Question: where did top gear build the bridge in thailand

Answer: over the Kok River

This is a document about Kok River
  In October 2013 the cast and crew of the British television show Top Gear constructed a bridge over the Kok as part of their Burma Special. The bridge was originally planned to be built over the River Kwai, but the River Fang which flows into the Kok was chosen accidentally. The show aired in two parts on 9 March 2014 and 16 March 2014. Following production of the episode, the bridge was taken down, despite the producers and crew wanting it to stay in use for the locals.

This is a document about Top Gear controversies
  The show was investigated by Ofcom after the words "Pikey Peak" was depicted on a placard on the show. The Top Gear presenters go across Burma and Thailand in lorries with the goal of building a bridge over the river Kwai. After building a bridge over the Kok River, Clarkson is quoted as saying "That is a proud moment, but there's a slope on it." as a native crosses the bridge, 'slope' being a pejorative for Asians. Top Gear Executive Producer Andy Wilman responded: "When we used the word slope in the recent Top Gear Burma Special it was a light-hearted

This is a document about Top Gear challenges
  Series Twenty-One, Episode Six and Seven The three presenters find themselves travelling out to Burma for a road trip to Thailand and the River Kwai, each taking with them a second-hand lorry that they will use to build a bridge over it - Clarkson buys an Isuzu TX that has an extensive stereo setup in the cab and a dumper truck layout in the back, Hammond purchases another Isuzu TX, but modified with extensive space for carrying large volume loads, while May acquires a Hino FB110 with a crane on the back. Starting their journey in the country's old capital of Rangoon, they continue through Naypyidaw, before crossing into Thailand. They are challenged with building a bridge across the River Kwai, then driving over it with their trucks, but realise when constructing the bridge that they are actually at the River Kok. All Winners

This is a document about Bhumibol Bridge
  Bangkok and surrounding areas, especially the industrial area around Khlong Toei Port, southern Bangkok, and Samut Prakan Province. According to tradition, all bridges over the Chao Phraya in Bangkok are named after a member of the royal family. In October 2009, it was announced that both bridges would be named after King Bhumibol Adulyadej, with the northern bridge officially named "Bhumibol 1 Bridge" and the southern bridge "Bhumibol 2 Bridge". The unofficial name "Mega Bridge" was also widely used. The bridge was featured on the Discovery Channel. Even though the bridges are the fastest way to drive from Phra Pradaeng District, Samut Prakan Province to Bangkok, motorcycles were banned from using the two Bhumibol bridges from 1 November 2018 due to safety concerns.

This is a document about The Amazing Race Asia 1
 Queenstown (Queenstown Airport) to Singapore (Changi Airport) ; Singapore (MacPherson – Caltex Petrol Station) ; Singapore (Suntec City – Fountain of Wealth) ; Singapore (Changi Airport) to Bangkok, Thailand (Don Mueang International Airport) ; Bang Pa-in (Wat Niwet Thammaprawat) ; Bangkok (Golden Mount) ; Bangkok (Larn Luang Road and Pig Memorial or Pak Khlong Talat) ; Bangkok (Wat Pho) Additional tasks ; At the Caltex station, each team had to clean up an extremely dirty Ford Focus car until the Caltex employee in charge was satisfied to receive their next clue. ; At Wat Niwet Thamaprawat, teams had to take a cable car over the river and then search the temple grounds for several clue boxes. Only one of these

This is a document about Top Gear (2002 TV series)
  2006 issue of Top Gear magazine, he voiced his opinion that the BBC did not take Top Gear seriously. He has also commented on his dislike of BBC bosses for choosing the length of the series and for often replacing the programme with snooker (which Clarkson labelled as "drunk men playing billiards"), despite Top Gear having considerably higher viewing figures. In March 2014, Indian-born actress Somi Guha made a formal complaint to BBC for $1.8 million, for a racist term used after building a bridge over the Kok River in the Burma Special. Upon its completion, Clarkson said, "That's a proud moment, but there's a slope on it", and Richard Hammond added, "Yeah,

This is a document about Top Gear (series 21)
  In the second part of the Burma Special, a scene showing the presenters looking over their completed bridge over the Kok River, featured a moment in which a native of the area is crossing the bridge as Jeremy Clarkson says to Richard Hammond about their finished work - "That is a proud moment, but there's a slope on it." Following the broadcast of the second part, complaints of racism arose in regard to the comment, primarily citing that "slope" was a derogatory term for an Asian, leading to Top Gear and Andy Wilman, the show's executive producer, apologising for any offence caused by it in late April 2014, while subsequently cutting the scene from future repeats of the special. In a statement by Wilman to the media, the

This is a document about Top Gear: Middle East Special
  watched by 792,000 viewers. The adventure was included in the "Top Gear – The Great Adventures 1–4" DVD box set released in 2016. Planning for the episode began in January 2010, with the concept of the Baby Stig added later as a plot device to introduce a new Stig following the departure of Ben Collins. The Top Gear convoy included support vehicles for camera crews and the production team, plus a medic and a private security team. Filming took place during October 2010, with the convoy negotiating the Sheikh Hussein Bridge border crossing from Jordan to Israel on 19 October 2010.

This is a document about The Amazing Race 26
 Phuket (Phuket International Airport) to Bangkok (Don Mueang International Airport) ; Bangkok (Wat Yan Nawa) ; Bangkok (Wat Yan Nawa – Mekhala Pier) ; Bangkok (Snooker Club and Caturday Café or Wat Klang Food Market and Wat Paknam Bhasicharoen) ; Bangkok (Pathum Wan Siang Gong) ; Bangkok (Wat Ratchanatdaram – Maha Chetsadabodin Pavilion Court overlooking Loha Prasat) Additional task ; After the Roadblock, teams had to figure out that the clue, a piece of fabric with the inscription "Metal Castle" from a screwdriver, directed them to the Pit Stop at Loha Prasat in Wat Ratchanatdaram. Airdate: March 13, 2015 For their Speed Bump, Harley &

This is a document about Jeremy Clarkson
  Burma Special, which aired March 2014, Clarkson and Hammond were seen admiring a wooden bridge, which they had built during the episode. Clarkson is quoted as saying "That is a proud moment, but there's a slope on it" as a native crosses the bridge, "slope" being a pejorative for Asians. Top Gear Executive Producer Andy Wilman responded: "When we used the word slope in the recent Top Gear Burma Special it was a light-hearted word play joke referencing both the build quality of the bridge and the local Asian man who was crossing it. We were not aware at the time, and

This is a document about The Amazing Race 9
 Darwin (Darwin International Airport) to Bangkok, Thailand (Bangkok International Airport) ; Bangkok (Mo Chit Bus Terminal) to Lopburi (Lopburi Bus Station) ; Lopburi (Prang Sam Yot) ; Pho Kao Ton (Bo Ngoen Pla Pao Restaurant) ; Pak Kret (Wat Sanam Nua Pier) to Ko Kret Island (Wat Poramaiyikawas Pier) ; Ko Kret Island (Buddha Garden) ; Ko Kret Island (Jom Jam Pottery Factory or Wat Chimphli) ; Bangkok (Marble Temple) Additional note ; The clue at Prang Sam Yot contained an additional envelope inside that informed teams to not open it until they reached the Pit Stop. The team whose envelope contained a golden

This is a document about The Stig
  one of the most popular questions of all time, along with the meaning of life. The Stig has been notionally "spotted" in the wild in images collected for Google Street View. He was photographed by a Street View car standing on the side of the A82 road in Loch Ness, Scotland. He was also captured by a Street View tricycle in three locations within Legoland Windsor in Berkshire, including riding a go-kart and sitting on a camel. A Street View image taken from the A40 Westway of the Stig apparently standing in a window of the Top Gear office was reportedly just a cardboard cut-out. The BBC has capitalised on

This is a document about Rama IX Bridge
  Rama IX Bridge (สะพานพระราม ๙,, ) is a bridge in Bangkok, Thailand over the Chao Phraya River. It connects the Yan Nawa District to Rat Burana District as a part of the Dao Khanong – Port Section of Chalerm Maha Nakhon Expressway. The bridge was named in the honor of King Bhumibol Adulyadej's 60th birthday. The opening date coincided with the king's birthday, with a million people walking over it. It was the first cable-stayed bridge in Thailand and had the second-longest cable-stayed span in the world when it opened in 1987. The original colour scheme, with white pylons and black cables, was replaced with an all yellow scheme representing the king in 2006.

This is a document about The Man with the Golden Gun (film)
   Filming commenced on 6 November 1973 at the partly submerged wreck of the RMS Queen Elizabeth, which acted as a top-secret MI6 base grounded in Victoria Harbour in Hong Kong. The crew was small, and a stunt double was used for James Bond. Other Hong Kong locations included the Hong Kong Dragon Garden as the estate of Hai Fat, which portrayed a location in Bangkok. The major part of principal photography started on 18 April 1974 in Thailand. Thai locations included Bangkok, Thonburi, Phuket and nearby Phang Nga Province, on the islands of Ko Khao Phing Kan (เกาะเขาพิงกัน) and Ko Tapu (เกาะตะปู). Scaramanga's hideout is on Ko Khao Phing Kan, and Ko Tapu is often

This is a document about Taksin Bridge
  The Taksin Bridge (สะพานสมเด็จพระเจ้าตากสินมหาราช,, ; usually abbreviated to simply สะพานตากสิน, ), or commonly known as Sathon Bridge (สะพานสาทร, , ) is a bridge crossing the Chao Phraya River in Bangkok, Thailand.

