Question: where is clostridium tetani found in the body

Answer: gastrointestinal tract

This is a document about Clostridium tetani
  Clostridium tetani is a common soil bacterium and the causative agent of tetanus. Vegetative cells of C. tetani are usually rod-shaped and up to 2.5 μm long, but they become enlarged and tennis racket- or drumstick-shaped when forming spores. C. tetani spores are extremely hardy and can be found globally in soil or in the gastrointestinal tract of animals. If inoculated into a wound, C. tetani can grow and produce a potent toxin, tetanospasmin, which interferes with motor neurons, causing tetanus. The toxin's action can be prevented with tetanus toxoid vaccines, which are often administered to children worldwide.

This is a document about Clostridium tetani
   Clostridium tetani is a rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacterium, typically up to 0.5 μm wide and 2.5 μm long. It is motile by way of various flagella that surround its body. C. tetani cannot grow in the presence of oxygen. It grows best at temperatures ranging from 33 to 37°C. Upon exposure to various conditions, C. tetani can shed its flagella and form a spore. Each cell can form a single spore, generally at one end of the cell, giving the cell a distinctive drumstick shape. C. tetani spores are extremely hardy and are resistant to heat, various antiseptics, and boiling for several minutes. The spores are long-lived and are distributed worldwide in soils as well as in the intestines of various livestock and companion animals.

This is a document about Clostridium tetani
  Clostridium tetani is classified within the genus Clostridium, a broad group of over 150 species of Gram-positive bacteria. C. tetani falls within a cluster of nearly 100 species that are more closely related to each other than they are to any other genus. This cluster includes other pathogenic Clostridium species such as C. botulinum and C. perfringens. The closest relative to C. tetani is C. cochlearium. Other Clostridium species can be divided into a number of genetically related groups, many of which are more closely related to members of other genera than they are to C. tetani. Examples of this include the human pathogen C. difficile, which is more closely related to members of genus Peptostreptococcus than to C. tetani.

This is a document about Tetanus
   Tetanus is caused by the tetanus bacterium Clostridium tetani. Tetanus is an international health problem, as C. tetani endospores are ubiquitous. Endospores can be introduced into the body through a puncture wound (penetrating trauma). Due to C. tetani being an anaerobic bacterium, it and its endospores thrive in environments that lack oxygen, such as a puncture wound. With the changes in oxygen levels, the drum stick-shaped endospore can result in quick spread. The disease occurs almost exclusively in persons inadequately immunized. It is more common in hot, damp climates with soil rich in organic matter. Manure-treated soils may contain spores, as they are widely distributed in the intestines and feces of

This is a document about Clostridium enterotoxin
  Clostridium enterotoxins are toxins produced by Clostridium species. Clostridial species are one of the major causes of food poisoning/gastrointestinal illnesses. They are anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming rods that occur naturally in the soil. Among the family are: Clostridium botulinum, which produces one of the most potent toxins in existence; Clostridium tetani, causative agent of tetanus; and Clostridium perfringens, commonly found in wound infections and diarrhea cases. The use of toxins to damage the host is a method deployed by many bacterial pathogens. The major virulence factor of C. perfringens is the CPE enterotoxin, which is secreted upon invasion of the host gut, and contributes to food poisoning and other gastrointestinal illnesses. It has a molecular weight

This is a document about Microbial toxin
  Clostridium tetani produces tetanus toxin (TeNT protein), which leads to a fatal condition known as tetanus in many vertebrates (including humans) and invertebrates.

This is a document about Clostridium tetani
  Clostridium tetani can be grown on various anaerobic growth media such as thioglycolate media, casein hydrolysate media, and blood agar. Cultures grow particularly well on media at a neutral to alkaline pH, supplemented with reducing agents. The genome of a C. tetani strain has been sequenced, containing 2.80 million base pairs with 2,373 protein coding genes.

This is a document about Clostridium tetani
  Clostridium tetani is susceptible to a number of antibiotics, including chloramphenicol, clindamycin, erythromycin, penicillin G, and tetracycline. However, the usefulness of treating C. tetani infections with antibiotics remains unclear. Instead, tetanus is often treated with tetanus immune globulin to bind up circulating tetanospasmin. Additionally, benzodiazepines or muscle relaxants may be given to reduce the effects of the muscle spasms. Damage from C. tetani infection is generally prevented by administration of a tetanus vaccine consisting of tetanospasmin inactivated by formaldehyde, called tetanus toxoid. This is made commercially by growing large quantities of C. tetani in fermenters, then purifying the toxin and inactivating in 40% formaldehyde for 4-6 weeks. The toxoid is generally coadministered with diphtheria toxoid and some form of pertussis vaccine as DPT vaccine or DTaP. This is given in several doses spaced out over months or years to elicit an immune response that protects the host from the effects of the toxin.

This is a document about Clostridium tetani
  While C. tetani is frequently benign in the soil or in the intestinal tracts of animals, it can sometimes cause the severe disease tetanus. Disease generally begins with spores entering the body through a wound. In deep wounds, such as those from a puncture or contaminated needle injection the combination of tissue death and limited exposure to surface air can result in a very low-oxygen environment, allowing C. tetani spores to germinate and grow. As C. tetani grows at the wound site, it releases the toxins tetanolysin and tetanospasmin as cells lyse. The function of tetanolysin is unclear, although it may help C. tetani to establish infection within a wound. Tetanospasmin ("tetanus toxin") is one of the most potent toxins known, with an estimated lethal dose less than 2.5 nanograms per kilogram of body weight, and is responsible for

This is a document about Renshaw cell
  Renshaw cells are also the target of the toxin of Clostridium tetani, a Gram positive, spore-forming anaerobic bacterium that lives in the soil, and causes tetanus. When wounds are contaminated with C. tetani, the toxin travels to the spinal cord where it inhibits the release of glycine, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, from Renshaw cells. As a result, alpha motor neurons become hyperactive, and muscles constantly contract. Strychnine poison also specifically acts on these cell's ability to control alpha motor neuron firing by binding to the glycine receptors on the alpha motor neuron and thus muscles continually contract and may prove fatal if the diaphragm is involved.

This is a document about Clostridium
 Clostridium botulinum can produce botulinum toxin in food or wounds and can cause botulism. This same toxin is known as Botox and is used in cosmetic surgery to paralyze facial muscles to reduce the signs of aging; it also has numerous other therapeutic uses. ; Clostridium perfringens causes a wide range of symptoms, from food poisoning to cellulitis, fasciitis, necrotic enteritis and gas gangrene. ; Clostridium tetani causes tetanus. ; Clostridium sordellii (now Paeniclostridium) can cause a fatal infection in exceptionally rare cases after medical abortions. Clostridium grows in anaerobic conditions; Bacillus grows in aerobic conditions. ; Clostridium forms bottle-shaped

This is a document about Tetanus
  Tetanus, also known as lockjaw, is a bacterial infection characterized by muscle spasms. In the most common type, the spasms begin in the jaw and then progress to the rest of the body. Each spasm usually lasts a few minutes. Spasms occur frequently for three to four weeks. Some spasms may be severe enough to fracture bones. Other symptoms of tetanus may include fever, sweating, headache, trouble swallowing, high blood pressure, and a fast heart rate. Onset of symptoms is typically three to twenty-one days following infection. Recovery may take months. About ten percent of cases prove to be fatal. Tetanus is caused by an infection with the bacterium Clostridium tetani, which is commonly found in soil, saliva,

