Question: where are tight junctions found in the human body

Answer: vertebrates

This is a document about Cell adhesion
  Tight junctions are normally present in epithelial and endothelial tissues, where they seal gaps and regulate paracellular transport of solutes and extracellular fluids in these tissues that function as barriers. Tight junction is formed by transmembrane proteins, including claudins, occludins and tricellulins, that bind closely to each other on adjacent membranes in a homophilic manner. Similar to anchoring junctions, intracellular domains of these tight junction proteins are bound with scaffold proteins that keep these proteins in clusters and link them to actin filaments in order to maintain structure of the tight junction. Claudins, essential for formation of tight junctions, form paracellular pores which allow selective passage of specific ions across tight junctions making the barrier selectively permeable.

This is a document about Cell–cell interaction
  Tight junctions are multi-protein complexes that hold cells of a same tissue together and prevent movement of water and water-soluble molecules between cells. In epithelial cells, they function also to separate the extracellular fluid surrounding their apical and basolateral membranes. These junctions exist as a continuous band located just below the apical surface between the membranes of neighboring epithelial cells. The tight junctions on adjacent cells line up so as to produce a seal between different tissues and body cavities. For example, the apical surface of gastrointestinal epithelial cells serve as a selective permeable barrier that separates the external environment from the body. The permeability of these junctions is dependent on a variety of factors including protein makeup of that junction, tissue type and signaling from the cells. Tight junctions are made up of many different proteins. The four main transmembrane proteins are occludin, claudin, junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs) and tricellulins. The extracellular domains of these proteins form the tight junction barrier by making homophilic (between proteins of the same kind) and heterophilic interactions (between different types of proteins) with the protein domains on adjacent cells. Their cytoplasmic domains interact with the cell cytoskeleton to anchor them.

This is a document about Stress fiber
  Tight junctions, or zona occludens, are the most important cellular element for the formation of semi-permeable barriers within or between tissues. Tight junctions primarily consist of claudins and occludins, which are membrane proteins that form the cell-cell contact, as well as ZO-1, ZO-2 and ZO-3, which link tight junctions to the actin cytoskeleton. However, tight junctions have not been found to be directly linked to stress fibers, like they are for focal adhesions and adherens junctions.

This is a document about Cell junction
  Found in vertebrate epithelia, tight junctions act as barriers that regulate the movement of water and solutes between epithelial layers. Tight junctions are classified as a paracellular barrier which is defined as not having directional discrimination; however, movement of the solute is largely dependent upon size and charge. There is evidence to suggest that the structures in which solutes pass through are somewhat like pores. Physiological pH plays a part in the selectivity of solutes passing through tight junctions with most tight junctions being slightly selective for cations. Tight junctions present in different types of epithelia are selective for solutes of differing size, charge, and polarity.

This is a document about Intestinal epithelium
  Tight junctions, also called zonula occludens, are the most important components of the intestinal epithelium for its barrier function. These complexes, formed primarily of members of the claudin and the occludin families, consist of about 35 different proteins, form a ring shaped continuous ribbon around the cells, and are located near the borders of the lateral and apical membranes. The extracellular domains of the transmembrane proteins in adjacent cells cross connect to form a tight seal. These interactions include those between proteins in the same membrane ("cis") and proteins in adjacent cells ("trans"). In addition, interactions can be homophilic (between identical proteins) or heterophilic (between different proteins). Similar to adherens junctions, the intracellular domains of tight junctions interact with different scaffold

This is a document about Intercellular cleft
  Endothelial tight junctions are most commonly found in the intercellular cleft and provide for regulation of diffusion through the membranes. These links are most commonly found in the most apical aspect of the intercellular cleft. They prevent macromolecules from navigating the intercellular cleft and limit the lateral diffusion of intrinsic membrane proteins and lipids between the apical and basolateral cell surface domains. In the intercellular clefts of capillaries, tight junctions are the first structural barriers a neutrophil encounters as it penetrates the interendothelial cleft, or the gap linking the blood vessel lumen with the subendothelial space2. In capillary endothelium, plasma communicates with the interstitial fluid through the intercellular cleft. Blood plasma without the plasma proteins, red blood cells, and platelets pass through the intercellular cleft and into the capillary7.

This is a document about JAM3
  Tight junctions represent one mode of cell-to-cell adhesion in epithelial or endothelial cell sheets, forming continuous seals around cells and serving as a physical barrier to prevent solutes and water from passing freely through the paracellular space. The protein encoded by this immunoglobulin superfamily gene member is localized in the tight junctions between high endothelial cells. Unlike other proteins in this family, this protein is unable to adhere to leukocyte cell lines and only forms weak homotypic interactions. The encoded protein is a member of the junctional adhesion molecule protein family and acts as a receptor for another member of this family.

This is a document about Tight junction
  Tight junctions, also known as occluding junctions or zonulae occludentes (singular, zonula occludens) are multiprotein junctional complexes whose canonical function is to prevent leakage of solutes and water and seals the paracellular pathway. Tight junctions may also serve as leaky pathways by forming selective channels for small cations, anions, or water. Tight junctions are present mostly in vertebrates (with the exception of Tunicates ). The corresponding junctions that occur in invertebrates are septate junctions.

This is a document about Tight junction
 Tight epithelia have tight junctions that prevent most movement between cells. Examples of tight epithelia include the distal convoluted tubule, the collecting duct of the nephron in the kidney, and the bile ducts ramifying through liver tissue. Other examples are the blood-brain barrier and the blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier ; Leaky epithelia do not have these tight junctions, or have less complex tight junctions. For instance, the tight junction in the kidney proximal tubule, a very leaky epithelium, has only two to three junctional strands, and these strands exhibit infrequent large slit breaks. Epithelia are classed as "tight" or "leaky", depending on the ability of the tight junctions to prevent water and solute movement:

This is a document about CLDN1
  Tight junctions represent one mode of cell-to-cell adhesion in epithelial or endothelial cell sheets, forming continuous seals around cells and serving as a physical barrier to prevent solutes and water from passing freely through the paracellular space. These junctions are composed of sets of continuous networking strands in the outwardly facing cytoplasmic leaflet, with complementary grooves in the inwardly facing extracytoplasmic leaflet. The protein encoded by this gene, a member of the claudin family, is an integral membrane protein and a component of tight junction strands. Loss of function mutations result in neonatal ichthyosis-sclerosing cholangitis syndrome.

This is a document about Transcytosis
  cell, e.g. the abluminal side. Transcytosis may be either unidirectional or bidirectional. Unidirectional transcytosis may occur selectively in the luminal to abluminal direction, or in the reverse direction, in the abluminal to luminal direction. Transcytosis is prominent in brain microvascular peptide and protein transport, because the brain microvascular endothelium, which forms the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in vivo, expresses unique, epithelial-like, high-resistance tight junctions. The brain endothelial tight junctions virtually eliminate the paracellular pathway of solute transport across the microvascular endothelial wall in brain. In contrast, the endothelial barrier in peripheral organs does not express tight junctions, and solute movement through the paracellular pathway is

This is a document about Intestinal epithelium
  adapter proteins and signaling complexes to regulate cytoskeletal linking, cell polarity, cell signaling and vesical trafficking. Tight junctions provide a narrow but modifiable seal between adjacent cells in the epithelial layer and thereby provide selective paracellular transport of solutes. While previously thought to be static structures, tight junctions are now known to be dynamic and can change the size of the opening between cells and thereby adapt to the different states of development, physiologies and pathologies. They function as a selective and semipermeable paracellular barrier between apical and basolateral compartments of the epithelial layer. They function to facilitate the passage of small ions and water-soluble solutes through the paracellular space while preventing the passage of luminal antigens, microorganisms and their toxins.

This is a document about Limosilactobacillus mucosae
  The intestinal epithelium helps protect the intestinal mucosa from the external environment and luminal contents. Tight junctions are intercellular complexes that facilitate the low level of permeability present in the intestinal epithelial layer by monitoring the movement of materials between the intestinal lumen and the intestinal mucosa. Enterotoxins released by pathogens, in particular TNF-ct, result in an increase in the level of epithelial permeability. Limosilactobacillus mucosae strain ME-340 expressing the gene Lam29, which encodes for a protein that is believed to be related to the cysteine-binding transporter, shows a significant adhesion for human blood group A and B antigens. Many pathogens show a high affinity for these same blood group

This is a document about Tight junction proteins
  Tight junction proteins (TJ proteins) are molecules situated at the tight junctions of epithelial, endothelial and myelinated cells. This multiprotein junctional complex has a regulatory function in passage of ions, water and solutes through the paracellular pathway. It can also coordinate the motion of lipids and proteins between the apical and basolateral surfaces of the plasma membrane. Thereby tight junction conducts signaling molecules, that influence the differentiation, proliferation and polarity of cells. So tight junction plays a key role in maintenance of osmotic balance and trans-cellular transport of tissue specific molecules. Nowadays is known more than 40 different proteins, that are involved in these selective TJ channels.

This is a document about Blood-Spinal Cord Barrier
  endothelial cells. They release secretory compounds that influence the phenotype of endothelial cells and express aquaporin and potassium channels that help regulate ion concentration and fluid volume within the spinal cord. The anatomy of the BSCB is very similar to the anatomy of the blood-brain barrier (BBB); however many key differences exist between the two that affect both the maintenance of healthy tissue and development of pathophysiology within the central nervous system (CNS). In general, the BSCB is more permeable than the BBB, largely due to the relatively low expression of tight junction proteins like ZO-1 and occludin. For example, mannitol,

This is a document about Drug delivery to the brain
  The blood–brain barrier is formed by special tight junctions between endothelial cells lining brain blood vessels. Blood vessels of all tissues contain this monolayer of endothelial cells, however only brain endothelial cells have tight junctions preventing passive diffusion of most substances into the brain tissue. The structure of these tight junctions was first determined in the 1960s by Tom Reese, Morris Kranovsky and Milton Brightman. Furthermore, astrocytic "end feet", the terminal regions of the astrocytic processes, surround the outside of brain capillary endothelial cells".   The astrocytes are glial cells restricted to the brain and spinal cord and help maintain blood-brain barrier properties in brain endothelial cells.

