrance. Ashley realizes that Tobias is a spy for Victor, and feeds him misinformation about the scent. After showing up at an event at the Genoa City Athletic Club intoxicated, Tobias leaves and is involved in a fatal car crash. Before succumbing to his injuries, he manages to mention the name Austin. Evidence implicating him in the murders of both Austin and Courtney is then found in his hotel room by Kevin Fisher and Mariah Copeland. His final airdate is May 27, 2015.

This is a document about NCIS (season 16)
 Joe Spano as Tobias Fornell, Private Detective and former FBI Senior Special Agent ; Robert Wagner as Anthony DiNozzo, Sr., father of former NCIS Special Agent Anthony DiNozzo ; Scott William Winters as Westley Clark, CIA Agent ; Margo Harshman as Delilah Fielding-McGee, DoD Intelligence Analyst and McGee's wife ; Laura San Giacomo as Dr. Grace Confalone, psychotherapist ; Don Lake as Phillip Brooks, Navy Captain ; Larry Miller as Ed Slater, Jimmy Palmer's father-in-law ; Melinda McGraw as Diane Sterling, deceased IRS Special Agent and Gibbs' and Fornell's ex-wife ; Pej Vahdat as Nigel Hakim, British Humanitarian and terrorist ; Mitch Pileggi as Wynn Crawford, U.S. Secretary of Defense ; Kent Shocknek as Guy Ross, ZNN news anchor ; Mike Farrell as Judge Miles Deakin ; Elayn J. Taylor as Odette Malone, owner of Ziva's private office ; Juliette Angelo as Emily Fornell, Tobias Fornell’s daughter ; Naomi Grace as Kayla Vance, Leon Vance's daughter ; Dionne Gipson as Mallory Madden, CIA Agent and Leon Vance's ex-girlfriend ; Kate Hamilton as Faith Tolliver, Jack Sloane's biological daughter

This is a document about Joe Spano
  Spano has been a recurring character in NCIS since its premiere episode, "Yankee White", playing FBI Special Agent Tobias Fornell, the FBI counterpart to NCIS Special Agent Leroy Jethro Gibbs, portrayed by Mark Harmon. In Season 15, Fornell is no longer with the FBI, but is a private investigator. Two episodes have used Fornell's personal life as the main crux of an NCIS episode: one where Fornell's daughter is imperiled and another where Fornell's career is imperiled. In each episode, it is the friendship between Gibbs and Fornell which is invoked in order to involve NCIS in the resolution.

This is a document about NCIS (season 8)
 Joe Spano as Tobias Fornell, FBI Senior Special Agent ; Muse Watson as Mike Franks, retired Senior Special Agent for NCIS and Gibbs' former boss ; David Dayan Fisher as Trent Kort, CIA Agent ; Michael Nouri as Eli David, Mossad Director and Ziva's father ; Ralph Waite as Jackson Gibbs, Gibbs' father ; Jude Ciccolella as Phillip Davenport, departing Secretary of the Navy ; Arnold Vosloo as Amit Hadar, Mossad Agent ; Bruce Boxleitner as Vice Admiral C. Clifford Chase ; Robert Wagner as Anthony DiNozzo, Sr., Tony's father ; Diane Neal as Abigail Borin, CGIS Special Agent in Charge ; TJ Ramini as Malachi Ben-Gidon, Mossad Agent ; Marco Sanchez as

This is a document about List of NCIS: Los Angeles characters
  Eric Bartholomew Beale III (portrayed by Barrett Foa) is an NCIS technical operator and intelligence analyst stationed in Los Angeles with the Office of Special Projects. He often takes calls from Director Leon Vance (Rocky Carroll) at NCIS Headquarters in Washington, D.C. He is a geek and, like Detective Marty Deeks (Eric Christian Olsen), enjoys surfing (twice standing his surfboard too closely to Hetty's car) and internet social networks. He, like Nate, often fails at attempts at humor. Hetty also disapproves of his attire (typically Bermuda shorts and flip-flops and, on occasion, pajamas) but tolerates it because of his skills. In the episode "Absolution", he is revealed to

This is a document about Joe Spano
  Joseph Peter Spano (born July 7, 1946) is an American actor best known for his roles as Lt. Henry Goldblume on Hill Street Blues and FBI Special Agent Tobias C. Fornell on NCIS.

This is a document about Max Martini
  Martini's television credits include a lead role in the Sci-fi Channel's Emmy nominated mini-series Taken and appearances as Agent Steve Goodrich on the second season of 24. He was also cast in X-Files creator Chris Carter's Harsh Realm, and had a recurring role in the Canadian series Da Vinci's Inquest. He also appeared in Lie to Me. After memorable guest-star turns in popular series, including Numb3rs, Walker Texas Ranger, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation and CSI: Miami, Martini landed a lead role in The Unit, a series about a tier-1 US Army special operations team created by David Mamet and produced by Shawn Ryan of The Shield. Martini remains active in the theater, having co-founded the Theatre North Collaborative in New York City, a company of American and Canadian actors dedicated solely to producing new works from both sides of the border. In 2011, he appeared in an episode of Criminal Minds, in which he played a Navy SEAL named Luke Dolan. In 2015, Martini starred as the title character in Amazon Studios' Western series Edge, written and directed by Shane Black. In April 2018, Martini was cast in the Netflix horror-drama series The Order.

This is a document about NCIS (season 18)
 Joe Spano as Tobias Fornell, Private Detective ; Margo Harshman as Delilah Fielding-McGee, DoD Intelligence Analyst and McGee's wife ; Pam Dawber as Marcie Warren, investigative journalist ; Laura San Giacomo as Dr. Grace Confalone, psychotherapist ; Nick Boraine as Merriweather, NCIS target ; Adam Campbell as Young Ducky ; Sean Harmon as Young Gibbs ; Hugo Armstrong as Eugene Coyle, from the NCIS Inspector General's office ; Juliette Angelo as Emily Fornell, Tobias Fornell's daughter ; Elayn J. Taylor as Odette Malone, owner of Ziva's private office and former CIA Operative ; Victoria Gabrielle Platt as Veronica Tyler, NCIS Special Agent ; Jack Fisher as Phineas, Gibbs' former neighbor ; Karri Turner as Micki Kaydar, Phineas' aunt

This is a document about NCIS (season 4)
 Joe Spano as Tobias Fornell, FBI Senior Special Agent ; Jessica Steen as Paula Cassidy, NCIS Senior Special Agent ; Brian Dietzen as Jimmy Palmer, Assistant Medical Examiner for NCIS ; Troian Bellisario as Sarah McGee, Tim McGee's sister ; Mary Mouser as Kelly Gibbs, Gibbs' deceased daughter ; Stephanie Mello as Cynthia Summer, NCIS Secretary to Director Shepard ; Muse Watson as Mike Franks, retired Senior Special Agent for NCIS and Gibbs' former boss ; Don Franklin as Ron Sacks, FBI Special Agent ; Scottie Thompson as Jeanne Benoit, Tony's girlfriend while undercover ; Armand Assante as René Benoit, NCIS target ; Susanna Thompson as Hollis Mann, Gibbs' girlfriend and Army CID Agent ; Liza Lapira as Michelle Lee, NCIS Special Agent ; David Dayan Fisher as Trent Kort, CIA Agent ; Sandra Hess as Regine Smidt, associate of René Benoit ; Corey Stoll as Martin Quinn, associate of René Benoit ; Enzo Cilenti as Mamoun Sharif, NCIS target ; Payton Spencer as Emily Fornell, Tobias Fornell's daughter

This is a document about NCIS (season 10)
 Alan Dale as Thomas Morrow, Homeland Security Section Chief and former NCIS Director ; Joe Spano as Tobias Fornell, FBI Senior Special Agent ; Joel Gretsch as Stan Burley, NCIS Special Agent Afloat on the USS Borealis and former member of Gibbs' team ; Michael Nouri as Eli David, Mossad Director and Ziva's father ; Ralph Waite as Jackson Gibbs, Gibbs' father ; Paula Newsome as Jackie Vance, Leon Vance's wife ; Robert Wagner as Anthony DiNozzo, Sr., Tony's father ; Diane Neal as Abigail Borin, CGIS Special Agent in Charge ; Matt Craven as Clayton Jarvis, Secretary of the Navy ; Akinsola Aribo as Jared Vance, Leon

This is a document about Twilight (NCIS)
  producers wanted to mark the departure of Alexander with a bang. "That didn't just happen" was the response they wanted from the viewers. Bellisario remarked, "In reality, things like that happen in NCIS. People die, and I wanted to make this death really impactful when it happened." Four characters are recurring in this episode. Brian Dietzen as Medical Assistant Jimmy Palmer, Joe Spano as Senior FBI Agent Tobias Fornell, Alan Dale as NCIS Director Thomas Morrow, and Rudolf Martin as rogue agent Ari Haswari. Haswari was previously seen in the season one episodes "Bête Noire" (as an unnamed intruder) and "Reveille".