This is a document about Filming of James Bond in the 1970s
  On 6 November 1973 filming commenced at the part-submerged wreck of the RMS Queen Elizabeth, which acted as a top-secret MI6 base grounded in Victoria Harbour in Hong Kong. The crew was small, and a stunt double was used for James Bond. The major part of principal photography started in April 1974 in Thailand. Thai locations included Bangkok, Thon Buri, Phuket and the nearby Phang Nga Province, on the islands of Ko Khao Phing Kan (เกาะเขาพิงกัน) and Ko Tapu (เกาะตะปู). Scaramanga's hideout is on Ko Khao Phing Kan, and Ko Tapu is often now referred to as James Bond Island

This is a document about Top Gear Races
  Series Eleven, Episode Four (13 July 2008) In what is commonly agreed to be the closest Top Gear race ever staged, Clarkson drove a Nissan GT-R through Japan, from Hakui, Ishikawa to Mount Nokogiri, while Hammond and May took public transport—most notably the 168 mph Shinkansen. Before even setting off, Hammond and May were certain that the car couldn't win because of the speed-limits on Japan's motorway network, the near constant presence of speed cameras and the fact that the car had to drive through Tokyo which May described at the time as the most congested city in the world, not to mention the fact that Japan had

This is a document about The Amazing Race 16
 Baie Ste Anne (Baie Ste Anne Jetty) to Victoria, Mahé (Port of Victoria) ; Victoria (Seychelles International Airport) to George Town, Penang, Malaysia (Penang International Airport) ; Bayan Lepas (Snake Temple) ; Air Itam (Tien Kong Than Temple) or George Town (Esplanade) ; Teluk Bahang (Kuil Sri Singamuga Kaliamman) ; Teluk Bahang (Tropical Spice Garden) ; George Town (Pinang Peranakan Mansion) Additional note ; After leaving the Pit Stop, teams had to take a boat to the island of Mahé at 2:00 a.m. Airdate: April 4, 2010 This leg's Detour was a choice between Buddhist Tradition or Chinese Custom. In Buddhist Tradition, teams traveled to the Tien Kong Than Temple and carried a series of joss sticks to the top of the temple. After arranging them in the proper order, teams lit them and received their next clue. In Chinese Custom, teams traveled to the Esplanade in George

This is a document about Land Rover Discovery
  in, and what gear was selected on automatic versions. The vehicle was lauded by the press, with the Terrain Response system, improved on-road dynamics, and interior design receiving particular praise. Jeremy Clarkson of the BBC's Top Gear motoring show drove one to the top of Cnoc an Fhreiceadain, a 307 m mountain near Tongue in northern Scotland, where no vehicle had previously reached. Richard Hammond, presenter of Top Gear, praised it as the "Best 4X4 of all time". In Australia, the vehicle was awarded "4WD of the Year" by the 4WD Press. The Discovery 3 was planned to be assembled from complete knock-down kits at Ford's Vsevolozhsk

This is a document about Top Gear Races
  Series Six, Episode Six (3 July 2005) In what is still the longest Top Gear race in terms of both time and distance, Clarkson (in a Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren) raced Hammond and May from Heathrow airport to Oslo, Norway. With the car having so far beaten a train and a plane, Hammond and May decided to use a Cruise Ferry as their primary mode of public transport. Before setting off, May did admit that he had every confidence in the car being able to beat the boat, but thought that the physical toll of driving the huge distance would be too much for

Top Gear built the bridge over the River Kok in Thailand.


Question: who sings it was right on the tip of my tongue

Answer: Tommy Quickly

This is a document about Right on the Tip of My Tongue
  "Right on the Tip of My Tongue" is a song written by Van McCoy and Joe Cobb and performed by Brenda & the Tabulations. It reached #10 on the U.S. R&B chart and #23 on the U.S. pop chart in 1971. The song was arranged by Van McCoy and produced by McCoy and Gilda Woods. This song is noted for Brenda's spoken recitation in the Coda section, which leads to the song's surprising end. The song ranked #97 on Billboard magazine's Top 100 singles of 1971.

This is a document about Tip of My Tongue (Lynsey de Paul song)
  "Tip of My Tongue" is a song written by Lynsey de Paul and Barry Blue (originally registered as "On the Tip of My Tongue"). It was first released as the fifth single by Brotherly Love (a Liverpool-based group composed of three brothers, Mike, Ronnie and Lee Carroll, who are brothers of impressionist Faith Brown) with the song "I Love Everything About You" as the flip side on CBS Records in 1973 and was produced by Phil Wainman. The group performed the song on the Granada TV programme Lift Off With Ayshea on 22 June 1973. The song received positive reviews from the British music press, and the brothers were interviewed about the single but it did

This is a document about Tip of My Tongue (Diesel song)
  "Tip of My Tongue" is a song by Australian rock musician Diesel. It was included on his debut album, Hepfidelity (1992). It peaked at number 4 in Australia and 3 in New Zealand. At the ARIA Music Awards of 1993, the song was nominated for ARIA Award for Single of the Year, but lost to "The Day You Went Away" by Wendy Matthews.

This is a document about Mustard production discography
 00. "Tip Of Yo Tongue"

This is a document about Tip of My Tongue (Kenny Chesney song)
  "Tip of My Tongue" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Kenny Chesney. It was released in July 2019 as the first single from his 2020 album Here and Now. Chesney wrote this song with songwriter Ross Copperman and English singer Ed Sheeran, and co-produced it with Copperman.

This is a document about Tip of My Tongue (Lynsey de Paul song)
  reach the UK Singles Chart. Barry Blue was credited as "Barry Green" on this release. The female soul trio Ellie (aka the Hope Sisters - Ellie, Christine and Kathy) released their version of "Tip of My Tongue" produced by Barry Blue as a single (backed by "Someone's Stolen My Marbles") on the Fresh Air record label in the UK, on London Records in North America and on the Phillips label in Germany, France and Australia in 1974. They performed the song on the German TV music program, Hits a Go Go, on 22 October 1974. The song was also included on the German 1975 compilation album Various – 26 Original Top Hits. It was also chosen

This is a document about Liquid Gold
  Liquid Gold was formed by Ray and Ellie, who had met auditioning to play in Babe Ruth, a group that released four albums between 1972 and 1975. Both of them worked on the band's last album, Kid Stuff. Ellie Hope also had a modicum of previous success with her sisters in the soul group "Ellie" scoring a notable single "Tip of My Tongue" and also singing on Mud's hit single "Oh Boy". They then recruited Wally "Eddie" Rothe and Syd Twynham under the name Dream Coupe; after a few shows they signed to Creole Records, a Polo Records subsidiary, and changed their name to Liquid Gold. Their first single,

This is a document about The Remo Four
  early 1963, Prytherch decided to get married and find a regular job, and Roy Dyke took his place in the band. Stokes also left and was replaced by Phil Rogers. That year the band signed up with Epstein's NEMS Enterprises and acquired a new lead singer, Tommy Quickly, and a recording contract with Piccadilly Records, backing Quickly on Lennon and McCartney's "Tip of My Tongue" and other songs. The band also released instrumentals, including a driving rendition of Henry Mancini's Peter Gunn theme. In a significant line-up change, Tony Ashton (keyboards/vocals) replaced Don Andrew, with Rogers moving to bass. Another NEMS artist, Billy J. Kramer, became a frontman

This is a document about 1990 in music
  Promised Myself" – Nick Kamen (#1 AUT, SWE, #3 SWI) • "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For" – The Chimes (#2 NOR) #6 UK, IRL, NZ) • "Itsy Bitsy Teenie Weenie Yellow Polka Dot Bikini" – Bombalurina (#1 UK) • "It's Here" – Kim Wilde (#4 (FIN), #6 (DEN, NOR)) • "It's On You" – M.C. Sar & The Real McCoy • "It Must Have Been Love" – Roxette • "It Takes Two" – Rod Stewart & Tina Turner (#3 (NLD), #4 (IRL, IT), #5 (UK)) • "I've Been Thinking About You" – Londonbeat (#1 (AUS, AUT, BE, CAN, FIN,

This is a document about Brenda & the Tabulations
  The group had a distinctive, almost doo-wop sound, especially at the start, featuring Payton's sweet occasionally rough-edged vocals with background male harmonies. The line-up changed around 1971 with the original three men departing. Two female backing singers (Pat Mercer and Deborah Martin) were brought into the group. Brenda and the Tabulations had one major US hit, entitled "Dry Your Eyes". The group also worked with producer and recording artist Van McCoy with whom they scored the moderate US hit "Right on the Tip of my Tongue". Several other songs became hits or moderate hits on the US soul singles chart

This is a document about Tommy Quickly
 "Tip of My Tongue" (Lennon–McCartney) / "Heaven Only Knows" (August 1963, Piccadilly 7N 35137) ; "Kiss Me Now” / "No Other Love" (1963, Piccadilly 7N 35151) ; "Prove It" (Gerry Marsden) / "Haven't You Noticed" (1964, Piccadilly 7N 35167) ; You Might As Well Forget Him" / "It's As Simple As That" (1964, Piccadilly 7N 35183) ; "The Wild Side of Life" / "Forget the Other Guy" (October 1964, Pye 7N 15708) UK No. 33 ; "Humpty Dumpty" / "I'll Go Crazy" (December 1964, Pye 7N 15748)

This is a document about Diesel (musician)
  his solo Rock 'n' Soul Tour, early in 1992, with Yak Sherrit on drums, Leslie Barlow on backing vocals, Matthew Branton on bass guitar, Jim Hilbun on rhythm guitar (ex-The Angels) and Roger Mason on keyboards (Models). His next release, "Tip of my Tongue", appeared in February 1992, reaching No. 4 and becoming his highest charting single. It was followed a month later by his debut solo album, Hepfidelity, produced by Don Gehman and Manning, recorded in Los Angeles and Memphis. The album peaked at No. 1 on the ARIA charts and went on to sell more than 200,000 copies. A further two singles were issued, "Man Alive", in May, which

This is a document about Hortense Ellis
  siblings toured Canada in 1970 but the following year, Ellis was back in Jamaica where she married Mikey "Junior" Saunders with whom she had five children in quick succession. Although her live performances suffered as a result, she remained busy in the studio. Recording under the name Mahalia Saunders for producer Lee "Scratch" Perry, she recorded several sides including "Right on the Tip of My Tongue" and "Piece of My Heart". Ellis' success came in the late 1970s with a song recorded for Gussie Clarke. "Unexpected Places" was a big hit in Jamaica and also in Britain where it appeared on the Hawkeye label. For producer Bunny "Striker" Lee, Ellis became Queen Tiney

This is a document about Fifth Doctor
 Tip of the Tongue by Patrick Ness

This is a document about Tip of My Tongue (Tommy Quickly song)
  "Tip of My Tongue" is a single by Tommy Quickly. Written by Paul McCartney and attributed to the songwriting partnership of Lennon–McCartney, it was one of their relatively few songs that were never officially released by the Beatles. Several takes of this song were recorded on 26 November 1962 at EMI Studios, although George Martin was dissatisfied with the results. This session has yet to emerge on any of the Beatles bootlegs. Surprisingly, although Quickly's version was released in the UK as Beatlemania was taking off, the single was a flop and proved merely the first of a series of career disappointments for the singer. "Tip of My Tongue" remains one of only three original A-sides written by Lennon–McCartney not to have at least made the UK charts upon its initial release; the others being "One & One Is Two" by The Strangers with Mike Shannon and Peter and Gordon's "I Don't Want to See You Again", which did at least chart in the US, peaking at #16.

