Question: where did the phrase keep calm and carry on originate

Answer: the British government in 1939

This is a document about Keep Calm and Carry On
  been trivialised beyond belief." In early 2012, Barter Books debuted an informational short film, The Story of Keep Calm and Carry On, providing visual insight into the modernisation and commercialisation of the design and the phrase. The poster has become an evocation of British stoicism: the "stiff upper lip", self-discipline, fortitude and remaining calm in adversity. Susannah Walker comments that it is now seen "not only as a distillation of a crucial moment in Britishness, but also as an inspiring message from the past to the present in a time of crisis". She goes on to point out, however, that such an interpretation overlooks the circumstances of its production, and the relative failure of the campaign of which it formed a part.

This is a document about Keep Calm and Carry On
   Keep Calm and Carry On was a motivational poster produced by the British government in 1939 in preparation for World War II. The poster was intended to raise the morale of the British public, threatened with widely predicted mass air attacks on major cities. Although 2.45 million copies were printed, and the Blitz did in fact take place, the poster was only rarely publicly displayed and was little known until a copy was rediscovered in 2000 at Barter Books, a bookshop in Alnwick. It has since been re-issued by a number of private companies, and has been used as the decorative theme for a range of products. Evocative of the Victorian belief in British stoicism – the "stiff upper lip", self-discipline, fortitude, and remaining calm in adversity – the poster has become recognised around the world. It was thought that only two original copies survived until a collection of approximately 15 was brought in to the Antiques Roadshow in 2012 by the daughter of an ex-Royal Observer Corps member. A few further examples have come to light since.

This is a document about Stereotypes of the British
  The British are often seen as reserved and unemotional. This perspective has been bolstered by popular British phrases such as "stiff upper lip", which means displaying an emotionless and determined exterior in the face of hardship; "keep calm and carry on", which was taken from a motivational poster produced by the UK government in preparation for World War II; and "always look on the bright side of life", which was lifted from a popular Monty Python comedy song about persevering in the direst situations.

This is a document about Keep Calm and Carry On
  In August 2011, it was reported that a UK-based company called Keep Calm and Carry On Ltd (managed by entrepreneur Mark Coop) had registered the slogan as a community trade mark in the EU, CTM No: 009455619, and in the United States, No. 4066622, after failing to obtain its registration as a trademark in the United Kingdom. The company issued a take-down request against a seller of Keep Calm and Carry On products. The company's right to claim the trademark was questioned by, among others, the Manleys of Barter Books, as the slogan had been widely used before registration and was not recognisable as indicating trade origin. An application was submitted by British intellectual property advisor and UK trademarking service Trade Mark Direct to cancel the registration on the grounds that the words were too widely used for one person to own the exclusive rights, but the request for cancellation was rejected and the trade mark is still protected in all EU countries. The company subsequently tried to register the slogan as its trademark in both the United States and Canada.

This is a document about List of Internet phenomena
  series of photos of Shakeel Bhat, a Muslim activist whose face became a personification of angry Islamism in the western media. The first photo dates back to his appearance in 2007 at a rally in Srinigar, the capital of Indian-administered Kashmir. Several other photos in other media outlets followed, and by November 2007, there were over one million hits for "Islamic Rage Boy" on Google and his face appeared on boxer shorts and bumper stickers. ; Keep Calm and Carry On – A phrasal template or snowclone that was originally a motivational poster produced by the UK government in 1939 intended to

This is a document about Keep Calm and Carry On
  During 1938 newspapers were sold with a poster "Keep Calm and Dig". The Keep Calm and Carry On poster was designed by the Ministry of Information during the period of 27 June to 6 July 1939. It was produced as part of a series of three "Home Publicity" posters (the others read " Your Courage, Your Cheerfulness, Your Resolution Will Bring Us Victory" and "Freedom Is in Peril / Defend It With All Your Might"). Each poster showed the slogan under a representation of a "Tudor Crown" (a symbol of the state). They were intended to be distributed to strengthen morale in the event

This is a document about Alec Reed
  Reed was born in 1934 in Hounslow, Middlesex. His father Leonard was a lithographic artist for the UK's Ministry of Information during WWII, supervising the production of a number of government information posters, including the original version of the Ministry's "Keep Calm and Carry On" poster. Reed's mother Nancy was a housewife and former employee of the Prudential Insurance firm. In his autobiography, Reed writes that his earliest memory is listening with his family to Neville Chamberlain's 1939 speech declaring war on Germany, a speech that so alarmed his parents that they fled London in a neighbour's car the same

This is a document about Leo Resig
  Keep Calm and Chive On (KCCO) is modern slang for "don't stress about life, enjoy it." The expression originated during World War II with Keep Calm and Carry On propaganda, but was morphed into a modern pop culture reference revolving around the Chive.

This is a document about Stay the course
  Similar to "cut and run", a pejorative phrase used to describe cowardly withdrawal from battle, "stay the course" allegedly originated as a nautical metaphor on maintaining a constant, unaltering course while navigating. For instance, in a 2003 column, William Safire asked his readers what they knew of its origins, saying it "appears to be rooted in a nautical metaphor." In this context 'stay' refers to the ropes or guys and sheets that hold the 'course' (mainsail) in a fixed position appropriate to the heading. Citations from the late 19th century, however, show the phrase describing horses having the stamina to remain on the course of a racetrack. Safire found the same, writing that the earliest

This is a document about Naheed Nenshi
  Nenshi's rally to boost morale in the wake of a devastating flood that ravaged Southern Alberta in 2013 was well received by the press and Calgarians. He urged Calgarians to seek assistance for mental distress urged support for their neighbors mental and emotional well-being during the disaster recovery. Calgarian approval from his supporters has made him the subject of internet memes parodying him as Supermayor as 2013 Summer blockbuster movie Superman. His name was used as a verb for a parody of the British WWII morale slogan "Keep Calm and Carry On", as "Keep Calm and Nenshi On". The likeness

This is a document about Gill Sans
  named Romulus, with serif and humanist sans-serif companion: the sans-serif, with a low x-height, never progressed beyond test proofs. As described above, Linotype began work in 1955 on a Gill Sans competitor, intended to be named 'Magnus'. Designed by the German type designer Hermann Zapf with input from British Linotype manager Walter Tracy, the design was ultimately abandoned by 1963 for reasons of lack of manufacturing capacity and changing tastes, although it too reached test proofs. Besides similar fonts, many signs and objects made in Britain during the period of Gill Sans' dominance, such as the Keep Calm and Carry On poster, received hand-painted or custom lettering similar to

This is a document about Keep Calm and Carry On
   In 2000, Stuart Manley, co-owner with his wife Mary of Barter Books Ltd. in Alnwick, Northumberland, was sorting through a box of second-hand books bought at auction when he uncovered one of the original "Keep Calm and Carry On" posters. The couple framed it and hung it up by the cash register; it attracted so much interest that Manley began to produce and sell copies. In late 2005, Guardian journalist Susie Steiner featured the replica posters as a Christmas gift suggestion, raising their profile still further. Other companies followed the Manleys' example, and the design rapidly began to be used as the theme for a wide range of products. Mary Manley later commented, "I didn't want it trivialised; but of course now

This is a document about Culture of the United Kingdom
  Alfred Leete in 1914 as a recruitment poster for the British Army, "Lord Kitchener Wants You" is the most famous British recruitment poster ever produced and an iconic and enduring image of World War I. Produced by the British government in 1939 for World War II, the Keep Calm and Carry On motivational poster is now seen as "not only as a distillation of a crucial moment in Britishness, but also as an inspiring message from the past to the present in a time of crisis". In the late 1960s, British graphic designer Storm Thorgerson co-founded the graphic art group Hipgnosis, who have designed many iconic single and

This is a document about Keep Calm and Carry On
  typefaces such as Gill Sans and Johnston. Almost 2,500,000 copies of Keep Calm and Carry On were printed between 23 August and 3 September 1939 but the poster was not sanctioned for immediate public display. It was instead decided that copies should remain in "cold storage" for use after serious air raids (with resources transferred to Your Courage and Freedom is in Peril). Copies of Keep Calm and Carry On were retained until April 1940, but stocks were then pulped as part of the wider Paper Salvage campaign. A very few copies do appear to have been displayed, but such instances were rare

This is a document about List of production companies owned by the American Broadcasting Company
  Keep Calm and Carry On Productions, Inc. is an ABC subsidiary production company that produced Duets and The Glass House. Keep Calm was sued over The Glass House by CBS for using proprietary procedures from Big Brother via hired away staff. The production company was incorporated on 2008-10-24.

This is a document about British government response to the COVID-19 pandemic
  The slogan "Stay Home, Protect the NHS, Save Lives" was first suggested internally in a government conference call on 19 March, days before they imposed a full national lockdown. The slogan was introduced concurrently with the national lockdown imposed on 23 March, ordering the public against undergoing non-essential travel and ordering many public amenities to close. Essential travel included food shopping, exercise once per day, medical attention, and travelling for necessary work, which included those working in the healthcare, journalism, policing, and food distribution industries. To ensure that the lockdown was obeyed, all shops selling “non-essential goods”, as well as playgrounds, libraries, and places of worship, were to be

This is a document about Have a nice day
  "have a nice day" first appeared in the 1948 film A Letter to Three Wives. The American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms stated that "have a nice day" first came into being in 1920, and the phrase and its variants became widely used after the 1950s. According to Safire, Carol Reed of WCBS-TV spread the phrase in the New York metropolitan area in 1964 by closing her weather reports with "have a happy day", a variant of "have a nice day". The 1960s saw the phrase "have a good day" become prevalent and supersede "happy day". Numerous hippies, when parting, told each other to

This is a document about Keep Calm and Carry On (album)
  Keep Calm and Carry On is the seventh studio album by Welsh rock band Stereophonics. Released by Mercury on 16 November 2009, the album debuted at number 11 with sales of 42,771 on the UK Albums Chart, the lowest position for a studio album released by the band. The album was named after a British World War II poster of the same name. Keep Calm and Carry On was the first studio album by the band to feature guitarist Adam Zindani as a permanent member of the band. In the initial months after release, fans could access bonus content from the band's website with their copy of the album. This featured videos of a Track By Track rundown of the album, a Welcome Message from the group, the photoshoot for the album, and live audio of "You're My Star" (Acoustic) and "I Stopped to Fill My Car Up" from the Greatest Hits tour.

