Question: thicknet is the colloquial name for which ethernet standard

Answer: 10BASE5

This is a document about 10BASE5
   10BASE5 (also known as thick Ethernet or thicknet) was the first commercially available variant of Ethernet. The technology was standardized in 1982 as IEEE 802.3. 10BASE5 uses a thick and stiff coaxial cable up to 500 m in length. Up to 100 stations can be connected to the cable using vampire taps and share a single collision domain with 10 Mbit/s of bandwidth shared among them. The system is difficult to install and maintain. 10BASE5 was superseded by much cheaper and more convenient alternatives: first by 10BASE2 based on a thinner coaxial cable, and then, once Ethernet over twisted pair was developed, by 10BASE-T and its successors 100BASE-TX and 1000BASE-T. In 2003, the IEEE 802.3 working group deprecated 10BASE5 for new installations.

This is a document about Ethernet over coax
  The first Ethernet standard, known as 10BASE5 (ThickNet) in the family of IEEE 802.3, specified baseband operation over 50 ohm coaxial cable, which remained the principal medium into the 1980s, when 10BASE2 (ThinNet) coax replaced it in deployments in the 1980s; both being replaced in the 1990s when thinner, cheaper twisted pair cabling came to dominate the market. The use of coaxial cable for Ethernet has been deprecated by 2011. Research in Ethernet transmission over coaxial cable continued, as both consumers and telecommunications operators strive to use existing 75 ohm coaxial cable installations (from cable television or CATV), to carry broadband data into and through the home, and into multiple dwelling unit (MDU) installations. Most EoC technologies are being developed for in home or on premises networking and are expected to be operated within the domain of a single operator.

This is a document about 10BASE2
   10BASE2 (also known as cheapernet, thin Ethernet, thinnet, and thinwire) is a variant of Ethernet that uses thin coaxial cable terminated with BNC connectors to build a local area network. During the mid to late 1980s this was the dominant 10 Mbit/s Ethernet standard, but due to the immense demand for high speed networking, the low cost of Category 5 cable, and the popularity of 802.11 wireless networks, both 10BASE2 and 10BASE5 have become increasingly obsolete, though devices still exist in some locations. As of 2011, IEEE 802.3 has deprecated this standard for new installations.

This is a document about Physical media
  Bayonet Niell-Concelman (BNC) on each end to connect to computers. Thinnet is part of the RG-58 family of cable with a maximum cable length of 185 meters and transmission speeds of 10 Mbit/s. Thicknet coaxial cabling is used with Ethernet 10BASE5 networks, has a maximum cable length of 500 meters and transmission speeds of 10 Mbit/s. It's expensive and not commonly used, though it was originally used to directly connect computers. The computer is connected to the transceiver at the cable from the attachment unit interface of its network card using a drop cable. Maximum thicknet nodes are 100 on a segment. One end of each cable is grounded.

This is a document about Ethernet
   Ethernet is a family of wired computer networking technologies commonly used in local area networks (LAN), metropolitan area networks (MAN) and wide area networks (WAN). It was commercially introduced in 1980 and first standardized in 1983 as IEEE 802.3. Ethernet has since been refined to support higher bit rates, a greater number of nodes, and longer link distances, but retains much backward compatibility. Over time, Ethernet has largely replaced competing wired LAN technologies such as Token Ring, FDDI and ARCNET. The original 10BASE5 Ethernet uses coaxial cable as a shared medium, while the newer Ethernet variants use twisted pair and fiber optic links in conjunction with switches. Over the course of its history, Ethernet data transfer rates have been increased from the original 2.94 megabits per second (Mbit/s) to the latest 400 gigabits per second (Gbit/s). The comprise several

This is a document about Data center bridging
 Data Center Ethernet (DCE) was a term trademarked by Brocade Communications Systems in 2007 but abandoned by request in 2008. DCE referred to Ethernet enhancements for the Data Center Bridging standards, and also including a Layer 2 Multipathing implementation based on the IETF's Transparent Interconnection of Lots of Links (TRILL) standard. ; Convergence Enhanced Ethernet or Converged Enhanced Ethernet (CEE) was defined from 2008 through January 2009 by group of including Broadcom, Brocade Communications Systems, Cisco Systems, Emulex, HP, IBM, Juniper Networks, QLogic. The ad-hoc group formed to create proposals for enhancements that enable networking protocol convergence over Ethernet, specially Fibre

This is a document about Carrier Ethernet
  Ethernet has a long history. It has become dominant in enterprise networks. This dominance has led to high production-volume components, which in turn have allowed extremely low cost per bit. Likewise, Ethernet has a long history of re-inventing itself. From the original copper coaxial cable format ("thicknet") it has extended its scope to nearly all copper, optical fiber and wireless physical media. Bit rates have continued to increase, traditionally growing tenfold each time a new rate is defined. Gigabit Ethernet interfaces are widely deployed in PCs and servers, and 10 Gbit/s in local area network (LAN) backbones. Rates up to 100 Gigabit Ethernet

This is a document about Ethernet
  Unit Interface (AUI) transceiver, which is in turn connected to the cable (with thin Ethernet the transceiver is usually integrated into the network adapter). While a simple passive wire is highly reliable for small networks, it is not reliable for large extended networks, where damage to the wire in a single place, or a single bad connector, can make the whole Ethernet segment unusable. Through the first half of the 1980s, Ethernet's 10BASE5 implementation used a coaxial cable 0.375 in in diameter, later called "thick Ethernet" or "thicknet". Its successor, 10BASE2, called "thin Ethernet" or "thinnet", used the RG-58 coaxial cable. The emphasis was on making installation of the cable easier and less costly.

This is a document about Computer network
  Ethernet is a family of technologies used in wired LANs. It is described by a set of standards together called IEEE 802.3 published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.

This is a document about Classic Ethernet
  Classic Ethernet is a family of 10 Mbit/s Ethernet standards, which is the first generation of Ethernet standards. In 10BASE-X, the 10 represents its maximum throughput of 10 Mbit/s, BASE indicates its use of baseband transmission, and X indicates the type of medium used.

This is a document about Terabit Ethernet
  Terabit Ethernet or TbE is Ethernet with speeds above 100 Gigabit Ethernet. 400 Gigabit Ethernet (400G, 400GbE) and 200 Gigabit Ethernet (200G, 200GbE) standards developed by the IEEE P802.3bs Task Force using broadly similar technology to 100 Gigabit Ethernet were approved on December 6, 2017. In 2016, several networking equipment suppliers were already offering proprietary solutions for 200G and 400G. The Ethernet Alliance's 2020 technology roadmap expects speeds of 800 Gbit/s and 1.6 Tbit/s become IEEE standard after 2020, possibly between 2025 and 2030. Doubling to 800 GbE is expected to occur after 112 Gbit/s SerDes become available. The Optical Internetworking Forum (OIF) has already announced five new projects at 112 Gbit/s which would also make 4th generation (single-lane) 100 GbE links possible.

This is a document about Fast Ethernet
  Fast Ethernet is an extension of the 10 megabit Ethernet standard. It runs on twisted pair or optical fiber cable in a star wired bus topology, similar to the IEEE standard 802.3i called 10BASE-T, itself an evolution of 10BASE5 (802.3) and 10BASE2 (802.3a). Fast Ethernet devices are generally backward compatible with existing 10BASE-T systems, enabling plug-and-play upgrades from 10BASE-T. Most switches and other networking devices with ports capable of Fast Ethernet can perform autonegotiation, sensing a piece of 10BASE-T equipment and setting the port to 10BASE-T half duplex if the 10BASE-T equipment cannot perform auto negotiation itself. The standard specifies the use of CSMA/CD for media access control. A

This is a document about Gigabit Ethernet
   In computer networking, Gigabit Ethernet (GbE or 1 GigE) is the term applied to transmitting Ethernet frames at a rate of a gigabit per second. The most popular variant 1000BASE-T is defined by the IEEE 802.3ab standard. It came into use in 1999, and has replaced Fast Ethernet in wired local networks due to its considerable speed improvement over Fast Ethernet, as well as its use of cables and equipment that are widely available, economical, and similar to previous standards.

This is a document about Ethernet physical layer
  G.hn—A standard developed by ITU-T and promoted by HomeGrid Forum for high-speed (up to 1 Gbit/s) local area networks over existing home wiring (coaxial cables, power lines and phone lines). G.hn defines an Application Protocol Convergence (APC) layer that accepts Ethernet frames and encapsulates them into G.hn MSDUs. 802.11—Standards for wireless local area networks (LANs), sold with brand name Wi-Fi ; 802.16—Standards for wireless metropolitan area networks (MANs), sold with brand name WiMAX Some networking standards are not part of the IEEE 802.3 Ethernet standard, but support the Ethernet frame format, and are capable of interoperating with it. Other networking standards do not use the Ethernet frame format but can still be connected to Ethernet using MAC-based bridging. Other special-purpose physical layers include Avionics Full-Duplex Switched Ethernet and TTEthernet — Time-Triggered Ethernet for embedded systems.