This is a document about James Badge Dale
  His most notable works to date are Simon in the 1990 film adaptation of Lord of the Flies and the role of Chase Edmunds in the third season of the Fox TV series 24 (which he later reprised in the video game of the same title). He also appeared in CSI: Miami and CSI: NY as serial killer Henry Darius. The storyline originally began in the CSI: Miami Season 4 episode "Felony" and ended in the CSI: NY Season 2 episode "Manhattan Manhunt", resulting in a crossover between the two shows. In 2006, he was cast in the pivotal supporting role of Trooper Barrigan in The Departed. He then was cast as the lead in AMC's political thriller Rubicon which revolves around

This is a document about NCIS (season 6)
 Joe Spano as Tobias Fornell, FBI Senior Special Agent ; Muse Watson as Mike Franks, retired Senior Special Agent for NCIS and Gibbs' former boss ; Liza Lapira as Michelle Lee, NCIS Special Agent ; David Dayan Fisher as Trent Kort, CIA Agent ; Jonathan LaPaglia as Brent Langer, former member of Gibbs' team, former FBI Special Agent, and re-recruited to NCIS ; Aviva Baumann as young Shannon Gibbs, Gibbs' deceased wife ; Michael Nouri as Eli David, Ziva's father and Mossad Director ; Ralph Waite as Jackson Gibbs, Gibbs' father ; Paula Newsome as Jackie Vance, Leon Vance's wife ; Khamani Griffin as Jared Vance, Leon Vance's son ; China Anne McClain as Kayla Vance, Leon Vance's daughter ; Kent Shocknek as Guy Ross, ZNN news anchor ; Jude Ciccolella as Phillip Davenport, Secretary of the Navy ; Merik Tadros as Michael Rivkin, Mossad Agent ; Arnold Vosloo as Amit Hadar, Mossad Agent ; Omid Abtahi as Saleem Ulman, NCIS target ; Peter Jason as Robert King, Biological Weapons Specialist

This is a document about Naoya Uchida
  Mayr (Ulrich Thomsen)) ; Mesrine (Jacques Mesrine (Vincent Cassel)) ; Miss Sloane (Rodolfo Schmidt (Mark Strong)) ; Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2008 NTV edition) (Eddie (Vince Vaughn)) ; National Security (Detective Frank McDuff (Colm Feore)) ; NCIS: New Orleans (Dwayne Cassius "King" Pride (Scott Bakula)) ; Next (Mr. Smith (Thomas Kretschmann)) ; One Hour Photo (Bill Owens (Gary Cole)) ; Painkiller Jane (Andre McBride (Rob Stewart)) ; Pan (Blackbeard (Hugh Jackman)) ; Patrick Melrose (David Melrose (Hugo Weaving)) ; Pearl Harbor (Mr. Walker (William Fichtner)) ; Phone Booth (Stuart "Stu" Shepard (Colin Farrell)) ; Platoon (2003 TV Tokyo edition) (Sergeant O'Neill (John C.

This is a document about NCIS (season 15)
 Joe Spano as Tobias Fornell, former FBI Senior Special Agent ; Robert Wagner as Anthony DiNozzo, Sr., father of former NCIS Special Agent Anthony DiNozzo ; Jack Conley as Danny Sportelli, Metro P.D. Detective Sergeant ; Margo Harshman as Delilah Fielding-McGee, DoD Intelligence Analyst and McGee's wife ; Patrick Labyorteaux as Bud Roberts, JAG Captain from Falls Church ; French Stewart as Paul Triff, incarcerated serial killer ; Laura San Giacomo as Dr. Grace Confalone, psychotherapist ; Marco Sanchez as Alejandro Rivera, incarcerated former official in the Mexican Justice Department and enemy of Gibbs ; Pej Vahdat as Nigel Hakim, British Humanitarian ; Kent Shocknek as Guy Ross, ZNN News Anchor ; Sumalee Montano as Nicole Taggart, NCIS Special Agent ; Diona Reasonover as Kasie Hines, Forensic Specialist for NCIS and temporary replacement for Abby after she resigns ; Naomi Grace as Kayla Vance, Leon Vance's daughter ; Hilary Ward as Jessica Shaeffer, Defense Attorney ; Don Lake as Phillip Brooks, Navy Captain ; Peter Jason as Robert King, Biological Weapons Specialist

This is a document about NCIS (season 11)
 Alan Dale as Thomas Morrow, Homeland Security Section Chief and former NCIS Director ; Joe Spano as Tobias Fornell, FBI Senior Special Agent ; Colin Hanks as Richard Parsons, DoD Inspector ; Marina Sirtis as Orli Elbaz, Mossad Director ; Damon Dayoub as Adam Eshel, Ziva's contact ; Gabi Coccio as young Ziva David ; Hugo Armstrong as Eugene Coyle, from the NCIS Inspector General's office ; Salli Richardson-Whitfield as Carrie Clark, former FBI Special Agent, turned criminal attorney ; Meredith Eaton as Carol Wilson, immunologist and friend of Abby ; Susanna Thompson as Hollis Mann, DoD Special Agent, Gibbs' former girlfriend and former Army CID agent ; Wendy Makkena as Dr. Rachel Cranston, a psychiatrist and Caitlin Todd's sister ; Ralph Waite as Jackson Gibbs,

This is a document about Barrett Foa
  Barrett Conrad Foa (born September 18, 1977) is an American bari-tenor singer, dancer, and actor, with over a decade in Broadway theatre shows. He has played many leading characters in off-Broadway and regional theatre productions. He has appeared in multiple Broadway shows, including Mamma Mia! and as Princeton and Rod in Avenue Q. From 2009 to 2021, he portrayed Eric Beale on the military police procedural NCIS: Los Angeles.

This is a document about Yutaka Nakano
  Impossible – Ghost Protocol – Kurt Hendricks (Michael Nyqvist) ; Moonlight Mile – Ben Floss (Dustin Hoffman) ; Mr. Brooks – Mr. Earl Brooks (Kevin Costner) ; My Lovely Sam Soon – Lee Hyun-moo (Kwon Hae-hyo) ; Nash Bridges – Lieutenant A.J. Shimamura (Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa) ; Nine Lives – Tom Brand (Kevin Spacey) ; Nothing to Lose – Charlie Dunt (Giancarlo Esposito) ; The Number 23 – Isaac French / Dr. Miles Phoenix (Danny Huston) ; Only God Forgives – Lt. Chang / "The Angel of Vengeance" (Vithaya Pansringarm) ; Outbreak – Major Casey Schuler (Kevin Spacey) ; Paycheck – Special

This is a document about Atsushi Miyauchi
  Angel Has Fallen (Mike Banning (Gerard Butler)) ; The Art of Getting By (Dustin Mason (Michael Angarano)) ; Bad Country (Bud Carter (Willem Dafoe)) ; The Blacklist (Donald Ressler (Diego Klattenhoff)) ; Boardwalk Empire (Nelson Van Alden (Michael Shannon)) ; The Bourne Legacy (Vendel (Corey Stoll)) ; The Bridge (Steven Linder (Thomas M. Wright)) ; Burn Notice (Nate Westen (Seth Peterson)) ; Captain Phillips (Commander Frank Castellano (Yul Vazquez)) ; Contagion (Alan Krumwiede (Jude Law)) ; CSI: Miami (Jesse Cardoza (Eddie Cibrian)) ; Dawn of the Planet of the Apes (Malcolm (Jason Clarke)) ; Extant (Dr. John Woods (Goran Višnjić)) ; The Fortress (Lee Shi-baek (Park Hee-soon)) ; A

This is a document about Too Old to Die Young
  On March 27, 2017, it was announced that Miles Teller had been cast in the series lead role of Martin, a character described as "a police officer entangled in the world of assassins." On November 21, 2017, the rest of the main cast was announced and included Billy Baldwin, Jena Malone, John Hawkes, Cristina Rodlo, Augusto Aguilera, Nell Tiger Free, Babs Olusanmokun, and Callie Hernandez. On February 7, 2018, it was reported that Hart Bochner had joined the series in a recurring capacity. On August 29, 2018, Refn announced through his official Twitter account that George Payne had been cast in the series.

The actor that plays Tobias on NCIS is J. Anthony Pena.


Question: who are the heirs to the british throne

Answer: Charles , Prince of Wales

This is a document about History of the English and British line of succession
 1) Charles, Prince of Wales (b. 1948), eldest son of Elizabeth II ; 2) Prince William, Duke of Cambridge (b. 1982), elder son of the Prince of Wales ; 3) Prince George of Cambridge (b. 2013), eldest child of the Duke of Cambridge ; 4) Princess Charlotte of Cambridge (b. 2015), second child of the Duke of Cambridge ; 5) Prince Louis of Cambridge (b. 2018), third child of the Duke of Cambridge ; 6) Prince Henry, Duke of Sussex (b. 1984), younger son of the Prince of Wales ; 7) Archie Mountbatten-Windsor (b. 2019), elder child of the Duke of Sussex ; 8) Lilibet Mountbatten-Windsor (b. 2021), younger child of the Duke of Sussex ; 9) Prince Andrew, Duke of York (b. 1960), second son of Elizabeth II ; 10) Princess Beatrice, Mrs Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi (b. 1988), elder daughter of the Duke of York Currently, the line of succession to the British throne is:

This is a document about Succession to the British throne
   Succession to the British throne is determined by descent, sex, legitimacy, and religion. Under common law, the Crown is inherited by a sovereign's children or by a childless sovereign's nearest collateral line. The Bill of Rights 1689 and the Act of Settlement 1701 restrict succession to the throne to the legitimate Protestant descendants of Sophia of Hanover who are in "communion with the Church of England". Spouses of Roman Catholics were disqualified from 1689 until the law was amended in 2015. Protestant descendants of those excluded for being Roman Catholics are eligible. Queen Elizabeth II is the sovereign, and her heir apparent is her eldest son, Charles, Prince of Wales. Next in line after him is Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, the Prince of Wales's elder son. Third in

This is a document about Monarchy of Belize
   The heir apparent is Elizabeth II's eldest son, Charles, Prince of Wales. Upon the demise of the Crown, the Executive Council of Belize is expected to proclaim him King of Belize upon his accession to the throne. Succession to the throne is by absolute primogeniture, and governed by the provisions of the Succession to the Crown Act 2013, as well as the Act of Settlement and the English Bill of Rights. The Act of Settlement restricts the succession to the natural (i.e. biological), legitimate descendants of Sophia, Electress of Hanover (1630–1714), a granddaughter of James I, and lays out the rules that the monarch cannot be a Roman Catholic, nor married to one, and must be in communion with

This is a document about Monarchy of Canada
  As in the other Commonwealth realms, the current heir apparent to the throne is Prince Charles, who is followed in the line of succession by his elder son, Prince William, and William's eldest child, Prince George. Upon a demise of the Crown (the death or abdication of a sovereign), the late sovereign's heir immediately and automatically succeeds, without any need for confirmation or further ceremony; hence arises the phrase "The King is dead. Long live the King". It is customary for the accession of the new monarch to be publicly proclaimed by the governor general on behalf of the Privy Council, which meets at Rideau

This is a document about List of heirs apparent
  This is the list of the heirs apparent to the thrones of the world as of.