This is a document about Marriage vows
  day forward, for better for worse, for richer for poorer, in sickness and in health, to love and to cherish, till death us do part." They were first published in English in the prayer book of 1549, based on earlier Latin texts (the Sarum and York Rituals of the medieval period). An older version of the final phrase is " until death us depart" where "depart" means "separate". "Until death us depart" had to be changed due to changes in the usage of "depart" in the Prayer Book of 1662. In the 1928 prayer book (not authorized) and in editions of the 1662 prayer book printed thereafter "obey" was retained (in the 1928 book an

This is a document about Mind your Ps and Qs
  Mind your Ps and Qs is an English language expression meaning "mind your manners", "mind your language", "be on your best behaviour", "watch what you're doing". Attempts at explaining the origin of the phrase go back to the mid-19th century. One explanation favoured in a letter to the editors of Notes and Queries dated 1851, is a literal interpretation of the saying, regarding the lowercase letters p and q in the context of the school-room or typesetting in the printing-office. This is given as a common suggestion by the 2007 revision (3rd edition) of the Oxford English Dictionary, but the OED

The phrase "Keep Calm and Carry On" originated from a motivational poster produced by the British government in 1939 to boost morale during the threat of a German invasion. The poster was intended to be distributed widely but was only publicly displayed in a few places. The phrase has since become a British cultural icon and is often used to describe the British attitude towards adversity.


Question: who did brazil lose to in 2014 world cup

Answer: Germany

This is a document about Luiz Felipe Scolari
  paired with a late goal from Paulinho in the 86th minute. In the final, Brazil defeated Spain 3–0 with two goals from Fred and one from Neymar. After a successful campaign which earned them a semi-final spot in the 2014 FIFA World Cup, Brazil were defeated 7–1 in an upset loss against Germany at the semi-final stage, equaling their biggest-ever defeat at the World Cup, the record for most goals conceded in their World Cup track record and its first home loss in a competitive match since 1975. Scolari described the match as "the worst day of [his] life", and took responsibility for the loss. On 14 July 2014, following a further 3–0 defeat in the third place playoff match against the Netherlands, Scolari resigned from his position as Brazilian manager.

This is a document about African nations at the FIFA World Cup
  The 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil marked the first time more than one African team went beyond the group stages. While Ghana and Cameroon both collected disappointing results (apart from Ghana's 2–2 draw with later champions Germany, which saw them becoming the only team not to lose against the Germans in the entire tournament) and eventually ended fourth in their group, Ivory Coast were also knocked out in the first round after a last-minute penalty kick against Greece and ended third in Group C, above Japan, whom they had defeated 2–1 in their first match. Africa's pride, however, was saved by both Nigeria

This is a document about Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup
  The 2014 FIFA World Cup, held in Brazil, marked the first time since 1990 where no Asian team managed to win a game, and where the AFC was the only FIFA confederation without both wins and teams represented in the knockout stages. Three of Asia's four qualifiers in 2010—Australia, Japan and South Korea—qualified for the 2014 tournament. Iran, meanwhile, qualified for the first time since 2006. Australia was eliminated early despite good performances against Chile and the Netherlands that both ended in close losses (1–3 and 2–3 respectively). In their third match, however, they were blown-out 3–0 to defending World Cup

This is a document about 2014 FIFA World Cup Final
  The 2014 FIFA World Cup was the 20th edition of the World Cup, FIFA's football competition for national teams, held in Brazil between 12 June and 13 July 2014. Brazil qualified for the finals automatically as tournament hosts, and 203 teams competed for the remaining 31 spots through qualifying rounds organised by the six FIFA confederations and held between June 2011 and November 2013. In the finals, the teams were divided into eight groups of four with each team playing each other once in a round-robin format. The two top teams from each group advanced to a knock-out phase. The defending champions from the 2010 World Cup were Spain, who had achieved three successive victories in

This is a document about 2002 FIFA World Cup Final
  a team like Brazil." At the next World Cup in 2006, Germany – the hosts of that tournament – reached the semi-final where they were eliminated by eventual-winners Italy. Brazil failed in the defence of their title, being eliminated in the quarter-final by France. The next World Cup meeting between the two sides took place at the semi-final stage of the 2014 tournament, which was held in Brazil. In a game described by Simon Burnton of The Guardian as being "of a savagery unwitnessed against significant opposition in the tournament's history", Germany won the game 7–1. They went on to win the 2014 World Cup, their sole tournament victory since the

This is a document about 2014 FIFA World Cup Final
  The 2014 FIFA World Cup Final was the final match of the 2014 World Cup, the 20th edition of FIFA's competition for national football teams. The match was played at the Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on 13 July 2014, and was contested by Germany and Argentina. The event comprised hosts Brazil and 31 other teams who emerged from the qualification phase, organised by the six FIFA confederations. The 32 teams competed in a group stage, from which 16 teams qualified for the knockout stage. En route to the final, Germany finished first in Group G, with two wins and a draw, after which they defeated Algeria in the round of 16, France in the quarter-final and Brazil,

This is a document about Brazil v Germany (2014 FIFA World Cup)
  The Brazil versus Germany football match that took place on 8 July 2014 at the Estádio Mineirão in Belo Horizonte was the first of two semi-final matches of the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Both Brazil and Germany reached the semi-finals with an undefeated record in the competition, with the Brazilians' quarter-final with Colombia causing them to lose forward Neymar to injury, and defender and captain Thiago Silva to accumulation of yellow cards. Despite the absence of these players, a close match was expected, given both teams were traditional FIFA World Cup forces, sharing eight tournaments won and having previously met in the 2002 FIFA World Cup Final, where Brazil won 2–0 and earned their fifth title. This match, however, ended in

This is a document about Brazil at the FIFA World Cup
  in the history of the FIFA World Cup, with two wins for Brazil (West Germany 1974 and Spain 1982), one for Argentina (Italy 1990) and a draw (Argentina 1978). The country that played most against Brazil in the finals is Sweden: 7 times, with five wins for Brazil and two draws. Three other historical rivals are Italy, which lost two World Cup finals against Brazil and eliminated the Brazilians in two tournaments (France 1938 and Spain 1982), France, which has eliminated Brazil on three occasions (Mexico 1986, France 1998 and Germany 2006), and the Netherlands, which has eliminated Brazil at two of their five meetings (West Germany 1974 and South Africa 2010) and won the third place match in Brazil 2014.

This is a document about Brazil at the 2014 FIFA World Cup
  The following article concerns the performance of Brazil at the 2014 FIFA World Cup. They played their first home-soil World Cup after 64 years, since the 1950 World Cup, and thus were automatically qualified for the group stage. Brazil qualified as first at their group, winning two matches (Croatia and Cameroon) and drawing one (Mexico). They eventually reached the semi-finals, beating Chile and Colombia. Brazil, however, were then knocked out by the eventual champions Germany in a match known as the Mineirazo. In the third-place match, Brazil lost to Netherlands and therefore ended the tournament in fourth place.

This is a document about History of the Brazil national football team
  pressure on the players and managing staff. The result was that, in 1966, Brazil had their worst performance in a World Cup. Although they played all of their matches in the same stadium in the same city (the city of Liverpool's Goodison Park), Brazil became the first nation to be eliminated in the first round while holding the World Cup crown. After the 2002, 2010, 2014, and 2018 World Cups, France, Italy, Spain, and Germany respectively were also added to this list. Another perhaps bigger issue was that Pelé, who had possibly been at the height of his career at this stage, was

This is a document about Brazil national football team
  match and was eliminated in the first round of the World Cup for the first time since 1934. They have not failed to reach the knockout stages of the competition since. Brazil became the second nation to be eliminated in the first round while holding the World Cup crown following Italy in 1950. After the 2002, 2010, 2014 and 2018 World Cups, France, Italy, Spain and Germany were also added to this list. After the tournament, Pelé declared that he did not wish to play in the World Cup again. Nonetheless, he returned in 1970. Brazil won its third World Cup in Mexico in 1970. It fielded what has since then often been considered the best World Cup football squad ever, led by

This is a document about History of the Brazil national football team
  pitch after the final whistle. The match has been nicknamed the Mineirazo, making reference to the nation's previous World Cup defeat on home soil, the Maracanazo against Uruguay in 1950, and the Estádio do Mineirão in Belo Horizonte where the match took place. Brazil finished the World Cup in fourth place, losing to the Netherlands 0–3 in the third-place match. The team ended the tournament with the worst defensive record of the 32 competing nations, having conceded 14 goals. The only other countries to concede 12 or more goals in the current World Cup format are North Korea in 2010 and Saudi Arabia in 2002. Following these results, Scolari announced his resignation.

This is a document about Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament – Final
  The match was the first time the two sides had faced each other in a major tournament since Germany's senior team knocked Brazil's out in the semi-finals of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, also hosted by the latter, beating them 7–1. The senior team had also met in the 2002 FIFA World Cup final, with Brazil prevailing 2–0 in Yokohama.

This is a document about 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup
  FIFA confederation championships and the 2014 FIFA World Cup champions, Germany. The final tournament was played in two stages: a group stage and a latter knockout stage. In the group stage, each team played three games in a group of four, with the winners and runners-up from each group advancing to the knockout stage. In the knockout stage, the four teams competed in single-elimination matches, beginning with the semi-finals and ending with the final match of the tournament. A third-place match was played between the two losing semi-finalist teams. The final match was also attended by young participants of the international children's social programme Football for Friendship from 64 countries. The defending champions, Brazil, who won the previous three Confederation Cups (2005, 2009, 2013), failed

This is a document about History of the Argentina national football team
  Argentina qualified for the 2014 World Cup and were drawn into Group F alongside Nigeria, Iran and debutants Bosnia and Herzegovina. Argentina had beaten all three of those teams, easily making it through to the next round. In the next round, they beat Switzerland 1–0 after a goalless 90 minutes. In the quarter-finals, they beat Belgium, also 1–0 through an early goal. They then beat the Netherlands 4–2 from a penalty shootout in São Paulo, but lost to eventual winners Germany in the final at the Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro, concluding the World Cup runners-up.

