Question: who has the sole power to call for impeachment

Answer: the House of Representatives

This is a document about Impeachment
   In the federal system, the Article One of the United States Constitution provides that the House of Representatives has the "sole Power of Impeachment" and the Senate has "the sole Power to try all Impeachments." Article Two provides that "The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors." In the United States, impeachment is the first of two stages; an official may be impeached by a majority vote of the House, but conviction and removal from office in the Senate

This is a document about Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump
  Under the U.S. Constitution, the House has the sole power of impeachment (Article I, Section 2, Clause 5), and after that action has been taken, the Senate has "the sole Power to try all Impeachments" (Article I, Section 3, Clause 6). Trump was the third U.S. president to face a Senate impeachment trial, after Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton. Trump is the only federal official to be impeached twice. The Senate impeachment trial procedures are set forth under rules adopted in 1986, although specific rules are adopted for each trial, with the Senate majority leader exercising considerable power in setting the procedures.

This is a document about Impeachment in the United States
  Article I, Section 2, Clause 5 of the United States Constitution provides: "The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other Officers; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment." Article I, Section 3, Clauses 6 and 7 provide: "The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two-thirds of the Members present. Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than

This is a document about First impeachment trial of Donald Trump
  Under the U.S. Constitution, the House has the sole power of impeachment (Article I, Section 2, Clause 5), and after that action has been taken, the Senate has the sole power to hold the trial for all impeachments (Article I, Section 3, Clause 6). Trump is the third U.S. president to face a Senate impeachment trial, after Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton.

This is a document about Political question
  Article I, section 2 of the Constitution states that the House "shall have the sole power of Impeachment", and Article I, section 3 provides that the "Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments". Since the Constitution placed the sole power of impeachment in two political bodies, it is qualified as a political question. As a result, neither the decision of the House to impeach, nor of the Senate to remove a President or any other official, can be appealed to any court.

This is a document about First impeachment of Donald Trump
  Article I, Section 2, Clause 5 of the U.S. Constitution states that "The House of Representatives... shall have the sole Power of Impeachment."  On December 17, the House Rules Committee held a hearing to write the rules governing the debate over impeachment. The first of three votes was on the rules governing debate: 228 to 197, with all Republicans and two Democrats voting no. This was followed by six hours of debate. One of the highlights of this contentious event was Georgia representative Barry Loudermilk comparing the impeachment inquiry of President Trump to the trial of Jesus Christ, saying that the Christian savior was treated far better by the authorities. Maryland representative Steny Hoyer contributed closing arguments: "All of us feel a sense

This is a document about Article One of the United States Constitution
  "The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present." Clause Six grants to the Senate the sole power to try impeachments and spells out the basic procedures for impeachment trials. The Supreme Court has interpreted this clause to mean that the Senate has exclusive and unreviewable authority to determine what constitutes an adequate impeachment trial. Of the nineteen federal officials formally impeached by the House of Representatives, four resigned (so that proceedings

This is a document about Impeachment in the United States
   Impeachment in the United States is the process by which a legislature's lower house brings charges against a civil federal officer, the vice president, or the president for misconduct alleged to have been committed. Impeachment may also occur at the state level if the state or commonwealth has provisions for it under its constitution. The federal House of Representatives can impeach a party with a simple majority of the House members present or such other criteria as the House adopts in accordance with [[Article One of the United States Constitution#Clause 5: Speaker and other officers; Impeachment|Article One, Section 2, Clause 5 of the United States Constitution]]. Most state legislatures can impeach state officials, including

This is a document about Unite the Right rally
  calls for Trump to resign or be removed from office through either impeachment or through invocation of Section 4 of the 25th Amendment to the Constitution. In an August 15 Twitter post, Democratic House Representative Jackie Speier of California suggested that the never-before-used section of the 25th Amendment (which allows the vice president and either a majority of the cabinet or another body such as Congress to declare that a president is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office) be invoked to remove Trump. However, on August 22, in an interview with Matt Lauer on the Today

This is a document about Constitution of Tennessee
  have been deemed to be unenforceable due to the interpretations of the Supreme Court of the United States with regard to the First and the Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution.  Impeachment  Article V of the Tennessee Constitution states that only the House of Representatives has the power to impeach (Section 1). Impeachment is when an office holder's actions are called into question, so therefore they face the chances of being removed from office. The process of impeachment it is tried in the Senate and all senator must be sworn under oath. The chief justice of the Supreme Court presides overall

This is a document about Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump
  the Senate has the sole power to try impeachments and that "When the President of the United States is tried the Chief Justice shall preside." Various commentators questioned whether the chief justice must preside over the trial of former presidents. Princeton University political scientist Keith Whittington noted that the issue is "unsettled, completely without precedent, and unspecific in existing Senate rules and precedents." The University of North Carolina law professor Michael Gerhardt, an expert on impeachment, said he believed that if the impeachment trial began after Trump left office, Harris, as opposed to Roberts, would preside. Conversely, University of Texas

This is a document about Impeachment
  have committed "Treason, Bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors"—the latter phrase referring to offenses against the government or the constitution, grave abuses of power, violations of the public trust, or other political crimes, even if not indictable criminal offenses. Under the United States Constitution, the House of Representatives has the sole power of impeachments while the Senate has the sole power to try impeachments (i.e., to acquit or convict); the validity of an impeachment trial is a political question that is nonjusticiable (i.e.., is not reviewable by the courts). In the United States, impeachment is a remedial rather than penal process,

This is a document about Article One of the United States Constitution
  the House of the "sole" power of impeachment makes the House the exclusive interpreter of what constitutes an impeachable offense. This power, which is analogous to the bringing of criminal charges by a grand jury, has been used only rarely. The House has begun impeachment proceedings 62 times since 1789, and twenty federal officials have been formally impeached as a result, including: three presidents (Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, and Donald Trump), one Cabinet secretary (William W. Belknap), one senator (William Blount), one Supreme Court associate justice (Samuel Chase), and fourteen federal judges. Also, notably, impeachment proceedings compelled the resignation of President Richard Nixon. The Constitution does not specify how

This is a document about Impeachment in the United States
  The Constitution gives Congress the authority to impeach and remove "The President, Vice President, and all civil Officers of the United States" upon a determination that such officers have engaged in treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. The Constitution does not articulate who qualifies as a "civil officer of the United States". Federal judges are subject to impeachment. In fact, 15 of 20 officers impeached, and all eight officers removed after Senate trial, have been judges. The most recent impeachment effort against a Supreme Court justice that resulted in a House of Representatives investigation was against Associate Justice William O. Douglas. In 1970, Representative Gerald R. Ford

This is a document about First impeachment of Donald Trump
  The U.S. Constitution stipulates that the Chief Justice of the United States presides over impeachment proceedings. The current chief justice was John Roberts, who was appointed by President George W. Bush in 2005. The House managers, acting as prosecutors for the case, were several Democratic representatives, consisting of Adam Schiff as lead manager, Jerry Nadler, Zoe Lofgren, Hakeem Jeffries, Val Demings, Jason Crow, and Sylvia Garcia. Trump named a defense team led by White House Counsel Pat Cipollone and his private attorney Jay Sekulow, who previously represented Trump in the Russia investigation. They were joined by celebrity law professor Alan Dershowitz, former Independent Counsel Kenneth Starr, former Deputy Independent Counsel Robert Ray, former Florida Attorney General Pam Bondi, and former Federal Prosecutor Jane Raskin

This is a document about Impeachment of Merceditas Gutierrez
  The ombudsman is one of the several impeachable officials: the others being the president, vice president, justices of the Supreme Court and the members of the constitutional commissions (Audit, Civil Service and Elections). The following acts are considered as impeachable offenses: culpable violation of the Constitution, treasons, bribery, graft and corruption, other high crimes, and betrayal of public trust. Furthermore, only one "impeachment proceeding" is allowed to be held against an official in a year, although the definition of the term "impeachment proceeding" and "year" have been vague. The House of Representatives has the sole power to impeach, while the Senate has the sole power to try the impeached official. The House of Representatives needs one-third of its members to impeach an official, while the Senate needs to muster two-thirds of its members to convict.

This is a document about Article One of the United States Constitution
  "The House of Representatives shall chuse [sic] their Speaker and other Officers; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment." Section Two further provides that the House of Representatives may choose its Speaker and its other officers. Though the Constitution does not mandate it, every Speaker has been a member of the House of Representatives. The Speaker rarely presides over routine House sessions, choosing instead to deputize a junior member to accomplish the task. Finally, Section Two grants to the House of Representatives the sole power of impeachment. Although the Supreme Court has not had an occasion to interpret this specific provision, the Court has suggested that the grant

This is a document about Impeachment trial of Bill Clinton
  Under the U.S. Constitution, the House has the sole power of impeachment (Article I, Section 2, Clause 5), and after that action has been taken, the Senate has the sole power to hold the trial for all impeachments (Article I, Section 3, Clause 6). Clinton was the second U.S. president to face a Senate impeachment trial, after Andrew Johnson. An impeachment inquiry was opened into Clinton on October 8, 1998. He was formally impeached by the House on two charges (perjury and obstruction of justice) on December 19, 1998. The specific charges against Clinton were lying under oath and obstruction of justice. These charges stemmed from a sexual harassment lawsuit filed against Clinton by Paula Jones and from Clinton's testimony denying that he had engaged in a sexual relationship with White House intern Monica Lewinsky. The catalyst for the president's impeachment was the Starr Report, a September 1998 report prepared by Independent Counsel Ken Starr for the House Judiciary Committee.

This is a document about United States Congress
  Article One of the United States Constitution states, "All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives." The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process – legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers. However, the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue-raising bills. The House initiates impeachment cases, while the Senate decides impeachment cases. A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before an impeached person can be removed from office. The term Congress can

This is a document about Nomination and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States
  grants to the House of Representatives "the sole power of impeachment", and Article I, Section 3, Clause 6 grants to the Senate "the sole Power to try all Impeachments". The only justice to ever be impeached was Samuel Chase, in 1804; he was found not guilty by the Senate the following year, and remained in office until his death in 1811. Less substantial efforts towards impeachment of a sitting justice, not reaching a House vote, have occurred more recently: William O. Douglas was twice the subject of hearings, first in 1953 and again in 1970. No mechanism presently exists for removing a justice who is

The House of Representatives has the sole power to call for impeachment.