This is a document about Succession to the Australian throne
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This is a document about Succession to the Canadian throne
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This is a document about Succession to the Bahamian throne
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This is a document about Succession to the Antiguan and Barbudan throne
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This is a document about Succession to the Jamaican throne
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This is a document about Succession to the Papua New Guinean throne
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This is a document about Succession to the Belizean throne
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This is a document about Succession to the Grenadian throne
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This is a document about Succession to the Saint Kitts and Nevis throne
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This is a document about Succession to the Tuvaluan throne
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This is a document about Succession to the Saint Lucian throne
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This is a document about Succession to the Solomon Islands throne
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This is a document about Succession to the Saint Vincent and the Grenadines throne
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This is a document about List of heirs to the British throne
  This is a list of the individuals who were, at any given time, considered the next in line to succeed the British monarch to inherit the throne of the Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1800), the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922), or the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1922–present), should the incumbent monarch die or abdicate. Those who actually succeeded (at any future time) are shown in bold. The list commences in 1707 following the Acts of Union, which joined the Kingdoms of England and Scotland (previously separate states, with separate legislatures but with the same monarch) into a single Kingdom of Great Britain. Anne became Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland on 8 March 1702 and Queen of Great Britain from 1707. The 1701 Act of Settlement established Electress Sophia of Hanover as successor to the English throne, and this was extended to

The current heir to the British throne is Prince Charles, the eldest son of Queen Elizabeth II. The next in line is Prince William, his eldest son. After Prince William, the next heirs are his children, Prince George, Princess Charlotte, and Prince Louis. The heir to the throne in Belize is expected to be Elizabeth II's eldest son, Prince Charles, upon her demise. The heir apparent in Canada is also Prince Charles.


Question: which type of wave requires a medium for transmission

Answer: mechanical waves

This is a document about Transmission medium
  is used as transmission media. Electromagnetic radiation can be transmitted through an optical medium, such as optical fiber, or through twisted pair wires, coaxial cable, or dielectric-slab waveguides. It may also pass through any physical material that is transparent to the specific wavelength, such as water, air, glass, or concrete. Sound is, by definition, the vibration of matter, so it requires a physical medium for transmission, as do other kinds of mechanical waves and heat energy. Historically, science incorporated various aether theories to explain the transmission medium. However, it is now known that electromagnetic waves do not require a physical transmission medium, and so can travel through the "vacuum" of free space. Regions of the insulative vacuum can become conductive for electrical conduction through the presence of free electrons, holes, or ions.

This is a document about Transmission medium
  A transmission medium is a system or substance that can mediate the propagation of signals for the purposes of telecommunication. Signals are typically imposed on a wave of some kind suitable for the chosen medium. For example, data can modulate sound, and a transmission medium for sounds may be air, but solids and liquids may also act as the transmission medium. Vacuum or air constitutes a good transmission medium for electromagnetic waves such as light and radio waves. While material substance is not required for electromagnetic waves to propagate, such waves are usually affected by the transmission media they pass through, for instance, by absorption or reflection or refraction at the interfaces between media. Technical devices can therefore be employed to transmit or guide waves. Thus, an optical fiber or a copper

This is a document about List of telecommunications terminology
 Transmission medium ; Transmitter

This is a document about Telecommunications engineering
  Transmission medium over which the signal is transmitted. For example, the transmission medium for sounds is usually air, but solids and liquids may also act as transmission media for sound. Many transmission media are used as communications channel. One of the most common physical medias used in networking is copper wire. Copper wire is used to carry signals to long distances using relatively low amounts of power. Another example of a physical medium is optical fiber, which has emerged as the most commonly used transmission medium for long-distance communications. Optical fiber is a thin strand of glass that guides light along its length. The absence of a material medium in vacuum may also constitute a transmission medium for electromagnetic waves such as light and radio waves.

This is a document about Transmission medium
 linear, if different waves at any particular point in the medium can be superposed; ; bounded, if it is finite in extent, otherwise unbounded; ; uniform or homogeneous, if its physical properties are unchanged at different points; ; isotropic, if its physical properties are the same in different directions. guided media—waves are guided along a solid medium such as a transmission line; ; unguided media—transmission and reception are achieved by means of an antenna. In general, a transmission medium can be classified as There are two main types of transmission media: One of the most common physical medias used in networking is copper wire. Copper wire to carry signals to long distances using relatively low amounts of power. The unshielded twisted pair (UTP) is eight strands of copper wire, organized into four pairs.

This is a document about Michelson–Morley experiment
  Physics theories of the 19th century assumed that just as surface water waves must have a supporting substance, i.e., a "medium", to move across (in this case water), and audible sound requires a medium to transmit its wave motions (such as air or water), so light must also require a medium, the "luminiferous aether", to transmit its wave motions. Because light can travel through a vacuum, it was assumed that even a vacuum must be filled with aether. Because the speed of light is so great, and because material bodies pass through the aether without obvious friction or drag, it was assumed to have a highly unusual combination of properties.

This is a document about Transmission line
  reflections. Types of transmission line include parallel line (ladder line, twisted pair), coaxial cable, and planar transmission lines such as stripline and microstrip. The higher the frequency of electromagnetic waves moving through a given cable or medium, the shorter the wavelength of the waves. Transmission lines become necessary when the transmitted frequency's wavelength is sufficiently short that the length of the cable becomes a significant part of a wavelength. At microwave frequencies and above, power losses in transmission lines become excessive, and waveguides are used instead, which function as "pipes" to confine and guide the electromagnetic waves. Some sources define waveguides as a type of transmission line; however, this article will not include them. At even higher frequencies, in the terahertz, infrared and visible ranges, waveguides in turn become lossy, and optical methods, (such as lenses and mirrors), are used to guide electromagnetic waves.

This is a document about Single-wire transmission line
  the wire. The fields associated with the surface wave along the conductor are significant out to many conductor diameters, therefore metallic or even dielectric materials inadvertently present in these regions will distort the propagation of the mode and typically will increase propagation loss. Although there is no wavelength dependence to this dimension in the transverse direction, in the direction of propagation it is necessary to have a minimum of one half wave of conductor length to full support the propagating mode. For these reasons, and at frequencies available prior to about 1950, the practical disadvantages of such transmission completely outweighed the reduced loss due to the wire's finite conductivity.

This is a document about Transmission line
  higher the frequency of electromagnetic waves moving through a given cable or medium, the shorter the wavelength of the waves. Transmission lines become necessary when the transmitted frequency's wavelength is sufficiently short that the length of the cable becomes a significant part of a wavelength. At microwave frequencies and above, power losses in transmission lines become excessive, and waveguides are used instead which function as "pipes" to confine and guide the electromagnetic waves. At even higher frequencies, in the terahertz, infrared and visible ranges, waveguides in turn become lossy, and optical methods, (such as lenses and mirrors), are used to guide electromagnetic waves.

This is a document about Transmission medium
  A physical medium in data communications is the transmission path over which a signal propagates. Many different types of transmission media are used as communications channel. In many forms of communications, communication is in the form of electromagnetic waves. With guided transmission media, the waves are guided along a physical path; examples of guided media include phone lines, twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, and optical fibers. Unguided transmission media are methods that allow the transmission of data without the use of physical means to define the path it takes. Examples of this include microwave, radio or infrared. Unguided media provide a means for transmitting electromagnetic waves but do not guide them; examples are propagation through air, vacuum and seawater. The term direct link is used to refer to the transmission path between two devices in which signals propagate directly from transmitters to receivers with no intermediate devices, other than amplifiers or repeaters used to increase signal strength. This term can apply to both guided and unguided media.

This is a document about Microwave transmission
   Microwave transmission is the transmission of information by electromagnetic waves with wavelengths in the microwave range (1 m - 1 mm) of the electromagnetic spectrum. Microwave signals are normally limited to the line-of-sight, so long-distance transmission using these signals requires a series of repeaters forming a microwave relay. It is possible to use microwave signals in over-the-horizon communications using tropospheric scatter, but such systems are expensive and generally used only in specialist roles. Although an experimental 40 mi microwave telecommunication link across the English Channel was demonstrated in 1931, the development of radar in World War II provided the technology for

This is a document about Wave
  Waves are usually defined in media which allow most or all of a wave's energy to propagate without loss. However materials may be characterized as "lossy" if they remove energy from a wave, usually converting it into heat. This is termed "absorption." A material which absorbs a wave's energy, either in transmission or reflection, is characterized by a refractive index which is complex. The amount of absorption will generally depend on the frequency (wavelength) of the wave, which, for instance, explains why objects may appear colored.

This is a document about Wave propagation
  Wave propagation is any of the ways in which waves travel. With respect to the direction of the oscillation relative to the propagation direction, we can distinguish between longitudinal wave and transverse waves. For electromagnetic waves, propagation may occur in a vacuum as well as in the material medium. Other wave types cannot propagate through a vacuum and need a transmission medium to exist.