This is a document about Clostridium
  Clostridium is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria. This genus includes several significant human pathogens, including the causative agents of botulism and tetanus. The genus formerly included an important cause of diarrhea, Clostridioides difficile, which was reclassified into the Clostridiodies genus in 2016. They are obligate anaerobes capable of producing endospores. The normal, reproducing cells of Clostridium, called the vegetative form, are rod-shaped, which gives them their name, from the Greek κλωστήρ or spindle. Clostridium endospores have a distinct bowling pin or bottle shape, distinguishing them from other bacterial endospores, which are usually ovoid in shape. Clostridium species inhabit soils and the intestinal tract of animals, including humans. Clostridium is a normal inhabitant of the healthy lower reproductive tract of females. The genus, as traditionally defined, contains

This is a document about Gas gangrene
  Clostridium species produce more toxins and exhibit higher degrees of virulence than any other bacterial taxon. Clostridium infections are usually opportunistic, and occur in individuals with serious preexisting medical conditions. However, Clostridium infections are also known to occur in healthy individuals. Four species of Clostridium (Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani, and Clostridium sordelli) are responsible for most human infections. Since Clostridium is an obligate anaerobe taxon, the bacterium infects hypoxic tissues, which had become anaerobic due to restricted blood flow, degradation of blood vessels, or atherosclerosis. Immunocompromised individuals exhibit higher susceptibility for infection and higher mortality rates.

This is a document about Clostridium cadaveris
  Clostridium cadaveris normally colonizes in the gastrointestinal tract. Microbiota (gut flora) contain between 400 and 800 bacterial species and are usually classified in two divisions: Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes; Clostridium cadaveris are Firmicutes. Species diversity of human microbiota is unique and microbiota display unequal distribution in the digestive tract. Smaller populations are found in the small intestines, whereas populations one hundredfold are found in the ileum, colon, and rectum. Imbalance of the ratio between Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes levels are connected to obesity, Crohn's disease, and other health complications. Antibiotic treatment can also alter the balance of microbiota causing pathogenic bacterial growth.

This is a document about List of common misconceptions
  Rust does not cause tetanus infection. The Clostridium tetani bacterium is generally found in dirty environments. Since the same conditions that harbor tetanus bacteria also promote rusting of metal, many people associate rust with tetanus. C. tetani requires anoxic conditions to reproduce and these are found in the permeable layers of rust that form on oxygen-absorbing, unprotected ironwork. ; Quarantine has never been a standard procedure for those with severe combined immunodeficiency, despite the condition's popular nickname ("bubble boy syndrome") and its portrayal in films. A bone marrow transplant in the earliest months of life is the standard course of treatment. The exceptional case of David

This is a document about Endospore
  The position of the endospore differs among bacterial species and is useful in identification. The main types within the cell are terminal, subterminal, and centrally placed endospores. Terminal endospores are seen at the poles of cells, whereas central endospores are more or less in the middle. Subterminal endospores are those between these two extremes, usually seen far enough towards the poles but close enough to the center so as not to be considered either terminal or central. Lateral endospores are seen occasionally. Examples of bacteria having terminal endospores include Clostridium tetani, the pathogen that causes the disease tetanus. Bacteria having a centrally placed endospore include Bacillus cereus. Sometimes the endospore can be so large the cell can be distended around the endospore. This is typical of Clostridium tetani.

This is a document about Arthur Nicolaier
  As an assistant to Carl Flügge in Göttingen, Nicolaier discovered Clostridium tetani, the bacterium that causes tetanus, in 1884. He was the first to use hexamethylentetramin (Urotropin) for treating urinary infections.

This is a document about Tetanolysin
  Tetanolysin is a toxin produced by Clostridium tetani bacteria. Its function is unknown, but it is believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of tetanus. The other C. tetani toxin, tetanospasmin, is more definitively linked to tetanus. It is sensitive to oxygen. Tetanolysin belongs to a family of protein toxins known as thiol-activated cytolysins, which bind to cholesterol. It is related to streptolysin O and the θ-toxin of Clostridium perfringens. Cytolysins form pores in the cytoplasmic membrane that allows for the passage of ions and other molecules into the cell. The molecular weight of tetanolysin is around 55,000 daltons.

This is a document about Beef cattle vaccination in Australia
  Caused by the bacteria Clostridium. There are 6 species of the clostridia disease, they include; Malignant oedema (C. septicum), Tetanus (C. tetani), Blackleg (C. chauvoei), Black disease (C. novyi), Enterotoxaemia/Pulpy kidney (C. perfringens type D) and Botulism (C. botulinum). Young cattle are at a higher risk than adults to these diseases due to marking, castration and dehorning procedures allowing the clostridial diseases to invade. Tetanus results in the production of a toxin that invades through deep puncture wounds affecting the nervous system, causing stimulation and contraction of skeletal muscles. This leads to 'tetanic' convulsions and eventually respiratory failure. Malignant Oedema

Clostridium tetani is found in the body when it enters through a puncture wound, such as an injury caused by a tetanus bacterium. Once inside the body, it can produce a potent neurotoxin called tetanospasmin, which interferes with motor neurons and can cause tetanus, a condition characterized by muscle stiffness and spasms.


Question: who made the song you got me going in circles

Answer: The Friends of Distinction

This is a document about Going in Circles
  "Going in Circles" is a song written by Jerry Peters and Anita Poree, and originally performed by The Friends of Distinction on their 1969 album Grazin', reaching number 15 on the U.S. Hot 100, and number three on the R&B chart. The song has since been covered numerous times by other artists, including Isaac Hayes and Luther Vandross. In addition, the song's co-composer, Jerry Peters released his own version of the tune on his 1972 solo album Blueprint for Discovery. The Friends of Distinction's original version is an R.I.A.A. Certified Million-Seller.

This is a document about Stop Draggin' My Heart Around
  "Stop Draggin' My Heart Around" is a song recorded by Stevie Nicks and Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers and released as the first single from Nicks' debut solo album Bella Donna (1981). The track is the album's only song that was neither written nor co-written by Nicks. Written by Tom Petty and Mike Campbell as a Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers song, Jimmy Iovine, who was also working for Stevie Nicks at the time, arranged for her to sing on it. Petty sang with Nicks in the chorus and bridge, while his entire band (save Ron Blair, whose bass track was played by Donald "Duck" Dunn instead) played on the song. A performance of the song in the studio was used as the promotional video. The video was the 25th video to be played on MTV's launch date on August 1, 1981. Petty and Nicks also

This is a document about Will It Go Round in Circles
  "Will It Go Round in Circles" is a song by American soul musician Billy Preston from his 1972 album Music Is My Life. It was written by Preston and Bruce Fisher. Released as a single in March 1973, the song topped the Billboard Hot 100 and sold over a million copies. The song was the first of two number one hits for Preston as a solo performer, the other being "Nothing from Nothing", although he is also credited on the Beatles' 1969 hit "Get Back".

This is a document about 1973 in music
  Kristofferson • "Wildflower" – Skylark • "Will It Go Round in Circles" – Billy Preston • "Wonderful Dream (Tu Te Reconnaîtras)" – Anne-Marie David (Eurovision winner) • "Won't Somebody Dance With Me" – Lynsey de Paul • "The World Is a Ghetto" – War • "Yesterday Once More" – The Carpenters  (#2 US) • "You Are the Sunshine of My Life" – Stevie Wonder • "You're Gettin' a Little Too Smart" – The Detroit Emeralds • "You're So Vain" – Carly Simon  (#1 US) • "Young Love" – Donny Osmond • "Your Mama Don't Dance" – Kenny Loggins & Jim Messina

This is a document about Circles (The Who song)
  "Circles" (also released as "Circles (Instant Party)", "Instant Party (Circles)" and "Instant Party") is a song by the Who. The song, initially planned to be a Who single, saw a complicated release history. There are versions produced by the Who and by Shel Talmy.

