Question: who won the 100 meter dash in the 2016 olympics

Answer: Usain Bolt

This is a document about 100 metres
  The 100 metres, or 100-metre dash, is a sprint race in track and field competitions. The shortest common outdoor running distance, the 100-metre dash is one of the most popular and prestigious events in the sport of athletics. It has been contested at the Summer Olympics since 1896 for men and since 1928 for women. The World Championships 100 metres has been contested since 1983.  The reigning 100 m Olympic or world champion is often named "the fastest man or woman in the world". Christian Coleman and Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce are the reigning world champions; Marcell Jacobs and Elaine Thompson-Herah are the men's and women's Olympic champions. On an outdoor 400 metres running track, the 100

This is a document about Trayvon Bromell
  2016 was set to be a breakout year for Bromell, after his achievements the year before. Trayvon set his sights on winning the Gold Medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics in the 100m, and defeating the defending Olympic champion and fastest man in history, Usain Bolt of Jamaica, at the latter's final Olympic 100m race. Bromell decided to race indoors, competing in the 60 metres event. On March 12, 2016, he placed second in the 60 meters in 6.507 seconds at 2016 USA Indoor Track and Field Championships, and six days later, on March 18, 2016, Bromell improved his time by three hundredths of

This is a document about Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metres
   The men's 100 metres event at the 2016 Summer Olympics took place between 13–14 August at the Olympic Stadium. Eighty-four athletes from 57 nations competed.

This is a document about John F. Kennedy International Airport
  Airbus A350 flight when Qatar Airways began using the aircraft on its New York–Doha route. On August 14, 2016, at 9:31 pm, gunfire was reported at Terminal 8; shortly afterward, gunfire was also reported at Terminal 1. An investigation indicated that no shooting had occurred, but frightened travelers ran from the terminals onto nearby highways and runways. The terminals were temporarily shut down, and flights were rerouted. Police, who were investigating, learned that the reported gunshots were travelers clapping for Usain Bolt after he won the men's 100-meter dash at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Two people were injured in the resulting stampede, and the Port Authority Police Department later reviewed its strategy for dealing with possible terror attacks.

This is a document about Athletics at the 2016 Summer Paralympics – Men's 100 metres
  The final were completed 100 September 2016 at 00:22 local time. Final (-0.1 m/s).

This is a document about Usain Bolt
  Usain St. Leo Bolt,, (born 21 August 1986) is a retired Jamaican sprinter, widely considered to be the greatest sprinter of all time. He is the world record holder in the 100 metres, 200 metres, and 4 × 100 metres relay. An eight-time Olympic gold medallist, Bolt is the only sprinter to win Olympic 100 m and 200 m titles at three consecutive Olympics (2008, 2012, and 2016). He also won two 4 × 100 relay gold medals. He gained worldwide fame for his double sprint victory in world record times at the 2008 Beijing Olympics, which made him the first

This is a document about Lidiane Lopes
  At the 2016 Summer Olympics, Lopes competed in the 100 metres. For the preliminary round, she was drawn in heat two, a heat containing seven other athletes alongside Lopes. In the race on 12 August 2016, she ran a time of 12.38 seconds. Lopes' time was a new Cape Verdean national record. After the race she told Ocean Press: "I have no words. I'm very happy". Lopes' time was the 9th fastest out of 24 athletes in the preliminary round; her time was 0.04 seconds slower than the slowest athlete to progress to the next round and, therefore, she was eliminated.

This is a document about Usain Bolt
  and Bolt commented that he had no problem with doping controls: "I have no issue with being drug-tested...I remember in Beijing every other day they were drug-testing us". He also highlighted his dislike of rival Tyson Gay's reduced ban for cooperation, given their close rivalry since the start of Bolt's career, saying "it really bothered me – really, really bothered me". "I want to be among greats Muhammad Ali and Pelé." At the 2016 Rio Olympics, Bolt won the 100 metres gold medal with a time of 9.81 seconds. With this win, Bolt became the first athlete to win the event three times at the Olympic Games. Bolt followed up his 100 m

This is a document about Jamaica at the 2016 Summer Olympics
 Track & road events ; Men Women Field events ; Men Women  Jamaican athletes have so far achieved qualifying standards in the following athletics events (up to a maximum of 3 athletes in each event): The full Jamaican track and field team was announced on July 11, 2016, including sprinting superstars and defending Olympic champions Usain Bolt (men's 100, 200, and 4 × 100 m relay) and Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce (women's 100 m). When the team was named in many events, four athletes were named "including alternates." The ambiguity of the team composition is to accommodate Usain Bolt, perhaps the biggest celebrity in the sport of athletics. Bolt suffered a grade one hamstring tear

This is a document about Kendra Harrison
  spots on the American Olympic team went to Rollins, Kristi Castlin and Ali. Harrison broke the 100 m world record on July 22, 2016 at the London Müller Anniversary Games, running 12.20 (+0.3 m/s) to lower Donkova's mark by one one-hundredth of a second; Rollins, Castlin and Ali placed second, third and fourth in the race. The trackside clock in the record race initially stopped at 12.58, the unadjusted time of runner-up Rollins, as Harrison ducked under the timing beam at the finish line. On August 2, 2021, Harrison won the silver medal in the 100 meter hurdle race at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics.

This is a document about September 2011 in sports
  Ryemyen, Hrystyna Stuy) 42.51 ; Felix wins the event for the second time, and her second title of the championships and eighth overall. ; Jeter wins the event for the second time, and her second title of the championships and third overall. ; Men's 4 × 100 metres relay: 🇯🇲 (Nesta Carter, Michael Frater, Yohan Blake, Usain Bolt) 37.04 (WR)  🇫🇷 (Teddy Tinmar, Christophe Lemaitre, Yannick Lesourd, Jimmy Vicaut) 38.20   (Jason Rogers, Kim Collins, Antoine Adams, Brijesh Lawrence) 38.49 ; Jamaica win the event for the second successive time. ; Bolt wins the event for the second time, and his second title of the championships and fifth overall. ; Frater wins the event for the second time. ; Blake wins his second title of the championships.

This is a document about Ezinne Okparaebo
  out in the opening session after they missed other exchanges. She won 100 meters during the NM in Athletics 2016, this was her twelfth national gold in a row at this distance. She ran at 11.43 in the quarter finals during the Summer Olympics 2016 in Rio, but came fourth in her heat, and did not move on to the semi-final. After the Olympics, she moved to London to change her training. She began training with the group Speedworks in the Lee Valley Athletics Center. She was told in December 2016, shortly before Christmas, that she won't be sponsored for 2017 from Norway's Athletics Federation, despite being their best female sprinter.

This is a document about Chronological summary of the 2008 Summer Olympics
 Athletics: ; Russia won the women's 4 × 100 m relay ahead of Belgium and Nigeria, but were disqualified on 16 August 2016 because a reanalysis of Yulia Chermoshanskaya’s samples resulted in a positive test for prohibited substances. ; The Jamaican men's team won the men's 4 × 100 m relay for the first time, setting a new world record time of 37.10 seconds. Usain Bolt, running the third leg, gained his third gold medal and third world record of the Beijing games, and became the first sprinter since 1984 to win the three sprint events in a single Olympiad. ; Tirunesh Dibaba of Ethiopia won her second gold medal of the Beijing games, claiming the women's

This is a document about Ryan Murphy (swimmer)
  At the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Murphy won gold in the 100 and 200-meter backstroke, and in the 4x100-meter medley relay together with Cody Miller, Michael Phelps, and Nathan Adrian. He broke Aaron Peirsol's world record for the 100-meter backstroke with his relay split time of 51.85 and the relay as a whole set a new Olympic record with their time of 3:27.95. Murphy's win in the 100-meter backstroke, with a time of 51.97 seconds, set a new Olympic record for the event. It also marked the sixth consecutive time a swimmer representing the United States had won the gold medal in the 100-meter backstroke at the Olympic Games. His gold medal was also the first won by a male alumnus of a high school in Jacksonville, Florida for the United States in an individual swimming event. In total for his first Olympic Games, Murphy raced in three events, won gold medals in all three events, achieved three Olympic records and one world record, and was named as one of the stars of the 2016 Summer Olympics by the International Olympic Committee.

This is a document about 100 metres at the Olympics
  100 metres and 200 metres 'Double' at the same Olympic Games - Archie Hahn (1904), Ralph Craig (1912), Percy Williams (1928), Eddie Tolan (1932), Jesse Owens (1936), Bobby Morrow (1956), Valeriy Borzov (1972), Carl Lewis (1984), and Usain Bolt (2008, 2012, 2016). Four of these men were also members of the winning team in the 4x100 meters relay at the same games - Jesse Owens (1936), Bobby Morrow (1956), Carl Lewis (1984), and Usain Bolt (2012, 2016). Two of these men have won a fourth gold medal at the same games - Archie Hahn in the now defunct 60 metres, and both Jesse Owens and Carl

This is a document about Timothee Yap Jin Wei
  Yap took part in the Summer Olympics at the Rio 2016 where he participated in the 100m sprint. In the preliminaries, he clocked a time of 10.84s and finished second in Heat 3. He then qualified for Round 1 in heat 7 where he raced with Usain Bolt. He was ranked 9th with a time of 10.79s, which was faster than the preliminaries.

This is a document about Brianna Rollins-McNeal
  7.76 seconds. She finished second at 2016 IAAF World Indoor Championships in 60 m hurdles. Brianna Rollins won in the 100 hurdles in a time of 12.34 at the 2016 United States Olympic Trials (track and field) ahead of Team USA teammates Kristi Castlin and Nia Ali to qualify to represent United States at Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Brazil. Not only did she win a gold medal, but her teammates placed second and third, making it the first time in history that one country gained all medals in this discipline at the Olympic Games, and the first time American women achieved such a

This is a document about Kemarley Brown
  Brown represented Bahrain at the 2016 Summer Olympics held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In the 100m he qualified for the semi-finals with a time of 10.13 seconds.