This is a document about Radio
  audience. Longwave and medium wave signals can give reliable coverage of areas several hundred kilometers across, but have the more limited information-carrying capacity and so work best with audio signals (speech and music), and the sound quality can be degraded by radio noise from natural and artificial sources. The shortwave bands have a greater potential range but are more subject to interference by distant stations and varying atmospheric conditions that affect reception. In the very high frequency band, greater than 30 megahertz, the Earth's atmosphere has less of an effect on the range of signals, and line-of-sight propagation becomes the principal mode. These higher frequencies permit the great bandwidth required for television broadcasting. Since natural and artificial noise sources are less present at these frequencies, high-quality audio transmission is possible, using frequency modulation.

This is a document about History of metamaterials
   Classical waves transfer energy without transporting matter through the medium (material). For example, waves in a pond do not carry the water molecules from place to place; rather the wave's energy travels through the water, leaving the water molecules in place. Additionally, charged particles, such as electrons and protons create electromagnetic fields when they move, and these fields transport the type of energy known as electromagnetic radiation, or light. A changing magnetic field will induce a changing electric field and vice versa—the two are linked. These changing fields form electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic waves differ from mechanical waves in that they do not require a medium

This is a document about Radio communication station
 Transmitter - Takes the electrical output of a microphone and then modulates a higher-frequency carrier signal and transmits it as radio waves. ; Receiver - The broadcast message is received by the receiver and decodes the radio sine waves. ; Antenna - An antenna is required for transmission; it is also required to receive radio waves. The main use of an antenna is to send radio signals. ; Aerial feeder - system of feeding HF-Energy (power) in the antenna ; Transmission lines - Transmission lines are used to transfer the radio signals to other locations. ; Connectors Interface panel remote

This is a document about Mechanical wave
   A mechanical wave is a wave that is an oscillation of matter, and therefore transfers energy through a medium. While waves can move over long distances, the movement of the medium of transmission—the material—is limited. Therefore, the oscillating material does not move far from its initial equilibrium position. Mechanical waves transport energy. This energy propagates in the same direction as the wave. Any kind of wave (mechanical or electromagnetic) has a certain energy. Mechanical waves can be produced only in media which possess elasticity and inertia. A wave requires an initial energy input. Once this initial energy is added, the wave travels through the medium until all its energy is transferred. In contrast, electromagnetic

This is a document about Sound
 Frequency, or its inverse, wavelength ; Amplitude, sound pressure or Intensity ; Speed of sound ; Direction Sound is transmitted through gases, plasma, and liquids as longitudinal waves, also called compression waves. It requires a medium to propagate. Through solids, however, it can be transmitted as both longitudinal waves and transverse waves. Longitudinal sound waves are waves of alternating pressure deviations from the equilibrium pressure, causing local regions of compression and rarefaction, while transverse waves (in solids) are waves of alternating shear stress at right angle to the direction of propagation. Sound waves may be viewed using parabolic mirrors and objects that produce sound. The energy carried by an oscillating sound wave converts back and

This is a document about Optical medium
 is the magnetic constant. An optical medium is material through which electromagnetic waves propagate. It is a form of transmission medium. The permittivity and permeability of the medium define how electromagnetic waves propagate in it. The medium has an intrinsic impedance, given by For a general introduction, see Serway For a discussion of synthetic media, see Joannopoulus.

This is a document about Evanescent field
  a non-vanishing transmitted wave. The transmitted wave cannot, however, be a sinusoidal wave, since it would then transport energy away from the boundary, but since the incident and reflected waves have equal energy, this would violate conservation of energy. We therefore conclude that the transmitted wave must be a non-vanishing solution to Maxwell's equations that is not a traveling wave, and the only such solutions in a dielectric are those that decay exponentially: evanescent waves. Mathematically, evanescent waves can be characterized by a wave vector where one or more of the vector's components has an imaginary value. Because the vector has imaginary components, it may have a magnitude that is less than its real components. For the plane of incidence as the is ignored since it does not physically make sense (the wave amplification along y the direction in this case).

Electromagnetic waves require a medium for transmission, such as a vacuum, air, or a material medium like glass or copper wire.


Question: land conversion through burning of biomass releases which gas

Answer: traces of methane

This is a document about Climate change and agriculture
 CO2 releases linked to deforestation ; Methane releases from rice cultivation ; Methane releases from enteric fermentation in cattle ; Nitrous oxide releases from fertilizer application Agriculture contributes to greenhouse gas increases through land use in four main ways: Together, these agricultural processes comprise 54% of methane emissions, roughly 80% of nitrous oxide emissions, and virtually all carbon dioxide emissions tied to land use. The planet's major changes to land cover since 1750 have resulted from deforestation in temperate regions: when forests and woodlands are cleared to make room for fields and pastures, the albedo of the affected area increases, which can result in either warming or cooling effects, depending on local conditions. Deforestation also affects regional carbon reuptake, which can result in increased concentrations of CO2, the dominant greenhouse gas. Land-clearing methods such as slash and burn compound these effects by burning biomatter, which directly releases greenhouse gases and particulate matter such as soot into the air.

This is a document about 2010 Southeast Asian haze
  methods practiced by smallholders, many species of animals and plants are unable to withstand the high temperatures of heat and fail to escape the fires or successfully migrate to a new home. Additionally, fire land clearing practices contributes a significant release of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. Such release of greenhouse gases from peatland fires aids in the exacerbation of global warming and has the ability to affect a change on the region's climate and weather. It is known that Indonesia is ranked as one of the world's higher carbon emitters with approximately 900 million tons of carbon emitted into the atmosphere in 2010.

This is a document about Sustainable energy
  soil unsuitable for food production. If the biomass source is agricultural or municipal waste, burning it or converting it into biogas provides a way to dispose of this waste. Carbon capture and storage technology can be used to capture emissions from bioenergy power plants. This process is known as bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) and can result in net carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere. However, BECCS can also result in net positive emissions depending on how the biomass material is grown, harvested, and transported. Deployment of BECCS at scales described in some climate change mitigation pathways would require converting large amounts of cropland.

This is a document about Biofuel in Sweden
  The unsustainable extraction of forest resources, such as wood fuel, may lead to forest degradation and permanent loss of biodiversity. Plantations can have both positive and negative impacts on biodiversity, depending on the change in land use. Further, even when traditional biomass is harvested sustainably, wood fuel use may not be carbon neutral due to incomplete combustion – the idealized fuel cycle in which all carbon is converted to carbon dioxide is unrealistic. Also, poorly conducted wood fuel harvesting can have significant effects on water quality and quantity, leading to increased soil erosion and run-off. However, while combustion of biogas, like natural gas, produces carbon dioxide (CO2), a

This is a document about Electricity generation
  as coal and gas not only release carbon dioxide as they combust, but their extraction from the ground also impacts the environment. Open pit coal mines use large areas of land to extract coal and limit the potential for productive land use after the excavation. Natural gas extraction releases large amounts of methane into the atmosphere when extracted from the ground greatly increase global greenhouse gasses. Although nuclear power plants to not release carbon dioxide through electricity generation, there are significant risks associated with nuclear waste and safety concerns associated with the use of nuclear sources. This fear of nuclear power stems from large-scale nuclear catastrophes such as the Chernobyl Disaster and the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. Both tragedies led to significant casualties and the radioactive contamination of large areas.

This is a document about Energiewende
  Biomass made up 7.0% of Germany's power generation mix in 2017. Biomass has the potential to be a carbon-neutral fuel because growing biomass absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and a portion of the carbon absorbed remains in the ground after harvest. However, using biomass as a fuel produces air pollution in the form of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, NOx (nitrogen oxides), VOCs (volatile organic compounds), particulates and other pollutants, although biomass produces less sulfur dioxide than coal. Between 2004 and 2011 policies lead to around 7000 km2 new maize-fields for biomass-energy by ploughing-up of at least 2700 km2 of permanent grassland. This released large amounts of climate active gases, loss of biodiversity and potential of groundwater recharge. There are also attempts to use biogas as partially renewable fuel with Green Planet Energy selling gas containing 10% of biogas, 1% hydrogen and 90% imported fossil gas.

This is a document about Paludiculture
  gas emissions of paludiculture is complex. On the one hand a higher water table will reduce the aerobic decomposition of peat and therefore the carbon dioxide emissions. But on the other hand the increased ground water table may increase anaerobic decomposition of organic matter or methanogenesis and therefore increase the emission of methane (CH 4 ), a short-lived but more potent greenhouse gas than CO 2. The emissions emanating from rewetted peatland with paludiculture will also be affected by the land-use in terms of type of use (agriculture, forestry, grazing etc.), but also in terms of used species and intensity. Traditional use of peatland has often less impact on the environment than industrial use has, but need not be sustainable in the long run and if used at a larger scale.

This is a document about Biomass to liquid
  Initially biomass undergoes pyrolysis process to produce pyrolysis gases and biochar. The volatile organic compounds in pyrolysis gases further undergo gasification process to produce syngas rich in hydrogen and carbon monoxide gases which is further converted in to methanol (CH3OH). The carbon neutral biochar is further converted in to ethylene or ethanol with hydrogen generated from renewable electricity or used for carbon sequestration to reduce global warming CO2 gas in the atmosphere.

This is a document about Greenhouse gas emissions
  Land-use change, e.g., the clearing of forests for agricultural use, can affect the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere by altering how much carbon flows out of the atmosphere into carbon sinks. Accounting for land-use change can be understood as an attempt to measure "net" emissions, i.e., gross emissions from all sources minus the removal of emissions from the atmosphere by carbon sinks. There are substantial uncertainties in the measurement of net carbon emissions. Additionally, there is controversy over how carbon sinks should be allocated between different regions and over time. For instance, concentrating on more recent changes in carbon sinks is likely to favour those regions that have deforested earlier, e.g., Europe.