This is a document about Holding You Down (Goin' in Circles)
  "Holding You Down (Goin' In Circles)" is a song by American singer Jazmine Sullivan. It was written by Sullivan, Cainon Lamb, and Missy Elliott for her second album, Love Me Back (2010), while production was helmed by Elliott, with Lamb credited as co-producer. The song was released as the album's leads single in July 2010. It reached number 60 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance at the 53rd Annual Grammy Awards.

This is a document about Stop Draggin' My Heart Around
  In a November 2003 interview with Songfacts, Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers guitarist and primary songwriter Mike Campbell explained the song's origins: ""Stop Draggin' My Heart Around" was a song that I had written the music and Tom had written the words. The Heartbreakers had recorded a version of it with Jimmy Iovine, and Jimmy being the entrepreneur that he was, he was working with Stevie, and I guess he asked Tom if she could try it, and it just developed from there. We cut the track as a Heartbreakers record and when she decided to do it we used that track and she came in and sang over it. It became a duet. It's basically all the Heartbreakers on that record." The lyrics

This is a document about 1985 in music
  Waterboys • "Working Class Man" – Jimmy Barnes • "Would I Lie To You?" – Eurythmics • "Wrap Her Up" – Elton John • "You Belong to the City" – Glenn Frey • "You Give Good Love" – Whitney Houston • "You Make Me Want to Make You Mine" – Juice Newton • "You Spin Me Round (Like a Record)" – Dead or Alive • "Your Personal Touch" – Evelyn "Champagne" King • "You're My Heart, You're My Soul" – Modern Talking • "You're Only Human (Second Wind)" – Billy Joel • "You're the Inspiration" – Chicago (released in 1984)

This is a document about You Really Got Me
  "said it all" for him. The Kinks' use of distorted guitar riffs continued with songs like "All Day and All of the Night", "Tired of Waiting for You", and "Set Me Free", among others. Pete Townshend of the Who, a band also produced by Talmy at that time, has stated that their first single, "I Can't Explain", was influenced by the Kinks' work at the time. Other artists influenced by "You Really Got Me" include Tom Petty, John Lydon, Joe Jackson, Chris Bell of Big Star, and Jimi Hendrix, who, according to Dave Davies, described the song as "a landmark record".

This is a document about The Wedding Singer
  Lizards ; 7) "You Spin Me Round (Like a Record)", performed by Dead or Alive ; 8) "Just Can't Get Enough", performed by Depeche Mode ; 9) "Love Stinks", performed by The J. Geils Band ; 10) "You Make My Dreams", performed by Hall & Oates ; 11) "Holiday", performed by Madonna ; 12) "Grow Old With You", written by Adam Sandler and Tim Herlihy, performed by Adam Sandler "Der Kommissar", performed by After the Fire ; "99 Luftballons", performed by Nena ; "Till There Was You", written by Meredith Willson, performed by Ellen Dow ; "Don't Stop Believin'" (originally performed by Journey) ; "Boys Don't

This is a document about Dancing in Circles
  "Dancin' in Circles" is a song recorded by American country music group Love and Theft. Co-written by band member Stephen Barker Liles with Robert Ellis Orrall and Roger Springer, it was released in December 2009 as the second single from the band's debut album World Wide Open. The song is the final single to include founding member Brian Bandas, who left the band in January 2011.

This is a document about I Get Around
  The song was originally credited to Brian Wilson alone until Love v. Wilson, a 1994 lawsuit by Mike Love which amended the song's copyright to include him as a co-writer. In an interview with Goldmine, published September 18, 1992, Love insisted that he and not Wilson "came up with 'round round get around'". Rolling Stone writer Anthony DeCurtis referenced the song as an example of Wilson's ability to "be very complex and have every single thing you do have an emotional impact, and have the listener not even be aware of it—just hear it the first time and get it. That's hard."

This is a document about Stop Messin' Round
  "Stop Messin' Round" is a song first recorded by English blues rock group Fleetwood Mac in 1968. It was written by the group's principal guitarist and singer Peter Green, with an additional credit for manager C.G. Adams. The song is an upbeat 12-bar blues shuffle and is representative of the group's early repertoire of conventional electric blues. The lyrics deal with the common blues theme of the unfaithful lover and share elements with earlier songs. "Stop Messin' Round" was first released in mid-1968 as the B-side of "Need Your Love So Bad", which appeared on the UK singles chart. A different take of the song was later used as the opening track on Fleetwood Mac's second UK and US albums. Music writers have viewed the song favourably, with Green's guitar work singled out as a highlight. Other artists, such as Gary Moore and Aerosmith, have recorded renditions for their blues-inspired albums.

This is a document about You Spin Me Round (Like a Record)
  Dead or Alive's vocalist Pete Burns stated in his autobiography that he composed "You Spin Me Round" by using two existing songs as inspiration for creating something new: "How did I write "Spin Me"? I listened to Luther Vandross's 'I Wanted Your Love'. It's not the same chord structure, but then that's the way I make music – I hear something and I sing another tune over it. I didn't sit and study the Luther Vandross album – I heard the song and it locked. [...] I'm trying to structure the music and I know what I want. [...] It's like do this, do this, do this

This is a document about Billy Preston
  William Everett Preston (September 2, 1946 – June 6, 2006) was an American musician, whose work encompassed R&B, rock, soul, funk, and gospel. Preston was a top session keyboardist in the 1960s, during which he backed artists such as Little Richard, Sam Cooke, Ray Charles, the Everly Brothers, Reverend James Cleveland, the Beatles and the Rolling Stones. He gained attention as a solo artist with hit singles such as "That's the Way God Planned It", the Grammy-winning "Outa-Space", "Will It Go Round in Circles", "Space Race", "Nothing from Nothing", and "With You I'm Born Again". Additionally, Preston co-wrote "You Are

This is a document about You're Driving Me Crazy
  bra and causing her to squeal. Later in the song, Betty was joined on stage by a line of mechanical dancing penguins who stomped out the beat in accompaniment to her singing. "You're Driving Me Crazy" has become a standard that has been recorded by over 100 artists. The artists who have recorded the song include Billie Holiday, Chet Baker, Frank Sinatra, Ella Fitzgerald, Louis Armstrong, Sarah Vaughan, Mel Tormé, Della Reese, Betty Carter, Django Reinhardt, Peggy Lee, and Lester Young. A version by The Temperance Seven made number one in the UK Singles chart in 1961. The song has also been performed in the movies including:

This is a document about Don't Be Messin' 'Round
  "Don't Be Messin' 'Round" is a song by American recording artist Michael Jackson. The song was originally recorded in 1986 during initial recording sessions for Jackson's seventh studio album, Bad, but was never finished and was left off the album. Jackson reportedly revisited the track for his eighth and ninth studio albums, but it was again abandoned from both. In May 2012, it was announced that Jackson's original 1986 demo for "Don't Be Messin' 'Round" was to be included on a re-release of the original first single from Bad, "I Just Can't Stop Loving You". This release marked the beginning of the promotional campaign for Bad 25, a twenty-fifth anniversary re-release of the Bad album.