This is a document about Physical media
  The center conductor is surrounded by plastic insulation, which helps filter out extraneous interference. This insulation is covered by a return path, which is usually braided-copper shielding or aluminum foil type covering. Outer jackets form a protective covering for coax; the number and type of outer jackets depend on the intended use of the cable (e.g., whether the cable is supposed to be strung in the air or underground, whether rodent protection is required). The two most popular types of coaxial cabling are used with Ethernet networks. Thinnet is used on Ethernet 10BASE2 networks and is the thinner and more flexible of the two. Unlike a thicknet, it uses

This is a document about Broadband
  Many computer networks use a simple line code to transmit one type of signal using a medium's full bandwidth using its baseband (from zero through the highest frequency needed). Most versions of the popular Ethernet family are given names such as the original 1980s 10BASE5 to indicate this. Networks that use cable modems on standard cable television infrastructure are called broadband to indicate the wide range of frequencies that can include multiple data users as well as traditional television channels on the same cable. Broadband systems usually use a different radio frequency modulated by the data signal for each band. The total bandwidth of the medium is larger than the bandwidth of any channel. The 10BROAD36 broadband variant of Ethernet was standardized by 1985, but was not commercially successful. The DOCSIS standard became available to consumers in the late 1990s, to provide Internet access to cable television residential customers. Matters were further confused by the fact that the 10PASS-TS standard for Ethernet ratified in 2008 used DSL technology, and both cable and DSL modems often have Ethernet connectors on them.

This is a document about List of important publications in computer science
 M. Waldvogel, G. Varghese, J. Turner, B. Plattner ; ACM SIGCOMM, August 1997. ; Online copy (PDF)  Description: This paper describes an algorithmic approach to finding the prefix (supernet) containing a particular IP address, a process which is now nearly universally-used on Internet routers.

This is a document about List of computer term etymologies
 Ethernet – a computer networking technology. ; According to Robert Metcalfe (one of its initial developers), he devised the name in an early company memo as an endocentric compound of "luminiferous ether"—the "substance" that was widely believed to be the medium through which electromagnetic radiation propagated in the late 19th century—and "net", short for "network". When the networking team would describe data flowing into the network infrastructure, they would routinely describe it as data packets going "up into the ether".

This is a document about Fast Ethernet
  The "100" in the media type designation refers to the transmission speed of 100 Mbit/s, while the "BASE" refers to baseband signalling. The letter following the dash ("T" or "F") refers to the physical medium that carries the signal (twisted pair or fiber, respectively), while the last character ("X", "4", etc.) refers to the line code method used. Fast Ethernet is sometimes referred to as 100BASE-X, where "X" is a placeholder for the FX and TX variants.

This is a document about Synchronous Ethernet
  Synchronous Ethernet, also referred as SyncE, is an ITU-T standard for computer networking that facilitates the transference of clock signals over the Ethernet physical layer. This signal can then be made traceable to an external clock.

Thicknet is the colloquial name for 10BASE5 Ethernet standard.


Question: what is indiana jones looking for in raiders of the lost ark

Answer: the Ark of the Covenant

This is a document about Raiders of the Lost Ark
  Raiders of the Lost Ark is a 1981 American action-adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg and written by Lawrence Kasdan, based on a story by George Lucas and Philip Kaufman. It stars Harrison Ford, Karen Allen, Paul Freeman, Ronald Lacey, John Rhys-Davies, and Denholm Elliott. Ford portrays Indiana Jones, a globe-trotting archaeologist vying with Nazi German forces in 1936 to recover the long-lost Ark of the Covenant, a relic said to make an army invincible. Teaming up with his tough former lover Marion Ravenwood (Allen), Jones races to stop rival archaeologist Dr. René Belloq (Freeman) from guiding the Nazis to the Ark and its power. Lucas conceived Raiders of

This is a document about Indiana Jones
  The first film is set in 1936. Indiana Jones (Harrison Ford) is hired by government agents to locate the Ark of the Covenant, the gold plated chest containing the stone tablets Moses used to inscribe the Ten Commandments before the Nazi Germans steal it for themselves. The Nazis have teams searching for religious artefacts, including the Ark, which is rumored to make an army that carries the Ark before it invincible. The Nazis are being helped by Indiana's arch-rival and French archaeologist René Belloq (Paul Freeman). With the help of his former lover and tough bar owner Marion Ravenwood (Karen Allen) and his excavator friend Sallah (John Rhys-Davies), Indiana manages to recover the Ark in Egypt. The Nazis steal the Ark and capture Indiana and Marion. Belloq and the Nazis perform a ceremony to open the Ark, but when they do so, all they find inside is sand. Suddenly, spirits come out of the Ark and the Nazis are all killed by the Ark's wrath. Indiana and Marion, who survived by closing their eyes, manage to get the Ark to the United States, where it is stored in a secret government warehouse.

This is a document about The Great Movie Ride
  ancient Egyptian tomb filled with snakes. Osborne informs the guests that they are in a scene from Raiders of the Lost Ark as audio-animatronic figures of Indiana Jones (Harrison Ford) and Sallah (John Rhys-Davies) struggle to lift the Ark of the Covenant. A second room within the temple features a large altar in the form of the ancient Egyptian god Anubis. Near the top of the altar, a large priceless jewel is being watched over by a cloaked temple guard. The gangster or the bandit sees the jewel, stops the ride vehicle, and disembarkes to take it. Before touching the

This is a document about Raiders of the Lost Ark
  In 1936, American archaeologist Indiana Jones recovers a golden idol from a booby-trapped Peruvian temple. Rival archaeologist René Belloq corners him and steals the idol; Jones escapes in a waiting seaplane. After returning to America, Jones is briefed by two Army Intelligence agents that Nazi German forces are excavating at Tanis, Egypt, and one of their telegrams mentions Jones' old mentor Abner Ravenwood. Jones deduces that the Nazis seek the Ark of the Covenant, which Adolf Hitler believes will make their army invincible. The agents recruit Jones to recover the Ark first. At a bar in Nepal, Jones reunites with Ravenwood's daughter Marion—with whom Jones once had

This is a document about 1980s in film
  the success of The Empire Strikes Back, creator George Lucas teamed up with director Steven Spielberg to create one of the most iconic characters in the 1981 film Raiders of the Lost Ark starring Harrison Ford, who had also co-starred in The Empire Strikes Back. The story about an archaeologist and adventurer, Indiana Jones (Ford), hired by the U.S. government to go on a quest for the mystical lost Ark of the Covenant, created waves of interest in old 1930s style cliffhanger serials. It became the highest-grossing film of 1981, leading to sequels all in the top-10 films of the decade. In

This is a document about Sallah
  Sallah is a hefty, bearded Egyptian excavator. He lives in Cairo and is a close friend of Indiana Jones. He is a dedicated family man with a wife named Fayah and nine children, all of whom seem to have a fondness for Indiana (at one point they all surround him to save him from a group of Egyptian collaborators and SD agents who have their guns drawn on him). Sallah is portrayed in Raiders of the Lost Ark as being jovial, good-natured, and occasionally cowardly (when seeing numerous snakes inside the Well of souls, the room that houses the Ark of the Covenant, he suggests to Indiana, "You go first."), although unlike Indy, Sallah is not afraid of snakes. His "original" self

This is a document about Steven Spielberg
  resembles".' Another critic wrote "1941 isn't simply a silly slur against any particular race, sex, or generation—it makes war against all humanity."' Next, Spielberg collaborated with Star Wars creator George Lucas on an action adventure, Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981), the first film in the Indiana Jones franchise. The title character was played by Harrison Ford (whom Lucas had previously cast in his Star Wars films as Han Solo). Ford was Spielberg's first choice for the role. Filmed in North Africa, the shoot was difficult but Spielberg said that the experience helped him with his business acumen. The film

This is a document about Plot device
  the hunt for a mystical artifact. In Raiders of the Lost Ark, he is trying to retrieve the Ark of the Covenant; in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, Jones is on a search for the Holy Grail. This plot device is also used in the Arabian Nights tale of "The City of Brass," in which a group of travelers on an archaeological expedition journeys across the Sahara to find a brass vessel that Solomon once used to trap a jinn. Several books in the Harry Potter series orient around a search for a special object. In Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, Harry believes there is a

This is a document about Raiders of the Lost Ark
 Harrison Ford as Indiana Jones: An archaeology professor and adventurer ; Karen Allen as Marion Ravenwood: A spirited, tough bar owner and Jones' former lover ; Paul Freeman as René Belloq: A rival archaeologist to Jones, in the employ of the Nazis ; Ronald Lacey as Major Arnold Toht: A sadistic Gestapo agent ; John Rhys-Davies as Sallah: An Egyptian excavator and old acquaintance of Jones ; Denholm Elliott as Marcus Brody: A museum curator and Jones' loyal friend  Raiders of the Lost Ark also features Wolf Kahler as Nazi officer Colonel Dietrich, and Anthony Higgins as Major Gobler, Dietrich's right-hand man. Don Fellows and William Hootkins appear

This is a document about Raiders of the Lost Ark (video game)
  The player controls Indiana Jones as he searches for the lost Ark of the Covenant. The game requires the player to use two different controllers: controller 2 moves Jones and its button uses an item; controller 1 selects the item to use and its button drops the item. The video game is set in the city of Cairo in 1936, represented by an entrance room and a marketplace. From the entrance room, the player can blast a hole in the wall with a grenade and enter the Temple of the Ancients. Two paths await inside the Temple, both of which contain various dangers, after which the player will at last find the treasure room. Gold and artifacts can be picked up in

This is a document about Harrison Ford
  Lost Ark (1981), an action-adventure collaboration between George Lucas and Steven Spielberg that gave Ford his second franchise role as the heroic, globe-trotting archaeologist Indiana Jones. Like Star Wars, the film was massively successful and became the highest-grossing film of the year. Spielberg was interested in casting Ford from the beginning, but Lucas was not, having already worked with the actor in American Graffiti and Star Wars. Lucas eventually relented after Tom Selleck was unable to accept. Ford went on to reprise the role throughout the rest of the decade in the prequel Indiana Jones and the Temple of