This is a document about Greenhouse gas emissions
 burning of fossil fuels and deforestation leading to higher carbon dioxide concentrations in the air. Land use change (mainly deforestation in the tropics) accounts for about a quarter of total anthropogenic GHG emissions. ; livestock enteric fermentation and manure management, paddy rice farming, land use and wetland changes, man-made lakes, pipeline losses, and covered vented landfill emissions leading to higher methane atmospheric concentrations. Many of the newer style fully vented septic systems that enhance and target the fermentation process also are sources of atmospheric methane. ; use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in refrigeration systems, and use of CFCs and halons in fire suppression systems and manufacturing processes. ; agricultural activities, including the use of fertilizers, that lead to higher nitrous oxide concentrations. Liquid fuels (e.g., gasoline, fuel oil): 36% ; Solid fuels (e.g., coal):

This is a document about Non-methane volatile organic compound
  Biomass burning, other than for use as fuel, is considered to be a biogenic source. These emissions are modeled based on the area burned, the ratio of above ground biomass to total biomass, the density of the burned organic matter, and combustion efficiency. The chemical composition of emissions from biomass burning varies across different stages of burning, but total NMVOCs emitted from burning is estimated to be 4.5 grams of Carbon per kilogram. The main NMVOCs emitted from burning are ethane, propane, propene, and acetylene.

This is a document about Mire
  Due to their significance in the global soil-atmosphere exchange of carbon, the movement of carbon between mires and the atmosphere is an important current issue in ecology and biogeochemical studies. The drainage of peatlands for agriculture and forestry has resulted in the emission of extensive greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere, most notably carbon dioxide and methane. By allowing oxygen to enter the peat column within a mire, drainage disrupts the balance between peat accumulation and decomposition, and the subsequent oxidative degradation results in the release of carbon into the atmosphere. As such, the drainage of mires for agriculture transforms them from net carbon sinks, to net carbon emitters. However, the emission of methane from mires has been observed to decrease following drainage. When undertaken in such a way that preserves the hydrological state of a mire, the anthropogenic use of mires' resources can avoid significant greenhouse gas emissions. However, continued drainage will result in increased release of carbon, contributing to global warming. As of 2016, it was estimated that drained peatlands account for around 10% of all greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture and forestry.

This is a document about Deforestation and climate change
   Deforestation is a primary contributor to climate change. Land use changes, especially in the form of deforestation, are the second largest anthropogenic source of atmospheric carbon dioxide emissions, after fossil fuel combustion. Greenhouse gases are emitted during combustion of forest biomass and decomposition of remaining plant material and soil carbon. Global models and national greenhouse gas inventories give similar results for deforestation emissions. , deforestation is responsible for about 11% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Peatland degradation also emits GHG. Growing forests are a carbon sink with additional potential to mitigate the effects of climate change. Some of the effects

This is a document about Issues relating to biofuels
  Large-scale deforestation of mature trees (which help remove CO2 through photosynthesis — much better than sugar cane or most other biofuel feedstock crops do) contributes to soil erosion, un-sustainable global warming atmospheric greenhouse gas levels, loss of habitat, and a reduction of valuable biodiversity (both on land as in oceans ). Demand for biofuel has led to clearing land for palm oil plantations. In Indonesia alone, over 9400000 acre of forest have been converted to plantations since 1996. A portion of the biomass should be retained onsite to support the soil resource. Normally this will be in the form of raw biomass, but processed biomass is also an option. If the exported biomass is used to produce syngas, the process can be used to co-produce biochar, a low-temperature charcoal used as a soil amendment to increase soil organic matter to a degree not practical with less recalcitrant forms of organic carbon. For co-production of biochar to be widely adopted, the soil amendment and carbon sequestration value of co-produced charcoal must exceed its net value as a source of energy. Some commentators claim that removal of additional cellulosic biomass for biofuel production will further deplete soils.

This is a document about Atmospheric methane
  Incomplete burning of both living and dead organic matter results in the emission of methane. While natural wildfires can contribute to methane emissions, the bulk majority of biomass burning occurs as a result of humans – including everything from accidental burnings by civilians to deliberate burnings used to clear out land to biomass burnings occurring as a result of destroying waste.

This is a document about Land clearing in Australia
  Land clearing is a major source of Australia’s greenhouse gas emissions, contributing approximately 12 per cent to Australia’s total emissions in 1998. The removal of vegetation damages the microclimate by removing shade and reducing humidity. It also contributes to global climate change by diminishing the capacity of the vegetation to absorb carbon dioxide. Land clearing could also be responsible for reduced rainfall levels & possible desertification of land as well as soil erosion.

This is a document about Mire
  of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. In addition, fires occurring on peatland dried by the draining of peat bogs release even more carbon dioxide. The economic value of a tropical peatland was once derived from raw materials, such as wood, bark, resin, and latex, the extraction of which did not contribute to large carbon emissions. Today, many of these peatlands are drained for conversion to palm oil plantations, releasing stored carbon dioxide and preventing the system from sequestering carbon again. The planned "Carbopeat Project" attempts to assign economic value to the carbon sequestration performed by peat bogs, to stop the development of this land.

This is a document about Wood gas
   Wood gas is a syngas fuel which can be used as a fuel for furnaces, stoves and vehicles in place of gasoline, diesel or other fuels. During the production process biomass or other carbon-containing materials are gasified within the oxygen-limited environment of a wood gas generator to produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide. These gases can then be burnt as a fuel within an oxygen rich environment to produce carbon dioxide, water and heat. In some gasifiers this process is preceded by pyrolysis, where the biomass or coal is first converted to char, releasing methane and tar rich in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

This is a document about Glossary of environmental science
 land use, Land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) - land uses and land-use changes can act either as sinks or as emission sources. It is estimated that approximately one-fifth of global emissions result from LULUCF activities. The Kyoto Protocol allows parties to receive emissions credit for certain LULUCF activities that reduce net emissions. ; landfill- solid waste disposal in which refuse is buried between layers of soil, a method often used to reclaim low-lying ground; the word is sometimes used as a noun to refer to the waste itself. ; landfill gas – the gas emissions from biodegrading waste in landfill, including, CH4, and small amounts of nitrogen, oxygen with traces of toluene, benzene and

This is a document about Soil carbon
  Forest soils constitute a large pool of carbon. Anthropogenic activities such as deforestation cause releases of carbon from this pool, which may significantly increase the concentration of greenhouse gas (GHG) in the atmosphere. Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), countries must estimate and report GHG emissions and removals, including changes in carbon stocks in all five pools (above- and below-ground biomass, dead wood, litter, and soil carbon) and associated emissions and removals from land use, land-use change and forestry activities, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's good practice guidance. Tropical deforestation represents nearly 25 percent of total anthropogenic GHG emissions worldwide. Deforestation, forest degradation, and changes in land management practices can cause releases of carbon from soil to the atmosphere. For these reasons, reliable estimates of soil organic carbon stock and stock changes are needed for Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and GHG reporting under the UNFCCC. The government of Tanzania—together with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the financial support of the government of Finland—have implemented a forest soil carbon monitoring program to estimate soil carbon stock, using both survey and modelling-based methods.

Land conversion through burning of biomass releases carbon dioxide.


Question: the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of all particles in the system is called the

Answer: internal energy

This is a document about Thomas–Fermi model
  The total energy of the electrons is the sum of their kinetic and potential energies,

This is a document about König's theorem (kinetics)
  The second part expresses the kinetic energy of a system of particles in terms of the velocities of the individual particles and the centre of mass. Specifically, it states that the kinetic energy of a system of particles is the sum of the kinetic energy associated to the movement of the center of mass and the kinetic energy associated to the movement of the particles relative to the center of mass.

This is a document about Generalized coordinates
  The total kinetic energy of the system is the energy of the system's motion, defined as

This is a document about König's theorem (kinetics)
  The total kinetic energy of the system is:

This is a document about Energy
   The total energy of a system can be subdivided and classified into potential energy, kinetic energy, or combinations of the two in various ways. Kinetic energy is determined by the movement of an object – or the composite motion of the components of an object – and potential energy reflects the potential of an object to have motion, and generally is a function of the position of an object within a field or may be stored in the field itself. While these two categories are sufficient to describe all forms of energy, it is often convenient to refer to particular combinations of potential and kinetic energy as its own form. For example, the sum of translational and rotational kinetic and potential energy within a system is referred to as mechanical energy, whereas nuclear energy refers to the combined potentials within an atomic nucleus from either the nuclear force or the weak force, among other examples.

This is a document about Molecular Hamiltonian
  Electrons and nuclei are, to a very good approximation, point charges and point masses. The molecular Hamiltonian is a sum of several terms: its major terms are the kinetic energies of the electrons and the Coulomb (electrostatic) interactions between the two kinds of charged particles. The Hamiltonian that contains only the kinetic energies of electrons and nuclei, and the Coulomb interactions between them, is known as the Coulomb Hamiltonian. From it are missing a number of small terms, most of which are due to electronic and nuclear spin. Although it is generally assumed that the solution of the time-independent Schrödinger equation associated with the Coulomb Hamiltonian will predict most properties of

This is a document about Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics)
  The Hamiltonian of a system is the sum of the kinetic energies of all the particles, plus the potential energy of the particles associated with the system. The Hamiltonian takes different forms and can be simplified in some cases by taking into account the concrete characteristics of the system under analysis, such as single or several particles in the system, interaction between particles, kind of potential energy, time varying potential or time independent one.