This is a document about Stuck in the Middle with You
  "Stuck in the Middle with You" (sometimes known as "Stuck in the Middle") is a song written by Scottish musicians Gerry Rafferty and Joe Egan and originally performed by their band Stealers Wheel. The band performed the song on the BBC's Top of the Pops in May 1973, and the song charted at No. 8 in the UK Singles Chart. It also became an international hit, reaching No. 6 in the US Billboard Hot 100.

This is a document about There Goes Rhymin' Simon
  There Goes Rhymin' Simon is the third solo studio album by American musician Paul Simon released on May 5, 1973. It contains songs covering several styles and genres, such as gospel ("Loves Me Like a Rock") and Dixieland ("Take Me to the Mardi Gras"). It received two nominations at the Grammy Awards of 1974, which were for Best Pop Vocal Performance, Male and Album of the Year. As foreshadowed by the lead single "Kodachrome" (which reached No. 2 on the Billboard charts, behind Billy Preston's "Will It Go Round in Circles"), There Goes Rhymin' Simon was a bigger hit than its predecessor, reaching No. 2 on the Billboard 200 chart (behind George Harrison's Living in the Material World), and

This is a document about Circles (Atlantic Starr song)
  "Circles" is a song by the American band Atlantic Starr, and the first single released from their 1982 album Brilliance. The single was the most successful for the group thus far, peaking at number two for two weeks on the Soul Singles chart and it also became their first single to hit the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number 38. "Circles" was also Atlantic Starr's most successful single on the dance charts, peaking at number nine. In 1992, Nigerian singer Saffron recorded her version, which featured a remix by Frankie Knuckles, which charted at #60 in the UK. In 1998, Kimara Lovelace went to number one on the dance play charts with her version of the song, becoming the most successful single of her career.

The song "You Got Me Going in Circles" was originally recorded by The Friends of Distinction in 1969. It was written by Jerry Peters and Anita Poree.


Question: who plays the joker in the lego batman movie

Answer: Zach Galifianakis

This is a document about List of The Lego Movie characters
  Joker (voiced by Zach Galifianakis in The Lego Batman Movie, André Sogliuzzo in Lego Dimensions) is the "Clown Prince of Crime". He wants to make Batman admit that he is his greatest enemy.

This is a document about Joker in other media
  ; Mark Hamill reprises his role as the Joker in the 2016 animated film adaptation of the Eisner Award-winning graphic novel Batman: The Killing Joke, which is the first DC animated film to be rated R. ; Jeff Bergman voices the Joker in Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) and its sequel Batman vs. Two-Face (2017). ; The Joker appears in The Lego Batman Movie (2017), voiced by Zach Galifianakis. He ditches all his fellow Gotham criminals, except Harley who's helping him, and gathers an army of villains from the Phantom Zone to destroy Gotham City, while trying to goad Batman into admitting the Joker is his "greatest enemy".

This is a document about Joker (character)
  by John DiMaggio in 2010's Batman: Under the Red Hood and 2020's Batman: Death in the Family, and by Michael Emerson in 2012's two-parter The Dark Knight Returns. The television series Gotham (2014–2019) explores the mythology of the Joker through twin brothers Jerome and Jeremiah Valeska, played by Cameron Monaghan. Jared Leto portrays the Joker in the DC Extended Universe, beginning with Suicide Squad (2016); Leto reprised the role in Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021). Zach Galifianakis voiced the character in The Lego Batman Movie (2017). The 2019 film Joker focuses on the origins of the Joker as portrayed by Joaquin Phoenix. Although the film was controversial

This is a document about The Lego Batman Movie
  the title character as he attempts to overcome his greatest fear to stop the Joker's latest plan. The film features Will Arnett reprising his role as Batman from The Lego Movie alongside Zach Galifianakis, Michael Cera, Rosario Dawson, and Ralph Fiennes. The Lego Batman Movie had its world premiere in Dublin, Ireland on January 29, 2017, and was released in the United States on February 10, 2017. The film was released in 3D, RealD 3D, Dolby Cinema, IMAX, IMAX 3D and 4DX. The film received generally positive reviews from critics for its animation, voice acting, soundtrack, visual style, and humor, and was also commercially successful, having grossed $312 million worldwide against a budget of $80 million. A sequel, Lego Superfriends, was announced in 2018, but was cancelled after Universal Pictures acquired the Lego franchise rights.

This is a document about The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part
  who is the king of Atlantis and is also a Master Builder. Momoa reprises his role from the DC Extended Universe. ; Margot Rubin as: ; Harley Quinn, a Gotham City criminal, girlfriend to The Joker and Master Builder. She was previously voiced by Jenny Slate in The Lego Batman Movie. ; Susan, a mini-doll, and one of Queen Watevra Wa-Nabi's servants. ; Mermaid, an inhabitant of Apocalypseburg. ; Wonder Woman mini-doll, an inhabitant of Harmony Town. ; Panda, a panda-masked inhabitant of Apocalypseburg. ; Ike Barinholtz as Lex Luthor, a DC Comics villain, Master Builder and arch-enemy of Superman.

This is a document about The Lego Batman Movie
  could defend itself without Batman. She eventually comes to trust Batman and becomes Batgirl. ; Ralph Fiennes as Alfred Pennyworth: The Wayne family's butler, and Bruce's parent figure and only confidant. Fiennes later reprised his role in The Lego Movie 2. Jenny Slate as Harley Quinn, The Joker's girlfriend and accomplice. ; Héctor Elizondo as James Gordon, the retired police commissioner of Gotham and Barbara's father. ; Ellie Kemper as Phyllis, the gatekeeper of the Phantom Zone. ; Mariah Carey as Mayor McCaskill, the mayor of Gotham. ; Lauren White as Chief O'Hara, the police chief of Gotham. ; Todd Hansen and Chris McKay respectively as Captain Dale

This is a document about Joker in other media
  Brianiac to return to normal proportions. The Joker and Luthor are last seen shaking in fear as Brainiac prepares to get his revenge on them. ; The Joker is a playable character in Lego Dimensions (2015), voiced again by Smith. In the story mode, he is a member of Lord Vortech's army of villains that face off against the three main heroes (Batman, Wyldstyle, and Gandalf) in Springfield from The Simpsons. The Lego Batman Movie version of the Joker also appears in the story campaign based on the film, voiced by Dave Wittenberg. ; The Joker is a main character in Lego DC Super-Villains (2018), voiced by Mark Hamill. He and Harley Quinn are

This is a document about Joker in other media
  Batman Unlimited: Monster Mayhem (2015) and Batman Unlimited: Mechs vs. Mutants (2016), both part of the Batman Unlimited franchise. ; The Joker appears in Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League – Attack of the Legion of Doom, voiced again by John DiMaggio. In the film, he contends to be a member of the Legion of Doom, alongside the Cheetah, the Penguin, Man-Bat, Captain Cold, Gorilla Grodd, Deathstroke, and Giganta. As a meta joke, Mark Hamill, the longtime voice of the Joker, also contributes voices, but as Sinestro and the Trickster. ; The Joker appears in Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League – Gotham City Breakout (2016), voiced by Jason

This is a document about Lego Batman
  The Lego Batman character appears in The Lego Movie voiced by Will Arnett.