This is a document about Vascular permeability
   Vascular permeability, often in the form of capillary permeability or microvascular permeability, characterizes the capacity of a blood vessel wall to allow for the flow of small molecules (drugs, nutrients, water, ions) or even whole cells (lymphocytes on their way to the site of inflammation) in and out of the vessel. Blood vessel walls are lined by a single layer of endothelial cells. The gaps between endothelial cells (cell junctions) are strictly regulated depending on the type and physiological state of the tissue. There are several techniques to measure vascular permeability to certain molecules. For instance, the cannulation of a single microvessel with a micropipette, the microvessel is perfused with a certain pressure, occluded downstream and then the velocity of some cells will

This is a document about Tight junction proteins
  TJ proteins could be divided in different groups according to their function or localization in tight junction. TJ proteins are mostly described in the epithelia and endothelia but also in myelinated cells. In the central and peripheral nervous system are TJ localized between a glia and an axon and within myelin sheaths, where they facilitate the signaling. Some of TJ proteins act as a scaffolds, that connect integral proteins with the actin in a cytoskeleton. Others have an ability to crosslink junctional molecules or transport vesicles through the tight junction. Some submembrane proteins are involved in the cell signaling and gene expression due to their specific binding to the transcription factor. The most important tight junction proteins are occludin, claudin and JAM family, that establish the backbone of tight junction and allow to passing of immune cells through the tissue.

This is a document about NBPF1
  NBPF1 is ubiquitously expressed in all tissues in humans, but shows the highest levels of expression in the bone marrow, skeletal muscle, brain, and spinal cord. It is expressed at slightly lower levels in other tissues such as the pancreas, kidney, and lung. In the brain, NBPF1 expression is the highest in the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes, and it lowest in the ventricles and cerebellum. Based on protein composition, NBPF1 in humans and its orthologs in related species is most likely to be localized in the nucleus. Predicted Localization of NBPF1 and its Orthologs Expression studies have shown changes in NBPF1 under different experimental conditions in vitro. First, the depletion of nervous system transcription factor SOX11 causes a slight increase in NBPF1 expression. Additionally, the inactivation of Far upstream element-binding protein 1 causes a decrease in NBPF1, while the inactivation of Far Upstream Binding Elements 2 and 3 causes an increase in NBPF1 expression. Far upstream binding elements are involved in transcriptional regulation using gene enhancers, each having different binding sites. The overexpression of CLDN1, a protein that forms tight junctions such as those of the blood-brain barrier, causes a sharp decline in NBPF1 expression

This is a document about Tight junction
  composed of a branching network of sealing strands, each strand acting independently from the others. Therefore, the efficiency of the junction in preventing ion passage increases exponentially with the number of strands. Each strand is formed from a row of transmembrane proteins embedded in both plasma membranes, with extracellular domains joining one another directly. There are at least 40 different proteins composing the tight junctions. These proteins consist of both transmembrane and cytoplasmic proteins. The three major transmembrane proteins are occludin, claudins, and junction adhesion molecule (JAM) proteins. These associate with different peripheral membrane proteins such as ZO-1 located on the intracellular side of plasma membrane, which anchor the strands to the actin component of the cytoskeleton. Thus, tight junctions join together the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells. Transmembrane proteins:

Tight junctions are found in the human body as membrane proteins that form a continuous band around the circumference of the intestinal epithelial cells, particularly in the colon and rectum. They are also present in other epithelial tissues, including the skin, and in the membranes of various organs such as the kidneys and liver.


Question: where was the mona lisa kept during ww2

Answer: the Ingres Museum

This is a document about Louvre
  with reduced height to create more rooms on the second floor and a sober interior design by Albert Ferran. During World War II, the Louvre conducted an elaborate plan of evacuation of its art collection. When Germany occupied the Sudetenland, many important artworks such as the Mona Lisa were temporarily moved to the Château de Chambord. When war was formally declared a year later, most of the museum's paintings were sent there as well. Select sculptures such as Winged Victory of Samothrace and the Venus de Milo were sent to the Château de Valençay. On 27 August 1939, after two days of packing, truck convoys began to leave

This is a document about Scotland Yard Investigator
  When Paris is liberated during World War II, the Louvre administration plans to fetch the Mona Lisa from the safety of the mountain vault in London operated by Britain's National Gallery. Sir James Collison, director of the National Gallery, works closely with his granddaughter Toni. While the National Gallery plans to safely return the painting, infamous art collector Carl Hoffmeyer plans to steal it. He has stolen many fine pieces before, but this would be the crown jewel of his collection. Hoffmeyer's plan includes his two henchmen, Henri and Jules, who pose as the people from the Louvre arriving to collect the painting. But when Hoffmeyer gets his hands on it

This is a document about Albrecht Gaiswinkler
  capture several eminent Nazis. He and his colleagues had captured the salt mine, prevented the destruction of the artworks held there and were able to hand over "a number of Nazi treasure hoards, including the Mona Lisa and the Austrian Imperial Crown Jewels". Other artworks rescued included the Ghent Altarpiece. The administrators of the Louvre have stated that the Mona Lisa was kept in France during the Second World War, but that it is possible that a 15th- or 16th-century copy was held in Austria. After the war, Gaiswinkler was a SPÖ member of the Austrian Parliament from 1945 to 1949. He died in Bad Aussee in 1979.

This is a document about Art in Nazi Germany
  where it would be vulnerable to confiscation by German officials—either for themselves or for Hitler. On June 5, a particularly important movement of thousands of paintings occurred, which included the Mona Lisa, and all were hidden in the Loc-Dieu Abbey located near Martiel during the chaos of invasion by German forces. Art dealers did their best to hide artwork in the best places possible; Paul Rosenberg managed to move over 150 great pieces to a Libourne bank, which included works by Monet, Matisse, Picasso, and van Gogh. Other collectors did whatever they could to remove France's artistic treasures to the safest locations

This is a document about Veit Stoss altarpiece in Kraków
  A few weeks prior to the outbreak of the Second World War and the German occupation of Poland, the Poles took the altarpiece apart and stored its main statues in crates dispersed across the country. The crates were located by a Nazi unit called the Sonderkommando Paulsen, plundered and transported to the Third Reich, likely to Berlin. The panels were also found and sent to Germany. They were put in the basement of the Nuremberg Castle. At the castle, Polish prisoners sent messages to members of the Polish resistance that the revered altarpiece was hidden there. The altarpiece survived the war in spite of heavy bombardment of Nuremberg, and was discovered by Count Emeryk Hutten-Czapski, who was attached to the Polish

This is a document about Alba Madonna
  down the center and on the right side. The canvas pattern is visible in the painting and the landscape on the far right was damaged in the transfer process. During World War II the Alba Madonna was part of a group of over 100 pieces of art belonging to the National Gallery of Art that were transported by train to Asheville, North Carolina where they were stored in the unfinished music room of the Vanderbilt mansion, Biltmore House. Done with the utmost secrecy, heavy steel doors were installed and bars were put in the windows of the barren music room. In 1944 after it became clear that the war would soon be over the paintings were moved back to the National Gallery of Art.

This is a document about Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives program
  Museum in Naples, Italy that had been stolen by the Hermann Göring Tank Division (Fallschirm-Panzer Division 1 Hermann Göring) at Monte Cassino in Italy. ; San Leonardo, Italy: In the jail cell of this far northern town, Allied officials discovered paintings from the Uffizi that had been hurriedly unloaded by retreating German troops.  Among the masterpieces were paintings by Sandro Botticelli, Filippo Lippi and Giovanni Bellini. American and allied forces in Europe discovered hidden caches of priceless treasures. Many were the product of looting by Adolf Hitler and the Nazis. Others had been legitimately evacuated from museums for safekeeping. Monuments Men oversaw the safeguarding, cataloguing, removal and packing of

This is a document about Führermuseum
  The artworks collected for the Führermuseum were originally stored in a number of places. The purchases were mostly kept in the air raid shelters of the Führerbau in Munich – one of a number of large buildings Hitler had built in the birthplace of the Nazi Party – where they were under the control of the Nazi Party Chancellery; Hitler would often come to visit them and indulge in long discussions on art as one of the first tasks when coming to Munich, even during the war. Confiscated artworks were stored in deposits in the area of Upper Austria, located in the middle of forests or in the mountains. The ERR alone requisitioned six estates for storage, including Neuschwanstein Castle in the Bavarian Alps, in which items from France were stored; the Benedictine

This is a document about Nazi storage sites for art during World War II
   The Neuschwanstein Castle in Bavaria was used to store many artworks on the assumption that it was unlikely to sustain damage in war. It housed art confiscated from Parisian Jews—more than 21,000 objects —and about 2,000 works from the Bavarian State Painting Collections. Flaktürme, or flak towers, were also used, among other things, to store art; e.g. the Flakturm Tiergarten in Berlin.

This is a document about Keats–Shelley Memorial House
  rooms then became known as the Keats–Shelley House. During World War II, the Keats–Shelley House went "underground", especially after 1943, in order to preserve its invaluable contents from falling into the hands of, and most likely being deliberately destroyed by, Nazi Germany. External markings relating to the museum were removed from the building. Although the library's 10,000 volumes were not removed, two boxes of artifacts were sent to the Abbey of Monte Cassino in December 1942 for safekeeping. In October 1943, the abbey's archivist placed the two unlabelled boxes of Keats–Shelley memorabilia with his personal possessions so that they could be removed during the abbey's evacuation and not fall into the hands of the Germans. The items were reclaimed by the museum's curator and returned to the Keats–Shelley House, where the boxes were reopened in June 1944 upon the arrival of the Allied forces in Rome.

This is a document about Vyšší Brod (Hohenfurth) cycle
  World War, the altarpiece was transferred to the Picture Gallery (the Collection of Old Art of what would later become the National Gallery in Prague). During the war, however, it was stolen by the Nazis and stored in the Vyšší Brod Abbey along with other works. Hitler intended to place them in the planned Imperial Museum in Linz, Upper Austria. At the end of the war, the altarpiece was discovered by the American army in a salt mine in Bad-Aussee, Austria, along with other artworks. It was transported to Munich and in 1947 was returned to the National Gallery. In 2014 it was returned as part of restitution to the Cistercian Abbey in Vyšší Brod and is now on long-term loan to the Prague National Gallery.