Question: when did the song slob on my knob come out

Answer: February 2 , 1999

This is a document about Miel Bredouw
  followers. Following the platform's closure, Bredouw began posting video content to YouTube. In 2019, a YouTube clip Bredouw had created singing the tune of "Carol of the Bells" with the lyrics to Three 6 Mafia's “Slob on My Knob” in 2016 was posted by pop culture blog Barstool Sports without crediting her. After lodging a DMCA claim on Twitter, Barstool Sports offered her a $50 gift card to retract her claim. After Bredouw did not respond to further offers, hundreds of messages from Barstool Sports-related accounts or a $2,000 offer, the company filed a counter-notice to Twitter, forcing Bredouw to take legal action if she wanted the company to stop using her videos. As a result, Barstool Sports

This is a document about Juicy J
  Jordan Michael Houston III was born on April 5, 1975. As a teenager, he read a multitude of books and essays on the music industry, learning about marketing, publishing, and royalties. He looked up to fellow Tennessee artist, Al Bell, who was the brief co-owner of Stax Records. He wrote the song, "Slob on My Knob" in 11th grade at North Side High School.

This is a document about No Limit (G-Eazy song)
  since she first started to buzz. I always wanted to connect with her. I met her at a show we played almost a year ago. I could tell right then and there she was going to be a super star. You can tell a lot by watching somebody perform live and getting to know their energy in real life. I knew I wanted to work with her, but it was about finding the right record and the right timing. This "No Limit" song just made sense." The song's beat contains a sample of the Memphis rap classic "Slob On My Knob" by hip hop group Three 6 Mafia, Produced by member & rapper Juicy J

This is a document about Garry Shider
  Shider joined full-time in 1972. He was a prominent contributor to albums by both Parliament and Funkadelic until the dissolution of those two bands in the early 1980s, after which he continued to work regularly with Clinton's P-Funk All-Stars. During Parliament-Funkadelic performances Shider was known for appearing in a diaper, making him instantly recognizable on stage and earning him the nickname "Diaper Man". Shider is featured prominently in many hit songs like "Cosmic Slop," "Getting to Know You," and "One Nation Under a Groove". He co-wrote many noteworthy Parliament-Funkadelic songs, and he made important contributions to P-Funk spin-off acts including Bootsy Collins and Eddie Hazel. Shider

This is a document about Hang Fire
  slob. The song is one of the few times the band wrote an overtly political song, and it is notable that it was never released as a single in England, even though the band was touring Europe during the single's North American release. The lyrical irony and commentary on English society harks back to some of the group's more socially contentious songs of the sixties such as "Mother's Little Helper", "19th Nervous Breakdown" and "Street Fighting Man". Richards was asked about the track in a 1981 Rolling Stone magazine interview where he admits the track relates to England and the "ugly politicians" who had caused the country to decline when the "money got tight". The title expression "hang fire" (by formal

This is a document about Burning Flames
 "Stylee Tight" (1985) ; "Bicycle" (1988) ; "Island Girl" (1989) ; "Workey, Workey" (1989) ; "Crazy"(1990) ; "Oh Yah Yai" (1991) ; "Knuckle" (1993) ; "Juantana Mera" (cover of "Guantanamera")(1994) ; "Gym Jam" (1995) ; "Swinging Engine" (1996) ; "Mash it up" (2001) ; "Rush" (2003) ; "Road Rage" (2004) ; "De Harder Dey Come" (2005) ; "I Man Haffu Nyam" (2006) ; "Pig Tail and Pig Mouth" (2006) ; "Papi" (2007) ; "Jam Um In De Iron Band" (2008) ; "Kayo" (2008) ; "Wash Yu Kin" (2008) ; "Out Ah Order" (2009)

This is a document about Sadism and masochism in fiction
  cockeyed psychedelia of Syd Barrett. ; "I Wanna Be Your Dog" (1969), "Dirt" (1970) and "Gimme Danger" (1973) by The Stooges all clearly indicate powerful masochistic tendencies and behavior on the part of the singer, Iggy Pop. ; "Submission" (1976) by The Sex Pistols is a song which uses wordplay ("submission" as short for "submarine mission") to convey the ambiguities of an obsessive S&M relationship, albeit obliquely. ; "Whips & Furs" and "I Need a Slave" (both 1977) by The Vibrators are two classic London punk-era songs which address the topic of recreational S&M. ; "Bobby Brown" from 1979's Sheik Yerbouti by Frank Zappa is a narrative of

This is a document about Rhythmic (chart)
 "No Scrubs" — TLC (1999) "Twisted" — Keith Sweat (1996) "Freak Me" — SilK (1993) ; "You Make Me Wanna..." — Usher (1997-1998) "I'll Make Love to You" — Boyz II Men (1994) ; "Fantasy" — Mariah Carey (1995) ; "Lollipop" — Lil Wayne featuring Static Major (2008) "Shoop" — Salt-n-Pepa (1993-1994) ; "Dilemma" — Nelly featuring Kelly Rowland (2002) 15 weeks 14 weeks 13 weeks 12 weeks 11 weeks

This is a document about Uncle Luke
  In 1992, I Got Shit on My Mind was released. It was his first official solo album without The 2 Live Crew. It peaked at #52 on the Billboard 200 chart and #20 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. It was the album that spawned the hit single "I Wanna Rock" (better known more prominently as "Doo-Doo Brown"), which became Campbell's signature song. Upon its initial release in 1992, the song did not garner much attention until the following year, when it became a runaway hit, and charted at 73 on the Hot 100. June 8, 1993 saw the release of his third solo album In the Nude. It was another success,

This is a document about Novelty song
  Chuck Berry's "My Ding-a-Ling" reached #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1972, and Ray Stevens, known for such novelty hits as "Ahab the Arab", "Gitarzan", and "Mississippi Squirrel Revival", had a #1 hit with "The Streak" in 1974. Comedy act Cheech & Chong recorded a number of musical bits that can be classified as novelty songs, including "Basketball Jones"(1973) and "Earache My Eye" (1974). Warren Zevon's lone chart hit was the novelty number "Werewolves of London." Other novelty songs in the '70s are Jimmy Castor Bunch "King Kong"(1975), Rick Dees' "Disco Duck" (1976) and The Fools' "Psycho Chicken" (1978). "Weird Al"

This is a document about Destroy Rebuild Until God Shows
  On November 11, 2010, D.R.U.G.S. released their first song, "If You Think This Song Is About You, It Probably Is." On December 6, 2010, they released their second song, "Mr. Owl Ate My Metal Worm." This was followed by "Sex Life", released on January 18, 2011, which is the first single from the album. On January 31, 2011, D.R.U.G.S. released their fourth song off of their self-titled album, "My Swagger Has a First Name" to all those who pre-ordered the album. The band's debut self-titled album was given a release date of February 22, 2011, through Decaydance/Sire Records. The band headlined a 7-date tour of the UK

This is a document about Joe's Garage
  in a reggae style. "Stick It Out" originated as part of the Mothers of Invention's "Sofa" routine in the early 1970s. The Joe's Garage version is musically influenced by funk and disco, with its lyrics performed first in German, and then in English. "Sy Borg" derives from funk, reggae and R&B. "Keep It Greasy" had been performed by Zappa since 1975; the Joe's Garage album version features a guitar solo from a March 1979 live performance of the song "City of Tiny Lights". Another March 1979 guitar solo from "City of Tiny Lights" is incorporated into the song "Outside Now" using the same

This is a document about When a Man Loves a Woman (song)
  Released by Atlantic Records in April 1966, Sledge's recording reached number one on both the Billboard Hot 100 and R&B singles charts, becoming the first number 1 hit recorded in Muscle Shoals. It is also one of seven number 1 hits to debut on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 100. The single was also a top ten hit in the UK reaching number four on its initial release and ultimately peaking at number two in 1987 on the UK Singles Chart after it was featured in a Levi's Jeans commercial. The Percy Sledge version is listed 53rd in Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. Also in 1987, it was reissued in the US to promote the soundtrack album for Oliver Stone's film Platoon.

This is a document about The Cooters
 "I Like Sex" (1994/1995) ; "Crusty" (1994/2004) aka "Freedom's Anthem" ; "The Gooch" (1995/2004) ; "Wheels In Motion" (1995/2004) ; "Breaking The Law" (1995) ; "Life Like" (1997/2004) ; "Punch Yer Neighbor"( 1994/1998) ; "Cooters Theme" (1994/1998) ; "Cootersaurus" (1998) ; "Purge" (1991/1998) and "Purge Reprise" (1993/1998) ; "Dare To Defy" (1998) ; "Soul Food" (1998) ; "Society Sets The Stereotype" (1988/2003) ; "Carpetbaggers" (1999) ; "Cosmo Demonic" (2000) ; "Sexy Daunter" (2000) ; "Juggernaut" (2000) ; "Sun God" (2000) ; "Kill Them With Kindness" (1995/2004) ; "Drama Mama" (2002) ; "Woo Lord!" (2003) ; "Bustin' Loose" (2005/2014) ; "Waffle House Rock" (2005) ; "Crapple Pie" (2005) ; "Reign Lunacy" (2005) ; "Let's Rock Tonight" (2006/2014) ; "Put Your Dukes Up" (2008) ; "I Don't Give A Fuck" (2011) ; "Same Shit Different Pile" (2011) ; "Fall Apart" (2011/2014) ; "Take A Stand" (2011/2014) ; "You're Hooked" (2011)

This is a document about Hip hop
  the Fender Stratocaster, which had dramatically influenced the development of rock music. Released in 1986, Licensed to Ill by the Beastie Boys became the first rap LP to top the Billboard album chart. Beastie Boys were also one of the first white hip hop artists and a highly influential band in the history of hip hop, ranked as No.12 most influential band by Spin Magazine. Other groundbreaking records released in 1982 include "The Message" by Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, "Nunk" by Warp 9, "Hip Hop, Be Bop (Don't Stop)" by Man Parrish, "Magic Wand" by Whodini, and "Buffalo Gals" by Malcolm McLaren. In 1983, Hashim created the influential electro funk tune "Al-Naafiysh (The

This is a document about Hands Clean
  produced Under Rug Swept by herself, claiming to have been inspired by events in her life, such as a break-up with her boyfriend and her contract renegotiation with Maverick. "I started writing alone," she said, "and within the first week I'd written seven songs. So it was all really fast and accelerated, and I think 'Hands Clean' was maybe the tenth song that I wrote and I just wrote it with a guitar in a room." Of the 27 songs written for the album, "Hands Clean" was picked to be the first single and was released on 8 February 2002. Before its official release, the song debuted on German radio on Christmas Eve, 2001.