This is a document about Alejandro Sabella
  In the 2014 FIFA World Cup, Sabella coached Argentina to the final. The last time Argentina had advanced beyond the quarter-finals was when they made the final in 1990 where they lost 1–0 to West Germany. Argentina never trailed during the whole tournament until the final. They won all three of their group games, where Lionel Messi scored all four of his goals against Bosnia and Herzegovina (2–1), Iran (1–0) and Nigeria (3–2). They defeated Switzerland 1–0 in extra time during the Round of 16, and then dispatched Belgium 1–0 in the quarter-finals. Reaching their first semi-final since 1990, Argentina eliminated

This is a document about South American nations at the FIFA World Cup
  The 2014 FIFA World Cup marked the fifth time the World Cup was hosted by a South American nation, with Brazil staging the tournament for the second time (the first instance being in 1950). Besides the hosts, five other CONMEBOL teams managed to qualify. Argentina, Colombia, Chile and Ecuador qualified directly via the qualification tournament, while Uruguay beat Jordan in the inter-continental play-offs. FIFA appointed Rio de Janeiro, Brasília, Belo Horizonte, São Paulo, Salvador, Fortaleza, Recife, Porto Alegre, Curitiba, Natal, Cuiabá and Manaus as host cities, with the final being played at the iconic Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro. Brazil, victorious in the 2013

This is a document about 2014 FIFA World Cup Group B
  Group B of the 2014 FIFA World Cup consisted of Spain, the Netherlands, Chile, and Australia. This group contained the finalists of the previous World Cup in 2010: Spain (reigning champion) and the Netherlands (runners-up). Play began on 13 June and ended on 23 June 2014. The Netherlands and Chile progressed to the knockout stage, while Australia and Spain were eliminated after suffering two defeats in their opening two matches. Chile was eliminated by Brazil in the second round after penalties, while the Netherlands made their way to the semi-finals in which they lost to Argentina on penalties. The third place match was won by the Netherlands with a convincing 3–0 victory against Brazil.

This is a document about 2014 FIFA World Cup
  The 2014 FIFA World Cup (Brazilian Portuguese: Copa do Mundo FIFA de 2014) was the 20th FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial world championship for men's national football teams organised by FIFA. It took place in Brazil from 12 June to 13 July 2014, after the country was awarded the hosting rights in 2007. It was the second time that Brazil staged the competition, the first being in 1950, and the fifth time that it was held in South America. Fans and pundits alike consider this edition of the World Cup to be one of the greatest ever held. 31 national teams advanced through qualification competitions to join the host nation in the final tournament

This is a document about 21st century
 The 2002 FIFA World Cup – host South Korea and Japan – was won by Brazil ; The 2006 FIFA World Cup – host Germany – was won by Italy ; The 2010 FIFA World Cup – host South Africa – was won by Spain ; The 2014 FIFA World Cup – host Brazil – was won by Germany ; The 2018 FIFA World Cup – host Russia – was won by France

Brazil lost to Germany in the 2014 World Cup semi-finals.


Question: who played the kid in sleepless in seattle

Answer: Ross Aaron Malinger

This is a document about Anastasia (1997 film)
  Bluth stated that Meg Ryan was his first and only choice for the title character. However, Ryan was indecisive about accepting the role due to its dark historical events. To persuade her, the animation team took an audio clip of Annie Reed from Sleepless in Seattle and created an animation reel based on it which was screened for her following an invitation to the studio. "I was blown away that they did that", Ryan later confessed, and accepted the role. Before Ryan was cast, Broadway singer and actress Liz Callaway was brought in to record several demos of the songs hoping to land a job in background vocals, but the demos were liked well enough by songwriters that they were ultimately used in the final film. John Cusack openly admitted after being cast that he couldn't sing, in which his singing duties were performed by Jonathan

This is a document about Ross Malinger
  Ross Aaron Malinger (born July 7, 1984) is an American former actor and automobile salesperson. He is best known for his roles as Jonah Baldwin in the 1993 movie Sleepless in Seattle, starring Tom Hanks, and as Bobby Jameson in the 1997 Disney comedy film Toothless, starring Kirstie Alley. He and Alley co-starred in the 1995 television film Peter and the Wolf. He played Adam Lippman, the Bar Mitzvah boy who liked Elaine's "Shiksa appeal", in the Seinfeld episode "The Serenity Now".

This is a document about Lake Union
  Floating homes line the east and west sides of Lake Union. In Sleepless in Seattle, the character played by Tom Hanks lived on one of these homes.

This is a document about Macaulay Culkin
  Macaulay Macaulay Culkin Culkin (born Macaulay Carson Culkin; August 26, 1980) is an American actor and musician. Regarded as one of the most successful child actors of the 1990s, he was placed 2nd on VH1's list of the "100 Greatest Kid-Stars". He has been nominated for the MTV Movie Awards and Young Artist Awards. Culkin rose to prominence as a child actor starring as Kevin McCallister in the first two films of the Home Alone film series (1990 and 1992), for which he was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy. He also starred in the films My Girl (1991), The Good Son (1993), The Nutcracker (1993), Getting Even with Dad (1994), The

This is a document about Rosie O'Donnell
  Kathy Najimy. O'Donnell claimed on her blog that she turned down the offer to work with Bette Midler because she refused to portray a frightening evil witch. Throughout her career, she has taken on an eclectic range of roles: she appeared in Sleepless in Seattle as Meg Ryan's character's best friend; as Betty Rubble in the live-action film adaptation of The Flintstones with John Goodman, Elizabeth Perkins, and Rick Moranis; as one of Timothy Hutton's co-stars in Beautiful Girls; as a federal agent comedically paired with Dan Aykroyd in Exit to Eden; as the voice of a tomboyish female gorilla named Terk in Disney's Tarzan; and as a baseball-loving nun in M. Night Shyamalan's Wide Awake.

This is a document about Sleepless in Seattle
  Sleepless in Seattle is a 1993 American romantic comedy film directed and co-written by Nora Ephron, based on a story by Jeff Arch. It stars Tom Hanks and Meg Ryan, alongside a supporting cast featuring Bill Pullman, Ross Malinger, Rob Reiner, Rosie O'Donnell, Gaby Hoffmann, Victor Garber, and Rita Wilson. Released on June 25, 1993, the film was released to critical acclaim and was a commercial success, grossing over $227 million worldwide.

This is a document about Sleepless in Seattle
  The film received positive reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 75% out of 60 professional critics gave the film a positive review, with a rating average of 6.70/10. The consensus states, "Sleepless in Seattle is a cute classic with a very light touch and real chemistry between the two leads – even when spending an entire movie apart." On Metacritic, the film has a 72 out of 100 rating, based on 17 critics, indicating "generally positive reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times said the film was "as ephemeral as a talk show, as contrived as the late show, and yet so warm and gentle I smiled the whole way through." He added:"The actors are well-suited to this material. Tom Hanks keeps a certain detached

This is a document about Delia Ephron
 Sleepless in Seattle (1993) ; You've Got Mail (1998) ; Hanging Up (2000)

This is a document about Sleepless in Seattle
  Sleepless in Seattle opened theatrically on June 25, 1993, in 1,579 venues, earning $17,253,733 in its opening weekend, ranking second in the North American box office behind the third weekend of Jurassic Park. At the end of its run, the film grossed $126,680,884 in the United States and Canada, as well as $101,119,000 internationally, for a worldwide total of $227,799,884.

This is a document about Gaby Hoffmann
  Hoffmann began acting in commercials at the age of four to help pay the family bills. In 1989, she starred in her first movie, Field of Dreams, with Kevin Costner. 1989's Uncle Buck followed, working beside John Candy and up-and-coming child star Macaulay Culkin. However, she grew tired of the rigors of screen performance and temporarily retired. Nevertheless, upon hearing that Culkin (whom she disliked when they worked together ) was making a lot of money in feature films, her "competitive spirit got the best of her", as she later put it, and she reentered the profession. She starred in This Is My Life (1992), Sleepless in Seattle (1993) with Tom Hanks, and The Man Without a Face with Mel Gibson. According to Hoffmann, the praise she received for her performance in This is My Life encouraged her to pursue a full-time acting career

This is a document about Alexander Pollock
 Big Bully (1996) as Corky ; The Angel of Pennsylvania Avenue (1996) as Jack Feagan ; The Stepsister (1997) as Brian Harrison ; The Outer Limits'' (1997) as Boy ; Northern Lights (1997 film) (1997) as Bobby ; Cloned (film) (1997) as Timmy/Chris ; Floating Away (1998) as Brat (Kyle) ; You Know My Name (1999) as Woody Tighman ; Resurrection (1999) as Hollis ; Fatal Error (1999) as Grandson (as Alex Pollock) ; The Crow: Stairway to Heaven (1999) as Jason Vincennes ; Hayley Wagner, Star (1999) as Seth ; They Nest (2000) as Henry S. Crump ; Replicant (2001) as Young Garrotte ; Cats & Dogs (2001) as Scotty Brody ; Video Voyeur: The Susan Wilson Story (2001) as Orin Wilson ; American Dreams (2002) as Kid in store ; The Santa Clause 2 (2002) as Richie/Elf Tight End ; Taken (2002) as Edward Watkins Jr. ; A Wrinkle in Time (2003) as Eric O'Keefe ; School of Life (2005) as Jesse Miller