This is a document about Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives program
  works from all these repositories. In Italy, museum officials had sent their holdings to various countryside locations such as the Tuscan villa of Montegufoni, which housed some of the Florentine collections. As Allied forces advanced through Italy, the German army retreated north, stealing paintings and sculptures from these repositories as they fled. As German forces neared the Austrian border, they were forced to store most of their loot in various hiding places, such as a castle at Sand in Taufers and a jail cell in San Leonardo. Beginning in late March 1945, Allied forces began discovering these hidden repositories in what would become the "greatest treasure hunt in history".

This is a document about National Gallery
   Shortly before the outbreak of World War II the paintings were evacuated to locations in Wales, including Penrhyn Castle, the university colleges of Bangor and Aberystwyth. In 1940, during the Battle of France, a more secure home was sought, and there were discussions about moving the paintings to Canada. This idea was firmly rejected by Winston Churchill, who wrote in a telegram to the director Kenneth Clark, "bury them in caves or in cellars, but not a picture shall leave these islands". Instead a slate quarry at Manod, near Blaenau Ffestiniog in North Wales, was requisitioned for the Gallery's use. In the seclusion afforded by the paintings' new location, the Keeper (and future director) Martin Davies began to compile scholarly catalogues on the collection, with assistance of the Gallery's library which was

This is a document about Ghent Altarpiece
  Hitler ordered the painting to be seized and brought to Germany to be stored in the Schloss Neuschwanstein in Bavaria. The seizure, led by senior museum administrator Ernst Buchner and aided by officials in France, was ostensibly to protect the altarpiece from war. After Allied air raids made the castle too dangerous for the painting, it was stored in the Altaussee salt mines, which greatly damaged the paint and varnish. Belgian and French authorities protested the seizing of the painting, and the head of the German army's Art Protection Unit was dismissed after he disagreed with the seizure. Following the

This is a document about Mona Lisa
  After the French Revolution, the painting was moved to the Louvre, but spent a brief period in the bedroom of Napoleon (d. 1821) in the Tuileries Palace. The Mona Lisa was not widely known outside the art world, but in the 1860s, a portion of the French intelligentsia began to hail it as a masterwork of Renaissance painting. During the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871), the painting was moved from the Louvre to the Brest Arsenal. In 1911, the painting was still not popular among the lay-public. On 21 August 1911, the painting was stolen from the Louvre. The painting was first missed the next day by painter Louis

This is a document about Evacuation of the Louvre museum art collection during World War II
  in the whole town. After that, the routes were carefully planned to avoid this type of problem, and attendants with poles were responsible for dealing with electric or phone cables. The last art piece to leave the museum was the Winged Victory of Samothrace, which was moved on September 3, 1939, the day the French ultimatum to Germany expired. Throughout the war, the art pieces were clandestinely moved from chateau to chateau to avoid being taken back by the Nazis. For example, the Mona Lisa was moved from Chambord to several castles and abbeys, to finish at the end of the war at the Musée Ingres in Montauban. The Winged Victory of Samothrace and Venus de Milo were kept at Château de Valençay, which was spared the German occupation on a technicality.

This is a document about Mona Lisa
  have been returned to an Italian museum. Peruggia may have been motivated by an associate whose copies of the original would significantly rise in value after the painting's theft. After having kept the Mona Lisa in his apartment for two years, Peruggia grew impatient and was caught when he attempted to sell it to Giovanni Poggi, director of the Uffizi Gallery in Florence. It was exhibited in the Uffizi Gallery for over two weeks and returned to the Louvre on 4 January 1914. Peruggia served six months in prison for the crime and was hailed for his patriotism in Italy. A year after the theft, Saturday Evening

This is a document about Sistine Madonna
  Sistine Madonna was rescued from destruction during the bombing of Dresden in World War II, but the conditions in which it was saved and the subsequent history of the piece are themselves the subject of controversy. The painting was stored, with other works of art, in a tunnel in Saxon Switzerland; when the Red Army encountered them, it took them. The painting was temporarily removed to Pillnitz, from which it was transported in a box on a tented flatcar to Moscow. There, sight of the Madonna brought Soviet leading art official Mikhail Khrapchenko to declare that the Pushkin Museum would now be able to claim a place among the great museums of the world.

This is a document about Vincenzo Peruggia
  the protective case and frame. Some people report that he concealed the painting (which Leonardo painted on wood) under his smock. But Peruggia was only 160 cm tall, and the Mona Lisa measures approx. 53 x, so it would not fit under a smock worn by someone his size. Instead, he said he took off his smock and wrapped it around the painting, tucked it under his arm, and left the Louvre through the same door he had entered. Peruggia hid the painting in his apartment in Paris. After keeping the painting hidden in a trunk in his apartment for two years, Peruggia returned to Italy with it. He kept it in his apartment in Florence, Italy for some time. However, Peruggia eventually grew impatient and was finally caught when he contacted

This is a document about Czartoryski Museum
  over as head of the family. He married Princess Dolores Victoria Maria de las Mercedes de Borbon y Orleans and spent most of his time in Poland. Then, in August 1939, Europe was thrown into turmoil with the events of World War II, and the museum was forced to prepare for war. Sixteen cases packed with the most precious objects were transported and stored in Sieniawa, while the rest of the collection was carried down to the cellars of the museum, where unfortunately the Germans found the cases and looted the tradable objects. Luckily, although the Leonardo and other pictures were roughly handled, they were not damaged.

The Mona Lisa was kept at the Louvre in Paris during World War II, but it was moved to a more secure location, such as Château de Chambord, before the formal evacuation of the museum's art collection in 1940. The exact location of the Mona Lisa during the war is not explicitly stated in the provided text, but it is mentioned that the painting was not among the artworks that were sent to Germany.


Question: who is the old man in waiting on a woman

Answer: Andy Griffith

This is a document about List of magazines in Switzerland
 Old man

This is a document about Waitin' on a Woman
  The song is a mid-tempo composed of three verses. Its central character is a recently married male sitting on a bench at a shopping mall, waiting for his wife to finish shopping. He meets an older man (Andy Griffith) who, like him, is "waitin' on a woman". The older man explains over the next two verses that, although he has often had to wait for his wife, he does not mind doing so ("I don't guess we've been anywhere / She hasn't made us late, I swear / Sometimes she does it just 'cause she can do it"). He tells the

This is a document about Waitin' on a Woman
  man that he will often find himself "waitin' on a woman" as well. In the third verse, the older male observes that he will most likely die before his wife does ("I've read somewhere statistics show / The man's always the first to go"). After making this realization, he finally states that he will wait for his wife in Heaven (should he die first), because he, too, "[doesn't] mind waitin' on a woman". In the end, the old man is seen sitting on a white bench, wearing a white suit, on a lone beach, waiting for his wife to join him.

This is a document about Richard B. Cook
 The Grand Old Man

This is a document about Corn Island (film)
 İlyas Salman as Old Man ; Mariam Buturishvili as Girl

This is a document about List of Ultraverse characters
 The Old Man ; The Operator ; Outrage

This is a document about Komatta Jii-san
 Old Man (じいさん) ; Old Lady (ばあさん) ; Narrator Narrator Narrator

This is a document about The Tell-Tale Heart (1961 film)
 Colin Croft as the old man ; Ruth Galene as the woman

This is a document about The Cat's Pajamas: Stories
  A black woman and her mother are waiting for a grown white man who was raised in part by the old black woman. He has become a famous author and has promised to stop for a visit while en route to his play opening on Broadway. She insists that he will come, while her daughter is pessimistic about it. They watch his train arrive from afar. After a while, the younger black woman leaves as she assumes that he won't show. The older woman waits until the train leaves the station. She is phoned by her daughter later and lies about how she had a great time with him, with everything as perfect as she had imagined.

This is a document about The One (Gary Allan song)
  The song is a ballad, in which the narrator offers to wait patiently for the woman he loves to return his affection.

This is a document about List of programs broadcast by FX (Canadian TV channel)
 Y: The Last Man ; The Old Man

This is a document about Dancing in the Dust (2003 film)
 Faramarz Gharibian as The Old Man ; Baran Kosari as Rayhaneh ; Yousef Khodaparast as Nazar

This is a document about Waitin' on a Woman
  Paisley has referred to "Waitin' on a Woman" as "one of the most important songs" that he's ever recorded. Because of the importance that he places on the song, Paisley asked Andy Griffith to star in the music video, as he felt that Griffith's personality matched the personality of the older man in the song. Griffith speaks the old man's lines in the video as well. Jim Shea and Peter Tilden directed the video. In August 2008, the song's video mix, complete with Griffith's vocals, was sent to radio as well. This mix is also included on Paisley's 2008 album Play. The video was shot in Nags Head, North Carolina at milepost 16's Tanger Outlets.

This is a document about The Old Man (Gorky play)
  The Old Man (Старик) is a 1915 by Maxim Gorky. Revised 1922, 1924, it has also been translated by Marie Zakrevsky and Barrett H. Clark The Judge (1925).

This is a document about Eyelids (film)
 Moon Seok-beom as old man ; Lee Sang-hee ; Sung Min-chul ; Lee Ji-hoon ; Kang Hee

This is a document about Hanoch Levin
 The Eternal Invalid and The Beloved ; A Man Stands Behind a Seated Woman

This is a document about Modest Heroes
 The Invisible Man (透明人間) ; The Old Man (盲目の男性) The Old Man (盲目の男性)

This is a document about A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings
 Pelayo: Pelayo is the father of the child and Elisenda's husband. He discovers the old man in his backyard. ; Elisenda: Pelayo's wife and mother of his child. It is Elisenda who comes up with the idea of charging people to see the old man and ultimately is the last to see him before he takes off. ; The Old Man: The subject of much debate and the target of the townsfolks' relentless prodding. The mystery of the old man's existence and history goes unresolved. He first appears in the backyard of Pelayo's house after three days of rain, weak and mud-covered. The family ushers him into the chicken coop where he is held as a

This is a document about Some Chaperone
 Harry Rattenberry - Old Man ; Betty Compson - Betty, 1st Daughter ; Ethel Lynne - Ethel, 2nd Daughter ; Eddie Lyons - Eddie, The Secretary ; Lee Moran - Lee, The Chaperone

This is a document about Characters in Romeo and Juliet
  Old Capulet is Capulet's cousin. He appears as an elderly man sitting with Capulet in the feast.