This is a document about Equipartition theorem
   In classical statistical mechanics, the equipartition theorem relates the temperature of a system to its average energies. The equipartition theorem is also known as the law of equipartition, equipartition of energy, or simply equipartition. The original idea of equipartition was that, in thermal equilibrium, energy is shared equally among all of its various forms; for example, the average kinetic energy per degree of freedom in translational motion of a molecule should equal that in rotational motion. The equipartition theorem makes quantitative predictions. Like the virial theorem, it gives the total average kinetic and potential energies for a system at a given temperature, from which the system's

This is a document about Mean-field particle methods
  infinity. Boltzmann equations represent the macroscopic evolution of colliding particles in rarefied gases, while McKean Vlasov diffusions represent the macroscopic behavior of fluid particles and granular gases. In computational physics and more specifically in quantum mechanics, the ground state energies of quantum systems is associated with the top of the spectrum of Schrödinger's operators. The Schrödinger equation is the quantum mechanics version of the Newton's second law of motion of classical mechanics (the mass times the acceleration is the sum of the forces). This equation represents the wave function (a.k.a. the quantum state) evolution of some physical system, including molecular, atomic of subatomic

This is a document about Hamiltonian field theory
  The Hamiltonian density is the total energy density, the sum of the kinetic energy density (

This is a document about Equipartition theorem
   The name "equipartition" means "equal division," as derived from the Latin equi from the antecedent, æquus ("equal or even"), and partition from the noun, partitio ("division, portion"). The original concept of equipartition was that the total kinetic energy of a system is shared equally among all of its independent parts, on the average, once the system has reached thermal equilibrium. Equipartition also makes quantitative predictions for these energies. For example, it predicts that every atom of an inert noble gas, in thermal equilibrium at temperature T, has an average translational kinetic energy of (3/2)kBT, where kB is the Boltzmann constant. As a consequence, since kinetic energy

This is a document about Temperature
  ensemble of microstates. As a collection of classical material particles, the temperature is a measure of the mean energy of motion, called kinetic energy, of the particles, whether in solids, liquids, gases, or plasmas. The kinetic energy, a concept of classical mechanics, is half the mass of a particle times its speed squared. In this mechanical interpretation of thermal motion, the kinetic energies of material particles may reside in the velocity of the particles of their translational or vibrational motion or in the inertia of their rotational modes. In monatomic perfect gases and, approximately, in most gas, the temperature is a

This is a document about Energy
  times distance.  The total energy of a system is sometimes called the Hamiltonian, after William Rowan Hamilton. The classical equations of motion can be written in terms of the Hamiltonian, even for highly complex or abstract systems. These classical equations have remarkably direct analogs in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics. Another energy-related concept is called the Lagrangian, after Joseph-Louis Lagrange. This formalism is as fundamental as the Hamiltonian, and both can be used to derive the equations of motion or be derived from them. It was invented in the context of classical mechanics, but is generally useful in modern physics. The Lagrangian is defined as the kinetic

This is a document about Internal energy
  Thermodynamics often uses the concept of the ideal gas for teaching purposes, and as an approximation for working systems. The ideal gas is a gas of particles considered as point objects that interact only by elastic collisions and fill a volume such that their mean free path between collisions is much larger than their diameter. Such systems approximate the monatomic gases, helium and the other noble gases. Here the kinetic energy consists only of the translational energy of the individual atoms. Monatomic particles do not rotate or vibrate, and are not electronically excited to higher energies except at very high temperatures. Therefore, internal energy changes in an ideal gas may be described solely by changes in its kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is simply the internal energy of the perfect gas and depends entirely on its pressure, volume and thermodynamic temperature. The internal energy of an ideal gas is proportional to its mass (number of moles) immediately follows.

This is a document about Thermal energy
  internal energy is the sum total of the gas's independent particles' kinetic energies, and it is this kinetic motion that is the source and the effect of the transfer of heat across a system's boundary. For a gas that does not have particle interactions except for instantaneous collisions, the term 'thermal energy' is effectively synonymous with 'internal energy'. In many statistical physics texts, "thermal energy" refers to [[kT (energy)| to be a vector parallel to the direction of heat flow, whose magnitude gives the thermal energy per unit time crossing a unit area perpendicular to the flow. |pages=20 |publisher=Harcourt |isbn=0-03-083993-9}} although this can also simply be called heat or quantity of heat.

This is a document about Mu (letter)
 the coefficient of friction (also used in aviation as braking coefficient) ; reduced mass in the two-body problem ; Standard gravitational parameter in celestial mechanics ; linear density, or mass per unit length, in strings and other one-dimensional objects ; permeability in electromagnetism ; the magnetic dipole moment of a current-carrying coil ; dynamic viscosity in fluid mechanics ; the amplification factor or voltage gain of a triode vacuum tube ; the electrical mobility of a charged particle ; the rotor advance ratio, the ratio of aircraft airspeed to rotor-tip speed in rotorcraft ; the pore water pressure in saturated soil the elementary particles called the muon and antimuon ; the proton-to-electron mass ratio the chemical potential of a system or component of a system In classical physics and engineering: In particle physics: In thermodynamics:

This is a document about Microcanonical ensemble
 P = 1/W, In statistical mechanics, the microcanonical ensemble is a statistical ensemble that represents the possible states of a mechanical system whose total energy is exactly specified. The system is assumed to be isolated in the sense that it cannot exchange energy or particles with its environment, so that (by conservation of energy) the energy of the system does not change with time. The primary macroscopic variables of the microcanonical ensemble are the total number of particles in the system (symbol: N ), the system's volume (symbol: V ), as well as the total energy in the system (symbol: E ). Each of these is assumed to

This is a document about Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics)
  The formalism can be extended to where the sum is taken over all particles and their corresponding potentials; the result is that the Hamiltonian of the system is the sum of the separate Hamiltonians for each particle. This is an idealized situation—in practice the particles are almost always influenced by some potential, and there are many-body interactions. One illustrative example of a two-body interaction where this form would not apply is for electrostatic potentials due to charged particles, because they interact with each other by Coulomb interaction (electrostatic force), as shown below.

This is a document about Boltzmann equation
  Dividing by dt and substituting into  gives:  In this context, F(r, t) is the force field acting on the particles in the fluid, and m is the mass of the particles. The term on the right hand side is added to describe the effect of collisions between particles; if it is zero then the particles do not collide. The collisionless Boltzmann equation, where individual collisions are replaced with long-range aggregated interactions, e.g. Coulomb interactions, is often called the Vlasov equation. This equation is more useful than the principal one above, yet still incomplete, since f cannot be solved unless the collision term in f is known. This term cannot be found as easily or generally as the others – it is a statistical term representing the particle collisions, and requires knowledge of the statistics the particles obey, like the Maxwell–Boltzmann, Fermi–Dirac or Bose–Einstein distributions.

This is a document about Moment of inertia
  The kinetic energy of a rigid system of particles can be formulated in terms of the center of mass and a matrix of mass moments of inertia of the system. Let the system of is the total mass.


Question: who used the springfield rifle in the civil war

Answer: United States

This is a document about Springfield Model 1861
   The Springfield Model 1861 was a Minié-type rifled musket used by the United States Army and Marine Corps during the American Civil War. Commonly referred to as the "Springfield" (after its original place of production, Springfield, Massachusetts). It was the most widely used Union Army shoulder weapon during the Civil War, favored for its range, accuracy, and reliability.

This is a document about Rifles in the American Civil War
  end of the war, approximately 1.5 million Springfield rifle muskets had been produced by the Springfield Armory and 20 subcontractors. Since the South lacked sufficient manufacturing capability, most of the Springfields in Southern hands were captured on the battlefields during the war. Many older Springfield rifle muskets, such as the Model 1855 and Model 1842, were brought out of storage and used due to arms shortages. Many smoothbore muskets dating all the way back to the Springfield Model 1812 were brought out of storage for similar reasons. These old and obsolete weapons were replaced by newer weapons as they became available.

This is a document about Springfield Model 1855
   The Springfield Model 1855 was a rifled musket widely used in the American Civil War. It exploited the advantages of the new conical Minié ball, which could be deadly at over 1000 yd. It was a standard infantry weapon for Union and Confederates alike, until the Springfield Model 1861 supplanted it, obviating the use of the insufficiently weather resistant Maynard tape primer.

This is a document about Springfield, Massachusetts
  of the Springfield Armory for its central location, subsequently the site of Shays' Rebellion. The city would also play a pivotal role in the Civil War, as a stop on the Underground Railroad and home of abolitionist John Brown, widely known for his raid on Harpers Ferry, and for the Armory's manufacture of the famed "Springfield rifles" used ubiquitously by Union troops. Closing during the Johnson administration, today the national park site features the largest collection of historic American firearms in the world. Today the city is the largest in western New England, and the urban, economic, and media capital of Massachusetts' section of the Connecticut River Valley, colloquially known as the Pioneer Valley. Springfield has several nicknames—"The City of Firsts", due to the many innovations developed there,

This is a document about Massachusetts in the American Civil War
  on Confederate soil) and to channel all available federal funds towards enhancing production at the Springfield Armory. The armory produced the primary weapon of the Union infantry during the war—the Springfield rifled musket. By the end of the war, nearly 1.5 million had been produced by the armory and its numerous contractors across the country. Another key source of war materiel was the Watertown Arsenal, which produced ammunition, gun carriages and leather military accouterments. Private companies such as Smith & Wesson enjoyed significant U.S. government contracts. The Ames Manufacturing Company of Chicopee became one of the nation's leading suppliers of swords, side arms,

This is a document about Springfield rifle
   The term Springfield rifle may refer to any one of several types of small arms produced by the Springfield Armory in Springfield, Massachusetts, for the United States armed forces. In modern usage, the term "Springfield rifle" most commonly refers to the Springfield Model 1903 for its use in both world wars. There were also numerous limited production, experimental, marksmanship, and sporting rifles produced by the Springfield Armory which are referred to as "Springfield rifles". Some examples of the smoothbore Springfield Model 1842 musket that were later modified with rifling and used during the American Civil War may also be referred to as "Springfield rifles". Rifled musket:  Single-shot rifle:  Repeating rifle:  Self-loading rifle:

This is a document about Rifled musket
  Rifled muskets were heavily used in the American Civil War. The American-made Springfield Model 1861 was the most widely used weapon in the war, followed by the British Pattern 1853 Enfield. The Lorenz rifle was the third most used rifle during the Civil War The Enfield was also used in the Crimean War where its greater range provided a significant advantage over the much shorter-ranged Russian smoothbore muskets in certain combat circumstances. However, soldiers armed with rifled muskets were not always successful on the battlefield. In the Italian War of 1859, Austrian troops armed with rifled muskets, but insufficiently trained and practiced in their effective use, were defeated by French forces using aggressive skirmishing tactics and rapid bayonet assaults at close range.