This is a document about Indiana Jones (character)
  the Temple of Doom, he becomes the father figure to Short Round, to survive; he is rescued from Kali's evil by Short Round's dedication.  In Raiders of the Lost Ark, he is wise enough to close his eyes in the presence of God in the Ark of the Covenant. By contrast, his rival Rene Belloq is killed for having the audacity to try to communicate directly with God. In the prologue of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, Jones is seen as a teenager, establishing his look when given a fedora hat. Indiana's intentions are revealed as prosocial, as he believes artifacts "belong in a museum." In the film's climax, Indiana undergoes "literal" tests of faith to

This is a document about Eddie Tagoe
  Tagoe is perhaps best-remember for minor supporting roles in two film classics: As playing "Presuming Ed" in the 1987 film production of Withnail and I, a role that he resumed in 2000 in a stage production of the same work; and as one of the pirates in the 1981 hit movie Raiders of the Lost Ark. Billed only as the "Messenger Pirate", his character was sent to find Indiana Jones in advance of Nazis boarding the ship on which Jones was travelling. Initially unable to find Jones, he was instructed by the captain to look again, and immediately replied, "I found him!",

This is a document about Sallah
  Sallah appears in Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981), where he helps Jones decipher the inscription on the back of Marion Ravenwood's medallion by taking him to an old wise man (identified as "Old Imam", although it is uncertain as to whether that is the name of the character or he is an imam) who is also a friend of his. They learn that the Nazis are digging in the wrong location for the Ark of the Covenant—due to them only having access to one side of the medallion—so Sallah and Jones infiltrate the Nazi dig and they discover the real location of the Well of Souls where the Ark is kept. He reluctantly

This is a document about List of Indiana Jones characters
  Dr. René Emile Belloq (Paul Freeman) is a French archaeologist who takes credit for Indiana's findings by following his exploits and then securing the artifacts after Indiana completes efforts to initially retrieve them and the main antagonist of Raiders of the Lost Ark. In the film's opening, Belloq and the Hovitos tribesmen force Indiana to hand over a fertility idol he has braved numerous booby traps to obtain. Belloq aids the Nazis in finding the Ark of the Covenant, as he wants to use the relic to speak with God. When the Ark is opened, its contained spirits engulf Belloq in flames and cause his head to explode; Indiana and Marion

This is a document about Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade
  but declined. ; John Rhys-Davies as Sallah: A friend of Indiana and a professional excavator living in Cairo. Like Elliott's, Rhys-Davies's return was an attempt to recapture the spirit of Raiders of the Lost Ark. ; Julian Glover as Walter Donovan: An American businessman who sends the Joneses on their quest for the Holy Grail out of a desire for immortality while secretly working with the Nazis for the same goal. Glover previously appeared as General Veers in Lucas's The Empire Strikes Back. He originally auditioned for the role of Vogel. Glover, who is English, adopted an American accent for the film, but

This is a document about Vendyl Jones
  Indiana Jones.'" According to the story, a certain Randolph Fillmore, who had been on one of Jones's digs, wrote the first draft for Raiders of the Lost Ark; Vendyl became "Endy", then "Indy". According to the now defunct Vendyl Jones website: "In 1977, a young man volunteered for one of our archaeological digs. His name was Randy Filmore. He wrote a screenplay based on Vendyl's experiences and titled it "The Search for the Ashes of the Red Heifer." Upon returning to the States, Randy contacted Vendyl with the news that he'd found representation for his script in Hollywood. To this day, Vendyl has not heard from Filmore. When Vendyl recounts this story to the press,

This is a document about Golden Idol
  and the Hovitos after a jungle pursuit, flying away on a waiting seaplane. As related in the Indiana Jones comics, years later, Indy regains the idol from a black market antiquities dealer located in Marrakesh, Morocco (where Jones, in Raiders of the Lost Ark, deduces that Belloq sold it). However, also on the trail for the idol is Xomec, a descendant of the Chachapoyans, and Ilsa Toht, sister of Gestapo agent Arnold Toht. The two want to use the idol to unite Amazonian tribes and disrupt wartime rubber production in South America, as well as lure Jones to his death.

This is a document about Indiana Jones and the Tomb of the Gods
  Writer Rob Williams noted Indiana's character in the first two films is very different, pointing out a scene in Raiders of the Lost Ark where Indiana lowers his bazooka aimed at the Nazis, declaring he would give up the Ark of the Covenant for Marion Ravenwood. Williams felt Indiana from the prequel Temple of Doom would not do this, and wanted to explore why Indiana becomes less materialistic. Williams created a new group of characters to lend the new run of DH Jones comics in its own tone, but also used Brody, who is his favorite element of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade. He chose the Ahnenerbe (which Heinrich Himmler founded) to make the comic "not just Indy versus your typical Nazi goons, [but] Indy up against his counterparts from within the Nazi party". He promised they would be recurring enemies, in a need to give Indiana "his own Doctor Doom or Joker".

This is a document about Indiana Jones (character)
 Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) ; Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984) ; Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989) ; The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (1992–1996) ; Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008)  A native of Princeton, New Jersey, Indiana Jones was introduced as a tenured professor of archaeology in the 1981 film Raiders of the Lost Ark, set in 1936. The character is an adventurer reminiscent of the 1930s film serial treasure hunters and pulp action heroes. His research is funded by Marshall College (a fictional school named after producer Frank

Indiana Jones is looking for the Ark of the Covenant in "Raiders of the Lost Ark." It is a religious artifact that the Nazis believe will make them invincible.


Question: who played larry in man about the house

Answer: Douglas Fisher

This is a document about Doug Fisher (actor)
  He portrayed Larry Simmonds, the lovable rogue who occupied the attic apartment in the ITV sitcom Man About the House and played Sammy in the films The Stud (1978) and The Bitch (1979), opposite Joan Collins. He also appeared in All Our Saturdays, Yes Minister, Home to Roost, Sorry!, Haggard, Close to Home, Goodnight Sweetheart, The Upper Hand and Heartbeat. His final role was a clergyman in the 1999 miniseries adaptation of Oliver Twist. He also played the role of Jim Medhurst (Kevin Medhurst's father) In TV series London's Burning from 1988 until the character was killed off in series 6 in 1993. Fisher appeared as habitual criminal Stephen Grismal in the Jonathan Creek episode The Wrestler's Tomb, in 1997.

This is a document about Doug Fisher (actor)
  Douglas Marjoribanks Fisher (20 September 1941 – 9 July 2000) was an English actor best known for playing Larry Simmonds in Man About the House (1973–1976), Sammy in the films The Stud (1978) and The Bitch (1979) and Jim Medhurst in London's Burning (1988–1993).

This is a document about Kieron Moore
 A Man About the House (1947) – Salvatore ; Mine Own Executioner (1947) – Adam Lucian ; Anna Karenina (1948) – Count Vronsky ; Saints and Sinners (1949) – Michael Kissane ; The Naked Heart (1950) – Lorenzo Suprenant ; Honeymoon Deferred (1951) – Rocco ; David and Bathsheba (1951) – Uriah ; Ten Tall Men (1951) – Corporal Pierre Molier ; Mantrap (1953) – Speight ; Recoil (1953) – Nicholas Conway ; Conflict of Wings (1954) – Squadron Leader Parsons ; The Green Scarf (1954) – Jacques ; The Blue Peter (1955) – Mike Merriworth ; Satellite in the

This is a document about Brian Murphy (actor)
  his theatre work with appearances in television shows such as The Avengers, Z-Cars, Callan and Dixon of Dock Green, before being cast in the role which would make him a household name. In Man About the House, Murphy played the lazy George Roper, whose wife, Mildred, was played by Yootha Joyce. Her domineering, social-climbing characteristic was a sharp contrast to George's desire for an easy and quiet life and the pairing was an instant hit. A contributing factor to their immediate chemistry was that they had been friends for many years. Aside from their Theatre Workshop years, Murphy also featured in Sparrows Can't Sing (1963) with Joyce and other Theatre Workshop colleagues, including Barbara

This is a document about Richard O'Sullivan
  main role in the Thames Television comedy Alcock and Gander (1972) with Beryl Reid. By then a regular in TV sitcoms, he starred as Robin Tripp, a trainee chef, in the flatshare sitcom Man About the House written by Johnnie Mortimer and Brian Cooke, launched in 1973. In 1975, he starred in the stage comedy Boeing Boeing, undertaking two record-breaking national tours, alongside two of his Man About The House co-stars, Yootha Joyce and Sally Thomsett. When the television series ended in 1976, he continued playing Robin Tripp in the spin-off sitcom Robin's Nest, in which Robin sets up a bistro with funding from his girlfriend Vicky's father James Nicholls (Tony Britton).

This is a document about David Kelly (actor)
  small part in director John Pomeroy's 1958 film noir Dublin Nightmare. One of his first television appearances was on RTÉ in O'Dea's your Man (1964) in which he played the part of Ignatius opposite Jimmy O'Dea. He went on to become a familiar face on British television with the BBC comedy Me Mammy, opposite Milo O'Shea and Anna Manahan. He went on to often-memorable guest roles on such series as Oh Father! and Never Mind the Quality, Feel the Width, and particularly during the 1970s with a long-running role as the one-armed dishwasher Albert Riddle in the Man About the House spin-off Robin's Nest. He also had a regular long running role alongside Bruce Forsyth in both series

This is a document about Hugh Laurie
  James Hugh Calum Laurie (born 11 June 1959) is an English actor, author, comedian, director, musician and singer. He is known for portraying the title character on the medical drama television series House (2004–2012), for which he received two Golden Globe Awards and nominations for numerous other accolades. He was listed in the 2011 Guinness World Records as the most watched leading man on television and was one of the highest-paid actors in a television drama, earning £250,000 ($409,000) per episode of House. His other television credits include arms dealer Richard Onslow Roper in the miniseries The Night Manager (2016), for which he won his third

This is a document about Man About the House
  Man About the House is a British sitcom created by Brian Cooke and Johnnie Mortimer that starred Richard O'Sullivan, Paula Wilcox, Sally Thomsett, Yootha Joyce and Brian Murphy. Six series were broadcast on ITV from 15 August 1973 to 7 April 1976. The series was considered daring at the time because it featured a man sharing a London flat with two single women. The show was made by Thames Television and recorded at its Teddington studio in Greater London. It is regularly repeated on ITV3. Two spin-off series were later made: George and Mildred and Robin's Nest. In 2004, Man About the House placed 69th in a poll to find Britain's Best Sitcom. The series was remade in the United States as Three's Company in 1977. A film version was released in 1974.