The old man in "Waitin' on a Woman" is a character in a country song by Benny Blanco. He is a man who is waiting for his wife to finish shopping at a mall. The song describes him as an older man who has learned to be patient and wait, as he has done so for many years. He also mentions that he will join his wife in waiting on a bench in Heaven if she dies before him.


Question: who have won the world cup the most times

Answer: Brazil

This is a document about List of FIFA World Cup finals
  side of the trophy. Throughout the twenty-one editions of the World Cup, thirteen nations have reached the final, and eight have won. Brazil is the most successful team having won the title five times; Italy and Germany have four titles each; Uruguay, Argentina and current champion France have two each; while England and Spain have one each. Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Sweden, the Netherlands and Croatia have played in the final without winning. The team with the most appearances in the final overall is Germany, with eight. No team from outside Europe (UEFA) or South America (CONMEBOL) has made it to the final.

This is a document about FIFA World Cup
  32 teams, including the automatically qualifying host nation(s), compete for the title at venues within the host nation(s) over about a month. The 21 World Cup tournaments have been won by eight national teams. Brazil have won five times, and they are the only team to have played in every tournament. The other World Cup winners are Germany and Italy, with four titles each; Argentina, France, and inaugural winner Uruguay, with two titles each; and England and Spain, with one title each. The World Cup is the most prestigious association football tournament in the world, as well as the most widely viewed and followed single sporting event in the world. The cumulative

This is a document about List of FIFA World Cup winning managers
  The FIFA World Cup is considered the most prestigious association football tournament in the world. The 21 World Cup tournaments have been won by eight national teams. Brazil have won five times, followed by Germany and Italy with four titles each; Argentina, France, and Uruguay, with two titles each; and England and Spain, with one title each. Alberto Suppici led the Uruguay national team to victory in the inaugural tournament in 1930. Vittorio Pozzo is the only person who has won the World Cup twice as a manager, in 1934 and 1938 with Italy. Twenty different managers have won the

This is a document about National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup
  This article lists the performances of each of the national teams which have made at least one appearance in the FIFA World Cup. As of the 2018 FIFA World Cup, 79 national teams have competed at the final tournaments. Brazil is the only team to have appeared in all 21 tournaments to date, with Germany having participated in 19, Italy in 18, Argentina in 17 and Mexico in 16. To date, eight nations have won the tournament. The inaugural winners in 1930 were Uruguay; the current champions are France. The most successful nation in the competition are currently Brazil, who have won the cup on five occasions. Five teams have appeared in FIFA World Cup finals without winning, while eleven more have appeared in semi-finals.

This is a document about List of FIFA World Cup records and statistics
  (1934), England (1966), West Germany (1974), Argentina (1978), France (1998) Runners-up: Sweden (1958) Third place: Chile (1962) Fourth place: South Korea (2002) Quarter-finals: Switzerland (1954), Mexico (1970, 1986), Russia (2018) Round of 16: Japan (2002) Group stage of 32: South Africa (2010) ; Stadium to host most World Cup matches: Estadio Azteca, Mexico City, Mexico, 19 (10 in 1970 and 9 in 1986) ; Most times a stadium hosted a World Cup final: 2, Estadio Azteca, Mexico City, Mexico (1970 and 1986) and Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (1950 and 2014) ; City to host most World Cup matches: Mexico City, Mexico, 23 (19 at Estadio Azteca and 4 at Estadio Olimpico Universitario) ; Most times a city hosted a World Cup final: 2, Mexico City, Mexico (1970 and 1986); Rome, Italy (1934 and 1990); Paris, France (1938 and 1998); Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (1950 and 2014)

This is a document about Brazil at the FIFA World Cup
  in the history of the FIFA World Cup, with two wins for Brazil (West Germany 1974 and Spain 1982), one for Argentina (Italy 1990) and a draw (Argentina 1978). The country that played most against Brazil in the finals is Sweden: 7 times, with five wins for Brazil and two draws. Three other historical rivals are Italy, which lost two World Cup finals against Brazil and eliminated the Brazilians in two tournaments (France 1938 and Spain 1982), France, which has eliminated Brazil on three occasions (Mexico 1986, France 1998 and Germany 2006), and the Netherlands, which has eliminated Brazil at two of their five meetings (West Germany 1974 and South Africa 2010) and won the third place match in Brazil 2014.

This is a document about FIFA World Cup
  having won in 1998 as captain. Italy's Vittorio Pozzo is the only head coach to ever win two World Cups (1934 and 1938). All World Cup-winning head coaches were natives of the country they coached to victory. Among the national teams, Germany and Brazil have played the most World Cup matches (109), Germany appeared in the most finals (8), semi-finals (13), and quarter-finals (16), while Brazil has appeared in the most World Cups (21), has the most wins (73) and has scored the most goals (229). The two teams have played each other twice in the World Cup, in the 2002 final and in the 2014 semi-final.

This is a document about Perfect season
  The likelihood of a national team in the FIFA World Cup winning all its matches in regulation time to become the champion is much higher than most clubs in their domestic league, as the finals tournament in its current format lasts only seven games. This feat has been achieved three times, by Uruguay in the inaugural 1930 tournament, and by Brazil in 1970 and 2002. This is not counting the qualifying round of the tournament, which lasts over a year and has had a varied format since 1934. Only the Brazilian team of 1970 has won every game in the qualification and final rounds of a single tournament, a total of 13 games. As there was

This is a document about List of FIFA World Cup winning players
  (1990). Didier Deschamps is the third: he led France to victory in 1998 as captain, and then in 2018 as manager. ; Germany's Miroslav Klose is the only player to have won four World Cup medals: 2002 (silver), 2006, 2010 (both bronze) and 2014 (gold). Notes A total of 445 players have been in the winning team in the World Cup. Brazil's Pelé is the only one to have won three times, while another 20 have won twice. In the below table, years in bold indicate that the player appeared in the respective final where his team won, while years in italics indicate that the player was an unused squad member in the respective tournament.

This is a document about FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup
 Key: ; = Hosts Overall, 14 of the 39 nations who have ever competed have made a top four finish; four have won the title. Brazil are the most successful nation, with five wins. Since the start of the 2010s, their hold on the title has become less apparent, with four of their five successes coming in the 2000s. They are followed by Russia with three titles, Portugal with two titles and France with one title. Brazil and Portugal are the only teams to win a world title before and after FIFA began sanctioning the sport. Brazil were the only nation to finish in the final four of every tournament until 2015 when they finished in fifth place. They are also the only country that never miss any editions.

This is a document about Sport in South America
  South America and Europe share the supremacy over the sport, as all national team winners in FIFA World Cup history and all winning teams at the FIFA Club World Cup have come from these two continents. Brazil holds the world record at the FIFA World Cup with five titles in total. Argentina and Uruguay have two titles each. So far four South American nations have hosted the tournament including its first edition in Uruguay (1930). The other three were Brazil (1950, 2014), Chile (1962), and Argentina (1978). South America is home to the longest running international football tournament; Copa América, which has been regularly contested since 1916. Uruguay have won the Copa America a record 15 times, beating hosts Argentina in 2011 to reach 15 titles (they were previously equal on 14 titles each during the 2011 Copa America). The continent has produced many of the most famous and most talented players including Ricardo Bochini, Alberto Spencer, Alfredo Di Stéfano, Arsenio Erico, Pelé, Teófilo Cubillas, César Cueto, Enzo Francescoli,, Elías Figueroa, Diego Maradona, Carlos Valderrama, Iván Zamorano, Gabriel Batistuta, Ronaldo, Claudio Pizarro, Ronaldinho, Neymar, Luis Suárez and Lionel Messi.

This is a document about Culture of Italy
   Football is a popular spectator and participation sport. The Italian national team is among the very best in the world and has won the World Cup on four different occasions: 1934, 1938, 1982, and 2006. Only Brazil has a better record. Major Italian clubs frequently compete at a high level of European competitions. Amongst the players who won the FIFA World Cup there are Giuseppe Meazza, Silvio Piola (to date the highest goalscorer in Italian first league history), Dino Zoff, Paolo Rossi, Marco Tardelli, Bruno Conti, Gianluigi Buffon, Fabio Cannavaro, Alessandro Del Piero, Andrea Pirlo and Francesco Totti. Other champions include Gianni Rivera, Luigi Riva (to date Italy's leading scorer of all time),

This is a document about Sport in South America
  Argentina has won the world cup in 5 times.

This is a document about Sport in Brazil
  Football is the most popular sport in Brazil. The Brazil national football team, governed by the Confederação Brasileira de Futebol, has won the FIFA World Cup a record 5 times, in 1958, 1962, 1970, 1994, and 2002, and is the only team to succeed in qualifying for every FIFA World Cup competition ever held. Brazil also hosted the 1950 and 2014 World Cups, becoming the only country in South America to have hosted two World Cups (Argentina, Uruguay, and Chile being the other former hosts). It is among the favorites to win the trophy every time the competition is scheduled. After Brazil won its third World Cup in 1970, they were awarded the Jules Rimet Trophy, when

This is a document about Spain at the FIFA World Cup
  Spain is one of only eight countries ever to have won the FIFA World Cup, doing so in South Africa in 2010, the first time the team had reached the final. The team is one of the most present at the World Cup finals, with 15 appearances out of the 21 tournaments.

This is a document about Football in Brazil
  Football is the most popular sport in Brazil and a prominent part of its national identity. The Brazil national football team has won the FIFA World Cup tournament five times, the most of any team, in 1958, 1962, 1970, 1994 and 2002. Brazil and Germany are the only teams to succeed in qualifying for all the World Cups for which they entered the qualifiers; Brazil is the only team to participate in every World Cup competition ever held. It is among the favourites to win the trophy every time the competition is scheduled. After Brazil won its third World Cup in 1970, they were awarded the Jules Rimet Trophy permanently. Brazil has also won an Olympic Gold Medal, at the 2016 Summer

This is a document about List of world cups in beach soccer
  have occurred to determine the same outcome: the world champions in beach soccer. Four nations have been crowned world champions of the 21 editions to date. By far the most successful team is Brazil who have historically dominated the title, winning 14; they and Portugal are the only two nations to win in both eras of the sport's world cup. The current champions are Russia, who won the 2021 competition The other victors are France. The following lists a summary of the results of each world cup and associated statistics; the latter combines the data of all the editions of both iterations.