This is a document about Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metres relay
  Jamaica entered as the reigning 2015 World Champions and the defending Olympic champions, having set new world and Olympic records at the 2012 London Olympics. The United States were the next strongest team. The 2016 world leading time prior to the event was held by Great Britain, at 37.78 seconds. Other strong entrants were 2012 Olympic silver medallists Trinidad and Tobago and France, who earned bronze, and the 2015 world runners-up, China. For the third Olympics in a row Usain Bolt had won the 100 metres and 200 metres. In the previous two Olympics the Jamaican team with Bolt had won the gold in the

This is a document about Chronological summary of the 2012 Summer Olympics
  100 metres champion, Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce and bronze was won by American Carmelita Jeter. ; The United States' Aries Merritt ran a time 12.92 seconds as he won the men's 110 metres hurdles final, fellow American Jason Richardson, the reigning world champion, was second in 13.04 seconds and the bronze medal was won by Jamaican Hansle Parchment in 13.12 seconds. Eirik Verås Larsen of Norway won gold in the men's K-1 1000 metres in a time of 3:26.462. Adam van Koeverden of Canada was second in a time of 3:27.170 followed by Germany's Max Hoff in 3:27.759. ; Sebastian Brendel of Germany finished in

Usain Bolt won the Men's 100 meters at the 2016 Olympics.


Question: who said the best government is a direct democracy where all citizens make laws

Answer: James Madison

This is a document about Voluntary taxation
  representative government acquire authority to perform such coercive acts, acts disallowed for individual citizens?” Under this interpretation of John Locke, Samuels maintains that taxation would have to be voluntary since people cannot loan rights to others that they themselves do not already have. Locke argued in a quote attributed to him that “the people cannot delegate to government the power to do anything which would be unlawful for them to do themselves. Thomas Jefferson lent weight to a voluntary society, writing that "No man has a natural right to commit aggression on the equal rights of another, and this is all

This is a document about Classical school (criminology)
  John Locke considered the mechanism that had allowed monarchies to become the primary form of government. He concluded that monarchs had asserted the right to rule and enforced it either through an exercise in raw power or through a form of contract, e.g. the feudal system had depended on the grants of estates inland as a return for services provided to the sovereign. Locke proposed that all citizens are equal and that there is an unwritten but voluntary contract between the state and its citizens, giving power to those in government and defining a framework of mutual rights and duties. In Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes wrote, "the right of all sovereigns is derived from the consent of every one of those who are to be governed." This is a shift from authoritarianism to an early model of European and North American democracy where police powers and the system of punishment are means to a more just end.

This is a document about Voting rights in Singapore
  citizens absent of personal prejudices except for that of the public good. The right to vote then provides the means for individuals to voice their support of or opposition to government. Their aggregated choices enable the will of the people to control the extent of power and perpetuity of governments, thus protecting society's rights and interests. Thomas Paine, one of the Founding Fathers of the United States, said that the right to vote is critical in the protection of individual freedoms. He called it one of an individual's personal rights, which are "a species of property of the most sacred kind", and expressed the view that "[t]o take away this

This is a document about Social contract
  to obtain the benefits of political order. Prominent 17th- and 18th-century theorists of the social contract and natural rights include Hugo Grotius (1625), Thomas Hobbes (1651), Samuel von Pufendorf (1673), John Locke (1689), Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1762) and Immanuel Kant (1797), each approaching the concept of political authority differently. Grotius posited that individual humans had natural rights. Thomas Hobbes famously said that in a "state of nature", human life would be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short". In the absence of political order and law, everyone would have unlimited natural freedoms, including the "right to all things" and thus the freedom to plunder rape and murder; there would be an endless "war of all against all" (bellum

This is a document about Rule of man
  person exists outside law; the philosopher Thomas Hobbes advocated such a society (including in his book Leviathan), saying that a society would be better if it had one absolute monarch as he would be free to choose and do what he thinks is best for the society without taking into account the opinions of others. James Harrington would go on to pen the phrase "a government of laws and not of men" in 1656, which in turn found its way into the Constitution of Massachusetts where John Adams was the principal author. In the 1803 Marbury v. Madison U.S Supreme Court case, Chief Justice John Marshall wrote "The government

This is a document about Divine right of kings
  King Charles I's execution. According to U.S. President John Adams, Ponet's work contained "all the essential principles of liberty, which were afterward dilated on by Sidney and Locke", including the idea of a three-branched government. Over time, opposition to the divine right of kings came from a number of sources, including poet John Milton in his pamphlet The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates, and Thomas Paine in his pamphlet Common Sense. Probably the two most famous declarations of a right to revolution against tyranny in the English language are John Locke's Essay concerning The True Original, Extent, and End of Civil-Government and Thomas Jefferson's formulation in the United States Declaration of Independence that "all men are created equal".

This is a document about Liberty
   Philosophers from earliest times have considered the question of liberty. Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius (121–180 AD) wrote: "a polity in which there is the same law for all, a polity administered with regard to equal rights and equal freedom of speech, and the idea of a kingly government which respects most of all the freedom of the governed." According to Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679): "a free man is he that in those things which by his strength and wit he is able to do is not hindered to do what he hath the will to do." - Leviathan, Part 2, Ch. XXI. John Locke (1632–1704) rejected that definition of liberty. While not

This is a document about Direct democracy
  government. [...] [A] pure democracy, by which I mean a society consisting of a small number of citizens, who assemble and administer the government in person, can admit no cure for the mischiefs of faction. A common passion or interest will be felt by a majority, and there is nothing to check the inducements to sacrifice the weaker party. Hence it is, that democracies have ever been found incompatible with personal security or the rights of property; and have, in general, been as short in their lives as they have been violent in their deaths." John Witherspoon, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, said: "Pure

This is a document about Criticism of democracy
  of democracy would agree with Winston Churchill's famous remark, "No one pretends that democracy is perfect or all-wise. Indeed, it has been said that democracy is the worst form of government except all those other forms that have been tried from time to time." Other critics may be more prepared to describe existing democratic regimes as anything but "rule of the people". Leading contemporary thinkers in critical democratic theory include Jürgen Habermas, Robert A. Dahl, Robert E. Goodin, Bernard Manin, Joseph Schumpeter, James S. Fishkin, Ian Shapiro, Jason Brennan, Hélène Landemore, and Hans-Hermann Hoppe. Critics of democracy have often tried to highlight democracy's inconsistencies, paradoxes, and limits by contrasting it with other forms of governments such as epistocracy, plural voting,

This is a document about Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)
 , "That government is best which governs least...", was actually found in Thoreau's Civil Disobedience. Thoreau was apparently paraphrasing the motto of The United States Magazine and Democratic Review: "The best government is that which governs least" which might also be inspired from the 17th verse of the Tao Te Ching by Laozi: "The best rulers are scarcely known by their subjects." Thoreau expanded it significantly: , "That government is best which governs least...", was actually found in Thoreau's Civil Disobedience. Thoreau was apparently paraphrasing the motto of The United States Magazine and Democratic Review: "The best government is that

This is a document about Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)
  authority are derived, and treats him accordingly." An aphorism often erroneously attributed to Thomas Jefferson, "I heartily accept the motto,—"That government is best which governs least;" and I should like to see it acted up to more rapidly and systematically. Carried out, it finally amounts to this, which I also believe,—"That government is best which governs not at all;" and when men are prepared for it, that will be the kind of government which they will have. Government is at best but an expedient; but most governments are usually, and all governments are sometimes, inexpedient." - Thoreau, Civil Disobedience

This is a document about Law of equal liberty
  In his Second Treatise of Government (1689), John Locke wrote: "A state also of equality, wherein all the power and jurisdiction is reciprocal, no one having more than another; there being nothing more evident, than that creatures of the same species and rank, promiscuously born to all the same advantages of nature, and the use of the same faculties, should also be equal one amongst another without subordination or subjection, unless the lord and master of them all should, by any manifest declaration of his will, set one above another, and confer on him, by an evident and clear appointment, an undoubted right to dominion and sovereignty." In "A Full Vindication of the Measures of the Congress", written in 1774, Alexander Hamilton wrote: "All men have one common original, they participate in

This is a document about Popular sovereignty
  Popular sovereignty in its modern sense is an idea that dates to the social contracts school (mid-17th to mid-18th centuries), represented by Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679), John Locke (1632–1704), and Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778), author of The Social Contract, a prominent political work that clearly highlighted the ideals of "general will" and further matured the idea of popular sovereignty. The central tenet is that the legitimacy of rule or of law is based on the consent of the governed. Popular sovereignty is thus a basic tenet of most republics, and in some monarchies. Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau were the most influential thinkers of this school, all postulating that individuals choose to

This is a document about Marsilius of Padua
  the only legitimate source of political authority. Sovereignty lies with the people, and the people should elect, correct, and, if necessary, depose its political leaders. Democracy, Marsilius argues, is the best form of government because it tends to produce the wisest laws, protects the common benefit, promotes "sufficiency of life", and produces laws that are most likely to be obeyed. Marsilius and John of Jandun, who has sometimes been credited as a co-author of Defensor pacis, left France for Louis' court in Bavaria. Louis admitted Marsilius and John to his circle. Others were also under his protection, including Michael of Cesena and the philosopher William of Ockham,

This is a document about Common good
  Under one name or another, the common good has been a recurring theme throughout the history of political philosophy. As one contemporary scholar observes, Aristotle used the idea of "the common interest" (to koinei sympheron, in Greek) as the basis for his distinction between "right" constitutions, which are in the common interest, and "wrong" constitutions, which are in the interest of rulers; Saint Thomas Aquinas held "the common good" (bonum commune, in Latin) to be the goal of law and government; John Locke declared that "the peace, safety, and public good of the people" are the goals of political society, and further argued that "the well being of the people shall be the supreme law"; David Hume contended that "social conventions" are adopted and given moral support in virtue of the fact that they serve the "public" or "common"

This is a document about Authority
  The understanding of political authority and the exercise of political powers in the American context traces back to the writings of the Founding Fathers, including the arguments put forward in The Federalist Papers by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and the First Chief Justice of the United States John Jay, and later speeches by the 16th President of the United States Abraham Lincoln. "Our government rests in public opinion," President Abraham Lincoln said in 1856. In his 1854 Speech at Peoria, Illinois, Lincoln espoused the proposition “that each man should do precisely as he pleases with all which is exclusively his

