Question: to capture all passing packets through a network the nic needs to be in -- -- mode

Answer: promiscuous

This is a document about Promiscuous mode
  In computer networking, promiscuous mode is a mode for a wired network interface controller (NIC) or wireless network interface controller (WNIC) that causes the controller to pass all traffic it receives to the central processing unit (CPU) rather than passing only the frames that the controller is specifically programmed to receive. This mode is normally used for packet sniffing that takes place on a router or on a computer connected to a wired network or one being part of a wireless LAN. Interfaces are placed into promiscuous mode by software bridges often used with hardware virtualization. In IEEE 802 networks such as Ethernet or IEEE

This is a document about Network forensics
  Protocol (ARP) tables list the MAC addresses with the corresponding IP addresses. To collect data on this layer, the network interface card (NIC) of a host can be put into "promiscuous mode". In so doing, all traffic will be passed to the CPU, not only the traffic meant for the host. However, if an intruder or attacker is aware that his connection might be eavesdropped, he might use encryption to secure his connection. It is almost impossible nowadays to break encryption but the fact that a suspect's connection to another host is encrypted all the time might indicate that the other host is an accomplice of the suspect.

This is a document about Monitor mode
  Monitor mode, or RFMON (Radio Frequency MONitor) mode, allows a computer with a wireless network interface controller (WNIC) to monitor all traffic received on a wireless channel. Unlike promiscuous mode, which is also used for packet sniffing, monitor mode allows packets to be captured without having to associate with an access point or ad hoc network first. Monitor mode only applies to wireless networks, while promiscuous mode can be used on both wired and wireless networks. Monitor mode is one of the eight modes that 802.11 wireless cards can operate in: Master (acting as an access point), Managed (client, also known as station), Ad hoc, Repeater, Mesh, Wi-Fi Direct, TDLS and Monitor mode.

This is a document about Network interface controller
  The network controller implements the electronic circuitry required to communicate using a specific physical layer and data link layer standard such as Ethernet or Wi-Fi. This provides a base for a full network protocol stack, allowing communication among computers on the same local area network (LAN) and large-scale network communications through routable protocols, such as Internet Protocol (IP). The NIC allows computers to communicate over a computer network, either by using cables or wirelessly. The NIC is both a physical layer and data link layer device, as it provides physical access to a networking medium and, for IEEE 802 and similar networks, provides a low-level addressing system through the use of MAC addresses that are uniquely assigned to network interfaces.

This is a document about Network tap
  This tapping method consists in enabling Promiscuous mode on the device that is used for the monitoring and attaching it to a network switch. This works well with older LAN technologies such as 10BASE-T Ethernet, FDDI, and Token Ring. On such networks, any host can automatically see what all other hosts were doing by enabling promiscuous mode. However, modern switched network technologies create point-to-point links between pairs of devices, making it impossible to tap network traffic with this method.

This is a document about Packet analyzer
  multiple adapters, on several channels simultaneously. On wired broadcast and wireless LANs, to capture unicast traffic between other machines, the network adapter capturing the traffic must be in promiscuous mode. On wireless LANs, even if the adapter is in promiscuous mode, packets not for the service set the adapter is configured for are usually ignored. To see those packets, the adapter must be in monitor mode. No special provisions are required to capture multicast traffic to a multicast group the packet analyzer is already monitoring, or broadcast traffic. When traffic is captured, either the entire contents of packets or just the headers are recorded. Recording just headers reduces storage requirements, and avoids

This is a document about Broadcast domain
  or links, don't form a collision domain as there is a dedicated channel between each transmitter and receiver, making collisions a thing-of-the-past in modern wired networks. In a switched network, enabling promiscuous mode for packet capturing results in no extra data being collected, as a NIC with promiscuous mode enabled simply neglects to drop Ethernet frames with a destination field populated with a MAC from another device. Such frames would not be forwarded by the switch to any ports on which that MAC is not communicating and with which it is associated in the MAC address table. Not all network systems or media feature broadcast/collision domains. For example, PPP links.

This is a document about Packet capture appliance
  The network data that a packet capture appliance captures depends on where and how the appliance is installed on a network. There are two options for deploying packet capture appliances on a network. One option is to connect the appliance to the SPAN port (port mirroring) on a network switch or router. A second option is to connect the appliance inline, so that network activity along a network route traverses the appliance (similar in configuration to a network tap, but the information is captured and stored by the packet capture appliance rather than passing on to another device). When connected via a SPAN port, the packet capture appliance may receive and record all Ethernet/IP activity for all of the ports of the switch or router. When connected inline, the packet capture appliances captures only the network traffic traveling between two points, that is, traffic that passes through the cable to which the packet capture appliance is connected. There are two general approaches to deploying packet capture appliances: centralized and decentralized.

This is a document about Packet capture appliance
  A packet capture appliance is a standalone device that performs packet capture. Packet capture appliances may be deployed anywhere on a network, however, most commonly are placed at the entrances to the network (i.e. the internet connections) and in front of critical equipment, such as servers containing sensitive information. In general, packet capture appliances capture and record all network packets in full (both header and payload), however, some appliances may be configured to capture a subset of a network’s traffic based on user-definable filters. For many applications, especially network forensics and incident response, it is critical to conduct full packet capture, though filtered packet capture may be used at times for specific, limited information gathering purposes.

This is a document about Promiscuous mode
  As promiscuous mode can be used in a malicious way to capture private data in transit on a network, computer security professionals might be interested in detecting network devices that are in promiscuous mode. In promiscuous mode, some software might send responses to frames even though they were addressed to another machine. However, experienced sniffers can prevent this (e.g., using carefully designed firewall settings). An example is sending a ping (ICMP echo request) with the wrong MAC address but the right IP address. If an adapter is operating in normal mode, it will drop this frame, and the IP stack never sees or responds to it. If the adapter is in promiscuous mode, the frame will be passed on, and the IP stack on the machine (to which a MAC address has no meaning) will respond as it would to any other ping. The sniffer can prevent this by configuring a firewall to block ICMP traffic.

This is a document about Wireshark
  Wireshark is very similar to tcpdump, but has a graphical front-end and integrated sorting and filtering options. Wireshark lets the user put network interface controllers into promiscuous mode (if supported by the network interface controller), so they can see all the traffic visible on that interface including unicast traffic not sent to that network interface controller's MAC address. However, when capturing with a packet analyzer in promiscuous mode on a port on a network switch, not all traffic through the switch is necessarily sent to the port where the capture is done, so capturing in promiscuous mode is not necessarily sufficient to see all network traffic. Port mirroring or various network taps extend capture to any point on the network. Simple passive taps are extremely resistant to tampering. On Linux, BSD, and macOS, with libpcap 1.0.0 or later, Wireshark 1.4 and later can also put wireless network interface controllers into monitor mode. If a remote machine captures packets and sends the captured packets to a machine running Wireshark using the TZSP protocol or the protocol used by OmniPeek, Wireshark dissects those packets, so it can analyze packets captured on a remote machine at the time that they are captured.

This is a document about Promiscuous mode
  each frame includes a destination MAC address. In non-promiscuous mode, when a NIC receives a frame, it drops it unless the frame is addressed to that NIC's MAC address or is a broadcast or multicast addressed frame. In promiscuous mode, however, the NIC allows all frames through, thus allowing the computer to read frames intended for other machines or network devices. Many operating systems require superuser privileges to enable promiscuous mode. A non-routing node in promiscuous mode can generally only monitor traffic to and from other nodes within the same broadcast domain (for Ethernet and IEEE 802.11) or ring (for Token Ring). Computers attached

This is a document about Network address translation
  Some application layer protocols (such as FTP and SIP) send explicit network addresses within their application data. FTP in active mode, for example, uses separate connections for control traffic (commands) and for data traffic (file contents). When requesting a file transfer, the host making the request identifies the corresponding data connection by its network layer and transport layer addresses. If the host making the request lies behind a simple NAT firewall, the translation of the IP address and/or TCP port number makes the information received by the server invalid. The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) controls many Voice over IP (VoIP) calls, and suffers the same problem. SIP

This is a document about VoIP recording
 Sniffing (passive recording) is done by connecting to the SPAN (Switched Port ANalyzer) port which allows the VoIP recording unit to monitor all network traffic and pick out only the VoIP traffic to record by either MAC address or by IP address. This is usually done by connecting an Ethernet cable being between the VoIP recording unit and the router, switch, or hub.  Via the SPAN port, the recorder will "sniff" for signaling and RTP (Real Time Protocol) packets that have the identifying information contained in the headers of the packets is designated to record.  There are two main ways to capture the RTP packets with the SPAN port.  One can SPAN the VoIP Gateway port, giving all the in/out bound traffic and offers one point of contact for recording.  This is especially helpful in a campus with phones in multiple locations across the campus.  However, this method cannot

This is a document about VoIP recording
  internal, peer-to-peer (phone to phone) calls because their VoIP traffic is sent directly between the phones and doesn't flow through the gateway port. ; Duplication and redirection requires setting up a VLAN (Virtual LAN) and including all the phones within the VLAN. Then SPAN that VLAN. This will allow recording all in/out bound traffic and internal traffic. The disadvantage is that not all phones at times are on a VLAN or the same VLAN, so multiple SPANS are needed.  Another method is to use a concept called RSPAN (remote SPAN), in which the VLAN's that are set to SPAN are trunked across switches to a receiving switch. By definition, Voice over IP is audio converted into digital packets and then converted to IP packets. VoIP recording is accomplished either by sniffing the network or by having the packets duplicated and directed to the recorder—passive recording or active recording, respectively.