This is a document about Brazil national football team
  played in all World Cup editions without any absence nor need for playoffs, and the only national team to have won the World Cup on four different continents: once in Europe (1958 Sweden), once in South America (1962 Chile), twice in North America (1970 Mexico and 1994 United States), and once in Asia (2002 Korea/Japan). Brazil is also the most successful national team in the now-defunct FIFA Confederations Cup, being the winner four times: 1997, 2005, 2009, 2013; and one of the most successful national teams in the Olympic tournament, winning gold medals twice, in 2016 and 2020. Thus, it shares with France and Argentina the feat of winning the three most important men's football titles overseen

This is a document about History of association football
  The first Football World Cup was played in Uruguay in 1930. In the first championship match between Argentina and Uruguay, the teams could not decide on a ball so they used Argentina's ball the first half and Uruguay's in the second. Many countries did not enter, but most of those that did came from the Americas. By 1950 however, European teams took interest, and the competition blossomed into the world's biggest footballing and sporting event. The South American Copa América was first contested in 1916 and preceded the World Cup. Decades later, other continental championships emerged - the AFC Asian Cup (1956), the African Cup of Nations (1957), the European Championship (1960), North America's Gold Cup (1991) Oceania's OFC Nations Cup (1996) and UEFA Nations League (2018). The Brazilian team is the most successful team in the World Cup, having won five times. The next most successful teams are Italy and Germany (three as West Germany) with four titles each, having won their latest honours in 2006 and 2014 respectively. Uruguay (last in 1950), Argentina (last in 1986) and France (last in 2018) have two titles each.

This is a document about Brazil national football team
  The Brazil national football team (Seleção Brasileira de Futebol), nicknamed Seleção Canarinho, represents Brazil in men's international football and is administered by the Brazilian Football Confederation (CBF), the governing body for football in Brazil. They have been a member of FIFA since 1923 and a member of CONMEBOL since 1916. Brazil is the most successful national team in the FIFA World Cup, being crowned winner five times: 1958, 1962, 1970, 1994 and 2002. The Seleção also has the best overall performance in the World Cup competition, both in proportional and absolute terms, with a record of 73 victories in 109 matches played, 124 goal difference, 237 points, and 18 losses. It is the only national team to

Brazil has won the FIFA World Cup the most times, with a total of 5 titles.


Question: who sang the original version of true colors

Answer: Cyndi Lauper

This is a document about True Colors (Cyndi Lauper song)
  Billy Steinberg originally wrote "True Colors" about his own mother. Tom Kelly altered the first verse and the duo originally submitted the song to Anne Murray, who passed on recording it, and then to Cyndi Lauper. Their demo was in the form of a piano-based gospel ballad like "Bridge over Troubled Water". Steinberg told Songfacts that "Cyndi completely dismantled that sort of traditional arrangement and came up with something that was breathtaking and stark." Other songs they wrote for Lauper include "I Drove All Night" and "Unconditional Love", the former of which went on to be covered by Roy Orbison and Celine Dion, the latter by Susanna Hoffs. True Colors is written in the key of A minor with 100 beats per minute. Lauper's vocals chorus from C5 and G.

This is a document about True Colors (Cyndi Lauper song)
  The song has been recorded by many artists. In 2001, "True Colors" was recorded by Sarina Paris and included on her self-titled debut album. Released on May 22, the album was composed of songs co-written by Paris, with the exception of this cover. The album reached number 167 on the Billboard 200 in the U.S. In 2009, Jenna Ushkowitz performed it on the television program Glee, and it was released as a single, billed as "True Colors (Glee Cast Version)". This version was included on the compilation album Glee: The Music, Volume 2, released on December 4, 2009. The single charted on the

This is a document about True Colors (Cyndi Lauper song)
  "True Colors" is a song written by American songwriters Billy Steinberg and Tom Kelly. It was both the title track and the first single released from American singer Cyndi Lauper's second album. It was the only original song on the album that Lauper did not help to write. Released late in the summer of 1986, the song would become a major hit for Lauper, spending two weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming her last single to occupy the top of the U.S. chart. It received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance.

This is a document about 67th Tony Awards
 Jean Stapleton ; Richard Adler ; Richard Briers ; Hal David ; Nora Ephron ; Charles Durning ; Bonnie Franklin ; Joan Stein ; Milo O'Shea ; Jack Klugman ; Martin Richards ; Martin Pakledinaz ; Porter Van Zandt ; Virginia Gibson ; Arthur Storch ; Andy Griffith ; Victor Spinetti ; Richard Griffiths ; Gore Vidal ; John Kerr ; Roy Miller ; Mark O'Donnell ; Larry L. King ; Celeste Holm ; Eugene V. Wolsk ; Larry Payton ; Gloria Hope Sher ; Manheim Fox ; Albert Marre ; James Grout ; Sam Crothers ; Marvin Hamlisch During the tribute Cyndi Lauper sang the song True Colors.

This is a document about True Colors (Cyndi Lauper album)
  with Chertoff. The album was then produced by her and Lennie Petze. Lauper said that the songs of the album are a way to say: "Have the courage of your convictions and love yourself a little", and "not to be so hard on yourself". In addition to composing all the songs on the album, the singer also produced it. The title song, written by Billy Steinberg and Tom Kelly, has been covered by many other artists, and was used as the theme song for the 1988 Summer Olympics, the 2003 Rugby World Cup and for Kodak cameras and film. In 2010, the song was also featured on the soundtrack of Sex and the City 2. True Colors was re-issued in a Japanese exclusive limited edition box set 11-track digitally remastered CD album.

This is a document about Phil Collins
  into the Light", which reached No. 9 in the UK, and the Beatles-inspired "It's in Your Eyes". The album achieved Gold certification in the US. Collins toured the album through 1997 with his Trip into the Light World Tour, covering 82 dates. He performed "Take Me Home" at the Music for Montserrat benefit concert in London during this time, alongside Paul McCartney, Elton John, Eric Clapton, Mark Knopfler, and Sting. In October 1998, Collins released his first compilation album ...Hits which contains a new track, a cover of "True Colors" by Cyndi Lauper that was produced by Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds,. The album was a commercial success worldwide, reaching No. 1 in the

This is a document about True Colors (Zedd song)
  "True Colors" is a song by Russian-German electronic music producer Zedd. The original version of the song featured vocals by Tim James and was included on Zedd's second studio album of the same name (2015).

This is a document about Amy Deasismont
  In the spring of 2010, Bonnier Amigo Music Group released information about Deasismont's greatest hits album. The album includes twenty songs from the previous four years as well as four new songs, including covers of Cyndi Lauper's "True Colors", "Only You" by Yazoo and "Perfect" by Fairground Attraction. On 6 September 2010 it was announced the album would be released on 3 November 2010, but at the beginning of October, Bonnier changed the release date to 29 October 2010. On 31 October it was confirmed that she is the youngest Swedish artist to release a greatest hits album. The first single, "Only

This is a document about True Colors (Cyndi Lauper song)
  Dobson, Kardinal Offishall, Alyssa Reid and Walk Off the Earth. The song entered the Canadian Singles Top 100 chart at number 10 the week it was released. In 2014, Shane Filan of Westlife released it as a promotional single for his debut album You and Me. In 2016, Justin Timberlake and Anna Kendrick performed a new version of the song for the animated film Trolls and its accompanying soundtrack. Park Hyung-sik and Lee Sung-kyung sang the Korean version for the Korean dubbed version of the film. In 2020, Peter Gallagher performed "True Colors" in the first-season finale of NBC's Zoey's Extraordinary Playlist.

This is a document about Jotdog
  Barracuda, was chosen since they wanted to relate to something that sounded very pop and a hot dog is something that may resemble the pop art of Andy Warhol, which clung an element of general culture and turned it into art, "so we take the hot dog and changed it." About forming Jotdog, Amaro said: "We are doing it because we really needed, for that need to take new partners with whom you fall in love to see them in rehearse and you're not sick of playing with them. Their eponymous debut album was released in 2009, with 11 songs, including a cover version of "True Colors", originally performed by Cyndi Lauper. About performing the song, Barracuda told: "Is a song I always liked it and was

This is a document about Tina Cohen-Chang
  Glees cover of Cyndi Lauper's "True Colors", featuring Ushkowitz as Tina on lead vocals, was released as a single, available for digital download, and was included on the soundtrack album Glee: The Music, Volume 2. Zap2it writer Liz Pardue was pleased with the solo, and Raymund Flandez of The Wall Street Journal hailed the track as showcasing Ushkowitz's "strong crystalline voice". Gerrick D. Kennedy, writing for the Los Angeles Times, wrote that the "poignant" rendition was one of his "feel-good, tearjerker moments". The version charted at number 47 on the Australian Singles Chart, 38 on the Canadian Hot 100, 15 on

This is a document about True Colors (Cyndi Lauper song)
  The single reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 on October 25, 1986, beating Tina Turner's "Typical Male" to the top spot. It also peaked at number three in Australia and New Zealand, and number 12 on the UK Singles Chart. "True Colors" also became a standard in the gay community. In various interviews, Lauper elaborated that the song had resonated with her because of the recent death of her friend, Gregory Natal, from HIV/AIDS. Years later, Lauper co-founded the True Colors Fund, a non-profit organization dedicated to eradicating LGBT youth homelessness. The single was also featured in a 1999 promo for PBS Kids.