This is a document about Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)
  governs least" which might also be inspired from the 17th verse of the Tao Te Ching by Laozi: "The best rulers are scarcely known by their subjects." Thoreau expanded it significantly: Thoreau asserts that because governments are typically more harmful than helpful, they therefore cannot be justified. Democracy is no cure for this, as majorities simply by virtue of being majorities do not also gain the virtues of wisdom and justice. The judgment of an individual's conscience is not necessarily inferior to the decisions of a political body or majority, and so "[i]t is not desirable to cultivate a respect

This is a document about Democracy
  Anarchists are split in this domain, depending on whether they believe that a majority-rule is tyrannic or not. To many anarchists, the only form of democracy considered acceptable is direct democracy. Pierre-Joseph Proudhon argued that the only acceptable form of direct democracy is one in which it is recognised that majority decisions are not binding on the minority, even when unanimous. However, anarcho-communist Murray Bookchin criticised individualist anarchists for opposing democracy, and says "majority rule" is consistent with anarchism. Some anarcho-communists oppose the majoritarian nature of direct democracy, feeling that it can impede individual liberty and opt-in favour of a non-majoritarian form of consensus democracy, similar to Proudhon's position on direct democracy. Henry David Thoreau, who did not self-identify as an anarchist but argued for "a better government" and is cited as an inspiration by some anarchists, argued that people should not be in the position of ruling others or being ruled when there is no consent.

This is a document about Johann Jacoby
 According to his view, final decisions must be made by the whole sovereign/population (Bd. 2, S. 25) ; Citizens have a right to participate decisively in every aspect of lawmaking (Bd. 2, S. 56) ; He wanted: selfgovernment, participation on all public affairs, generall and direct participation in lawmaking and government by the people (May, 28th 1868, Bd. 2, Sl 336–339) ; Citizens are sovereign if the law and administration depends on the direct approval and decision (June, 17th 1868, Bd. 2, S. 340–342) ; Self-government is not the discussion on each phrase of a law and its formulation but the right to adopt or repeal or revise a law! (Bd. 2, S. 341) Jacoby's contributions to direct democracy are not well documented but several sources can be found. In general he had a positive view on direct democracy e.g. in his speeches (Gesammelten Reden und Schriften von 1872):

This is a document about John Locke
   John Locke (29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704) was an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "Father of Liberalism". Considered one of the first of the British empiricists, following the tradition of Sir Francis Bacon, Locke is equally important to social contract theory. His work greatly affected the development of epistemology and political philosophy. His writings influenced Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers, as well as the American Revolutionaries. His contributions to classical republicanism and liberal theory are reflected in the United States Declaration of Independence. Internationally, Locke’s political-legal principles continue to have a profound influence on the theory and practice of limited representative government and the protection of basic rights and freedoms under the rule of law. Locke's theory of mind is often cited as the origin of modern

The text does not directly answer the question as it primarily discusses the philosophical background of voluntary taxation, the concept of government, and the importance of voting in a representative democracy. There is no mention of a government being best as a direct democracy where all citizens make laws.


Question: when was the play the taming of the shrew written

Answer: between 1590 and 1592

This is a document about The Taming of the Shrew
   The Taming of the Shrew is a comedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1590 and 1592. The play begins with a framing device, often referred to as the induction, in which a mischievous nobleman tricks a drunken tinker named Christopher Sly into believing he is actually a nobleman himself. The nobleman then has the play performed for Sly's diversion. The main plot depicts the courtship of Petruchio and Katherina, the headstrong, obdurate shrew. Initially, Katherina is an unwilling participant in the relationship; however, Petruchio "tames" her with various psychological torments, such as keeping her from eating and drinking, until she becomes a desirable, compliant, and obedient bride. The subplot features a competition between

This is a document about The Taming of the Shrew
 (1.1.1–4)" Efforts to date the play's composition are complicated by its uncertain relationship with another Elizabethan play entitled A Pleasant Conceited Historie, called the taming of a Shrew, which has an almost identical plot but different wording and character names. The Shrews exact relationship with A Shrew is unknown. Different theories suggest A Shrew could be a reported text of a performance of The Shrew, a source for The Shrew, an early draft (possibly reported) of The Shrew, or an adaptation of The Shrew. A Shrew was entered in the Stationers' Register on 2 May 1594, suggesting that whatever the relationship between the two plays, The Shrew was most likely written

This is a document about Chronology of Shakespeare's plays
  common to both A Shrew and The Shrew, but it also borrows several passages unique to The Shrew. This suggests The Shrew was on stage prior to June 1592. However, Kier Elam further narrows the terminal date of The Shrew to 1591, based on Shakespeare's probable use of two sources published that year; Abraham Ortelius' map of Italy in the fourth edition of Theatrum Orbis Terrarum and John Florio's Second Fruits. As neither Shrew play is likely to have been written any earlier than 1590, this places the likely date of composition of The Shrew as 1590–1591, with A Shrew written sometime prior to August 1592.

This is a document about Chronology of Shakespeare's plays
  published in the First Folio as The Taming of the Shrew. ; Additional information (publication): there is a general lack of scholarly agreement regarding the exact relationship between the 1594 A Shrew and the 1623 The Shrew. Originally, A Shrew was seen as a non-Shakespearean source for The Shrew, meaning The Shrew must have been completed sometime after 2 May 1594. This remained the predominant theory until 1850, when Samuel Hickson suggested that A Shrew was in some way derived from The Shrew.  Peter Alexander developed Hickson's work into his reported text/bad quarto theory, which necessitates that The Shrew must have been written prior to 2

This is a document about The Woman's Prize
  The date of the play is very uncertain and has attracted a large body of dispute and opinion. A reference to the Siege of Ostend in Act I, scene iii has led some commentators to date the play as early as 1604 (the siege ended on 8 September that year) – though this is significantly earlier than the generally recognized start of Fletcher's dramatic career. Some scholars have argued for an early date, on the reasoning that a date closer in time to Shakespeare's play makes more sense than a later date. The non-Shakespearean or pre-Shakespearean version of the story, The Taming of a Shrew, was reprinted in 1607, and may have influenced Fletcher to make

This is a document about The Taming of the Shrew
  All references to The Taming of the Shrew, unless otherwise specified, are taken from the Oxford Shakespeare (Oliver, 1982), which is based on the 1623 First Folio. Under this referencing system, 1.2.51 means Act 1, Scene 2, line 51.

This is a document about The Taming of the Shrew
  between 1590 (roughly when Shakespeare arrived in London) and 1594 (registration of A Shrew). Some writers suggest, that it is possible to narrow the date further. A terminus ante quem for A Shrew could to be August 1592, as a stage direction at 3.21 mentions "Simon," which probably refers to the actor Simon Jewell, who was buried on 21 August 1592. Furthermore, The Shrew seems to have been written earlier than 1593, as Anthony Chute's Beauty Dishonoured, written under the title of Shore's wife (published in June 1593) contains the line "He calls his Kate, and she must come and kiss him." This must refer to The Shrew, as there is

This is a document about 1607 in literature
 January 22 – Shortly before his death, bookseller Cuthbert Burby transfers the rights to print the text of The Taming of the Shrew to Nicholas Ling. ; February 2 – The King's Men perform Barnes's The Devil's Charter at the English Court. ; June 5 – John Hall marries Susanna, daughter of William Shakespeare. ; September 5 – Hamlet is performed aboard the East India Company ship Red Dragon, under the command of Captain William Keeling, anchored off the coast of Sierra Leone, the first known performance of a Shakespeare play outside England in English, and the first by amateurs. ; September 30 – Richard II is acted aboard the Dragon. ; unknown dates ; First performance of the first wholly parodic play in English, Francis Beaumont's The Knight of the Burning Pestle, unsuccessfully, probably by child actors at the Blackfriars Theatre in London. ; The King's Revels Children are active as a playing company in London: their repertoire includes Edward Sharpham's Cupid's Whirligig and Thomas Middleton's The Family of Love.

This is a document about Chronology of Shakespeare's plays
 First official record: possible version of the play entered into Stationers' Register by Peter Short on 2 May 1594 as "a booke intituled A plesant Conceyted historie called the Tayminge of a Shrowe." First record of the play as it exists today is found in the First Folio (1623). ; First published: possible version of the play published in quarto in 1594 as A Pleasant Conceited Historie, called The taming of a Shrew (printed by Peter Short for Cuthbert Burby). This text was republished in 1596 (again by Short for Burby) and 1607 (by Valentine Simmes for Nicholas Ling). The play as it exists today was

This is a document about William Shakespeare
   Most playwrights of the period typically collaborated with others at some point, and critics agree that Shakespeare did the same, mostly early and late in his career. The first recorded works of Shakespeare are Richard III and the three parts of Henry VI, written in the early 1590s during a vogue for historical drama. Shakespeare's plays are difficult to date precisely, however, and studies of the texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, and The Two Gentlemen of Verona may also belong to Shakespeare's earliest period. His first histories, which draw heavily on the 1587 edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England,

This is a document about John Smethwick
  Smethwick's connection with the Shakespeare canon began in 1607: in an entry in the Stationers' Register dated 19 November that year, stationer Nicholas Ling transferred the copyrights of Romeo and Juliet, Love's Labor's Lost, and Hamlet to Smethwick. (At the same time, Smethwick acquired from Ling the rights to The Taming of a Shrew, the early alternative version of Shakespeare's The Shrew.) Two of these plays were subsequently published in quarto by Smethwick – Romeo and Juliet in 1609 (the third quarto) and Hamlet in 1611 (also Q3). Smethwick's possession of these copyrights eventually involved him in the First Folio project. When Edward Blount and William and Isaac Jaggard were preparing to print the Folio, c. 1620, they

This is a document about The Taming of the Shrew in performance
  The Taming of the Shrew in performance has had an uneven history. Popular in Shakespeare's day, the play fell out of favour during the seventeenth century, when it was replaced on the stage by John Lacy's Sauny the Scott. The original Shakespearean text was not performed at all during the eighteenth century, with David Garrick's adaptation Catharine and Petruchio dominating the stage. After over two hundred years without a performance, the play returned to the British stage in 1844, the last Shakespeare play restored to the repertory. However, it was only in the 1890s that the dominance of Catharine and Petruchio began to wain, and productions of The Shrew become more regular. Moving into the twentieth century, the play's popularity increased considerably, and it became one of Shakespeare's most frequently staged plays, with productions taking place all over the world. This trend has continued into the twenty-first century, with the play as popular now as it was when first written.