This is a document about Mark Hamill
  it as his best performance of the character. Hamill reprised the Joker for the animated series Justice League Action. He also reprised the Trickster for the series, as well as voicing Swamp Thing. In the animated short "Missing the Mark", Hamill voices a fictionalized version of himself, who appears alongside all three of his other characters. Hamill once again voiced Joker in Lego DC Super-Villains, replacing voice actor Christopher Corey Smith. Hamill has been nominated for two Annie Awards for his portrayal of the character, for an Interactive Achievement Award, for a Spike Video Game Award, and has won a British Academy Video Game Award for Best Performer.

This is a document about The Lego Batman Movie (Lego theme)
  On 10 February 2017, The Lego Batman Movie was released by Warner Bros. Pictures. The storyline follows the DC Comics character Batman, voiced by Will Arnett, who attempts to overcome his greatest fear to stop the Joker's latest plan. To promote the film, The Lego Group released a collection of Lego construction sets and a set of collectible Lego minifigures, which were based on the characters and locations in the film. A range of other merchandise and media was produced as part of the marketing programme, including a number of books published by DK Publishing, Scholastic, Ameet and Blue Ocean. With more than 21 books, the robust movie tie-in program encompasses storybooks,

This is a document about List of The Lego Movie characters
  Alfred Pennyworth (voiced by Ralph Fiennes in The Lego Batman Movie, The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part and Lego Dimensions) is Bruce Wayne / Batman's butler and wants to help him face his fear of a part of a family again. In the short Emmet's Holiday Party, Alfred serves eggnog to Batman. Alfred also appears in The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part, helping Batman protect the citizens of Bricksburg as a Master Builder.

This is a document about The Lego Batman Movie
  Pilot Bill, the two pilots of the airplane hijacked by the Joker at the beginning of the film. ; Brent Musburger, Ralph Garman, and Chris Hardwick make cameo appearances as three unnamed reporters, while ; Mark Jonathan Davis as a fictionalized version of himself (his character Richard Cheese also appears through the use of archival recordings). Green Lantern by Jonah Hill (also reprising his role from The Lego Movie), and the Flash by Adam DeVine. ; Channing Tatum as Superman( reprising his role from "The Lego Movie" and would return for its sequel)   Several actors voice the various villains from Batman's rogues gallery, including Billy Dee Williams as

This is a document about Lex Luthor in other media
  Lex Luthor appears in Lego Batman: The Movie - DC Super Heroes Unite, with Clancy Brown reprising his role.

This is a document about Joker in other media
 The Joker appears in Lego Batman: The Videogame (2008), with his vocal effects provided by Steven Blum. He leads a group of villains—Harley Quinn, Scarecrow, Mad Hatter, and Killer Moth—to spread his toxin in Gotham City. The Joker is playable in several levels of the villain storyline, and can be unlocked as a playable character in the "Free Play" mode as well. ; The Joker returns in Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes (2012), voiced by Christopher Corey Smith. He leads a new group of villains to rob the attendees of an award show, but is defeated by Batman and Robin and subsequently sent to Arkham Asylum. Lex Luthor later breaks the Joker out using

This is a document about List of The Lego Movie characters
  Harley Quinn (voiced by Jenny Slate in The Lego Batman Movie, Margot Rubin in The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part, Tara Strong in Lego Dimensions) is Joker's girlfriend and she is madly in love with him. She helps him when he has a plan. She appears in The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part where she is listed as a Master Builder. Her appearance is similar to the depiction of Harley Quinn that is seen in Suicide Squad. When Emmet is looking for help to rescue his friends from General Sweet Mayhem, Harley Quinn stated that any plans to rescue them from the aliens would be a "suicide mission."

This is a document about Harvey Dent (1989 film series character)
  Billy Dee Williams voices Two-Face in the 2017 animated film, The Lego Batman Movie, as a nod to his role as Harvey Dent in the 1989 Batman film.

This is a document about The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part
  he and the Man of Steel have somehow become best friends after being brain-washed by the Queen. ; Ralph Fiennes as Alfred Pennyworth, a DC Comics character and Master Builder who is Batman's loyal Butler. ; Will Forte as Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States and a Master Builder. Forte previously voiced Lincoln in The Lego Movie. ; Bruce Willis as himself, a Lego caricature of the actor who appears in several scenes, including a running joke alluding to his character John McClane from Die Hard. ; Ben Schwartz as Banarnar, a sentient banana peel who is

This is a document about The Lego Batman Movie
 Will Arnett as Bruce Wayne / Batman: A billionaire by day and superhero by night, who defends Gotham City from crime. Arnett also voiced the character in The Lego Movie and later reprised his role in its sequel. ; Zach Galifianakis as Joker: A clown-themed villain in Gotham City and Batman's archenemy, who defines himself by his conflict with him. ; Michael Cera as Dick Grayson / Robin: An orphan who is adopted by Bruce Wayne, and becomes a sidekick to Batman. ; Rosario Dawson as Barbara Gordon / Batgirl: The newly-elected police commissioner of Gotham, who hopes to restructure the Gotham City Police Department so that the

This is a document about The Lego Movie
 Chris Pratt as Emmet Brickowski, an everyman and construction worker from Bricksburg who is initially mistaken for the Special. ; Will Ferrell as Lord Business, an evil businessman and tyrant of Bricksburg and the Lego Universe who is the company president of the Octan Corporation under the name President Business. ; Ferrell also plays "The Man Upstairs", a Lego collector and Finn's father in the live-action part of the film. ; Elizabeth Banks as Lucy / Wyldstyle, a "tough as nails" and tech-savvy fighter who is one of the Master Builders. ; Will Arnett as Bruce Wayne / Batman, a DC Comics character who is a Master Builder, as well as

Zach Galifianakis voices the Joker in "The Lego Batman Movie."


Question: who was the scarecrow in wizard of oz

Answer: Raymond Wallace Bolger

This is a document about List of Oz characters (created by Baum)
  The Scarecrow first appears in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, when he joins Dorothy to go to the Wizard in search of brains. When the Wizard leaves Oz, he makes the Scarecrow ruler, a position he holds until the middle of the second book. Later, he moves to a corn-shaped house in the Winkie Country. The Scarecrow appears in many of the later books, including The Scarecrow of Oz (where he is the title character) and The Royal Book of Oz (where he researches his ancestry). He was played by Ray Bolger in the 1939 movie. That actor also played the Scarecrow's Kansan counterpart, Hunk, who was one of Aunt Em and Uncle Henry's three farmworkers.

This is a document about List of The Lego Movie characters
  Scarecrow is a main character from The Wizard of Oz who dreams of having a brain. In the film, Emmet and Rex encounter him, Dorothy, Tin Man, and Cowardly Lion in Harmony Town. He was in The LEGO Movie 2 minifigure series. He was also a character in Lego Dimensions (not in his Lego Movie 2 version, but in his original version) who was kidnapped by Lord Vortech. Before being kidnapped he was mistaken by Batman for the DC Comics character of the same name.

This is a document about Scarecrow (Oz)
  The Scarecrow is a character in the fictional Land of Oz created by American author L. Frank Baum and illustrator W.W. Denslow. In his first appearance, the Scarecrow reveals that he lacks a brain and desires above all else to have one. In reality, he is only two days old and merely naïve. Throughout the course of the novel, he proves to have the brains he seeks and is later recognized as "the wisest man in all of Oz," although he continues to credit the Wizard for them. He is, however, wise enough to know his own limitations and all too happy to hand the rulership of Oz, passed to him by the Wizard, to Princess Ozma, and become one of her trusted advisors, though he typically spends more time having fun than advising.