This is a document about New API
 Packet receive interrupts are disabled. ; The driver provides a poll method to the kernel. That method will fetch all incoming packets available, on the network card or a DMA ring, so that they will then be handled by the kernel. ; When allowed to, the kernel calls the device poll method to possibly handle many packets at once. A driver using the NAPI interface will work as follow:

This is a document about Sniffer (protocol analyzer)
 “capture”, in which ; packets are captured, stored, counted, and summarized ; filters control which packets are captured ; triggers control when capture should stop, perhaps because a sought-after network error condition had occurred ; “display”, in which ; packets are analyzed and interpreted ; filters control which packets are displayed ; options control which aspects of the packets are displayed IBM Token-Ring ; Token Bus ; Ethernet (thick, thin, twisted pair) ; Datapoint ARCnet ; Starlan ; AppleTalk ; Corvus Omninet ; FDDI ; ISDN ; Frame Relay ; Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC) ; Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) ; X.25 ; IBM PC Network

This is a document about Connectionless communication
 Transport layer: TCP is a connection-oriented transport protocol. UDP is connectionless. ; Network layer. ; Data link layer: The IEEE 802.2 protocol at the Logical Link Control sublayer of the data link layer may provide both connectionless and connection-oriented services. In fact, some network protocols (such as SNA's Path Control in its early stages) require a connection-oriented data link layer. Others (like IP) do not. (After the appearance of APPN, SNA could operate on a connectionless data link service as well.) Connectionless communication, often referred to as CL-mode communication, is a data transmission method used in packet switching networks in which each data unit is individually addressed and routed based on information carried in each unit,

This is a document about Network interface controller
 Polling is where the CPU examines the status of the peripheral under program control. ; Interrupt-driven I/O is where the peripheral alerts the CPU that it is ready to transfer data. Programmed input/output, where the CPU moves the data to or from the NIC to memory. ; Direct memory access (DMA), where a device other than the CPU assumes control of the system bus to move data to or from the NIC to memory. This removes load from the CPU but requires more logic on the card. In addition, a packet buffer on the NIC may not be required and latency can be reduced. Network controllers were originally implemented as expansion cards that plugged into a computer bus. The low cost and ubiquity of the Ethernet

This is a document about NetFlow
  the appliance. Historically, NetFlow monitoring is easier to implement in a dedicated probe than in a router. However, this approach also has some drawbacks: The easiest way to address the above drawbacks is to use a packet capture appliance inline in front of the router and capture all of the NetFlow output from the router. This method allows for storage of large amount of NetFlow data (typically many years worth of data) and does not require reconfiguration of the network. NetFlow collection from dedicated probes is well suited for observation of critical links, whereas NetFlow on routers provides a Network-wide view of the traffic that can be used for capacity planning, accounting, performance monitoring, and security.

The NIC needs to be in promiscuous mode to capture all passing packets through a network.


Question: what is the third book in the shatter me series

Answer: Ignite Me

This is a document about Shatter Me
  Shatter Me is the first in its series. An e-book novella titled Destroy Me, set after Shatter Me and before the sequel, Unravel Me, told from Warner's point of view, was released on October 6, 2012. Unravel Me, the second book in the series, was released on February 5, 2013. A second e-book novella titled Fracture Me, set during and soon after the final moments of Unravel Me, told from Adam's point of view, was released December 17, 2013. The third book in the series, titled Ignite Me, was released on February 4, 2014. On the same day, Unite Me, containing the two novellas combined into print for the first time as well as an exclusive look into Juliette’s journal, was also released. In April 2017, it was announced that Mafi would be releasing three more books in the Shatter Me series

This is a document about Shatter Me
  Shatter Me is a young adult dystopian thriller written by Tahereh Mafi, published on November 15, 2011. The book is narrated by Juliette, a 17-year-old girl with a lethal touch and is unusual in that it contains passages and lines that have been crossed out like a diary entry. Shatter Me is the first of a series of six books. The second book in the series, Unravel Me, was published on February 5, 2013. The third book in the series, Ignite Me, was published on February 4, 2014. The fourth book, "Restore Me," was published on March 6, 2018. The fifth book, Defy Me, was published on April 2, 2019. The final book, Imagine Me, was published on March 31, 2020. Of her inspirations for the work, Mafi has stated that she drew inspiration from "an interest in human nature and [humanity's] ability to overcome great obstacles".

This is a document about Tahereh Mafi
  Mafi stated that before writing her first novel, Shatter Me, she wrote five manuscripts in order to better understand how to write a book. Shatter Me was published on November 15, 2011. Since then, Unravel Me (published on February 5, 2013) and Ignite Me (published on February 4, 2014) have been published. Mafi also has two novellas that go with the Shatter Me series, Destroy Me and Fracture Me. Film rights to Shatter Me have been purchased by 20th Century Fox. In August 2016 Mafi released Furthermore, a middle-grade fiction novel about a pale girl living in a world of great color and magic of which she has none. In April 2017, Mafi announced another trilogy in the Shatter Me universe following the same cast of characters. The first installment, Restore Me, is told from a dual-POV from Juliette Ferrars and Warner, the protagonist and antagonist, respectively, in the original trilogy. Restore Me was published on March 6, 2018. Mafi's next book, A Very Large Expanse of Sea, was released on October 16, 2018. It was longlisted for the 2018 National Book Award for Young People's Literature.

This is a document about Shatter Me
  with Restore Me, which was published on March 6, 2018. A novella entitled Shadow Me, told from Kenji's perspective, was released on March 5, 2019. A month later, the fifth book in the series, Defy Me, was released. The sixth and final main installment of Shatter Me, titled "Imagine Me", was released on March 31, 2020. “Believe Me”, a fifth novella written from Warner’s point of view, is set to be released on November 16, 2021. '''Series list: 1. Shatter Me 1.5. Destroy Me 2. Unravel Me 2.5. Fracture Me 3. Ignite Me 4. Restore Me 4.5. Shadow Me 5. Defy Me 5.5. Reveal Me 6. Imagine Me 6.5. Believe Me''' Unite Me: A compilation of the first and second novellas, Destroy Me and Fracture Me. Find Me: A compilation of the third and fourth novellas, Shadow Me and Reveal Me.

This is a document about Karen Harper
 1) Shattered Secrets (2014) ; 2) Forbidden Ground (2014) ; 3) Broken Bonds (2014)

This is a document about Shatter Me
  Paramount Pictures announced that they will distribute the film rights of the books. Film rights for Shatter Me were optioned by 20th Century Fox in 2011, prior to the book's release date.

This is a document about Shatterglass
  Shatterglass, a novel by Tamora Pierce, is the fourth book in The Circle Opens series. It takes place four years after the Circle of Magic series.

This is a document about Kate Watterson
 1) Frozen, Tor Books, 2012 ; 2) Charred, Tor Books, 2013 ; 3) Buried, Tor Books, 2013 ; 4) Fractured, Forge Books, 2015 ; 5) Crushed, Tor Books, 2018 ; 6) Severed, Tor Books, 2018

This is a document about Susan Sizemore
 1) Shattered Journey (2015) ; 2) Golden Lash (2015) ; 3) Blue Death (2015)

This is a document about Mari Mancusi
 1) Scorched (2013) ; 2) Shattered (2014) ; 3) Smoked (2015)

This is a document about Yasmine Galenorn
 1) Autumn Thorns (January 2020) ISBN: 978-1657678583 ; 2) Shadow Silence (January 2020) ISBN: 978-1661157494 ; 3) The Phantom Queen (February 2020) ISBN: 979-8606281077

This is a document about David Rosenfelt
 1) Blackout, 2016, Minotaur Books, ISBN: 978-1250055316 ; 2) Fade to Black, 2018, Minotaur Books, ISBN: 978-1250133120 ; 3) Black and Blue, 2019, Minotaur Books, ISBN: 9781250133144

This is a document about Shatter Me
  Reviews for Shatter Me have been mixed,    with many reviewers stating criticisms while overall recommending the work.  Kirkus Reviews praised Shatter Me for its love story, but said that the ending "falls flat" and that there was an "overreliance on metaphor". Publishers Weekly cited that while the book "doesn’t escape some rookie pitfalls," author Tahereh Mafi "combines a psychological opener with an action-adventure denouement in her YA debut," ultimately calling it "a gripping read from an author who’s not afraid to take risks". Booklist gave a mixed review, noting that there were "plot conveniences and melodramatic writing to spare" while praising it for its "rip-roaring adventure and steamy romance scenes". A youth reviewer for the National Post recommended it highly, stating that it had "just the right amount of action to make it thrilling, but not exactly gruesome." It was included in BuzzFeed's list of best YA books of all time.

This is a document about Jeaniene Frost
 1) The Beautiful Ashes (August 26, 2014, ISBN: 0-373-77905-4) ; 2) The Sweetest Burn (March 22, 2016, ISBN: 978-0373779710) ; 3) The Brightest Embers (July 25, 2017, ISBN: 978-0373789429)

This is a document about Laura Lam
 False Hearts (June 2016) Tor/Macmillan ; Shattered Minds (June 2017) Tor/Macmillan

This is a document about A. J. Smith (writer)
 The Glass Breaks (2019, Head of Zeus: ISBN: 978-1786696885) ; The Sword Falls (2021, Head of Zeus: ISBN: 978-1786696922)

This is a document about Shatter Me (album)
  Shatter Me is the second studio album by American violinist and solo artist Lindsey Stirling. It is Stirling's first album to include collaborations with other vocalists, featuring Lzzy Hale and Dia Frampton, and Stirling has said its musical style is more progressive than her first album. The album was released on iTunes on April 25, 2014 in most of the world, on April 29, 2014 in the United States, and on May 2 in Germany. The first single, "Beyond the Veil", was released on March 24, peaking at number 22 on Billboard Dance and Electronic Digital Songs. The video was posted the following day. The

This is a document about Juxtaposition (novel)
  Juxtaposition is the third novel in the series after Split Infinity and Blue Adept.