This is a document about The Taming of the Shrew in performance
  definite performance of The Shrew was at court before Charles I and Henrietta Maria on 26 November 1633, where it was described as being "likt". Aside from the court performance, evidence of the play's stage history during the seventeenth century is relatively sparse. The title page of the 1631 quarto states the play had been acted by the King's Men at both the Globe and Blackfriars. The King's Men only began performing at Blackfriars in 1610, suggesting the play was still popular enough to be performed at least sixteen years after its debut. However, there is no further information available.

This is a document about The Taming of the Shrew
  corresponding "kissing scene" in A Shrew. There are also verbal similarities between both Shrew plays and the anonymous play A Knack To Know A Knave (first performed at The Rose on 10 June 1592). Knack features several passages common to both A Shrew and The Shrew, but it also borrows several passages unique to The Shrew. This suggests The Shrew was on stage prior to June 1592. In his 1982 edition of the play for The Oxford Shakespeare, H.J. Oliver suggests the play was composed no later than 1592. He bases this on the title page of A Shrew, which mentions the play had been performed "sundry times" by Pembroke's Men.

This is a document about The Taming of the Shrew
  The Taming of the Shrew has been the subject of critical controversy. Dana Aspinall writes "Since its first appearance, some time between 1588 and 1594, Shrew has elicited a panoply of heartily supportive, ethically uneasy, or altogether disgusted responses to its rough-and-tumble treatment of the 'taming' of the 'curst shrew' Katherina, and obviously, of all potentially unruly wives." Phyllis Rackin argues that "seen in the context of current anxieties, desires and beliefs, Shakespeare's play seems to prefigure the most oppressive modern assumptions about women and to validate those assumptions as timeless truths." Stevie Davies says that responses to Shrew have been

This is a document about First Folio Theatre
 The Taming of the Shrew

This is a document about Gordon Honeycombe
 The Taming of the Shrew

This is a document about Love's Labour's Won
  London-based antiquarian book dealer and collector, discovered the August 1603 book list of the stationer Christopher Hunt, which lists as printed in quarto: The find provided evidence that the play might be a distinct work that had been published but lost and not an early title of The Taming of the Shrew. However, this evidence is not decisive. Another playwright had written a play called The Taming of a Shrew which was published in quarto in 1594, whereas Shakespeare's Shrew play was not published until the 1623 Folio. Therefore, it is possible that Shakespeare originally titled his Shrew play Love's Labour's Won in order to distinguish it from the rival

This is a document about The Taming of the Shrew
  The 1594 quarto of A Shrew was printed by Peter Short for Cuthbert Burbie. It was republished in 1596 (again by Short for Burbie), and 1607 by Valentine Simmes for Nicholas Ling. The Shrew was not published until the First Folio in 1623. The only quarto version of The Shrew was printed by William Stansby for John Smethwick in 1631 as A Wittie and Pleasant comedie called The Taming of the Shrew, based on the 1623 folio text. W.W. Greg has demonstrated that A Shrew and The Shrew were treated as the same text for the purposes of copyright, i.e. ownership of one constituted ownership of the other, and when Smethwick purchased the rights from Ling in 1609 to print the play in the First Folio, Ling actually transferred the rights for A Shrew, not The Shrew.

This is a document about The Taming of the Shrew in performance
  play ends with them agreeing to live a life of mutual respect. When the two plays were performed at court in November 1633, Master of the Revels Henry Herbert recorded Shrew was "likt" but Tamer Tamed was "very well likt". During the 1660s, Shrew was adapted by John Lacy as Sauny the Scot, to make it better match with Fletcher's sequel. Originally performed under the Taming of the Shrew title, the play was published in 1698 as Sauny the Scot: or, The Taming of the Shrew: A Comedy. This version inconsistently anglicised the character names and recast the play in prose. Lacy also expanded the part

The Taming of the Shrew is believed to have been written between 1589 and 1592, with the earliest possible date being 1589 based on the use of a map of Italy in the play. However, the exact date is uncertain due to the lack of definitive evidence.


Question: how many types of poison dart frogs are there

Answer: about 170 species

This is a document about Tropicarium Kolmården
 1) Anthony's poison arrow frog (Epipedobates anthonyi) ; 2) Cane toad (Bufo marinus) ; 3) Common tree frog (Polypedates leucomystax) ; 4) Japanese fire belly newt (Cynops pyrrhogaster) ; 5) Cranwell's horned frog (Ceratophrys cranwelli) ; 6) Dyeing dart frog (Dendrobates tinctorius) ; 7) Green and black poison dart frog (Dendrobates auratus) ; 8) Oriental fire-bellied toad (Bombina orientalis) ; 9) Yellow-striped poison frog (Dendrobates truncatus)

This is a document about Poison dart frog
  Poison dart frog (also known as dart-poison frog, poison frog or formerly known as poison arrow frog) is the common name of a group of frogs in the family Dendrobatidae which are native to tropical Central and South America. These species are diurnal and often have brightly colored bodies. This bright coloration is correlated with the toxicity of the species, making them aposematic. Some species of the family Dendrobatidae exhibit extremely bright coloration along with high toxicity, while others have cryptic coloration with minimal to no amount of observed toxicity. The species that have great toxicity derive this from their diet of ants, mites and

This is a document about Poison dart frog
  Dart frogs are the focus of major phylogenetic studies, and undergo taxonomic changes frequently. The family Dendrobatidae currently contains 16 genera, with about 200 species.

This is a document about List of poisonous animals
 American toad ; Asiatic toad ; Cane toad ; Colorado River toad ; Common toad ; Corroboree frog ; European green toad ; Fowler's toad ; Mantella ; Poison dart frogPoison Dart Frogs.jpg

This is a document about Poison dart frog
  All species of poison dart frogs are Neotropical in origin. Wild-caught specimens can maintain toxicity for some time (this can be obtained through a form of bioaccumulation), so appropriate care should be taken when handling them. While scientific study on the lifespan of poison dart frogs is scant, retagging frequencies indicate it can range from one to three years in the wild. However, these frogs typically live for much longer than that in captivity, having been reported to live as long as 25 years. These claims also seem to be questionable, since many of the larger species take a year or more to mature, and Phyllobates species can take more than two years. In captivity, most species thrive where the humidity is kept constant at 80 to 100% and where the temperature is around 72 F to 80 F during the day and no lower than 60 F to 65 F at night. Some species tolerate lower temperatures better than others.

This is a document about Poison dart frog
  Other species however, that exhibit cryptic coloration and low to no amounts of toxicity, eat a much larger variety of prey. Many species of this family are threatened due to human infrastructure encroaching on their habitats. These amphibians are often called "dart frogs" due to the Native Americans' use of their toxic secretions to poison the tips of blowdarts. However, of over 170 species, only four have been documented as being used for this purpose (curare plants are more commonly used), all of which come from the genus Phyllobates, which is characterized by the relatively large size and high levels of toxicity of its members.

This is a document about Poison dart frog
  Many poison dart frogs secrete lipophilic alkaloid toxins such as allopumiliotoxin 267A, batrachotoxin, epibatidine, histrionicotoxin, and pumiliotoxin 251D through their skin. Alkaloids in the skin glands of poison frogs serve as a chemical defense against predation, and they are therefore able to be active alongside potential predators during the day. About 28 structural classes of alkaloids are known in poison frogs. The most toxic of poison dart frog species is Phyllobates terribilis. It is argued that dart frogs do not synthesize their poisons, but sequester the chemicals from arthropod prey items, such as ants, centipedes and mites – the diet-toxicity hypothesis. Because of this, captive-bred animals do not possess significant levels of toxins as they are reared on diets that do

This is a document about Frog
  but this may be an urban myth. Exudations from the skin of the golden poison frog (Phyllobates terribilis) are traditionally used by native Colombians to poison the darts they use for hunting. The tip of the projectile is rubbed over the back of the frog and the dart is launched from a blowgun. The combination of the two alkaloid toxins batrachotoxin and homobatrachotoxin is so powerful, one frog contains enough poison to kill an estimated 22,000 mice. Two other species, the Kokoe poison dart frog (Phyllobates aurotaenia) and the black-legged dart frog (Phyllobates bicolor) are also used for this purpose. These are less toxic and less abundant than the golden poison frog. They are impaled on pointed sticks and may be heated over a fire to maximise the quantity of poison that can be transferred to the dart.