This is a document about April 1976
  Burt, a fugitive since the killing of a physics professor by a bomb on August 24, 1970, was removed from the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives List. More than 50 years after first he was first identified as a suspect, Burt's location and fate remains unknown. ; The British TV situation comedy Man About the House, starring Richard O'Sullivan, Paula Wilcox and Sally Thomsett and about three unmarried friends— a man and two women— sharing an apartment and renting from a Mr. and Mrs. Roper, ended a run of three years on ITV. It would be adapted in 1977 and remade for U.S. audiences as Three's Company. ; Baseball

This is a document about List of Three's Company characters
  when being questioned by his landlord Mr. Roper, Larry claimed to have served four years in the United States Marine Corps. Larry is of Greek descent, though this fact and his original last name are mentioned only in the episode where Jack opens Jack's Bistro, in which Larry explains that he shortened it to "Dallas" because he "could never spell 'Dalliapoulos' ". The character was based on the character of Larry Simmonds from the series Man About the House (the British show on which Three's Company was based). Larry has the distinction of being the only other character besides Jack Tripper to appear on Three's Company and both of its spin-offs, The Ropers and Three's a Crowd. When appearing on Three's a Crowd near the end of its single season, he states that he has moved to Bakersfield due to downturns in the used car business.

This is a document about List of Man About the House episodes
  Man About the House is a British sitcom starring Richard O'Sullivan, Paula Wilcox, Sally Thomsett, Yootha Joyce and Brian Murphy. First broadcast on ITV on 15 August 1973, the series ran for 39 episodes over six series until 7 April 1976. Written by Johnnie Mortimer and Brian Cooke, the series follows the lives of three flatmates and the couple who sublet the church-commissioned property. The series, which was made by Thames Television and recorded at their Teddington Studios, was considered rather risqué when it was first broadcast as it focused on a young single man sharing a flat with two young single women. Man About the House led to two spin-off series, George and Mildred and Robin's Nest.

This is a document about Thirty-One Backyards
 Ray Barrett as Larry ; Susan Hampshire as Delphine ; Jack Smethurst

This is a document about Mr. Destiny
 James Belushi — Larry Joseph Burrows: The film's protagonist. A normal guy with an ordinary life who wishes it to be different, and is granted that wish and becomes president of the company with a big house. ; Linda Hamilton — Ellen Jane Burrows/Robertson: Larry's loving wife in the normal reality. She is the head of the labor union. In the alternate reality, she looks at Larry with much disdain as in the past he managed the company like a tyrant. ; Michael Caine — Mike the Bartender/Mr. Destiny: A bartender and guardian angel-like character responsible for showing Larry what his

This is a document about Man About the House (film)
  Man About the House is a 1974 British comedy film, a spinoff of the sitcom of the same name, starring all of the main cast of the series. It was the last in a series of big screen adaptations of popular television comedies made by Hammer Films, although a film of 'George & Mildred' (featuring Yootha Joyce and Brian Murphy in the title roles) was made in 1980 by another studio.

This is a document about Lowell House
  are common features of everyday lunches and dinners. Many House events are organized by Lowell's "House Committee" of elected undergraduates from within the House. The committee operates separately from the Harvard Undergraduate Council (UC), to organize student events and manage funding. The HoCo, as with the other student government organizations in the Houses, is funded by the UC. Lowell House was the residence of Silas (Method Man) and Jamal (Redman) in the 2001 comedy How High. As part of Harvard's House Renewal Project, Lowell House closed for renovation in the summer of 2017; work was completed in the summer of 2019.

This is a document about Kieron Moore
  to become a major star: "He has a brilliant acting talent. Then he has six-feet-two of brawn, a mobile photogenic face, rich expressive eyes, and ability to adapt himself to any type of role – ultra romantic or the last word in villainy. Very soon he will be one of the big names on the world's screens.'" Adopting the stage name Kieron Moore, he was cast in a leading role in A Man About the House (1947), directed by Leslie Arliss. Arliss said Moore was "terrific. Naturally, since he's had no film experience, his work is still a bit rough, but he does the right thing by instinct. He smashes through

This is a document about List of novels of Francis Brett Young
  A Man About the House was published in 1942. Two sisters living a life of genteel poverty in North Bromwich discover that they have inherited a villa near Capri from an uncle. In the warmth of the Italian climate they both flourish, but the presence of the villa's handyman provides a troubling note. In 1946 Flora Robson and Basil Sydney appeared in a stage adaptation by John Perry at the Piccadilly Theatre in London. In 1947 it was made into a film of the same title directed by Leslie Arliss and starring Dulcie Gray, Margaret Johnston and Kieron Moore.

This is a document about Brian Murphy (actor)
  Brian Trevor John Murphy (born 25 September 1932) is an English actor and comedian. He is best known as the henpecked husband George Roper in the popular sitcom Man About the House and its spin-off series George and Mildred, and as Alvin Smedley in Last of the Summer Wine. Other notable roles include parts in the children's series Wizadora and in The Booze Cruise comedy drama series.

This is a document about Mildred Roper
  and Robin invites his German friend Franz (Dennis Waterman), a fellow cookery student, to come along. Unfortunately this sets off George's obsession with the Second World War, leading to a falling-out between the two men. One of a set of cuff-links bought as a present for George also goes missing and ends up in the food. Robin's friend Larry (Doug Fisher) moves into the flat but his slovenly ways and habit of pinching the others' food are not exactly endearing him as a house-mate. Then Mildred comes up with an excellent idea. Clear out the attic and let him take

This is a document about Mildred Roper
  Yootha Joyce appeared as Mildred Roper in all episodes of Man About the House and all of the spin-off series, George and Mildred. She also appeared as Mildred in the film version. When Yootha Joyce died in 1980, the character of Mildred died with her.

Doug Fisher played Larry in "Man About the House."


Question: when was the last episode of er aired

Answer: April 2 , 2009

This is a document about ER (season 15)
  The fifteenth and final season of the American fictional drama television series ER premiered on September 25, 2008 and concluded on April 2, 2009, in a two-hour episode preceded by a one-hour retrospective special. It consists of 22 episodes.

This is a document about And in the End...
  "And in the End..." is the 331st and final episode of the American television series ER. The two-hour episode aired on April 2, 2009 and was preceded by a one-hour retrospective special.

This is a document about ER (season 10)
  The tenth season of the American fictional drama television series ER first aired on September 25, 2003 and concluded on May 13, 2004. The tenth season consists of 22 episodes.

This is a document about ER (TV series)
  Following the broadcast of its two-hour pilot movie on September 19, 1994, ER premiered Thursday, September 22 at 10pm. It remained in the same Thursday time slot for its entire run, capping the Must See TV primetime block. ER is NBC's third longest-running drama, after Law & Order and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, and the second longest-running American primetime medical drama of all time, behind Grey's Anatomy. Starting with season seven, ER was broadcast in the 1080i HD format, appearing in letterbox format when presented in standard definition. On April 2, 2008, NBC announced that the series would return for its fifteenth season. The fifteenth season was originally scheduled to run for 19 episodes before retiring with a two-hour series finale to be broadcast on March 12, 2009, but NBC announced in January 2009 that

This is a document about ER (season 8)
  The eighth season of the American fictional drama television series ER first aired on September 27, 2001 and concluded on May 16, 2002. The eighth season consists of 22 episodes.

This is a document about ER (season 5)
  The fifth season of the American fictional drama television series ER first aired on September 24, 1998, and concluded on May 20, 1999. The fifth season consists of 22 episodes.

This is a document about ER (season 3)
  The third season of the American fictional drama television series ER first aired on September 26, 1996, and concluded on May 15, 1997. The third season consists of 22 episodes.

This is a document about ER (season 7)
  The seventh season of the American fictional drama television series ER first aired on October 12, 2000 and concluded on May 17, 2001. The seventh season consists of 22 episodes.

This is a document about ER (season 4)
  The fourth season of the American fictional drama television series ER first aired on September 25, 1997 and concluded on May 14, 1998. The fourth season consists of 22 episodes.

This is a document about ER (season 12)
  The twelfth season of the American fictional drama television series ER first aired on September 22, 2005 and concluded on May 18, 2006. It consists of 22 episodes.

This is a document about ER (season 14)
  The fourteenth season of the American fictional drama television series ER first aired on September 27, 2007 and concluded on May 15, 2008. It consists of 19 episodes.

This is a document about ER (season 9)
  The ninth season of the American fictional drama television series ER first aired on September 26, 2002 and concluded on May 15, 2003. The ninth season consists of 22 episodes.

This is a document about ER (season 6)
  The sixth season of the American fictional drama television series ER first aired on September 30, 1999 and concluded on May 18, 2000. The sixth season consists of 22 episodes.

This is a document about ER (season 13)
  The thirteenth season of the American fictional drama television series ER first aired on September 21, 2006 and concluded on May 17, 2007. It consists of 23 episodes.