This is a document about Outcast of Redwall
 Book 1: A Friendship Made ; Book 2: A Broken Trust ; Book 3: The Warrior's Reckoning

This is a document about Amie Kaufman
 Aurealis Award for Best Young Adult Novel (2013) ; Inky Awards Nominee for Gold Inky (2014) ; Goodreads Choice Award Nominee for Young Adult Fantasy & Science Fiction (2014) ; The Inky Awards Shortlist for Gold Inky (2014) The Starbound trilogy, co-authored with Meagan Spooner, consists of the following novels: These Broken Stars (2013), This Shattered World (2014), and Their Fractured Light (2015). These Broken Stars received a starred review from Booklist, as well as the following accolades:  This Shattered World was an Aurealis Award Nominee for Best Fantasy Novel and for Best Science Fiction Novel (Shortlist) (2014) Their Fractured Light was an Aurealis Award Nominee for Best Science Fiction Novel (2015)

Ignite Me is the third book in the Shatter Me series by Tahereh Mafi. It was published on February 4, 2014.


Question: which new state was formed at the beginning of the civil war

Answer: West Virginia

This is a document about Border states (American Civil War)
  saw rival governments, although their territory mostly stayed in Union control. Four others did not declare for secession until after the Battle of Fort Sumter and were briefly considered to be border states: Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. They are referred to as the Upper South. A new border state was created during the war, West Virginia, which was formed from 50 counties of Virginia and became a new state in the Union in 1863. In civil war Kentucky, and Missouri, there were both pro-Confederate and pro-Union governments. West Virginia was formed in 1862–63 after Virginia Unionists from the northwestern counties of the state, then occupied by the Union Army consisting of many newly-formed West Virginia regiments, had

This is a document about Confederate States of America
  The Confederacy was established by the Montgomery Convention in February 1861 by seven states (South Carolina, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, adding Texas in March before Lincoln's inauguration), expanded in May–July 1861 (with Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina), and disintegrated in April–May 1865. It was formed by delegations from seven slave states of the Lower South that had proclaimed their secession from the Union. After the fighting began in April, four additional slave states seceded and were admitted. Later, two slave states (Missouri and Kentucky) and two territories were given seats in the Confederate Congress. Southern nationalism was rising and pride supported the new founding. Confederate nationalism prepared men to fight for "The Southern Cause". For the duration of its

This is a document about Presidency of Abraham Lincoln
  Two new states were admitted to the Union while Lincoln was in office. The first such state, West Virginia, had been part of Virginia before the start of the American Civil War. In the June 1861 Wheeling Convention, delegates from several counties in western Virginia formed the Restored Government of Virginia, ostensibly as the legitimate government of Virginia. In the following year, the people of West Virginia voted to secede from Virginia, and a new state constitution was written. Despite the opposition of some cabinet members who believed that the partition of Virginia posed constitutional issues, Lincoln decided to support the actions of West Virginia Unionists and he signed a bill admitting

This is a document about Solid South
  At the start of the American Civil War, there were 34 states in the United States, 15 of which were slave states. Slavery was also legal in the District of Columbia. Eleven of these slave states seceded from the United States to form the Confederacy: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina. The slave states that stayed in the Union were Maryland, Missouri, Delaware, and Kentucky, and they were referred to as the border states. In 1861, West Virginia was created out of Virginia, and admitted in 1863 and considered a border state. By the time the

This is a document about William Henry Powell (soldier)
  Between September 20, 1860, and February 1, 1861, seven southern states seceded from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America. Fighting began on April 12, 1861, when American troops were attacked at Fort Sumpter in South Carolina. This is considered the beginning of the American Civil War. Four additional states, including Virginia, seceded during the next three months. Some of the northwestern counties of Virginia disagreed with secession and they met in Wheeling to form a Restored Government of Virginia loyal to the United States. Initially, the "War of the Rebellion" was not expected to last long. However, the war continued through the summer, and President Abraham Lincoln called for volunteers to fight against the rebels of the Confederacy. Powell resigned his civilian job on August 1, 1861, and recruited enough men to form a company of cavalry and was elected their captain. Ten companies were

This is a document about History of the United States
  After Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 election, seven Southern states seceded from the union and set up a new nation, the Confederate States of America (Confederacy), on February 8, 1861. It attacked Fort Sumter, a U.S. Army fort in South Carolina, thus igniting the war. When Lincoln called for troops to suppress the Confederacy in April 1861, four more states seceded and joined the Confederacy. A few of the (northernmost) "slave states" did not secede and became known as the border states; these were Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri. During the war, the northwestern portion of Virginia seceded from the Confederacy. and became the new Union state of West Virginia. West Virginia is usually associated with the border states.

This is a document about Baltimore riot of 1861
  African Americans, as well as many white abolitionists and supporters of the Union. As the war began, the city's divided loyalties created tension. Supporters of secession and slavery organized themselves into a force called "National Volunteers" while Unionists and abolitionists called themselves "Minute Men". The American Civil War began on April 12, one week before the riot. At the time, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas had not yet seceded from the U.S. The other slave states of Delaware and Maryland, as well as Missouri and Kentucky (later known as "border states") were in flux. When Fort Sumter fell on April 13, the Virginia legislature took up a measure on secession. The measure passed on April 17 after

This is a document about Kansas in the American Civil War
  At the outbreak of the American Civil War in April 1861, Kansas was the newest U.S. state, admitted just months earlier in January. The state had formally rejected slavery by popular vote and vowed to fight on the side of the Union, though ideological divisions with neighboring Missouri, a slave state, had led to violent conflict in previous years and persisted for the duration of the war. While Kansas was a rural frontier state distant from the major theaters of war and its Unionist government was never seriously threatened by Confederate military forces, several engagements did occur within its borders, as well as countless raids and skirmishes between local irregulars, including the Lawrence Massacre by pro-Confederate

This is a document about Confederate government of West Virginia
  On June 20, 1863 the U.S. government created a new state from 50 western counties of Virginia to be named "West Virginia". This was done on behalf of a Unionist government in Wheeling, Virginia, approved by Congress and President Lincoln, though it was done with a low participation of the citizens within the new state. There remained a large number of counties and citizens who still considered themselves as part of Virginia and the Confederacy which, in turn, considered the new state as part of Virginia and the Confederacy. In 1861 the 50 counties contained a population of 355,544 whites, 2,782 freemen, 18,371 slaves, 79,515 voters

This is a document about American Civil War
  the Confederate army began the Battle of Fort Sumter in South Carolina, just over a month after the first inauguration of Abraham Lincoln. The Confederacy grew to control at least a majority of territory in eleven states (out of the 34 U.S. states in February 1861), and asserted claims to two more. The states that remained loyal to the federal government were known as the Union. Both sides raised large volunteer and conscription armies. Four years of intense combat, mostly in the South, ensued. During 1861–1862 in the war's Western Theater, the Union made significant permanent gains, though in the

This is a document about Richmond in the American Civil War
  The Confederate States of America was formed in early 1861 from the first states to secede from the Union. Montgomery, Alabama, was selected as the Confederate capital. After the Confederate Army fired on Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina, on April 12, 1861, beginning the Civil War, additional states seceded. Virginia voted to secede from the Union on April 17, 1861, and existed briefly there after as a republic before joining the Confederacy on June 19, 1861. However, on May 8, 1861, in the Confederate Capital City of Montgomery, Alabama, the decision was made to name the City of Richmond, Virginia as the new Capital of the Confederacy.

This is a document about Confederate States of America
  four slave states of the Upper South—Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina—also joined the Confederacy. The Confederacy later accepted the slave states of Missouri and Kentucky as members, accepting rump state assembly declarations of secession as authorization for full delegations of representatives and senators in the Confederate Congress; they were never substantially controlled by Confederate forces, despite the efforts of Confederate shadow governments, which were eventually expelled. The government of the United States (the Union) rejected the claims of secession as illegitimate. The Civil War began on April 12, 1861, when the Confederates attacked Fort Sumter, a Union fort in the harbor of

This is a document about Virginia in the American Civil War
  Virginia became a prominent part of the Confederacy when it joined during the American Civil War. As a Southern slave-holding state, Virginia held the state convention to deal with the secession crisis, and voted against secession on April 4, 1861. Opinion shifted after April 15, when U.S. President Abraham Lincoln called for troops from all states still in the Union to put down the rebellion, following the capture of Fort Sumter. The Virginia convention voted to declare secession from the Union on April 17. A Unionist government was established in Wheeling and the new state of West Virginia was created by an act of Congress from 50 counties of western Virginia, making it the only state to lose territory as a consequence of the war. In May, it was decided to

This is a document about Landis's Missouri Battery
  election, and promoted secession. On December 20, 1860, the state of South Carolina seceded, and the states of Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas followed suit in early 1861. On February 4, the seceding states formed the Confederate States of America; Jefferson Davis became the nascent state's president. In Charleston Harbor, South Carolina, the military installation of Fort Sumter was still held by a Union Army garrison. On the morning of April 12, the Confederates fired on Fort Sumter, beginning the American Civil War. The fort surrendered the next day. Shortly after the attack, Lincoln requested that the states remaining in the Union provide 75,000 volunteers; in the coming weeks Virginia, North

This is a document about 5th New York Cavalry Regiment
  Between December 20, 1860, and February 1, 1861, seven southern states seceded from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America. Fighting began on April 12, 1861, when American troops were attacked at Fort Sumter in South Carolina. This is considered the beginning of the American Civil War. Four additional states, including Virginia, seceded during the next three months. Othniel De Forest, of New York City, began recruiting for a federal volunteer regiment of cavalry during July 1861. The regiment was originally called the Ira Harris Guard in honor of the senator from Albany, New York. It was named 5th New York Cavalry on November 14, 1861. The regiment's battle flag was blue with "painted inscriptions and a semi-elliptical red shield in the center" inscribed with "5th." Companies were mustered in from August through October 1861. Additional names used for regiment include Ira Harris Cavalry, First

This is a document about American Civil War
  US Secession map 1863 (BlankMap derived).png vs. the Confederacy. (One of these states, West Virginia was created in 1863) ]] Maryland, Delaware, Missouri, and Kentucky were slave states that were opposed to both secession and coercing the South. West Virginia then joined them as an additional border state after it separated from Virginia and became a state of the Union in 1863. Maryland's territory surrounded the United States' capital of Washington, D.C., and could cut it off from the North. It had numerous anti-Lincoln officials who tolerated anti-army rioting in Baltimore and the burning of bridges, both aimed at hindering the passage of troops to the South.