This is a document about M1841 Mississippi rifle
  The Model 1841 was replaced by the minie ball firing Springfield Model 1855, which became the standard issue weapon for regular army infantry, and ultimately the Springfield Model 1861 and Model 1863. By the time of the Civil War, the Mississippi Rifle was generally considered old-fashioned but effective. It was carried by some Union troops up until 1863, though the 45th New York Infantry still used the rifle beyond Gettysburg). Some Confederate cavalry and sharpshooter units continued to use the rifle until the end of the war, evidenced by surviving Confederate ordnance requisitions.

This is a document about Rifles in the American Civil War
  while the North bought 726,000. Accordingly, during the first two years of the war soldiers from both sides used a wide variety of rifles, including many that were over 50 years old and were considered obsolete. At the same time, Northern rifle and gun manufacturers such as Sharps, Colt, Remington, and the United States armory at Springfield, Massachusetts quickly increased their production of rifles; Springfield alone increased its annual output from 20,000 to 200,000. The North was thus able to supply its own small arms needs, while the South had to continue to rely on foreign sources, eventually purchasing 580,000 rifles.

This is a document about 17th Maine Infantry Regiment
   The 17th Maine was an 1862, Army of the Potomac, three-year regiment, that greatly increased the number of men under arms in the federal army. As with many of these volunteers, initially, there were not enough Model 1861 Springfield Rifles to go around so they were instead issued imported British Pattern 1853 rifles. These were the standard rifle for the British army having performed well in the Crimean War. The Enfield was a .577 calibre Minié-type muzzle-loading rifled musket. It was used by both armies and was the second most widely used infantry weapon in the Union forces. At Gettysburg, on the evening of July 3, General Birney wanted to standardize the weapons in his division. That evening, he had the 17th and other Enfield-equipped units in his command exchange their arms for the standard muzzle-loading rifled musket of the Union Army, the Springfield Model 1861 Rifled Musket. It fired a .58 inch Minie Ball. and came with a square socket bayonet. They would carry their Springfields until their end of service.

This is a document about Springfield Armory
  innovations of global importance, including interchangeable parts, the assembly line style of mass production, and modern business practices, such as hourly wages. The facility would play a decisive role in the American Civil War, producing most of the weaponry used by Union troops which, in sum, outpaced Confederate firearm production by a ratio of 32 to 1. American historian Merritt Roe Smith has posited that advancements in machine manufacturing which allowed the facility to increase production capacity by more than 25 fold, from 9,601 rifles in 1860 to 276,200 in 1864, served as a precursor to the mass production of the Second Industrial Revolution and 20th century assembly line production. The numerous firearm models produced at the Springfield Armory from 1794 to 1968 are referred to as "Springfield muskets and rifles".

This is a document about Pattern 1853 Enfield
   The Enfield 1853 rifle-musket was also used by both the North and the South in the American Civil War, and was the second most widely used infantry weapon in the war, surpassed only by the Springfield Model 1861 Rifled Musket. The Confederates imported more Enfields during the course of the war than any other small arm, buying from private contractors and gun runners. It has been estimated that over 900,000 P53 Enfields were imported into America and saw service in every major engagement from the Battle of Shiloh (April, 1862) and the Siege of Vicksburg (May 1863), to the final battles

This is a document about Battle of the Little Bighorn
  After exhaustive testing—including comparisons to domestic and foreign single-shot and repeating rifles—the Army Ordnance Board (whose members included officers Marcus Reno and Alfred Terry) authorized the Springfield as the official firearm for the United States Army. The Springfield, manufactured in a .45-70 long rifle version for the infantry and a .45-55 light carbine version for the cavalry, was judged a solid firearm that met the long-term and geostrategic requirements of the United States fighting forces. Historian Mark Gallear claims that U.S. government experts rejected the lever-action repeater designs, deeming them ineffective in a clash with fully equipped European armies, or in case of an outbreak

This is a document about Rifle
  yards for a rifle using the Minié system. The expanding skirt of the Minié ball also solved the problem that earlier tight-fitting bullets were difficult to load as black powder residue fouled the inside of the barrel. The Minié system allowed conical bullets to be loaded into rifles just as quickly as round balls in smooth bores, which allowed rifle muskets to replace muskets on the battlefield. Minié system rifles, notably the U.S. Springfield and the British Enfield of the early 1860s, featured prominently in the U.S. Civil War, due to their enhanced power and accuracy. Over the 19th century, bullet design also evolved, the bullets becoming gradually smaller and lighter. By

This is a document about Pattern 1853 Enfield
  1865. The gun was highly sought after in the Confederate ranks. According to a survey taken by British officials during the early stages of war on the arms of the Western Confederate Forces, nearly 70% were armed with smoothbore arms, such as the Model 1842 Springfield. Later in the war the same survey was taken, they found that more than 75% had acquired a rifle, mainly the Pattern 1853 Enfield. The P53 Enfields capabilities were largely lost by the lack of marksmanship training by both the Union and Confederacy. Most soldiers were not trained to estimate ranges or to properly

This is a document about 1st United States Sharpshooters
  of Sharps rifles would lead to a waste of ammunition. Lt. General Scott insisted that Berdan's men use a standard Springfield rifle. Berdan was not at all satisfied with Scott's ruling, so he took his request for Sharps rifles directly to President Abraham Lincoln. After Lincoln watched Berdan perform a demonstration of the Sharps rifle's extreme speed and accuracy he was so impressed that he ordered them to be immediately issued to both Sharpshooter regiments. Nevertheless, many of the men still continued to use their own rifles, no matter how heavy and bulky they were, probably because that is what they had training and experience with. The sharpshooters were finally issued their Sharps rifles on May 8, 1862.

This is a document about Richmond rifle
  At the start of the American Civil War, the Confederacy suffered from a lack of resources with the capability to produce small arms weapons. Virginia appropriated funds to modernize the Old State Armory building in Richmond with arms-making machinery manufactured in England; but the confrontation at Fort Sumter initiated the Union blockade which prevented delivery of the machinery. In April 1861, the Confederacy led by Thomas Jonathan Jakson captured the Union-held town of Harper's Ferry in western Virginia, and salvaged the machinery used to manufacture Springfield Model 1855 muskets. Confederate troops captured 33,993 black walnut stocks with the machinery. The machinery and stocks were shipped on the Winchester and Potomac Railroad to Winchester, Virginia, where they were transferred by wagons over the Valley Pike to be reloaded onto the Manassas Gap Railroad at Strasburg, Virginia for delivery to Richmond. The rifling machinery was transferred to the Fayetteville Arsenal.

This is a document about Bolt action
  in the 1860s as well, the Berdan and the Boxer systems. The United States purchased 900 Greene rifles (an under hammer, percussion capped, single-shot bolt action that used paper cartridges and an ogivial bore rifling system) in 1857, which saw service at the Battle of Antietam in 1862, during the American Civil War; however, this weapon was ultimately considered too complicated for issue to soldiers, and was supplanted by the Springfield Model 1861, a conventional muzzle loading rifle. During the American Civil War, the bolt-action Palmer carbine was patented in 1863, and by 1865, 1000 were purchased for use as cavalry weapons. The French Army adopted its first bolt-action rifle, the Chassepot rifle,

This is a document about North-South Skirmish Association
  The standard infantry arm of the American Civil War was the rifle-Musket. These arms were muzzle-loading rifles firing the Minie ball. Major types of musket used by combatants during the Civil War were the Model 1861 and 1863 Springfield, as well as the British-made Pattern 1853 and 1858 Enfield. Although the long 'three-band' muskets (so called because they had three bands fastening the barrel to the stock) were the most widely issued, many N-SSA competitors favor the shorter 'two-band' muskets due to their superior balance and heavier barrels. As of 2015, an exciting new event, "Traditional Musket" has been added to the event list. Competitors firing in this event must use an as-issued rifle-Musket, with no modifications to stocks, locks, or bedding permitted. Competitors must also wear a full period-correct uniform to fire in these matches, and utilize only period-correct projectiles and paper cartridges.

This is a document about Rifles in the American Civil War
  in the spring of 1863, the War Department required regiments to submit monthly ordnance returns. Information on the weapons that Union regiments carried prior to that time is inferred from various other official documents, letters, regimental histories, and personal recollections of veterans. The Army of Northern Virginia steadily acquired modern weapons through battlefield pickups, however its chief of ordnance Edward Porter Alexander reported that the Battle of Gettysburg was the first engagement in which the army had no smoothbore muskets. Enfield and Springfield rifles were the primary infantry arms in the Army of Northern Virginia during the second half of the

The Springfield rifle, specifically the Springfield Model 1861, was used extensively by the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was the most widely used rifle by the Union Army due to its range, accuracy, and reliability. The Springfield Armory in Springfield, Massachusetts, produced over 1.5 million rifles during the war, and these rifles were distributed to various Union armies and militias.


