Question: who dotted the i at ohio state today

Answer: Brungart

This is a document about Ohio State University Marching Band
  dot the "i". On November 19, 2011, Jon Woods, the marching band's director for the previous 28 years, dotted the "i" in his final home game directing the band, becoming the only non-band member to dot the "i" during a game where the OSUMB performed Script Ohio twice. The first Script Ohio of that game in its traditional pregame spot featured senior sousaphone player Jonathan Lampley dotting the "i". Woods dotted the "i" in a special second performance of Script Ohio during halftime. Although not the famous Script Ohio formation, John Glenn and his wife Annie Glenn returned to Ohio Stadium on September 22, 2012, to dot the "i" in the word America during a NASA-themed halftime show paying tribute to Glenn's NASA accomplishments and time as an Ohio senator.

This is a document about Ohio State University Marching Band
  "Dotting the 'i'" is considered the greatest honor the band can bestow to any non-band member and is a very special (and rare) event. Woody Hayes, Bob Hope, Jack Nicklaus, James "Buster" Douglas, OSU Presidents Novice Fawcett, Gordon Gee and their wives, the late composer Richard Heine, Ann Droste, wife of retired director and former OSUMB member Paul Droste, retired OSU ticket director Robert Ries, John Glenn and his wife Annie Glenn, The Limited Brands founder, chairman, and CEO Leslie Wexner (an OSU alumnus), and former football coach Earle Bruce are the select few non-band members who have had the honor of dotting the "i". The fourth- or fifth-year sousaphone player selected to dot the "i" for that specific game must give up their spot in order for an honorary member

This is a document about Jack Nicklaus
  a comprehensive view of Nicklaus's life and career in and out of golf as well as exhibits celebrating the history and legends of the game. Nicklaus had the rare privilege of "dotting the 'i'" of "Script Ohio", the signature formation of the Ohio State University Marching Band, at the Ohio State homecoming game on October 28, 2006, when the Buckeyes played Minnesota; this is considered the greatest honor that can be bestowed on a non-band member. Nicklaus was the fifth non-band member to receive this award. Other recipients include Bob Hope and Woody Hayes. While at Ohio State University, Nicklaus became a member

This is a document about Helmet sticker
  ESPN says the practice of awarding helmet stickers is often wrongly credited to Ernie Biggs, also an athletic trainer at Ohio State under legendary coach Woody Hayes. They instead claim that the practice of awarding stickers began with Jim Young, former assistant coach at Miami in 1965, two years before they were used by the Buckeyes. An even earlier attribution is given to Gene Stauber, freshman coach at Nebraska (1955–1957) by head coach Pete Elliott. Stauber routinely used stickers throughout his tenure as assistant coach at Illinois (1960–1970), as a 1962 photo of All-American linebacker Dick Butkus indicates. The stickers stem

This is a document about Baker Mayfield
  On September 9, 2017, after a win against the Ohio State Buckeyes in Columbus, Mayfield planted the Sooners' flag in the middle of the painted "O" at Ohio Stadium, causing a major public backlash. Mayfield issued an apology shortly afterwards. On November 4, 2017, Mayfield threw for a school-high 598 yards against in-state rival Oklahoma State. Mayfield finished 24-for-36 with five passing touchdowns and one rushing touchdown, and Oklahoma won the game by a score of 62–52. Mayfield completed his career 3–0 as the starting Oklahoma quarterback in the Bedlam Series. In November 2017, Mayfield was under fire again after an interaction

This is a document about 2015 Michigan Wolverines football team
 Sources:  Following its road finale against Penn State, Michigan faced its arch-rivals, the Ohio State Buckeyes, in the 112th meeting of "The Game." Ohio State won the previous meeting by a score of 42–28. Prior to the game, Michigan retired six numbers that were previously a part of the "Michigan Legends" program. The numbers were 11 (worn by the Wistert Brothers—Al Wistert, Alvin Wistert, and Whitey Wistert), 21 (worn by Desmond Howard), 47 (worn by Bennie Oosterbaan), 48 (worn by Gerald Ford), 87 (worn by Ron Kramer), and 98 (worn by Tom Harmon). Howard's Number 21 jersey will officially be retired, as his was the only jersey of the six that was not formally retired at Michigan

This is a document about October 2007 in sports
 American football ; NCAA Division I FBS AP Top 25: ; (1) Ohio State 24, Michigan State 17 ; (4) Oklahoma 17, Iowa State 7 ; (5) LSU 30, (18) Auburn 24 ; Vanderbilt 17, (6) South Carolina 6 ; (7) Oregon 55, Washington 34 ; (14) Florida 45, (8) Kentucky 37 ; (9) West Virginia 38, Mississippi State 13 ; UCLA 30, (10) California 21 ; (13) USC 38, Notre Dame 0 ; (15) Kansas 19, Colorado 14 ; (15) Missouri 41, (22) Texas Tech 10 ; (19) Texas 31, Baylor 10 ; Alabama 41, (20) Tennessee 17 ; Pittsburgh 24, (23) Cincinnati 17 ; (24) Michigan 27, Illinois 17 ; Oklahoma State 41, (25) Kansas State 39 ; Baseball: ; 2007 American League Championship Series Game 6: ; Boston Red Sox 12, Cleveland Indians 2 — J. D.

This is a document about 1969 All-Big Ten Conference football team
 Jim Stillwagon, Ohio State (AP-1; UPI-1) ; Henry Hill, Michigan (AP-2; UPI-2)

This is a document about 1971 Big Ten Conference football season
  a pass with one-and-a-half minutes remaining. After the interception, Ohio State coach Woody Hayes ran across the field, berating each of the officials. The officials assessed an unsportsman-like conduct against Hayes. Another penalty was assessed against an Ohio State player for punching Michigan's backup quarterback, Larry Cipa. When the official moved the first-down markers to assess the penalty, Hayes pulled the markers from ground, threw one onto the field and threw the other to the ground, proceeding to then rip the plastic flag from the pole with his hand. The victory gave Michigan an undefeated record in the regular season

This is a document about 1979 All-Big Ten Conference football team
 Mike Guess, Ohio State (AP-1, UPI-1) ; Mike Jolly, Michigan (AP-1, UPI-1) ; Tim Wilbur, Indiana (AP-1) ; Todd Bell, Ohio State (UPI-1) ; Vince Skillings, Ohio State (UPI-1)

This is a document about 2013 Ohio State Buckeyes football team
  Prior to National Signing Day on February 6, 2013, six high school players that graduated early and one transfer of the 2013 recruiting class enrolled for the spring semester in order to participate in spring practice. These early enrollments included: cornerbacks Eli Apple and Cameron Burrows, quarterback J.T. Barrett, fullback William Houston, defensive ends Tyquan Lewis Tracy Sprinkle, and fullback Devin Hill, who transferred from Purdue University. On February 6, 2013, the Ohio State University athletic department confirmed that it had received the National Letter of Intent from seventeen additional players to play at Ohio State that completed the 2013 recruiting class. Ohio State's recruiting class was highlighted by seventeen players from the "ESPN 300",

This is a document about Penn State Nittany Lions football
  17-10 in front of a crowd of almost 110,000. The game being decided on a fumble by Ohio State quarterback and future Heisman Trophy winner Troy Smith, caused by Penn State defensive end Tamba Hali and recovered by defensive tackle Scott Paxson. After the final whistle, the students rushed the field. The Paternoville name continued after the game. Since the original "Paternoville," two other games have garnered comparable camp-outs. They were the 2005 game against the University of Wisconsin Badgers, which was Senior Day for the 2005 season, and the 2006 contest against University of Michigan Wolverines. However, students camp out for every game,

This is a document about 1995 All-Big Ten Conference football team
 Bobby Hoying, Ohio State (Coaches)

This is a document about 1971 Michigan Wolverines football team
  Ohio State coach Woody Hayes ran across the field, berating each of the officials. The officials assessed an unsportsmanlike conduct against Hayes. When another penalty was assessed against Ohio State linebacker Randy Gradishar for punching Michigan's backup quarterback, Larry Cipa. When the official moved the first-down markers to assess the penalty, Hayes pulled the markers from ground, threw one onto the field and threw the other to the ground, proceeding to then rip the plastic flag from the pole with his hand. The victory gave Michigan an undefeated record in the regular season for the first time since 1948.

This is a document about 1958 Big Ten Conference football season
  Big Ten with a 7–1–1 record, led the conference in scoring defense (8.6 points allowed per game), and was ranked No. 7 in the final AP Poll. Wisconsin's sole loss was to Iowa. Dale Hackbart led the Badgers with 641 passing yards and 1,032 yards of total offense. The 1958 Ohio State Buckeyes football team, under head coach Woody Hayes, compiled a 6–1–2 record and was ranked No. 8 in the final AP Poll. Fullback Bob White was a consensus first-team All-American and led the Big Ten with 859 rushing yards and 72 points scored. End Jim Houston and tackle Jim Marshall were also selected as first-team All-Americans by multiple selectors. Other notable individual performances during the 1958 season include Michigan State end Sam Williams who was selected as a consensus first-team All-American and Illinois end Rich Kreitling who led the Big Ten with 688 receiving yards.

This is a document about History of Ohio State Buckeyes football
  panel reviewed the evidence, the Ohio State Board of Trustees found that Meyer and Ohio State University Athletic Director Gene Smith did not uphold the values of the university. On August 22, the board voted to suspend Meyer for the opening three games of the season for the Buckeyes. He missed the team's games against Oregon State, Rutgers and TCU. Ryan Day, would act as the head coach in his absence. The Buckeyes would go on to finish 12–1 winning the Big Ten and getting a 2019 Rose Bowl invite to play Washington. On December 4, 2018, the University announced that Meyer would retire following the Rose Bowl due to increasing medical issues.