This is a document about Scarecrow (Oz)
  to be the rightful ruler of Oz, having been exiled to Kansas as a baby. In the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, the Scarecrow was played by Ray Bolger in what is arguably the actor's most famous role. He was originally cast as the Tin Woodsman, but Bolger had always wanted to play the Scarecrow, he was so upset about it since he wanted to switch roles with Buddy Ebsen, who was originally going to play the Scarecrow. Ebsen didn't mind the swap, so Bolger and Ebsen swapped roles. While Ray was pleased with his role as the Scarecrow, the

This is a document about Scarecrow (Oz)
  Oz. ; The Scarecrow appears in the 2012 film Dorothy and the Witches of Oz played by Ari Zigaris. He appears on Earth in the form of a man named Allen Denslow who works as the illustrator of Dorothy Gale's books. ; The Scarecrow appeared in the animated film Legends of Oz: Dorothy's Return (which is based on Dorothy of Oz), voiced by Dan Aykroyd. ; Scarecrow appears in The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part. Alongside Dorothy and the rest of her friends, Scarecrow is somehow transported from the Land of Oz to Harmony Town in the Systar System.

This is a document about Scarecrow (Oz)
  a wagon. Unlike Zeke, Hickory and Hunk lose their hats with Uncle Henry as they struggle to open the cellar when the tornado approaches their farm. He closes and locks the cellar with Zeke when Dorothy arrives at the farmhouse. Hunk reunites with Dorothy when she awakens from being unconscious. He is seen with Aunt Em, Uncle Henry, Zeke, Hickory, and Professor Marvel (The Wizard's alter ego). ; In the animated film Journey Back to Oz (produced in 1964 but not released until the 1970s), the Scarecrow was voiced by Mickey Rooney. ; Justin Case, an English bicycle acrobat, appeared briefly

This is a document about List of Wicked characters
  The Scarecrow is one of Dorothy's companions along the Yellow Brick Road. This character has a more substantial role in Son of a Witch than the Tin Man or the Cowardly Lion. He searches out Liir after having seen the Wizard to warn him that Dirt Boulevard, the slum he is living in, is about to be 'cleaned up' by the authorities, and helps him escape from the purge. He brings Elphaba's broom to Liir, which Palace officials were going to throw out. Before he and Liir part ways, he tells Liir that he is not planning to remain in the Emerald City, explaining: "One day you're a celebrity, the next day you're hauled off to jail." The Scarecrow that later appears at Glinda's induction into the Order of the Right, is, according to Liir, "an obvious impostor." This impostor has an "unfortunate accident involving a beaker of lighter fluid", which leads to Shell becoming the Emperor Apostle.

This is a document about Scarecrow (Oz)
 The Scarecrow has appeared in nearly every early Oz film, portrayed by different actors each time, including Frank Burns in The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays (1908); Robert Z. Leonard in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1910); Herbert Glennon in The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1914); Frank Moore in His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz (1914); and Donald Henderson in The Land of Oz (1932). ; In the 1925 film, Wizard of Oz, the Scarecrow and the Tin Man were actually human farmhands, who were blown to Oz by the tornado along with Dorothy. Dorothy, in another major departure from the novel, turns

This is a document about Scarecrow (Oz)
  the preface that it was a "modernized" fairy tale as well. Those who interpret The Wonderful Wizard of Oz as a political allegory often see the Scarecrow, a central figure, as a reflection of the popular image of the American farmer— although he has been persuaded that he is only a stupid hick, he possesses common sense, logic and a quick-wit that needs only to be reinforced by self-confidence. The blackface minstrel star, Fred Stone, was the first to play the Scarecrow on stage, and he brought his minstrel style of performance to the role of the Scarecrow. Baum was delighted with Stone's performance, and he wrote subsequent Oz books with Stone's minstrel-style in mind.

This is a document about The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1910 film)
  The credits to the film list Hobart Bosworth, Eugenie Besserer, Robert Leonard, Bebe Daniels, Winifred Greenwood, Lillian Leighton and Olive Cox as the performers, and Otis Turner as director. The cast list does not indicate which characters each credited actor portrayed. In his book Oz Before the Rainbow: L. Frank Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz  Stage and Screen to 1939, Oz scholar Mark Evan Swartz concludes that Daniels, who was eight or nine years old at the time of filming, played Dorothy, and that Bosworth and Leonard likely played the Scarecrow and Tin Woodman, respectively. He takes no position on the rest of the cast assignments. Michael Patrick Hearn has found ample evidence that both Turner and Daniels were

This is a document about Wizard of Oz (character)
 The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays (1908): Sam 'Smiling' Jones ; The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1910): Hobart Bosworth ; The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1914): Todd Wright ; His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz (1914): J. Charles Haydon ; Wizard of Oz (1925): Charles Murray The Wizard has appeared in nearly every silent Oz film, portrayed by different actors each time.

This is a document about The Scarecrow of Oz
  The Scarecrow of Oz is the ninth book set in the Land of Oz written by L. Frank Baum. Published on July 16, 1915, it was Baum's personal favorite of the Oz books and tells of Cap'n Bill and Trot journeying to Oz and, with the help of the Scarecrow, overthrowing the cruel King Krewl of Jinxland. Cap'n Bill and Trot (Mayre Griffiths) had previously appeared in two other novels by Baum, The Sea Fairies and Sky Island.

This is a document about The Marvelous Land of Oz
  the Scarecrow, Gil Lamb as the Tin Woodman, and Mel Blanc as the voice of the Saw-Horse. Although the adaptation was faithful overall, much of the plot had to be sacrificed to fit the story into a one-hour time slot, and Dr. Nikidik was added to the storyline and refashioned into a lord (played by Jonathan Winters). The Wizard of Oz screenwriter Noel Langley registered an unproduced script with the U.S. Copyright Office which framed the story as the dream of an orphaned girl named "Tippie". A new stage production of The Marvelous Land of Oz was mounted in Minneapolis in 1981, with music composed by Richard Dworsky, a book by

This is a document about His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz
  Oz (1900), the Scarecrow's barge-pole gets stuck in the river bed and leaves him stranded, until he is rescued by a bird. At one point in this sequence, the Scarecrow slides down the pole into the river, resulting a brief "underwater" sequence featuring puppet fish and a mermaid; throughout, the Scarecrow makes asides to the camera, mostly without intertitles. (At another point, the frozen Gloria even makes a malevolent stare directly into the camera.) The party encounters the Wizard (J. Charles Haydon), who tricks Mombi by letting the group hide in the Red Wagon, pulled by the sawhorse; when Mombi attempts to follow them,

This is a document about List of recurring characters in The Suite Life on Deck
  The Wizard of Oz, Moose is portrayed as the Scarecrow and when the group comes to a crossroad, Zack, a flying monkey servant to the Wicked Witch of the West and Woody, the Cowardly Lion (although he thinks he is Chewbacca from Star Wars) outnumber Cody, the Tin Man, on where they should go. Cody tells the group that Bailey hasn't made up her mind and, like in "Mulch to Do About Nothing", convinces Bailey to follow her heart. Bailey wakes up from the dream and tells Moose that he is a great guy, but her heart still belongs to Cody.

This is a document about List of Oz characters (created by Baum)
  King Krewl is an evil dictator who appears in The Scarecrow of Oz. He previously ruled over Jinxland in the Quadling Country before being deposed. In the 1914 film His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz, he was played by Raymond Russell. In the 1925 film The Wizard of Oz, he was played by Josef Swickard.