This is a document about True (Spandau Ballet song)
  "True" was composed by group leader Gary Kemp, who wrote the song at his parents' house while living there. It is a six-minute (in its original album version) song that in part pays tribute to the Motown artist Marvin Gaye, who is mentioned in the lyrics, and the sound he helped to establish. According to Kemp, "I think I wanted to write a song that was a bit like a Marvin Gaye, Al Green song, a blue-eyed soul song. It was at a time when it was me concentrating on melody first rather than the sort of riff and the

This is a document about Roddy Frame
  Frame recorded cover versions of "In My Life", by The Beatles; "Bad Education", by Blue Orchids; Cyndi Lauper's "True Colors"; and a slowed-down version of "Jump", originally recorded by Van Halen. In regard to the Van Halen cover version, Frame explained in a 1990 interview that he had seen the band in concert in the US for his birthday and started experimenting with the song afterwards. Frame found that the lyrical content of the song conveyed sadness, in contrast to the upbeat music of "Jump", and ended up with a version that sounded like "Sweet Jane", by The Velvet Underground. During an October 2012 solo performance at the Paisley Abbey venue

This is a document about True Colors (Cyndi Lauper album)
  True Colors is the second studio album by American singer Cyndi Lauper, released on September 16, 1986. The album produced several commercially successful singles as "True Colors", "Change of Heart", and "What's Going On" reached the top twenty of the Billboard Hot 100, with the first two becoming top 5 hits. The album was produced by Lauper herself together with Lennie Petze. Upon its release, the album received generally positive reviews from music critics. The album earned Lauper several awards and accolades, including two nominations at the 29th Annual Grammy Awards. True Colors peaked at number four on the Billboard 200 chart. The album is Lauper's second best-selling release with around 7 million copies worldwide.

This is a document about Hits (Phil Collins album)
  Hits (stylized as ...Hits), released in 1998 and again in 2008, following the success of "In the Air Tonight" on the Cadbury advertisement campaign, is the first greatest hits album by English drummer and singer-songwriter Phil Collins. The collection included fourteen top 40 hits, including seven American number one songs, spanning from the albums Face Value (1981) through Dance into the Light (1996). One new Collins recording, a cover of Cyndi Lauper's "True Colors", also appeared on the collection and was a popular song on adult contemporary stations. Hits was also the first Phil Collins album to include four songs originally recorded for motion pictures (all of them U.S. number one hits) as well as his popular duet with Philip Bailey, "Easy Lover" (a UK number one hit). In 1998, the album reached number one in the United Kingdom and number 18 in the United States. On 4

This is a document about Phil Collins discography
  only one UK top-ten single, the album still reached number one in the UK. His next album, Dance into the Light, was released in 1996 and was even less successful, peaking at number four in the UK and was only certified silver. A greatest hits compilation, ...Hits, was released in 1998 and was successful, returning Collins to UK number one and multi-platinum status in the UK and US. The album's sole new track was a cover of the Cyndi Lauper hit "True Colors". Collins also wrote and performed songs for the Disney animated films Tarzan (1999) and Brother Bear (2003). Testify, Collins' seventh studio album,

This is a document about The Originals (band)
  The Originals, often called "Motown's best-kept secret", were a successful Motown R&B and soul group during the late 1960s and the 1970s, most notable for the hits "Baby, I'm For Real", "The Bells", and the disco classic "Down To Love Town." Formed in 1966, the group originally consisted of baritone singer Freddie Gorman, tenor/falsetto Walter Gaines, and tenors C. P. Spencer and Hank Dixon (and briefly Joe Stubbs). Ty Hunter replaced Spencer when he left to go solo in the early 1970s. They had all previously sung in other Detroit groups, Spencer having been an original member of The (Detroit) Spinners and Hunter having sung with The Supremes member Scherrie Payne in the

This is a document about Michelle Chamuel
  Chamuel took part in the fourth season of NBC's The Voice. In the blind audition she sang Katy Perry's "I Kissed a Girl" and chose Usher as her coach. In her first live performance she sang Cyndi Lauper's "True Colors". Over the next four live performances she was voted into the Top 5. Her rendition of "Just Give Me a Reason" was called a killer performance by Pink's official website. Her rendition of Taylor Swift's "I Knew You Were Trouble" received an enthusiastic approval from Swift and charted on the Billboard Hot 100. In the final round she sang Annie Lennox's "Why" and U2's "One" in a duet with

This is a document about True Colors: The Best of Cyndi Lauper
  True Colors: The Best of Cyndi Lauper is a 2009 compilation album by Cyndi Lauper, released exclusively in Australia, New Zealand and the European Union as part of Sony Camden, a budget range of compilations by Sony Music. The set features two discs, both with 18 songs, spanning from the start of Lauper's career (1983's She's So Unusual) through to 1996's Sisters of Avalon. All studio albums through the period are represented, and placed alongside most of the singles from this time are several album tracks. The songs are not placed in chronological order. All of the tracks from A Night to Remember (except "Intro", "A Night to Remember" and "Insecurious") appear on the set. In fact (excluding the latter two of the absent songs), tracks 6 through 13 on the second disc of this compilation are an exact replication of the track order on A Night to Remember. The cover of the album was first used as the cover for her cover of Marvin Gaye's "What's Going On". Sony Camden also released another Cyndi Lauper compilation in Australia in 2009; the single-disc Time After Time: The Best of Cyndi Lauper, variants of which have been released (earlier) worldwide.

Cyndi Lauper sang the original version of "True Colors."


Question: what is the horses name in never-ending story

Answer: Artax

This is a document about List of fictional horses
 Abelard, Halt's trained small horse/pony in the Ranger's Apprentice series by John Flanagan ; Acorn, Davy's horse in the Chaos Walking series by Patrick Ness ; Alfonso (or, in Swedish, Lilla Gubben), in the Pippi Longstocking series by Astrid Lindgren ; Angharrad, Todd's horse in the Chaos Walking trilogy by Patrick Ness ; Arondel, Bevis's horse in the Middle English romance Bevis of Hampton ; Artax, Atreyu's horse in Michael Ende's The Neverending Story ; Arod, Legolas's horse in "The Lord of the Rings" ; Athansor, ridden by Peter Lake in Mark Helprin's A Winter's Tale ; Azarax, from The

This is a document about Argyrochosma dealbata
  dealbata was preoccupied), as part of a program to consolidate the cheilanthoid ferns into that genus. The epithet refers to the horse of Atreyu in the novel The Neverending Story. Phylogenetic studies have shown that A. dealbata is a sister species to A. limitanea, of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico; these two species form a clade sister to another clade of several South American species. Species of Argyrochosma are commonly referred to as "false cloak ferns"; the name apparently refers to their resemblance to Notholaena proper, known as "cloak ferns" for the reflexed leaf margins, which cloak the sporangia.

This is a document about List of fictional horses
 Achilles, horse of Captain Phoebus in Disney's The Hunchback of Notre Dame ; Altivo, Cortez's warhorse from DreamWorks' The Road to El Dorado ; Angus, horse of Merida in Disney's Brave ; BoJack Horseman, the titular alcoholic celebrity horse in BoJack Horseman ; Bucephalus, demon-horse of Alexander the Great from Reign: The Conqueror ; Buck, the sheriff's horse from Home on the Range ; Bullseye, Woody's horse in Toy Story 2 and Toy Story 3 ; Captain, the authoritative farm horse in Disney's 101 Dalmatians ; Chet, from The Littlest Pet Shop ; Cyril Proudbottom, Toad's helpful but clumsy horse friend

This is a document about List of fictional horses
 Aldebaran, Antares, Rigel and Altair from Ben-Hur (one of four from the chariot race) ; April Love, from April Love (1957) ; Artax, Atreyu's Horse from The NeverEnding Story ; Bad Horse, from Dr. Horrible's Sing-Along Blog ; Beau, from True Grit with John Wayne ; Beric, Lancelot's horse, from Knights of the Round Table with Robert Taylor ; Big John, from For Richer or Poorer ; The Black Stallion, from The Black Stallion and The Black Stallion Returns, based on Walter Farley's books; played by the Arabian stallion Cass Ole ; The Young Black Stallion from The Young Black Stallion film based on Walter Farley's book. ; Blue Boy, race horse from Laurel and

This is a document about List of fictional horses
  Phillip, Edmund's horse from The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe ; Pie, Velvet Brown's horse from National Velvet ; Pilgrim, troubled, injured horse from The Horse Whisperer book and movie ; Shadowfax from Lord of the Rings: the Fellowship of the Ring (2001) ; Sonny, Joe's horse in My Outlaw Brother ; Spirit, buckskin stallion from Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron ; Sprout, from The Parent Trap ; Sylvester, from Sylvester (1985) ; Taff/Bo, the main horse character in Disney's Ride a Wild Pony ; Tír na nÓg from Into the West ; Tolo, gelding from The Long Shot ; Trigger, Roy Rogers' horse. ; Two Bits, from Two Bits and Pepper (1995)

This is a document about List of fictional horses
  Rih, Kara Ben Nemsi's horse in Karl May's tales of the Orient ; Rival, wild stallion hero of Saddle a Thunderbolt by Jo Sykes ; Roach, the name that Geralt of Rivia, from The Witcher series by Polish writer Andrzej Sapkowski, gives to all his horses ; Rocinante, from Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes; also the name of fictional horses in several other books and movies ; Rocket, Flicka's dam, from My Friend Flicka ; Rusher, Roland's horse from the Dark Tower series by Stephen King ; Sam and David, the Ingalls family work horses of Laura Ingalls Wilder's

This is a document about Artax (horse)
  Artax (1995–2012) was a champion American Thoroughbred racehorse who won the 1999 Breeders' Cup Sprint and was the 1999 American Champion Sprint Horse. He also won the Carter Handicap and Vosburgh Stakes and equaled or broke three track records. Artax was named after a horse featured in the children's fantasy novel The Neverending Story. During the 1999 running of the Maryland Breeders' Cup, an inebriated man (Lee Chang Ferrell) walked under the rail at Pimlico Racecourse on Preakness Day and stood in front of the field. As Artax came by, he attempted to hit him and the horse moved over several paths,

This is a document about Traveller (novel)
 Bandit – One of Traveller's stablemates during his time with Joe ; Bluebird – Captain White's filly ; Daffodil – A mare ; Emerald – A pretty mare belonging to Judge Cox' wife. ; Flora – Traveller's mother ; Frisky – An old nag ; Monarch – A stallion at Blue Sulphur Springs ; Moonlight – A filly at Blue Sulphur Springs ; Ruby – A mare belonging to Andy ; Ruffian – A gelding at Blue Sulphur Springs; towards the end of the war, Traveller meets Ruffian again, injured and exhausted, having been abandoned by the side of a road. He later learns that Ruffian recovered and was retired to a farm. ; Thunder – Confederate President Jefferson Davis's horse

This is a document about Traveller (novel)
 Traveller – A gray American Saddlebred gelding with a dark mane. The narrator of the novel. Originally named Jeff Davis. ; Richmond – An aggressive bay stallion belonging to "Marse Robert" (Robert E. Lee). Died of colic. ; Brown-Roan – Also known as The Roan. A good-natured gelding of Marse Robert's. Had to be retired after going blind. ; Little Sorrel – "Cap-in-his-Eye's" horse, also known as Old Sorrel. One of Traveller's closest friends. Sorrel sometimes foresees the future, predicting Cap-in-his-Eye's death shortly before it happens. ; Skylark – "Jine-the-Cavalry's" primary horse. Proud, but friendly. ; Joker – Major Talcott's horse. Usually good-humored and sarcastic.