This is a document about Pocket Rockers
 Bananarama ; "I Heard a Rumour" The Bangles ; "Walk Like an Egyptian" / "Manic Monday" The Beach Boys ; "Surfin' Safari" / "Surfin' U.S.A." Beastie Boys ; "(You Gotta) Fight for Your Right (To Party!)" Chuck Berry ; "Johnny B. Goode" / "Rock and Roll Music" Bon Jovi ; "Livin' on a Prayer" / "Runaway" ; "Wanted Dead or Alive" / "You Give Love a Bad Name" Boston ; "Amanda" / "Can'tcha Say/Still In Love"" Breakfast Club ; "Right on Track" / "Kiss and Tell" Belinda Carlisle ; "Heaven Is a Place on Earth" / "I Get Weak" The Champs ; "Tequila" Phil Collins ; "Sussudio" / "Don't Lose My Number" Cutting Crew ; "(I Just) Died In Your Arms" / "I've Been

This is a document about Colin Campsie
  In the 1980s, Campsie co-wrote and produced the U.S. dance hit "Baby Doll" for the girl group Girls Can't Help It and was also closely involved with, but not a member of the pop band Go West. Campsie then turned his talents to songwriting, including the Chantelle Houghton song "I Want It Right Now" (originally slated for Kylie Minogue) via the spoof group Kandy Floss. He has also written tracks for Natalie Imbruglia, including "Don't You Think?" and "Wishing I Was There" (a U.S. Billboard top 10 hit) on Imbruglia's debut album Left of the Middle. Campsie also co-wrote the

This is a document about Van McCoy
  Pips, Chris Bartley and The Ad Libs. He came into his own after first working for top producers Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller as a writer, and then signing with the major April-Blackwood music publishing concern, connected with Columbia Records. McCoy went on to write a string of hits as the 1960s progressed. He penned "Giving Up" for Gladys Knight & the Pips (later a hit for both The Ad Libs and Donny Hathaway), "The Sweetest Thing This Side of Heaven" for Chris Bartley, "When You're Young and in Love" for Ruby & the Romantics (later a hit for The Marvelettes), "Right on the Tip of My Tongue" for Brenda & the Tabulations, "Baby I'm Yours" for Barbara Lewis,

This is a document about Secrets (The Dooleys album)
  the follow-up single "The Dancer", which was released by Epic. In Japan, a third single was released; "Tokyo Feeling". Track "Tip of My Tongue" (co-written by Lynsey De Paul) had previously been recorded by Barry Blue himself and also as a single by Liquid Gold's Ellie Hope, while track "Love Me, Love Me Do" had been recorded (but never released) a year earlier by pop duo Dollar as "Living Each Day for You". Soon after the album's release three members of the group departed to live in South Africa and a new female singer was employed, making the group now a six-piece. Some new tracks were recorded and released along with several songs

This is a document about Wicked Tinkers
  began attending the College of Piping Summer School in 1982, becoming an instructor there in 1996. Aaron has been a Piping Judge with WUSPBA since 2000 and, in addition to his private students, teaches at the California Summer School of Piping and Drumming and the Jim Thomson US School of Piping and Drumming and various seminars around the country. Aaron Shaw has recorded bagpipes for Bonnie Raitt on "Luck of the Draw". He also played for Owl on "The Right Thing" track called Rover about Chris Wyse's Irish connection. He played for Lee Dewyze on American Idol Season 9. The band has evolved

The song "Right on the Tip of My Tongue" was first recorded by Brenda & the Tabulations in 1971.


Question: who created the concept of the broken windows theory and what was it

Answer: George L. Kelling

This is a document about Museum of Broken Windows
  The Broken Windows theory is a criminological theory that was first introduced by social scientists James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling in a 1982 issue of The Atlantic Monthly, in which they argue that areas exhibiting visible evidence of anti-social behaviour such as graffiti and vandalism act as catalysts for the occurrence of more serious crimes. Despite the fact that there is still debate in regards to the relationship between crime reduction and the policing policies inspired by the hypothesis, the theory was later applied in numerous locations around the United States, most notably in New York City following the 1993 election of Mayor Rudy Giuliani. Along with incumbent police commissioner William J. Bratton, Giuliani promoted the use of "broken windows policing" across the city by enforcing stricter policing

This is a document about Broken windows theory
   The broken windows theory is a criminological theory that states that visible signs of crime, anti-social behavior, and civil disorder create an urban environment that encourages further crime and disorder, including serious crimes. The theory suggests that policing methods that target minor crimes, such as vandalism, loitering, public drinking, jaywalking and fare evasion, help to create an atmosphere of order and lawfulness. The theory was introduced in a 1982 article by social scientists James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling. It was further popularized in the 1990s by New York City police commissioner William Bratton and Mayor Rudy Giuliani, whose policing policies were influenced by the theory. The theory became subject to great debate both within the social sciences and the public sphere. Broken windows policing has become associated with controversial police practices, such as the high use of stop-and-frisk in New York City in the decade up to 2013. In response, Bratton and Kelling have written that broken windows policing should not be treated as "zero tolerance" or "zealotry", but as a method that requires "careful training, guidelines, and supervision" and a positive relationship with communities, thus linking it to community policing.

This is a document about Crime in New York City
  The broken windows theory is a criminological theory of the norm-setting and signalling effect of urban disorder and vandalism on additional crime and anti-social behavior. The theory states that maintaining and monitoring urban environments in a well-ordered condition may stop further vandalism and escalation into more serious crime.

This is a document about Broken windows theory
  James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling first introduced the broken windows theory in an article titled "Broken Windows", in the March 1982 issue of The Atlantic Monthly. "Social psychologists and police officers tend to agree that if a window in a building is broken and is left unrepaired, all the rest of the windows will soon be broken. This is as true in nice neighborhoods as in rundown ones. Window-breaking does not necessarily occur on a large scale because some areas are inhabited by determined window-breakers whereas others are populated by window-lovers; rather, one un-repaired broken window is a signal that no one cares, and so breaking more windows costs nothing. (It has always been fun.)" The article received a great deal

This is a document about Crime prevention through environmental design
 The "broken windows" theory, put forth by James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling in 1982, explored the impact that visible deterioration and neglect in neighborhoods have on behavior. Property maintenance was added as a CPTED strategy on par with surveillance, access control and territoriality. The Broken Windows theory may go hand in hand with CPTED. Crime is attracted to the areas that are not taken care of or abandoned.  CPTED adds a pride of ownership feeling to the community. With no more "broken windows" in certain neighborhoods, crime will continue to decline and eventually fall out completely. ; Canadian academicians Patricia and Paul Brantingham published Environmental Criminology in 1981. According to the authors, a crime takes place when all of the essential elements are present. These elements consist of: a law, an offender, a target, and a place. They characterize

This is a document about Environmental criminology
  that place. The broken windows theory is the idea that there is importance to disorder when it comes to assisting and generating crime. General disorder leads to fear from a community, which allows for more crime to be committed because of decreased social control. In other words, an un-fixed broken window will ultimately lead to more broken windows. Smaller problems such as drugs or gangs in a community that are not being actively taken care of by the police cause people to leave these areas out of fear. As the area becomes scarcer in population, the crime will progressively become more serious.

This is a document about Broken windows theory
  Before the introduction of this theory by Wilson and Kelling, Philip Zimbardo, a Stanford psychologist, arranged an experiment testing the broken-window theory in 1969. Zimbardo arranged for an automobile with no license plates and the hood up to be parked idle in a Bronx neighbourhood and a second automobile, in the same condition, to be set up in Palo Alto, California. The car in the Bronx was attacked within minutes of its abandonment. Zimbardo noted that the first "vandals" to arrive were a family—a father, mother, and a young son—who removed the radiator and battery. Within twenty-four hours of its abandonment, everything of value had been stripped from the vehicle. After that, the car's windows were smashed in, parts torn, upholstery ripped, and children were using the car as a playground. At the same time, the vehicle sitting idle in Palo Alto

This is a document about Police brutality in the United States
  Since the 1980s, police departments have adopted the broken windows theory, as advocated by criminologists like George L. Kelling and James Q. Wilson. This theory posits that signs of disorder or decay in neighborhoods (such as broken windows, graffiti, loitering, drug use, prostitution, etc.) create an impression that the area is neglected, thereby leading to further chaos and crime. Therefore, if police departments directly respond to smaller neighborhood issues, they can help prevent larger issues. By the 1990s, police departments had increasingly adopted this philosophy, and they adopted policing methods inspired by it, such as stop-and-frisk in New York City (adopted in 2001). Police departments were empowered to intervene in civilian life and act as moral authorities. Meanwhile, the problems associated with poor living standards were blamed on civilians, rather than political or economic forces. Consequently, police were given the ability to increase arrests, aggressive policing, and harassment of civilians, which further contributed to police brutality and racial profiling.

This is a document about Scanning, Analysis, Response, and Assessment
  SARA was first proposed in 1987 by John E. Eck and William Spelman of the Police Executive Research Forum. Police interventions based on SARA increased as a result of the broken windows theory of crime first proposed in the 1980s.

This is a document about Manhattan Institute for Policy Research
  influence "Broken Windows" had on his thinking as mayor. Giuliani appointed Kelling's intellectual collaborator William J. Bratton as New York City Police Commissioner in 1994, saying, "I chose Bill Bratton because he agreed with the Broken Windows theory". In 1998, George Kelling and Catherine Coles expanded on this idea in their book, Broken Windows: Restoring Order and Reducing Crime in Our Communities, arguing that control of disorderly behavior in public places generally will lead to a significant drop in serious crime. Police chiefs like William Bratton (in both New York and Los Angeles) have implemented "broken windows" and related policies,

This is a document about Criminal justice reform in the United States
  Broken windows policing, or quality of life policing, is based on a criminological theory known as broken windows theory. This theory suggests that repairing broken windows in buildings and other forms of physical disorder within a city indicate whether or not there is crime. When translated to policing tactics, minor offenses are targeted as a way to deter greater, more serious crime. Reformers point to the ways that broken windows policing negatively impacts communities of color through criminalization and excessive force. Additionally, it is typically seen as responsible for over policing and the militarization of neighborhoods. Offenses such as drug possession, "suspicious" activities or mental health crises often lead to the characterization of a neighborhood as disorderly and in need of stronger policing. Opponents of broken windows policing and theory suggest that this leads to the inherent criminalization of poor, minority and homeless individuals. It creates a stigma that reinforces the underlying problems that lead to the perception of crime within the neighborhood. Additionally, those that oppose the theory suggest that these issues are improperly addressed by law enforcement and instead should be treated by social workers or healthcare professionals.