This is a document about List of amphibians of North America
 Green-and-black poison dart frog Dendrobates auratus   (Hawaii only)

This is a document about Poison dart frog
   Most species of poison dart frogs are small, sometimes less than 1.5 cm in adult length, although a few grow up to 6 cm in length. They weigh 1 oz. on average. Most poison dart frogs are brightly colored, displaying aposematic patterns to warn potential predators. Their bright coloration is associated with their toxicity and levels of alkaloids. For example, frogs of the genus Dendrobates have high levels of alkaloids, whereas Colostethus species are cryptically colored and are not toxic. Poison dart frogs are an example of an aposematic organism. Their bright coloration advertises unpalatability to potential predators. Aposematism is currently thought to have originated at least four times

This is a document about List of amphibians
  subfamily ; Superfamily Dendrobatoidea - 328 species ; Family Aromobatidae - 128 species, considered a subfamily of Dendrobatidae by AmphibiaWeb ; Subfamily Allobatinae - 55 species ; Subfamily Anomaloglossinae - 34 species ; Subfamily Aromobatinae - 38 species ; Family Dendrobatidae - poison dart frogs, 200 species ; Subfamily Colostethinae, 66 species ; Subfamily Dendrobatinae, 61 species ; Subfamily Hyloxalinae, 72 species ; Family Dicroglossidae - 212 species ; Subfamily Dicroglossinae - 197 species ; Subfamily Occidozyginae - 15 species ; Family Heleophrynidae - ghost frogs, 7 species ; Family Hemiphractidae - 118 species ; Subfamily Cryptobatrachinae - 8 species

This is a document about List of least concern amphibians
  leucomelas) • Dyeing dart frog (Dendrobates tinctorius) • Yellow-striped poison frog (Dendrobates truncatus) • Marbled poison frog (Epipedobates boulengeri) • Rio Santiago poison frog (Excidobates captivus) • Bello rocket frog (Hyloxalus abditaurantius) • Hyloxalus bocagei • Hyloxalus littoralis • Los Tayos rocket frog (Hyloxalus nexipus) • Hyloxalus peruvianus • Hyloxalus sauli • Cream-backed poison frog (Hyloxalus subpunctatus) • Harlequin poison frog (Oophaga histrionica) • Strawberry poison-dart frog (Oophaga pumilio) • Lovely poison frog (Phyllobates lugubris) • Ranitomeya duellmani • Ranitomeya flavovittata • Mimic poison frog (Ranitomeya imitator) • Red-backed poison frog (Ranitomeya reticulata) • Sira poison dart frog (Ranitomeya sirensis) • Ranitomeya uakarii • Brazilian poison frog (Ranitomeya vanzolinii) • Reticulated poison frog (Ranitomeya ventrimaculata) • Rainforest rocket frog (Silverstoneia flotator)

This is a document about List of near threatened amphibians
  • Pleasing poison frog (Ameerega bassleri) • Cauca rocket frog (Colostethus agilis) • Santa Rita rocket frog (Colostethus fraterdanieli) • Anthony's poison arrow frog (Epipedobates anthonyi) • Epipedobates machalilla • Hyloxalus fascianigrus • Chimbo rocket frog (Hyloxalus infraguttatus) • Lehmann's rocket frog (Hyloxalus lehmanni) • Hyloxalus shuar • Oophaga sylvatica • Kokoe poison frog (Phyllobates aurotaenia) • Black-legged poison frog (Phyllobates bicolor) • Red-headed poison frog (Ranitomeya fantastica) • Boquete rocket frog (Silverstoneia nubicola)

This is a document about List of endangered amphibians
  • Silverstone's poison frog (Ameerega silverstonei) • Cauca poison frog (Andinobates bombetes) • Santander poison frog (Andinobates virolinensis) • Mertens' rocket frog (Colostethus mertensi) • Colostethus ruthveni • Phantasmal poison frog (Epipedobates tricolor) • Marañón poison frog (Excidobates mysteriosus) • Sky-blue poison frog (Hyloxalus azureiventris) • Hyloxalus cevallosi • Loja rocket frog (Hyloxalus elachyhistus) • Hyloxalus toachi • Polkadot poison frog (Oophaga arborea) • Splendid poison frog (Oophaga speciosa) • Golden poison frog (Phyllobates terribilis) • Golfodulcean poison frog (Phyllobates vittatus) • Summers' poison frog (Ranitomeya summersi) • Black-legged poison frog (Phyllobates bicolor)

This is a document about List of least concern amphibians
  • Brazil-nut poison frog (Adelphobates castaneoticus) • Adelphobates galactonotus • Adelphobates quinquevittatus • Ameerega berohoka • Ecuador poison frog (Ameerega bilinguis) • Ameerega boehmei • Ameerega boliviana • Ameerega braccata • Lutz's poison frog (Ameerega flavopicta) • Ameerega hahneli • Manú poison frog (Ameerega macero) • Ameerega parvula • Peru poison frog (Ameerega petersi) • Spot-legged poison frog (Ameerega picta) • Ameerega simulans • Three-striped arrow-poison frog (Ameerega trivittata) • Ameerega yungicola • Yellow-bellied poison frog (Andinobates fulguritus) • Blue-bellied poison frog (Andinobates minutus) • Imaza rocket frog (Colostethus argyrogaster) • Colostethus inguinalis • Common rocket frog (Colostethus panamansis) • Pratt's rocket frog (Colostethus pratti) • Colostethus ucumari • Green and black poison dart frog (Dendrobates auratus) • Yellow-banded poison dart frog

This is a document about Frog
  range in an effort to deceive predators. Other species, such as the European fire-bellied toad (Bombina bombina), have their warning colour underneath. They "flash" this when attacked, adopting a pose that exposes the vivid colouring on their bellies. Some frogs, such as the poison dart frogs, are especially toxic. The native peoples of South America extract poison from these frogs to apply to their weapons for hunting, although few species are toxic enough to be used for this purpose. At least two non-poisonous frog species in tropical America (Eleutherodactylus gaigei and Lithodytes lineatus) mimic the colouration of dart poison frogs for self-protection. Some frogs obtain poisons from the ants and other arthropods they eat. Others, such as

This is a document about Animal attacks in Latin America
  skin glands of poison frogs serve as a chemical defense against predation, and they are therefore able to be active alongside potential predators during the day. About 28 structural classes of alkaloids are known in poison frogs. The most toxic of poison dart frog species is Phyllobates terribilis. It is argued that dart frogs do not synthesize their poisons, but sequester the chemicals from arthropod prey items, such as ants, centipedes and mites – the diet-toxicity hypothesis. The golden poison frog's skin is densely coated in an alkaloid toxin, one of a number of poisons common to dart frogs (batrachotoxins). This poison prevents its victim's

This is a document about San Antonio Zoo
  • African bullfrog • American bullfrog • Axolotl • Black-spotted newt • Dyeing dart frog • Emperor newt • European fire salamander • Giant marine toad • Golden frog • Golden mantella • Green toad • Australian green tree frog • Green-and-black poison arrow frog • Gulf Coast toad • Japanese giant salamander • Mexican burrowing frog • Mexican dumpy frog • Puerto Rican crested toad • Red-eyed tree frog • Red-spotted toad • Rio Grande leopard frog • Rio Grande siren • Sierra Madre salamander • Couch's spadefoot toad • Texas toad • Tiger salamander • Vietnamese mossy frog • White's tree frog • Yellow-banded poison arrow frog • Yellow-striped caecilian

This is a document about List of data deficient amphibians
  • La Planada poison frog (Ameerega andina) • Palenque poison frog (Ameerega erythromos) • Ameerega labialis • Confusing poison frog (Ameerega maculata) • Ameerega pulchripecta • Ameerega rubriventris • Emerald poison frog (Ameerega smaragdina) • Andinobates claudiae • Colostethus alacris • Colostethus brachistriatus • Colostethus dysprosium • Colostethus fugax • Colostethus furviventris • Colostethus imbricolus • Truando rocket frog (Colostethus latinasus) • Colostethus lynchi • Colostethus poecilonotus • Colostethus ramirezi • Colostethus thorntoni • Colostethus yaguara • Rockstone poison dart frog (Dendrobates nubeculosus) • Epipedobates espinosai • Epipedobates narinensis • Hyloxalus aeruginosus • Hyloxalus betancuri • Hyloxalus borjai • Hyloxalus breviquartus • Hyloxalus chlorocraspedus • Choco rocket frog (Hyloxalus chocoensis) • Hyloxalus craspedoceps •

This is a document about Wildlife of Costa Rica
  Costa Rica is home to around 175 amphibians, 85% of which are frogs. Frogs in Costa Rica have interesting ways of finding fishless water to raise their young in. Fish, of course, will eat tadpoles and eggs. Poison dart frogs put their eggs in water pools in bromeliads. Other methods include searching ponds before laying eggs, and laying eggs in wet soil. There are 35 species of Elutherodoctylus frogs, 26 species of Hyla frogs and 13 species of glassfrogs. Notable frog species in Costa Rica include red-eyed tree frog, a few species of poison dart frogs, the semitransparent glassfrogs, and the large

There are over 200 species of poison dart frogs.


Question: when did season 4 of the 100 come out on netflix

Answer: February 1 , 2017

This is a document about The 100 (TV series)
  The 100 premiered on March 19, 2014. On May 8, 2014, The CW renewed The 100 for a second season, which premiered on October 22, 2014. On January 11, 2015, The CW renewed the series for a third season, which premiered on January 21, 2016. On March 12, 2016, The 100 was renewed for a fourth season of 13 episodes, which premiered on February 1, 2017. On March 10, 2017, The CW renewed the series for a fifth season, which premiered on April 24, 2018. On May 9, 2018, the series was renewed for a sixth season, which premiered on April 30, 2019. On April 24, 2019, The CW renewed the series for a seventh season, that would consist of 16 episodes and premiered on May 20, 2020. In August 2019, it was announced the seventh season would be the final season, finishing the show with a total of 100 episodes across all seven seasons.

This is a document about Inside the World's Toughest Prisons
  Season 4, produced by Netflix with host Raphael Rowe, was released on July 29, 2020 on Netflix.

This is a document about The Crown (season 4)
  The fourth season was released on Netflix on 15 November 2020. It was released on DVD and Blu-ray on 2 November 2021.

This is a document about 100 Humans
  100 Humans was released on March 13, 2020, on Netflix.

This is a document about Live PD (season 4)
  Season four premiered on September 20, 2019.

This is a document about The 100 (season 7)
  On March 4, 2020, it was revealed that the last season of The 100 would premiere on The CW on May 20, 2020, and that it would feature a timeslot change for the season moving from Tuesday's to Wednesday's at 8 PM ET.

This is a document about Gotham (season 4)
  Alexander Siddig. The fourth season premiered on September 21, 2017, on Fox, while the second half premiered on March 1, 2018. The season concluded on May 17, 2018. The season received positive reviews from critics and audiences, who cited the character development, writing and action sequences as highlights of the season, with some calling it the best season yet. The premiere was watched by 3.21 million viewers with a 1.0 in the 18–49 demo, which was a 17% decline from the previous season premiere but on par with last season's average. Despite remaining with consistent ratings throughout the first half of the season, the second half experienced new series lows in the spring and being in danger of cancellation. Despite the ratings drop, Fox renewed the show for a fifth and final season on May 13, 2018.