This is a document about Frank Culley
  house band leader in 1948. His band backed many of Atlantic's most successful R&B artists of the period, with the recordings often featuring Culley's pianist, Harry Van Walls. He also recorded under his own name, having a #11 R&B hit in 1949 with his version of the instrumental "Cole Slaw", originally written (as "Sorghum Switch") by Jesse Stone and also recorded by Louis Jordan. The follow-up, "Floorshow", gave Culley the nickname with which he was credited thereafter. At the end of 1949, another Culley recording, "After Hour Session", reached #10 on the Billboard R&B chart. Culley left the Atlantic label in 1951. He later recorded, with little commercial success, for

This is a document about We Care
  After forming an impromptu band, Gordon Cyrus, Henrik Schyffert, and Cia Berg recorded a music track. Released in May 1994 as "Hobo Humpin' Slobo Babe" on East West Records, it became a novelty hit, especially on MTV, where it received heavy rotation. It rose to number 24 on Billboard's Modern Rock chart. The word "slobo" was a mistranslation by the band, who meant to use the British slang word "sloane". After Warner Sweden declined to exercise their option on the band, Virgin signed them and released We Care on 3 July 1995 in Europe, 31 July in the UK, and 1 August in the United States. Schyffert described their collaboration style on the album as "scream[ing] out ideas". Though this resulted in a wide variety in styles and a difficult-to-describe album, he dismissed concerns that it was too confusing.

This is a document about Defecate on My Face
  "Defecate on My Face" has become the most re-released TISM song, appearing on several recordings. The song was written in 1983 and appears on the bedroom tape "Hooked on Crap" from that year, which remains unreleased. The first released version was a dark, bass-driven version of the track, with an extensive scratching solo, appearing on "This Is Serious Mum Demo Tape" (1984). The next version was a 7" single, which contained a version of "Defecate..." that would later appear on tism.bestoff. (2002) along with a remix by Machine Gun Fellatio. This version, recorded in October 1985 at York Street Studios, is performed in a style similar to the demo version but incorporating elements of Australian pub rock, featuring heavy guitars in the pre-choruses and choruses and retaining the scratching

This is a document about Cadet (rapper)
  Cadet began pursuing a solo career in 2010. He was featured on the single Dungeon Dragons by Stormzy in 2011 and collaborated with the rapper again in 2012 on the single GrimeWork. Cadet released a series of bars for SBTV throughout his years, including a Warm up session released in 2015. He released his first freestyle, "Slut", via OSM Vision in July 2015. The song was popular, and had received over 3.1 million views as of February 2019. The following month, Cadet was selected by Link Up TV to appear on their Behind Barz freestyle series, and his freestyle was uploaded to YouTube on 17 August 2015, receiving 2.3 million views as of February 2019. The freestyle attracted praise from American

The song "Slob on My Knob" by Three 6 Mafia was not mentioned in the provided text with a specific release date. However, it is mentioned that the song was sampled in G-Eazy's song "No Limit," which was released in 2017.


Question: minnesota twins logo what does the c stand for

Answer: Cities

This is a document about List of Major League Baseball mascots
  T. C. is the mascot for the Minnesota Twins. He was first introduced to Minnesota on April 3, 2000. T. C. is loosely modeled after the Hamm's Beer Bear, a mascot used in advertisements for Hamm's Brewery, an early sponsor for the Twins. The "T. C." stands for the "Twin Cities", Minneapolis and St. Paul. Prior to T.C., the mascot for the Minnesota Twins 1980–81 was a loon named "Twinkie". T.C. can be seen wearing the team home main or alternate uniform with the TC mark on his cap, just like the rest of the team.

This is a document about 2002 Minnesota Twins season
  For the 2002 season, the Twins adopted a secondary logo based on those used from 1970 to 1986, with twins (one representing Minneapolis and the other St. Paul) shaking hands while standing by the river which separates the two cities. The logo also features the team's primary logo, replacing the "Win Twins!" baseball used in the 1976–1986 version. The season also marked the revival of the "TC" cap logo, which had last been used as such in 1986.

This is a document about History of the Minnesota Twins
  expansion Senators), Florida Marlins (now the Miami Marlins), Colorado Rockies and Arizona Diamondbacks would follow their lead. However, the original "Twin Cities Twins" TC logo was kept until 1987, when the Twins adopted their current uniforms. By this time, the Twins felt they were established enough that they could place an "M" on their caps without making St. Paul think it stood for Minneapolis. The "TC" logo returned to one version of the home uniforms in 2002, as did the team's original cartoon logo: two players representing the area's two minor league teams displaced by the Twins—the Minneapolis Millers and St. Paul Saints—shaking hands over the Mississippi River, which runs between the two cities. The Twins have returned to the classic "TC" logo on all uniforms for the 2014 season.

This is a document about Minnesota Twins
  Millers uniform and one in a St. Paul Saints uniform, shaking hands across the Mississippi River within an outline of the state of Minnesota. The "TC" remained on the Twins' caps until 1987, when they adopted new uniforms. By this time, the team felt it was established enough to put an "M" on its cap without having St. Paul fans think it stood for Minneapolis. The "TC" logo was moved to a sleeve on the jerseys, occasionally appeared as an alternate cap design, and then was reinstated as the main cap logo in 2010. Both the "TC" and "Minnie & Paul" logos remain the team's primary insignia.

This is a document about Minnesota Twins
  Cities", a popular nickname for the Minneapolis-St. Paul region. The NBA's Minneapolis Lakers had moved to Los Angeles in 1960 due to poor attendance, blamed in part on a perceived reluctance of fans in St. Paul to support the team. Griffith was determined not to alienate fans in either city by naming the team after one city or the other. He proposed to name the team the "Twin Cities Twins", but MLB objected and Griffith therefore named the team the Minnesota Twins. The team was allowed to keep its original "TC" (for Twin Cities) insignia for its caps. The team's logo shows two men, one in a

This is a document about Homer Hanky
 Occasion: AL Central Champions ; Image: Red, State of Minnesota with Minnie and Paul Logo (similar to the Twins logo from 1961 to 1986)

This is a document about Minnesota Twins
  while numerals (both on the chest and on the back) are in red trimmed in navy. The team's primary logo appears on the left sleeve. The uniform is paired with either the all-navy or the red-brimmed navy "TC" cap. The Twins' navy alternate road uniform, first used in 2011, shares the same look as the regular road uniforms, but with a few differences. The "Minnesota" script is in red outlined in white, letters and chest numerals are in white outlined in red, and back numerals are in red outlined in white. Red piping is also added. The uniform is paired with either the all-navy or the red-brimmed navy "TC" cap.

This is a document about History of the Minnesota Twins
  The Minnesota Twins are an American professional baseball team based in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The Twins compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the American League (AL) Central division. The team is named after the Twin Cities area of Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minnesota. The club was originally founded in 1901 as the Washington Senators, and was one of the American League's eight original charter franchises. By 1903, peace was restored with agreements between the two rival baseball loops on player contract and represented member cities/teams, and the beginnings of a national championship series entitled the World Series. In 1905, the

This is a document about Homer Hanky
 Occasion: AL West Champions ; Image: Red, baseball-shaped logo. ; Slogan: "The Magic Is Back" ; Printed at the end of the season ; Twins won World Series (4-1 ALCS def Toronto Blue Jays, 4-3 WS, def Atlanta Braves)

This is a document about Target Field
  A large version of the Twins' original "Minnie and Paul" logo (designed by local artist, Ray Barton ) stands in center field. It shows two players wearing the uniforms of the two minor-league teams that played in the Twin Cities before the Twins' arrival, the Minneapolis Millers and St. Paul Saints, shaking hands across the Mississippi River. During various points in the game, the strobe lights surrounding the logo flash. This sign was a concept designed and illustrated by RipBang Studios but built by others. When the Twins score a run by any means other than a home run, the strobe lights trace the border from

This is a document about List of baseball team nicknames
 The Bomba Squad - Self-dubbed by star left fielder Eddie Rosario in 2019, when then team broke the MLB record for most HRs prior to the All Star break. ; BombaSota - A derivative of the above. ; The Minnesota Lumber Company - Reference to the Twins' prodigious offense in the 1977 and 78 seasons ; The Nats - Shortened form of the team's former nickname (Nationals) when they were in Washington. Continued in use after 1954, when the team's name was officially changed to the Senators. Discontinued after the team moved to Minnesota. ; Piranhas - Reference to their aggressive "small ball" style of play, coined by rival Chicago White Sox manager Ozzie Guillén. Coined during the 2004 season, continued into 2005, used sporadically through the remainder of the 2000s decade. No longer in use. ; The Twinkies - Familiar version of "Twins". Also a popular snack cake. Officially deprecated by the team, heavily used in seasons where the team is doing poorly.