This is a document about ER (season 2)
  The second season of the American fictional drama television series ER first aired on September 21, 1995, and concluded on May 16, 1996. The second season consists of 22 episodes.

This is a document about ER (season 11)
  The eleventh season of the American fictional drama television series ER first aired on September 23, 2004 and concluded on May 19, 2005. The eleventh season consists of 22 episodes.

This is a document about Cast of ER
  ER is an American drama series that aired on NBC from September 19, 1994 until April 2, 2009. The series featured a large ensemble cast that changed dramatically over its long run. The main cast was augmented by a wealth of recurring characters and award-winning guest stars.

This is a document about ER (season 1)
  The first season of the American fictional drama television series ER aired from 1994 to 1995 with 25 episodes. The two-hour pilot episode aired on September 19, 1994, and was followed by 24 other episodes, including the season finale that aired on May 18, 1995.

This is a document about List of ER characters
  The American medical drama ER features an extensive cast of fictional characters. ER aired on NBC from September 19, 1994, to April 2, 2009, and focuses on the lives of the doctors and nurses of the fictional emergency room located at Chicago's County General Hospital. The series lasted for fifteen seasons, and none of the main characters, who received starring billing at some point of the series, is featured in all fifteen seasons.

This is a document about On the Beach (ER)
  "On the Beach" is the 178th episode of the NBC drama series ER. It chronicled the last days of Dr. Mark Greene as he died from a brain tumor and marked the final performance of Anthony Edwards until his return in a flashback during a Season 15 episode.

The last episode of ER, titled "And in the End...", was aired on April 2, 2009.


Question: who played neil on once upon a time

Answer: Michael Raymond - James

This is a document about Kristoff St. John
  Kristoff St. John (July 15, 1966 – February 3, 2019) was an American actor best known for playing Neil Winters on CBS daytime soap opera The Young and the Restless from 1991 until his death in 2019, which earned him eleven Daytime Emmy Award nominations, two Emmy Awards, and ten NAACP Image Awards.

This is a document about Neil Grayston (actor)
  He won a 2006 Leo Award (Best Supporting Performance by a Male in a Dramatic Series) for his performance in the Godiva's episode "The Bigger Man". Neil played Douglas Fargo in Eureka, a Syfy network series that began broadcasting in 2006. Grayston is of Scottish, French, Romanian and Irish descent.

This is a document about Michael Raymond-James
  Jackson. The actor also starred in Jonny Hirschbein's award-winning short film 'The Fix,' working alongside Robert Patrick and David Paymer. His feature-film credits include 'Moonlight Serenade,' starring as a piano prodigy opposite Academy Award Nominee Amy Adams. In an episode of The Walking Dead titled "Nebraska", Raymond-James played a young man named Dave, who presents a threat to series protagonist Rick Grimes and his group. He starred in Once Upon a Time as Neal Cassidy/Baelfire, who is Henry's father as well as Rumpelstiltskin's son and is later revealed to be the grandson of Peter Pan. In 2020, Raymond-James was cast to play in the lead role of Gavin Wolcott in the NBC apocalyptic drama pilot La Brea which was written by David Appelbaum, however he left the project and replaced by Eoin Macken. In the 2021-22 season he recurs on Law & Order: Organized Crime as Jon Kosta.

This is a document about Neil Winters
  Neil Winters is a fictional character from The Young and the Restless, an American soap opera on the CBS network. Created and introduced by William J. Bell, the role was portrayed by Kristoff St. John from 1991 until St. John's death in 2019. As of 2019, Neil is the longest-running African American character to appear on the series. St. John last appeared as Neil on February 6, 2019. Over the years, Neil's storylines have involved his marriages to Drucilla Winters (Victoria Rowell), as well as his volatile relationship with his half-brother Malcolm Winters (Shemar Moore). Neil's daughter, Lily Winters (Christel Khalil), was involved in a paternity storyline, with Neil and Malcolm as her potential fathers. In 1994, Bill Bell had Malcolm walk into Drucilla's bedroom after she had taken prescription drugs. Fully understanding the drugs

This is a document about The Final Battle (Once Upon a Time)
  "The Final Battle" marks the last appearances as regulars of six of the cast: Jennifer Morrison, Ginnifer Goodwin, Josh Dallas, Jared S. Gilmore, Emilie de Ravin, and Rebecca Mader. The episodes' bookends set up new timelines that will continue in the seventh season. However, Gilmore's character, Henry Mills, will be played by Andrew J. West, who along with newcomer Alison Fernandez, became series regulars starting with this episode. Mader would end up with the most season 7 appearances among all departing regulars. Sean Maguire does not appear in the episode, but is credited, as he lends his voice for a few seconds in a scene with the Evil Queen. This also marks the series' final Sunday night airing after six seasons, as ABC announced on May 16, 2017, that Once Upon a Time would move to Friday nights starting in the fourth quarter of 2017.

This is a document about Transformers: The Last Knight
  17, 2016, it was confirmed that Josh Duhamel would reprise his role in the film, and Jerrod Carmichael was cast. In June 2016, Anthony Hopkins, Mitch Pileggi, Santiago Cabrera, and Laura Haddock joined the cast, and Tyrese Gibson stated that he will return as Robert Epps. In August 2016, Liam Garrigan was confirmed to play King Arthur, a different version from his role as the same character on the television series Once Upon a Time. On September 4, 2016, Stanley Tucci confirmed his return. On October 14, 2016, Bay announced that John Turturro would reprise his role as Seymour Simmons from the first three films, and that John Goodman would return to

This is a document about Neil Patrick Harris
  Neil Patrick Harris (born June 15, 1973) is an American actor, singer, writer, producer, and television host. He is known primarily for his comedy roles on television and his dramatic and musical stage roles. On television, he is known for playing the title character on the ABC series Doogie Howser, M.D. (1989–1993), Barney Stinson on the CBS series How I Met Your Mother (2005–2014, for which he was nominated for four Emmy Awards), and Count Olaf on the Netflix series A Series of Unfortunate Events (2017–2019). Harris is also known for his role as the title character in Joss Whedon's musical Dr. Horrible's Sing-Along Blog (2008) and a fictional version of himself in the Harold & Kumar film series (2004–2011). His other films include Starship Troopers (1997), Beastly (2011),

This is a document about Jamie Dornan
  in the folk band Sons of Jim until 2008. He began acting in 2006, and earned international recognition for playing Sheriff Graham Humbert in the series Once Upon a Time (2011–2013) and serial killer Paul Spector in the crime drama series The Fall (2013–2016). For the latter, he won the Irish Film and Television Award for Best Actor in Television and was nominated for a British Academy Television Award for Best Actor. In film, he has portrayed Axel von Fersen in Sofia Coppola's Marie Antoinette (2006), Christian Grey in the Fifty Shades franchise (2015–2018), Jan Kubiš in Anthropoid (2016), Commandant Pat Quinlan in The Siege of Jadotville (2016), Paul Conroy in A Private War (2018), and Pa in Belfast (2021).

This is a document about Josh Dallas
  Joshua Paul Dallas (born December 18, 1978) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles as Prince Charming/David Nolan in the ABC television series Once Upon a Time (2011–2018) and starring as Ben Stone in the NBC drama series Manifest (2018–present).

This is a document about Desperate Souls
  TV Guide reported that actor Brad Dourif would be making a guest appearance as a "beggar who befriends evil Rumpelstiltskin." Other guest stars included Meghan Ory as Ruby, Patti Allan as Miss Ginger, Beverley Elliott as Granny, Giancarlo Esposito as Sidney, Dylan Schmid as Baelfire, Conner Dwelly as Morraine, Ty Olsson as Hordor, Michael Phenicie as The Duke (scenes deleted), C. Ernst Harth as Burly Man, David-Paul Grove as Doc, and Gabe Khouth as Mr. Clark. The episode was included in Reawakened: A Once Upon a Time Tale – a novelization of the first season – which was published by Hyperion Books in 2013.

This is a document about Shunsuke Sakuya
  Cabrera)) ; It (Eddie Kaspbrak (Dennis Christopher)) ; Game of Thrones (Jorah Mormont (Iain Glen)) ; Gilmore Girls (Luke Danes (Scott Patterson)) ; Lost (Desmond Hume (Henry Ian Cusick)) ; Nikita (Michael (Shane West)) ; Nip/Tuck (Christian Troy (Julian McMahon)) ; Numbers (Charlie Eppes (David Krumholtz)) ; Once Upon a Time (Sidney Glass/Magic Mirror (Giancarlo Esposito)) ; One Tree Hill (Keith Scott (Craig Sheffer)) ; Pan Am (Roger Anderson (David Harbour)) ; The Pillars of the Earth (King Stephen (Tony Curran)) ; Power Rangers Samurai (Dekker (Ricardo Medina, Jr.)) ; Power Rangers Super Samurai (Dekker (Ricardo Medina, Jr.), Eugene "Skull" Skullovitch (Jason Narvy)) ; Prison Break (Agent Todd Wheatley (Chris Bruno)) ; Project

This is a document about Jarod Joseph
  nervous as it was his first time as a regular. "My first day on the job was actually a week-and-a-half after most of the cast and crew had already begun working together. There was an established dynamic and rapport that I wasn’t privy to, so I was a little worried about blending in with everyone and doing my thing." While filming Rogue, Jarod began working in recurring roles as Gus / Billy in Once Upon a Time and FBI Agent Tim in Fringe and made guest roles in Arrow, Motive, V, Showcase’s Endgame and AMC’s The Killing. Jarod was cast as Nathan Miller in The CW TV series The 100 of which he is a major recurring character.