This is a document about Zero tolerance
  to the Safe and Clean Neighborhoods Act, which was approved in New Jersey in 1973 and had the same underlying assumptions. The ideas behind the 1973 New Jersey policy were later popularized in 1982, when a US cultural magazine, The Atlantic Monthly, published an article by James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling about the broken windows theory of crime. Their name for the idea comes from the following example: "Consider a building with a few broken windows. If the windows are not repaired, the tendency is for vandals to break a few more windows. Eventually, they may even break

This is a document about Broken windows theory
  In 1985, the New York City Transit Authority hired George L. Kelling, the author of Broken Windows, as a consultant. Kelling was later hired as a consultant to the Boston and the Los Angeles police departments. One of Kelling's adherents, David L. Gunn, implemented policies and procedures based on the Broken Windows Theory, during his tenure as President of the New York City Transit Authority. One of his major efforts was to lead a campaign from 1984 to 1990 to rid graffiti from New York's subway system. In 1990, William J. Bratton became head of the New York City Transit Police. Bratton was influenced by Kelling, describing him as his "intellectual mentor". In his role, he implemented

This is a document about Manhattan Institute for Policy Research
  The institute has pioneered reforms in policing, most notably the use of community policing methods and more specifically quality-of-life policing, also known as "broken windows theory" after the landmark 1982 Atlantic Monthly article "Broken Windows" by James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling. Broken Windows posits that dealing more effectively and comprehensively with low-level quality of life crime would reduce more high-profile violent crime. Broken Windows policing was put to its first major large-scale test in the mid-1990s after the election of Rudolph Giuliani as mayor of New York City. Giuliani was an outspoken advocate of community policing, frequently citing

This is a document about Deviance (sociology)
  Broken windows theory states that an increase in minor crimes such as graffiti, would eventually lead to and encourage an increase in larger transgressions. This suggests that greater policing on minor forms of deviance would lead to a decrease in major crimes. The theory has been tested in a variety of settings including New York City in the 90s. Compared to the country's average at the time, violent crime rates fell 28 percent as a result of the campaign. Critics of the theory question the direct causality of the policing and statistical changes that occurred.

This is a document about Big Robot
  Keith Stuart of The Guardian described some of these—"Reactivating a communications tower will get the word out about clean-up efforts, [...] the trade plaza represents commerce and a system that pumps curry into every home is a great allegory for everyday utilities." Rossignol says that Fallen City is based around the "broken windows theory" of James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling, which says that keeping an area in good-repair changes a populations outlook and so prevents further vandalism and prevents a descent into more serious crimes. In an interview in The Guardian, Rossignol states that "The reason the Angries have trashed their city is because they have been promised too much by the people in charge; the promises haven't been fulfilled and they've ended up feeling frustrated and alienated. So they've deliberately trashed the city – to get what they were promised."

This is a document about Police
  adopt community policing strategies, and others adopted problem-oriented policing. Broken windows' policing was another, related approach introduced in the 1980s by James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling, who suggested that police should pay greater attention to minor "quality of life" offenses and disorderly conduct. The concept behind this method is simple: broken windows, graffiti, and other physical destruction or degradation of property create an environment in which crime and disorder is more likely. The presence of broken windows and graffiti sends a message that authorities do not care and are not trying to correct problems in these areas. Therefore, correcting these small problems prevents more serious criminal activity. The theory was popularised

This is a document about Quality of life
  Some crimes against property (e.g., graffiti and vandalism) and some "victimless crimes" have been referred to as "quality-of-life crimes." American sociologist James Q. Wilson encapsulated this argument as the broken windows theory, which asserts that relatively minor problems left unattended (such as litter, graffiti, or public urination by homeless individuals) send a subliminal message that disorder in general is being tolerated, and as a result, more serious crimes will end up being committed (the analogy being that a broken window left broken shows an image of general dilapidation). Wilson's theories have been used to justify the implementation of zero tolerance policies by many prominent American mayors, most notably Oscar Goodman in Las Vegas, Richard Riordan in Los Angeles, Rudolph Giuliani in New York City and Gavin Newsom in San Francisco. Such policies refuse to tolerate even minor crimes; proponents argue that this will improve the quality of life of local residents. However, critics of zero tolerance policies believe that such policies neglect investigation on a case-by-case basis and may lead to unreasonably harsh penalties for crimes.

This is a document about Parable of the broken window
  The parable of the broken window was introduced by French economist Frédéric Bastiat in his 1850 essay "Ce qu'on voit et ce qu'on ne voit pas" ("That Which We See and That Which We Do Not See") to illustrate why destruction, and the money spent to recover from destruction, is not actually a net benefit to society. The parable seeks to show how opportunity costs, as well as the law of unintended consequences, affect economic activity in ways that are unseen or ignored. The belief that destruction is good for the economy is consequently known as the broken window fallacy or glazier's fallacy.

This is a document about Social control
  In the United States, early societies were able to easily expel individuals deemed undesirable from public space through vagrancy laws and other forms of banishment. In the 1960s and 1970s, however, these exclusion orders were denounced as unconstitutional in America and consequently were rejected by the US Supreme Court. The introduction of broken windows theory in the 1980s transformed the concepts cities used to form policies, to circumvent the previous issue of unconstitutionality. According to the theory, the environment of a particular space signals its health to the public, including to potential vandals. By maintaining an organized environment, individuals are dissuaded from causing disarray in that particular location. However, environments filled with disorder, such as broken windows or graffiti, indicate an inability for the neighborhood to supervise itself,

The broken windows theory was created by James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling in 1982. It is a criminological theory that suggests visible signs of disorder, such as broken windows or graffiti, create an environment that encourages further crime and anti-social behavior. The theory has been applied in policing strategies, particularly in New York City, to reduce crime by focusing on maintaining order and addressing minor offenses.


Question: who is the guy who does movie trailers

Answer: Donald Leroy LaFontaine

This is a document about Trailer (promotion)
  there are noteworthy stars that could help sell the movie.  Voice-over narration is sometimes used to briefly set up the premise of the film and provide explanation when necessary, although this practice has declined in the years after the passing of voice-over artist Don LaFontaine. Since the trailer is a highly condensed format, voice-over is a useful tool to enhance the audience's understanding of the plot. Some of the best-known, modern-day trailer voice-over artists have been the aforementioned LaFontaine, Hal Douglas, Mark Elliott, John Leader, Corey Burton, George DelHoyo, Peter Cullen, Morgan Freeman, Ashton Smith, Jim Cummings, John Garry, Tom

This is a document about Screen Junkies
  writer of Honest Trailers is Spencer J. Gilbert, who also appears on Movie Fights. Other writers include Dan Murrell (which ultimately left after the Honest Trailer for Cats), Joe Starr, Danielle Radford, and Lon Harris. A spinoff of Honest Trailers focused on video games, Honest Game Trailers, was also created in partnership with the Smosh Games YouTube channel (at the time, also owned by Defy Media), before relocating to the Fandom Games channel upon Screen Junkies' acquisition by Fandom. Honest Game Trailers was initially also narrated by Jon Bailey, before being replaced by Brad Venable, only for Bailey to return to the series after Venable's death in 2020.

This is a document about Cardiak
 "The Trailer" (produced with Frank Dukes)

This is a document about Trailers from Hell
  Trailers from Hell (branded as Trailers from Hell!) is a web series in which filmmakers discuss and promote individual movies through commenting on their trailers. While the series emphasizes horror, science fiction, fantasy, cult, and exploitation cinema, films from a wide variety of genres have been covered. Trailers from Hell launched as a website in October 2007, as a collaborative project by film director Joe Dante, new media entrepreneur Jonas Hudson, graphic artist Charlie Largent, web developer Tom Edgar, and producer Elizabeth Stanley. It also premiered at SXSW in 2009.

This is a document about Pitch trailer
  In the filmmaking industry, a pitch trailer, also known as a Concept Trailer or Proof Of Concept Trailer, is a movie trailer produced independently by the filmmaker for the sole purpose of illustrating the concept, style and theme of a feature film. Pitch trailers can be used by film directors, producers or executive producers during the film's planning, crowdfunding or fundraising phase. They are often self-financed and are structured and edited to appear like an ordinary feature film trailer. Pitch trailers are most commonly presented to financiers as a part of the film's pitch. Sometimes, these trailers are used for casting purposes and marketing purposes as well.

This is a document about Golden Trailer Awards
  The Golden Trailer Awards are an American annual award show for film trailers founded in 2009. The awards also honor the best work in all areas of film and video game marketing, including posters, television advertisements and other media, in 108 categories. It has been called "the Hollywood Awards show for the post-MTV era" and by its founders as celebrating "the people who condense 120 minutes into a two-minute minor opus."

This is a document about Trailer music
  (12 times), Rudy (12 times), Crimson Tide (11 times), The Matrix (11 times), T2: Judgement Day (10 times). ; Popular or well-known music, often chosen for its tone, appropriateness of a lyric, or familiarity. ; Classical music, such as Strauss's The Blue Danube (The Waterboy), Mozart's Requiem (Cliffhanger), Beethoven's 9th symphony (Die Hard), or Carmina Burana (Glory). ; Specially composed music. One of the most famous Hollywood trailer music composers, credited with creating the musical voice of contemporary trailers, is John Beal, who began scoring trailers in the 1970s and, in the course of a thirty-year career, created original music for over 2,000 movie trailer

This is a document about Lluther
  In 2012 Owens took a break from touring. He began composing and producing for Movie Trailers between 2012 and 2015. His music has been used in the theatrical trailers for Thor Dark World, The Edge of Tomorrow, San Andreas, Tomorrowland, The Lone Ranger as well as TV and Movies around the world. Since 2015, Owens and Lluther have been silent.

This is a document about Trailer (promotion)
   A trailer (also known as a preview or coming attraction video) is a commercial advertisement, originally for a feature film that is going to be exhibited in the future at a movie theater/cinema. It is a product of creative and technical work. Movie trailers have now become popular on DVDs and Blu-ray discs, as well as on the Internet and mobile devices. Of some 10 billion videos watched online annually, film trailers rank third, after news and user-created video. The trailer format has been adopted as a promotional tool for television shows, video games, books, and theatrical events/concerts.

This is a document about Andrew J. Kuehn
  Top trailer companies have all been run by former Kaleidoscope creatives, like The Cimarron Group (Chris Arnold), Ant Farm, Aspect Ratio (Mark Trugman), Trailer Park (Benedict Coulter) and Motor Entertainment, run by Greg McClatchy, who previously headed up the film marketing division at 20th Century Fox. Michael Camp headed the trailer department at Paramount Pictures, Tom Kennedy at MGM, Jeff Werner and Vince Arcaro all started their own successful trailer companies and Bob Harper began his career as a messenger at Kaleidoscope before becoming a producer and quickly Vice-Chairman of Fox Filmed Entertainment and, in 2007, Chairman of Regency Entertainment. Top industry trailer composer John Beal credits his career success to the thirty-year collaboration with Kuehn and their revolutionary approach of creating original

This is a document about Chris Gibbin
  In addition to the videos, the Viners participated in a cross-platform campaign consisting of branded Vines to help support the series. On the heels of their early success with Date Night Fails, Chris and his agency again teamed up with Regal Cinemas in 2014 to create and produce two separate ongoing branded web series for the theatre chain: The Regalist and The Trailer. The Regalist, starring stand-up comedian Baron Vaughn, utilizes the themes and characteristics of upcoming films as the justification for a list of top movie moments in film history (e.g. "Top 7 Creepiest Dolls in Movies"). The Trailer is a weekly movie talk show hosted by comedians Yassir Lester and Erin Gibson.