This is a document about Scarecrow
  Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz, by Ray Bolger in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, by Justin Case in the 1985 film Return to Oz, and by Michael Jackson in the 1978 musical film adaptation The Wiz. Worzel Gummidge, a scarecrow who came to life in a friendly form, first appeared in series of novels by Barbara Euphan Todd in the 1930s and later in a popular television adaptation. The Scarecrow is the alter ego of the Reverend Doctor Christopher Syn, the smuggler hero in a series of novels written by Russell Thorndike. The story was made into the movie Doctor Syn in 1937, and again in 1962 as Captain Clegg. It was taken up

This is a document about Buddy Ebsen
  Ebsen turned down Louis B. Mayer's offer of an exclusive MGM contract, and Mayer warned him that he would never work in Hollywood again. Nonetheless, MGM cast him as the Scarecrow in its 1939 film The Wizard of Oz. Ebsen then swapped roles with actor Ray Bolger, who was originally cast as the Tin Man. Bolger wanted to play the Scarecrow, and Ebsen did not object to the change. Ebsen had recorded all of his songs as the Tin Man, attended all the rehearsals, and begun filming. However, he soon began experiencing body aches, muscle cramps, and shortness of breath, eventually leading to a lengthy hospitalization. Doctors

This is a document about My Way Home (Scrubs)
 Mr. Fleming is the first patient mentioned; Victor Fleming directed the original movie. ; One patient is Mr. Baum; the book "The Wizard of Oz" was written by L. Frank Baum. ; Another patient is Mr. Langley. Noel Langley wrote the screenplay for the movie. ; The potential heart donor's name is Ray Bolger, which is based on the actor with the same name who played the Scarecrow in The Wizard of Oz. ; The psychologist who killed himself was Dr. Burke; Billie Burke played Glinda. Dr. Cox's nickname for J.D. is "Dorothy" ; J.D. listening to the song Africa

This is a document about Scarecrow (Oz)
  to create a time-travel spell. Before she can remove Scarecrow's brain, Dorothy and Toto arrived where they managed to get away from Zelena. With help from Hades who enchanted a bicycle that was found at the remains of Dorothy's house, Zelena was able to locate where Dorothy and Scarecrow are hiding. After magically freezing Dorothy, Zelena successfully removed Scarecrow's brain and was about to show it to Hades only to find that he is not there. ; Scarecrow appears in Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz, voiced by Bill Fagerbakke. ; Scarecrow appears in Lost In Oz, voiced by Stephen Stanton.

The Scarecrow is a character in L. Frank Baum's "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz" and its subsequent adaptations. He is a straw man who desires a brain and is initially believed to be stupid. The Scarecrow is voiced by Dan Aykroyd in the 1939 film "The Wizard of Oz," and he is played by Ray Bolger in the same role. In the 2012 film "The Lego Movie," the Scarecrow is voiced by Ramin Djawadi. In the 2017


Question: nilgiri himalayan and arabian are species of which animal

Answer: Asian artiodactyl ungulates

This is a document about Nilgiri Mountains
  The Nilgiri hills are one of the most biodiverse places in the Western Ghats. Native fauna includes over 100 species of mammals, 370 species of birds, 80 species of reptiles, about 39 species of fish, 31 amphibians and 316 species of butterflies. It is home to mammals like the Bengal tiger, Indian elephant, Indian leopard, chital deer, gaur, sambar deer, dhole, golden jackal, Indian boar, Nilgiri tahr, Indian spotted chevrotain, black buck, Asian palm civet, sloth bear, four-horned antelope, Nilgiri marten, Indian crested porcupine, Malabar giant squirrel, honey badger, Indian grey mongoose, Indian pangolin, Indian fox, smooth coated otter, and painted bat. The Indian python, king cobra, common krait, Indian cobra, Malabar pit viper, Nilgiri keelback, Oriental garden lizard and Eryx whitakeri are reptiles found here. Primates such as the lion tailed macaque, Nilgiri langur, gray langur and bonnet macaque. The birds found here are Indian peacock, Nilgiri laughing thrush, Nilgiri flycatcher, grey junglefowl, Malabar pied hornbill, Malabar parakeet, great hornbill, Nilgiri wood pigeon, Indian vulture, black-hooded oriole, grey-headed bulbul and Malabar grey hornbill. Amphibians on the list are the purple frog, Silent valley brush frog, Malabar gliding frog, Beddomixalus and many more.

This is a document about Nilgiri tahr
  The Nilgiri tahr (Nilgiritragus hylocrius) is an ungulate that is endemic to the Nilgiri Hills and the southern portion of the Western and Eastern Ghats in the states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala in southern India. It is the state animal of Tamil Nadu. Despite its local name, it is more closely related to the sheep of the genus Ovis than the ibex and wild goats of the genus Capra.

This is a document about Nilgiri tahr
  Its closest relatives are sheep (genus Ovis). Until 2005, it was placed with the Himalayan tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus) and the Arabian tahr (Arabitragus jayakari) in the genus Hemitragus. However, it has recently been transferred to a new genus Nilgiritragus because it is genetically more similar to members of the genus Ovis, than to other tahrs.

This is a document about Nilgiri pipit
  The Nilgiri pipit (Anthus nilghiriensis) is a distinctive species of pipit that is endemic to the high altitude hills of southern India. Richer brown in colour than other pipits in the region, it is distinctive in having the streaking on the breast continuing along the flanks. It is non-migratory and has a tendency to fly into low trees when disturbed and is closely related to the tree pipits Anthus hodgsoni and Anthus trivialis.

This is a document about Arabian leopard
  The Arabian leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) is a leopard subspecies native to the Arabian Peninsula. It has been listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List since 1996 as fewer than 200 wild individuals were estimated to be alive in 2006. The population is severely fragmented. Subpopulations are isolated and not larger than 50 mature individuals. The population is thought to decline continuously. The Arabian leopard is the smallest leopard subspecies. It was tentatively affirmed as a distinct subspecies by genetic analysis of a single wild leopard from South Arabia, which appeared most closely related to the African leopard.

This is a document about Wildlife of India
  Nilgiri tahr, as well as the kiang and Indian wild ass can be found. Wild sheep include blue sheep and argali. Gaur, wild water buffalo, wild yak, zebu, and gayal are also found. Small mammals include Indian boar, pygmy hog, Nilgiri marten, palm civet, red panda, binturong, and hog badger. Reptiles include king cobra, Indian cobra, bamboo pit viper, Sri Lankan green vine snake, Indian rock python, Burmese python, reticulated python, mugger crocodile, gharial, saltwater crocodile and Indian golden gecko. Birds include Indian peacock, great Indian hornbill, great Indian bustard, ruddy shelduck, Himalayan monal, Himalayan quail, painted stork, greater and lesser flamingo, and Eurasian spoonbill.

This is a document about Arabian tahr
  The Arabian tahr (Arabitragus jayakari) is a species of tahr native to eastern Arabia. Until recently, it was placed in the genus Hemitragus, but genetic evidence supports its removal to a separate monotypic genus. The Arabian tahr is the smallest species of tahr. The animal is of stocky build with backward-arching horns in both sexes. Males are much more robust than females. Their coats consist of a long, reddish-brown hair, with a dark stripe running down the back. Males possess the most impressive manes which extend right down the back and grow longer, based on the age. In the oldest males the muzzle darkens to black and the eye stripes also darken. As with most mountain goats and sheep, they have rubber-like hooves to provide balance and traction on the steep, rocky slopes.