This is a document about Jared S. Gilmore
  Jared Scott Gilmore (born May 30, 2000) is an American actor & voice actor. He is best known for his role in the series Once Upon a Time as Henry Mills.

This is a document about Jamie Dornan
  he appeared in nine episodes of the ABC television series Once Upon a Time, playing the role of Sheriff Graham. While Graham from Storybrooke was killed by the town's mayor Regina (The Evil Queen) in the episode "The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter", Dornan stated that he would return as the Huntsman from the Enchanted Forest at some point, and he remained a regular on the series. He returned as The Huntsman for the season finale episode, "A Land Without Magic". About his performance, Laura Prudom of The Huffington Post wrote: "Irish-born Jamie Dornan did an excellent job of portraying Graham's hopelessness and confusion".

This is a document about List of Community characters
  Neil (played by Charley Koontz) is a student ostracized for being fat. He was first introduced in the episode "Asian Population Studies". Jeff, who accidentally coined the name "Fat Neil" ("Advanced Dungeons & Dragons"), attempts to make it up to him after he thinks Neil is considering suicide. Jeff organizes a Dungeons & Dragons game with the study group (without Pierce) where Neil, a huge D&D fan, will save the day. Though Pierce attempts to sabotage the event and mocks Neil, Neil still regains his confidence after winning the game. It is implied in "Applied Anthropology and Culinary Arts" that he and Vicki have feelings for each other. Though his fate after the

This is a document about Gil McKinney
  Mark Gilbert McKinney, known professionally as Gil McKinney, (born February 5, 1979 in Houston, Texas) is an American film and television actor. He is best known for playing Dr. Paul Grady on ER, Derek Bishop on Friday Night Lights, and Prince Eric in Once Upon a Time, and for being the voice and face (via MotionScan) of Jack Kelso in the video game L.A. Noire. Gil also appeared in Supernatural as Henry Winchester.

This is a document about Raphael Sbarge
  Under. In 2007, he appeared in a two-part episode of Journeyman. In 2009, he appeared in an episode of The Mentalist. In 2010, he was in "Practically Perfect", a season five episode of Dexter, as Jim McCourt, an Internal Affairs Agent. He had a recurring role as Howard Aucker on The Young and the Restless. He played Brian McGuire on Better Days, which lasted for five weeks before being canceled. In 2011, he first appeared in Once Upon a Time, playing the dual roles of Archie Hopper, a therapist, and his fairy tale counterpart, Jiminy Cricket from Pinocchio. In 2013, he played Larry Hermann on Chicago Fire. He played Inspector David Molk, a philosophizing SFPD homicide inspector, on TNT's 2014 series, Murder in the First. In 2016, he made a cameo appearance as the deceased father of Jimmy McGill on the television series Better Call Saul.

This is a document about The New Adventures of He-Man
 Long John Baldry - Treylus (in "The Test of Time") ; Michael Donovan - General Nifel ; Cathy Weseluck - Teela (in "Once Upon a Time")

This is a document about Neil Hopkins
  Neil Edward Hopkins (born May 13, 1977) is an American television and film actor. He is a trained actor and singer, best known for his portrayal of Charlie's heroin-addicted brother Liam on Lost.

This is a document about Sean Maguire
  on 11 June. Maguire auditioned for the role of Sasha in the 2011 cult classic Knives with the role eventually being given to Kiryl Mihailovich Smaliakou. In the third season of ABC's Once Upon a Time, Maguire joined the show as Robin Hood, taking over the role from Tom Ellis. After recurring for two seasons, he was promoted to a series regular in June 2015, right before the start of the show's fifth season. Maguire exited the main cast in 2016 after his character's death, though he returned in the second half of the sixth season for five episodes as an alternate version of Robin Hood.

Michael Raymond-James played Neil on "Once Upon a Time."


Question: when was the first car invented in america

Answer: 1789

This is a document about Car
  1895, Selden was granted a United States patent for a two-stroke car engine, which hindered, more than encouraged, development of cars in the United States. His patent was challenged by Henry Ford and others, and overturned in 1911. In 1893, the first running, gasoline-powered American car was built and road-tested by the Duryea brothers of Springfield, Massachusetts. The first public run of the Duryea Motor Wagon took place on 21 September 1893, on Taylor Street in Metro Center Springfield. The Studebaker Automobile Company, subsidiary of a long-established wagon and coach manufacturer, started to build cars in 1897 and commenced sales of electric

This is a document about History of the automobile
  produced in 1873 by Frenchman Amédée Bollée in Le Mans, who built self-propelled steam road vehicles to transport groups of passengers. The first automobile suitable for use on existing wagon roads in the United States was a steam-powered vehicle invented in 1871 by Dr. J.W. Carhart, a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, in Racine, Wisconsin. It induced the State of Wisconsin in 1875 to offer a $10,000 award to the first to produce a practical substitute for the use of horses and other animals. They stipulated that the vehicle would have to maintain an average speed of more than 5 mph over

This is a document about Antique car
  The era of automobiles began in the U.S. when George Selden of Rochester, NY filed a patent on May 8, 1879, but the patent was not approved until November 5, 1895. This was the first U.S. patent for an automobile. By the time a patent was approved many automobiles were in production. Charles Duryea built a three-wheeled, gasoline-powered vehicle in 1893, and his company built 13 cars of the same design in 1896. Gasoline automobiles were produced by Elwood Haynes in 1894, by Ransom Olds in 1895, Charles King and Henry Ford in 1896. Automobile races stirred the public interest and bicycle and buggy manufacturers began to convert to making automobiles.

This is a document about John William Lambert
  in Washington, D.C., that have been used by historians over the years to determine Lambert's gasoline buggy, also called the Buckeye gasoline buggy, as the first operational gasoline automobile made in the United States. He is also credited with the first American automobile accident. In 1891, while testing his horseless carriage, Lambert drove it into a tree root and accidentally ran into a hitching post. Lambert was driving the gasoline powered vehicle at the time and carrying a passenger by the name of James Swoveland, a local businessman that operated the city's drug store. There was secrecy surrounding the development of his automobile. Operational

This is a document about Frank Atwood Huntington
  In 1889 Huntington patented a gasoline engine propelled vehicle, four years before the Duryea brothers built and tested their first vehicle in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1893 — considered by many as the first American gas powered car. It is likely Huntington was the first inventor of a gasoline engine car on the west coast of the United States. While it is not known whether Huntington’s vehicle was successfully built, his patent 411196 has certain claims that represent a self-propelled gasoline engine car. "My invention relates to certain improvements in vehicles; and it consists of an engine and suitable intermediate gearing whereby the vehicle may be propelled… This invention is designed to apply a gasoline or other vapor engine to an ordinary

This is a document about History of the automobile
  started operating repair and gasoline stations. In Springfield, Massachusetts, brothers Charles and Frank Duryea founded the Duryea Motor Wagon Company in 1893, becoming the first American automobile manufacturing company. The Autocar Company, founded in 1897, established a number of innovations still in use and remains the oldest operating motor vehicle manufacturer in the United States. However, it was Ransom E. Olds and his Olds Motor Vehicle Company (later known as Oldsmobile) who would dominate this era with the introduction of the Oldsmobile Curved Dash. Its production line was running in 1901. The Thomas B. Jeffery Company developed the world's second mass-produced automobile, and 1,500

This is a document about Charles Duryea
  On November 28, 1895, in Chicago, their vehicle, driven by brother Frank, had won America's first car race. It ran to Evanston, Illinois and back. The only other finisher was one of three Benz cars mostly made in Germany. After Frank won, demand grew for the Duryea Motor Wagon. In 1896, the Duryea Brothers produced 13 cars by hand – in their garage at 47 Taylor Street – and thus Duryea became the first-ever commercially produced vehicle, and also the largest automobile factory in the United States. For the history of the company and its cars, see Duryea Motor Wagon Company. Duryea sought out investors and buyers while his brother, Frank Duryea, primarily

This is a document about Buckeye gasoline buggy
  John William Lambert built the United States' first gasoline internal combustion engine automobile, according to a five-year study by L. Scott Bailey (an automobile historian, editor, and publisher) which found substantial evidence to enter the claim on Lambert's behalf. In 1891, Lambert successfully designed and built the automobile, and drove it on the streets of Ohio City, Ohio. Henry Ford and Duryea Brothers would not construct automobiles of their own until several years later. In Europe, Carl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler produced the first gasoline automobiles in 1885–1886. The Duryea brothers made their first American automobile in 1893, and three years later started mass-producing cars at Duryea Motor Wagon Company; Henry Ford started mass-producing cars in 1899 at the Detroit Automobile Company.