This is a document about NAC Breda
  En Nuttig Door Ontspanning (English: Pleasant for its entertainment and useful for its relaxation), the C stands for Combinatie (combination). The full name of NAC Breda expands to Nooit opgeven altijd doorzetten, Aangenaam door vermaak en nuttig door ontspanning, Combinatie Breda. Early in 2003 NAC added Breda to their club name as a symbol of gratitude after the City of Breda bought NAC's Rat Verleghstadium to help the club cope with financial problems. In 2012 Stefaan Eskes succeeded Ed Busselaar and in August 2012 NAC Breda reinstated their first logo as the new club logo for the 2012–13 season.

This is a document about Minnesota Twins
  modern buttoned version of the road uniform the team used from 1973 to 1986. The set contains the classic "Twins" script in red outlined in navy, along with red letters on the back and red numerals (both on the chest and on the back) outlined in navy. The "Minnie and Paul" alternate logo appears on the left sleeve. The uniform is paired with the primary all-navy "TC" cap minus the Kasota gold accents, which is also used on the helmets regardless of uniform. The Twins' grey road uniform, first used in 2010, features the current "Minnesota" script (with an underline below "innesot") in red trimmed in navy. Letters are in

This is a document about List of Minnesota Twins first-round draft picks
  The Minnesota Twins are a Major League Baseball (MLB) franchise based in Minneapolis, Minnesota. They play in the American League Central division. Since the institution of MLB's Rule 4 Draft, the Twins have selected 70 players in the first round. Officially known as the "First-Year Player Draft", the Rule 4 Draft is MLB's primary mechanism for assigning players from high schools, colleges, and other amateur clubs to its franchises. The draft order is determined based on the previous season's standings, with the team possessing the worst record receiving the first pick. In addition, teams which lost free agents in the previous off-season may be awarded compensatory or supplementary picks. Of the 70

This is a document about Homer Hanky
 Occasion: AL Central Championship (6-5 victory against the Detroit Tigers in Game 163) ; Image: Red Minnesota ; Slogan: "This is Twins Territory"

This is a document about 2010 Minnesota Twins season
  The Twins altered their uniforms for the 2010 season. Their new home outfits as well as their alternate uniforms feature a redesigned primary wordmark that was shown for the first time as a sign was hoisted into place atop the scoreboard at Target Field in May 2009. The team's colors remained unchanged (Red, navy and white) but the nameplate that had been in use since the 1980s on the uniforms was eliminated. The new road uniforms discards the navy pinstripes for a gray uniform with a script "Minnesota" on the front in navy with red and white trim. The franchise also wore a 1961 throwback uniform as part of the team's 50th season on Opening Day and all Saturday dates. The team donned a special Inaugural Season patch for Target Field on all home uniforms, and a Golden Anniversary season patch on their road outfits.

This is a document about Target Field
  bottom-left corner for each Twins player that crosses home plate, symbolizing that a Twins player rounded the bases. For each strikeout, the corners of the sign flash to portray the strike zone. The strobe lights will flash at the end of the top of an inning if the Twins do not surrender a run during the inning. After a Twins home run, the strobe lights flash, Minnie and Paul shake hands, and the Mississippi River flows. After a Twins victory, the "T" and "s" in "Twins" will blink to show the message "Twins win" in addition to the animation shown following a Twins home run.

This is a document about History of the Minnesota Twins
  The name "Twins" derives from the popular name of the region, the Twin Cities. Knowing about the bitter century-long rivalry between Minneapolis and St. Paul, Griffith was determined not to alienate fans in either city by naming the team after one city or the other. Instead, he proposed to name his team the Twin Cities Twins. However, after a meeting with state officials, a decision then unprecedented in American professional baseball was made. The team would be named after its home state and became known as the Minnesota Twins on November 26, 1960. The NFL expansion Minnesota Vikings had announced their name on September 27, 1960. This was one month before the Senators moved to Minnesota. Later, the California Angels (now the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim), Texas Rangers (coincidentally, the

This is a document about Minnesota Twins
  The Twins' white home uniform, first used in 2015, features the current "Twins" script (with an underline below "win") in navy outlined in red with Kasota gold drop shadows. Letters and numerals also take on the same color as the "Twins" script. The modern "Minnie and Paul" alternate logo (with the state of Minnesota in navy outlined in Kasota gold) appears on the left sleeve. Caps are in all-navy with the interlocking "TC" outlined in Kasota gold. The Twins' red alternate home uniform, first used in 2016, features the "TC" insignia outlined in Kasota gold on the left chest. Letters and numerals are in navy outlined in white with Kasota gold

This is a document about Indiana High School Rugby
  (c) – represents club team designation (s) – represents single-school team designation

The "C" in the Minnesota Twins logo stands for "Twin Cities."


Question: who was the president of the united states when pearl harbor was attacked

Answer: President Franklin D. Roosevelt

This is a document about Consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor
  On December 7, 1941, the Japanese launched a surprise attack on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor. After two hours of bombing, 21 U.S. ships were sunk or damaged, 188 U.S. aircraft were destroyed, and 2,403 people were killed. All of this happened while the U.S. and Japan were officially engaging in diplomatic negotiations for possible peace in Asia. The day after the attack, President Franklin D. Roosevelt addressed a joint session of the 77th United States Congress, calling December 7 "a date which will live in infamy". Within an hour of Roosevelt's speech, Congress declared war on the Empire of Japan amid outrage at the attack, the deaths

This is a document about Day of Infamy speech
  Franklin D. Roosevelt was born in 1882 in Dutchess County, New York. Initially working at a law firm, he later became a member of the New York state senate. He served as the assistant secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson and was elected the 44th governor of New York. He won the 1932 presidential election and was inaugurated as the president in 1933. He was re-elected in 1936, and in 1940, he won an unprecedented third term. On December 7, 1941, the American naval base at Pearl Harbor in the Territory of Hawaii was attacked by 353 Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service aircraft in a surprise military strike at 7:48 a.m. HST (12:48 p.m. EST). Subsequently, 21 American ships and approximately 350 aircraft were destroyed,

This is a document about Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms
 Roosevelt could never forget Wilson's mistakes....there was no motivating force in all of Roosevelt's wartime political policy stronger than the determination to prevent repetition of the same mistakes. On the morning of December 7, 1941, the Japanese struck the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor with a surprise attack, knocking out the main American battleship fleet and killing 2,403 American servicemen and civilians. Scholars have all rejected the conspiracy thesis that Roosevelt, or any other high government officials, knew in advance about the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. The Japanese had kept their secrets closely guarded, and while senior American officials were aware that war was imminent, they did not expect an

This is a document about Attack on Pearl Harbor
  The initial announcement of the attack on Pearl Harbor was made by the White House Press Secretary, Stephen Early, at 2:22 p.m. Eastern time (8:52 a.m. Hawaiian time): "The Japanese have attacked Pearl Harbor from the air and all naval and military activities on the island of Oahu, principal American base in the Hawaiian islands." As information developed, Early made a number of additional announcements to approximately 150 White House reporters over the course of the afternoon. Initial reports of the attack moved on news wires at approximately 2:25 p.m. Eastern time. The first radio coverage (which, at the time, represented the earliest opportunity for ordinary people to learn of the attack) was on the CBS radio

This is a document about Chester W. Nimitz
   Ten days after the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, Rear Admiral Nimitz was selected by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to be the commander-in-chief of the United States Pacific Fleet (CINCPACFLT). Nimitz immediately departed Washington for Hawaii and took command in a ceremony on the top deck of the submarine USS Grayling (SS-209). He was promoted to the rank of admiral, effective December 31, 1941, upon assuming command. The change of command ceremony would normally have taken place aboard a battleship, but every battleship in Pearl Harbor had been either sunk or damaged during the attack. Assuming command at

This is a document about Day of Infamy speech
  more than 2,400 civilians and military personnel were killed. Roosevelt was informed of the attack shortly after 1:00 p.m. EST, while he was having lunch with Harry Hopkins. Frank Knox, the secretary of the Navy sent a phoned message which read: "Air raid on Pearl Harbor. This is not drill." Roosevelt soon ordered the mobilization of all military personnel. His secretary stated that the attacks were made "wholly without warning when both nations were at peace". Due to the delayed transmission of the Japanese declaration of war on the United States and the British Empire, the text of the declaration was not received until 30 minutes after the attack. Roosevelt consulted with his cabinet and members of Congress. According to author George T. McJimsey, Roosevelt told

This is a document about Aki Kurose
  The December 7, 1941, attack on Pearl Harbor came during Kurose's senior year at Garfield High School in Seattle, Washington. She later recalled brushing off her father's worries of trouble, unconcerned as she and her siblings were American citizens – but at school the next day, she was reminded of her "Japaneseness" and unequal status when a teacher told her, "You people bombed Pearl Harbor." On February 19, 1942, President Franklin Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, authorizing military commanders to create zones from which "any or all persons may be excluded," and over the next several months approximately 112,000 Japanese Americans were "evacuated" from the

This is a document about Japan during World War II
  own, were ignored. Of more serious consequences, the U.S. public saw the attack as a barbaric and treacherous act and rallied against the Empire of Japan. The United States entered the European Theatre and Pacific Theater in full force. Four days later, Adolf Hitler of Germany, and Benito Mussolini of Italy declared war on the United States, merging the separate conflicts. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Japanese launched offensives against Allied forces in East and Southeast Asia, with simultaneous attacks on British Hong Kong, Thailand, British Malaya, Dutch East Indies, Guam, Wake Island, Gilbert Islands, Borneo and the Philippines. By 1942, the Japanese Empire had launched

This is a document about United Kingdom declaration of war on Japan
  On 7/8 December 1941, Japan attacked British and American territories in Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific with near-simultaneous offensives including an attack on the US fleet at Pearl Harbor. During negotiations with the administration of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill had promised to declare war "within the hour" of a Japanese attack on the United States. News of the attack on Pearl Harbor reached London first. Realizing that President Roosevelt would go through the formal process of asking the United States Congress for a declaration of war, Churchill began making preparations to deliver the UK's own declaration of war immediately after Congress had formally declared war. After learning British territory had also been attacked, the British Prime Minister decided there was no need to wait for Congress to act and promptly summoned the Japanese Ambassador.