Question: who is the chair person of rajya sabha

Answer: Venkaiah Naidu )

This is a document about Rajya Sabha
  a greater influence because of its larger membership. The Vice President of India (currently, Venkaiah Naidu) is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, who presides over its sessions. The Deputy Chairman, who is elected from amongst the house's members, takes care of the day-to-day matters of the house in the absence of the Chairman. The Rajya Sabha held its first sitting on 13 May 1952. The Rajya Sabha meets in the eponymous chamber in Parliament House in New Delhi. Since 18 July 2018, the Rajya Sabha has facility for simultaneous interpretation in all the 22 scheduled languages of India.

This is a document about Rajya Sabha
  of the Rajya Sabha and its Committees. In the discharge of his constitutional and statutory responsibilities, the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha is assisted by the Secretary-General, who holds the rank equivalent to the Cabinet Secretary to the Government of India. The Secretary-General, in turn, is assisted by senior functionaries at the level of Secretary, Additional Secretary, Joint Secretary and other officers and staff of the Secretariat. Present secretary-general is Desh Deepak Verma, IAS. In winter 2019 session, uniforms of Rajya Sabha marshals were restyled from traditional Indian attire comprising turbans to dark navy blue and olive green military-style outfits with caps.

This is a document about Elections in India
  The Rajya Sabha, also known as the Council of States, is the upper house of India's Parliament. Candidates are not elected directly by the citizens, but by the Members of Legislative Assemblies and up to 12  can be nominated by the President of India for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services. Members of the Parliament in Rajya Sabha get a tenure of six years, with one-third of the body facing re-election every two years. Rajya Sabha acts as a second-level review body before a bill becomes an act. The Vice President of India is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, who presides over its sessions. The Legislative proposals

This is a document about Rahul Gandhi
  Rahul Gandhi (born 19 June 1970) is an Indian politician and a member of the Indian Parliament, representing the constituency of Wayanad, Kerala in the 17th Lok Sabha. A member of the Indian National Congress, he served as the president of the Indian National Congress from 16 December 2017 to 3 July 2019. Gandhi is the chairperson of the Indian Youth Congress, the National Students Union of India also a trustee of Rajiv Gandhi Foundation and Rajiv Gandhi Charitable Trust. Born in New Delhi, Gandhi spent his early childhood between Delhi and Dehradun and stayed away from the public sphere for much of his childhood and early youth. He attained primary education in New Delhi and Dehradun but was later homeschooled because of security

This is a document about Leader of the House in Rajya Sabha
  The following individuals have held the office of the Leader of the House in the Rajya Sabha:

This is a document about Lok Sabha
  the day-to-day proceedings of the Lok Sabha and bringing out such other publications, as may be required concerning the functioning of the Lok Sabha and its Committees, among other things. In the discharge of his constitutional and statutory responsibilities, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha is assisted by the Secretary-General, who holds the rank equivalent to the Cabinet Secretary to the Government of India. The Secretary-General, in turn, is assisted by senior functionaries at the level of Secretary, Additional Secretary, Joint Secretary and other officers and staff of the Secretariat. Since November 2020, the Secretary-General of Lok Sabha is Utpal Kumar Singh, IAS.

This is a document about Speaker of the Lok Sabha
  the Rajya Sabha (Council of the States) is its Chairperson; the Vice-President of India is the ex-officio chairperson of the Rajya Sabha. On the order of precedence, the Speaker of Lok Sabha ranks sixth, along with the Chief Justice of India. The Speaker is answerable to the House. Both the Speaker and Deputy Speaker may be removed by a resolution passed by the majority of the members. Lok Sabha Speaker can be elected by President on a nomination basis. All bill passed requires his or her signature to go to the Rajya Sabha for its consideration. He/ She is the highest official of the Lok Sabha. The Speaker also has a casting vote in the event of a tie. It is customary for the Presiding Officer to exercise the casting vote in such a manner as to maintain the status quo.

This is a document about Rajya Sabha
  The Rajya Sabha, constitutionally the Council of States (informally known as the House of Elders) is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of India. it has a maximum membership of 245, of which 233 are elected by the legislatures of the states and union territories using single transferable votes through Open Ballot while the President can appoint 12 members for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services. The potential seating capacity of the Rajya Sabha is 250 (238 elected, 12 appointed), according to article 80 of the Indian Constitution. Members sit for staggered terms lasting six years, with

This is a document about Reactions to the 2008 Mumbai attacks
  Rajya Sabha and Vice President of India Mohammad Hamid Ansari and Speaker of the Lok Sabha Somnath Chatterjee: "We learned with grief about the tragedy in Mumbai, and about hundreds of killed and injured innocent people. I express my deepest condolences on behalf of the National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia and personally on my behalf to you, members of the Parliament, families of those killed and wish speedy recovery to the injured. We always condemned and condemn the terrorism. We are sure that the organisers and executors of this unprecedented crime will get their condign punishment". ; – Prime

This is a document about Leader of the House in Rajya Sabha
  The Leader of the House in Rajya Sabha (IAST: Rājya Sabhā ke Sadana Netā) is the leader and parliamentary chairperson of the majority party in the Rajya Sabha and is normally either a cabinet minister or another nominated minister. The Leader of the House is responsible for organizing government meetings and business in the House. This office is not enshrined in the constitution and provided under the Rules of Rajya Sabha.

This is a document about List of current members of the Rajya Sabha
  The Rajya Sabha or Council of States is the Upper House of the Parliament of India. Membership is limited to 250 members, and the present Rajya Sabha has 245 members. 233 members are elected by the Vidhan Sabha members and 12 are nominated by the President for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services. Members sits for six years term, with one-third of the members retiring every two years.

This is a document about Rakesh Sinha
  Sinha is a nominated member of Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of the Parliament of India, since July 2018. Sinha was also ICSSR Nominee to CSDS, Delhi. In March 2020, Rakesh Sinha has also given a notice, seeking the chairman's (of Rajya Sabha) permission to move the resolution to drop the word "socialist" during the time allotted for Private Members' Bill in March 2020. Recently, Sinha has also criticised Romila Thapar, stating that historians like her have "undervalued and consciously rejected many of the achievements of ancient India". He further stated that she was guided by Marxism and had a Eurocentric view.

This is a document about 2017 in India
 Pranab Mukherjee Portrait.jpg, 13th President of India.]]President of India: Pranab Mukherjee (until July 24), Ram Nath Kovind (since July 25) ; Vice-President of India: Mohammad Hamid Ansari (until August 10), Venkaiah Naidu (since August 11) ; Prime Minister of India: Narendra Modi ; Chief Justice of India: T. S. Thakur (until January 3), Jagdish Singh Khehar (January 5 to August 27), Dipak Misra (since August 28) ; Speaker of the Lok Sabha: Sumitra Mahajan

This is a document about Standing Committee on Finance
  of Lok Sabha by the Lok Sabha Speaker and from amongst the members of Rajya Sabha by the Rajya Sabha Chairman. Efforts are made as far as possible to allocate seats in proportion to party strength in respective houses. The chairperson is appointed by the Lok Sabha speaker. The term of office of the members is one year. A minister is not eligible to become a member of the committee. If a member after his election to the committee becomes a Minister, he ceases to be a member from the date of such appointment. The committee currently is headed by Veerappa Moily, succeeding Yashwant Sinha from the 15th Lok Sabha.

This is a document about Estimates Committee
  all elected from Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India. The members are elected every year from amongst its members of the Lok Sabha, according to the principle of proportional representation by means of single transferable vote. The chairperson is appointed by the Lok Sabha speaker. The term of office of the members is one year. A minister is not eligible to become a member of the committee. In case a member after his election to the committee becomes a minister, he or she ceases to be a member from the date of such appointment. There are no members from Rajya Sabha Currently the committee is headed by Girish Bapat from the Bharatiya Janata Party.

This is a document about Ranjan Gogoi
  Former Chief Justice of India (CJI) Ranjan Gogoi was nominated to the Rajya Sabha by President Ram Nath Kovind. On 19 March 2020, he took oath of office as a Member of Parliament in Rajya Sabha in presence of Chairman of Rajya Sabha.

This is a document about Yogendra Narain
  Narain was appointed as the Secretary-General of Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Indian Parliament by the Vice President of India and ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha,   he assumed the office of 1 September 2002 and demitted it on 14 September 2007.

This is a document about Hemant Batra
  Sabha as a Guest Anchor and Guide for a fresh series of Sansad TV called `75 Years: Laws That Shaped India'   The other Guest Anchors engaged by the Parliament for Sansad TV being Bibek Debroy, Dr Karan Singh, Amitabh Kant, Shashi Tharoor, Maroof Raza and Sanjeev Sanyal. The global TV channel Sansad TV was launched by the Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi, Vice President of India Venkaiah Naidu and Speaker of Lok Sabha Om Birla on 15 September 2021. Hemant Batra withdrew from all active roles in Kaden Boriss law firm in 2015 and formally quit the law firm in 2016. He now independently

This is a document about List of Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra
  Source: Parliament of India (Rajya Sabha) Keys:

This is a document about Ram Nath Kovind
  Ram Nath Kovind (born 1 October 1945) is an Indian politician serving as the 14th and current president of India since his inauguration in 2017. He is also the first person from Uttar Pradesh to serve as President of India. Prior to his presidency, he served as the 26th governor of Bihar from 2015 to 2017 and as a member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha from 1994 to 2006. Before entering politics, he was a lawyer for 16 years and practiced in the Delhi High Court and the Supreme Court of India until 1993.

The Chairperson of Rajya Sabha is the Vice-President of India, currently Venkaiah Naidu.