This is a document about David Hyde Pierce
  eleven consecutive years, winning in 1995, 1998, 1999 and 2004. Pierce also appeared alongside Jodie Foster in Little Man Tate, with Anthony Hopkins in Oliver Stone's Nixon (1995), and with Ewan McGregor in Down With Love (2003). He provided the voice for Doctor Doppler in Disney's 42nd animated feature, Treasure Planet, Slim, a stick insect in Pixar's A Bug's Life and Abe Sapien in Guillermo del Toro's Hellboy. In his role in Sleepless in Seattle (1993), Pierce played the brother of Meg Ryan's character, a professor at Johns Hopkins University. The movie was released three months before the start of Frasier. In 2001, he starred in the cult 1981-set summer camp comedy Wet Hot American Summer, as the befuddled astrophysicist, Prof. Henry Newman. In 2005, Pierce joined Tim Curry and others in

This is a document about Good Advice (TV series)
  Good Advice was intended to debut at the very beginning of the 1992–1993 season, but became a mid-season replacement on CBS in the Spring of 1993, due to the fact that the network's Fall schedule was overcrowded. The initial order garnered solid ratings and generally positive critical reviews. This was Shelley Long's first return to series television after leaving her role as Diane Chambers on Cheers and also the first sitcom for Treat Williams. Ross Malinger, who played Susan's son, gained notoriety from his big-screen portrayal of Tom Hanks's matchmaking son in Sleepless in Seattle, which was released that Summer. CBS renewed the series for a

This is a document about Troy Duffy
 Overnight (2003) as himself

This is a document about Corey Haim
  become a half-forgotten child star, but will continue to grow into an important actor. He is that good". Following Lucas, Haim moved to Los Angeles, and starred in the short-lived 1987 television series Roomies with Burt Young. In 1987, Haim had a featured role as Sam Emerson, the younger of two brothers, a comic-reading teen turned vampire hunter in Joel Schumacher's The Lost Boys. Though he had seen Lucas, Schumacher initially was not sold on casting Haim. The director was convinced by their first meeting. Shot between the Warner Brothers lot and the Santa Cruz Boardwalk, the young cast included Jason Patric, Kiefer Sutherland, Jami Gertz, and Corey

This is a document about Anya (Anastasia)
  recorded, nor was she instructed to try to sound like the actress. However, she did watch Sleepless in Seattle and record a few scenes from the film on her Walkman, to which she would sometimes listen while traveling to the recording studio. She believes "there was a quality that was similar enough just in the timbre of our voices." Callaway did not meet Ryan until the film's premiere, and considers Anastasia to be one of her favorite jobs of her career. Actress Kirsten Dunst, who was 15 years-old at the time, provided the speaking voice of Anastasia as a child, while actress Lacey Chabert provided the singing voice for this version of the character.

This is a document about List of architects
  to the Galaxy. Basil Al Bayati's novel The Age of Metaphors on the theme of Metaphoric Architecture is also replete with fictional architects. The main characters of Sa'ad, Shiymaa and Sa'im are all architects, as are a number of others who appear throughout the book. Many films have included central characters who are architects, including Henry Fonda's character "Juror 8" (Davis) in 12 Angry Men (1957), Charles Bronson's character in Death Wish (1974), John Cassavetes' character in Tempest (1982), Wesley Snipes' character in "Jungle Fever" (1991), Christopher Lloyd's character in Suburban Commando (1991), Tom Hanks' character in Sleepless in Seattle (1993), David Strathairn's character in The River

This is a document about David Hyde Pierce
  Ephron's Sleepless in Seattle (1993), Mike Nichols' Wolf (1994), and Oliver Stone's Nixon (1995). He has also starred in the cult comedy Down with Love (2003), and the dark comedy film The Perfect Host (2010). His voice roles include Disney Pixar's A Bug's Life (1998), Osmosis Jones (2001), and Treasure Planet (2002). Besides his performance in Curtains, Pierce also had Broadway roles as Sir Robin in Monty Python's Spamalot, Vanya in Vanya and Sonia and Masha and Spike and Horace Vandergelder in the 2017 revival of Hello, Dolly!; the latter two of which Pierce was nominated for a Tony Award. In 2015, he directed the Broadway musical It Shoulda Been You.

This is a document about Yumiko Kobayashi
 Boyhood, Mason Evans Jr. (Younger) (Ellar Coltrane) ; December Boys, Misty (Lee Cormie) ; Dolphin Tale, Sawyer Nelson (Nathan Gamble) ; Dragon Blade, Publius (Jozef Waite) ; Earth to Echo, Reginald "Munch" Barrett (Reese Hartwig) ; Falling Skies (season 1–3), Matt Mason (Maxim Knight) ; Hannah Montana: The Movie, Lilly Truscott (Emily Osment) ; Hereafter, Jason and Marcus (Frankie and George McLaren) ; I Am Legend (2010 TV Asahi edition), Ethan (Charlie Tahan) ; The Impossible, Lucas Bennett (Tom Holland) ; It Chapter One, Eddie Kaspbrak (Jack Dylan Grazer) ; It Chapter Two, Young Eddie Kaspbrak (Jack Dylan Grazer) ; Jingle All the Way 2, Noel Phillips (Kennedi Clements) ; Parasite (2021 NTV edition), Park Da-song (Jung Hyeon-jun) ; Ready Player One, Zhou (Philip Zhao) ; Rust and Bone, Sam (Armand Verdure) ; Safe House, Joe Blackwell (Max True) ; The Spy Next Door, Ian (Will Shadley) ; Tale of Tales, Imma (Shirley Henderson) ; Trash, Raphael (Rickson Tevez)

This is a document about Donald Reignoux
 Sleepy Hollow (Masbath) ; Malcolm in the Middle (Reese) ; Even Stevens (Louis Stevens) ; The O.C. (Seth Cohen) ; Agent Cody Banks and Agent Cody Banks 2: Destination London (Cody Banks) ; High School Musical, High School Musical 2 and High School Musical 3 (Ryan Evans) ; Wizards of Waverly Place (Justin Russo) ; The Golden Compass (Pan) ; Never Back Down (Jake Tyler) ; Tropic Thunder (Kevin Sandusky) ; The Social Network (Mark Zuckerberg) ; The Amazing Spider-Man and The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (Peter Parker/Spider-Man) ; Interstellar (Adult Tom Cooper) ; Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, Justice League and Zack Snyder's Justice League (Lex Luthor) ; Élite (Nano)

Ross Malinger played the kid in "Sleepless in Seattle."


Question: if two organism 's have the same name in their binomial name then they are in the same

Answer: species

This is a document about Homonym (biology)
  Both codes only consider taxa that are in their respective scope (animals for the ICZN; primarily plants for the ICN). Therefore, if an animal taxon has the same name as a plant taxon, both names are valid. Such names are called hemihomonyms. For example, the name Erica has been given to both a genus of spiders, Erica Peckham & Peckham, 1892, and to a genus of heaths, Erica L. Hemihomonyms are possible at the species level as well, with organisms in different kingdoms sharing the same binomial. For instance, Orestias elegans denotes both a species of fish (kingdom Animalia) and a species of orchid (kingdom Plantae). Such duplication of binomials occurs in at least eight instances.

This is a document about Biological specificity
  Congeners are organisms within the same genus.

This is a document about Zygosity
  Zygosity (the noun, zygote, is from the Greek zygotos "yoked," from zygon "yoke")  is the degree to which both copies of a chromosome or gene have the same genetic sequence. In other words, it is the degree of similarity of the alleles in an organism. Most eukaryotes have two matching sets of chromosomes; that is, they are diploid. Diploid organisms have the same loci on each of their two sets of homologous chromosomes except that the sequences at these loci may differ between the two chromosomes in a matching pair and that a few chromosomes may be mismatched as part of a chromosomal

This is a document about Binomial nomenclature
  Binomial nomenclature for species has the effect that when a species is moved from one genus to another, sometimes the specific name or epithet must be changed as well. This may happen because the specific name is already used in the new genus, or to agree in gender with the new genus if the specific epithet is an adjective modifying the genus name. Some biologists have argued for the combination of the genus name and specific epithet into a single unambiguous name, or for the use of uninomials (as used in nomenclature of ranks above species). Because genus names are unique only within a nomenclature code, it is possible for two or more species to share the same genus name and even the same binomial if they occur in different kingdoms. At least 1,240 instances of genus name duplication occur (mainly between zoology and botany).

This is a document about Binomial nomenclature
  ; "Amaranthus retroflexus L." – "L." is the standard abbreviation used for "Linnaeus". ; "Hyacinthoides italica (L.) Rothm." – Linnaeus first named this bluebell species Scilla italica; Rothmaler transferred it to the genus Hyacinthoides; the ICNafp does not require that the dates of either publication be specified.   In taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called  nomenclature ("two-name naming system") or binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages. Such a name is called a binomial name (which may

This is a document about Species concept
  The idea that an organism reproduces by giving birth to a similar organism, or producing seeds that grow to a similar organism, goes back to the earliest days of farming. While people tended to think of this as a relatively stable process, many thought that change was possible. The term species was just used as a term for a sort or kind of organism, until in 1686 John Ray introduced the biological concept that species were distinguished by always producing the same species, and this was fixed and permanent, though considerable variation was possible within a species. Carolus Linnaeus (1707–1778) formalized the taxonomic rank of species, and devised the two part naming system of binomial nomenclature that we use today. However, this did not prevent disagreements on the best way to identify species. The history of definitions

This is a document about Nomenclature
  is conveyed about the organism's use, appearance or other special properties (sting ray, poison apple, giant stinking hogweed, hammerhead shark). These noun-adjective binomials are just like our own names with a family or surname like Simpson and another adjectival Christian or forename name that specifies which Simpson, say Homer Simpson. It seems reasonable to assume that the form of scientific names we call binomial nomenclature is derived from this simple and practical way of constructing common names—but with the use of Latin as a universal language. In keeping with the utilitarian view other authors maintain that ethnotaxonomies resemble more a "complex web of resemblances" than a neat hierarchy.