This is a document about Hull note
  The strike force that attacked Pearl Harbor had set sail the day before, on the morning of November 26, 1941, Japan time, which was November 25, Washington time. It could have been recalled along the way, but no further diplomatic progress was made. At an Imperial Conference on December 1, Emperor Hirohito approved attacks against the United States, the British Empire and the Dutch colonial empire. On December 4, President Roosevelt was warned by a 26-page ONI memo that the Japanese were showing particular interest in the (US) West Coast, the Panama Canal and the Territory of Hawaii. On December 7–8 the Japanese began attacks against the Philippines, Guam, Wake Island, Malaya, Singapore, Hong Kong and Hawaii.

This is a document about Japanese-American Claims Act
  The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise air strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy on the neutral United States in Oahu, Hawaii—with the focus being directed against the naval base at Pearl Harbor—on the morning of December 7, 1941. The attack sank four U.S. battleships, destroyed 188 U.S. aircraft, and killed nearly 2,500 people, leading to the United States joining World War II the next day. Once the United States entered the war and anti-Japanese sentiment began to circulate, Americans increasingly reacted with racism and hostility, viewing people of Japanese descent as enemies regardless of U.S. citizenship. The U.S. government expressed concerns about the loyalty of the Japanese people living in America and about Japanese spies sending information to Japan. As a

This is a document about Hirabayashi v. United States (1987)
  On the morning of December 7, 1941, Japanese military planes attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Later that day, President Franklin D. Roosevelt called for a proclamation of war with the Japanese empire. and issued Presidential Proclamation No. 2525 which provides the Secretary of War broad authority to restrict the liberties of Japanese aliens. On February 19, 1942, President Roosevelt issued Executive Order No. 9066 which provides the Secretary of War (or anyone he delegates) "the authority to establish military areas from which any or all persons, citizens as well as aliens, might be excluded." The next day, Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson delegated

This is a document about SS President Coolidge
  As relations between Japan and Britain deteriorated in 1940, President Coolidge helped to evacuate US citizens from Hong Kong. As Japanese aggression expanded, President Coolidge took part in evacuations from other parts of east Asia. In 1941 the threat of war increased and the US War Department began to use President Coolidge for occasional voyages to Honolulu and Manila. In June 1941 President Coolidge became a troopship, reinforcing garrisons in the Pacific. On December 7, 1941 Japan attacked Pearl Harbor and on December 19 President Coolidge evacuated 125 critically injured naval patients from Hawaii, cared for by three hastily assigned Navy nurses and two

This is a document about List of fictional United States presidencies of historical figures (V–Z)
 In the alternate history short story "News from the Front" by Harry Turtledove, Henry Wallace was serving as vice president under President Franklin D. Roosevelt at the time of the United States' entry into World War II on December 11, 1941, as he was in real life. From then onwards, Roosevelt faced harsh criticism from and strict scrutiny by the American press. The press attacked the Roosevelt administration for not being prepared for the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, as well as bringing on the attack by ignorantly imposing an oil embargo on the Empire of Japan. As the war progressed,

This is a document about Empire of Japan
   Facing an oil embargo by the United States as well as dwindling domestic reserves, the Japanese government decided to execute a plan developed by Isoroku Yamamoto to attack the United States Pacific Fleet in Hawaii. While the United States was neutral and continued negotiating with Japan for possible peace in Asia, the Imperial Japanese Navy at the same time made its surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in Honolulu on December 7, 1941. As a result, the U.S. battleship fleet was decimated and almost 2,500 people died in the attack that day. The primary objective of the attack was to incapacitate the United States long enough for Japan to establish its long-planned South East Asian empire and defensible buffer zones. The American public saw the attack as barbaric and treacherous and rallied against the Japanese. Four days later, Adolf Hitler of Germany, and Benito Mussolini of Italy declared war on the United States, merging the separate conflicts. The United States entered the European Theatre and Pacific Theater in full force, thereby bringing the United States to World War II on the side of the Allies.

This is a document about Japanese war crimes
  1907 Hague Convention III – The Opening of Hostilities. They decided not to issue a proper declaration of war anyway as they feared that doing so would expose the possible leak of the secret operation to the Americans. Some historical negationists and conspiracy theorists charge that President Franklin D. Roosevelt willingly allowed the attack to happen to create a pretext for war, but no credible evidence exists to support that claim. The day after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Japan declared war on the U.S. and the U.S. declared war on Japan in response the same day. Simultaneously with the bombing of Pearl Harbor on 7 December

This is a document about Radio propaganda
  the actual fighting. This announcement was made a year before the attacks on Pearl Harbor, at a time when Germany had occupied much of Europe and threatened the UK. The day after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Roosevelt delivered his famous Infamy Speech to the United States, which was broadcast to the American people. The President called for a formal declaration of war on the Empire of Japan. The Infamy Speech was brief, running to just a little over seven minutes, and Roosevelt made a point of emphasizing that the United States and her interests were in grave danger. In so doing, he sought to end the isolationist

This is a document about Foreign policy of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration
  The foreign policy of the United States was controlled personally by Franklin D. Roosevelt during his first and second and third and fourth terms as the president of the United States from 1933 to 1945. He depended heavily on Henry Morgenthau Jr., Sumner Welles, and Harry Hopkins. Meanwhile, Secretary of State Cordell Hull handled routine matters; the president ignored Hull on most major issues. Roosevelt was an internationalist, and Congress favored more isolationist solutions, so there was considerable tension before the Attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941. During the war years, treaties were few, and diplomacy played a secondary role in high-level

This is a document about Into the Storm (2009 film)
  in the battle and the war overall; they drive him to be utterly indomitable in the face of the Nazi threat, seeming to Churchill as the fulfillment of a personal wish to protect the British Empire in its greatest hour of need. The film periodically shows Churchill's counterpart in the United States, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, with whom he steadily establishes a strong friendship despite Roosevelt's early dislike for Churchill as a hawkish imperialist. Churchill works relentlessly to persuade Roosevelt to bring the Americans into the war, although this does not fully happen until the Japanese attack on the naval base at Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941.

This is a document about War poet
  The mass slaughter and futility of World War I were so deeply ingrained upon the American people, that U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's efforts to bring the United States into the war against Nazi Germany were very unpopular. The America First Committee, of which Charles Lindbergh was the spokesman, and the Communist Party of the United States of America were both organizing protests against Roosevelt's foreign policies. Opposition to American involvement in the war vanished completely, after the Imperial Japanese Navy attacked Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. Although the Second World War is not usually thought of as a

President Franklin D. Roosevelt was the president of the United States when Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941.


Question: who wrote the song you ca n 't cry pretty

Answer: Lori McKenna

This is a document about Don't Cry, Joni
  "Don't Cry, Joni" (or "Don't Cry Joni") is a song written by American country music artist Conway Twitty. He recorded it with his daughter Joni Lee and released it in August 1975 as the single from the album The High Priest of Country Music. The recording peaked at number 63 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart.

This is a document about Cry! Cry! Cry!
  "Cry! Cry! Cry!" is a song written and performed by singer/songwriter, Johnny Cash. The song was originally released in 1955 and reached number 14 on the Best Sellers charts.

This is a document about Don't Cry (Édith Piaf song)
  "C'est de la faute à tes yeux", is a 1951 song written and sung by Édith Piaf. It became better known in English as "Don't Cry", with new lyrics written for Piaf by Eddie Constantine. Columbia released the English version of the song as 7" in the States on February 12, 1951, with "Chante Moi", by David & Piaf as the B-side.

This is a document about Vinnie Vincent
 No Brakes (1984 EMI) Songwriter "Tears" (1981)

This is a document about Tears (Ken Dodd song)
  "Tears" ("Tears for Souvenirs") is a song written by lyricist Frank Capano and composer Billy Uhr, and was first recorded by Rudy Vallee in 1929. It was made famous in a version recorded by Ken Dodd, released as a 45 rpm single in 1965. It became a No. 1 hit in the UK Singles Chart. The song also reached number one on the Irish Singles Chart.

This is a document about Don't Cry Baby
  "Don't Cry Baby" is a song composed by James P. Johnson, with lyrics by Saul Bernie, and Stella Unger. The song was first recorded on October 11, 1929 by Bessie Smith, who was accompanied on piano by Johnson. The song was revived in 1943 by jazz bandleader Erskine Hawkins, who greatly simplified Johnson's original composition by removing both the introductory (sectional) verse and the "B" section of the chorus. This simplified arrangement formed the basis of most later recordings on the song. Throughout the late 1940s and 1950s, the song was recorded fairly regularly (by artists working in genres including western swing, traditional pop, and rhythm & blues), but was not a hit again until Etta James recorded it in 1961. Between 1962 and 1964, versions were released by James Brown, Aretha Franklin, and Ray Charles. Since the mid-1960s, the song has been occasionally revived.

This is a document about I Don't Wanna Cry
  "I Don't Wanna Cry" is a song written by Mariah Carey and Narada Michael Walden, and produced by Walden for Carey's debut album, Mariah Carey (1990). The ballad was released as the album's fourth single in the second quarter of 1991. It became Carey's fourth number one single on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100.

This is a document about Don't Cry (Seal song)
  "Don't Cry" is a song by Seal. It was released as the final single from his second studio album Seal (a.k.a. Seal II), as a double A-side with "Prayer for the Dying".

This is a document about Terry Shand (musician)
  Hole in Her Stocking)", written with Eaton and Mickey Leader, and first recorded by Tony Pastor in 1940; and "You Don't Have to Be a Baby to Cry", written with Bob Merrill. The latter song was recorded in 1950 by Jimmy Dorsey's Orchestra, with Shand on vocals, and most successfully by English vocal duo The Caravelles in 1963. His wife, Violet Ott ( Gossett, 1902–1983), collaborated on some of his compositions and toured with him. He lived for most of his life in Texas, New Mexico, and Miami, Florida. He died in hospital in Houston in 1977, aged 73.