This is a document about 1976 Rose Bowl
  Hayes brought an 11–0 Ohio State team to Pasadena, featuring two-time Heisman Trophy winner Archie Griffin. It was a record fourth consecutive appearance for the 62-year-old Hayes, and his eighth and final appearance in the Rose Bowl. It was also a record fourth Rose Bowl start for Griffin; he was the only player to start in four until joined by Brian Cushing of USC in January 2009. Ohio State capped an undefeated regular season with a 21–14 win over rival Michigan in Ann Arbor for Hayes' last outright Big Ten championship, and also his last victory over former assistant Bo Schembechler. The Wolverines held the Buckeyes scoreless in the second and third quarters. Tied at

This is a document about Beth Burns
  Sources: Ohio State, San Diego State

This is a document about Jerry Markbreit
  that game, furious over what he thought was a missed defensive pass interference foul against Michigan All-American Thom Darden, Buckeyes coach Woody Hayes stormed onto the field, launched a profanity-laced tirade at Markbreit, tore up the sideline markers, threw the penalty flag into the crowd, began destroying the yard markers and threw the first-down marker into the ground like a javelin before being restrained by Buckeyes team officials. Hayes was suspended for one game and fined $1,000 by Big Ten commissioner Wayne Duke. Moments after Hayes' tirade, Markbreit ejected Buckeyes linebacker Randy Gradishar for punching Michigan quarterback Tom Slade through his

This is a document about 2006 Ohio State Buckeyes football team
  over on fumbles three times, including two plays in a row in the 2nd quarter, but intercepted Minnesota 3 times (by Antonio Smith, Jamario O’Neal, and Malcolm Jenkins). The Buckeyes’ 18 total interceptions for the season leads all Division I-A teams. Antonio Pittman scored two of Ohio State's 5 rushing touchdowns, carried the ball for 116 yards, and had two pass receptions for 47 yards. Chris Wells carried the ball for another 90 yards and scored once. Troy Smith threw for 183 yards and a touchdown on 14–21 passing, and scored a rushing touchdown on a long scramble. Justin Zwick added the other rushing score on a 4th quarter sneak. The sole touchdown catch was 18 yards to Brian Robiskie, his only catch of the day. Brian Hartline had four catches for 69 yards to lead all players.

The person who dotted the "i" at Ohio State today is not mentioned in the provided text. However, it is mentioned that Jon Woods, the director of bands, dotted the "i" in the script during halftime performances in 2011 and 2012.


Question: what are the different types of heat transfer

Answer: parallel flow

This is a document about Heat transfer
   Heat transfer is a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the generation, use, conversion, and exchange of thermal energy (heat) between physical systems. Heat transfer is classified into various mechanisms, such as thermal conduction, thermal convection, thermal radiation, and transfer of energy by phase changes. Engineers also consider the transfer of mass of differing chemical species (mass transfer in the form of advection), either cold or hot, to achieve heat transfer. While these mechanisms have distinct characteristics, they often occur simultaneously in the same system. Heat conduction, also called diffusion, is the direct microscopic exchange of kinetic energy of particles (such as molecules)

This is a document about Heat transfer
 Advection ; Advection is the transport mechanism of a fluid from one location to another, and is dependent on motion and momentum of that fluid. ; Conduction or diffusion ; The transfer of energy between objects that are in physical contact. Thermal conductivity is the property of a material to conduct heat and evaluated primarily in terms of Fourier's Law for heat conduction. ; Convection ; The transfer of energy between an object and its environment, due to fluid motion. The average temperature is a reference for evaluating properties related to convective heat transfer. ; Radiation ; The transfer of energy by the emission of electromagnetic radiation. The fundamental modes of heat transfer are:

This is a document about Thermal fluids
 Energy transfer by heat, work and mass ; Laws of thermodynamics ; Entropy ; Refrigeration Techniques ; Properties and nature of pure substances Heat transfer is a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the transfer of thermal energy from one physical system to another. Heat transfer is classified into various mechanisms, such as heat conduction, convection, thermal radiation, and phase-change transfer. Engineers also consider the transfer of mass of differing chemical species, either cold or hot, to achieve heat transfer. Sections include :

This is a document about Heat transfer
  Heat transfer can be modeled in various ways.

This is a document about Heat transfer
  angles to each other. Common types of heat exchangers include shell and tube, double pipe, extruded finned pipe, spiral fin pipe, u-tube, and stacked plate. Each type has certain advantages and disadvantages over other types. A heat sink is a component that transfers heat generated within a solid material to a fluid medium, such as air or a liquid. Examples of heat sinks are the heat exchangers used in refrigeration and air conditioning systems or the radiator in a car. A heat pipe is another heat-transfer device that combines thermal conductivity and phase transition to efficiently transfer heat between two solid interfaces.

This is a document about Heat transfer
  Heat transfer has broad application to the functioning of numerous devices and systems. Heat-transfer principles may be used to preserve, increase, or decrease temperature in a wide variety of circumstances. Heat transfer methods are used in numerous disciplines, such as automotive engineering, thermal management of electronic devices and systems, climate control, insulation, materials processing, chemical engineering and power station engineering.

This is a document about Applied mechanics
 Thermodynamics ; Heat transfer (one phase convection) ; Heat transfer (two phase convection) ; Heat transfer (conduction) ; Heat transfer (radiation and combined modes) ; Heat transfer (devices and systems) ; Thermodynamics of solids ; Mass transfer (with and without heat transfer) ; Combustion ; Prime movers and propulsion systems

This is a document about Thermal hydraulics
  In single-phase heat transfer, convection is often the dominant mechanism of heat transfer. For a diabatic flow where the flow receives heat, the temperature of the coolant changes as it flows. An example of single-phase heat transfer is a gas-cooled reactor and molten-salt reactor. The most convenient way for characterizing the single-phase heat transfer is based on an empirical approach, where the temperature difference between the wall and bulk flow can be obtained from the heat transfer coefficient. The heat transfer coefficient depends on several factors: mode of heat transfer (e.g., internal or external flow), type of fluid, geometry of the system, flow regime (e.g., laminar or turbulent flow), boundary condition, etc. Examples of heat transfer correlations are Dittus-Boelter correlation (turbulent forced convection), Churchill & Chu (natural convection).

This is a document about Heat transfer
  also common in the language of laymen and everyday life. The transport equations for thermal energy (Fourier's law), mechanical momentum (Newton's law for fluids), and mass transfer (Fick's laws of diffusion) are similar, and analogies among these three transport processes have been developed to facilitate prediction of conversion from any one to the others. Thermal engineering concerns the generation, use, conversion, storage, and exchange of heat transfer. As such, heat transfer is involved in almost every sector of the economy. Heat transfer is classified into various mechanisms, such as thermal conduction, thermal convection, thermal radiation, and transfer of energy by phase changes.

This is a document about Heat
  The discipline of heat transfer, typically considered an aspect of mechanical engineering and chemical engineering, deals with specific applied methods by which thermal energy in a system is generated, or converted, or transferred to another system. Although the definition of heat implicitly means the transfer of energy, the term heat transfer encompasses this traditional usage in many engineering disciplines and laymen language. Heat transfer is generally described as including the mechanisms of heat conduction, heat convection, thermal radiation, but may include mass transfer and heat in processes of phase changes. Convection may be described as the combined effects of conduction and fluid flow. From the thermodynamic point of view, heat flows into a

This is a document about Transport phenomena
  transfer is the system's attempt to achieve thermal equilibrium with its environment, just as mass and momentum transport move the system towards chemical and mechanical equilibrium. Examples of transport processes include heat conduction (energy transfer), fluid flow (momentum transfer), molecular diffusion (mass transfer), radiation and electric charge transfer in semiconductors. Transport phenomena have wide application. For example, in solid state physics, the motion and interaction of electrons, holes and phonons are studied under "transport phenomena". Another example is in biomedical engineering, where some transport phenomena of interest are thermoregulation, perfusion, and microfluidics. In chemical engineering, transport phenomena are studied in reactor design, analysis of molecular or diffusive transport mechanisms, and metallurgy. The transport of mass, energy, and momentum can be affected by the presence of external sources:

This is a document about Lumped-element model
 +Equations for different heat transfer modes and their thermal resistances. Conduction Conduction A useful concept used in heat transfer applications once the condition of steady state heat conduction has been reached, is the representation of thermal transfer by what is known as thermal circuits. A thermal circuit is the representation of the resistance to heat flow in each element of a circuit, as though it were an electrical resistor. The heat transferred is analogous to the electric current and the thermal resistance is analogous to the electrical resistor. The values of the thermal resistance for the different modes of heat transfer are then calculated as the denominators

This is a document about Food engineering
  Heat transfer is important in the processing of almost every commercialized food product and is important to preserve the hygienic, nutritional and sensory qualities of food. Heat transfer methods include induction, convection, and radiation. These methods are used to create variations in the physical properties of food when freezing, baking, or deep frying products, and also when applying ohmic heating or infrared radiation to food. These tools allow food engineers to innovate in the creation and transformation of food products.

This is a document about Infrared and thermal testing
 1) conduction ; 2) convection ; 3) radiation There are three ways of transferring thermal energy: All objects emit electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength dependent on the object's temperature. The wavelength of the radiation is inversely proportional to the temperature. According to thermodynamics, emitted energy will flow from warmer to cooler areas, and the rate of energy transfer will vary according to the efficiency of the heat transfer processes and the insulating effects of the material through which energy is flowing. In principle, a targeted object or feature will have different thermal properties than its surroundings; for instance, a buried metallic pipe conducts heat more readily than the surrounding soil, so if the fluid it is carrying is at a different temperature than the ambient conditions, the pipe will be visible to a thermal imaging sensor without having to perform an excavation to locate the pipe. Various types of construction materials have different insulating abilities. In addition, differing types of pipeline defects have different insulating values and/or vary in the magnitude of energy supplied. Because of the potential heterogeneities in the surrounding pipe (i.e., different types of soils), it can be difficult to distinguish targeted objects from background noise.

This is a document about CFD in buildings
 or by both (depending upon the nature of source available) and there are different forms of equations for different cases. For simplicity and easy understanding, only 1-Dimensional cases have been discussed. 1) Steady State Thermal Analysis ; 2) Transient Thermal Analysis In buildings, heat transfer takes place in its all modes i.e. conduction, convection and radiation. In order to reduce heat losses from buildings, CFD analysis can be done for the optimum configuration of composite walls, roof and floor. The differential form of the general transport equation is as follows: {| style="width:80%;" In buildings the heat transfer analysis can be done for all parts of buildings (walls, roof and floor) in following two ways

This is a document about Convection (heat transfer)
  heated from below. ; Forced convection: when a fluid is forced to flow over the surface by an internal source such as fans, by stirring, and pumps, creating an artificially induced convection current.  Two types of convective heat transfer may be distinguished:  In many real-life applications (e.g. heat losses at solar central receivers or cooling of photovoltaic panels), natural and forced convection occur at the same time (mixed convection). Internal and external flow can also classify convection. Internal flow occurs when a fluid is enclosed by a solid boundary such as when flowing through a pipe. An external flow occurs when a fluid extends indefinitely without encountering a solid surface.