This is a document about Misfit Garage
  Season four started on July 11, 2016

This is a document about 30 for 30
  Season Four launched in October 2018 and features the following episodes:

This is a document about The 100 (season 7)
  The seventh and final season of the American post-apocalyptic science fiction drama The 100 premiered on May 20, 2020, on The CW, for the 2019–20 United States network television schedule. The series, developed by Jason Rothenberg, is loosely based on the novel series of the same name by Kass Morgan, and follows a group of post-apocalyptic survivors, chiefly a group of criminal adolescents, including Clarke Griffin (Eliza Taylor), Bellamy Blake (Bob Morley), Octavia Blake (Marie Avgeropoulos), Raven Reyes (Lindsey Morgan), and John Murphy (Richard Harmon). They are among the first people from a space habitat, the Ark, to return to Earth after a devastating nuclear apocalypse. After airing sixteen episodes, the season concluded on September 30, 2020.

This is a document about A Football Life
  Season Four was announced for September 10, 2014.

This is a document about Person of Interest (season 4)
  The fourth season was released on Blu-ray and DVD in region 1 on August 11, 2015, in region 2 on September 5, 2016, and in region 4 on September 2, 2015. In 2014, Warner Bros. Television Studios announced that it sold the off-network SVOD of the series to Netflix. On December 30, 2015, the season became available to stream on Netflix. On September 22, 2020, the series left the service and was added to HBO Max on January 23, 2021.

This is a document about Person of Interest (season 5)
  The fourth season was released on Blu-ray and DVD in region 1 on July 19, 2016, in region 2 on September 11, 2017, and in region 4 on February 1, 2017. In 2014, Warner Bros. Television Studios announced that it sold the off-network SVOD of the series to Netflix. On September 22, 2020, the series left Netflix and was added to HBO Max on January 23, 2021.

This is a document about The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)
  the first time that a Canadian Film Office was nominated for this honor. On July 26, 2019, the series was renewed for a fourth season. Season 4, consisting of 10 episodes, began production in March 2020, with Elisabeth Moss filming her directorial debut, but work had to be halted after only a few weeks, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In June 2020, Hulu announced that the fourth season would premiere in 2021. Production on season 4 resumed in September 2020 and wrapped on February 25, 2021, with Moss having directed three episodes. On December 10, 2020, ahead of the fourth season premiere, Hulu renewed the series for a fifth season.

This is a document about The 100 (TV series)
  In Canada, Season 1 of The 100 was licensed exclusively to Netflix. The series premiered on March 20, 2014, the day after the mid-season premiere of Season 1 on the CW. In New Zealand, the series premiered on TVNZ's on-demand video streaming service on March 21, 2014. In the UK and Ireland, The 100 premiered on E4 on July 7, 2014. The first episode was viewed by an average audience of 1.39million, making it the channel's biggest ever program launch. Season 2 premiered on January 6, 2015, and averaged 1,118,000 viewers. Season 3 premiered on February 17, 2016. In Australia, The 100 was originally scheduled to premiere on Go! but instead premiered on Fox8 on September 4, 2014. Season 2 premiered on January 8, 2015.

This is a document about GLOW (TV series)
  In September 2019, Netflix renewed the show for a fourth and final season. On February 19, 2020, Alison Brie posted a photo from the set on Instagram, signaling that they were beginning production on the final episodes. In March 2020, production was shut down on the season due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which had stopped nearly all TV and film productions in Los Angeles. They had already finished the first episode and were about to start filming the second. On October 5, 2020, creators Liz Flahive and Carly Mensch revealed in a statement that the fourth season was canceled and would not be completed or aired. It was explained that the show had some of the biggest obstacles to overcome as Netflix was trying to figure out how to get their shows back to work, mostly due to uncertainty about how to prevent an outbreak on set with its wrestling theme and increased COVID-19 related costs added to an already expensive budget. The earliest the show's final season would have aired was in 2022, which would have been too long of a gap for Netflix to handle, since the previous season aired in 2019.

This is a document about The 100 (season 7)
  On April 24, 2019, The CW renewed The 100 for a seventh season ahead of its sixth season premiere. On August 4, 2019, it was announced by Mark Pedowitz and series developer Jason Rothenberg that the new season would be the show's last, and that it would contain sixteen episodes, to finish the series with a grand total of 100 episodes.

This is a document about Jason Rothenberg
  Last War" (Season 7, Episode 16) On May 9, 2013, it was announced that CW ordered The 100, developed by Rothenberg and based on first novel in the book series of the same name by Kass Morgan. The series premiered on Wednesday, March 19, 2014, and was watched by an estimated 2.7 million American viewers, and received an 18–49 rating of 0.9. It is considered the most-watched show in its time-slot on The CW since 2010 with the series Life Unexpected. On Rotten Tomatoes, the show's first season was certified "fresh", with 72% of professional reviewers reviewing it positively, with a consensus of "Although flooded with stereotypes, the suspenseful atmosphere helps make The

This is a document about Broken Promises (Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.)
  "Broken Promises" was first aired in the United States on ABC on January 10, 2017. It began streaming on Netflix, along with the rest of the fourth season, on June 15, 2017.

This is a document about The Worst Witch (2017 TV series)
  made available to stream internationally on Netflix on 22 July 2017. It was available to members in the UK, Ireland and Germany after its premiere on CBBC and ZDF. The series premiered on CBBC on 11 January 2017. A second series began airing from 8 January 2018. The second series premiered on Netflix Australia on 27 July 2018. The third series began airing on 7 January 2019. The fourth series began airing on 27 January 2020. Netflix released the fourth series on 1 October 2020. It was later announced that the fourth season would be the final season. In the United States, the series had a linear premiere on Disney Channel on October 4, 2021 and ended on October 31, 2021, finishing with the episode, "Ethel Hallow To The Rescue".

Season 4 of The 100 was released on Netflix on July 29, 2020.


Question: who said a rose is a rose is a rose

Answer: Gertrude Stein

This is a document about Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose
  The sentence "Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose." was written by Gertrude Stein as part of the 1913 poem "Sacred Emily", which appeared in the 1922 book Geography and Plays. In that poem, the first "Rose" is the name of a person. Stein later used variations on the sentence in other writings, and "A rose is a rose is a rose" is among her most famous quotations, often interpreted as meaning "things are what they are", a statement of the law of identity, "A is A". In Stein's view, the sentence expresses the fact that simply using the name of a thing already invokes the imagery and emotions associated with it, an idea also intensively discussed in the problem of universals debate where Peter Abelard and others used the rose as an example concept. As the quotation diffused through

This is a document about Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose
  I said. ; A rose is a rose is a rose is a rose. ; And then later made that into a ring I made poetry and what did I do I caressed completely caressed and addressed a noun." (Lectures in America) ; "Civilization begins with a rose. A rose is a rose is a rose is a rose. It continues with blooming and it fastens clearly upon excellent examples."  (As Fine as Melanctha) ; "Lifting belly can please me because it is an occupation I enjoy. ; Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose. ; In print on top." (Bee Time Vine)

This is a document about Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose
  band Henry Cow sings "But a rose is a rose is a rose" on "Nine Funerals of the Citizen King". ; UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher said in 1981 that "A crime is a crime is a crime" in reference to the actions of members of the IRA. The sentence has been used by other speakers as well, with the intended meaning of "no matter what you call it, criminal violence is criminal, and illegal." ; In the 1978 film The Magic of Lassie, Robert and Richard Sherman penned the song, "A Rose Is Not a Rose". ; "A Rose Is Not

This is a document about Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose
 "Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose." ("Sacred Emily", Geography and Plays) ; "Do we suppose that all she knows is that a rose is a rose is a rose is a rose." (Operas and Plays) ; "... she would carve on the tree Rose is a Rose is a Rose is a Rose is a Rose until it went all the way around." (The World is Round) ; "A rose tree may be a rose tree may be a rosy rose tree if watered." (Alphabets and Birthdays) ; "Indeed a rose is a rose makes a pretty plate...." (Stanzas in Meditation) ;

This is a document about Francis Cyril Rose
  travelled with his future wife, Dorothy Carrington, in France, Italy, and North Africa. In France, Rose became an intimate acquaintance of Gertrude Stein and Alice B. Toklas, the former helping to launch his painting career by commissioning several of his works (most notably a portrait of herself) for her own notable art collection. Her memorable utterance, "Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose" dates from 1913; however, long before her acquaintance with the artist, who would go on to have exhibits in Paris, London, and New York. He also worked as an illustrator for a cookbook by Toklas, The Alice B. Toklas

This is a document about Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose
  es una rosa es una rosa..." ; Stephen King refers to "A rose is a rose is a rose..." in his popular fantasy series The Dark Tower. ; Helge Schneider shortens this sentence in German (title: "Eine Rose ist eine Rose ist", Album: 29 sehr sehr gute Erzählungen) ; South African bank Nedbank advertises with the slogan "A bank isn't a bank isn't a bank." ; Jonathan Safran Foer uses an altercation of the line "A rose is not a rose is not a rose!" and “A bullet’s a bullet’s a bullet!” in his 2003 book Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close. ;

This is a document about Twentieth-century English literature
  The Waste Land. Other important American poets writing early in the 20th century were William Carlos Williams (1883–1963), Robert Frost (1874–1963), who published his first collection in England in 1913, and H.D. (1886–1961). Gertrude Stein (1874–1946), an American expatriate living in Paris, famous for her line "Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose," was also an important literary force during this time period. American poet Marianne Moore (1887–1972) published from the 1920s to the 1960s. But while modernism was to become an important literary movement in the early decades of the new century, there were also many fine writers who, like Thomas

This is a document about Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose
 "A rose is a rose is a rose" and its variants have been contrasted with Shakespeare's "A rose by any other name would smell as sweet". ; The sentence was heavily promoted by Stein's life partner Alice B. Toklas; for example, she sold plates with the sentence going all the way around. ; It is told that Picasso answered to somebody asking the meaning of his paintings: "Go in the garden and ask the rose its meaning." ; Robert Frost alludes to Stein's sentence in his poem "The Rose Family", from the 1929 collection West-Running Brook. ; "Evidente y secreto, como el diamante,

This is a document about Shane Guffogg
  In 2019, Shane Guffogg began the series, A Rose is a Rose is a Rose. This series was inspired by Gertrude Stein and his ranch in Central California. The name of this series comes from a line in Gertrude Stein’s 1913 poem, “Sacred Emily.” He was also inspired by a lecture she spoke at Oxford University where she shared that the word “rose” has three meanings: a person’s name, a flower, and a concept. He also found inspiration from his blooming orchard at his ranch is Central California. There he has planted over 100 different fruit trees and of course roses as well. While up at his ranch, he starts each day tending to this orchard and then begins to paint. The evolution of these plants, blossoming and bearing delicious fruits sparked inspiration for this series. These pieces depict a delicacy of a rose in a silent, abstract form. He utilizes oils on canvas to depict these dreamy shapes and swirl of a rose in an abstract way. They enamor the viewer as Guffogg demonstrates the evolution of a blossoming rose in these works.