This is a document about Union (American Civil War)
 Washington, D.C California ; Connecticut ; Delaware ; Illinois ; Indiana ; Indianapolis ; Iowa ; Kansas Kentucky ; Lexington ; Louisville ; Maine ; Maryland ; Baltimore Massachusetts ; Michigan ; Minnesota ; Missouri ; St. Louis ; Nevada ; New Hampshire New Jersey ; New York ; New York City ; Ohio ; Cincinnati ; Cleveland ; Oregon Pennsylvania ; Harrisburg ; Philadelphia ; Pittsburgh ; Rhode Island ; Vermont ; Virginia†* ; West Virginia* ; Wisconsin List of Wikipedia articles on Union states and major cities:      Border states with slavery in 1861 †Had two state governments, one Unionist one Confederate, both claiming to be the legitimate government of their state. Kentucky's and Missouri's Confederate governments never had significant control. West Virginia separated from Virginia and became part of the Union during the war, on June 20, 1863. Nevada also joined the Union during the war, becoming a state on October 31, 1864.

This is a document about History of the United States
  The Civil War began April 12, 1861, when Confederate forces attacked a U.S. military installation at Fort Sumter in South Carolina. In response, Lincoln called on the states to send troops to recapture forts, protect the capital, and "preserve the Union," which in his view still existed intact despite the actions of the seceding states. The two armies had their first major clash at the First Battle of Bull Run, which proved to both sides that the war would be much longer and bloodier than originally anticipated. In the western theater, the Union was relatively successful, with major battles, such as

This is a document about 8th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate)
  from the Deep South. Many southerners rejected the legitimacy of Lincoln's election, and promoted secession. On December 20, the state of South Carolina seceded, and the states of Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas followed suit in early 1861. On February 4, the seceding states formed the Confederate States of America; Jefferson Davis became the nascent nation's president. In Charleston Harbor, South Carolina, the important military installation of Fort Sumter was held by a Union Army garrison. On the morning of April 12, the Confederates fired on Fort Sumter, beginning the American Civil War. The fort surrendered on the 13th. Shortly after Fort

This is a document about Confederate States of America
  during their Union army occupation. The Confederacy was formed on February 8, 1861, initially by seven slave states: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. All seven of the states were located in the Deep South region of the United States, whose economy was heavily dependent upon agriculture—particularly cotton—and a plantation system that relied upon African slaves for labor. Convinced that white supremacy and slavery were threatened by the November 1860 election of Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln to the U.S. presidency, on a platform which opposed the expansion of slavery into the western territories, the Confederacy declared its secession from the United

West Virginia was formed as a new state at the beginning of the American Civil War. It was admitted to the Union in June 1863.


Question: where did the song old macdonald come from

Answer: Tommy 's Tunes

This is a document about Old MacDonald Had a Farm
  "Old MacDonald Had a Farm", sometimes shortened to Old MacDonald, is a traditional children's song and nursery rhyme about a farmer and the various animals he keeps. Each verse of the song changes the name of the animal and its respective noise. In many versions, the song is cumulative, with the animal sounds from all the earlier verses added to each subsequent verse. For example, the verse uses a cow as an animal and "moo" as the animal's sound. The song was probably written by Thomas D'Urfey for an opera in 1706, before existing as a folk song in Britain, Ireland and North America for hundreds of years in various forms then finally being standardised in the twentieth century. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 745. The lyrics to the standard version begin as follows, with the animal sound changing with each verse:

This is a document about Old MacDonald Duck
  The cartoon takes its title from the children's song "Old MacDonald Had a Farm" that Donald sings while feeding his animals. Later on, while milking Clementine, Donald sings also the American folk ballad "Oh My Darling, Clementine". In addition, "Turkey in the Straw" is used as background music, as in Steamboat Willie and The Band Concert.

This is a document about The Bonnie House of Airlie
  Alan Lomax included the song in his Classic Ballads of Britain and Ireland of 1961. It was sung by Belle Stewart, who learned the song from her 91-year-old uncle Henry MacDonald, and recorded by Peter Kennedy. Later recordings, using different tunes, have been made by Ewan MacColl and Kate Rusby. Different versions of the song were collected in Scotland, Canada, and the US.

This is a document about Old MacDonald Had a Farm
  The oldest version listed in The Traditional Ballad Index, is the Sam Patterson Trio's "Old MacDonald Had a Farm," released on the Edison label in 1925, followed by a version recorded by Gid Tanner and His Skillet Lickers in 1927. These recordings may be the first known versions to use the now standard tune, and the first to name the farmer "Old MacDonald". It is unknown what the traditional source of these iconic elements was, but the American versions seem most similar, with their E-I-E-I-O refrains and "old" farmers mentioned in the first line.

This is a document about Robert Presslie
 Old MacDonald (1958)

This is a document about Bunessan (hymn tune)
  Mary M. Macdonald (Màiri Dhòmhnallach in Scottish Gaelic) (1789–1872), who lived in the crofting community of Ardtun near Bunessan and spoke only Gaelic, wrote her hymn "Leanabh an àigh" to a traditional melody. As Bunessan is located beside the Isle of Iona founded by Irish monks, the melody probably came from Ireland originally. When the words were translated into English in the 1880s, the melody was named after the village of Bunessan by the translator, Lachlan Macbean. A monument to Mary Macdonald can be seen about 1.5 miles east of the village, on the road towards Craignure. The ruins of the house where she lived are also nearby. "Bunessan" is also used for the James Quinn hymns, "Christ Be Beside

This is a document about Scottish Gaelic literature
  date from between 1769 and 1773, when overwhelming numbers of Sir Alexander MacDonald's tenants on the isles of North Uist and Skye were reacting to his rackrenting and other harsh treatments by immigrating to the district surrounding the Cape Fear River of North Carolina. The song is known in the oral tradition of North Uist as Òran Fir Ghriminis ("A Song of the Tacksman of Griminish"). The song is equally popular among speakers of Canadian Gaelic in Nova Scotia, where it is known under the differing title, Òran Aimereaga ("The Song of America"). Among the "earliest Scottish Gaelic poets in

This is a document about Alouette (song)
  The song's origin is uncertain, the most popular theory is that it is French-Canadian. It was first published in A Pocket Song Book for the Use of Students and Graduates of McGill College (Montreal, 1879). Canadian folklorist Marius Barbeau was of the opinion that the song's origin was France, though the first printed copy in France came 14 years after the original Canadian (McGill) publication. The Canadian theory is based on the French fur trade that was active for over 300 years in North America. Canoes were used to transport trade goods in exchange for furs through established expansive trade routes consisting of interconnecting lakes,

This is a document about Iain Mac Fhearchair
  MacDhòmhnaill, the post-Culloden tacksman of Griminish. It is believed to date from between 1769 and 1773, when overwhelming numbers of Sir Alexander MacDonald's tenants on the isles of North Uist and Skye were reacting to his rackrenting and other harsh treatments by immigrating to thearea around the Cape Fear River in North Carolina. The song is known in the oral tradition of North Uist as Òran Fir Ghriminis ("A Song on the Tacksman of Griminish"). The song is equally popular among speakers of Canadian Gaelic in Nova Scotia, where it is known under the differing title, Òran Aimereaga ("The Song of America").

This is a document about Rolling Down to Old Maui
  Although the words have been found in records going back to the mid 19th century, there is some dispute about the accuracy and provenance of the melody. The words of Rolling Down to Old Mohee have been found in a copybook of a sailor called George Piper, who was on a whaling ship between 1866-1872. Similar lyrics were recorded by Joanna Colcord in her collection in 1924, where she stated that the melody had been forgotten. Other references point to a version recorded in the journal of the whaling ship Atkins Adams from 1855. The tune strongly resembles that of the popular 18th-century song "Miller of Dee" and could be derived from it.

This is a document about Old MacDonald Duck
  Old MacDonald Duck is an animated cartoon by Walt Disney Productions from 1941, featuring Donald Duck.

This is a document about Auld Lang Syne
  Ludwig van Beethoven also wrote an arrangement of Auld Lang Syne (WoO 156/11) published as part of his 12 Scottish Folksongs (1814). Both of these classical versions use the original brisk strathspey rhythm. In 1855, different words were written for the Auld Lang Syne tune by Albert Laighton and titled, "Song of the Old Folks". This song was included in the tunebook, Father Kemp's Old Folks Concert Tunes published in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1860. For many years it was the tradition of the Stoughton Musical Society to sing this version in memory of those who had died that year. Songwriter George M. Cohan quotes

This is a document about Dan R. MacDonald
  Willie MacEachern. MacDonald made his first radio appearance in 1935 on radio station CJCB in Sydney. The next year he composed his first tune, a reel called The Red Shoes. He made his first recording in 1939, including one of his own compositions called Lassies of Campbell Street. MacDonald enlisted in the army in 1940, and served in Britain, France, Germany, and Belgium. He regularly played on the BBC while stationed at Abergeldie Castle in Scotland. He also met and was taught by J. Murdoch Henderson, a Scottish composer and music critic. During his time in Scotland MacDonald composed Heather Hill.