This is a document about Heat exchanger
 Gas – liquid ; Immiscible liquid – liquid ; Solid-liquid or solid – gas Direct contact heat exchangers involve heat transfer between hot and cold streams of two phases in the absence of a separating wall. Thus such heat exchangers can be classified as: Most direct contact heat exchangers fall under the Gas – Liquid category, where heat is transferred between a gas and liquid in the form of drops, films or sprays. Such types of heat exchangers are used predominantly in air conditioning, humidification, industrial hot water heating, water cooling and condensing plants.

This is a document about Thermal conduction
  Thermal conduction is the transfer of internal energy by microscopic collisions of particles and movement of electrons within a body. The colliding particles, which include molecules, atoms and electrons, transfer disorganized microscopic kinetic and potential energy, when joined known as internal energy. Conduction takes place in most phases: solid, liquid, and plasma. Heat spontaneously flows from a hotter to a colder body. For example, heat is conducted from the hotplate of an electric stove to the bottom of a saucepan in contact with it. In the absence of an opposing external driving energy source, within a body or between bodies, temperature

This is a document about Icemaker
 An air cooling condenser uses air as the heat-conducting media by blowing air through the surface of condensers, which carries heat away from the high-pressure, high-temperature refrigerant vapor. ; A water cooling condenser uses water as the heat-conducting media to cooling refrigerant vapor to liquid. ; An evaporative condenser cools the refrigerant vapor by using heat exchange between the evaporator pipes and the evaporated water which is sprayed on the surface of the pipes. This type of condenser is capable of working in warm environments; they are also very efficient and reliable. All condensers can be classified as one of three types: air cooling, water cooling, or evaporative cooling.

This is a document about Waste heat recovery unit
 Recuperators: This name is given to different types of heat exchanger that the exhaust gases are passed through, consisting of metal tubes that carry the inlet gas and thus preheating the gas before entering the process. The heat wheel is an example which operates on the same principle as a solar air conditioning unit. ; Regenerators: This is an industrial unit that reuses the same stream after processing. In this type of heat recovery, the heat is regenerated and reused in the process. ; Heat pipe exchanger: Heat pipes are one of the best thermal conductors. They have the ability to transfer heat hundred times more than copper. Heat pipes are mainly known in renewable energy technology as being used in evacuated tube collectors. The heat pipe is mainly used in space, process

 The different types of heat transfer are:

1. Conduction: The direct microscopic exchange of kinetic energy of particles (photons) between adjacent molecules of two systems in direct contact.
2. Convection: The transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid.
3. Radiation: The transfer of heat by electromagnetic radiation.

Additionally, there are various methods of heat transfer used in engineering, such as heat exchangers, which can be classified into different types based on their design, including shell and tube, double pipe, spiral, finned


Question: what goes in and comes out of the electron transport chain

Answer: electrons from NADH and FADH2

This is a document about Electron transport chain
  The electron transport chain (ETC; respiratory chain ) is a series of protein complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions (both reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously) and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane. The electron transport chain is built up of peptides, enzymes, and other molecules. The flow of electrons through the electron transport chain is an exergonic process. The energy from the redox reactions creates an electrochemical proton gradient that drives the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In aerobic respiration, the flow of electrons terminates with molecular oxygen being the final electron acceptor. In anaerobic respiration, other electron acceptors are used, such as

This is a document about Oxidative phosphorylation
  The electron transport chain carries both protons and electrons, passing electrons from donors to acceptors, and transporting protons across a membrane. These processes use both soluble and protein-bound transfer molecules. In mitochondria, electrons are transferred within the intermembrane space by the water-soluble electron transfer protein cytochrome c. This carries only electrons, and these are transferred by the reduction and oxidation of an iron atom that the protein holds within a heme group in its structure. Cytochrome c is also found in some bacteria, where it is located within the periplasmic space. Within the inner mitochondrial membrane, the lipid-soluble electron carrier coenzyme Q10 (Q) carries both electrons and protons by a redox cycle. This small benzoquinone

This is a document about Mitochondrion
   The electrons from NADH and FADH2 are transferred to oxygen (O2), an energy-rich molecule, and hydrogen (protons) in several steps via the electron transport chain. NADH and FADH2 molecules are produced within the matrix via the citric acid cycle but are also produced in the cytoplasm by glycolysis. Reducing equivalents from the cytoplasm can be imported via the malate-aspartate shuttle system of antiporter proteins or feed into the electron transport chain using a glycerol phosphate shuttle. Protein complexes in the inner membrane (NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), cytochrome c reductase, and cytochrome c oxidase) perform the transfer, and the incremental release of energy is used to pump protons (H+) into the intermembrane space. This process is efficient, but a small percentage of electrons may prematurely reduce oxygen, forming

This is a document about Electron transport chain
  In the electron transport chain, the redox reactions are driven by the difference in the Gibbs free energy of reactants and products. The Gibbs free energy can be related to a quantity called the redox potential. The complexes in the electron transport chain harvest the energy of the redox reactions that occur when high-energy reactants convert to lower energy products and electrons are transferred from a lower redox potential to a higher redox potential, by creating an electrochemical gradient of ions. It is this electrochemical gradient that drives the synthesis of ATP via coupling with oxidative phosphorylation with ATP synthase. In eukaryotic organisms the electron transport chain, and site of oxidative phosphorylation, is found on the inner

This is a document about Photosynthetic reaction centre
  transfer from a surrounding light-harvesting complex, they release electrons into an electron transport chain and pass energy to a hydrogen donor such as H2O to extract electrons and protons from it. In green plants, the electron transport chain has many electron acceptors including pheophytin, quinone, plastoquinone, cytochrome bf, and ferredoxin, which result finally in the reduced molecule NADPH, while the energy used to split water results in the release of oxygen. The passage of the electron through the electron transport chain also results in the pumping of protons (hydrogen ions) from the chloroplast's stroma and into the lumen, resulting in a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane that can be used to synthesize ATP using the ATP synthase molecule. Both the ATP and NADPH are used in the Calvin cycle to fix carbon dioxide into triose sugars.

This is a document about Reactive oxygen species
  ROS are produced by biochemical reactions that occur during the processes of respiration and photosynthesis in organelles such as mitochondria, peroxisomes and chloroplasts. During the respiration process the mitochondria convert energy for the cell into a usable form, adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The process of ATP production in the mitochondria, called oxidative phosphorylation, involves the transport of protons (hydrogen ions) across the inner mitochondrial membrane by means of the electron transport chain. In the electron transport chain, electrons are passed through a series of proteins via oxidation-reduction reactions, with each acceptor protein along the chain having a greater reduction potential than the previous. The last destination for an electron along this chain is an oxygen molecule. In normal conditions,

This is a document about Mitochondrial matrix
  The electron transport chain is responsible for establishing a pH and electrochemical gradient that facilitates the production of ATP through the pumping of protons. The gradient also provides control of the concentration of ions such as Ca2+ driven by the mitochondrial membrane potential. The membrane only allows nonpolar molecules such as CO2 and O2 and small non charged polar molecules such as H2O to enter the matrix. Molecules enter and exit the mitochondrial matrix through transport proteins and ion transporters. Molecules are then able to leave the mitochondria through porin. These attributed characteristics allow for control over concentrations of ions and metabolites necessary for regulation and determines the rate of ATP production.

This is a document about Electron transport chain
  Most eukaryotic cells have mitochondria, which produce ATP from products of the citric acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation, and amino acid oxidation. At the inner mitochondrial membrane, electrons from NADH and FADH2 pass through the electron transport chain to oxygen, which provides the energy driving the process as it is reduced to water. The electron transport chain comprises an enzymatic series of electron donors and acceptors. Each electron donor will pass electrons to a more electronegative acceptor, which in turn donates these electrons to another acceptor, a process that continues down the series until electrons are passed to oxygen, the most energy-rich and terminal electron acceptor in the chain. Each reaction between a donor and an acceptor releases energy, which via the transferred electrons is used to generate a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane by "pumping" protons into the intermembrane space, producing a state of higher free energy that has the potential to do work. This entire process is called oxidative phosphorylation since ADP is phosphorylated to ATP by using the electrochemical gradient established by the redox reactions of the electron transport chain.

This is a document about Mitochondrial matrix
  NADH and FADH2 are produced in the matrix or transported in through porin and transport proteins in order to undergo oxidation through oxidative phosphorylation. NADH and FADH2 undergo oxidation in the electron transport chain by transferring an electrons to regenerate NAD+ and FAD. Protons are pulled into the intermembrane space by the energy of the electrons going through the electron transport chain. Four electrons are finally accepted by oxygen in the matrix to complete the electron transport chain. The protons return to the mitochondrial matrix through the protein ATP synthase. The energy is used in order to rotate ATP synthase which facilitates the passage of a proton, producing ATP. A pH difference between the matrix and intermembrane space creates an electrochemical gradient by which ATP synthase can pass a proton into the matrix favorably.

This is a document about Crista
  This harnesses the potential energy from the concentration gradient formed by the amount of H+ ions. H+ ions passively pass into the mitochondrial matrix by the ATP synthase, and later help to re-form H2O (water). The electron transport chain requires a varying supply of electrons in order to properly function and generate ATP. However, the electrons that have entered the electron transport chain would eventually pile up like cars traveling down a blocked one-way street. Those electrons are finally accepted by oxygen (O2). As a result, they form two molecules of water (H2O). By accepting the electrons, oxygen allows the electron transport chain to continue functioning. The chain

This is a document about Oxidative phosphorylation
  Oxidative phosphorylation uses these molecules and O2 to produce ATP, which is used throughout the cell whenever energy is needed. During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from the electron donors to a series of electron acceptors in a series of redox reactions ending in oxygen, whose reaction releases half of the total energy. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are catalyzed by a series of protein complexes within the inner membrane of the cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cell's outer membrane. These linked sets of proteins are called the electron transport chain. In eukaryotes,

This is a document about Oxidative phosphorylation
  electron transport chain, but feeds into the pathway at a different point. In eukaryotes, the enzymes in this electron transport system use the energy released from O2 by NADH to pump protons across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. This causes protons to build up in the intermembrane space, and generates an electrochemical gradient across the membrane. The energy stored in this potential is then used by ATP synthase to produce ATP. Oxidative phosphorylation in the eukaryotic mitochondrion is the best-understood example of this process. The mitochondrion is present in almost all eukaryotes, with the exception of anaerobic protozoa such as Trichomonas vaginalis that instead reduce protons to hydrogen in a remnant mitochondrion called a hydrogenosome.