This is a document about Binomial nomenclature
  Nomenclature (including binomial nomenclature) is not the same as classification, although the two are related. Classification is the ordering of items into groups based on similarities or differences; in biological classification, species are one of the kinds of item to be classified. In principle, the names given to species could be completely independent of their classification. This is not the case for binomial names, since the first part of a binomial is the name of the genus into which the species is placed. Above the rank of genus, binomial nomenclature and classification are partly independent; for example, a species retains its binomial name if it is moved from one family to

This is a document about Binomial nomenclature
 Economy. Compared to the polynomial system which it replaced, a binomial name is shorter and easier to remember. It corresponds to the widespread system of family name plus given name(s) used to name people in many cultures. ; Widespread use. The binomial system of nomenclature is governed by international codes and is used by biologists worldwide. A few binomials have also entered common speech, such as Homo sapiens, E. coli, Boa constrictor, and Tyrannosaurus rex. ; Uniqueness. Provided that taxonomists agree as to the limits of a species, it can have only one name that is correct under the appropriate nomenclature code, generally the earliest published if two or

This is a document about Genus
  The rules for the scientific names of organisms are laid down in the Nomenclature Codes, which allow each species a single unique name that, for "animals" (including protists), "plants" (also including algae and fungi) and prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea), is Latin and binomial in form; this contrasts with common or vernacular names, which are non-standardized, can be non-unique, and typically also vary by country and language of usage. Except for viruses, the standard format for a species name comprises the generic name, indicating the genus to which the species belongs, followed by the specific epithet, which (within that genus) is unique to the species.

This is a document about Cytodeme
  The current surgance of interest in cytodemes stems from the realisation that membership of the cytodeme is not necessarily restricted to the members of one species: frequently two or more species are in fact of the same cytodeme. Although fully intercompatible and yielding fertile hybrids when they do cross these species never or rarely cross-breed in the natural environment because they are spatially isolated, geographically and/or ecologically. Typically the species involved are members of the same genus. There are now a substantial number of cases in which two or more species of the same cytodeme are clearly different and even in different genera. Thus all five diploid species recognised in the genus Brassicella and both species recognised

This is a document about -onym
  In Biology, one or more names given to the same taxon, and so considered equivalent. Usually, only one of them is considered as correct (senior synonym in animal taxonomy, accepted name in plant taxonomy), while the other are considered deprecated (see synonym (taxonomy)). ; tautonym: a binomial or scientific name in the taxonomy of living things in which the generic and specific names are the same, such as Gorilla gorilla; a scientific name in which the specific name is repeated, such as Homo sapiens sapiens as distinct from Homo sapiens neanderthalensis; a noun component that is repeated, such as aye-aye or tom-tom;

This is a document about International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
  use the 1868 name for the hemipteran taxon is to get the 1858 name officially suppressed by the commission. In some cases, the same genus-group or species-group name was published in the same year by the same author. In these cases it is useful to cite the page where the name was established.  There are cases where two homonyms were established by the same author in the same year on the same page: Animal, plant, and fungi nomenclature are entirely independent from each other. The most evident shortcoming of this situation (for their use in biodiversity informatics) is that the same generic name can

This is a document about Binomial nomenclature
  be repeated between them. Thus Huia recurvata is an extinct species of plant, found as fossils in Yunnan, China, whereas Huia masonii is a species of frog found in Java, Indonesia. The second part of the name, which identifies the species within the genus, is also treated grammatically as a Latin word. It can have one of a number of forms: Whereas the first part of a binomial name must be unique within the purview of each nomenclatural code, the second part is quite commonly used in two or more genera (as is shown by examples of hodgsonii above). The full binomial name must be unique within each code.

This is a document about Gene nomenclature
  names do not always match, or why scientists tend to favor one symbol or name for the protein and another for the gene. Another reason is that many of the mechanisms of life are the same or very similar across species, genera, orders, and phyla (through homology, analogy, or some of both), so that a given protein may be produced in many kinds of organisms; and thus scientists naturally often use the same symbol and name for a given protein in one species (for example, mice) as in another species (for example, humans). Regarding the first duality (same symbol and name for

This is a document about List of long species names
  Living organisms are known by scientific names. These binomial names can vary greatly in length, and some of them can become very long depending on the meanings they try to convey. This list of longest species names lists the longest scientific binomials. Species in this list are grouped by length of their name. Only binomials are considered, not subgenera, trinomial names of subspecies or infraspecific names. Family is given for each species (or the closest taxonomic rank if family is unassigned), with a short explanation. The shortest scientific species names can be found in the List of short species names.

This is a document about Linnaean taxonomy
  This rank-based method of classifying living organisms was originally popularized by (and much later named for) Linnaeus, although it has changed considerably since his time. The greatest innovation of Linnaeus, and still the most important aspect of this system, is the general use of binomial nomenclature, the combination of a genus name and a second term, which together uniquely identify each species of organism within a kingdom. For example, the human species is uniquely identified within the animal kingdom by the name Homo sapiens. No other species of animal can have this same binomen (the technical term for a binomial in the case of animals). Prior to Linnaean taxonomy, animals were classified according to their mode of movement. Linnaeus's

This is a document about Homonym (biology)
 For example: ; Cuvier proposed the genus Echidna in 1797 for the spiny anteater. ; However, Forster had already published the name Echidna in 1777 for a genus of moray eels. ; Forster's use thus has priority, with Cuvier's being a junior homonym. ; Illiger published the replacement name Tachyglossus in 1811. Example: the later homonym Myroxylon L.f. (1782), in the family Leguminosae, is conserved against the earlier homonym Myroxylon J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. (1775) (now called Xylosma, in the family Salicaceae). In biology, a homonym is a name for a taxon that is identical in spelling to another such name, that belongs to a different taxon. The rule in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature

This is a document about Genus
  biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus.  The composition of a genus is determined by taxonomists. The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including the idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: Moreover, genera should be composed of phylogenetic units of the same kind as other (analogous) genera.

This is a document about Binomial nomenclature
  shortened to just "binomial"), a binomen,  name or a scientific name; more informally it is also called a Latin name. The first part of the name – the generic name – identifies the genus to which the species belongs, whereas the second part – the specific name or specific epithet – distinguishes the species within the genus. For example, modern humans belong to the genus Homo and within this genus to the species Homo sapiens. Tyrannosaurus rex is probably the most widely known binomial. The formal introduction of this system of naming species is credited to Carl Linnaeus, effectively beginning with his work Species Plantarum in 1753. But as

Yes, if two organisms have the same binomial name, they belong to the same species. However, it's important to note that the same name can be used for different species in different taxonomic groups (heterotypic homonyms), so the context should be considered when making this determination.


Question: who has been considered as universal blood doner person

Answer: type O Rh D negative

This is a document about Blood donation
  The World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes World Blood Donor Day on 14 June each year to promote blood donation. This is the birthday of Karl Landsteiner, the scientist who discovered the ABO blood group system. The theme of the 2012 World Blood Donor Day campaign, "Every blood donor is a hero" focuses on the idea that everyone can become a hero by giving blood. Based on data reported by 180 countries between 2011 and 2013, the WHO estimated that approximately 112.5 million units of blood were being collected annually. In the United States it is estimated that 111 million citizens are eligible blood donors, or 37% of the population. However less than 10% of the 37% eligible blood donors donate annually. In the UK the NHS reports blood donation levels at "only 4%" while in Canada the rate is 3.5%.

This is a document about World Blood Donor Day
  World Blood Donor Day is celebrated every year by people around the world on June 14. It is celebrated on the birthday anniversary of Karl Landsteiner on June 14, 1868. Landsteiner was awarded the Nobel Prize for his discovery of the ABO blood group system.

This is a document about Karl Landsteiner
  as universal recipients and those with blood group O-negative are known as universal donors. These donor-recipient relationships arise due to the fact that type O-negative blood possesses neither antigens of blood group A nor of blood group B. Therefore, the immune systems of persons with blood group A, B or AB do not refuse the donation. Further, because persons with blood group AB do not form antibodies against either the antigens of blood group A or B, they can accept blood from persons with these blood groups, as well as from persons with blood group O-negative. In today's blood transfusions only concentrates of red blood cells without serum are transmitted, which is of great importance in surgical practice. In 1930 Landsteiner was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in recognition of these achievements. For his pioneering work, he is recognized as the father of transfusion medicine.

This is a document about Problem of Hell
  case during the later Origenist controversies. Greek Orthodox scholars do not count Gregory of Nyssa (AD 331–395) as a believer in Universal Salvation. In the 17th century, a belief in Christian universalism appeared in England and traveled over to what has become the present-day US Christian Universalists such as Hosea Ballou argued that Jesus taught Universalist principles including universal reconciliation and the divine origin and destiny of all souls. Ballou also argued that some Universalist principles were taught or foreshadowed in the Old Testament. Critics of universalism maintain that the Bible does not teach universal salvation, while proponents insist that it does. Recent examples of

This is a document about Prince du sang
   A prince du sang (, Prince of the Blood) is a person legitimately descended in male line from a sovereign, the female equivalent was princess of the blood being applied to the daughter of a prince of the blood. The most prominent examples include members of the French royal line, but the term prince of the blood has been used in other families more generally, for example among the British royal family and when referring to the Shinnōke. In some European kingdoms, especially France, this appellation was a specific rank in its own right, of a more restricted use than other titles.