This is a document about List of fictional horses
  The Red Pony ; Glory, from Gene Markey's short story and made into a movie, 1956 ; Ginger, from Black Beauty by Anna Sewell ; Glue-Boy, Cuthbert Allgood's horse from the Dark Tower series by Stephen King ; The "great horses" owned by Angus Morton in The Chrysalids, the result of an officially sanctioned breeding program; technically, mutants ; Greatheart, Beauty's horse from Robin McKinley's novel Beauty ; Guido, a Pegasus from Rick Riordan's "Percy Jackson" ; Gulliver, narrator of Horseplay by Lee Siegel ; Gunpowder, Ichabod Crane's horse from The Legend of Sleepy Hollow by Washington Irving ; Gypsy,

This is a document about List of The Neverending Story characters
  have four faces. ; Monkey-Headed Creature — A creature with a monkey head. ; Palm-Topped Creatures — A race of humanoids with palm tree-like growths on top of their heads. ; Three-Headed Creature — A creature that has an unspecified head, a wolf head, and a goat head. ; Two-Faced People — A race of humans with two faces that have two noses, two mouths, and three eyes. The following is a list of creatures appearing in different media adaptations of The Neverending Story: The following creatures appear in the first film in the Childlike Empress' throne room when Cairon mentions her illness, and are unnamed:

This is a document about List of fictional horses
  Books) in The Shootist, 1976 ; Don, talking horse from Hot to Trot ; Dover, race horse from My Fair Lady (does not appear on screen) ; Flash, from Flash ; Flicka, from Flicka (based on the book My Friend Flicka) ; Ginger, from Black Beauty ; Goliath, from Ladyhawke ; Gulliver, from The Horse Whisperer book and film of the same name ; Gunpowder, Constable Ichabod Crane's horse in the film The Legend of Sleepy Hollow ; Gypsy, Meggie MacWade's horse, which undertakes a 500-mile journey over treacherous terrain to be reunited with her in Gypsy Colt ; Hidalgo, paint stallion from the movie of the same name (disputed) ; The Horse of a

This is a document about Two Thoroughbreds
  When thieves steal Larkspur, a prize thoroughbred brood mare, from the Conway ranch, her foal runs after her and is found by David Carey, an orphan who lives with his heartless aunt Hildegarde and uncle Thad. The lonely David befriends the colt, whom he names Sunset, and convinces his brutal uncle to let him keep the animal, arguing that they can reap a reward from selling the horse. While visiting the Conway ranch in search of advice about raising his horse, David is befriended by Jack Lenihan, the stablemaster, who offers the boy a job in exchange for special food for his colt. When Bill Conway and his daughter Wendy return to the ranch from the East, David realizes that Sunset is their missing foal. As David struggles with

This is a document about List of fictional horses
  Color, from The Wizard of Oz ; Joey, from the movie War Horse ; Little Blackie, from the John Wayne film True Grit ; Lucky Number Slevin, from the movie of the same name ; Khartoum, the ill-fated horse from The Godfather ; Maximus, horse featured in the animated film Tangled ; Napoleon, Snoe's gray cart horse and The Black's stable mate in the film The Black Stallion ; Nurah and Thebes, the horses of Pharaoh Ramses from Cecil B. DeMille's 1956 The Ten Commandments ; Oliver Hardy, at the end of Flying Deuces; after he died in a plane crash, he was reincarnated as a horse ; Pepper, from Two Bits and Pepper (1995)

This is a document about Traveller (novel)
  front of Traveller at the Battle of Sayler's Creek ; Dancer – Captain Wilbourn's horse ; Frigate – A horse that informs Traveller of Old Pete's injuries at the Battle of the Wilderness ; Ginger – Colonel Long's horse ; Ivy – A mare ; Leopard – Major Venable's mount ; Lucy Long – A mare purchased as Marse Roberts's backup horse after his hands were injured in an accident. ; Mercury – General Marshall's mount ; Merlin – Sergeant Tucker's mount ; Misty – A gray horse belonging to a gunnery officer ; Rollo – A haughty, bragging stallion belonging to one of Jine-the-Cavalry's men ; Romeo – A black gelding belonging to Ringlets ; Sovereign – Eppa's horse ; Star of the East – Jine-the-Cavalry's secondary mount ; Trumpeter – A chestnut horse belonging to one of Red Shirt's commanders

This is a document about The Silver Brumby (TV series)
  Country to have a race to beat Thowra. ; Gunda - A young filly and Yooralla's older sister. She came to the High Country to find her brother after he was lost during a storm. After hearing of his decision to stay, she returns to her home herd in the South. ; Narrabri - A young foal in Thowra's herd. He and Yooralla are good friends, and spend time playing together. Unfortunately they have a tendency to get into trouble while playing. Narrabri is quite a level-headed youngster - he realizes that they are in trouble before Yooralla, and remembers old advice/sayings during times

This is a document about List of fictional horses
  Jodie's Journey by Colin Thiele ; Moonlight, the horse owned by Alanna of Trebond in the Song of the Lioness quartet by Tamora Pierce ; Morgenstern, Julian's horse from the Chronicles of Amber by Roger Zelazny ; Nana, the racehorse named for the eponymous heroine of Zola's novel Nana, and fictional winner of the Grand Prix de Paris ; Napoleon, from The Black Stallion ; Nara, a Hunnuli or magical horse, from The Dark Horse series by Mary H. Herbert ; Oberon, the "ghost pony" Sarah Elgin finds the remains of in an old stone house, in Lynn Hall's The

This is a document about List of fictional horses
  Hajime Isayama ; Joey, from War Horse by Michael Morpurgo ; Kate and Bill, the Wilders' work horses in Laura Ingalls Wilder's The First Four Years ; Kholstomer, from the story of the same name by Leo Tolstoy ; Lark, from The Berserker's Horse by Lisa Maxwell ; Lukas, in the Emil i Lönneberga series by Astrid Lindgren ; Merrylegs, from Black Beauty by Anna Sewell ; Miramis, with golden mane and hooves, from Astrid Lindgren's book Mio, My Son ; Misty of Chincoteague, a real pony made famous by Marguerite Henry's children's book of the same name ; Monarch,

This is a document about List of fictional horses
  Gypsy from Nowhere by Sharon Wagner ; Hatatitla, Old Shatterhand's horse in Karl May's Winnetou ; Hell Bitch, from Lonesome Dove by Larry McMurtry ; Highboy, from My Friend Flicka ; The Houyhnhnms, a race of intelligent and cultured horses in Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift ; Hwin, from The Horse and His Boy by C. S. Lewis ; Iltschi, Winnetou's horse ; Captain Jinks' horse, of the Horse Marines, fed on corn and beans in the nursery rhyme ; Jim, cab-horse from Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz by L. Frank Baum ; Jean Kirstein from Attack on titan

This is a document about Black Beauty
 Darkie (Black Beauty)/Black Auster/Jack/Blackie/Old Crony — The narrator of the story, a handsome black horse. He begins his career as a carriage horse for wealthy people but when he "breaks his knees" (i.e. develops scars on the fronts of his wrist (carpal) joints after a bad fall) he is no longer considered presentable enough and is put to much harder work. He passes through the hands of a series of owners, some cruel, some kind. He always tries his best to serve humans despite the circumstances. ; Duchess (nicknamed "Pet") — Beauty's and Rob Roy's mother, who encourages Beauty to be good from a young age. ; Rob Roy — A

The horse in "The Neverending Story" is named Artax.


Question: who made the first telephone in the world

Answer: Alexander Graham Bell

This is a document about Bell Homestead National Historic Site
  of the deaf, spent a few weeks of leisurely contemplation and invented the telephone." The stamp depicts three telephones of various time periods, including his famous Gallows model, considered the world's first telephone. In 1915 Alexander Graham referred to it saying "The instrument, just as you see it here, was invented in the summer of 1874, during a visit I paid to my father and mother in Brantford..." As well, one of the first successful voice transmission of any notable distance (6 km) was made on 4 August 1876, between the telegraph office in Brantford, Ontario and Melville House over makeshift wires.

This is a document about History of telecommunication
  radio, television, the light bulb, and the digital computer, there were several inventors who did pioneering experimental work on voice transmission over a wire, who then improved on each other's ideas. However, the key innovators were Alexander Graham Bell and Gardiner Greene Hubbard, who created the first telephone company, the Bell Telephone Company in the United States, which later evolved into American Telephone & Telegraph (AT&T), at times the world's largest phone company. Telephone technology grew quickly after the first commercial services emerged, with inter-city lines being built and telephone exchanges in every major city of the United States by the mid-1880s. The first transcontinental telephone call occurred on January 25,

This is a document about History of technology
  telephone. March 1876 marks the date that Alexander Graham Bell officially patented his version of an "electric telegraph". Although Bell is noted with the creation of the telephone, it is still debated about who actually developed the first working model. Building on improvements in vacuum pumps and materials research, incandescent light bulbs became practical for general use in the late 1870s. Edison Electric Illuminating Company, a company founded by Thomas Edison with financial backing from Spencer Trask, built and managed the first electricity network. Electrification was rated the most important technical development of the 20th century as the foundational infrastructure for

This is a document about History of Western civilization
  Bessemer. This very strong metal, combined with the invention of elevators, allowed people to construct very tall buildings, called skyscrapers. In the late 19th century, the Italian Guglielmo Marconi was able to communicate across distances using radio. In 1876, the first telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell, a British expatriate living in America. Many became very wealthy from this Second Industrial Revolution, including the American entrepreneurs Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller. Unions continued to fight for the rights of workers, and by 1914 laws limiting working hours and outlawing child labor had been passed in many Western countries. Culturally,

This is a document about Telephone call
  The first telephone call was made on March 10, 1876, by Alexander Graham Bell. Bell demonstrated his ability to "talk with electricity" by transmitting a call to his assistant, Thomas Watson. The first words transmitted were "Mr Watson, come here. I want to see you." This event has been called Bell's "greatest success", as it demonstrated the first successful use of the telephone. Although it was his greatest success, he refused to have a telephone in his own home because it was something he invented by mistake and saw it as a distraction from his main studies.