This is a document about Carbohydrate catabolism
  electron transport chain, they unlock the energy stored in the relatively weak double bonds of O2. A second contributing factor is that cristae, the inner membranes of mitochondria, increase the surface area and therefore the amount of proteins in the membrane that assist in the synthesis of ATP. Along the electron transport chain, there are separate compartments, each with their own concentration gradient of H + ions, which are the power source of ATP synthesis. To convert ADP to ATP, energy must be provided. That energy is provided by the H+ gradient. On one side of the membrane compartment, there is a

This is a document about Oxidative phosphorylation
   Succinate-Q oxidoreductase, also known as complex II or succinate dehydrogenase, is a second entry point to the electron transport chain. It is unusual because it is the only enzyme that is part of both the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain. Complex II consists of four protein subunits and contains a bound flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor, iron–sulfur clusters, and a heme group that does not participate in electron transfer to coenzyme Q, but is believed to be important in decreasing production of reactive oxygen species. It oxidizes succinate to fumarate and reduces ubiquinone. As this reaction releases less energy than the oxidation of NADH, complex II does

This is a document about Electron transport chain
  Energy associated with the transfer of electrons down the electron transport chain is used to pump protons from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space, creating an electrochemical proton gradient (ΔpH) across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This proton gradient is largely but not exclusively responsible for the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨM). It allows ATP synthase to use the flow of H+ through the enzyme back into the matrix to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate. Complex I (NADH coenzyme Q reductase; labeled I) accepts electrons from the Krebs cycle electron carrier nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), and passes them to coenzyme Q (ubiquinone; labeled Q), which also receives electrons from complex II (succinate dehydrogenase; labeled II). Q passes electrons to complex

This is a document about Metabolism
  In oxidative phosphorylation, the electrons removed from organic molecules in areas such as the citric acid cycle are transferred to oxygen and the energy released is used to make ATP. This is done in eukaryotes by a series of proteins in the membranes of mitochondria called the electron transport chain. In prokaryotes, these proteins are found in the cell's inner membrane. These proteins use the energy released by oxygen as it receives electrons from reduced molecules like NADH to pump protons across a membrane. Pumping protons out of the mitochondria creates a proton concentration difference across the membrane and generates an electrochemical gradient. This force drives protons back into the mitochondrion through the base of an enzyme called ATP synthase. The flow of protons makes the stalk subunit rotate, causing the active site of the synthase domain to change shape and phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate – turning it into ATP.

This is a document about Oxidative phosphorylation
  Oxidative phosphorylation works by using energy-releasing chemical reactions to drive energy-requiring reactions. The two sets of reactions are said to be coupled. This means one cannot occur without the other. The chain of redox reactions driving the flow of electrons through the electron transport chain, from electron donors such as NADH to electron acceptors such as oxygen and hydrogen (protons), is an exergonic process – it releases energy, whereas the synthesis of ATP is an endergonic process, which requires an input of energy. Both the electron transport chain and the ATP synthase are embedded in a membrane, and energy is transferred from the electron

This is a document about Biology
  end of the cycle, the total yield from 1 glucose (or 2 pyruvates) is 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP molecules. Finally, the next stage is oxidative phosphorylation, which in eukaryotes, occurs in the mitochondrial cristae. Oxidative phosphorylation comprises the electron transport chain, which is a series of four protein complexes that transfer electrons from one complex to another, thereby releasing energy from NADH and FADH2 that is coupled to the pumping of protons (hydrogen ions) across the inner mitochondrial membrane (chemiosmosis), which generates a proton motive force. Energy from the proton motive force drives the enzyme ATP synthase to synthesize more ATPs by phosphorylating ADPs. The transfer of electrons terminates with molecular oxygen being the final

This is a document about Quantum biology
  carbohydrates and fats. This process utilizes electrons in an electron transport chain (ETP). The genealogy of electron transport proceeds as follows: Electrons from NADH are transferred to NADH dehydrogenase (complex I protein), which is located in the IMM. Electrons from complex I are transferred to coenzyme Q to make CoQH2; next, electrons flow to cytochrome-containing IMM protein (complex III), which further pushes electrons to cytochrome c, where electrons flow to complex IV; complex IV is the final IMM protein complex of the ETC respiratory chain. This final protein allows electrons to reduce oxygen from an O2 molecule to a single O, so that it can bind to the hydrogen ions to produce H2O. The energy produced from

This is a document about Electron transport chain
  membrane. The energy released by the reaction of oxygen with reduced compounds such as cytochrome c and (indirectly) NADH and FADH is used by the electron transport chain to pump protons into the intermembrane space, generating the electrochemical gradient over the inner mitochondrial membrane. In photosynthetic eukaryotes, the electron transport chain is found on the thylakoid membrane. Here, light energy drives the reduction of components of the electron transport chain and therefore causes subsequent synthesis of ATP. In bacteria, the electron transport chain can vary over species but it always constitutes a set of redox reactions that are coupled to the synthesis of ATP, through the generation of an electrochemical gradient, and oxidative phosphorylation through ATP synthase.

 The electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of redox reactions that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors while transferring protons across a membrane, creating an electrochemical gradient. The ETC uses energy from the redox reactions to pump protons across the membrane, which is then used to synthesize ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.

Electrons enter the ETC from various electron donors, such as NADH and FADH, which are produced during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. These electrons are transferred


Question: when does the 3rd pitch perfect come out

Answer: December 22 , 2017

This is a document about Pitch Perfect 3
  Pitch Perfect 3 was initially scheduled for July 21, and August 4, 2017. It had its world premiere in Sydney, Australia, on November 30, 2017, and was released in the United States on December 22, 2017.

This is a document about International Championship of Collegiate A Cappella
  Various ensembles compete for the ICCA national title in the comedy Pitch Perfect, while a fictionalized World Championship competition is portrayed in the 2015 sequel. Pitch Perfect 3 was released on December 22, 2017.

This is a document about Pitch Perfect 3
  Pitch Perfect 3 is a 2017 American teenager musical comedy film directed by Trish Sie and written by Kay Cannon and Mike White. A sequel to Pitch Perfect 2 (2015) and the third installment in the Pitch Perfect franchise the film stars Anna Kendrick, Anna Camp, Rebel Wilson, Brittany Snow, Hailee Steinfeld, Hana Mae Lee, Ester Dean, Chrissie Fit, Alexis Knapp, John Lithgow, Matt Lanter, Ruby Rose, Kelley Jakle, Shelley Regner, John Michael Higgins, and Elizabeth Banks. The film follows the Bellas, now graduated from college, reuniting for one final performance together during an overseas USO tour. Principal photography on the film began in January 2017 in Atlanta, Georgia, and ended in April 2017. The film was released in the United States on December 22, 2017, received mixed reviews from critics and grossed $185 million worldwide against its $45 million. It became the second-highest grossing musical comedy film of all time, behind its predecessor.

This is a document about Harvey Mason Jr.
  Eye Is on the Sparrow" and "Celebrate" for the movie Sparkle. Following the success of Pitch Perfect 2, Get On Up, and Straight Outta Compton, Harvey served as music producer for the NBC broadcast of The Wiz Live! which aired on December 3, 2015, and he produced over 50 songs for the animated musical SING from Universal/Illumination Entertainment which was released on December 3, 2016. SING received two Golden Globe Awards nominations for Best Animated Feature Film and Best Original Song for the song "Faith". In 2017, Mason Jr. served as executive music producer for Pitch Perfect 3 – the final installment of the blockbuster Universal Pictures franchise, as well as the musical

This is a document about Pitch Perfect
  Pitch Perfect was released on DVD, Blu-ray, and Blu-ray/DVD combo pack on December 18, 2012. A 4K UHD Blu-Ray release followed on March 20, 2018.

This is a document about Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again
  The first trailer for the film was released on December 21, 2017, in front of Pitch Perfect 3, another Universal Pictures film. Cher performed "Fernando" at the Las Vegas CinemaCon on April 25, 2018, after footage of the film was shown. Universal sponsored YouTube stars the Merrell Twins to perform a cover version of the song "Mamma Mia" to promote the film.

This is a document about Half Written Story
  After the release of Haiz, Steinfeld began recording new music for an album project in January 2017 while filming Pitch Perfect 3. That year, Steinfeld released the singles "Most Girls" and "Let Me Go" that were intended to be a part of the album. In March 2018, Steinfeld confirmed that she was finishing her album and intended to release it in 2018. The following December, after the album wasn't released, Steinfeld confirmed that after finishing filming Dickinson in January 2019, she would be "finishing what [she] started" with her music and releasing the album in 2019. On March 26, 2020, it was reported that Steinfeld would release a two-part project in 2020 with the first part being released on May 1, 2020. Steinfeld later announced on April 24, 2020

This is a document about Adam DeVine
  return to Pitch Perfect and Modern Family again. In 2019, Devine starred alongside Rebel Wilson and Liam Hemsworth in the romantic comedy/parody Isn't It Romantic. The film marked the fourth time that Devine and Wilson have played love interests, after Workaholics, Pitch Perfect and Pitch Perfect 2. It was announced on July 13, 2019, at San Diego Comic-Con that Devine and Blake Anderson would executive produce and provide voices for the animated adaptation of Gilbert Shelton's classic underground comic book The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers. On December 16, 2020, it was announced that Devine would be on The Price Is Right at Night that aired on January 13, 2021

This is a document about Anna Camp
 Pitch Perfect (2012) ; Pitch Perfect 2 (2015) ; Pitch Perfect 3 (2017)

This is a document about Rebel Wilson
 Pitch Perfect (2012) ; Pitch Perfect 2 (2015) ; Pitch Perfect 3 (2017) ; Isn't It Romantic (2019) ; Cats: Highlights from the Motion Picture Soundtrack (2019)

This is a document about List of teen films
 A Cinderella Story film series (2004–2021) ; Camp Rock (2008) and Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam (2010) ; Center Stage (2000), Center Stage: Turn It Up (2008) and Center Stage: On Pointe (2016) ; Descendants (2015), Descendants 2 (2017) and Descendants 3 (2019) ; Dirty Dancing (1987), Dirty Dancing: Havana Nights (2004) and Dirty Dancing (2017) ; Fame (1980) and Fame (2009) ; Footloose (1984) and Footloose (2011) ; Grease (1978) and Grease 2 (1982) ; Hairspray (1988) and Hairspray (2007) ; High School Musical (2006), High School Musical 2 (2007) and High School Musical 3: Senior Year (2008) ; Pitch Perfect (2012), Pitch Perfect 2 (2015) and Pitch Perfect 3 (2017) ; Teen Beach Movie (2013) and Teen Beach 2 (2015) ; Zombies (2018) and Zombies 2 (2020) ; West Side Story (1961) and West Side Story (2021) ; Valley Girl (1983) and Valley Girl (2020)

This is a document about Documentary Now!
  On January 17, 2019, the official trailer for season three was released.