This is a document about Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia
  mother, who inherited the trait from her maternal grandmother Queen Victoria. Symptomatic carriers of the gene, while not haemophiliacs themselves, can have symptoms of hemophilia including a lower than normal blood clotting factor that can lead to heavy bleeding.  Olga's mother relied on the counsel of Grigori Rasputin, a Russian peasant and wandering starets or "holy man", and credited his prayers with saving the ailing Tsarevich on numerous occasions. Olga and her siblings were also taught to view Rasputin as "Our Friend" and to share confidences with him. In the autumn of 1907, Olga's aunt Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia

This is a document about Messiah
  care for humanity? and the like. He taught that there is only one God, that all of the world's religions are from God, and that now is the time for humanity to recognize its oneness and unite. ; Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia is believed to be the Messiah by followers of the Rastafari movement. This idea further supports the belief that God himself is black, which they (followers of the Rastafarian movement) try to further strengthen by a verse from the Bible. Even if the Emperor denied being the messiah, the followers of the Rastafari movement believe that he is a messenger from God. To justify this, Rastafarians used reasons such as Emperor Haile Selassie's bloodline, which is assumed to come from King Solomon of Israel, and the

This is a document about History of Christian universalism
  The Universalists Hosea Ballou (1829), Thomas Whittemore (1830), John Wesley Hanson (1899) and George T. Knight (1911) claimed that Clement of Alexandria expressed universalist positions in early Christianity. Such claims have always been controversial. Some scholars believe that Clement used the term apocatastasis to refer only to the "restoration" of a select few. However, Brian E. Daley writes that Clement viewed "punishment after death as a medicinal and therefore temporary measure" and that he suggested "with great caution the related prospect of universal salvation for all intelligent creatures", for example in his Stromateis, Book VII, Chapter 2.

This is a document about Anne Catherine Emmerich
  Brentano. However, it views their general message as "an outstanding proclamation of the gospel in service to salvation". Other critics have been less sympathetic and have characterized the books Brentano produced from his notes as "conscious elaborations of an overwrought romantic poet". Brentano wrote that Emmerich said she believed that Noah's son Ham was the progenitor of "the black, idolatrous, stupid nations" of the world. The "Dolorous Passion" is claimed to reveal a "clear antisemitic strain throughout", with Brentano writing that Emmerich believed that "Jews ... strangled Christian children and used their blood for all sorts of suspicious and diabolical practices"

This is a document about Historical race concepts
  Sir Julian Sorell Huxley (1887–1975) was an English evolutionary biologist, humanist, internationalist, and the first director of UNESCO. After returning to England from a tour of the United States in 1924, Huxley wrote a series of articles for the Spectator which he expressed his belief in the drastic differences between "negros" and "whites". He believed that the color of "blood" – percentage of 'white' and 'black' blood – that a person had would determine a person's mental capacity, moral probity, and social behavior. "Blood" also determined how individuals should be treated by society. He was a proponent of racial inequality and segregation. By 1930, Huxley's

This is a document about Peterburgian Vedism
  the ancestral spirits, are believed to live in the blood of their descendants, flowing through the tree of the venous system. A true Slav is held to be one who "glorifies his blood", "glorifies his veins". Devotion to this idea is expressed at the level of each kin through the deification of forefathers in the male lineage as "god of the kin" (родной бог, rodnoy bog), and of foremothers in the female lineage as "goddess of the homeland" (богиня родины, boginya rodiny; рожаница, rozhanitsa; берегиния, bereginya). The way of return to and communication with the Yedinobog, the supreme God of the universe, is the deification of the ancestors. Peterburgian Vedists believe that every

This is a document about Victory Altar
  mythical first king was called Dangun, or King Dan. Korea hosted the second set of prophets, including the founder of the Olive Tree, Park Tae-Seon, the woman who initiated Cho, Hong Eup-Bi, and Cho himself, as well as the founders of two other Korean new religions, Choe Je-u of Donghak and Gang Il-Sun of Jeungsanism. The crucial role, in the sacred history of humanity as narrated by the Victory Altar, belongs to Cho himself, which through his initiation of 1980 overcame the “blood of Satan,” which is still present in all humans and is identified with the ego, and

This is a document about List of suicides
  Stumpfegger (1945), German doctor and Adolf Hitler's personal surgeon, cyanide poisoning ; Sue Harukata (1555), daimyo of Ouchi clan, disembowelment ; Sungdare Sherpa (1989), Nepalese Sherpa mountaineer ; Sulli (2019), South Korean actress, singer, and model, hanging ; Roy Sullivan (1983), American park ranger known for being struck by lightning seven times, gunshot ; David Edward Sutch (1999), English musician also known as Screaming Lord Sutch, hanging ; Adam Svoboda (2019), Czech ice hockey goaltender and coach, hanging ; Aaron Swartz (2013), American computer programmer, writer, political organizer and activist, hanging ; Sawyer Sweeten (2015), American former child actor (Everybody Loves Raymond), gunshot

This is a document about Leukoreduction
  Universal leukoreduction is currently not practiced in all countries. As of 2008, most developed nations have adopted universal leukoreduction of transfusions (defined as the routine application of this blood-processing step to all units of whole blood, red blood cells, and platelets prior to storage) with the notable exception of the United States. Canada, Britain and France adopted universal leukoreduction in the late 1990s. Germany adopted it in 2001. Leukoreduced products are commonly available in the United States and some hospitals use only leukoreduced blood while others only use leukoreduced products in certain patient populations. For example, Strong Memorial Hospital began universal use of leukoreduced blood in July 2000; University of South Alabama Medical Center began use in January 2002. Woodlands Medical Centre is beginning a randomised controlled trial to look into the benefits of transfusing leukoreduced whole blood for the ICCU patients.

This is a document about Albert (given name)
  Albert Dürer, German painter and theorist of the German Renaissance, regarded as one of the greatest painters of the Renaissance era ; Albert Einstein (1879–1955) German-born theoretical physicist, scientist, and philosopher who developed the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics, widely regarded as one of the greatest scientists of all time ; Albert Falco (1927–2012), French scuba diving pioneer ; Albert Finney, (1936–2019), English actor ; Albert Fish (1870–1936), American serial killer, child rapist, and cannibal also known as the "Gray Man", the "Werewolf of Wysteria", the "Brooklyn Vampire", the "Moon Maniac", and "The Boogeyman" ; Albert Forster (1902–1952), Nazi German politician

This is a document about Jehovah's Witnesses and blood transfusions
 A 1951 issue of The Watchtower stated: "And let the transfusion enthusiasts with a savior-complex ponder the fact that on many occasions transfusions do harm, spread disease, and frequently cause deaths, which, of course, are not publicized." ; A 1961 article in The Watchtower quoted Brazilian surgeon Dr Américo Valério as saying transfusions were often followed by "moral insanity, sexual perversions, repression, inferiority complexes, petty crimes" and Dr Alonzo Jay Shadman claiming that a person's blood "contains all the peculiarities of the individual ... [including] hereditary taints, disease susceptibilities, poisons due to personal living, eating and drinking habits ... The poisons that produce the impulse to commit

This is a document about George T. Knight (Universalist)
 Article on Universalists in the Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge

This is a document about Transfusion medicine
  In 1628, English physician William Harvey discovered that blood circulates around the body. Soon thereafter, the first blood transfusion was attempted. In 1665 another English doctor Richard Lower successfully used blood transfusion between dogs to keep them alive. Karl Landsteiner is recognized as the father of transfusion medicine. Karl Landsteiner is credited with the first classification of human blood into the four types (A, B, AB, O) of the ABO blood group system.

This is a document about Macrina the Younger
  Universalists, including Thomas Allin and J. W. Hanson, claim Macrina as a committed universalist, citing passages from the Dialogue on the Soul and Resurrection which they believe demonstrate her conviction that all sinners and demons will at last be purified and confess Christ. Macrina is remembered (with Gregory) in the Church of England with a Lesser Festival on 19 July.

This is a document about Biography (TV program)
  Nancy Reagan ; Historical figures, ancient: Attila the Hun, Alexander the Great, Columbus and more recent: Gandhi, Chiang Kai-shek, Rosa Parks, Oskar Schindler ; Fictional characters: Lamb Chop, Catwoman ; Filmmakers: Howard Hughes, Steven Spielberg ; "Pioneers of the space program" ; Celebrities: Prince Andrew, Princess Diana, Monica Lewinsky ; Religious and mystical figures: Jesus Christ, Satan, Nostradamus ; Lawyers: Ken Starr Biography has profiled over 1,000 subjects, ranging from "Moses to Mozart to Madonna," in the words of host Harry Smith, and as of 2018, Biography.com claims to contain over 7,000 biographical profiles on its website. The most-watched episodes profiled Ron Howard, the Gambino crime family, Ozzie and Harriet Nelson, Andre the Giant, and Sam Walton. Since its first broadcast in 1962, Biography has profiled:

Karl Landsteiner, an Austrian scientist, is considered a universal blood donor person as he discovered the ABO blood group system and the concept of blood groups. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for this discovery on World Blood Donor Day, which is celebrated every year on June 14.


Question: who has the most national championships college football

Answer: Princeton

This is a document about Alabama Crimson Tide football
  national championships from pre-1936 because there was no contemporary or nationally recognized authoritative source before that year. The University of Alabama 2009 Official Football Media Guide says Alabama had 12 national championships prior to winning the 2010 BCS National Championship Game. The 2009, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2017, and 2020 titles bring the total number of national championships claimed by Alabama to 18. Thirteen of Alabama's national championships were awarded by the wire-services (AP, Coaches' Poll) or by winning the BCS National Championship Game. In January 2013, CNN suggested that Alabama might be college football's new dynasty, and in May 2013, Athlon Sports ranked Alabama's ongoing dynasty as the fourth-best since 1934, behind Oklahoma (1948–58), Miami (1986–92), and Nebraska (1993–97).