This is a document about Trailer (promotion)
  A book trailer is a video advertisement for a book which employs techniques similar to those of movie trailers to promote books and encourage readers. These trailers can also be referred to as "video-podcasts", with higher quality trailers being called "cinematic book trailers". They are circulated on television and online in most common digital video formats. Common formats of book trailers include actors performing scenes from the book akin to a movie trailer, full production trailers, flash videos, animation or simple still photos set to music with text conveying the story. This differs from author readings and interviews, which consist of video footage of the author narrating a portion of their writing or being interviewed. Early book trailers consisted mostly of still images of the book, with some videos incorporating actors, with John Farris's book trailer

This is a document about Memento (film)
  Jonathan Nolan designed the film's official website. As with the marketing strategy of The Blair Witch Project, the website was intended to provide further clues and hints to introduce the story, while not providing any concrete information. After a short intro on the website, the viewer is shown a newspaper clipping detailing Leonard's murder of Teddy. Clicking on highlighted words in the article leads to more material describing the film, including Leonard's notes and photographs as well as police reports. The filmmakers employed another tactic by sending out Polaroid pictures to random people, depicting a bloody and shirtless Leonard pointing at an unmarked spot on his chest. Since Newmarket distributed the film themselves, Christopher Nolan edited the film's trailers himself. Sold to inexpensive cable-TV channels like Bravo and A&E, and websites such as Yahoo and MSN, the trailers were key to the film gaining widespread public notice.

This is a document about Trailer (promotion)
  For popular movies, fans often make trailers on their own. These are unofficial videos by fans utilizing audio or video of a movie, studio trailer, animation techniques or fan-acted scenes replacing the video of the official trailer.

This is a document about Teaser campaign
  A teaser trailer is a short video segment related to an upcoming film, television program, video game, or similar, that is usually released long in advance of the product, so as to "tease" the audience; an early example of the teaser trailer was the one for the 1978 Superman film by Richard Donner, which was designed to re-invigorate interest on the part of potential movie-goers, for a film whose release had been delayed. Film teasers are usually made for big-budget and popularly themed movies. Their purpose is less to tell the audience about a movie's content than simply to let them know that the movie is coming up in the near future, and

This is a document about Trailer (promotion)
  Another common technique is including music on the trailer which does not appear on the movie's soundtrack. This is nearly always a requirement, as trailers and teasers are created long before the composer has even been hired for the film score—sometimes as much as a year ahead of the movie's release date—while composers are usually the last creative people to work on the film. Some trailers that incorporate material not in the film are particularly coveted by collectors, especially trailers for classic films. For example, in a trailer for Casablanca the character Rick Blaine says, "OK, you asked for it!" before shooting Major Strasser; this line of dialogue is not spoken in the final film.

This is a document about The Girl in the Yellow Jumper
  The film was edited by Loukman Ali, who is also known to be skillfull at blending Computer Generated Imagery (CGI) created with cinema4d into his shots. The first teaser trailer was dropped on Apr 5, 2019 which was a viral hit and an attention seeking one, since it was well done trailer.

This is a document about The Movie Guys
  The Movie Guys is an entertainment and comedy brand from Los Angeles, California. It started with a website in 2009 founded by Paul Preston featuring movie reviews and articles and soon expanded to comedy videos, podcasts, live shows and event hosting. From 2017 to the present, The Movie Guys have produced two podcasts: The TMG Interview, featuring Preston one-on-one with filmmakers and The Ford Fiesta, in which Preston and Adam Witt breakdown every Harrison Ford movie, in order.

This is a document about List of programs aired by People's Television Network
 Cine Movie Trailers (produced by Crystal Sky Multimedia, 2013)

This is a document about Trailers from Hell
  Each trailer features commentary on the art, craft, and history of filmmaking, regarding both the trailer itself and the film it represents. Regular Trailers from Hell commentators, referred to as "gurus" on the series website, include (in addition to Joe Dante) John Landis, Guillermo del Toro, Roger Corman, and Eli Roth. Film editor and critic Glenn Erickson writes, "The host commentaries provide the real added value, cramming a wealth of information, humor and insights into the two- to four- minute trailer running times." Some of the trailers he cut early in his career for low-budget filmmaker Roger Corman's New World Pictures have been called the "best trailers for less-than stellar movies you've ever seen". Dante was also able to augment his collection with many additional previews for classic and "not so classic" horror films during his time at Corman's studio. The previously mentioned Erickson has referred to Trailers from Hell as "one of the brightest web destinations for fantastic film fans...." while the horror and suspense genre journal Cinefantastique called it "fabulous". American Movie Classics has lauded Dante for being "appreciative of and well-versed in the history of the exploitation cinema" through his work on Trailers from Hell.

The guy who does movie trailers can be a voice actor or a team of writers and producers. Some well-known voice actors who have narrated trailers include Don LaFontaine, Mark Elliott, John Leader, Corey Burton, George DelHoyo, Ashton Cummings, John Cullum, Jim Cummings, and Tom Delonge. The writers and producers of movie trailers include Don Harris, Spencer Gilbert, Joe Dante, Jonas Hudson, Charlie Largent, Tom Lent, and Edgar Wright.


Question: what comes after purple belt in jiu jitsu

Answer: brown belt

This is a document about Brazilian jiu-jitsu ranking system
  Purple belt is the intermediate adult ranking in Brazilian jiu-jitsu. The purple belt level practitioner has gained a large amount of knowledge and purple belts are generally considered qualified to help instruct lower-ranked students. The IBJJF requires students to be at least 16 years old and recommends they have spent a minimum of two years ranked as a blue belt to be eligible for a purple belt, with slightly different requirements for those graduating directly from the youth belts. The IBJJF requires a practitioner remain a purple belt for a minimum of 18 months prior to achieving a brown belt.

This is a document about Brazilian jiu-jitsu ranking system
  Blue belt is the second adult rank in  Brazilian jiu-jitsu at schools that do not use yellow, orange, and green belts for adults. At the blue belt level, students gain a wide breadth of technical knowledge and undertake hundreds of hours of mat time to learn how to implement these moves efficiently. Blue belt is often the rank at which the student learns a large number of techniques. The IBJJF requires a practitioner remain a blue belt for a minimum of two years before progressing to purple. Although many Brazilian jiu-jitsu organizations adhere to the IBJJF standard of awarding the yellow, orange, and green belt exclusively as part of a youth belt system (under 16 years of age), some supplement the time between white belt and blue belt with one or more belts of these colors with adult practitioners as well. The IBJJF requires that a practitioner be at least 16 years old to receive a blue belt, thereby officially entering into the adult belt system.

This is a document about Jiu-Jitsu Federation of Rio de Janeiro
  The federation awards a black belt after 6 to 15 years of jiu-jitsu practice. The black belt ranks as follows (from highest to lowest): The correct positioning of the end bars and stripes is shown in the following video: The Coral belt is indicative of a professor who has decided to retire from fighting. This was shown when Rickson Gracie wore a 7th Degree solid Black belt. All promotions involving any black belt rank require a recommendation of two masters and approval of at least five officials of the federation. Ranks below black belt are awarded by individual professors and are then confirmed publicly through competition with other students of the same rank. Beginners and new students wear a white belt. Adult belt levels progress from white to blue, then purple, and finally brown, after which the practitioner becomes eligible for a black belt. There is a larger number of belt colors for children.

This is a document about Paul Craig
  Craig competed in the 2015 British Pro Jiu Jitsu Championship, taking 1st place in the Purple Belt 95+ kg Division, qualifying himself to the Abu Dhabi World Professional Jiu-Jitsu Championship and also 3rd place in the Absolute Purple 75+ kg Division. After defeating Jamahal Hill in 2021 Craig was promoted to black belt whilst drinking beers with his coach.

This is a document about Brazilian jiu-jitsu ranking system
  When a Brazilian jiu-jitsu black belt reaches the seventh degree, he or she is awarded an alternating red-and-black belt similar to the one awarded fourth degree black belt by very few judo bodies such as the USJA. This belt is commonly known as a coral belt, after the coral snake. Coral belts are very experienced practitioners, most of whom have made a large impact on Brazilian jiu-jitsu, and are often addressed within the art by the title master. The IBJJF requires a minimum of 7 years of training and teaching at the black and red belt level before progressing to the next rank.

This is a document about Gracie jiu-jitsu ranking system
  Having its roots in the Japanese martial art and sport of judo, Gracie/Brazilian jiu-jitsu adopted a similar colored belt system to signify a practitioner's progression within the art. However, to differentiate jiu-jitsu from the other disciplines, a solid bar was included on the belt near one of the ends. As a practitioner advances, stripes are awarded and placed at equidistant intervals on the solid bar—which is colored black for most belt ranks—as intermediate signifiers between belt ranks. Generally a student will receive four stripes before advancing to the next full rank, but it is not uncommon for a practitioner to be promoted to a new belt without being awarded all four stripes of the previous rank. For most belt ranks, and most Gracie schools, each stripe is awarded at the discretion of the instructor, without any specific curriculum or qualification requirements.

This is a document about Brazilian jiu-jitsu ranking system
  Brown belt is the highest ranking color belt below black belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu. Progressing from a beginner white belt through to a brown belt typically requires at least five years of dedicated training. It is often thought of as a time for refining techniques. The IBJJF requires that students be at least 18 years old and recommends they have spent a minimum of 18 months as a purple belt to be eligible for a brown belt. The IBJJF requires a practitioner to train at the brown belt level for a minimum of one year before ascending to black belt.

This is a document about List of Brazilian jiu-jitsu practitioners
  The Brazilian jiu-jitsu ranking system awards practitioners different colored belts for increasing levels of knowledge and skill. The system shares its origins with Judo but now has its own character that has become synonymous with the art, including an informality in promotional criteria and a conservative approach to promotion in general generally resulting in a longer time to reach black belt. While black belt is commonly viewed as the highest rank of attainment, a practitioner who achieves the rank of 7th degree in Brazilian jiu-jitsu is recognized by a belt of alternating red-and-black. In 2013, the International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation adopted the alternating red-and-white belt to acknowledge the achievement of 8th degree. (similar to Judo's substitution of an alternating white-and-red belt at the 6th, 7th, and 8th degree). At the 9th and 10th degree the practitioner is awarded a solid red belt, identical to Judo. These exceptional belts are awarded to denote the exceptional status of their wearer and his or her knowledge and overall contribution to the art. The following individuals are particularly notable practitioners holding these respective ranks:

This is a document about Jeremy Arel
  belt system he achieved the rank of black belt and began competing in boxing, kickboxing, and grappling tournaments. During this time Arel also competed for an alternate position on the World Kickboxing Association's US National Kickboxing Team. In 2004, after serving with the US Army National Guard in Operation Iraqi Freedom, Arel began his career in Brazilian Jiu Jitsu when he joined an Alliance Jiu Jitsu affiliate in Charlotte, NC. He achieved the rank of purple belt under the guidance of the late Luis Togno. After several additional years of training in a no-gi combat style jiu jitsu, Arel made the decision to

This is a document about Jessa Khan
 gold medal of European Championship ; gold medal of PAN American Championship ; gold medal of Las Vegas Open 2X ; gold medal of San Diego Open 2X ; gold medal of World Championship 2X ; gold medal of Long Beach 2X ; gold medal of Los Angeles Grand Slam ; gold medal of No ni World Championship 2X ; gold medal of JIU JUTSU World League 2X medal of Los Angeles Open 2X ; medal of Tap Out Cancer ; medal of Gracie National ; medal of JIU JUTSU World League 2X ; medal of FIVE Gold ; medal of PAN American Championship 2x ; medal of San Diego Open 2X ; medal of World Championship ; medal of American National Gi & No Gi ; medal of 2018 Asian Games Purple Belt Champion🥇 at Abu Dhabi World pro championship In 2017  In 2018  In 2019

This is a document about Mariusz Linke
  skip Linke from white to purple in late 2002 due to his extensive Judo background, this skip in rank is a very rare occurrence and was the first person under Jorge Patino and first BJJ practitioner to join Chute Boxe Academy to do so. Linke is also known for his outlandish appearance, covered in numerous tattoos and coloring his nails and hair to distract other fighters. Maruisz has produced the most black belts in Brazilian jiu-jitsu in Poland, as of 2017 he has promoted 43 black belts in BJJ, 77 brown belts and over 200 purple belts. After winning his gold medal at the Pan Jiu-Jitsu No-Gi Championship in 2015 Linke has become the unofficial record breaking holder for most medals won in professional grappling and contact sports as a Polish competitor.