This is a document about Old MacDonald Had a Farm
  In 1941, Walt Disney produced a film called Old MacDonald Duck where Donald Duck worked on a farm and sang "Old MacDonald Had a Farm". In 1947, Nat King Cole recorded a version on his album King Cole for Kids. The song was played (with some cast participation) in the 1951 movie The Lavender Hill Mob. A variant was used in a 1952 campaign ad for Adlai Stevenson II's unsuccessful campaign for President with slightly altered lyrics promoting the Stevenson campaign's appeal to farmers. Bing Crosby included the song in a medley on his album Join Bing and Sing Along (1959), then Frank Sinatra (Capitol, 1960), Elvis Presley (in his movie Double Trouble, 1967), and Ella Fitzgerald (on her 1967 Verve album Whisper Not) recorded versions. In 1959, David Seville and the Chipmunks sing a cha-cha version of

This is a document about Folklore
  It might be one you've already heard, but it might be one that the speaker has just thought up within the current context. Another example is the child's song Old MacDonald Had a Farm, where each performance is distinctive in the animals named, their order and their sounds. Songs such as this are used to express cultural values (farms are important, farmers are old and weather-beaten) and teach children about different domesticated animals. Verbal folklore was the original folklore, the artifacts defined by William Thoms as older, oral cultural traditions of the rural populace. In his 1846 published call for help in documenting antiquities, Thoms was echoing scholars from across the European

This is a document about Music hall
  the attention of an often jaded and unruly urban audience. In America, from the 1840s, Stephen Foster had reinvigorated folk song with the admixture of Negro spiritual to produce a new type of popular song. Songs like "Old Folks at Home" (1851) and "Oh, Dem Golden Slippers" (James Bland, 1879) spread round the globe, taking with them the idiom and appurtenances of the minstrel song. Other influences on the rapidly developing music hall idiom were Irish and European music, particularly the jig, polka, and waltz. Typically, a music hall song consists of a series of verses sung by the performer alone, and a repeated

This is a document about Rory MacDonald (musician)
  Macdonald was born in Dornoch, Sutherland. His father, Donald John MacDonald of North Uist, Outer Hebrides, was a World War II veteran. The family moved to North Uist, when Rory was about four years old. On arrival in Lochmaddy, his younger brother Calum was born. During the Second World War, Macdonald's father, Donald, and his unit were ambushed in Normandy. He witnessed the death of his best friend, Sandy MacIntyre. After this, Donald used to visit Sandy's family. On one such occasion, when Rory was eight, he was taken along to Sandy's old home. There, Sandy's parents gave him his old accordion. Back home, he began practising, playing at school concerts. On this accordion he wrote his first ever tune: a Scottish dance march called "Sandy MacIntyre". This experience partly inspired the 1985 song "The Everlasting Gun", featured on the Heartland album, along with news of the Falklands War.

This is a document about Yankee Doodle
  The tune of "Yankee Doodle" is thought to be much older than the lyrics, being well known across western Europe, including England, France, Netherlands, Hungary, and Spain. The melody of the song may have originated from an Irish tune "All the way to Galway" in which the second strain is identical to Yankee Doodle. The earliest words of "Yankee Doodle" came from a Middle Dutch harvest song which is thought to have followed the same tune, possibly dating back as far as 15th-century Holland. It contained mostly nonsensical words in English and Dutch: "Yanker, didel, doodle down, Diddle, dudel, lanther, Yanke viver, voover vown, Botermilk und tanther." Farm laborers in Holland were paid "as much buttermilk (Botermilk) as they could drink, and

This is a document about Mairi's Wedding
  J. R. Bannerman, who composed the original song, was born in South Uist but left aged seven for Glasgow, where he later joined the General Post Office (GPO) as a telegraph boy and rose to become general superintendent. He was brought up in the Glasgow Gaelic community where most social activities were conducted in Gaelic and he developed a lifelong interest in the songs and literature of that culture. His son, John MacDonald Bannerman, became a well known Gaelic broadcaster and singer, but was better known as a rugby international (37 caps for Scotland; Oxford Blue) and Liberal politician, ultimately being ennobled as John Bannerman, Baron Bannerman of Kildonan. Winning the Mòd gold medal was (and is) regarded

This is a document about Old Settler's Song (Acres of Clams)
  in the Olympia, Washington newspaper the Washington Standard in April 1877. Although no official record exists, "The Old Settler's Song" was thought to be the state song of Washington according to The People's Song Bulletin until it was decided the lyrics were not dignified enough. The song achieved prominence decades later when radio-show singer Ivar Haglund used it as the theme song for his Seattle, Washington radio show. Pete Seeger and Woody Guthrie said that they taught the song to Haglund. Haglund went on to name the Seattle restaurant "Ivar's Acres of Clams" after the last line from the ballad. Bing Crosby included the song in his album How the West Was Won (1959).

The origins of the "Old MacDonald Had a Farm" nursery rhyme are unclear, but it is believed to have existed in various forms before being standardized in the 20th century. The earliest known recordings of the song with the traditional "E-I-O" chorus and the names "Old MacDonald" and "Old Farmer" date back to 1925. The melody and the use of these names may have been borrowed from earlier American folk songs. The rhyme likely originated in Britain before 1706 and was later popularized in North


Question: asian restaurant cook food in front of you

Answer: teppanyaki

This is a document about Blood Bros. BBQ
  The barbecue at the establishment has Asian influences.

This is a document about Buddhist cuisine
  paid respect to the strictures of Buddhist precepts. Temples that were open to visitors from the general public might also serve meals to them and a few temples effectively run functioning restaurants on the premises. In Japan, this practice is generally known as shōjin ryōri (精進料理), and served at many temples, especially in Kyoto. A more recent version, more Chinese in style, is prepared by the Ōbaku school of zen, and known as fucha ryōri (普茶料理); this is served at the head temple of Manpuku-ji, as well as various subtemples. In modern times, commercial restaurants have also latched on to the style, catering both to practicing and non-practicing lay people.

This is a document about Cosmo (restaurant)
  The restaurant serves up more 150 dishes from around the world, including China, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Thailand, Mongolia, Singapore, Vietnam, England and India. Examples of dishes include sushi, sweet and sour pork, pizza, salmon fillet in black bean sauce and Chicken Korma.

This is a document about Japan Pavilion at Epcot
 Teppan Edo is a teppanyaki-style restaurant, meaning the food is cooked right in front of you at the table. The restaurant is directly above, and connected to, the Mitsukoshi department store. The decor and theming is intended to reflect the "vivaciousness" of the Edo period. Foods that are cooked on the table are steaks, chicken, shrimps, scallops, and Vegetables. Select sushi rolls, miso soup, edamame, and tempura is offered as an appetizer, and various ice cream flavors, as well as mousses are options for dessert. Kids meal are served in monorail-shaped boxes. ; Tokyo Dining: Originally occupied by two separate restaurants, Tempura Kiku and the Matsu No Ma lounge, Tokyo Dining is now a sushi restaurant. They serve sushi, tempura and some other grilled items (such as steak, grilled chicken and so on). ; Katsura Grill: A counter-service restaurant located on a hill adjacent to the pagoda. ; Kabuki Cafe: Kaki-gori ; Garden House: Sake ; Takumi Tei

This is a document about Shinagawa East One Tower
  There are several izakaya type restaurant establishments in the building.

This is a document about Hot pot
  In Philippine cuisine, hotpot is commonly served by Chinese specialty restaurants, and in some all-you-can-eat buffets. The terms shabu-shabu and "hotpot" are also used interchangeably for this style of food preparation. In Cebu City, a specialty restaurant offers a "hot pot" that is literally a huge ceramic pot filled with cooked rice, choice of beef, pork, or chicken slices, special sauce, and choice vegetables such as broccoli, carrot, shallot, ginger, pechay, kangkong leaves, spices, and some slices of hard-boiled eggs on top; it is more similar to kamameshi than the namesake.

This is a document about Types of restaurants
  Many restaurants specializing in Japanese cuisine offer the teppanyaki grill, which is more accurately based on a type of charcoal stove that is called shichirin in Japan. Diners, often in multiple, unrelated parties, sit around the grill while a chef prepares their food orders in front of them. Often the chef is trained in entertaining the guests with special techniques, including cracking a spinning egg in the air, forming a volcano out of differently-sized onion slices, and flipping grilled shrimp pieces into patrons' mouths, in addition to various props. Also referred to as hibachi.

This is a document about Joy Hing's Roasted Meat
  The style of restaurant is classical Cantonese, specializing in Cantonese roasted meat siu mei and offering a range of products that includes barbecued pork, roasted duck, marinated steamed chicken, crispy roasted pork. Joy Hing earns its fame from its strange preservation of pre-war cooking style, in which barbecued pork is roasted over a pre-war designed oven that creates a deep barbecue flavor. Up to now, chefs at the restaurant still use bare hands to check the temperature of oven, because the pre-war designed oven is not equipped with a thermometer. The old day equipment makes standardization impossible, and all baking relies on the experience of chefs. When asked about the recipes on the roasted meat, the owner Madame Yau once said, "I never learn it scientifically from my ancestors. I grab a big batch of different spices and sauces into it, try it

This is a document about Ryōtei
   A ryōtei (料亭) is a type of traditional Japanese restaurant. Traditionally, ryōtei only accept new customers by referral and feature entertainment by geisha, but in modern times this is not always the case. Ryōtei are typically a place where high-level business or political meetings can take place discreetly. In Kanazawa, ryōtei compete to sell the most extravagant take-home osechi meals during the new year, a practice that is centuries old. In the 1840s, the Japanese government used spies to monitor the activity around ryōtei, due to the high profile and wealth associated with their patrons and the spending clampdown during the time of the

This is a document about Wagamama
   Wagamama (stylised as wagamama) is a British restaurant chain, serving Asian food based on Japanese cuisine.

This is a document about Dim sum
  dim sum as early as five in the morning, while more traditional restaurants typically serve dim sum until mid-afternoon. Dim sum restaurants have a unique serving method where servers offer dishes to customers from steam-heated carts. It is now commonplace for restaurants to serve dim sum at dinner time and sell various dim sum items a la carte for takeout. In addition to traditional dim sum, some chefs also create and prepare new fusion-based dim sum dishes. There are variations designed for visual appeal on social media, such as dumplings and buns made to resemble animals, that also exist.