This is a document about NCAA Division II Softball Championship
 Inactive or moved to Division I The teams that have won the most national championships since 1982 are:

This is a document about College Football Researchers Association
  The following list identifies the college football national champions as selected by the College Football Researchers Association. 1869- Princeton 1870- Princeton 1871- no college games 1872- Princeton 1873- Princeton 1874- Yale 1875- Princeton 1876- Yale 1877- Yale 1878- Princeton 1879- Princeton 1880- Yale 1881- Yale 1882- Yale 1883- Yale 1884- Yale 1885- Princeton 1886- Yale 1887- Yale 1888- Yale 1889- Princeton 1890- Harvard 1891- Yale 1892- Yale 1893- Princeton 1894- Yale 1895- Penn 1896- Princeton 1897- Penn 1898- Harvard 1899- Princeton 1900- Yale 1901- Harvard 1902- Michigan 1903- Princeton 1904- Penn 1905- Chicago 1906- Princeton 1907- Yale 1908- Penn 1909- Yale 1910- Harvard 1911- Princeton 1912- Harvard 1913- Harvard 1914- Army 1915- Cornell 1916- Pittsburgh 1917- Georgia Tech 1918-

This is a document about Oklahoma Sooners
  1985, and 2000 seasons featuring the top team in the Associated Press final poll, and the 2000 Bowl Championship Series National Championship as well. This number is 3rd only to the Alabama Crimson Tide (12) and the Notre Dame Fighting Irish (8) for the most AP titles of any Division I college football team after the end of World War II (which is commonly used as the division between eras in college football). In addition to these seven acknowledged national championships there are also ten additional years in which the NCAA's official record book lists other selections (mostly by math rating systems) of the Sooners as national champions, with the first four years in retrospect:

This is a document about University of Southern California
   The USC Trojans participate in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) as a member of the Pac-12 Conference and have won 123 total team national championships, 97 for men and 26 for women, including non-NCAA championships. Of this total, 80 and 14 are NCAA National Championships for men and women, respectively. The NCAA does not include college football championships in its calculation. Although there are multiple organizations that name national championships, USC claims 11 football championships. The men's 361 Individual Championships are the second-best in the nation and 53 ahead of third place, Texas Longhorns. USC's cross-town rival is the University of California, Los

This is a document about College Football Playoff National Championship
  has been given by the American Football Coaches Association (AFCA) since 1986, as officials wanted a new trophy that was unconnected with the previous BCS championship system. The inaugural game was held at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas, in January 2015, and was won by Ohio State. A top-ranked team did not win the College Football Playoff National Championship until LSU won the sixth edition of the game, in January 2020. Alabama has the most appearances in a College Football Playoff National Championship, with five. Note that the College Football Playoff National Championship is not awarded by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The highest level of college football that the NCAA awards a championship in is the Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS).

This is a document about Poling System
 Teams listed in bold reflect the NCAA's designation as "Consensus National Champions" by virtue of their selection from 1950 onward by one or more selectors from Associated Press, United Press/UPI, Football Writers Association of America, NFF/College Football Hall of Fame, and USA Today. The Poling System named contemporary champions from 1935 to 1984 and retroactively named champions from 1924 to 1934.

This is a document about 1917 in sports
 College football national championship – Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets (coached by John Heisman) ; Camp Randall Stadium, home of the Wisconsin Badgers, opens College championship

This is a document about Atlantic Coast Conference
 Italics denote championships won before the school joined the ACC. ; In addition, non-football member Notre Dame claims 11 national titles. Many sources, however, credit the Fighting Irish with 13. See Notre Dame Fighting Irish football national championships for more details. Although the NCAA does not determine an official national champion for Division I FBS football, several ACC members claim national championships awarded by various "major selectors" of national championships as recognized in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records. Since 1936 and 1950 respectively, these include what are now the most pervasive and influential selectors, the Associated Press poll and Coaches Poll. In addition, from 1998 to 2013 the Bowl Championship Series (BCS) used a mathematical formula to match the top two teams at the end of the season. The winner of the BCS was contractually awarded the Coaches' Poll national championship and its AFCA National Championship Trophy as well as the MacArthur Trophy from the National Football Foundation. Maryland won one championship as a member of the ACC in 1953.

This is a document about 1930 Alabama Crimson Tide football team
  The NCAA recognizes consensus national champions as the teams that have captured a championship by way of one of the major polls since the 1950 college football season. Prior to 1950, national championships were chosen by a variety of selectors, and in the 1980s, Alabama claimed the 1930 championship as one of its 16 claimed/recognized national championships. As such, Alabama claims a share of the 1930 national championship, with Notre Dame, due to each school being selected national champion by various major selectors. Specifically, Alabama was selected national champion by Football Research, Parke Davis, and Sagarin and Sagarin (ELO-Chess).

This is a document about Atlantic Coast Conference
  The Virginia Cavaliers lead the ACC in NCAA men's titles with 21, while the North Carolina Tar Heels lead in women's titles with 33 and in overall NCAA titles with 46. Excluded from this list are all national championships earned outside the scope of NCAA competition, including Division I FBS football titles, women's AIAW championships, equestrian titles, and retroactive Helms Athletic Foundation titles.

This is a document about 1934 Alabama Crimson Tide football team
  The NCAA recognizes consensus national champions as the teams that have captured a championship by way of one of the major polls since the 1950 college football season. Prior to 1950, national championships were chosen by a variety of selectors, and in the 1980s, Alabama claimed the 1934 championship as one of its now 17 national championships. As such, Alabama claims a share of the 1934 national championship, with Minnesota, due to each school being selected national champion by various major selectors. Specifically, Alabama was selected national champion in 1934 by Dunkel, Houlgate, Poling System and Williamson.

This is a document about 1919 college football season
  The 1919 college football season had no clear-cut champion, with the Official NCAA Division I Football Records Book listing Centre, Harvard, Illinois, Notre Dame, and Texas A&M as having been deemed national champions by major selectors Only Harvard, Illinois, and Texas A&M claim national championships for the 1919 season. Texas A&M began claiming the 1919 national championship in 2012.

This is a document about Harvard Crimson football
  Harvard has won 12 national championships (1874, 1875, 1890, 1898, 1899, 1901, 1908, 1910, 1912, 1913, 1919, 1920) from NCAA-designated major selectors. Harvard claims seven of these college football national championships. Bold indicates claimed championship

This is a document about European Cup (baseball)
  Most Championships

This is a document about 1945 Alabama Crimson Tide football team
  The NCAA recognizes consensus national champions as the teams that have captured a championship by way of one of the major polls since the 1950 college football season, and prior to 1950, they were chosen by a variety of selectors. For the 1945 season, Army was recognized as national champions. The 1945 Alabama team was later determined to be national champions by the National Championship Foundation; however, Alabama does not claim 1945 as one of their 18 recognized national championships.

This is a document about National Championship Foundation
  The following list identifies the college football national champions as selected by the National Championship Foundation.

This is a document about Auburn Tigers
 Men's ; Football (2)a: 1957, 2010 ; Women's ; Equestrian (6): 2006, 2011, 2013, 2016, 2018, 2019 see also ; List of NCAA schools with the most Division I national championships Auburn has won eight national championships that were not bestowed by the NCAA. In the case of football, the NCAA does not recognize a national champion in Auburn's division. a Auburn's 1913, 1983, and 1993 football (Auburn was disqualified from post-season play in 1993 and did not play in a bowl game) championship selections by "major selectors" are not recognized by the school.

This is a document about Pac-12 Conference
  Team titles through April 4, 2021; individual titles through July 1, 2016 † Co-ed sports include fencing (since 1990), rifle, and skiing (since 1983). Team fencing championships before 1990 and team skiing championships before 1983 were awarded as men's or women's championships and are counted here as such. These totals do not include football national championships, which the NCAA does not officially award at the FBS level. Various polls, formulas, and other third-party systems have been used to determine national championships, not all of which are universally accepted. These totals also do not include championships prior to the inception of the NCAA. USC claims 11 national football championships, California claims 5, Washington claims 4, Stanford claims 2, while Colorado and UCLA claim 1.

This is a document about Clemson Tigers
  Clemson has three national championships in football, the most recent coming in 2018 with a victory over Alabama 44-16 in the 2019 College Football Playoff National Championship. Clemson has appeared in the last six playoffs and won two national championships during those visits. The Tigers also possess the most Atlantic Coast Conference championships with 20, including winning the last six. It has also won greater than 60% of its games, placing it in the top 25 on the all-time winning percentage list. Clemson also won two Southern Conference titles before joining the ACC. The 1981 squad, led by Head Coach Danny Ford, became the first athletic team in school history to win a national championship. Clemson defeated Nebraska 22–15 in the Orange Bowl

The University of Alabama and the University of Oklahoma both have the most national championships in college football, with a total of 13 each (11 recognized by the AP and Coaches Poll, and 2 more by the NCAA). However, if we include the NCAA's selections in the list, USC has a total of 12 national championships.


Question: when did charles dickens start to write books

Answer: 1836

This is a document about A Christmas Carol
  The writer Charles Dickens was born to a middle-class family which got into financial difficulties as a result of the spendthrift nature of his father John. In 1824 John was committed to the Marshalsea, a debtors' prison in Southwark, London. Dickens, aged 12, was forced to pawn his collection of books, leave school and work at a dirty and rat-infested shoe-blacking factory. The change in circumstances gave him what his biographer, Michael Slater, describes as a "deep personal and social outrage", which heavily influenced his writing and outlook. By the end of 1842 Dickens was a well-established author, having written six major works, as

This is a document about A Christmas Carol
  By mid-1843 Dickens began to suffer from financial problems. Sales of Martin Chuzzlewit were falling off, and his wife, Catherine, was pregnant with their fifth child. Matters worsened when Chapman & Hall, his publishers, threatened to reduce his monthly income by £50 if sales dropped further. He began A Christmas Carol in October 1843. Michael Slater, Dickens's biographer, describes the book as being "written at white heat"; it was completed in six weeks, the final pages being written in early December. He built much of the work in his head while taking night-time walks of 15 to 20 mi around London. Dickens's sister-in-law wrote how he "wept, and laughed, and wept again, and excited himself in a most extraordinary manner, in composition". Slater says that A Christmas Carol was "intended

This is a document about Charles Dickens
  Charles John Huffam Dickens (7 February 1812 – 9 June 1870) was an English writer and social critic. He created some of the world's best-known fictional characters and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era. His works enjoyed unprecedented popularity during his lifetime and, by the 20th century, critics and scholars had recognised him as a literary genius. His novels and short stories are widely read today. Born in Portsmouth, Dickens left school at the age of 12 to work in a blacking factory when his father was incarcerated in a debtors' prison. After three years he was returned to school, before he began his literary career as a journalist. Despite