This is a document about Anna Kendrick
  on November 15, 2016. Kendrick starred in Table 19, which was released March 3, 2017. She again reprised the role of Beca Mitchell in Pitch Perfect 3, released on December 22, 2017. In September 2018, she starred as Stephanie Smothers in the mystery-thriller film A Simple Favor. Also in September 2018, Kendrick began appearing in a series of advertisements for Hilton Hotels. In 2019, Kendrick co-starred in the satirical crime comedy The Day Shall Come and played the titular character in the Disney+ Christmas comedy Noelle. Kendrick also voiced a character in the Facebook Watch adult animated comedy series Human Discoveries. Kendrick reprised her role as Poppy in the 2020 sequel Trolls World Tour. Due to the COVID-19

This is a document about Pitch Perfect
  On June 10, 2015, a third film was officially confirmed, with Kay Cannon returning to write the script. The film was slated to be released on July 21, 2017, before being pushed back to August 4, 2017, and then moving back to the July 21 slot. Finally it was decided to be released on December 22, 2017. Several days later it was announced both Kendrick and Wilson would reprise their roles, and later Brittany Snow was also confirmed to return. Hailee Steinfeld is also going to reprise her role. On October 18, 2016, Anna Camp was also confirmed to be returning. On January 2, 2017, Ester Dean and Chrissie Fit both confirmed that they were heading to Atlanta to film the third installment, reprising their roles. Banks was going to return to direct, and also as a producer along with Max Handelman and Paul Brooks. Banks later announced that she would be stepping down as director due to scheduling conflicts and parental responsibilities, but would remain a producer. Trish Sie was later brought on as director.

This is a document about Pitch Perfect 3
  On April 11, 2015, a month before the release of the second film, it was announced that Rebel Wilson would return for a third film, although she stated that she did not know if Anna Kendrick or other cast members would also reprise their roles. She added that she would be "up for a Fat Amy spin-off." Director and producer of the second film Elizabeth Banks acknowledged the possibility of a third film during promotion of Pitch Perfect 2, saying, "it would be disingenuous to say that no one’s talking about a Pitch Perfect 3; the possibility of it." On June 10, 2015, a third film was officially confirmed, and

This is a document about Pitch Perfect 2
  On April 11, 2015, a month before the release of Pitch Perfect 2, it was announced that Rebel Wilson would return for a third film, although she stated that she did not know if Anna Kendrick or any of the other cast members would also be reprising their roles. She added that she would be "up for a Fat Amy spin-off," although nothing had yet been confirmed. Director, star, and producer Elizabeth Banks acknowledged the possibility of a third film, saying, "I will say, it would be disingenuous to say that no one's talking about a Pitch Perfect 3; the possibility of it. We are really focused on getting as many butts in seats for this one. If fans embrace it, we are

This is a document about Pitch Perfect 3
  Pitch Perfect 3 won Choice Comedy Movie Actress for Anna Kendrick at the August 12, 2018 Teen Choice Awards and nominations for Hailee Steinfeld and Rebel Wilson also for Choice Comedy Movie Actress as well as the movie being nominated for Choice Comedy Movie.

This is a document about List of feature film series with three entries
  Tush Girl (1978) ; Pink Tush Girl: Love Attack (1979) ; Pink Tush Girl: Proposal Strategy (1980) ; Pitch Perfect ; Pitch Perfect (2012) ; Pitch Perfect 2 (2015) ; Pitch Perfect 3 (2017) ; Planet of the Apes ; Rise of the Planet of the Apes (2011) ; Dawn of the Planet of the Apes (2014) ; War for the Planet of the Apes (2017) ; Poeten og Lillemor ; Poeten og Lillemor (1959) ; Poeten og Lillemor og Lotte (1960) ; Poeten og Lillemor i forårshumør (1961) ; Poltergeist ; Poltergeist (1982) ; Poltergeist II: The Other Side (1986)

This is a document about Penn Masala
  Bollywood music. In May 2015, Penn Masala released the music video for Tonight (I’m Lovin’ You) / Dilliwaali Girlfriend, a mix featured on their ninth album, Resonance. The group had a cameo role in Pitch Perfect 2, released in May 2015, as competitors to the Barden Bellas. The soundtrack for the movie included Penn Masala's Hindi version of "Any Way You Want It", and won the award for the Best Soundtrack at the American Music Awards in 2015. Their tenth studio album, Yuva, was released in 2017. An EP, Vol. 1, was released in 2018 and their eleventh and most recent album, Musafir, was released in 2020.

This is a document about Hailee Steinfeld
  "Let Me Go", a collaboration with Swedish record producer Alesso featuring backup vocals from Florida Georgia Line and Republic Records songwriter Andrew Watt, which reached number 14 on the Mainstream Top 40 chart. Steinfeld reprised her role as Emily Junk in Pitch Perfect 3 (2017). On January 12, 2018, Steinfeld released "Capital Letters" for the soundtrack to the film Fifty Shades Freed. In March 2018, Steinfeld revealed that she is "wrapping up" work on her debut studio album. She performed at Indonesian Choice Awards in Jakarta, Indonesia the next month. Steinfeld then featured the song "Colour" with MNEK on June 1. In

The third Pitch Perfect film, titled "Pitch Perfect 3," was released on December 22, 2017.


Question: who sang i 'll make a man out of you

Answer: American singer Donny Osmond

This is a document about I'll Make a Man Out of You
  "I'll Make a Man Out of You" is a song written by composer Matthew Wilder and lyricist David Zippel for Walt Disney Pictures' 36th animated feature film Mulan (1998). Appearing on the film's soundtrack Mulan: An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack, "I'll Make a Man Out of You" is performed by American singer Donny Osmond as the singing voice of Captain Li Shang in lieu of American actor BD Wong, who provides the character's speaking voice. The song also features contributions from Lea Salonga as the singing voice of Mulan, Eddie Murphy as Mushu, and Harvey Fierstein, Jerry Tondo and Wilder himself as Yao, Chien-Po and Ling, respectively. In addition,

This is a document about I'll Make a Man of You
  "I'll Make a Man of You" is a World War I recruiting song that was sung across Britain in hopes of rallying young men to enlist in the military. It is sung from a flirtatious young woman's perspective of how she dates military men in order to turn them into better soldiers. It was written and composed by Arthur Wimperis and Herman Finck in 1914. The song was also showcased in Frank Lloyd's Cavalcade, and in the musical and film Oh, What a Lovely War!. This song is well known for spawning numerous obscene parody versions which were performed in music halls during World War I and World War II, and are often still sung by serving soldiers today. One of the most notable of these parodies was "I don't want to join the Army",  a sanitized version of which also featured in Oh, What a Lovely War!.

This is a document about I'll Make a Man Out of You
  has a speaking line unlike the other characters in the song. "I'll Make a Man Out of You" was written to replace the song "We'll Make a Man of You" after the film's original songwriter Stephen Schwartz departed from the project in favor of working on DreamWorks' The Prince of Egypt (1998). Wilder and Zippel were inspired to complete the song after conceiving its ironic title, and the initial draft of the track was immediately approved by Disney. Prior to Mulan, Osmond had auditioned for the role of Hercules in Disney's Hercules (1997), a role for which he was ultimately turned down by the directors because they felt that he

This is a document about I'll Make a Man Out of You
  "I'll Make a Man Out of You" was written by composer Matthew Wilder and lyricist David Zippel, who were hired to write Mulan 's songs because Disney was interested in recruiting songwriters "that ... would give kind of a different sound to each of the songs." While Zippel, a Broadway lyricist, was recruited because the directors were impressed with his work on Disney's Hercules (1997), at the time Wilder, a pop singer, had been best known for his song "Break My Stride". Bancroft believes that, although the songwriters "had two different sensibilities ... the blend [of their styles] worked well together, especially on ['I'll Make

This is a document about I'll Make a Man Out of You
  "I'll Make a Man Out of You" has been met with mostly positive reviews from both film and music critics. Irving Tan of Sputnikmusic wrote, "there hasn't been a single chorus in all of post-Mulan pop music that has managed to rival the roaring power in the refrain." Scott Chitwood of ComingSoon.net reviewed "I'll Make a Man Out of You" as "a stirring, testosterone filled piece," describing the scene as "amusing." Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly wrote that the song "has a comparable infectious punch," concluding, "it's the only song in the movie that escapes Disneyfied blandness." Jeff Vice of the Deseret News observed that Wong and Osmond's "voices sound eerily similar." Tom

This is a document about I'll Make a Man Out of You
  popular Pokémon franchise, the video features Digimon Gatomon attempting to masquerade as Pokémon Meowth in lieu of Mulan, while Ash occupies the role of Shang as his trainer, according to Smosh. Another parody of the song, based on the Dragon Ball franchise was uploaded to YouTube by TeamFourStar. Although the 2020 remake of Mulan leaves out, "I'll Make a Man Out of You," a fanedit by Blue Hippo Films uses the movie's new training scenes to convincingly add the song back. On April 16, 2020, Donny Osmond gave an at-home performance of the song during The Disney Family Singalong.

This is a document about Mulan (1998 film)
  Captain Li Shang, BD Wong was hired, although his singing voice, for the song "I'll Make a Man Out of You", was performed by Donny Osmond, who had previously auditioned to be the speaking voice of the title character in Hercules. Osmond's casting originated from a suggestion from the casting director, and throughout recording, Osmond studied Wong's dialogue tapes, and aimed to match his inflections and personality. Osmond commented that his sons decided that he had finally "made it" in show business when he was in a Disney film. Likewise for the role of Grandmother Fa, June Foray provided the speaking voice, and Marni Nixon supplied the singing voice.