This is a document about Cry Like a Baby
  "Cry Like a Baby" is a 1968 song written by Dan Penn and Spooner Oldham, and performed by The Box Tops. The song reached #2 in April 1968 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, a position it held for two weeks. It was kept out of the top spot by Bobby Goldsboro's "Honey", which stayed at #1 for five weeks. "Cry Like a Baby" also reached #2 on Cashbox for one week. It stayed on the Hot 100 for 15 weeks and Cashbox for 14 weeks. It was awarded a gold disc for selling over one million copies in the

This is a document about How Ya Gonna Keep 'em Down on the Farm (After They've Seen Paree)?
  The song features music by Walter Donaldson and words by Joe Young and Sam M. Lewis. It was published in 1919 by Waterson, Berlin & Snyder Co in New York. The team of Donaldson, Young and Lewis, wrote another topical song commenting on soldiers returning from the war that was released by Victor the day before "How Ya Gonna Keep Em Down on the Farm." "Don’t Cry Frenchy, Don’t Cry" was released by Victor on February 26, 1919. It featured the singers Charles Hart and Elliott Shaw. The song is in the public domain.

This is a document about Don't Shed a Tear
  "Don't Shed a Tear" is a song by English singer-musician Paul Carrack from his third solo album, One Good Reason. It was released as a single in 1987 and became his biggest U.S. hit, peaking at number nine on the Billboard Hot 100.

This is a document about No Sad Song
  "No Sad Song" is a song written in 1971 by Carole King and Toni Stern. It was recorded by Australian singer-songwriter Helen Reddy, appearing on her album Helen Reddy, released in November 1971. The single peaked at number 62 in January 1972 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, staying on the chart for eight weeks. "No Sad Song" showed up on the Easy Listening (Adult Contemporary) chart for 4 weeks, rising to number 32. It also reached number 51 on the pop chart in Canada's RPM magazine. Village Voice critic Robert Christgau described "No Sad Song" as a minor hit for Reddy, and a missed chance for King to have a "tougher" song on one of her own albums. Stern's lyrics for "No Sad Song" describe the history and the death of

This is a document about Don't Let the Sun Catch You Cryin'
  "Don't Let the Sun Catch You Cryin'" is a song written by Joe Greene and released in 1946 by Louis Jordan And His Tympany Five. Jordan's version reached No. 3 in Billboard s chart of "Most-Played Juke Box Race Records". The song was recorded by Ray Charles, and appeared in his 1959's album The Genius of Ray Charles. Charles's version reached No. 17 on Billboard s "Hot R&B Sides" and No. 95 on the Billboard Hot 100. It was also recorded by Jackie DeShannon on her 1965 album This is Jackie De Shannon, Paul McCartney on his 1990 live album Tripping the Live Fantastic, Jex Saarelaht and Kate Ceberano on their album Open the Door - Live at Mietta's (1992) and jazz singer Roseanna Vitro on her 1997 album Catchin’ Some Rays: The Music of Ray Charles. Karin Krog and Steve Kuhn include it on their 2005 album, Together Again. Steve Alaimo released a version in 1963

This is a document about Don't Cry Out Loud (song)
  "Don't Cry Out Loud" is a song written in 1976 by Peter Allen with lyricist Carole Bayer Sager that is best known as a hit single for Melissa Manchester in the US and for Elkie Brooks in the UK.

This is a document about Cry Pretty (song)
  "Cry Pretty" was written by Underwood, Hillary Lindsey, Liz Rose, and Lori McKenna. About the song, Underwood said: "'The title refers to when emotions take over and you just can't hold them back. It really speaks to a lot of things that have happened in the past year and I hope when you hear it, you can relate those feelings to those times in your life. It's emotional. It's real. And it rocks!'" Underwood revealed the personal nature of the song's lyrics, which center around the emotions she experienced after having three miscarriages in two years: "'Right after I'd found out I'd lose a baby, I'd have a writing session. I'd be like, 'Let's go,' you know? I can't just sit around thinking about this. I wanna work. I wanna do this. Because I would literally have these horrible things going on in my life, and then have to go smile and do some interviews, or do a photo shoot, or something. So it was just kind of therapeutic, I guess.'."

This is a document about Bob Merrill
  You Were Comin' I'd've Baked a Cake", recorded in 1948 by Eileen Barton. He also co-wrote the Moon Mullican song "You Don't Have to Be a Baby to Cry". The other eight songs which round out the Top Ten for which he is best known include  Guy Mitchell recorded many of Merrill's songs including "Sparrow in the Treetop", "She Wears Red Feathers", and "My Truly, Truly Fair". Merrill made his Broadway debut in 1957 with New Girl in Town, a musical adaptation of Eugene O'Neill's Anna Christie. The musical was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Musical. Take Me Along followed

This is a document about Baby, Baby Don't Cry
  "Baby, Baby Don't Cry", released in December 1968, is a single recorded by The Miracles for Motown Records' Tamla label. The composition was written by Miracles lead singer Smokey Robinson, Motown staff writers Al Cleveland and Terry Johnson, a former member of The Flamingos. Robinson, Johnson, and Miracles member Warren "Pete" Moore were the song's producers.

This is a document about Don't Cry, Frenchy
  Don't Cry Frenchy, Don't Cry is a 1919 song written during World War I. The lyrics were written by Sam M. Lewis and Joe Young, and the music was written by Walter Donaldson.The song was published by Waterson, Berlin & Snyder Company in New York City. "Don't Cry Frenchy, Don't Cry" depicts a soldier returning home from France, but sadly leaving his war romance behind. He assures her in the chorus, "We'll hear wedding bells chime. Oh! please don't cry, Frenchy, don't cry." The original sheet music cover depicts a woman crying. In another edition of sheet music the title was changed to "Don't Cry Frenchy," and the sheet music cover shows a woman waving at a ship. The song attracted the international public, who wanted to believe in its hopeful message that "peaceful stars" will soon begin to "heal the scars of Flanders." Don't Cry, Frenchy was 19th in the top 20 charts in May and June 1919 and was recorded by both Lewis James and Charles Hart & Elliot Shaw. The sheet music can be found at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library.

This is a document about Cry Softly
  "Cry Softly" is a song written by Buddy Killen, Billy Sherrill, and Glenn Sutton. It is based on Liebesträume by Franz Liszt. Nancy Ames originally recorded the song in 1966 Her version reached No. 95 on the Billboard Hot 100.

The song "You Can't Cry Pretty" was written by Conway Twitty.


Question: where is the majority of deforestation currently taking place

Answer: Africa

This is a document about Deforestation
  deforestation vary around the world. Up to 90% of West Africa's coastal rainforests have disappeared since 1900. Madagascar has lost 90% of its eastern rainforests. In South Asia, about 88% of the rainforests have been lost. Mexico, India, the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Burma, Malaysia, Bangladesh, China, Sri Lanka, Laos, Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Liberia, Guinea, Ghana and the Ivory Coast, have lost large areas of their rainforest. Much of what remains of the world's rainforests is in the Amazon basin, where the Amazon Rainforest covers approximately 4 million square kilometres. Some 80% of the deforestation of the

This is a document about Deforestation
  Deforestation or forest clearance is the removal of a forest or stand of trees from land that is then converted to non-forest use. Deforestation can involve conversion of forest land to farms, ranches, or urban use. The most concentrated deforestation occurs in tropical rainforests. About 31% of Earth's land surface is covered by forests at present. This is one-third less than the forest cover before the expansion of agriculture, a half of that loss occurring in the last century. Between 15 million to 18 million hectares of forest, an area the size of Belgium, are destroyed every year. On average 2,400 trees are cut down each minute. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations defines deforestation as the conversion of

This is a document about Deforestation in Nigeria
  Deforestation is a process where vegetation is cut down without any simultaneous replanting for economic or social reasons. Deforestation has negative implications on the environment in terms of soil erosion, loss of biodiversity ecosystems, loss of wildlife, land degradation and increased desertification among many other negative impacts. Deforestation also has impacts on social aspects of the country, specifically regarding economic issues, agriculture, conflict and most importantly, quality of life. According to data taken over 2000 to 2005 in Nigeria, which is located in the western region of Africa, has the largest deforestation rates in the world, having lost 55.7% of their primary forests. Mongabay defines primary forests

This is a document about Deforestation by continent
  Forest loss is acute in Southeast Asia, the second of the world's great biodiversity hot spots. According to a 2005 report conducted by the FAO, Vietnam has the second highest rate of deforestation of primary forests in the world, second to only Nigeria. More than 90% of the old-growth rainforests of the Philippine Archipelago have been cut. Other Southeast Asian countries where major deforestation is ongoing are Cambodia and Laos. According to a documentary by TelePool, the deforestation is being directed by corrupt military personnel and government (forestry services).