This is a document about Luke Rockhold
 International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation ; 2007 IBJJF World Jiu-Jitsu Championships Purple Belt No-Gi Gold Medalist ; 2007 IBJJF World Jiu-Jitsu Championships Blue Belt Gold Medalist ; 2006 IBJJF Pan American Championships Blue Belt Silver Medalist

This is a document about Kajukenbo
  Ranking hierarchies vary widely from school to school. Traditional Japanese martial art ranking is often followed. One common belt order is as follows: white, yellow, orange, purple, blue, green, brown, and black, followed by the other various degrees of the black belt. The schools have second and third stripe belts that feature a white for second or black for third stripe running down the center of the belt. Black belt rankings and titles can also vary, with most schools adopting either Chinese or Japanese titles.

This is a document about Brazilian jiu-jitsu ranking system
  The International Brazilian jiu-jitsu Federation in 2013, amended the graduation guidelines with respect to the transition between seventh degree and eighth degree black belt. In short, a practitioner who has achieved the rank of 8th degree black belt will wear a red and white belt similar to the one worn on formal occasions by sixth to eighth degree holders in judo which is also commonly called a coral belt. The IBJJF requires a minimum of 10 years of teaching and training at the red and white belt level before progressing to the next rank.

This is a document about Margot Ciccarelli
  Ciccarelli trained in various academies around the world during her coloured belt years. She was promoted to blue belt in Hong Kong (under Atos) and purple belt in London (under Inglorious Grapplers). In May 2017, she joined New York based team Unity Jiu Jitsu and started training under Murilo Santana. As a purple belt, she won the World Championship twice, the European Championship twice, the Asian Open Championship three times and the Abu Dhabi World Professional Championship twice. After receiving her brown belt from Santana in 2019, she won the World No-Gi Championship, the European Championship, the Pan No-Gi Championship and the 2020 American National Championship in both Gi and No-Gi. Ciccarelli was promoted to black belt in May 2021 by Murilo Santana. In her first six months at black belt, she won silver at the Abu Dhabi World Professional Championship, silver at the Pan American Championship and bronze at the World Championship losing to Beatriz Mesquita in the semi-final by referee's decision (0x0 pts).

This is a document about The Jitsu Foundation
  much greater variation in skill and ability between jitsuka of 7th kyu and of 6th kyu, than there is between jitsuka of the higher grades. Nevertheless, it is possible for a candidate to these higher grades to obtain the status of 'top-grade' (such as top-green, top-purple or top-blue) when his or her performance at the grading is considered superior to that of other candidates. The order of belts in TJF are: White (Novice or 8th Kyu), Yellow (7th Kyu), Orange (6th Kyu), Green (5th Kyu), Purple (4th Kyu), Light Blue (3rd Kyu), Dark Blue (2nd Kyu), Brown (1st Kyu), followed by the Dan grades,

This is a document about Shuri-ryū
 White (8th Kyu - hachikyu, unless additional informal ranks are included) ; Interim Ranks (Informal ranks of Orange, Gold, "Black Dot", and/or various stripes are awarded at some schools) ; Yellow (7th Kyu - shichikyu, student officially becomes a member of the Shuri-Ryu Style) ; Blue (6th Kyu - rokukyu) ; Green (5th Kyu - gokyu) ; Purple (4th Kyu yonkyu) ; Brown (3rd Kyu - sankyu, 2nd Kyu - nikyu, 1st Kyu ikkyu) ; Black (1st Dan - shodan through 10th Dan - judan) The Shuri-ryū style, like most systems of the martial arts, uses a belt system to designate rank. The appropriate rank is awarded

This is a document about Brazilian jiu-jitsu ranking system
  Children between 4 and 15 years old can receive belt colors that reward progress after a white belt but before earning a blue belt, which can only be awarded to people 16 years or older. In 2015, the International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation specified 13 belts for competitors aged 4 through 15. The group of three gray belts are for competitors aged 4 through 15 years old. The group of three yellow belts are for competitors 7 through 15 years old. The group of orange belts are for competitors 10 through 15 years old. The group of three green belts are for competitors 13 through 15 years old. When a competitor turns 16, they must move to the adult system of belts according to the belt that they have at the time. White belts remain at white belts. Gray, yellow or orange belts can turn to white or blue belt at the professor's decision. Green belt can turn to white, blue or purple belt according to the professor's decision.

This is a document about Gracie jiu-jitsu ranking system
  navy belt. For individuals who begin training as adults (automatically bypassing junior grade levels), the Gracie Jiu-Jitsu Academy and its Certified Training Centers around the world award a white belt with a navy blue center to students who are promoted from the solid white (beginner) rank. This belt is referred to as a "Combatives belt" in reference to the Gracie Combatives program which serves as the foundation for all beginner students. This belt was introduced to serve as an intermediary rank for students who have completed the beginner curriculum, but still lack the level of experience commonly attributed to blue belt practitioners. The Academy also introduced a pink belt for graduates of their Women Empowered self-defense program, a curriculum featuring a limited set of jiu-jitsu techniques specifically curated to defend against common sexual assault scenarios.

This is a document about Marcos Torregrosa
  Pan American Champion - Purple Belt Middle Weight ; 2003 US Open Absolute Champion - Purple Belt ; 2002 Copa do Brasil Semi-Finalist - Purple Belt Middle Weight ; 2002 Copa do Mundo Champion - Blue Belt Middle Weight ; 2002 Copa Pacifica Champion - Blue Belt Middle Weight ; 2001 International Grappling Games - 2nd No Gi - Middle Weight Weight ; 2001 International Grappling Games - 2nd in Gi - Blue Belt Middle Weight ; 2001 United Gracie Champion - Blue Belt Middle Weight ; 2000 2nd American International Championship of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Champion - Blue Belt Middle Weight

The next rank after the purple belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu is the brown belt.


Question: who was the president during spanish american war

Answer: McKinley

This is a document about Grand Army of the Republic
  Spanish–American War and the Philippine Insurrection) and the later American Legion (for the First World War and later expanded to include subsequent World War II, Korean, Vietnam and Middle Eastern wars). The G.A.R.'s political power grew during the latter part of the 19th century, and it helped elect several United States presidents, beginning with the 18th, Ulysses S. Grant, and ending with the 25th, William McKinley. Six Civil War veterans (Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, James A. Garfield, Chester A. Arthur; Benjamin Harrison, and McKinley) were elected President of the United States; all were Republicans. (The sole post-war Democratic president was

This is a document about List of Medal of Honor recipients
  The Spanish–American War (Spanish: Guerra Hispano-Estadounidense, desastre del 98, Guerra Hispano-Cubana-Norteamericana or Guerra de Cuba) was a military conflict between Spain and the United States that began in April 1898. Hostilities halted in August of that year, and the Treaty of Paris was signed in December. The war began after the American demand for Spain's peacefully resolving the Cuban fight for independence was rejected, though strong expansionist sentiment in the United States may have motivated the government to target Spain's remaining overseas territories: Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Guam and the Caroline Islands. Riots in Havana by pro-Spanish "Voluntarios" gave the United States reason

This is a document about List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Spanish–American War
  The Spanish–American War (Guerra Hispano-Estadounidense, desastre del 98, Guerra Hispano-Cubana-Norteamericana or Guerra de Cuba ) was a military conflict between Spain and the United States that began in April 1898. Hostilities halted in August of that year, and the Treaty of Paris was signed in December. The war began after the American demand for Spain's peacefully resolving the Cuban fight for independence was rejected, though strong expansionist sentiment in the United States may have motivated the government to target Spain's remaining overseas territories: Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Guam and the Caroline Islands. Riots in Havana by pro-Spanish "Voluntarios" gave the United States a reason to send in the warship USS Maine (ACR-1) to indicate high national interest. Tension among the American people was raised because of the explosion of USS Maine

This is a document about Conflicts with Ohio participation
  The Spanish–American War broke out in 1898 while former Ohio Governor William McKinley was the President of the United States. Over 15,000 Ohioans participated in the military aspects of the war, losing 230 soldiers in the conflict, mostly because of disease.

This is a document about Spanish–American War Nurses Memorial
  resolution demanding independence for Cuba, and President William McKinley signed it into law on April 20. In response, Spain severed diplomatic relations on April 21. The same day, the United States Navy began a blockade of Cuba. Spain declared war on April 23. On April 25, Congress declared that a state of war between the U.S. and Spain had existed since April 21. The Spanish–American War began on April 25, 1898, and ended on August 12, 1898. Cuban and Spanish dead vastly outnumbered American deaths. While 2,910 American military personnel died during the war, just 345 were combat deaths. The rest died of disease.

This is a document about Timeline of the Spanish–American War
  Guam, Puerto Rico, or other areas. Although largely forgotten in the United States today, the Spanish–American War was a formative event in American history. The destruction of the USS Maine (ACR-1), yellow journalism, the war slogan "Remember the Maine!", and the charge up San Juan Hill are all iconic symbols of the war. The war marked the first time since the American Civil War that Americans from the North and the South fought a common enemy, and the war marked the end of strong sectional feeling and the "healing" of the wounds of that war. The Spanish–American War catapulted Theodore Roosevelt to the presidency, marked

This is a document about Philippine–American War
  Spanish–American War. Fighting erupted between forces of the United States and those of the Philippine Republic on February 4, 1899, in what became known as the 1899 Battle of Manila. On June 2, 1899, the First Philippine Republic officially declared war against the United States. The Philippine President Emilio Aguinaldo was captured on March 23, 1901, and the war was officially declared ended by the American government on July 2, 1902, with a victory for the United States. However, some Philippine groups—some led by veterans of the Katipunan, a Philippine revolutionary society which had launched the revolution against Spain—continued to battle the American forces for several more years.