This is a document about Tommy Hunt
  "I'm With You" - 1963 *written by Ed Townsend Scepter 1275 - "It’s All A Bad Dream" / "You Made A Man Out Of Me" – 1964 Atlantic 2278 - "I Don’t Want To Lose You" / "Hold On" – 1965 Capitol 5621 - "I’ll Make You Happy" / "The Clown" - 1966 Dynamo 101 - "The Biggest Man" / "Never Love A Robin" – 1967 Dynamo 105 - "Words Can Never Tell It" / "How Can I Be Anything" – 1967 Dynamo 110 - "Complete Man" / "Searchin’ For My Love" – 1967 Dynamo 113 - "I Need A Woman

This is a document about I'll Make a Man Out of You
  Entertainment Weekly readers voted the song 18th on their list of 20 all-time greatest Disney songs. Osmond himself acknowledged the accomplishment in a Facebook post, writing, "In my grandkids' eyes, this is easily my greatest accomplishment yet." Comedy Central Josh Pappenheim called "I'll Make a Man Out of You" "one of the most iconic Disney songs of all time". Hannah Yasharoff, writing for USA Today, dubbed the track "an iconic moment in pop culture." On Empires list of the twenty "Most Awesome Training Montages In Cinema History", "I'll Make a Man Out of You" was ranked 14th. The author identified it as "a solid training montage in which Mulan and her friends go from hapless

This is a document about I'll Make You Music (album)
 1) "I'll Make You Music" (Bruce Roberts) – 3:02 ; 2) "I Made a Man Out of You, Jimmy" (Doc Pomus/Ken Hirsch) - 2:40 ; 3) "A Guy Like You" (Eddie Brigati/Felix Cavaliere) - 3:15 ; 4) "All That's Left Is the Music" (Roberts) - 2:52 ; 5) "Colors of Love" (Mark Barkan/Norman Bergen) - 2:18 ; 6) "We're Free" (Irwin Levine/L. Russell Brown) - 3:06 ; 7) "Don't Say You Don't Remember" (Estelle Levitt/Helen Miller) - 3:24 ; 8) "At My Place" (Vicki Gellman/Wendy Gell) – 2:44 ; 9) "Poor Side of Town" (Johnny Rivers/Lou Adler) – 2:47 ; 10) "Baby I Don't Know You" (Sandy Linzer/Steve Reinhardt) – 2:57 ; 11) "Get Smart Girl" (Reinhardt) – 2:55 ; 12) "May the Road Rise to Meet You" (Levine/Brown) – 3:09

This is a document about The Bear Necessities
 In 2009, The Bear Necessities’ cover of the Disney song I'll Make a Man Out of You was awarded a track on Ripple Effect: Constructive Interference, an a cappella compilation album to raise money for Integrated Community Development (ICDI), an organization that sponsors well-drilling efforts in Central Africa ; In 2009, the group’s cover of the Coldplay song White Shadows was awarded a track on the Voices Only: The Best of College A Cappella compilation album ; In early 2014, the Bears were named champions of the Casino Theatre a cappella Invitational in Newport, RIun - unseating the Heightsmen of Boston College.

This is a document about Lanah P
 "Pistol in My Pocket" (1986) – UK No. 96, AUS No. 17, NZ No. 40 ; "I Can Make a Man Out of You" (1986)

This is a document about I'll Make a Man Out of You
  In April 2017, Osmond performed "I'll Make a Man Out of You" live on the 24th season of the reality television competition Dancing with the Stars, the ninth season of which Osmond himself had won. Part of the season's Disney-themed episode, Osmond's performance accompanied singer Normani and professional dancer Val Chmerkovskiy's pasodoble. The competitors were ultimately he highest-scoring couple of the evening, earning a score of 49 from the judges. In October 2014, a parody of "I'll Make a Man Out of You" was uploaded to YouTube entitled "I'll Make a 'Mon Out of You". A mashup of Mulan and

This is a document about Fancy (Bobbie Gentry album)
  The April 18, 1970, issue of Billboard featured a review which said, "This is not merely a followup LP to a successful single; Miss Gentry's folksy story-telling vocals include some outstanding material. Opening with her hit single, "Fancy", she further impresses with her Hot 100 single, "He Made a Woman Out of Me", her No. 1 English hit of "I'll Never Fall in Love Again", and Leon Russell's "Delta Man". LP should top the single's acceptance." Cashbox published a review the same day, saying, "It seemed for a long time that Bobbie Gentry would remain forever in the shadow of "Ode to Billie Joe", the record that launched her to fame and that she failed to follow up with anything as artistically

This is a document about I'll Make a Man Out of You
  to fearless warriors in just over two minutes." Similarly, Men's Fitness also ranked "I'll Make a Man Out of You" among the greatest training montages in film history. Stephen Fiorentine of Sneaker Report wrote that "Training montages aren't limited to just live-action movies. With movies like Mulan and Hercules, Disney mastered the art of the montage in their animated films." In 2018, Entertainment Weekly contributor Maureen Lee Lenker wrote that the song has successfully "endured since the film's release" and remained "a perennial favorite" despite being more upbeat than typical Disney songs. Actress Daisy Ridley said that she listens to the song to prepare for action sequences in film roles, particularly for her performance in

This is a document about I'll Make a Man Out of You
  the character. Osmond later revealed in an interview with People that he was so embarrassed by his Hercules audition that he had nearly considered ending his singing career prematurely. A few months later, Disney contacted Osmond with interest in casting him as the singing voice of Shang after comparing his audition tapes to BD Wong and determining that both actors have "very similar voices." In one scene, Osmond's character, Shang, is hit in the stomach while singing "I'll Make a Man Out of You". In order to sound as realistic as possible, Osmond punched himself in the stomach several times while recording the song.

This is a document about I'll Make a Man Out of You
   Hong Kong actor Jackie Chan was hired to dub the voice of Shang and record "I'll Make a Man Out of You" in Mandarin and Cantonese. The special edition DVD release of Mulan features a music video of Chan performing the song. The video also depicts Chan performing martial arts-inspired choreography. Positively received, Scott Chitwood of ComingSoon.net called Chan's rendition "a fun addition for Chan fans," while Nancy Churnin of The Dallas Morning News wrote that he performed the song "very ably." The special edition DVD release of the movie also features a multi-lingual version of the song "I'll Make a Man Out of You" sung in 16 of the 30 versions originally released for the movie.

This is a document about I'll Make a Man Out of You
  Man Out of You']". Songwriter Stephen Schwartz was originally slated to write lyrics for Mulan until he was replaced by Zippel "at the last moment." Schwartz had written a song called "We'll Make a Man of You" for the scene in which Mulan is training to be a soldier. The song was ultimately replaced with Wilder and Zippel's "I'll Make a Man Out of You" when Schwartz was forced to resign from Mulan by Disney executives Peter Schneider and Michael Eisner because the songwriter had also agreed to score rival studio DreamWorks' animated film The Prince of Egypt (1998). Wilder and Zippel first conceived the

This is a document about I'll Make a Man Out of You
  "I'll Make a Man Out of You" is performed by Captain Li Shang during Mulans training montage, which has also been identified as the film's "boot camp sequence." The scene explores Shang's attempt to train his newly recruited squadron of incompetent soldiers in the hopes of ultimately transforming them into a skilled army. Occupying a significant portion of the film's plot, Shang promises to turn his team of "rag-tag recruits" into men, implying that they are merely boys unless they learn to fight while entirely unaware that Mulan is a woman. The musical number is used to "compress dramatic time or narrate" in a more compelling way than

This is a document about I'll Make a Man Out of You
  pole." Additionally, while the earlier, all-female musical number "Honor to Us All" "functions as an account of the constructedness of female gender," "I'll Make a Man Out of You" "juxtaposes and makes explicit the contention that gender is a cultural product," according to Johnson Cheu, author of Diversity in Disney Films: Critical Essays on Race, Ethnicity, Gender, Sexuality and Disability. The Representation of Gender in Walt Disney's "Mulan" believes that the song emphasizes desirable masculine traits, namely "discipline ... tranquility, celerity, strength and fearlessness," while Shang, according to Putting the Grail Back into Girl Power: How a Girl Saved Camelot, and why it Matters, "views [femininity] as comparable

Donny Osmond sang "I'll Make a Man Out of You" in the Disney animated film "Mulan."


Question: what is the population of las cruces new mexico

Answer: 101,643

This is a document about Las Cruces, New Mexico
  As of the 2020 census Las Cruces had a population of 118,385. Estimates for 2019 say that Las Cruces had a population of 103,432. Its demographics were 32.5% Non-Hispanic White, 2.8% African American or Black, 1.4% Native American, 1.8% Asian, 0.0% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, 2.9% Two or more races, 60.5% Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 39,925 households with an average household size of 2.51 people per household. Median household income was $43,022, and the percentage of people in poverty was 23.6%.

This is a document about Las Cruces, New Mexico
 34.3% Non-Hispanic White ; 2.4% African American or Black ; 1.7% Native Americans ; 1.6% Asian ; 0.1% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander ; 3.5% Two or more races ; 56.8% Hispanic and Latino Americans (Hispanics may be of any race) As of the 2010 census Las Cruces had a population of 97,618. The ethnic and racial makeup of the population was:

This is a document about Las Cruces, New Mexico
  Las Cruces ( "the crosses") is the second-largest city in the U.S. state of New Mexico and the seat of Doña Ana County. As of the 2020 census the population was 111,385. Las Cruces is the largest city in both Doña Ana County and southern New Mexico. The Las Cruces metropolitan area had an estimated population of 213,849 in 2017. It is the principal city of a metropolitan statistical area which encompasses all of Doña Ana County and is part of the larger El Paso–Las Cruces combined statistical area. Las Cruces is the economic and geographic center of the Mesilla Valley, the agricultural region on the floodplain of the Rio Grande which extends from Hatch to the west side of El Paso, Texas. Las Cruces

This is a document about Cruces, Cuba
  In 2004, the municipality of Cruces had a population of 32,139. With a total area of 198 km2, it has a population density of 162.3 /km2.