This is a document about Gottfried Schloemer
  in 1889. The Encyclopedia Americana (1954), Americana Corp. Volume 19, p. 142  Other Milwaukee inventors include Gottfried Schloemer and Frank Toepfer who built a gasoline automobile in 1889, claimed to have been the first one in the United States. Schloemer's 'motor wagon', as he called his machine now known as the automobile, was made entirely by him. The self-propelled Motor Wagon had a chain and sprocket system that provided the engine's power to the wheels of the horseless carriage. The four wheels were made of wood and had solid rubber tires. There were improvements made to the vehicle over time in

This is a document about Carl G. Fisher
  first automobile dealership in the United States, and also worked at developing an automobile racetrack locally. After being injured in stunts himself, and following a safety debacle at the new Indianapolis Motor Speedway, of which he was a principal, he helped develop paved racetracks and public roadways. Improvements he implemented at the speedway led to its nickname, "The Brickyard." In 1912, Fisher conceived and helped develop the Lincoln Highway, the first road for the automobile across the entire United States of America. A convoy trip a few years later by the U.S. Army along Fisher's Lincoln Highway was a major

This is a document about Ford Piquette Avenue Plant
  Henry Ford, Detroit coal merchant Alexander Y. Malcomson, and a group of investors formed the Ford Motor Company on June 16, 1903, to assemble automobiles. The company's first car model, the original Ford Model A, began to be assembled that same month at the Ford Mack Avenue Plant, a rented wagon manufacturing shop in Detroit, Michigan. The company quickly outgrew this facility and, on April 10, 1904, bought a parcel of land off of Piquette Avenue in Detroit to accommodate a larger factory. The land was located in the Milwaukee Junction area, whose name is derived from a railroad junction within it. The Ford

This is a document about Duryea Motor Wagon
   The Duryea Motor Wagon was among the first standardized automobiles and among the first powered by gasoline. Fifteen examples were built by the Duryea Motor Wagon Company of Chicopee, Massachusetts, between 1893 and 1896. Their enterprise followed the first commercially available automobile which was patented by Karl Benz on January 29, 1886, and put into production in 1888. To construct the first Duryea Motor Wagon, the brothers had purchased a used horse-drawn buggy for $70 and then installed a 4 hp, single cylinder gasoline engine. The car had a friction transmission, spray carburetor, and low tension ignition. It was road-tested again on 10 November,

This is a document about History of the internal combustion engine
  and the spark was electrically ignited by a hand-operated trigger. Fitted to a crude four-wheeled wagon, François Isaac de Rivaz first drove it 100 meters in 1813, thus making history as the first car-like vehicle known to have been powered by an internal-combustion engine. In 1823, Samuel Brown patented the first internal combustion engine to be applied industrially in the U.S.; one of his engines pumped water on the Croydon Canal from 1830 to 1836. He also demonstrated a boat using his engine on the Thames in 1827, and an engine-driven carriage in 1828. Father Eugenio Barsanti, an Italian engineer, together with Felice Matteucci of Florence invented the first real internal combustion engine in 1853. Their patent request was granted in London on June 12, 1854, and published in London's Morning

This is a document about John William Lambert
  1893, relocated to Anderson, Ohio, taking some of his machinery with him. The new facility, made of brick, occupied around six acres and employed 250 people. It became the Buckeye Manufacturing Company, and the Lambert Gas and Gasoline Engine Company. The facility updated its equipment to manufacture automobiles in 1902, becoming the Union Automobile Company. Lambert's father became the president of the new enterprises, and Lambert himself became the treasurer and general manager of these ventures. Lambert is recognized by the Smithsonian Institution as the inventor of America's first gasoline powered car. The institute's museum and research center collections department holds several documents and

This is a document about 1890s
  company to build the Duryea model automobile, supposedly the first auto ever commercially manufactured. Their 1893 model was a one-cylinder "Ladies Phaeton", first demonstrated on September 21, 1893, at Chicopee, Massachusetts. It is considered the first successful gas-engine vehicle built in the U.S. Their 1895 model, driven by Frank, won the Chicago Times-Herald race in Chicago on a snowy Thanksgiving Day. He travelled 54 mi at an average 7.5 mph, marking the first U.S. auto race in which any entrants finished. That same year, the brothers began commercial production, with thirteen cars sold by the end of 1896. 1893–1894: The

This is a document about History of the automobile
  Development of the automobile started in 1672 with the invention of the first steam-powered vehicle, which led to the creation of the first steam-powered automobile capable of human transportation, built by Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot in 1769. Inventors began to branch out at the start of the 19th century, creating the de Rivas engine, one of the first internal combustion engines, and an early electric motor. Samuel Brown later tested the first industrially applied internal combustion engine in 1826.  Development was hindered in the mid-19th century by a backlash against large vehicles, yet progress continued on some internal combustion engines. The engine evolved as engineers created two- and four-cycle combustion engines and began using gasoline as fuel. Production vehicles began appearing in 1887, when Carl Benz developed a gasoline-powered automobile and made several identical copies. Recent automobile production is marked by the Ford Model T, created by the Ford Motor Company in 1908, which became the first automobile to be mass-produced on a moving assembly line.

This is a document about Electric bus
  short section of track. The first successful electric car was made in the United States in 1890. William Morrison of Des Moines, Iowa, built an electric vehicle that could hold up to six passengers and could reach from 6 to 12 miles per hour. Specifications for the 1890 Morrison Electric included 24 storage battery cells mounted under the front seat. The vehicle could travel for a range of 100 miles before needing to be recharged. This initial invention helped spark interest in electric cars, and automakers started building their own versions around the globe. Due to the extreme sudden interest, electric cars reached their

This is a document about Springfield, Massachusetts
  U.S. Constitutional Convention. During the 19th and 20th centuries, Springfielders produced many innovations, including the first American-English dictionary (1805, Merriam-Webster); the first use of interchangeable parts and the assembly line in manufacturing (1819, Thomas Blanchard); the first American horseless car (1825, Thomas Blanchard); the mass production of vulcanized rubber (1844, Charles Goodyear); the first American gasoline-powered car (1893, Duryea Brothers); the first successful motorcycle company (1901, "Indian"); one of America's first commercial radio stations (1921, WBZ, broadcast from the Hotel Kimball); and most famously, the world's second-most-popular sport, basketball (1891, Dr. James Naismith). Springfield would play major roles in machine production, initially driven by the arms

This is a document about Technological and industrial history of the United States
  The technology for creating an automobile emerged in Germany in the 1870 and 1880s: Nicolaus Otto created a four-stroke internal combustion engine, Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach modified the Otto engine to run at higher speeds, and Karl Benz pioneered the electric ignition. The Duryea brothers and Hiram Percy Maxim were among the first to construct a "horseless carriage" in the US in the mid-1890s, but these early cars proved to be heavy and expensive. Henry Ford revolutionized the automobile manufacturing process by employing interchangeable parts on assembly lines—the beginning of industrial mass production. In 1908, the Ford Motor Company released the Ford Model T which could generate

This is a document about George B. Selden
  included not only the engine but its use in a 4-wheeled car. He then filed a series of amendments to his application which stretched out the legal process resulting in a delay of 16 years before the patent was granted on November 5, 1895.  Shortly thereafter the fledgling American auto industry began its first efforts and George Selden, despite never having gone into production with a working model of an automobile, had a credible claim to have patented an automobile in 1895. In 1899 he sold his patent rights to William C. Whitney, who proposed manufacturing electric-powered taxicabs as the Electric Vehicle Company, EVC,

The first car in America that was successfully built and ran on public roads was the Duryea Motor Wagon, which was built by the Duryea brothers in 1893. However, the first American patent for a gasoline-powered automobile was granted to George Selden in 1895. John William Lambert is credited with building the first operational gasoline automobile in the United States in 1891, but his patent application was not approved until 1899. Frank Duryea is also credited with building a gasoline powered automobile in 18


Question: who gave the cyclical theory of socail change

Answer: Arthur Schlesinger

This is a document about Social cycle theory
 Liberal, increasing democracy, public purpose, human rights, concern with the wrongs of the many ; Conservative, containing democracy, private interest, property rights, concern with the rights of the few The Cyclical theory (United States history)   is a theory of US history developed by Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr. and Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.. It states that US history alternates between two kinds of phases: Each kind of phase generates the other. Liberal phases generate conservative phases from activism burnout, and conservative phases generate liberal phases from accumulation of unsolved problems.

This is a document about Austrian business cycle theory
  The Austrian business cycle theory (ABCT) is an economic theory developed by the Austrian School of economics about how business cycles occur. The theory views business cycles as the consequence of excessive growth in bank credit due to artificially low interest rates set by a central bank or fractional reserve banks. The Austrian business cycle theory originated in the work of Austrian School economists Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek. Hayek won the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1974 (shared with Gunnar Myrdal) in part for his work on this theory. Proponents believe that a sustained period of low interest rates and excessive credit creation from fractional reserve banks result in a volatile and unstable imbalance between saving and investment. According to

This is a document about John Maynard Keynes
  John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes, (5 June 1883 – 21 April 1946) was an English economist, whose ideas fundamentally changed the theory and practice of macroeconomics and the economic policies of governments. Originally trained in mathematics, he built on and greatly refined earlier work on the causes of business cycles. One of the most influential economists of the 20th century, his ideas are the basis for the school of thought known as Keynesian economics, and its various offshoots. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, Keynes spearheaded a revolution in economic thinking, challenging the ideas of neoclassical economics that held that free markets would, in the short to medium term, automatically provide full employment,

This is a document about History of economic thought
  Cycle Theory, proposed in 1982 by Finn Kydland (1943–) and Edward C. Prescott (1940–), which seeks to explain observed fluctuations in output and employment in terms of real variables such as changes in technology and tastes. Assuming competitive markets, real business cycle theory implies that cyclical fluctuations are optimal responses to variability in technology and tastes, and that macroeconomic stabilization policies must reduce welfare. In 1982 Kydland and Prescott also founded the theory of Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE), large systems of microeconomic equations combined into models of the general economy, which became central to the New Neoclassical Synthesis, incorporating theoretical elements such as sticky prices from New Keynesian Macroeconomics. They shared the 2004 Nobel Economics Prize.