This is a document about English novel
  Charles Dickens emerged on the literary scene in the 1830s with the two novels already mentioned. Dickens wrote vividly about London life and struggles of the poor, but in a good-humoured fashion, accessible to readers of all classes. One of his most popular works to this day is A Christmas Carol (1843). In more recent years Dickens has been most admired for his later novels, such as Dombey and Son (1846–48), Great Expectations (1860–61), Bleak House (1852–53) and Little Dorrit (1855–57) and Our Mutual Friend (1864–65). An early rival to Dickens was William Makepeace Thackeray, who during the Victorian period ranked second only to him, but

This is a document about Charles Dickens
  – Niagara Falls, Toronto, Kingston and Montreal – where he appeared on stage in light comedies. Soon after his return to England, Dickens began work on the first of his Christmas stories, A Christmas Carol, written in 1843, which was followed by The Chimes in 1844 and The Cricket on the Hearth in 1845. Of these, A Christmas Carol was most popular and, tapping into an old tradition, did much to promote a renewed enthusiasm for the joys of Christmas in Britain and America. The seeds for the story became planted in Dickens's mind during a trip to Manchester to witness

This is a document about The Man Who Invented Christmas (film)
  In 1843, four years after the success of Oliver Twist, Charles Dickens (Dan Stevens) is suffering financial hardship from the failure of his last three books. Rejected by his publishers, he sets out to write a new book, and publish it himself, to restore his finances. Seeing inspiration around London, most notably a rich man's funeral that is largely unattended and a mean-spirited old man who gives him the catchphrase "Humbug" and inspiration of a new character, he begins writing A Christmas Carol, due in six weeks in order to be published by Christmas, despite his friends and publishers telling him that the

This is a document about Victorian literature
  Charles Dickens is the most famous Victorian novelist. With a focus on strong characterization, Dickens became extraordinarily popular in his day and remains one of the most popular and read authors of the world. His first novel, The Pickwick Papers (1836–37) written when he was twenty-five, was an overnight success, and all his subsequent works sold extremely well. The comedy of his first novel has a satirical edge and this pervades his writing. While at the beginning of the 19th century most novels were published in three volumes, monthly serialization was revived with the publication of Charles Dickens' Pickwick Papers in twenty parts between

This is a document about Charles Dickens Jr.
 Mary Angela (1862–1948) ; Ethel Kate (1864–1936) ; Charles Walter (1865–1923) ; Sydney Margaret (1866–1955) ; Dorothy Gertrude (1868–1923) ; Beatrice (1869–1937) ; Cecil Mary (1871–1952) ; Evelyn Bessie (1873–1924) Charles Dickens Jr. was born at Furnival's Inn in Holborn, London, the first child of Charles Dickens and his wife Catherine Hogarth. He was called "Charley" by family and friends. In 1847, aged 10, he entered the junior department of King's College, London. He went to Eton College, and visited Leipzig in 1853 to study German. In 1855, aged 18, he entered Barings Bank. In 1858, after his parents' separation, his father agreed he should live with his mother. As a young man,

This is a document about List of Assassin's Creed characters
  Charles Dickens (1812–1870) was an English writer and social critic. He meets Jacob and Evie, and asks for their help in solving crimes.

This is a document about Charles Dickens
  – writing as many as 90 pages a month – while continuing work on Bentley's and also writing four plays, the production of which he oversaw. Oliver Twist, published in 1838, became one of Dickens's better known stories and was the first Victorian novel with a child protagonist.  On 2 April 1836, after a one-year engagement, and between episodes two and three of The Pickwick Papers, Dickens married Catherine Thomson Hogarth (1815–1879), the daughter of George Hogarth, editor of the Evening Chronicle. They were married in St Luke's Church, Chelsea, London. After a brief honeymoon in Chalk in Kent, the couple returned

This is a document about Victorian literature
  1836 and November 1837. Demand was high for each episode to introduce some new element, whether it was a plot twist or a new character, so as to maintain the readers' interest. Dickens worked diligently and prolifically to produce the entertaining writing that the public wanted, but also to offer commentary on social problems and the plight of the poor and oppressed. His most important works include Oliver Twist (1837–39), Nicholas Nickleby (1838–39), A Christmas Carol (1843), Dombey and Son (1846–1848), David Copperfield (1849–50), Bleak House (1852–53), Little Dorrit (1855–1857), A Tale of Two Cities (1859), and Great Expectations (1860–61). There is a gradual

This is a document about Charles Dickens
  his career as a writer. In 1833, Dickens submitted his first story, "A Dinner at Poplar Walk", to the London periodical Monthly Magazine. William Barrow, Dickens's uncle on his mother's side, offered him a job on The Mirror of Parliament and he worked in the House of Commons for the first time early in 1832. He rented rooms at Furnival's Inn and worked as a political journalist, reporting on Parliamentary debates, and he travelled across Britain to cover election campaigns for the Morning Chronicle. His journalism, in the form of sketches in periodicals, formed his first collection of pieces, published in 1836:

This is a document about Charles Dickens
  lack of formal education, Dickens edited a weekly journal for 20 years, wrote 15 novels, five novellas, hundreds of short stories and non-fiction articles, lectured and performed readings extensively, was an indefatigable letter writer, and campaigned vigorously for children's rights, education and other social reforms. Dickens's literary success began with the 1836 serial publication of The Pickwick Papers, a publishing phenomenon—thanks largely to the introduction of the character Sam Weller in the fourth episode—that sparked Pickwick merchandise and spin-offs. Within a few years Dickens had become an international literary celebrity, famous for his humour, satire and keen observation of character and society. His novels, most of them published in monthly or weekly instalments, pioneered the

This is a document about 1860 in literature
  the Year Round. It appears in book form in London around August 15. ; c. September 3 – Charles Dickens burns most of his private papers at his home in Kent, Gads Hill Place, having taken up regular residence there this year. ; December 1 – Charles Dickens's Bildungsroman Great Expectations begins serialization in All the Year Round. ; unknown dates ; Alexander Bain is appointed to the chair of logic and English literature at the University of Aberdeen. ; Vasil Drumev, later Metropolitan Kliment of Tarnovo and Bulgaria's Prime Minister, brings out the first original story in the Bulgarian language, "A Woeful Family" (Nešastna familiya), in the Istanbul journal Bâlgarski knižitsi. ; Andreas Munch becomes the first person granted a poet's pension by the Parliament of Norway.

This is a document about Charles Dickens
  In January 1815, John Dickens was called back to London and the family moved to Norfolk Street, Fitzrovia. When Charles was four, they relocated to Sheerness and thence to Chatham, Kent, where he spent his formative years until the age of 11. His early life seems to have been idyllic, though he thought himself a "very small and not-over-particularly-taken-care-of boy". Charles spent time outdoors, but also read voraciously, including the picaresque novels of Tobias Smollett and Henry Fielding, as well as Robinson Crusoe and Gil Blas. He read and reread The Arabian Nights and the Collected Farces of Elizabeth Inchbald. He

This is a document about 1824 in literature
 January – The British periodicals The Children's Friend and The Child's Companion both publish their first issues. ; January 24 – The first issue of a radical quarterly founded by Jeremy Bentham, The Westminster Review, is published in London. ; February 9 – Because of dire family financial straits, Charles Dickens, just turned 12, begins work in a blacking factory in London. On February 23 his father, John Dickens, is committed to the Marshalsea prison as a debtor. ; February 15 – Lord Byron falls ill at Missolonghi while taking part in the Greek War of Independence. He dies of fever on April 19. ; April – The United States Literary Gazette,

This is a document about Dickens' London
  Charles Dickens's works are especially associated with London which is the setting for many of his novels. These works do not just use London as a backdrop but are about the city and its character. Dickens described London as a magic lantern, a popular entertainment of the Victorian era, which projected images from slides. Of all Dickens's characters, "none played as important a role in his work as that of London itself"; it fired his imagination and made him write. In a letter to John Forster in 1846, Dickens wrote "a day in London sets me up and starts me", but outside of the city,

This is a document about 1838 in the United Kingdom
 Charles Dickens' novels Oliver Twist (in book form) and The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby (serialisation begins). ; Lady Charlotte Guest begins publication of her translation into English of the Welsh traditional tales known as the Mabinogion. ; Robert Smith Surtees' collected sporting stories Jorrocks' Jaunts and Jollities.

This is a document about Christmas
  In the UK, Christmas Day became a bank holiday in 1834. Boxing Day, the day after Christmas, was added in 1871. In the early-19th century, writers imagined Tudor Christmas as a time of heartfelt celebration. In 1843, Charles Dickens wrote the novel A Christmas Carol, which helped revive the "spirit" of Christmas and seasonal merriment. Its instant popularity played a major role in portraying Christmas as a holiday emphasizing family, goodwill, and compassion. Dickens sought to construct Christmas as a family-centered festival of generosity, linking "worship and feasting, within a context of social reconciliation." Superimposing his humanitarian vision of the

This is a document about Estelle (given name)
  Charles Dickens in variant form for the character Estella Havisham in his novel Great Expectations published in August 1861 after being serialized weekly from December 1860 with Estella being introduced in Chapter 8 on 19 January 1861. The general scholarly consensus is that in choosing Estella as the name of the remote love object of his novel's focal character: Pip - whose full given name is Philip -, Dickens was evoking Sir Philip Sidney's poetic wooing of the unattainable Stella in Astrophel and Stella (1591). Several other widely read authors of the day gave the name Estelle to major characters in their novels, Catherine Gore in Romances of Real Life as early as 1829 although most examples

Charles Dickens started writing books in the 1830s. His first novel, "The Pickwick Papers," was published in 1836. He went on to write other popular novels such as "Oliver Twist" (1838), "Nicholas Nickleby" (1839), "The Old Curiosity Shop" (1841), and "Barnaby Rudge" (1841). In the 1850s, he wrote some of his greatest works, including "Dombey and Son" (1848