This is a document about 2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires
  The 2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires season saw a year-to-year surge in fires occurring in the Amazon rainforest and Amazon biome within Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Peru during that year's Amazonian tropical dry season. Fires normally occur around the dry season as slash-and-burn methods are used to clear the forest to make way for agriculture, livestock, logging, and mining, leading to deforestation of the Amazon rainforest. Such activity is generally illegal within these nations, but enforcement of environmental protection can be lax. The increased rates of fire counts in 2019 led to international concern about the fate of the Amazon rainforest, which is the world's largest terrestrial carbon dioxide sink and

This is a document about Deforestation
  ha per year, according to FAO. During this five-year period, the biggest forest area loss occurred in the tropics, particularly in South America and Africa. Per capita forest area decline was also greatest in the tropics and subtropics but is occurring in every climatic domain (except in the temperate) as populations increase. An estimated 420 million ha of forest has been lost worldwide through deforestation since 1990, but the rate of forest loss has declined substantially. In the most recent five-year period (2015–2020), the annual rate of deforestation was estimated at 10 million ha, down from 12 million ha in 2010–2015. Africa had the largest

This is a document about Amazon rainforest
  The Amazon rainforest, alternatively, the Amazon jungle or Amazonia, is a moist broadleaf tropical rainforest in the Amazon biome that covers most of the Amazon basin of South America. This basin encompasses 7,000,000 km2, of which 5,500,000 km2 are covered by the rainforest. This region includes territory belonging to nine nations and 3,344 formally acknowledged indigenous territories. The majority of the forest is contained within Brazil, with 60% of the rainforest, followed by Peru with 13%, Colombia with 10%, and with minor amounts in Bolivia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela. Four nations have "Amazonas" as the name of

This is a document about Old-growth forest
 35% in South America: The Amazon rainforest is mainly located in Brazil, which clears a larger area of forest annually than any other country in the world. ; 28% in North America, which harvests 10,000 km2 of ancient forests every year. Many of the fragmented forests of southern Canada and the United States lack adequate animal travel corridors and functioning ecosystems for large mammals. Most of the remaining old-growth forests in the contiguous United States and Alaska are on public land. ; 19% in northern Asia, home to the largest boreal forest in the world ; 8% in Africa, which has lost most of its intact forest landscapes in the last 30 years. The timber industry and local governments are responsible for destroying huge areas of

This is a document about Deforestation in Indonesia
   Deforestation in Indonesia involves the long-term loss of forests and foliage across much of the country; it has had massive environmental and social impacts. Indonesia is home to some of the most biologically diverse forests in the world and ranks third in number of species behind Brazil and the Democratic Republic of Congo. As late as 1900, Indonesia was still a densely forested country: forests represented 84 percent of the total land area. Deforestation intensified in the 1970s and has accelerated further since then. The estimated forest cover of 170 million hectares around 1900 decreased to less than 100 million hectares by the end of the 20th century. In 2008, it was estimated that tropical rainforests in Indonesia would be logged out in a decade. Of the total logging in Indonesia, up to 80% is reported to be performed illegally. Large areas of forest in Indonesia have been

This is a document about Deforestation and climate change
  23 +/- 4% for forest fires, 26 +/- 4% for logging, and 24 +/- 3% for shifting agricultural practices. The types of drivers vary greatly depending on the region in which they take place. The regions with the greatest amount of deforestation for livestock and row crop agriculture are Central and South America, while commodity crop deforestation was found mainly in Southeast Asia. The region with the greatest forest loss due to shifting agriculture was sub-Saharan Africa. These distinctions are important in light of Silverio's research findings that not all deforestation affects the environment and climate in the same way.

This is a document about Deforestation
  can be attributed to cattle ranching, as Brazil is the largest exporter of beef in the world. The Amazon region has become one of the largest cattle ranching territories in the world. The regions with the highest tropical deforestation rate between 2000 and 2005 were Central America—which lost 1.3% of its forests each year—and tropical Asia. In Central America, two-thirds of lowland tropical forests have been turned into pasture since 1950 and 40% of all the rainforests have been lost in the last 40 years. Brazil has lost 90–95% of its Mata Atlântica forest. Deforestation in Brazil increased by 88%

This is a document about Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest
  The Amazon rainforest is the largest rainforest in the world, covering an area of 6,000,000 km2 (2316612.95 square miles). It represents over half of the planet's rainforests, and comprises the largest and most biodiverse tract of tropical rainforest in the world. This region includes territory belonging to nine nations. The majority of the forest is contained within Brazil, with 60%, followed by Peru with 13%, Colombia with 10%, and with minor amounts in Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana. The cattle sector of the Brazilian Amazon, incentivized by the international beef and leather trades, has been responsible for about 80% of all deforestation in the

This is a document about Tropical Africa
  almost no primary forest cover left unscathed; in Ghana the situation is much worse, and nearly all the rain forest are cut down. Guinea-Bissau loses 200 to 350 km2 of forest yearly, Senegal 500 km2 of wooded savanna, and Nigeria 6,000,050,000 of both. Liberia exploits 800 km2 of forests each year. Extrapolating from present rates of loss, botanist Peter Raven pictures that the majority of the world's moderate and smaller rain forests (such as in Africa) could be ruined in forty years. Tropical Africa is about 18% of the world total covering 20 e6km2 of land in West and Central Africa. The region has been facing deforestation

This is a document about Steady-state economy
  forest cover to be cut down. Tropical rainforests have been subject to deforestation at a rapid pace for decades — especially in west and central Africa and in Brazil — mostly due to subsistence farming, population pressure, and urbanization. Population pressures also strain the world's soil systems, leading to land degradation, mostly in developing countries. Global erosion rates on conventional cropland are estimated to exceed soil creation rates by more than ten times. Widespread overuse of groundwater results in water deficits in many countries. By 2025, water scarcity could impact the living conditions of two-thirds of the world's population. The

This is a document about Deforestation
  contributes significantly to the ongoing loss of biodiversity.  Deforestation is more extreme in tropical and subtropical forests in emerging economies. More than half of all plant and land animal species in the world live in tropical forests. As a result of deforestation, only 6.2 e6km2 remain of the original 16 e6km2 of tropical rainforest that formerly covered the Earth. An area the size of a football pitch is cleared from the Amazon rainforest every minute, with 136 e6acre of rainforest cleared for animal agriculture overall. More than 3.6 million hectares of virgin tropical forest was lost in 2018. Consumption and production of beef is the primary driver

This is a document about Deforestation
  Deforestation is ongoing and is shaping climate and geography. Deforestation is a contributor to global warming, and is often cited as one of the major causes of the enhanced greenhouse effect. Tropical deforestation is responsible for approximately 20% of world greenhouse gas emissions. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change deforestation, mainly in tropical areas, could account for up to one-third of total anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions. But recent calculations suggest that carbon dioxide emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (excluding peatland emissions) contribute about 12% of total anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions with a range from 6% to 17%. Deforestation causes carbon

This is a document about 2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires
  Brazil's role in deforestation of the Amazon rainforest has been a significant issue since the 1930s, as 60% of the Amazon is contained within Brazil, designated as the Brazil's Legal Amazon (Amazônia Legal, BLA). Since the 1970s, Brazil has consumed approximately 12 percent of the forest, representing roughly 77.7 e6ha—an area larger than that of the US state of Texas. Most of the deforestation has been for natural resources for the logging industry and land clearing for agricultural and mining use. Forest removal to make way for cattle ranching was the leading cause of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon from the mid-1960s on. The Amazon region has become

This is a document about Deforestation in Borneo
  Deforestation in Borneo has taken place on an industrial scale since the 1960s. Borneo, the third largest island in the world, divided between Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei, was once covered by dense tropical and subtropical rainforests. In the 1980s and 1990s, the forests of Borneo were leveled at a rate unprecedented in human history, burned, logged and cleared, and commonly replaced with agriculture. The deforestation continued through the 2000s at a slower pace, alongside the expansion of palm oil plantations. Half of the annual global tropical timber procurement is from Borneo. Palm oil plantations are rapidly encroaching on the last remnants of primary rainforest. Much of the forest clearance is illegal. The World Wildlife Fund divides Borneo into a number

This is a document about Illegal logging
  timber industry also fuelled the civil war. ; WWF estimates that illegal logging in Russia is at least 20%, reaching up to 50% in its far eastern regions. ; A 2012 joint study by the United Nations Environment Programme and Interpol states that illegal logging accounts for up to 30% of the global logging trade and contributes to more than 50% of tropical deforestation in Central Africa, the Amazon Basin and South East Asia. ; Between 50% and 90% of logging from the key countries in these regions is being carried out by organised criminal entities. ; A study conducted by TRAFFIC found that 93% of

This is a document about Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest
   Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest can be attributed to many different factors at local, national, and international levels. The rainforest is seen as a resource for cattle pasture, valuable hardwoods, housing space, farming space (especially for soybeans), road works (such as highways and smaller roads), medicines and human gain. Trees are usually cut down illegally. A 2004 World Bank paper and a 2009 Greenpeace report found that the cattle sector in the Brazilian Amazon, supported by the international beef and leather trades, was responsible for about 80% of all deforestation in the region, or about 14% of the world's total annual deforestation, making

The majority of deforestation is currently taking place in the Amazon rainforest, particularly in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Indonesia, and Vietnam. These countries have the highest rates of deforestation in the world.


Question: when was the last forced sterilization united states

Answer: 1981

This is a document about Skinner v. Oklahoma
  Fourteenth Amendments ("Due Process" and "Equal Protection Clauses"). Compulsory sterilizations of the mentally disabled and mentally ill continued in the US in significant numbers until the early 1960s. Although many of their laws stayed on the books for many years longer, the last known forced sterilization in the United States occurred in 1981 in Oregon. Federal law prohibits use of federal funds to sterilize "any mentally incompetent or institutionalized individual", but states including California use state funds for tubal ligations. A 2013 report showed that between 2006 and 2010, at least 148 women were sterilized after childbirth while incarcerated in two California prisons. In violation of state rules passed in 1994, none of

This is a document about Compulsory sterilization of disabled people in the U.S. prison system
  Compulsory sterilization of disabled people in the U.S. prison system was permitted in the United States from 1907 to the 1960s, during which approximately 60,000 people were sterilized, two-thirds of these people being women. During this time, compulsory sterilization was motivated by eugenics. There is a lengthy history when it comes to compulsory sterilization in the United States and legislation allowing compulsory sterilization pertaining to developmentally disabled people, the U.S. prison system, and marginalized communities. Compulsory sterilization is the unwanted and/or nonconsensual sterilization of both men and women. The main form of sterilization for women is tubal ligation and for men it is vasectomy.