This is a document about Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose
  Rose" is a song written by Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman for the 1978 motion picture musical The Magic of Lassie and performed by Pat Boone. ; Irving Stettner in his poem Singing: "A rose is a rose/ is a rose", as Gertrude/ Stein once said,/ and when i sing/ yes, i'm a red rose/ like anything!" ; "Una rosa es una rosa es una rosa", the Spanish translation of Stein's verse, is the chorus of a song by the Spanish pop music group Mecano that appeared on their 1991 album, Aidalai. The pop-flamenco song tells the story of a

This is a document about Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose
  novel Written on the Body: "Sometimes a breast is a breast is a breast." ; "La rosa es una rosa es una rosa" is used in Fernando del Paso's Sonetos con lugares comunes. ; A song by Poe (Anne Danielewski), "A rose is a rose", states "a rose is a rose is a rose is a rose said my good friend Gertrude Stein." ; The computer game Carmen Sandiego features a villain humorously named Rosa Zarrosas-Arroz. ; Jeff Smith in the issue 13 of the Bone series, Fone Bone's love poems begin with "a rose is a rose is a rose". ;

This is a document about Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose
  rose is a rose. That's not bad. It should be quoted." ; Aldous Huxley paraphrases the quotation in his 1954 book The Doors of Perception, writing "A rose is a rose is a rose. But these chair legs were chair legs were St. Michael and all angels." In his 1958 book, Brave New World Revisited, Huxley also referenced the quotation, writing, "An apple is an apple is an apple, whereas the moon is the moon is the moon." ; William Carlos Williams in a poem "The Pink Locust", appearing in his 1955 collection Journey to Love, quotes "a rose is a rose/

This is a document about Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose
  the 2010 movie Scott Pilgrim vs. the World, Stephen Stills says: "A gig is a gig is a gig is a gig." ; Philip Jose Farmer had his character Omar Runic say "That a rose is a rose is a" in an extemporaneous poem he recites in the 1967 novella Riders of the Purple Wage. ; In the 1968 film Where Eagles Dare Major Smith, played by Richard Burton, says "... but what the hell, a hole is a hole is a hole, as they say". ; Vinícius de Moraes, at "Rancho das Flores": "Que uma rosa não é só uma flor

This is a document about Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose
  film adaptation), the character of Albert Peterson refers to the saying in the song "Rosie", in which he sings, "Oh, I once heard a poem that goes / A rose is a rose is a rose / But I don't agree / Take it from me / There's one rose sweeter than any that grows!" ; In 1968, the Portuguese artist João Vieira (1934–2009) painted the oil on canvas Uma Rosa É [A Rose Is], a work later (1971) reproduced on the cover of Colóquio Artes, # 1, a prestigious cultural magazine issued by Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, Lisbon. ; In 1973 avant

This is a document about Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose
  between the fictional characters of Arthur Messenger (a cognitive scientist) and Helen Reed (a novelist). ; James Tenney made a skillful if short setting of "Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose" as a canon dedicated to Philip Corner, beginning with an "a" on an upbeat rhythm and continuing so that each repetition shuffles the words, e.g. "a/rose is a rose/is a rose is/a rose is a/rose." ; Mordecai Richler in his novel Barney's Version ridicules the stupidity of court speeches when the prosecutor ends his opening speech with "murder is murder is murder." ; Jeanette Winterson wrote in

This is a document about Nine Funerals of the Citizen King
  Hodgkinson wrote "Nine Funerals of the Citizen King" in early 1972. He said he composed the piece on a keyboard while he sang. He drew on several sources for the song texts, including Guy Debord's The Society of the Spectacle ("Down beneath the spectacle of free"), Gertrude Stein's "Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose" from her poem Sacred Emily, and Lewis Carroll's nonsense verse, The Hunting of the Snark ("That the Snark was a Boojum all can tell"). Hodgkinson had been reading material on situationism at the time, including works by Debord, Raoul Vaneigem and issues of the journal, Internationale Situationniste. When Hodgkinson presented the composition to Henry Cow, all he had were lyrics and a vocal melody, accompanied by a keyboard. The band added harmony and counterpoints to complete the song. "Nine Funerals

This is a document about Rainbow Honor Walk
  art collector. Born in Oakland, she moved to Paris in 1903 as a young woman, and made France her home for the remainder of her life. There she hosted a salon, where the leading figures of modernism in literature and art would meet. In 1933, Stein published a quasi-memoir of her Paris years, The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, written in the voice of Alice B. Toklas, her life partner. The book became a literary bestseller and vaulted Stein from the relative obscurity of high modernist literature into the limelight of mainstream attention. Two quotes from her works have become widely known: "Rose is a rose is a

This is a document about Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose
  in love with a woman who by turns hurts and soothes him. ; Bret Easton Ellis sent up the sentence in his 1991 novel American Psycho, as narrator Patrick Bateman utters, "a Rolls is a Rolls is a Rolls" during one of his frequent materialist stream-of-consciousness tirades. ; A Rose Is Still a Rose was the title of a 1998 album by soul singer Aretha Franklin and a song from the album by Franklin and Lauryn Hill. The song, written by Hill, also contains the refrain, "What I am is what I am." ; In the liner notes to the 1999 The

This is a document about Robert Browning
  also for certain famous lines: "Grow old along with me!" (Rabbi Ben Ezra), "A man's reach should exceed his grasp" and "Less is more" (Andrea Del Sarto), "It was roses, roses all the way" (The Patriot), and "God's in His heaven—All's right with the world!" (Pippa Passes). His critical reputation rests mainly on his dramatic monologues, in which the words not only convey setting and action but reveal the speaker's character. In a Browning monologue, unlike a soliloquy, the meaning is not what the speaker voluntarily reveals but what he inadvertently gives away, usually while rationalising past actions or special pleading his case to a silent auditor. These monologues have

This is a document about Pansy
  flower began to circulate. Dorothea Lynde Dix proclaims that “Perhaps no flower (not excepting even the queenly rose) claims to be so universal a favorite, as the viola tricolor; none currently has been honored with so rich a variety of names, at once expressive of grace, delicacy and tenderness.” Many of these names play on the whimsical nature of love, including “Three Faces under a Hood,” “Flame Flower,” “Jump Up and Kiss Me,” “Flower of Jove,” and “Pink of my John.” In Hamlet, Ophelia distributes flowers with the remark, "There's pansies, that's for thoughts" (IV.5). Other poets referencing the pansy include Ben Jonson, Bernard Barton, Michael Drayton, Edmund Spenser, William Wakefield, and William Wordsworth.  Nathaniel Hawthorne

Gertrude Stein said "A rose is a rose is a rose" in her poem "Sacred Emily," which was first published in 1913. However, the phrase is often attributed to her earlier, in 1911, in a letter to Alice B. Toklas.


Question: the second energy level can hold how many electrons

Answer: eight

This is a document about Energy level
  can hold up to eight (2 + 6) electrons, the third shell can hold up to 18 (2 + 6 + 10) and so on. The general formula is that the nth shell can in principle hold up to 2(n2) electrons. Since electrons are electrically attracted to the nucleus, an atom's electrons will generally occupy outer shells only if the more inner shells have already been completely filled by other electrons. However, this is not a strict requirement: atoms may have two or even three incomplete outer shells. (See Madelung rule for more details.) For an explanation of why electrons exist in these shells see

This is a document about Atomic orbital
  a number of electrons determined by the Pauli exclusion principle. Thus the n = 1 state can hold one or two electrons, while the n = 2 state can hold up to eight electrons in 2s and 2p subshells. In helium, all n = 1 states are fully occupied; the same is true for n = 1 and n = 2 in neon. In argon, the 3s and 3p subshells are similarly fully occupied by eight electrons; quantum mechanics also allows a 3d subshell but this is at higher energy than the 3s and 3p in argon (contrary to the situation in the hydrogen atom) and remains empty.

This is a document about Electron configuration
  Electron configuration was first conceived under the Bohr model of the atom, and it is still common to speak of shells and subshells despite the advances in understanding of the quantum-mechanical nature of electrons. An electron shell is the set of allowed states that share the same principal quantum number, n (the number before the letter in the orbital label), that electrons may occupy. An atom's nth electron shell can accommodate 2n2 electrons, for example, the first shell can accommodate 2 electrons, the second shell 8 electrons, the third shell 18 electrons and so on. The factor of two arises because the allowed states are doubled due to electron spin—each atomic orbital admits up to two otherwise identical electrons with opposite spin, one with a spin +1⁄2 (usually denoted by an up-arrow) and one with a spin of −1⁄2 (with a down-arrow). A subshell is the set

This is a document about Electron shell
 Each subshell holds at most 2 electrons ; Each subshell holds at most 6 electrons ; Each subshell holds at most 10 electrons ; Each subshell holds at most 14 electrons ; Each subshell holds at most 18 electrons Each subshell is constrained to hold 4' +''' 2 electrons at most, namely: Therefore, the K shell, which contains only an subshell, can hold up to 2 electrons; the L shell, which contains an  and a, can hold up to 2 + 6 = 8 electrons, and so forth; in general, the nth shell can hold up to 2n2 electrons. Although that formula gives the maximum in principle, in fact that maximum is only achieved (in known elements) for the first four shells (K, L, M, N). No known element has more than 32 electrons in any one shell. This is because the subshells are filled according to the Aufbau principle. The first elements to have more than 32 electrons in one shell would belong to the g-block of period 8 of the periodic table. These elements would have some electrons in their subshell and thus have more than 32 electrons in the O shell (fifth principal shell).