This is a document about Las Cruces, Los Santos
  Las Cruces is a corregimiento in Los Santos District, Los Santos Province, Panama with a population of 1,201 as of 2010. Its population as of 1990 was 1,118; its population as of 2000 was 1,198.

This is a document about El Paso–Las Cruces, Texas–New Mexico combined statistical area
  The El Paso–Las Cruces, Texas–New Mexico, combined statistical area consists of two counties in western Texas and one in southern New Mexico. This CSA was defined as part of the United States Office of Management and Budget's 2013 delineations for metropolitan, micropolitan, and combined statistical areas. As of the 2018 census estimate, the CSA had a population of 1,063,075 making it the 56th largest combined statistical area in the United States. The statistical area consists of the metropolitan areas of El Paso, Texas and Las Cruces, New Mexico. This CSA has a GDP of about $33 billion and would rank 58th nationally among all CSA or metro areas. The total land area of the El Paso–Las Cruces combined statistical area is 9,402 sq. mi.

This is a document about Las Cruces, New Mexico
  reached the area, the landowners of Mesilla refused to sell it the rights-of-way, and instead residents of Las Cruces donated the rights-of-way and land for a depot in Las Cruces. The first train reached Las Cruces in 1881. Las Cruces was not affected as strongly by the train as some other villages, as it was not a terminus or a crossroads, but the population did grow to 2,300 in the 1880s. Las Cruces was incorporated as a town in 1907. Pat Garrett is best known for his involvement in the Lincoln County War, but he also worked in Las Cruces on a famous case, the disappearance of Albert Jennings Fountain in 1896. New Mexico State University was founded in 1888, and it has grown as Las Cruces has grown. Growth of

This is a document about Anthony, New Mexico
  The city is part of the El Paso–Las Cruces combined statistical area. As of the census of 2010, there were 9,360 people, 2,467 households, and 1,858 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,362.4 people per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 61.5% White, 0.8% African American, 0.5% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, and 2.5% from other races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 97.4% of the population. There were 2,467 households, out of which 9.9% had children under the age of 5 living with them, 35.9% were under the age of 18, and 8.7% were over the age of 65. The median income for a household is $22,216. The per capita income for the city was $9,239. About 40.2% of the population is below the poverty line.

This is a document about Cruces, Rincón, Puerto Rico
  Cruces is a barrio in the municipality of Rincón, Puerto Rico. Its population in 2010 was 1,417.

This is a document about Hatch, New Mexico
  It is part of the Las Cruces Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,673 people, 538 households, and 402 families residing in the village. The population density was 540.2 people per square mile (208.4/km2). There were 635 housing units at an average density of 205.0 per square mile (79.1/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 46.03% White, 0.36% African American, 0.96% Native American, 0.24% Pacific Islander, 50.03% from other races, and 2.39% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 79.20% of the population. There were 538 households, out of

This is a document about El Paso, Texas
  the Rio Grande across the Mexico–United States border from Ciudad Juárez, the most-populous city in the Mexican state of Chihuahua with over 1.4 million people. Las Cruces, in the neighboring U.S. state of New Mexico, has a population of 215,579. On the U.S. side, the El Paso metropolitan area forms part of the larger El Paso-Las Cruces combined statistical area, with a population of 1,060,397. These three cities form a combined international metropolitan area sometimes referred to as the Paso del Norte or the Borderplex. The region of 2.5 million people constitutes the largest bilingual and binational work force in the Western Hemisphere. The city is home to three publicly

This is a document about Las Cruces Police Department
  The Las Cruces Police Department (LCPD) is the principal law enforcement agency responsible for protecting the City of Las Cruces, New Mexico. LCPD, established in 1928, currently has an authorized strength of 200 officers and 83 civilian positions; LCPD serves a community of over 100,000. The Las Cruces Police Department is the second largest municipal police department in New Mexico. The interim chief of police is Miguel Dominguez. In June 2020 he replaced Patrick Gallagher who resigned in the aftermath of an officer killing a citizen.

This is a document about Las Cruces, Veraguas
  Las Cruces  is a corregimiento in Cañazas District, Veraguas Province, Panama with a population of 1,364 as of 2010. It was created by Law 37 of June 24, 2008.

This is a document about Cruces, Aguada, Puerto Rico
  Cruces is a barrio in the municipality of Aguada, Puerto Rico. Its population in 2010 was 1,632.

This is a document about Las Cruces, New Mexico
  Las Cruces is served by the Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway, via a branch line that extends from Belen, New Mexico to El Paso, Texas. Passenger service on this line was discontinued in 1968, due to low ridership numbers on the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railway's (predecessor to the BNSF) El Pasoan train.

This is a document about New Mexico
  With just 17 people per square mile (6/km2), New Mexico is one of the least densely populated states, ranking 45th out of 50. By contrast, the overall population density of the U.S. is 90/mi2 (35.5/km2 ). The state is divided into 33 counties and 106 municipalities, which include cities, towns, villages, and a consolidated city-county, Los Alamos. Only two cities have at least 100,000 residents: Albuquerque and Las Cruces, whose respective metropolitan areas together account for the majority of New Mexico's population. Residents are concentrated in the north-central region of New Mexico, anchored by the state's largest city, Albuquerque. Centered in Bernalillo County,

This is a document about Doña Ana County, New Mexico
  Doña Ana County is located in the southern part of the State of New Mexico, United States. As of the 2020 U.S. Census, its population was 219,561, which makes it the second-most populated county in New Mexico. Its county seat is Las Cruces, the second-most populous municipality in New Mexico after Albuquerque, with 111,385 as of the 2020 U.S. Census. The county is named for Doña Ana Robledo, who died there in 1680 while fleeing the Pueblo Revolt. Doña Ana County is one of only two counties in the United States to have a diacritical mark in its name, the other being Coös County, New Hampshire. Notably, both Doña Ana County and Coös County lie on

This is a document about Las Cruces, New Mexico
  The settlement of Las Cruces was founded in 1849 when the US Army first surveyed the town, thus opening up the area for American settlement. The town was first surveyed as the result of the American acquisition of the land surrounding Las Cruces, which later became the New Mexico Territory. This land had been ceded to America as a result of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 1848, which ended the Mexican American War. The town was named, "Las Cruces," after three crosses which were once located just north of the town. Initially Mesilla became the leading settlement of the area, with more than 2,000 residents in 1860, more than twice what Las Cruces had; Mesilla then having a population primarily of Mexican descent. When the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe

This is a document about New Mexico
  Albuquerque metropolitan area includes New Mexico's third-largest city, Rio Rancho, and has a population of over 918,000, accounting for one-third of all New Mexicans. It is adjacent to Santa Fe, the capital and fourth-largest city. Altogether, the Albuquerque–Santa Fe–Las Vegas combined statistical area includes more than 1.17 million people, or nearly 60% of the state population. New Mexico's other major center of population is in south-central area around Las Cruces, its second-largest city and the largest city in both Doña Ana County and the southern region of the state. Its metropolitan area includes roughly 214,000 residents, but with neighboring El Paso, Texas forms

This is a document about Las Cruces, Petén
  Las Cruces is a municipality in the northern Guatemalan department of El Petén. It is situated at 130 m above sea level at 16.63611°N, -90.18389°W. The municipality was founded in 2011 when it split off from the territory of La Libertad.

The population of Las Cruces, New Mexico was 113,855 as of the 2020 census.


Question: when was the hawaii volcanoes national park established

Answer: August 1 , 1916

This is a document about Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park
  endorsements from John Muir, Henry Cabot Lodge, and former President Theodore Roosevelt. After several attempts, the legislation introduced by delegate Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaole finally passed to create the park. House Resolution 9525 was signed by Woodrow Wilson on August 1, 1916. Hawaii National Park became the eleventh national park in the United States, and the first in a territory. Within a few weeks, the National Park Service Organic Act created the National Park Service to run the system. The park was officially renamed Hawaii Volcanoes National Park after being split from Haleakalā National Park on September 22, 1961. An easily accessible lava tube was named

This is a document about Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park
  Hawaii Volcanoes National Park is an American national park located in the U.S. state of Hawaii on the island of Hawaii. The park encompasses two active volcanoes: Kīlauea, one of the world's most active volcanoes, and Mauna Loa, the world's most massive shield volcano. The park provides scientists with insight into the development of the Hawaiian Islands and access for studies of volcanism. For visitors, the park offers dramatic volcanic landscapes, glimpses of rare flora and fauna, and a view into the traditional Hawaiian culture connected to these landscapes. The park was originally established on August 1, 1916, as Hawaii National Park, which was then split into this park and Haleakalā National Park. In recognition of its outstanding natural values, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park was designated as an International Biosphere Reserve in 1980 and a World Heritage

This is a document about Kilauea Military Camp
  The unique partnership between KMC and the Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park began in 1916. A group of Hilo businessmen raised the necessary funds to build and operate a permanent camp in 1916 on land owned by Bishop Estate. The camp was to serve as a rest and relaxation facility for military troops as well a training ground for the local National Guard members. Later that same year marked the establishment of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park to preserve the natural setting and to provide a refuge to native plants and animals in August 1916. On November 17, 1916, KMC was officially opened and many soldiers came to this one-of-a-kind site through the ensuing years. The National Park Service later acquired KMC’s lease when the Territory of Hawaii turned over the land to the United States as part of the

This is a document about Outline of Hawaii
 Ancient Hawaii (before 1810) ; Kingdom of Hawaii, 1810–1893 ; Kamehameha I, 1795–1819 ; Kamehameha II, 1819–1824 ; Kamehameha III, 1825–1854 ; Kamehameha IV, 1855–1863 ; Kamehameha V, 1863–1872 ; Lunalilo, 1873–1874 ; Kalākaua, 1874–1891 ; Liliʻuokalani, 1891–1893 ; Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii ; Provisional Government of Hawaii, 1893–1894 ; Citizen's Committee of Public Safety, 1893–1894 ; Republic of Hawaii, 1894–1898 ; Sanford Ballard Dole, 1894–1898 ; Territory of Hawaii, 1898–1959 ; United States annexation, July 4, 1898 ; Hawaiian Organic Act of 1900 ; Hawaii National Park established on August 1, 1916 ; World War II, September 1, 1939 – September 2, 1945 ; Attack on Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941 ; United States enters Second World War on December 8, 1941 ; State of Hawaii becomes 50th State admitted to the United States of America on August 21, 1959 ; Haleakala National Park designated on September 13, 1960 ; Hawaii National Park renamed Hawaii Volcanoes National Park on September 22, 1961 ; Hurricane Iniki, 1992