This is a document about Compulsory sterilization
  27 states where sterilization laws remained on the books (though not all were still in use) in 1956 were: Arizona, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Carolina, South Dakota, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia and Wisconsin. Some states still have forced sterilization laws in effect, such as Washington state. As of January 2011, discussions were under way regarding compensation for the victims of forced sterilization under the authorization of the Eugenics Board of North Carolina. Governor Bev Perdue formed the NC Justice for Sterilization

This is a document about Sterilization of Latinas
  Sterilization of Latinas has been practiced in the United States on women of different Latin American identities, including those from Puerto Rico and Mexico. There is a significant history of such sterilization practices being conducted involuntarily, in a coerced or forced manner, as well as in more subtle forms such as that of constrained choice. Forced sterilization was permissible by multiple states throughout various periods in the 20th century. Issues of state sterilization have persisted as recently as September 2020. Some sources credit the practice to theories of racial eugenics.

This is a document about History of eugenics
  19th and early 20th centuries to prohibit marriage and force sterilization of the mentally ill in order to prevent the "passing on" of mental illness to the next generation. These laws were upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1927 and were not abolished until the mid-20th century. All in all, 60,000 Americans were sterilized. In 1907 Indiana became the first of more than thirty states to adopt legislation aimed at compulsory sterilization of certain individuals. Although the law was overturned by the Indiana Supreme Court in 1921, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of a Virginia law allowing for

This is a document about African Americans and birth control
  Widespread practices of female sterilization began in the early 1900s. Throughout the 20th century, a majority of states passed laws allowing sterilization, and even requiring it in prescribed circumstances. The first sterilization statutes were passed in Indiana in 1907, and the last was passed in Georgia in 1970. The first sterilization law passed the state of Indiana in 1907 allowed the "prevention of the procreation of, confirmed criminals, idiots, imbeciles, and rapists." The Supreme Court of Indiana declared this statute unconstitutional for a short time in 1921; however but a similar law passed in 1927 was ruled constitutional. In the next

This is a document about Eugenics in the United States
  requirements of the 1978 Federal Sterilization Regulation is inconsistent and some of the prohibited abuses continue to be pervasive, particularly in underfunded hospitals and lower income patient hospitals and care centers. The compulsory sterilization of American men and women continues to this day. In 2013, it was reported that 148 female prisoners in two California prisons were sterilized between 2006 and 2010 in a supposedly voluntary program, but it was determined that the prisoners did not give consent to the procedures. In September 2014, California enacted Bill SB1135 that bans sterilization in correctional facilities, unless the procedure is required to save an inmate's life.

This is a document about History of eugenics
  rather than the idea of eugenics itself. Some states sterilized "imbeciles" for much of the 20th century. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the 1927 Buck v. Bell case that the state of Virginia could sterilize individuals under the Virginia Sterilization Act of 1924. The most significant era of eugenic sterilization was between 1907 and 1963, when over 64,000 individuals were forcibly sterilized under eugenics legislation in the United States. A favorable report on the results of sterilization in California, the state with the most sterilizations by far, was published in book form by the biologist Paul Popenoe and was widely

This is a document about Paul Popenoe
  incidence of venereal disease in US troops. Popenoe married Betty Stankowitch in New York on 23 August 1920. They remained married until her death on 26 June 1978. In the mid-1920s, Popenoe began working with E.S. Gosney, a wealthy California financier, and the Human Betterment Foundation to promote eugenic policies in California. In 1909, California had enacted its first compulsory sterilization law to allow for the sterilization of the mentally ill and the mentally retarded in its state psychiatric hospitals. With Popenoe as his scientific workhorse, Gosney intended to study the sterilization work done in California and to use it to advocate sterilization

This is a document about Black genocide
  Beginning in 1907, some US state legislatures passed laws allowing for the compulsory sterilization of criminals, mentally retarded people, and institutionalized mentally ill patients. At first, African Americans and white Americans suffered sterilization in roughly equal ratio. By 1945, some 70,000 Americans had been sterilized in these programs. In the 1950s, the federal welfare program Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) was criticized by some whites who did not want to subsidize poor black families. States such as North and South Carolina performed sterilization procedures on low-income black mothers who were giving birth to their second child. The mothers were told that

This is a document about Compulsory sterilization
  proper consent sued the hospital in the landmark Madrigal v. Quilligan case in 1975. The plaintiffs lost the case, but numerous changes to the consent process were made following the ruling, such as offering consent forms in the patient's native language, and a 72-hour waiting period between giving consent and undergoing the procedure. The Oregon Board of Eugenics, later renamed the Board of Social Protection, existed until 1983, with the last forcible sterilization occurring in 1981. The U.S. commonwealth Puerto Rico had a sterilization program as well. Some states continued to have sterilization laws on the books for much longer after that,

This is a document about Black genocide
  would have to agree to have their tubes tied or their welfare benefits would be cancelled, along with the benefits of the families they were born into. Because of such policies, especially prevalent in Southern states, sterilization of African Americans increased from 23% of the total in the 1930s and 1940s to 59% at the end of the 1950s, and rose further to 64% in the mid-1960s. In mid-1973 news stories revealed the forced sterilization of poor black women and children, paid for by federal funds. Two girls of the Relf family in Mississippi, deemed mentally incompetent at ages 12 and 14, and

This is a document about North Dakota State Hospital
  Along with many other states, North Dakota practiced forced sterilization of its patients. The practice began in 1914, and continued until the 1950s.

This is a document about Reproductive rights
  Forced sterilization in the United States was practiced starting with the 19th century. The United States during the Progressive era, ca. 1890 to 1920, was the first country to concertedly undertake compulsory sterilization programs for the purpose of eugenics. Thomas C. Leonard, professor at Princeton University, describes American eugenics and sterilization as ultimately rooted in economic arguments and further as a central element of Progressivism alongside wage controls, restricted immigration, and the introduction of pension programs. The heads of the programs were avid proponents of eugenics and frequently argued for their programs, which achieved some success nationwide, mainly in the first half of the 20th century.

This is a document about African Americans and birth control
  In 1973, one particular case brought attention to the issue of forced sterilization. Twelve-year-old Minnie Lee Relf was sterilized without her consent or consent of a parent in a federally funded Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) health clinic—the Montgomery Family Planning Clinic—in Montgomery, Alabama. The official plaintiff was Katie Relf, the sister of Minnie Lee, and the defendant was Caspar Weinberger, Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. The crux of the case challenged a state eugenics statute that authorized the procedure for "mentally incompetent" individuals without requiring the girl's consent or that of a guardian. Caseworkers had diagnosed Minnie Lee as mentally retarded and thus were able to apply the statute, although the basis for their diagnosis was extremely questionable. As a result both Minnie Lee and

This is a document about Reproductive justice
  1940s, especially on minority groups of women that had prominent unfavored genes. Institutions in California reported to have sterilized about 381 people, but later the sterilizations ceased due to little scientific proof to decrease the unfavored genetics. However, disabled women were still one of the few groups in 1954 to have sterilizations be performed after no proof of effectiveness was found. Forced sterilizations have been performed on people of color, immigrant Latino women, mentally disabled women, physically disabled women, women from low income, and many more in the United States. These women are all a part of one or more minority groups that were targeted for not having the ideal genes or to limit the population growth.

This is a document about Compulsory sterilization of disabled people in the U.S. prison system
  Sterilization in the United States prison system dates back to the same origins as compulsory sterilization of the developmentally disabled. In the 1907 sterilization law passed by Indiana governor Frank J. Hanly, sterilization was made mandatory for "criminals, idiots, rapists, and imbeciles in state custody". From this, many Indiana men who were being held in Indiana State prisons were given vasectomies by Dr. Henry Sharp. Sharp even argued that "we owe it not only to ourselves, but to the future of our race and nation, to see that the defective and diseased do not multiply" when defending the sterilization procedures he performed. Following this, over 30 states enacted laws allowing sterilization of both the developmentally disabled and of criminals. In North Carolina, the heads of both state and penal institutions were given the right to sterilize, and oftentimes coerced people into forced sterilization by threatening to revoke social service benefits. As mentioned above, most states have repealed their legislation allowing sterilization, but forced sterilization still continues to be present, and a problem in the United States prison system.

This is a document about Stratified reproduction
  Recent scholarship has investigated the history of conflict around Latinas and fertility in the United States. These stories provided evidence that the United States had funded forced sterilization of Latino people and other ethnic groups. In their article, Elena R. Gutiérrez and Liza Fuentes study two communities, Puerto Rican women in Puerto Rico and New York and Mexican-origin women in Los Angeles. Once Puerto Rico became an American colony in 1898, people began to talk about Puerto Rico being overpopulated. By 1965, over 34% of mothers aged 20–49 had been sterilized. Not all women chose to be sterilized. Many of these women were used for contraceptive testing without their knowledge. Mexican-origin women were another community that experienced forced sterilization. Some women were

This is a document about Timeline of disability rights in the United States
  not file charges noting while the law was still active, this person did not meet the definition. ; 1974 – The last ugly law was repealed, in Chicago, Illinois. ; 1974 – Although the U.S. Supreme Court had ruled in the 1927 Buck v. Bell case that the state of Virginia could sterilize those it thought unfit, Virginia repealed its sterilization law in 1974. ; 1974 – The Boston Center for Independent Living was established. ; 1974 – Halderman v. Pennhurst, filed in Pennsylvania on behalf of the residents of the Pennhurst State School and Hospital, highlighted conditions at state

This is a document about Compulsory sterilization
  a standardized informed consent process and specific eligibility criteria for government funded sterilization procedures. Some scholars argue the extensive consent process and 30-day waiting period go beyond preventing instances of coercion and serve as a barrier to desired sterilization for women relying on public insurance. Though formal eugenics laws are no longer routinely implemented have been removed from government documents, instances of reproductive coercion still take place in U.S. institutions today. In 2011, investigative news released a report revealing that between 2006 and 2011, 148 female prisoners in two California state prisons were sterilized without adequate informed consent. In September 2014, California enacted Bill SB 1135 that bans sterilization in correctional facilities, unless the procedure shall be required in a medical emergency to preserve inmate's life.

The last known forced sterilization in the United States occurred in Oregon in 1981. However, compulsory sterilization of prisoners continued in California until at least 2010.