This is a document about Michał Kalecki
  around. Contrary to the Ricardian, Marxian and Neoclassical economics, Kalecki asserted that higher wages lead to fuller employment. His monetary theory was rooted in the business cycle theory of Knut Wicksell. Quesnay's circular flow of income fell into disrepute in the political economy of the 19th century, when the idea that prices integrate exchange decisions gained ground, but was revived by Joseph Schumpeter, who pointed out the necessity of considering the circular flow of income (recognition of the economic cycle) as an integrating factor in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of the total economic process in a given period. The principle was discarded again with the arrival of neoliberal domination

This is a document about Knut Wicksell
  process was the leading theory of the business cycle until John Maynard Keynes' The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. Wicksell's theory would be a strong influence in Keynes's ideas of growth and recession, in Gunnar Myrdal's key concept Circular Cumulative Causation and also in Joseph Schumpeter's "creative destruction" theory of the business cycle. Wicksell's main intellectual rival was the American economist Irving Fisher, who espoused a more succinct explanation of the quantity theory of money, resting it almost exclusively on long run prices. Wicksell's theory was considerably more complicated, beginning with interest rates in a system of changes in the real economy. Although both economists concluded from

This is a document about Social cycle theory
  Among the prominent historiosophers, Russian philosopher Nikolai Danilewski (1822–1885) is important. In Rossiia i Evropa (1869) he differentiated between various smaller civilizations (Egyptian, Chinese, Persian, Greek, Roman, German, and Slav, among others). He wrote that each civilization has a life cycle, and by the end of the 19th century the Roman-German civilization was in decline, while the Slav civilization was approaching its Golden Age. A similar theory was put forward by Oswald Spengler (1880–1936) who in his Der Untergang des Abendlandes (1918) also argued that the Western civilization had entered its final phase of development and its decline was inevitable. The first social cycle theory in sociology was created by Italian sociologist and economist Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923) in his Trattato di Sociologia

This is a document about Underconsumption
  related heterodox ideas. The Birmingham School of economists argued an underconsumptionist theory from 1815, and some of the writings of the school's leading member Thomas Attwood contained formulations of the multiplier effect and an income-expenditure model. In continental Europe, Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi proposed underconsumption and overproduction as causes of the economic cycle, in his Nouveaux Principes d'économie politique (1819), in one of the earliest systematic treatments of economic cycles. Properly, Sismondi discussed periodic economic crises, while the notion of a cycle was devised by Charles Dunoyer in his reconciliation of Sismondi's work with classical economics. The multiplier dates to work in

This is a document about Edmund Phelps
  classical' theory of fluctuations begun at Chicago in the 1970s – the theory in which the "risk management" models are embedded – is unthinkable, since it is precisely the theory falsified by the asset price collapse. The thoughts of some have turned to John Maynard Keynes. His insights into uncertainty and speculation were deep. Yet his employment theory was problematic and the 'Keynesian' policy solutions are questionable at best....At the end of his life Keynes wrote of 'modernist stuff, gone wrong and turned sour and silly'. He told his friend Friedrich Hayek he intended to re-examine his theory in his next book. He

This is a document about Social cycle theory
  Social cycle theories are among the earliest social theories in sociology. Unlike the theory of social evolutionism, which views the evolution of society and human history as progressing in some new, unique direction(s), sociological cycle theory argues that events and stages of society and history generally repeat themselves in cycles. Such a theory does not necessarily imply that there cannot be any social progress. In the early theory of Sima Qian and the more recent theories of long-term ("secular") political-demographic cycles as well as in the Varnic theory of P.R. Sarkar an explicit accounting is made of social progress.

This is a document about Unilineal evolution
  obvious improvements. Industrialization, combined with the intense political change brought about by the French Revolution and US Constitution which were paving the way for the dominance of democracy, forced European thinkers to reconsider some of their assumptions about how society was organized. Eventually, in the 19th century, three great classical theories of social and historical change were created: the social evolutionism theory, the social cycle theory and the Marxist historical materialism theory. Those theories had one common factor: they all agreed that the history of humanity is pursuing a certain fixed path, most likely that of the social progress. Thus, each past event is not only chronologically, but causally tied to the present and future events. Those theories postulated that by recreating the sequence of those events, sociology could discover the laws of history.

This is a document about Social theory
  At the turn of the 20th century, the first of German sociologists, including Max Weber and Georg Simmel, developed sociological antipositivism. The field may be broadly recognized as an amalgam of three modes of social scientific thought in particular; Durkheimian sociological positivism and structural functionalism, Marxist historical materialism and conflict theory, and Weberian antipositivism and verstehen critique. Another early modern theorist, Herbert Spencer (1820–1903), coined the term "survival of the fittest". Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923) and Pitirim A. Sorokin argued that "history goes in cycles," and presented the social cycle theory to illustrate their point. Ferdinand Tönnies (1855–1936) made community and society (Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft, 1887)

This is a document about Business cycle
  though underconsumption theory developed as a heterodox branch in economics until being systematized in Keynesian economics in the 1930s. Sismondi's theory of periodic crises was developed into a theory of alternating cycles by Charles Dunoyer, and similar theories, showing signs of influence by Sismondi, were developed by Johann Karl Rodbertus. Periodic crises in capitalism formed the basis of the theory of Karl Marx, who further claimed that these crises were increasing in severity and, on the basis of which, he predicted a communist revolution. Though only passing references in Das Kapital (1867) refer to crises, they were extensively discussed in Marx's posthumously published books, particularly in Theories of Surplus Value. In Progress and Poverty (1879), Henry George focused on land's role in crises – particularly land speculation – and proposed a single tax on land as a solution.

This is a document about Austrian School
  The Austrian theory of the business cycle (ABCT) focuses on banks' issuance of credit as the cause of economic fluctuations. Although later elaborated by Hayek and others, the theory was first set forth by Mises, who posited that fractional reserve banks extend credit at artificially low interest rates, causing businesses to invest in relatively roundabout production processes which leads to an artificial "boom". Mises stated that this artificial "boom" then led to a misallocation of resources which he called "malinvestment" - which eventually must end in a "bust". Mises surmised how government manipulation of money and credit in the banking system throws savings and investment out of balance, resulting in misdirected investment

This is a document about History of macroeconomic thought
  Macro history economists.jpg, Keynes, Modigliani Middle row: Solow, Friedman, Schwartz Bottom row: Sargent, Fischer, Prescott ]]Macroeconomic theory has its origins in the study of business cycles and monetary theory. In general, early theorists believed monetary factors could not affect real factors such as real output. John Maynard Keynes attacked some of these "classical" theories and produced a general theory that described the whole economy in terms of aggregates rather than individual, microeconomic parts. Attempting to explain unemployment and recessions, he noticed the tendency for people and businesses to hoard cash and avoid investment during a recession. He argued that this

This is a document about Lucas critique
  change in policy, and then aggregate the individual decisions to calculate the macroeconomic effects of the policy change. Shortly after the publication of Lucas's article, Kydland and Prescott published the article "Rules rather than Discretion: The Inconsistency of Optimal Plans", where they not only described general structures where short-term benefits are negated in the future through changes in expectations, but also how time consistency might overcome such instances. That article and subsequent research led to a positive research program for how to do dynamic, quantitative economics. The Lucas critique was an important methodological innovation. It does not invalidate that fiscal policy may be countercyclical, which some associate with John Maynard Keynes.

This is a document about Clément Juglar
  He was one of the first to develop an economic theory of business cycles. He identified the fixed investment cycle of six to ten years that is now associated with his name. Within the Juglar cycle one can observe oscillations of investments into fixed capital and not just changes in the level of employment of the fixed capital (and respective changes in inventories), as is observed with respect to Kitchin cycles.

This is a document about Progress
  is conscious. One must simply refrain from thinking." A cyclical theory of history was adopted by Oswald Spengler (1880–1936), a German historian who wrote The Decline of the West in 1920. World War I, World War II, and the rise of totalitarianism demonstrated that progress was not automatic and that technological improvement did not necessarily guarantee democracy and moral advancement. British historian Arnold J. Toynbee (1889–1975) felt that Christianity would help modern civilization overcome its challenges. The Jeffersonians said that history is not exhausted but that man may begin again in a new world. Besides rejecting the lessons of the past,

This is a document about Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi
  revenues generated from it. His theory may more precisely be classed as one of periodic crises, rather than cycles per se. and as such is the earliest theorist of systemic crisis theory. His theory was adapted by Charles Dunoyer, who introduces the notion of cycling between two phases, thus giving a modern form of economic cycle. As important was his role as an economist; Sismondi was renowned as a historian. He commonly applied economic thought and historical settings to explain the irrationality of past economic events. Sismondi also contributed a great deal to economics with his thoughts on aggregate demand. Observing the capitalist industrial system in England, Sismondi saw that unchecked

This is a document about History of macroeconomic thought
  Beginning with William Stanley Jevons and Clément Juglar in the 1860s, economists attempted to explain the cycles of frequent, violent shifts in economic activity. A key milestone in this endeavor was the foundation of the U.S. National Bureau of Economic Research by Wesley Mitchell in 1920. This marked the beginning of a boom in atheoretical, statistical models of economic fluctuation (models based on cycles and trends instead of economic theory) that led to the discovery of apparently regular economic patterns like the Kuznets wave. Other economists focused more on theory in their business cycle analysis. Most business cycle theories focused on a single factor, such as monetary policy or the impact of weather on the largely agricultural economies of the time. Although business cycle theory was well established by the 1920s, work by theorists such as Dennis Robertson and Ralph Hawtrey had little impact on public policy. Their partial equilibrium theories could not capture general equilibrium, where markets interact with each other; in particular, early business cycle theories treated goods markets and financial markets separately. Research in these areas used microeconomic methods to explain employment, price level, and interest rates.

Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. and Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr. gave the cyclical theory of social change in the context of US history. However, the term "Austrian business cycle theory" refers to a specific economic theory about the causes of economic cycles, which was developed by Austrian economists such as Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek. John Maynard Keynes and Michał Kalecki also contributed to the theory of business cycles with their respective perspectives.