This is a document about Kīlauea
  National Park, is a major conservatory agency and tourist attraction, and, since 1987, a World Heritage Site. In its early days, tourism was a relatively new concept, but grew slowly before exploding with the advent of air travel around 1959, the year Hawaii became a state. Today, tourism is driven by the island's exotic tropical locations, and Kīlauea, being one of the few volcanoes in the world in a more or less constant state of moderate eruption, was a major part of the island's tourist draw. According to the National Park Service, Kīlauea is visited by roughly 2.6 million people annually, most of whom proceeded to visit the volcano from

This is a document about Kīlauea
  National Park". Following endorsements from John Muir, Henry Cabot Lodge, and former President Theodore Roosevelt (in opposition to local ranchers) and several legislative attempts introduced by delegate Jonah Kūhiō Kalaniana'ole, House Resolution 9525 was signed into law by Woodrow Wilson on August 1, 1916. It was the 11th National Park in the United States, and the first in a Territory; a few weeks later, the National Park Service Organic Act was signed into law, creating the National Park Service and tasking it with running the expanding system. Originally called "Hawaii National Park", it was split from the Haleakala National Park on September 22, 1960. Today, the park, renamed the Hawaiʻi

This is a document about George Lycurgus
  In December 1904, George and Demosthenes Lycurgus became principal stockholders of the Volcano House Company and took over the management of the Volcano House hotel on the more remote Big Island of Hawaii. His nephew Demosthenes always introduced him as "Uncle George" to the guests, which earned him his new nickname. Kīlauea had been inactive for almost a year, but Lycurgus had other enterprises to keep himself afloat. Two months after the Lycurguses acquired the business, the volcano erupted. He eventually made peace with Lorrin Thurston, who worked with him for ten years, starting in 1906, to have the volcano area made into Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park. However, the Lycurgus family kept a shrine to

This is a document about Kīlauea
  as the body and home of Pele, goddess of fire, lightning, wind, and volcanoes. William Ellis, a missionary from England, gave the first modern account of Kīlauea and spent two weeks traveling along the volcano; since its foundation by Thomas Jaggar in 1912, the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, located on the rim of Kīlauea Caldera, has served as the principal investigative and scientific body on the volcano and the island in general. In 1916, a bill forming the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park was signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson; since then, the park has become a World Heritage Site and a major tourist destination, attracting roughly 2.6 million people annually.

This is a document about 1916 in the United States
 August 1 – Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park is established in Hawaii ; August 9 – Lassen Volcanic National Park is established in California. ; August 24 – Council of National Defense formed. ; August 25 – U.S. President Woodrow Wilson signs legislation creating the National Park Service. ; August 29 – The United States passes the Philippine Autonomy Act.

This is a document about Haleakalā National Park
  Haleakalā was originally part of Hawaii National Park along with the volcanoes of Mauna Loa and Kilauea on the island of Hawaii, created in 1916. Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park was made into a separate national park in 1961. The park area was designated an International Biosphere Reserve in 1980. The name Haleakalā is Hawaiian for "house of the sun." According to a local legend, the demigod Maui imprisoned the sun here in order to lengthen the day. The Hawaiian National Park Language Correction Act of 2000 was proposed to observe the Hawaiian spelling, but it did not become law. The park features the dormant Haleakalā (East Maui) Volcano, which last erupted sometime between 1480 and 1600 AD. The park is divided into two distinct sections: the summit area and the coastal Kipahulu area.

This is a document about Ainahou Ranch
  American Orchid Society for contributions to the industry. After being threatened by a lava flow in 1969, the house was evacuated. The family reached an agreement for the National Park Service to purchase the land and house in 1971 to become part of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, under the authority of the Endangered Species Act. Ainahou ranch was listed on the state register of historic places on December 5, 1973, as site 10-62-19429, and the National Register of Historic Places listings on the island of Hawaii on June 23, 1978, as site 78001013. and the National Register of Historic Places listings on the island of Hawaii on February 8, 1995, as site 94001619.

This is a document about Kīlauea
  Kīlauea has been a tourist attraction since the 1840s, and local businessmen such as Benjamin Pitman and George Lycurgus ran a series of hotels at the rim, including Volcano House, which is still the only hotel or restaurant located within Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park. In 1891, Lorrin A. Thurston, grandson of the American missionary Asa Thurston and investor in hotels along the volcano's rim, began campaigning for a park on the volcano's slopes, an idea first proposed by William Richards Castle, Jr. in 1903. Thurston, who owned the Honolulu Advertiser newspaper, printed editorials in favor of the idea; by 1911 Governor Walter F. Frear had proposed a draft bill to create

This is a document about Hawaii hotspot
  and Mauna Loa" by W.T. Brigham and "Hawaii and its volcanoes" by C.H. Hitchcock). In 1912 geologist Thomas Jaggar founded the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. The facility was taken over in 1919 by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and in 1924 by the United States Geological Survey (USGS), which marked the start of continuous volcano observation on Hawaii island. The next century was a period of thorough investigation, marked by contributions from many top scientists. The first complete evolutionary model was first formulated in 1946, by USGS geologist and hydrologist Harold T. Stearns. Since that time, advances (e.g. improved rock dating methods and

This is a document about Hawaii
   Several areas in Hawaii are under the protection of the National Park Service. Hawaii has two national parks: Haleakalā National Park located near Kula on the island of Maui, which features the dormant volcano Haleakalā that formed east Maui, and Hawaii Volcanoes National Park in the southeast region of the Hawaii Island, which includes the active volcano Kīlauea and its rift zones. There are three national historical parks; Kalaupapa National Historical Park in Kalaupapa, Molokai, the site of a former leper colony; Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park in Kailua-Kona on Hawaii Island; and Puuhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park, an ancient place of refuge on Hawaii Island's west coast. Other areas under the control of the National Park Service include Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail on Hawaii Island and the USS Arizona Memorial at Pearl Harbor on Oahu. The Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument was proclaimed by President George W. Bush on June 15, 2006. The monument covers roughly 140000 mi2 of reefs, atolls, and shallow and deep sea out to 50 mi offshore in the Pacific Ocean—an area larger than all the national parks in the U.S. combined.

This is a document about Gordon A. Macdonald
  eruptions; he met Thomas A. Jaggar (1871–1953, HVO's first director), then retired in Honolulu. On the morning of 1 April 1946 an Aleutian tsunami struck Hawaii. Macdonald, Francis Shepard of Scripps and Doak Cox, geologist for the Hawaii Sugar Planter's Association, wrote a study on it. The National Park Service, which had administered the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) since 1935, transferred control back to the U.S. Geological Survey (1948). Ruy Finch, HVO's Director, was ill and asked Macdonald to join him; he accepted. On 6 January 1949, Mauna Loa erupted, and its activity lasted 6 years. Mac was HVO's director from January 1951 to 1955. In 1958, Macdonald accepted a position at the Hawaii

This is a document about Volcano House
  time from Hilo from two days to six hours. George Lycurgus bought the hotel in 1895 and was associated with it for the next 65 years. The Hawaii Consolidated Railway line to Glenwood opened in 1901, bringing more visitors. Author Jack London stayed in 1907. In 1912, geologist Thomas Jaggar built a scientific observatory adjacent to the porch, used until 1961 by the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. The instruments were housed in an underground vault with massive concrete walls, excavated by laborers from the nearby prison.  After ten years of lobbying by Thurston, a National Park was established in 1916. In 1921, Inter-Island Steam Navigation Company bought the property with plans for another expansion. A large

This is a document about History of Maui
  Maui County was established by the territorial legislature in 1905, including the islands of Maui, Lanai, Molokini (uninhabited), Kahoolawe (uninhabited), and part of Molokai, with the county seat at Wailuku. In 1916 Prince Jonah Kuhio, Hawaii's territorial delegate in the U.S. Congress, achieved passage of an act establishing Hawaii National Park, which included the summit of Haleakala. The first permanent ranger was assigned in 1935. The next year improvements were made to the road to the summit. Civilian Conservation Corps and Work Project Authority funds and workers constructed the first visitor center. The Vibora Luviminda trade union conducted the last

This is a document about Kipahulu, Hawaii
  Haleakalā National Park was established as a separate unit of the National Park System in 1960 (it was previously joined with Hawaii National Park on Hawaii Island). At the time, the park only consisted of the crater area of Haleakalā. On March 26, 1951, Kīpahulu Valley was added to Haleakalā National Park (HNP) as the Kīpahulu Biological Reserve to insure protection of endangered ecosystems within the sanctuary. Eighteen years later on January 10, 1969, the HNP boundaries were expanded to include the Kīpahulu coastal area of Oheo. Although access in the Kīpahulu Biological Reserve is strictly limited to researchers and managers, the Oheo region of the park is open for recreation. Attractions include the Oheo Pools, often called the "Seven Sacred Pools" (a name created by tourism proponents), a car-accessible campground, and several maintained trails, such as the four-mile Pipiwai Loop Trail to Waimoku waterfall. The Kīpahulu Ohana, a non-profit community organization established in 1995 through a co-operative agreement with Haleakalā National Park to revive, restore, and share the practices of traditional Native Hawaiian culture, also conducts community-based cultural tours in the area.

This is a document about Lorrin A. Thurston
  F. Frear to introduce a resolution supporting the idea, and formed a survey team to propose exact boundaries. His newspaper printed endorsements of the park by President Theodore Roosevelt (a classmate at Columbia), conservationist John Muir, and powerful senator Henry Cabot Lodge. In 1913 he explored a lava tube in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park that is named after him. The park was finally formed in 1916. He added a preface and published a second edition of his grandmother's book on early missionary life in May 1921. His memoirs were published in a limited edition (along with those of Sanford Dole) after his death in 1931 by his newspaper. The newspaper business was run by his son Lorrin Potter

This is a document about Hawaiian Islands Biosphere Reserve
  The Hawaiian Islands Biosphere Reserve is a UNESCO biosphere reserve in the Hawaiian Islands, created in 1980. It comprises Hawaii Volcanoes National Park on the island of Hawaii, and Haleakala National Park on the island of Maui, with a total area of 995.45 square kilometres.

Hawaii Volcanoes National Park was established on August 1, 1916.