This is a document about Aufbau principle
  number. The maximum number of electrons in a subshell (s, p, d, or f) is equal to 2(2l + 1) where l = 0, 1, 2, 3... Thus these subshells can have a maximum of 2, 6, 10, and 14 electrons respectively. In the ground state, the electronic configuration can be built up by placing electrons in the lowest available subshell until the total number of electrons added is equal to the atomic number. Thus subshells are filled in the order of increasing energy, using two general rules to help predict electronic configurations: A version of the aufbau principle known as the nuclear shell model is used to predict the configuration of protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus.

This is a document about Periodic table
  Elements are known with up to the first seven shells occupied. The first shell contains only one orbital, a spherical s orbital. As it is in the first shell, this is called the 1s orbital. This can hold up to two electrons. The second shell similarly contains a 2s orbital, but it also contains three dumbbell-shaped p orbitals, and can thus fill up to eight electrons (2×1 + 2×3 = 8). The third shell contains one 3s orbital, three 3p orbitals, and five 3d orbitals, and thus has a capacity of 2×1 + 2×3 + 2×5 = 18. The fourth shell contains

This is a document about Electron shell
  In chemistry and atomic physics, an electron shell may be thought of as an orbit followed by electrons around an atom's nucleus. The closest shell to the nucleus is called the " shell" (also called the "K shell"), followed by the " shell" (or "L shell"), then the " shell" (or "M shell"), and so on farther and farther from the nucleus. The shells correspond to the principal quantum numbers (n = 1, 2, 3, 4 ...) or are labeled alphabetically with the letters used in X-ray notation (K, L, M, …). Each shell can contain only a fixed number of electrons: The first shell can hold up to two electrons, the second shell can hold up to eight (2 + 6) electrons, the third shell can hold up to 18 (2 + 6 + 10) and so on. The general formula is that the nth shell can in principle hold up to 2(n2) electrons. For an explanation of why electrons exist in these shells see electron configuration. Each shell consists of one or more subshells, and each subshell consists of one or more atomic orbitals.

This is a document about Principal quantum number
  As n increases, the electron is also at a higher energy and is, therefore, less tightly bound to the nucleus. For higher n the electron is farther from the nucleus, on average. For each value of n there are n accepted ℓ (azimuthal) values ranging from 0 to n − 1 inclusively, hence higher-n electron states are more numerous. Accounting for two states of spin, each n-shell can accommodate up to 2n2 electrons. In a simplistic one-electron model described below, the total energy of an electron is a negative inverse quadratic function of the principal quantum number n, leading to degenerate energy levels for each n >

This is a document about Bohr model
  table tend to gain electrons, while atoms to the left tend to lose them. Every element on the last column of the table is chemically inert (noble gas). In the shell model, this phenomenon is explained by shell-filling. Successive atoms become smaller because they are filling orbits of the same size, until the orbit is full, at which point the next atom in the table has a loosely bound outer electron, causing it to expand. The first Bohr orbit is filled when it has two electrons, which explains why helium is inert. The second orbit allows eight electrons, and when it is

This is a document about Quantum number
  in the 2p atomic orbital, are; n = 2 (2nd electron shell), = 1 (p orbital subshell), mundefined = 1, 0, −1 , ms = 1⁄2 (parallel spins). Results from spectroscopy indicated that up to two electrons can occupy a single orbital. However two electrons can never have the same exact quantum state nor the same set of quantum numbers according to Hund's rules, which addresses the Pauli exclusion principle. A fourth quantum number, which represented spin with two possible values, was added as an ad hoc assumption to resolve the conflict; this supposition would later be explained in detail by relativistic quantum mechanics and from the results of the renowned Stern–Gerlach experiment.

This is a document about Electron configuration
  states defined by a common azimuthal quantum number, l, within a shell. The value of l is in the range from 0 to n − 1. The values l = 0, 1, 2, 3 correspond to the s, p, d, and f labels, respectively. For example, the 3d subshell has n = 3 and l = 2. The maximum number of electrons that can be placed in a subshell is given by 2(2l + 1). This gives two electrons in an s subshell, six electrons in a p subshell, ten electrons in a d subshell and fourteen electrons in an f subshell. The numbers of electrons that can occupy each shell and each subshell arise from the equations of quantum mechanics, in particular the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that no two electrons in the same atom can have the same values of the four quantum numbers.

This is a document about Pauli exclusion principle
  can occupy the lowest-energy (1s) states by acquiring opposite spin; as spin is part of the quantum state of the electron, the two electrons are in different quantum states and do not violate the Pauli principle. However, the spin can take only two different values (eigenvalues). In a lithium atom, with three bound electrons, the third electron cannot reside in a 1s state and must occupy one of the higher-energy 2s states instead. Similarly, successively larger elements must have shells of successively higher energy. The chemical properties of an element largely depend on the number of electrons in the outermost shell; atoms with different numbers of

This is a document about Aufbau principle
  atom, meaning that the 1s subshell has 2 electrons, and so on. Electron behavior is elaborated by other principles of atomic physics, such as Hund's rule and the Pauli exclusion principle. Hund's rule asserts that if multiple orbitals of the same energy are available, electrons will occupy different orbitals singly before any are occupied doubly. If double occupation does occur, the Pauli exclusion principle requires that electrons that occupy the same orbital must have different spins (+1⁄2 and −1⁄2). Passing from one element to another of the next higher atomic number, one proton and one electron are added each time to the neutral atom. The maximum number of electrons in any shell is 2n2, where n is the principal

This is a document about Tennessine
  for the more-stabilized and less-stabilized parts of the 7p subshell, respectively. For many theoretical purposes, the valence electron configuration may be represented to reflect the 7p subshell split as 7s7p7p. Differences for other electron levels also exist. For example, the 6d electron levels (also split in two, with four being 6d3/2 and six being 6d5/2) are both raised, so they are close in energy to the 7s ones, although no 6d electron chemistry has been predicted for tennessine. The difference between the 7p1/2 and 7p3/2 levels is abnormally high; 9.8 eV. Astatine's 6p subshell split is only 3.8 eV, and its

This is a document about Photoinduced charge separation
  In 1913 Niels Bohr refined the Rutherford model by stating that the electrons existed in discrete quantized states called energy levels. This meant that the electrons could only occupy orbits at certain energies. The laws of quantum physics apply here, and they don't comply with the laws of classical newtonian mechanics. An electron which is completely free from the atom has an energy of 0 joules (or 0 electronvolts). An electron which is described as being at the "ground state" has an energy which is equal to the ionization energy of the atom. The electron will reside in this energy level under normal circumstances. If a photon of light hits the atom it will be absorbed if, and only if, energy of that photon is equal to the difference between the ground state and another energy level in that atom. This raises the electron to a higher energy level.

This is a document about Moscovium
  electrons move much faster than in lighter atoms, at velocities comparable to the speed of light. In relation to moscovium atoms, it lowers the 7s and the 7p electron energy levels (stabilizing the corresponding electrons), but two of the 7p electron energy levels are stabilized more than the other four. The stabilization of the 7s electrons is called the inert pair effect, and the effect "tearing" the 7p subshell into the more stabilized and the less stabilized parts is called subshell splitting. Computation chemists see the split as a change of the second (azimuthal) quantum number l from 1 to 1⁄2 and

This is a document about Atom
  The potential energy of an electron in an atom is negative relative to when the distance from the nucleus goes to infinity; its dependence on the electron's position reaches the minimum inside the nucleus, roughly in inverse proportion to the distance. In the quantum-mechanical model, a bound electron can occupy only a set of states centered on the nucleus, and each state corresponds to a specific energy level; see time-independent Schrödinger equation for a theoretical explanation. An energy level can be measured by the amount of energy needed to unbind the electron from the atom, and is usually given in units of electronvolts (eV). The lowest energy state of a bound electron is called

This is a document about Octet rule
  The quantum theory of the atom explains the eight electrons as a closed shell with an s2p6 electron configuration. A closed-shell configuration is one in which low-lying energy levels are full and higher energy levels are empty. For example, the neon atom ground state has a full n = 2 shell (2s2 2p6) and an empty n = 3 shell. According to the octet rule, the atoms immediately before and after neon in the periodic table (i.e. C, N, O, F, Na, Mg and Al), tend to attain a similar configuration by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons. The argon atom has an analogous 3s2 3p6 configuration. There is also an empty 3d level,

This is a document about Energy level
  may be thought of as the orbit of one or more electrons around an atom's nucleus. The closest shell to the nucleus is called the " shell" (also called "K shell"), followed by the " shell" (or "L shell"), then the " shell" (or "M shell"), and so on farther and farther from the nucleus. The shells correspond with the principal quantum numbers (n = 1, 2, 3, 4 ...) or are labeled alphabetically with letters used in the X-ray notation (K, L, M, N...). Each shell can contain only a fixed number of electrons: The first shell can hold up to two electrons, the second

This is a document about Moscovium
  for the more stabilized and less stabilized parts of the 7p subshell, respectively. For many theoretical purposes, the valence electron configuration may be represented to reflect the 7p subshell split as 7s7p7p. These effects cause moscovium's chemistry to be somewhat different from that of its lighter congeners. The valence electrons of moscovium fall into three subshells: 7s (two electrons), 7p1/2 (two electrons), and 7p3/2 (one electron). The first two of these are relativistically stabilized and hence behave as inert pairs, while the last is relativistically destabilized and can easily participate in chemistry. (The 6d electrons are not destabilized enough to participate

The second energy level can hold up to 8 electrons.