This is a document about Restaurant
  hotels, bars, and brothels. The larger and more opulent of these establishments offered a dining experience that was similar to modern restaurant culture. According to a Chinese manuscript from 1126, patrons of one such establishment were greeted with a selection of pre-plated demonstration dishes which represented food options. Customers had their orders taken by a team of waiters who would then sing their orders to the kitchen and distribute the dishes in the exact order in which they had been ordered. There is a direct correlation between the growth of the restaurant businesses and institutions of theatrical stage drama, gambling and prostitution which served the

This is a document about English Tea House and Restaurant
  The restaurant offers traditional English cuisine as well as Asian cuisine.

This is a document about Dim sum
   Some Cantonese restaurants serve dim sum as early as five in the morning, while more traditional restaurants typically serve dim sum from mid-morning until mid-afternoon. It is common for restaurants to serve dim sum during dinner as well as for takeout. Dim sum is served using a unique serving method whereby servers offer dishes to customers from carts, including some carts that are steam-heated. Diners often prefer tables nearest the kitchen since servers and carts pass by these tables first. Many restaurants place lazy susans on tables to help diners reach food and tea. The pricing of dishes at these types of restaurants may vary, but traditionally they are classified as "small", "medium", "large", "extra-large", or "special". Servers record orders with a rubber stamp

This is a document about Types of restaurants
  Despite the name, the Mongolian barbecue form of restaurant is not Mongolian, rather is derived from Taiwan and inspired by Japanese teppanyaki. Customers create a bowl from an assortment of ingredients displayed in a buffet fashion. The bowl is then handed to the cook, who stir-fries the food on a large griddle and returns it on a plate or in a bowl to the consumer.

This is a document about Chinese restaurant
   A Chinese restaurant is an establishment that serves a Chinese cuisine. Most of them are in the Cantonese style, due to the history of the Chinese diaspora and adapted to local taste preferences, as in the American Chinese cuisine and Canadian Chinese cuisine. The Chinese restaurants in the Netherlands usually combine Cantonese and Indonesian meals on their menu. Chinese takeouts (United States and Canada) or Chinese takeaways (United Kingdom and Commonwealth) are terms to describe the act of ordering the meal(s) with the intent to eat the food at another location, such as at work or home. It can be found either as a service option of eat-in establishments or as separate establishments.

This is a document about Ramen shop
   A ramen shop is a restaurant that specializes in ramen dishes, the wheat-flour Japanese noodles in broth. In Japan, ramen shops are very common and popular, and are sometimes referred to as ramen-ya (ラーメン屋) or ramen-ten  (ラーメン店). Some ramen shops operate in short order style, while others provide patrons with sit-down service. Over 10,000 ramen shops exist in Japan. In recent times, ramen shops have burgeoned in some cities in the United States, such as Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York City.

This is a document about Cosplay restaurant
  Cosplay restaurants (コスプレ系飲食店) are theme restaurants and pubs that originated in Akihabara, Tokyo, Japan, around the late 1990s and early 2000s. They include maid cafés (メイドカフェ) and butler cafés (執事喫茶), where the service staff dress as elegant maids, or as butlers. The staff treat the customers as masters and mistresses in a private home rather than merely as café customers. Such restaurants and cafés have quickly become a staple of Japanese otaku culture. The popularity of cosplay restaurants and maid cafes has spread to other regions in Japan, such as Osaka's Den Den Town as well as to places outside Japan, such as Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, Mexico, Canada, and the Philippines.

This is a document about Mao (restaurant chain)
  Mao (stylized MAO or Mao At Home) is an Irish-headquartered restaurant chain, serving Asian cuisine: Thai, Chinese, Japanese, Indonesian, Singaporean, Sichuan and Mongolian dishes are all offered.

This is a document about Japanese cuisine
  vegetables (including bean sprouts), cooked in front of the customer on a "teppanyaki grill" (teppan) by a personal chef who turns cooking into performance art, twirling and juggling cutting knives like batons. The meal would be served with steamed rice and Japanese soup. This style of cooking was made popular in the U.S. when Rocky Aoki founded his popular restaurant chain Benihana in 1964. In Japan this type of cooking is thought to be American food, but in the U.S. it is thought to be Japanese. Aoki thought this would go over better in the U.S. than traditional Japanese cuisine because he felt that Americans enjoyed "eating in exotic surroundings, but are deeply mistrustful of exotic foods”.

Yes, there are several Asian restaurants mentioned in the background text that cook food in front of customers. These include Teppanyaki restaurants like Teppan-yaki at Epcot, where food is cooked on a teppan grill right in front of the diners, and Shinagawa East One Tower, which has izakaya type establishments. Additionally, Cosmo restaurant offers a variety of Asian dishes, some of which may be cooked in front of customers depending on the specific menu items.


Question: first english team to play in european cup

Answer: 1968

This is a document about History of Birmingham City F.C. (1875–1965)
  the fans' anthem. The following season the club lost in the FA Cup semi-final for the third time since the war, beaten 2–0 by Manchester United's "Busby Babes". For the inaugural edition of the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, a football tournament set up in 1955 to promote international trade fairs, invitations were extended to host cities rather than to clubs. Aston Villa rejected the opportunity to supply players for a combined team to represent the city of Birmingham, so Birmingham City became the first English club side to play in European competition when they played their first match on 15 May 1956. They were

This is a document about List of Birmingham City F.C. records and statistics
  Invitations to enter the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, a football tournament set up to promote industrial trade fairs, were extended to the city hosting the trade fair rather than to clubs. Some cities entered a select team including players from more than one club, but Aston Villa, the other major club based in the city of Birmingham, rejected the opportunity to field a combined team. Thus Birmingham City became the first English club side to play in European competition when they played their first match in the 1955–58 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup on 15 May 1956. They were also the first English club side to reach a European final, the 1960 Fairs Cup final, in which they met Barcelona. The home leg, a goalless draw, was played on 29 March 1960 and the away leg,

This is a document about UEFA Champions League
  The first edition of the European Cup took place during the 1955–56 season. Sixteen teams participated (some by invitation): AC Milan (Italy), AGF Aarhus (Denmark), Anderlecht (Belgium), Djurgården (Sweden), Gwardia Warszawa (Poland), Hibernian (Scotland), Partizan (Yugoslavia), PSV Eindhoven (Netherlands), Rapid Wien (Austria), Real Madrid (Spain), Rot-Weiss Essen (West Germany), Saarbrücken (Saar), Servette (Switzerland), Sporting CP (Portugal), Stade de Reims (France), and Vörös Lobogó (Hungary). The first European Cup match took place on 4 September 1955, and ended in a 3–3 draw between Sporting CP and Partizan. The first goal in European Cup history was scored by João Baptista Martins of Sporting CP. The inaugural

This is a document about Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. v Budapest Honvéd FC
  the opportunity to prove they were the greatest. Writing in L'Équipe a few days later, Hanot's colleague Jacques de Ryswick wrote a proposal of the format of a tournament to crown such a team. The following year, the first-ever European Cup began, although it was the eventual 1954–55 First Division champions Chelsea rather than Wolverhampton who were invited to represent England. Chelsea withdrew at the behest of the Football League, which feared that midweek European ties would adversely affect attendances in domestic fixtures. Cullis himself said of the prospect of live televised football against continental teams that the "whole future of football in Britain depends on our ability to face the challenge from abroad" and "although I am in a

This is a document about List of Manchester United F.C. seasons
  the club to restructure in 1902, including a change of name to Manchester United F.C. In 1956–57, Manchester United became the first English club to enter European competition, entering the European Cup, following the Football Association's refusal to allow Chelsea to enter the previous year. Eleven years later, in 1968, they became the first English club to win the European Cup, and only the second British side after Celtic had won it the year before. Meanwhile, in 1960–61, Manchester United entered the inaugural Football League Cup, only to decline to enter for the next five years. In 1992–93, they became founder members and inaugural champions of the Premier League, and, in 1998–99, they won an unprecedented Treble of Premier League, FA Cup and UEFA Champions League. This was followed by

This is a document about 2008 UEFA Champions League Final
  first English entrants in the competition the following season. In February 1958, eight Manchester United players were killed in the Munich air disaster, when the aeroplane carrying their team back from a match in Belgrade crashed while attempting to take off from a refuelling stop in Munich. Manager Matt Busby was seriously injured in the crash and almost died as a result, but he rebuilt the team, and in May 1968, Manchester United became the first English winners of the European Cup, beating Benfica 4–1 in the 1968 European Cup Final. Chelsea won their first European trophy three years later, when they beat

This is a document about Hibernian F.C. in European football
  The first officially sanctioned European club tournament, the European Champion Clubs' Cup, was launched in 1955. Conceived by Gabriel Hanot, the editor of L'Équipe, as a competition for winners of the European national football leagues, it is considered the most prestigious European football competition. Hibernian had only finished fifth in the 1954–55 Scottish league, but were one of the 16 sides invited to take part in the tournament's first season. As there was no English representative in the first competition, Hibernian also became the first British club to participate in European club competition. In their first tie, Hibernian defeated Rot-Weiss Essen (West Germany) thanks to a comfortable win in the away leg. Swedish club Djurgardens

This is a document about Munich air disaster
  In April 1955, UEFA established the European Cup, a football competition for the champion clubs of UEFA-affiliated nations, to begin in the 1955–56 season; however, the English league winners, Chelsea, were denied entry by the Football League's secretary, Alan Hardaker, who believed not participating was best for English football. The following season, the English league was won by Manchester United, managed by Matt Busby. The Football League again denied their champions entry, but Busby and his chairman, Harold Hardman, with the help of the Football Association's chairman Stanley Rous, defied the league and United became the first English team to play in Europe. The team – known as the "Busby Babes" for their youth – reached the semi-finals, beaten there by the eventual winners, Real Madrid. Winning the First Division

This is a document about Birmingham City F.C. in European football
  Birmingham City Football Club is an English professional football club based in Birmingham. The club's involvement in European competition dates back to the 1950s. Invitations to enter the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, a football tournament set up to promote industrial trade fairs, were extended to the city hosting the trade fair rather than to clubs. Some cities entered a select team including players from more than one club, but Aston Villa, the other major club based in the city of Birmingham, rejected the opportunity to field a combined team. Thus Birmingham City became the first English club side to play in European competition when they played their first match in the 1955–58 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup on 15 May 1956. They were also the first English club side to reach a European final, the 1960 Fairs Cup final, in which they met Barcelona. The home leg,

This is a document about 1967–68 in English football
  Manchester United became the first English team to win the European Cup when they beat Benfica 4–1 after extra time at Wembley Stadium with goals from Bobby Charlton (2), George Best and Brian Kidd. Manager Matt Busby was knighted that year for his achievements. A double triumph was secured by Leeds United when they won the Inter Cities Fairs Cup by beating Ferencváros 1–0 on aggregate in the final, which was not completed until September 1968.