This is a document about Spain–United States relations
  The Spanish–American War began in April 1898. Hostilities halted in August of that year, and the Treaty of Paris was signed in December. American diplomats were responsive to the business community's demands for overseas expansion. Minister Hannis Taylor (1893–97) tried to support American business regarding Cuba. He was largely ignored, and he blamed Madrid's ineptitude. In June 1897, President William McKinley appointed Stewart L. Woodford to the post of Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Spain, in a last attempt to convince the Spanish government to sell its colonies. Spain refused and severed diplomatic relations with the U.S. on April 21, 1898. The War was the first conflict in which military action was precipitated by media involvement. The war

This is a document about Spanish–American War
  The Spanish–American War (April 21 – August 13, 1898, Guerra hispano-estadounidense or Guerra hispano-americana; ) was an armed conflict between Spain and the United States. Hostilities began in the aftermath of the internal explosion of USS Maine (ACR-1) in Havana Harbor in Cuba, leading to U.S. intervention in the Cuban War of Independence. The war led to the U.S. emerging predominant in the Caribbean region, and resulted in U.S. acquisition of Spain's Pacific possessions. It led to U.S. involvement in the Philippine Revolution and later to the Philippine–American War. The main issue was Cuban independence. Revolts had been occurring for some years in Cuba against Spanish colonial rule. The U.S.

This is a document about Garret Hobart
  President was recognized as somebody, as a part of the Administration, and as a part of the body over which he presided". Through late 1897 and early 1898, many Americans called for the United States to intervene in Cuba, then a Spanish colony revolting against the mother country. These calls greatly increased in February 1898, when the American battleship Maine sank in Havana harbor after an explosion. McKinley sought delay, hoping to settle the disputes peacefully, but in April 1898, Hobart told the President that the Senate would act against Spain whether McKinley liked it or not. McKinley gave in; Congress declared war on April 25, beginning the Spanish–American War, and Hobart sent McKinley a pen with which to sign the declaration.

This is a document about Spanish–American War
  The United States awards and decorations of the Spanish–American War were as follows:

This is a document about Fourth Party System
  The Spanish–American War in 1898 precipitated the end of the Spanish Empire in the Caribbean and the Pacific, with the 1898 Treaty of Paris giving the US control over the former Spanish colonies. Permanent ownership of the Philippines was a major issue in the 1900 presidential election. William Jennings Bryan, although strongly supportive of the war against Spain denounced the permanent acquisition of the Philippines which was strongly defended by Republicans, especially the Vice-Presidential nominee Theodore Roosevelt. President Roosevelt in 1904 boasted of his success in gaining control of the Panama Canal, in 1903. Democrats attacked the move, but their attempt

This is a document about American imperialism
  idea of U.S. expansion into Mexico and the Caribbean was popular among politicians of the slave states, and also among some business tycoons in the Nicarauguan Transit (the semi-overland and main trade route connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans before the Panama Canal). President Ulysses S. Grant attempted to Annex the Dominican Republic in 1870, but failed to get the support of the Senate. Non-interventionism was wholly abandoned with the Spanish–American War. The United States acquired the remaining island colonies of Spain, with President Theodore Roosevelt defending the acquisition of the Philippines. The U.S. policed Latin America under Roosevelt Corollary, and

This is a document about Philippine Revolution
  Spanish–American War. On May 24, Emilio Aguinaldo, who had returned from voluntary exile on May 19, announced in Cavite, "...I return to assume command of all the forces for the attainment of our lofty aspirations, establishing a dictatorial government which will set forth decrees under my sole responsibility, ..." . On 12 June, Aguinaldo proclaimed Philippine independence. On 18 June, Aguinaldo issued a decree proclaiming a Dictatorial Government led by himself. On June 23, Aguinaldo issued another decree, which replaced the Dictatorial Government with a Revolutionary Government. In 1898, between June and September 10, the Malolos Congress elections were held by the Revolutionary Government, resulting in Emilio Aguinaldo being

This is a document about Latin America–United States relations
  The Spanish–American War was a conflict fought between Spain and the United States in 1898. Hostilities began in the aftermath of sinking of the USS Maine in Havana harbor, leading to American intervention in the Cuban War of Independence. The sinking of the USS Maine occurred on February 15, resulting in the deaths of 266 people and causing the United States to blame Spain, since the ship had been sent to Havana to protect a community of U.S. citizens there. American acquisition of Spain's Pacific possessions led to its involvement in the Philippine Revolution and ultimately in the Philippine–American War. Revolts against Spanish rule had been occurring for some years in

This is a document about Treaty of Paris (1898)
  The Spanish–American War began on April 25, 1898, due to a series of escalating disputes between the two nations, and ended on December 10, 1898, with the signing of the Treaty of Paris. It resulted in Spain's loss of its control over the remains of its overseas empire. After much of mainland Latin America had achieved independence, Cuba tried its hand at revolution in 1868–1878, and again in the 1890s, led by José Martí. Martí returned to Cuba and participated at first in the struggles against the Spanish government, but was killed on May 19, 1895. The Philippines at this time

This is a document about Spanish–American War Memorial (Arlington National Cemetery)
  The Spanish–American War was a ten-week conflict that occurred in the spring and summer of 1898. Cuba had been waging a war of independence against Spain since 1895, an effort largely supported by the United States (which had extensive economic interests on the island). To ensure the safety of American citizens and property in Cuba, the United States sent the battleship USS Maine (ACR-1) to Havana in late January 1898. The Maine exploded under mysterious circumstances and was destroyed with large loss of life on February 15. American newspapers whipped up war fever, and held Spain responsible for the ship's destruction. The United States Congress enacted a joint resolution demanding independence for Cuba, and President William McKinley signed it into law on

This is a document about Philippine Expedition of the USS Albatross
  Near the end of the 19th century, the Spanish empire was collapsing losing almost all of its land and power. This left the empire vulnerable, influencing other great powers, including Germany, Japan, and US, to fight for these regions once owned by Spain. In January 1898, President William McKinley of the United States sent a battleship, called Maine, to Havana, Cuba, to warn Germany, Cuba, and Spain of their power in hopes to prevent a stronger European power from replacing Spain. The Maine was blown apart by the Spanish. In response, the United States and Spain declared war with each other resulting in the Spanish-American war of 1898. The United States was much more successful and forced Spain into selling them the Philippines. This did not please the Philippines. Filipinos were furious because they did not want a new tyrant. The United States went to war with the Philippines in the year 1899 and lasted for three and a half years. Several casualties were made with 7,000 American fatalities, 16,000-20,000 Filipino casualties, and 500,000 civilian casualties. Once the Philippines were obtained, their first order of business was to have an expedition that studied and surveyed the newly owned land.

This is a document about The Paquete Habana
  In April 1898, two fishing vessels, the Paquete Habana and the Lola, separately sailed from the Spanish colony of Cuba. Both were eventually captured by merchant vessels comprising the United States blockade of the island, which, unbeknownst to the crew, had been instituted amid rising tensions between the two countries. President William McKinley proclaimed that the blockade was "in pursuance of the laws of the United States, and the law of nations applicable to such cases." Shortly thereafter, the Spanish–American War was officially declared, and McKinley issued another proclamation stating that the war would be conducted "in harmony with the present views of nations and sanctioned by their recent practice" and establishing rules for the capture of prizes; however, there was no mention of fishing vessels. The Paquete Habana

This is a document about Bibliography of early United States naval history
 Alger, Russell Alexander, (1901). N. The Spanish–American War ; BiblioBazaar. p. 465. ISBN: 1175492116 Book ( par view ) Alvarez, Jose M., (1991). The Spanish–American War: An Annotated Bibliography ; U.S. Army War College. Book ( no view ) Chadwick, French Ensor, (1911). N The relations of the United States and Spain: the Spanish–American War, Volume 1, ; Charles Scribner's Sons, New York p. 412, E'book Clemens, William Montgomery, (1899). Life of Admiral George Dewey, Volume 20, ; Street & Smith, New York. p. 196 Url Dewey, George (1913).P :  Autobiography of George Dewey: Admiral of the navy, ; Charles

William McKinley was the president during the Spanish-American War. He took office in March 1897 and the war began in April 1898.


Question: who plays police inspector javert in the 2012 film les miserables

Answer: Russell Crowe

This is a document about Javert
  In the stage musical of the same name, Javert is a central character. His character, and his role in the plot, is largely unchanged and he remains the primary antagonist. His is considered a bass or baritone role. He wears a standard costume designed to look like a mid-19th century French policeman. He was portrayed by Roger Allam in the Original London Production and Terrence Mann in the original Broadway cast of Les Miserables. Philip Quast played the character in the 10th Anniversary Concert in 1995. He has also been played by notable broadway actor Norm Lewis in the 2010 25th anniversary concert. Russell Crowe played the policeman in the 2012 movie of Les Misérables. Other people who have played the character include Michael Ball, Earl Carpenter, Clive Carter, Anthony Crivello, Hadley Fraser, Shuler Hensley, Brian Stokes Mitchell, Will Swenson, Hayden Tee, David Thaxton, and Chuck Wagner.

This is a document about Les Misérables (2012 film)
  Les Misérables is a 2012 epic period musical film directed by Tom Hooper and scripted by William Nicholson, Alain Boublil, who wrote the original French lyrics, Claude-Michel Schönberg, who wrote the music, and Herbert Kretzmer, who wrote the English lyrics. The film is based on the 1985 West End English translation of the 1980 French musical by Boublil and Schönberg, which itself is adapted from the 1862 French novel of the same name by Victor Hugo. The film is a British and American venture distributed by Universal Pictures. The film stars an ensemble cast led by Hugh Jackman, Russell Crowe, Anne Hathaway, Eddie Redmayne, Amanda Seyfried, Helena Bonham Carter, and Sacha Baron Cohen. The film

This is a document about Les Misérables (musical)
  Nicholson. In June 2011, Working Title Films and Mackintosh announced that the film would begin principal photography in early 2012 for a tentative December release date. The film was given its general US release on Christmas Day 2012. Principal cast members include Hugh Jackman as Jean Valjean, Russell Crowe as Javert, Anne Hathaway as Fantine, Amanda Seyfried as Cosette, Eddie Redmayne as Marius, Samantha Barks as Éponine, Aaron Tveit as Enjolras, and Sacha Baron Cohen and Helena Bonham Carter as the Thénardiers. Other notable actors who played roles in the film include Bertie Carvel as Bamatabois, Colm Wilkinson, the original Valjean, as the Bishop of Digne, Hadley Fraser as the army general and Frances Ruffelle as a prostitute.