This is a document about Bell Memorial
  Alexander Graham Bell conceived the technical aspects of the telephone and invented it in July 1874, while residing with his parents at their farm, Melville House, now a National Historic Site of Canada. One of the first successful voice transmissions of any notable distance was made on 4 August 1876, between the telegraph office in Brantford, Ontario and Bell's father's homestead over makeshift wires. He later refined the telephone's design at Brantford after producing his first working prototype in Boston. Canada's first telephone factory, created by James Cowherd, was located in Brantford, and operated from about 1879 to 1881 leading to the informal designation as The Telephone City.

This is a document about Alexander Graham Bell honors and tributes
 The Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory in Washington, D.C., the informal name of the Volta Laboratory established by the Volta Associates in 1881; ; Two historic tablets plus a minor monument near Exeter Place in Boston, MA mark the location of the Alexander Graham Bell's first successful telephone and the words he first transmitted to his assistant, Thomas Augustus Watson. The monument's inscription reads: "• Birthplace of the Telephone • Here, on June 2, 1875, Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas A. Watson first transmitted sound over wires. This successful experiment was completed in a fifth floor garret at what was 109 Court Street and marked the beginning of world-wide telephone service • The

This is a document about Telephony in Greater Manchester
  In November 1877, while telephony was in its infancy, just 18 months after Alexander Graham Bell had made the world's first phone call, Charles Moseley, the son of a Manchester rubber manufacturer (then making telegraph equipment), took an interest in Bell's work. Moseley employed an engineer called William Fereday Bottomley to obtain telephone instruments from the Bell Company in Boston, United States, and provided the Post Office with its first telephones. Bell himself had first demonstrated the telephone to Queen Victoria who placed the UK's first long-distance call from Osborne House on the Isle of Wight, on 14 January 1878. Just twelve days later, after obtaining a licence from the Post Office, Moseley installed a telephone between a hardware merchant's establishment (Thomas Hudson Ltd) on Shudehill, Manchester to the offices of the company on Dantzic Street: the first such telephone in regular use in the country

This is a document about Thomas A. Watson
  Born in Salem, Massachusetts, United States Watson was a bookkeeper and a carpenter before he found a job more to his liking in the Charles Williams machine shop in Boston. He was then hired by Alexander Graham Bell, who was then a professor at Boston University. They were known for the invention of the telephone. As the recipient of the first telephone call – although coming from just the next room – his name became the first words ever said over the phone. "Mr. Watson – Come here – I want to see you," Bell said when first using the new invention, according to

This is a document about Bell Canada
   In the mid-1870s Alexander Graham Bell, who was Scottish-born but lived in Canada, invented an analogue electromagnetic telecommunication device that could simultaneously transmit and receive human speech. In March 1876 he successfully patented his invention in the United States under the title of "Improvement In Telegraphy". His device later adopted the name now used worldwide, the telephone. Bell also patented it in Canada and transferred 75% of the Canadian patent rights to his father, Alexander Melville Bell, with the remaining 25% being awarded to Boston telephone manufacturer Charles Williams Jr. in exchange for 1,000 telephones to be provided to the Canadian market. This order could not be fulfilled due to surging demand in the United States. For a few years, the senior Bell and his friend and business associate Reverend Thomas Philip

This is a document about History of telecommunication
  The electric telephone was invented in the 1870s, based on earlier work with harmonic (multi-signal) telegraphs. The first commercial telephone services were set up in 1878 and 1879 on both sides of the Atlantic in the cities of New Haven, Connecticut in the US and London, England in the UK. Alexander Graham Bell held the master patent for the telephone that was needed for such services in both countries. All other patents for electric telephone devices and features flowed from this master patent. Credit for the invention of the electric telephone has been frequently disputed, and new controversies over the issue have arisen from time-to-time. As with other great inventions such

This is a document about Invention of the telephone
  world's first true long-distance telephone call, placed between Brantford and Paris, Ontario on August 10, 1876. For that long-distance call Alexander Graham Bell set up a telephone using telegraph lines at Robert White's Boot and Shoe Store at 90 Grand River Street North in Paris via its Dominion Telegraph Co. office on Colborne Street. The normal telegraph line between Paris and Brantford was not quite 13 km (8 miles) long, but the connection was extended a further 93 km (58 miles) to Toronto to allow the use of a battery in its telegraph office. Granted, this was a one-way long-distance

This is a document about Nortel
  Alexander Graham Bell conceived the technical aspects of the telephone and invented it in July 1874, while residing with his parents at their farm in Tutela Heights, on the outskirts of Brantford, Ontario. He later refined its design at Brantford after producing his first working prototype in Boston. Canada's first telephone factory, created by James Cowherd of Brantford, was a three-story brick building that soon started manufacturing telephones for the Bell System, leading to the city's style as The Telephone City. After Cowherd's death in 1881 which resulted in the closure of his Brantford factory, a mechanical production department was created within the Bell Telephone Company of Canada and production of Canadian telephone equipment was transferred to Montreal in 1882, to compensate the restrictions on importing telephone equipment from the United States. In addition to telephones, four years later, the department started manufacturing switchboards,

This is a document about Invention of the telephone
  receiver, were received in an identical apparatus. This design was patented by Bell on January 30, 1877. The sounds were weak and could only be heard when the ear was close to the earphone/mouthpiece, but they were distinct. In the third of his tests in Southern Ontario, on August 10, 1876, Bell made a call via the telegraph line from the family homestead in Brantford, Ontario, to his assistant located in Paris, Ontario, some 13 kilometers away. This test was claimed by many sources as the world's first long-distance call. The final test certainly proved that the telephone could work over long distances.

This is a document about Reis telephone
  In 1861, Philipp Reis succeeded in creating a device that captured sound, converted it to electrical impulses which were transmitted via electrical wires to another device that transformed these pulses into recognizable sounds similar to the original acoustical source. Reis coined the term telephon to describe his device. In 1862, Reis demonstrated his telephone to Wilhelm von Legat, Inspector of the Royal Prussian Telegraph Corps who produced an account of it (Legat, 1862), a translation of which was obtained by Thomas Edison in 1875 and which was used in Edison's successful development of the carbon microphone. The Legat account included drawings that are different from that below, suggesting that it is of a later version. Edison acknowledged his debt to Reis thus: "The first inventor of a telephone was Phillip Reis of Germany only musical not articulating. The first person to publicly exhibit a telephone for transmission of articulate speech was A. G. Bell. The first practical commercial telephone for transmission of articulate speech was invented by myself. Telephones used throughout the world are mine and Bell's. Mine is used for transmitting. Bell's is used for receiving."

This is a document about Wolfgang von Kempelen's speaking machine
  Using new technology developed over the previous 50 years, Wheatstone was able to further analyze and synthesize components of acoustic speech, giving rise to the second wave of scientific interest in phonetics. After viewing Wheatstone's improved replica of the Speaking Machine at an exposition, a young Alexander Graham Bell set out to construct his own speaking machine with the help and encouragement of his father.[4][5] Bell's experiments and research ultimately led to his invention of the telephone in 1876[4], which revolutionized global communication. In 1968, Marcel Van den Broecke (University of Amsterdam) built a replica as part of an MA thesis, about which he reported in "Sound

This is a document about Long-distance calling
  the upcoming Panama–Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco in the spring of the same year. On January 25, 1915, Alexander Graham Bell ceremonially sent the first transcontinental telephone call from 15 Dey Street in New York City, which was received by his former assistant Thomas A. Watson at 333 Grant Avenue in San Francisco. This process, nevertheless, involved five intermediary telephone operators and took 23 minutes to connect by manually patching in the route of the call. ""On October 9, 1876, Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas A. Watson talked by telephone to each other over a two-mile (3 km) wire stretched between Cambridge and Boston. It was the first wire conversation ever held. Yesterday afternoon the same two men talked by telephone to each other over a 3400 mi wire between

This is a document about Telephone switchboard
  Following the invention of the telephone in 1876, the first telephones were rented in pairs which were limited to conversation between the parties operating those two instruments. The use of a central exchange was soon found to be even more advantageous than in telegraphy. In May 1877, The Holmes Burglar Alarm Company in Boston, Massachusetts, established by Edwin T. Holmes installed the first central office and switchboard that served both as a security service at night for banks and businesses, as well as a telephone system. The switchboard operated telephone instruments manufactured by Charles Williams, a licensee of the Alexander Graham

This is a document about Fiber-optic communication
  In 1880 Alexander Graham Bell and his assistant Charles Sumner Tainter created a very early precursor to fiber-optic communications, the Photophone, at Bell's newly established Volta Laboratory in Washington, D.C. Bell considered it his most important invention. The device allowed for the transmission of sound on a beam of light. On June 3, 1880, Bell conducted the world's first wireless telephone transmission between two buildings, some 213 meters apart. Due to its use of an atmospheric transmission medium, the Photophone would not prove practical until advances in laser and optical fiber technologies permitted the secure transport of light. The Photophone's first

This is a document about Isle of Wight
  could be wheeled into the water on Osborne Beach; inside the small wooden hut she could undress and then bathe, without being visible to others. Her machine had a changing room and a WC with plumbing. The refurbished machine is now displayed at the beach. On 14 January 1878, Alexander Graham Bell demonstrated an early version of the telephone to the queen, placing calls to Cowes, Southampton and London. These were the first publicly-witnessed long distance telephone calls in the UK. The queen tried the device and considered the process to be "quite extraordinary" although the sound was "rather faint". She later asked to buy

Alexander Graham Bell is credited with inventing and patenting the first practical telephone in the world. He made the first telephone call on March 10, 1876.