This is a document about English football clubs in international competitions
  As champions of The Football League in 1954–55, Chelsea were scheduled to become England's representatives in the inaugural European Champions' Cup competition, to be staged the following season. Indeed, they were drawn to face Swedish champions Djurgården in the first round. However, Chelsea were denied by the intervention of the Football League, in particular their secretary Alan Hardaker, who persuaded them to withdraw. Instead, the 1955–56 league champions, Manchester United, became the first English club to compete in the new competition. They faced R.S.C. Anderlecht in the preliminary round, winning the first leg 2–0 away from home. Dennis Viollet scored the opening goal,

This is a document about English football clubs in international competitions
  English football clubs have entered European association football competitions (UEFA Champions League/European Cup, UEFA Europa League/UEFA Cup, UEFA Europa Conference League and the now defunct UEFA Intertoto Cup, Inter-Cities Fairs Cup and UEFA Cup Winners' Cup) since 1955, when Birmingham City and a London XI took part in the inaugural Inter-Cities Fairs Cup. English clubs have also taken part in the FIFA Club World Cup on four occasions and the Intercontinental Cup on six occasions. The European Cup began in 1955–56, but there was no English representative during that inaugural season as reigning champions Chelsea had been persuaded to withdraw by The Football League. The first English side to participate in the following edition was Manchester United, who were also the first English winners in 1968, ten years after their second entry into the cup had effectively ended when eight of

This is a document about List of Scottish football clubs in the FA Cup
  The Football Association Challenge Cup, commonly known as the FA Cup, is a knockout competition in English association football. It is the oldest football competition in the world, having commenced in 1871. The Cup is organised by The Football Association, the governing body of the sport in England, and is open only to clubs playing in FA-affiliated leagues in the modern era, all of which are based in England, although a number of Welsh clubs have taken part. Several teams from Scotland have also entered, primarily in the competition's early years. The first Scottish club to enter was Queen's Park in Glasgow, who accepted an invitation to

This is a document about History of Derby County F.C. (1967–present)
  European debut proved to be a memorable one. When the European Cup was launched in 1955, Derby had been in the Third Division and now stood as English football's sole representatives in Europe's premiere club competition. Derby's first ever European match came with a home tie against Yugoslavia's Željezničar Sarajevo, which they won 2–0 with goals from Roy McFarland and Archie Gemmil. After a 2–1 win in Yugoslavia saw Derby proceed through to the second round 4–1 on aggregate, the club found itself drawn again Eusébio's Benfica, one of European football's leading lights. In one of the greatest nights in the club's history, Derby swept

This is a document about Manchester United F.C. in European football
  Manchester United Football Club is an English football club based in Old Trafford, Greater Manchester. They were the first English club to enter European competition, entering the European Cup in 1956. Since then, the club has competed in every UEFA-organised competition, with the exception of the now-defunct Intertoto Cup. The competition in which the club has had the most success is the European Cup (now known as the UEFA Champions League); they have won three European Cups, the first of which came in 1968; this win made them the first English club to win the European Cup. The other two victories

This is a document about 1956–57 in English football
  League champions Manchester United became the first English side to enter the European Cup, now in its second season. They began on a high note by eliminating Belgian champions Anderlecht, confirming qualification for the first knockout round by beating the Belgian side 10-0 in the preliminary round second leg at Maine Road. They reached the semi-finals, narrowly being beaten by defending European champions Real Madrid of Spain, who went on to retain the trophy.

This is a document about List of FA Amateur Cup finals
  The first tournament featured amateur teams from throughout England and was won by Old Carthusians, the team for former pupils of Charterhouse School, who defeated Casuals. The Carthusians had won England's premier national competition, the FA Cup, in 1881, and thus became the first team to win both cups. The only other club to achieve this feat was Wimbledon, who won the Amateur Cup in 1963 and the FA Cup in 1988. With the exception of a second win for Carthusians and a victory for Old Malvernians, the competition's first decade was dominated by teams from the north-east of the country, including Middlesbrough, Bishop Auckland and Stockton, who each won the

This is a document about List of England international footballers (4–9 caps)
  The England national football team represents the country of England in international association football. It is fielded by The Football Association, the governing body of football in England, and competes as a member of the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA), which encompasses the countries of Europe. England competed in the first official international football match on 30 November 1872, a 0–0 draw with Scotland at Hamilton Crescent. England have competed in numerous competitions, and all players who have played between four and nine matches, either as a member of the starting eleven or as a substitute, are listed below. Each player's details include his usual playing position while with the team, the number of caps earned and goals scored in all international matches, and details of the first and most recent matches played in. The names are initially ordered by number of caps (in descending order), then by date of debut, then by alphabetical order. All statistics are correct up to 15 November 2021.

This is a document about List of England international footballers with one cap
  The England national football team represents the country of England in international association football. It is fielded by The Football Association, the governing body of football in England, and competes as a member of the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA), which encompasses the countries of Europe. England competed in the first official international football match on 30 November 1872, a 0–0 draw with Scotland at Hamilton Crescent. England have competed in numerous competitions, and all players who have played in only one match, either as a member of the starting eleven or as a substitute, are listed below. Each player's details include his usual playing position while with the team, the number of caps earned and goals scored in all international matches, and details of the first and most recent matches played in. The names are initially ordered by date of debut, and then by alphabetical order. All statistics are correct up to and including the match played on 15 November 2021.

This is a document about List of England international footballers (2–3 caps)
  The England national football team represents the country of England in international association football. It is fielded by The Football Association, the governing body of football in England, and competes as a member of the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA), which encompasses the countries of Europe. England competed in the first ever official international football match on 30 November 1872, a 0–0 draw with Scotland at Hamilton Crescent. England have competed in numerous competitions, and all players who have played in two or three matches, either as a member of the starting eleven or as a substitute, are listed below. Each player's details include his usual playing position while with the team, the number of caps earned and goals scored in all international matches, and details of the first and most recent matches played in. The names are initially ordered by number of caps (in descending order), then by date of debut, and then if necessary by alphabetical order. All statistics are correct up to and including the match played on 15 November 2021.

Birmingham City was the first English team to play in the European Cup, in the 1955–56 European Cup Fairs Cup.


Question: who plays pepper potts in iron man 1

Answer: Gwyneth Paltrow

This is a document about Characters of the Marvel Cinematic Universe
  Virginia "Pepper" Potts (portrayed by Gwyneth Paltrow) is the wife of Tony Stark and the mother of Morgan Stark. She is based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name created by Stan Lee, Robert Bernstein and Don Heck. She is initially the assistant to Tony Stark, later in the franchise being instated as CEO of Stark Industries. She is friends with fellow supporting characters in the Iron Man series James Rhodes and Happy Hogan. Potts and Starks relationship is initially professional in Iron Man, but develops romantically throughout the series and they are engaged by the time of Avengers: Infinity War. The two are married and have a child during the events of Avengers Endgame, where she is also later widowed. , the character has appeared in seven films: Iron Man, Iron Man 2, The Avengers, Iron Man 3, Spider-Man: Homecoming (cameo), Avengers: Infinity War, and Avengers: Endgame; as well as the Disney+ animated series What If...?, voiced by Beth Hoyt.

This is a document about Pepper Potts
  Virginia "Pepper" Potts is a fictional supporting character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, particularly those featuring Iron Man, in which she serves as a supporting character and sometimes a romantic interest of Tony Stark. Created by writers Stan Lee and Robert Bernstein and designed by artist Don Heck, she first appeared in Tales of Suspense #45 (Sept. 1963). In 2007, she joined the Fifty State Initiative under the code name Hera. In 2009, she assumed the identity of Rescue after being given her own variation of a suit of Iron Man's armor by Tony Stark. The character has appeared in various media adaptations, including video games, animated series, and live-action films. Gwyneth Paltrow portrays Pepper Potts in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Iron Man (2008), Iron Man 2 (2010), The Avengers (2012), Iron Man 3 (2013), Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and Avengers: Endgame (2019). Beth Hoyt voices an alternate version of the character in the animated Disney+ series What If...? (2021).

This is a document about Pepper Potts
 An English version of Pepper Potts appears in The Invincible Iron Man, voiced by Elisa Gabrielli. ; Pepper Potts appears in Iron Man: Rise of Technovore, voiced by Hiroe Oka in the Japanese version and Kate Higgins in the English dub. In the film, she takes vacation time on an island mansion that Tony Stark gifted her following a past blunder. However, she is forced back to work when Iron Man begins investigating mysterious technology that ruined the launch of his satellite and wounded War Machine.