This is a document about Les Misérables (2012 film)
  musical's original co-director Trevor Nunn for his training. He worked extensively with vocal coach Joan Lader, and managed to extend his vocal range, which he originally categorised a high baritone, up to tenor. ; Russell Crowe as Javert, a police inspector dedicating his life to imprisoning Valjean once again. Before being cast as Javert, Crowe was initially dissatisfied with the character. On his way to Europe for a friend's wedding, Crowe came to London and met with producer Cameron Mackintosh. On meeting with Tom Hooper, he told the director about his concerns about playing Javert, and after meeting with him, Crowe was "determined to

This is a document about Les Misérables: The Dream Cast in Concert
  The 10th anniversary concert of Les Misérables is known as the "Dream Cast in Concert" because Mackintosh hand-selected the cast. Colm Wilkinson reprised his role as Valjean after starring in the original West End and Broadway productions. Philip Quast was cast as Inspector Javert after the producers of the show witnessed his performance in a musical production in his hometown in Australia. Wilkinson and Quast are widely recognized as the "Dream Casting" of the idolized roles of Valjean and Javert. Lea Salonga is the only non-Caucasian performer in the main cast. Her participation has been credited by many stage musical enthusiasts of breaking down racial barriers for future castings of the live show. This presentation uses a "modernised" and more heavily orchestrated score than that of the original

This is a document about Mark Paterson (sound engineer)
 Les Misérables (2012)

This is a document about Adaptations of Les Misérables
  Ngọn Cỏ Gió Đùa, Vietnamese Cải lương musical film directed by Pham Van Dai and broadcast on HTV9. Based on Ngọn cỏ gió đùa, Hồ Biểu Chánh's book adaptation of Les Misérables. ; 2011, Les misérables: Tempête sous un crâne, filmed stage play by Jean Bellorini and Camille de la Guillonnière ; 2012, adaptation of the stage musical, directed by Tom Hooper and starring Hugh Jackman as Valjean, Russell Crowe as Javert, Anne Hathaway as Fantine, Samantha Barks as Eponine, Aaron Tveit as Enjolras, Amanda Seyfried as Cosette, Sacha Baron Cohen as Thenardier, Helena Bonham Carter as Mme. Thenardier, Eddie Redmayne as Marius and Colm Wilkinson as the Bishop

This is a document about Les Misérables (British TV series)
 Dominic West as Jean Valjean ; David Oyelowo as Javert ; Lily Collins as Fantine Thibault ; Adeel Akhtar as Monsieur Thénardier ; Johnny Flynn as Felix Tholomyès ; Henry Lloyd-Hughes as Col. Pontmercy ; David Bradley as Monsieur Gillenormand ; Derek Jacobi as Bishop Myriel Ron Cook as Hair and Teeth Dealer ; Alan David as the Scribe ; Kathryn Hunter as Madame Victurnien ; Olivia Colman as Madame Rosalie Thénardier Enzo Cilenti as Rivette Josh O'Connor as Marius Pontmercy ; Raphael Bishop and Woody Norman as young Marius ; Ellie Bamber as Cosette ; Mailow Defoy and Lia Giovanelli as young Cosette ; Erin Kellyman as Éponine Thénardier ; Sienna Barnes and Tiarna Williams as

This is a document about Fra Fee
  From June 2011 to 2012 he played Jean Prouvaire, and covered the roles of Marius and Enjolras in Les Misérables at the Queens Theatre, London. During his time in the West End production, Fee was cast as Courfeyrac in Tom Hooper's film Les Misérables, starring alongside Hugh Jackman as Jean Valjean and Russell Crowe as Javert. From November to December 2012, Fee played Florizel in Howard Goodall's professional world premiere of A Winter's Tale. Fee played Young Buddy in Stephen Sondheim's Follies at the Toulon Opera in March 2013, before playing Robbie in A Man of No Importance for Salisbury Playhouse. On 16 June

This is a document about Michael Ball
  Coming Home to You is Michael Ball's fourth UK number one album, his first solo number one album in the UK since his self-titled debut album in 1992. Talking to the Official Charts Company, he said, "It's the most exciting news! Thank you so much for supporting the album, to the fans who've connected with it and bought it. The hard work has been worth it and this is just the icing on the cake. Amazing!"[3]. It was announced in February 2019 that Ball will star as Inspector Javert opposite Alfie Boe (Jean Valjean) in a staged concert production of Les Misérables. The production will open on 10

This is a document about Javert
  Javert is a fictional character and the main antagonist of Victor Hugo's  1862 novel Les Misérables. He was presumably born in 1780 and died on June 7, 1832. First a prison guard, and then a police inspector, his character is defined by his legalist tendencies and lack of empathy for criminals of all forms. In Les Misérables, he becomes obsessed with the pursuit and punishment of the protagonist Jean Valjean after his violation of parole.

This is a document about Les Misérables: The Staged Concert
  At the end of the final performance, Michael Ball announced that Bradley Jaden would be taking over the role of Javert in the new production. They then sang "Stars" together, as a duet. Next, Alfie Boe, who had performed in the concert, was joined by four other Jean Valjeans to sing "Bring Him Home": John Owen-Jones who shared the role with Boe, Jon Robyns from the new London cast, Dean Chisnall from the 2019 tour, and Killian Donnelly who was in the 2010 concert as well as the 2012 film. After speeches from Cameron Mackintosh and Claude-Michel Schönberg, the performance concluded with the ensemble performing "One Day More".

This is a document about Les Misérables: Highlights from the Motion Picture Soundtrack
  Les Misérables: Highlights from the Motion Picture Soundtrack is the film soundtrack for the Universal Pictures film Les Misérables, performed by Hugh Jackman, Russell Crowe, Anne Hathaway, Amanda Seyfried, Eddie Redmayne, Samantha Barks, Aaron Tveit, Helena Bonham Carter, Sacha Baron Cohen and other artists. It was released on December 21, 2012. The music is written by Claude-Michel Schönberg; the lyrics by Herbert Kretzmer based on the French text by Alain Boublil and Jean-Marc Natel.

This is a document about Les Misérables (2012 film)
  involved in the project and play Javert. I think it had something to do with Tom's passion for what he was about to undertake, and he clearly understood the problems and he clearly understood the challenge." On visiting Victor Hugo's home in Paris, Crowe said, "[The house's curator] told me about [19th century detective Eugene Francois] Vidocq, a man who had been both a prisoner and a policeman, the man credited with inventing undercover police work when he established the Brigade de Surete." ; Anne Hathaway as Fantine, the mother of Cosette and a struggling factory worker, who resorts to prostitution to send money

This is a document about Anthony Crivello
  as The Lincoln Center production of Shakespeare's Measure For Measure directed by Mark Lamos. He then appeared in the Broadway musical The News as "the Killer". He was an original Broadway cast member of Alain Boublil and Claude-Michel Schonberg's Les Misérables for directors Trevor Nunn and John Caird and producer Cameron Mackintosh, first as Grantaire, and ten months later taking over the leading role of Javert. (He would later play Grantaire once again in a special tenth-anniversary concert at the Royal Albert Hall.) He continued his prominence in leading roles on Broadway as "Valentin" in the Kander and Ebb Terrence McNally musical Kiss of

This is a document about Cats (2019 film)
  In June 2018, there were reports Anne Hathaway was considered for a role in the film, but she passed due to scheduling conflict. Hugh Jackman was also offered a role by Hooper, but turned it down. In July 2018, Jennifer Hudson, Taylor Swift, James Corden, and Ian McKellen joined the cast. Swift had previously tested for the role of Éponine in Tom Hooper's Les Misérables but was given the part of Bombalurina without an audition. In September 2018, Laurie Davidson and Mette Towley were cast, with Steven Spielberg announced to be executive producing. In October 2018, Idris Elba and Judi Dench joined the cast of the film. Dench

This is a document about Les Misérables: The Staged Concert
 Michael Ball as Javert ; Alfie Boe as Jean Valjean ; John Owen-Jones as Jean Valjean at selected performances ; Carrie Hope Fletcher as Fantine ; Matt Lucas as Thénardier ; Rob Houchen as Marius ; Bradley Jaden as Enjolras ; Katy Secombe as Madame Thénardier ; Shan Ako as Éponine ; Lily Kerhoas as Cosette ; Ellie Shenker as Little Cosette ; Logan Clark as Gavroche ; Earl Carpenter as Bishop of Digne/Bamatabois ; Raymond Walsh as Grantaire ; Craig Mather as Combeferre ; Vinny Coyle as Feuilly ; Niall Sheehy as Courfeyrac ; Ciaran Joyce as Joly ; James Nicholson as Jean Prouvaire ; Andrew York as Lesgles ; Gavin James as Factory Foreman ; Celia Graham as Factory Girl ;

This is a document about National Board of Review Award for Best Cast
 2010: The Town ; Ben Affleck, Chris Cooper, Rebecca Hall, Jon Hamm, Blake Lively, Pete Postlethwaite, and Jeremy Renner 2011: The Help ; Emma Stone, Viola Davis, Octavia Spencer, Bryce Dallas Howard, Allison Janney, Jessica Chastain, Chris Lowell, Mike Vogel, and Sissy Spacek 2012: Les Misérables ; Hugh Jackman, Russell Crowe, Anne Hathaway, Amanda Seyfried, Eddie Redmayne, Samantha Barks, Helena Bonham Carter, Sacha Baron Cohen, Aaron Tveit, Colm Wilkinson, and Frances Ruffelle 2013: Prisoners ; Hugh Jackman, Jake Gyllenhaal, Maria Bello, Viola Davis, Terence Howard, Melissa Leo, Paul Dano, and Dylan Minnette 2014: Fury ; Brad Pitt, Logan Lerman, Shia LaBeouf, Michael Peña, Jon Bernthal, Jason Isaacs, Scott Eastwood, Xavier Samuel, Brad William Henke, Anamaria Marinca, and Alicia von Rittberg 2015:

This is a document about Michael Ball
  pilot for ITV1, which was commissioned as a full series in the summer, titled The Michael Ball Show. The 25th Anniversary Concert of Les Misérables was held at The O2 Arena. It featured Alfie Boe as Jean Valjean, Norm Lewis as Javert, Lea Salonga as Fantine, Ramin Karimloo as Enjolras, Hadley Fraser as Grantaire, Katie Hall as Cosette, Matt Lucas as Thénardier, Jenny Galloway as Madame Thénardier, Samantha Barks as Éponine, Nick Jonas as Marius Pontmercy, the role Ball delivered in the original London production. Casts of the current London, international tour and original 1985 London productions took part, comprising an ensemble of 300 performers and musicians. Ball

This is a document about Ricky Martin
 Les Misérables (1996), Broadway – Marius Pontmercy ; Evita, (2012), Broadway – Ché

Russell Crowe plays Police Inspector Javert in the 2012 film "Les Misérables."