This is a document about Captain America: Civil War
  point...we'll be done with the movie in two and a half months." They also stated that the film would be doing "a few reshoots" in mid-to-late January. In February, Freeman's character was revealed to be Everett K. Ross, and Gwyneth Paltrow was reported to have joined the film for the January reshoots, reprising her role as Pepper Potts; however, in April 2016, it was revealed that Paltrow does not appear in the film, with Anthony Russo explaining that Paltrow's contract with Marvel had ended after Iron Man 3, and "we decided early on that we could make Pepper's break-up [with Tony Stark] have an emotional impact without

This is a document about Nothing Personal (Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.)
  The episode features the first mention of Man-Thing in the MCU, though his comic wife Ellen Brandt appeared in Iron Man 3 portrayed by Stéphanie Szostak. The mention comes from Hill, who Smulders previously portrayed in The Avengers and Captain America: The Winter Soldier, as she has a phone conversation with Pepper Potts, who is portrayed in the films by Gwyneth Paltrow.

This is a document about Gwyneth Paltrow
   Paltrow saw a resurgence in her career in 2008, when she was cast in Iron Man as Pepper Potts, Tony Stark's personal assistant, closest friend, and budding love interest. First hesitant to appear in a big-budget project, Paltrow asked Marvel to send her any comics they would consider relevant to her understanding of the character, whom she considered to be very smart, levelheaded, and grounded. She said she liked "the fact that there's a sexuality that's not blatant." The director Jon Favreau wanted Potts and Stark's relationship to be reminiscent of a 1940s screwball comedy, something which Paltrow considered to be fun in an "innocent yet sexy"

This is a document about Pepper Potts
 Pepper Potts appears in the Invincible Iron Man segments of The Marvel Super Heroes, voiced by Margaret Griffin. A teenage version of Pepper Potts appears in Iron Man: Armored Adventures, voiced by Anna Cummer. This incarnation's full name is Patricia "Pepper" Potts and is initially unaware of Iron Man's secret identity until she learns it after he saves her life. Later in the series, she eventually learns to use Iron Man's stealth armor,   and is given her own armor to become Rescue. ; Pepper Potts appears in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes, voiced by Dawn Olivieri. ; Pepper Potts makes several cameos in Marvel Anime: Iron Man, voiced by Hiroe Oka in the Japanese version and by Cindy Robinson in the English dub. ; Pepper Potts appears in the Lego Marvel Super Heroes: Maximum Overload mini-series, voiced by Grey DeLisle. ; Pepper Potts appears in Marvel Disk Wars: The Avengers, voiced by Fumie Mizusawa in the Japanese version.

This is a document about Iron Man 3
 Robert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark / Iron Man: Gwyneth Paltrow as Virginia "Pepper" Potts: Don Cheadle as James "Rhodey" Rhodes / Iron Patriot: Guy Pearce as Aldrich Killian: Rebecca Hall as Maya Hansen: Ty Simpkins as Harley Keener: Stéphanie Szostak as Ellen Brandt: James Badge Dale as Eric Savin: Jon Favreau as Harold "Happy" Hogan: Ben Kingsley as Trevor Slattery: An Avenger and a self-described genius, billionaire, playboy, and philanthropist with mechanical suits of armor of his own invention. Stark now struggles to come to terms with his near-death experience in The Avengers, suffering from anxiety attacks. On making a

This is a document about Iron Man (2008 film)
 Robert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark / Iron Man: Terrence Howard as James "Rhodey" Rhodes: Jeff Bridges as Obadiah Stane: Shaun Toub as Ho Yinsen: Stark's fellow captive, who grafts an electromagnet to Stark's chest "to keep the shrapnel shell shards that wounded him from reaching his heart and killing him" and helps Stark build the first Iron Man suit. ; Gwyneth Paltrow as Virginia "Pepper" Potts: An industrialist, genius inventor, and consummate playboy, he is CEO of Stark Industries and chief weapons manufacturer for the U.S. military. Director Jon Favreau felt that Downey's past made him an appropriate choice for the part and that the actor could

This is a document about Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One
  Mexico, before moving to Cleveland, Ohio in August, and New York City in September. The premiere was held on April 11, 2012 at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles, California, and the film was released in the United States on May 4. Gwyneth Paltrow, who portrayed Pepper Potts in Iron Man and Iron Man 2, was included in the film at Downey's insistence. Prior to this, Whedon had not intended the film to include supporting characters from the heroes' individual films, commenting, "You need to separate the characters from their support systems in order to create the isolation you need for a team." The supervillain Thanos appears in a mid-credits scene, portrayed by Damion Poitier.

This is a document about Pepper Potts
  by archive recordings of Gwyneth Paltrow. ; Pepper Potts appears in Marvel Avengers Academy. She is initially depicted as Nick Fury's assistant. On March 20, 2016, her Rescue form was made obtainable for a limited time. ; Rescue appears as a playable character in Marvel Puzzle Quest. ; Rescue appears as a playable character in Marvel Strike Force ; Rescue appears as a playable character in Marvel: Future Fight. ; Pepper Potts plays a supporting role in Iron Man VR, in which she is voiced by Jennifer Hale. She is Tony Stark's former assistant who was recently promoted to Stark Industries' CEO. Early on in the game, Pepper is hospitalized after Ghost's initial attack on Tony, but later recovers and assists him as Rescue.

This is a document about Iron Man 2
 Robert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark / Iron Man: Gwyneth Paltrow as Virginia "Pepper" Potts: Don Cheadle as James "Rhodey" Rhodes / War Machine: Scarlett Johansson as Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow: Sam Rockwell as Justin Hammer: Mickey Rourke as Ivan Vanko / Whiplash: Samuel L. Jackson as Nick Fury: A billionaire who escaped captivity in Afghanistan with a suit of armor he created, he now struggles to keep his technology out of the government's hands. Downey and Favreau, who had been handed a script and worked from it on the first movie, conceived part of the film's story themselves. On Stark being a hero, Downey said, "It's

This is a document about Production of Avengers: Infinity War and Avengers: Endgame
  Florence Kasumba as Ayo. Sebastian Stan also appears as Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier from the Captain America films, along with Tom Hiddleston as Loki and Idris Elba as Heimdall from the Thor and Avengers films; Iron Man supporting actress Gwyneth Paltrow as Pepper Potts; Benicio del Toro as Taneleer Tivan / The Collector from Guardians of the Galaxy; William Hurt as Thaddeus Ross, who first appeared in The Incredible Hulk; and Kerry Condon as the voice of Iron Man's A.I. assistant F.R.I.D.A.Y. Samuel L. Jackson and Cobie Smulders make uncredited cameos in the post-credits scene as Nick Fury and

This is a document about Rosanne Sorrentino
 Annie (1982) as Pepper

This is a document about The Avengers (2012 film)
  as opposed to somebody who is a negative. . . I tried to make him as honest to the story and as honest to what real-life would seem." Jackson compared the character to Ordell Robbie in Jackie Brown, calling him "a nice guy to hang out with. You just don't want to cross him". Jackson earned $4–6 million for the film. Gwyneth Paltrow and Maximiliano Hernández reprise their roles from previous MCU films as Pepper Potts and Jasper Sitwell, respectively. Paul Bettany returns to voice J.A.R.V.I.S. Frequent Whedon collaborator Alexis Denisof portrays "the Other", and Damion Poitier portrays his

This is a document about The Bob Cummings Show
  Ann B. Davis's character, Schultzy, was the inspiration for the comic-book character Pepper Potts, a supporting character in the Iron Man comics. Potts first appeared in Tales of Suspense #45 (September 1963), and was depicted with brown hair in a style resembling Schultzy's. Eventually, the editorial team decided that the resemblance was too great, and in Tales of Suspense #50, her appearance was altered to give her red hair and a different style.

This is a document about Pepper Potts
 The character is introduced in Iron Man as Tony Stark's personal assistant and friend. After Stark returns from overseas, Potts is allowed to see his Iron Man suits, becoming one of the first people to learn about his double life. She is also introduced to James Rhodes, Happy Hogan, and S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Phil Coulson. Potts plays an important role in the film's climax, where she helps Stark defeat Obadiah Stane. ; In Iron Man 2, Potts is promoted as the new CEO of Stark Industries. She introduces Natasha Romanoff under the guise of "Natalie Rushman", to Stark and Happy, who at first she does not

This is a document about Pepper Potts
  she watches the battle in New York from a television on a plane, and afterwards, helps Stark remodel the Tower to turn it into the Avengers' headquarters. ; In Iron Man 3, Potts meets an old acquaintance, Aldrich Killian who arrived at Stark Industries to ask her if Stark wanted to join A.I.M., but she declined the offer. While at Stark's Malibu mansion, she saves Maya Hansen using Stark's Mark XLII armor after airstrikes hit the building from the Mandarin's associates. She and Hansen find refuge in a nearby hotel, but are captured by Killian. Potts is injected with Extremis and is held hostage.

This is a document about Pepper Potts
  when Princess Shuri of Wakanda approaches Potts and reveals that Killmonger killed Stark, Rhodes, and T'Challa to spark a war between Wakanda and the United States. Shuri then invites Potts to help her expose the truth and prevent the conflict from escalating further. Potts returns in the first season finale, "What If... the Watcher Broke His Oath?", where she helps Shuri and the Dora Milaje storm Killmonger's palace to capture him, only to find him gone, as Killmonger has been secretly recruited by the Watcher to help save the Multiverse. Gwyneth Paltrow portrays Pepper Potts in live-action media set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.

This is a document about Iron Man VR
  Stark Industries, would stop manufacturing weapons, and revealed himself as the superhero Iron Man. The events of the game take place five years after Stark first became Iron Man. By this point, he has established himself as a world-renowned hero. Stark is aided in his endeavors by the recently appointed Stark Industries CEO Virginia "Pepper" Potts (Jennifer Hale), and his sentient A.I. assistant F.R.I.D.A.Y. (Leila Birch). The game features another A.I. called "the Gunsmith" (also voiced by Keaton), which was made in Stark's image and used to assist him in designing weapons before he became Iron Man. Throughout the game, Iron

Gwyneth Paltrow plays Pepper Potts in Iron Man 1.