This is a document about Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve
  Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve and adjacent areas host the largest Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) population in India, estimated at about 5,750 individuals by 2007. Herds move in 562 – large home ranges and congregate at perennial watersources during the dry season. Fauna includes over 100 species of mammals, 370 species of birds, 80 species of reptiles, about 39 species of fish, 31 amphibians and 316 species of butterflies. It is home to mammals like the Bengal tiger, Indian leopard, chital deer, gaur, sambar deer, dhole, golden jackal, Indian boar, Nilgiri tahr, Indian spotted chevrotain, black buck, Asian palm civet, sloth bear, four-horned antelope, Nilgiri marten, Indian crested porcupine, Malabar giant squirrel, honey badger, Indian grey mongoose, Indian pangolin, Indian fox, smooth coated otter, and painted bat. Primates such as the lion tailed macaque, Nilgiri langur, gray langur and bonnet macaque. The birds found here are Indian peacock, Nilgiri flycatcher, grey junglefowl, Malabar pied hornbill, Malabar parakeet, great hornbill, Nilgiri wood pigeon, Indian vulture, black-hooded oriole, grey-headed bulbul and Malabar grey hornbill. Amphibians are purple frog, Silent valley brush frog, Malabar gliding frog, Beddomixalus.

This is a document about Nilgiri langur
  The Nilgiri langur (Semnopithecus johnii) is a langur (a type of Old World monkey) found in the Nilgiri Hills of the Western Ghats in South India. Its range also includes Kodagu in Karnataka, Kodayar Hills in Tamil Nadu, and many other hilly areas in Kerala and Tamil Nadu. This primate has glossy black fur on its body and golden brown fur on its head. It is similar in size and long-tailed like the gray langurs. Females have a white patch of fur on the inner thigh. It typically lives in troops of nine to ten monkeys. Its diet consists of fruits, shoots and leaves. The species is classified as vulnerable due to habitat destruction and poaching for its fur and flesh, the latter believed to have aphrodisiac properties.

This is a document about Nilgiri sheep
  Nilgiri sheep is a breed of sheep found only in Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu State in India. It is bred in the hilly parts of Nilgiri and known for its fine wool. A national plan has been implemented to save the Nilgiri sheep from extinction by the National Bureau of Animal Genetic Conservation.

This is a document about Karian Shola National Park
  and Palni Hills. The flora of Karian Shola National Park includes a number of plants valued for their use in traditional medicine. The Anamalai hills are an important area for the conservation of the endemic Nilgiri tahr (Nilgiritragus hylocrius), and is home to about 560 to 680 species of animal. This is an important area for the Asian elephant, and among the numerous mammals are various deer, wild boar, tiger, leopard and smaller carnivores. There are several primates, sloth bears, mongooses, otters, squirrels, rats, hares, shrews, porcupines and pangolins. Besides these there are numerous species of bird, reptile and amphibian as well as butterflies, moths, beetles, mantises, ants, termites and spiders.

This is a document about Nilgiris district
  1500 metres' elevation, the evergreen forests begin to give way to stunted forests, locally called sholas, which are interspersed with open grassland The high grasslands are home to the endangered Nilgiri tahr, which resembles a stocky goat with curved horns. The Nilgiri tahrs are found only in the montane grasslands of the Southwestern Ghats, and number barely 2000 individuals. Three national parks protect portions of the Nilgiris. Mudumalai National Park lies in the northern part of the range where Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu meet, and covers an area of 321 km2. Mukurthi National Park lies in the southwest of the range, in Kerala, and covers an area of 78.5 km2, which includes intact shola-grassland mosaic, a habitat for the Nilgiri tahr.

This is a document about List of endangered mammals
  Species • Arabian tahr • Banteng • Wild water buffalo • Lowland anoa • Mountain anoa • West Caucasian tur • Walia ibex • Jentink's duiker • Abbott's duiker • Rhim gazelle • Speke's gazelle • Nile lechwe • Nilgiri tahr • Przewalski's gazelle • Mountain nyala Subspecies • Lelwel hartebeest • Swayne's hartebeest • Rwenzori red duiker • Western klipspringer • Dwarf blue sheep • Western mountain reedbuck • Saiga tatarica mongolica

This is a document about Eravikulam National Park
  Twenty six species of mammals have been recorded in the park including the largest surviving population of Nilgiri tahr, estimated at 750 individuals. The other ungulates are lion-tailed macaques, gaur, Indian muntjac and sambar deer. Golden jackal, jungle cat, wild dog, dhole, leopard and tiger are the main predators. Some little-known animals such as Nilgiri langur, stripe-necked mongoose, Indian porcupine, Nilgiri marten, small clawed otter, ruddy mongoose, and dusky palm squirrel are also found. Elephants make seasonal visits. 132 species of birds have been recorded which include endemics like black-and-orange flycatcher, Nilgiri pipit, Nilgiri wood pigeon, white bellied shortwing, Nilgiri flycatcher and Kerala laughingthrush. Endemic butterflies confined to the shola-grass land ecosystem like the red disk bushbrown and Palni fourring are among the 101 species in the park. Other montane species include Colias nilagiriensis, and the endemic Telinga davisoni. 19 species of amphibians have been recorded in the park.

This is a document about Nilgiri tahr
  The Nilgiri tahr is a stocky goat with short, coarse fur and a bristly mane. Males are larger than females and of darker colour when mature. Both sexes have curved horns, reaching up to 40 cm for males and 30 cm for females. Adult males weigh 80 to 100 kg and stand about 100 cm tall at the shoulder. Adult males develop a light grey area on their backs, thus are called "saddlebacks".

This is a document about Southwestern Arabian foothills savanna
  The ecoregion is home to the critically-endangered Arabian leopard (Panthera pardus nimr). Other mammals include the caracal (Caracal caracal), Arabian wolf (Canis lupus arabs), hamadryas baboon (Papio hamadryas), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), long-tailed jird (Meriones crassus), Cape hare (Lepus capensis), and Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica). Several species of birds are endemic to the mountains of southwestern Arabia. They include Philby's partridge (Alectoris philbyi), Yemen warbler (Curruca buryi), Yemen thrush (Turdus menachensis), Arabian accentor (Prunella fagani), Arabian waxbill (Estrilda rufibarba), Yemen serin (Crithagra menachensis), and Yemen linnet (Linaria yemenensis). Other native bird species with a wider range include the Arabian partridge (Alectoris melanocephala), Arabian woodpecker (Dendrocopos dorae), Arabian wheatear (Oenanthe lugentoides), Arabian golden sparrow (Passer euchlorus), Arabian warbler (Curruca leucomelaena), Arabian serin (Crithagra rothschildi), and Arabian golden-winged grosbeak (Rhynchostruthus percivali). Scortecci's toad (Bufo scorteccii) is an endemic species known only from one location – Wadi al Khalili on a high plateau near Mafhaq (1,550 meters elevation) in northern Yemen.

This is a document about Arabian partridge
  The Arabian partridge (Alectoris melanocephala) is a species of bird in the family Phasianidae, native to the southern Arabian peninsula. Two subspecies are recognised, A. m. melanocephala and A. m. guichardi. It sometimes hybridises with Philby's partridge (Alectoris philbyi) and with the rock partridge (Alectoris graeca).

This is a document about Nilgai
  The nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) (, literally meaning "blue cow") is the largest Asian antelope and is ubiquitous across the northern Indian subcontinent. It is the sole member of the genus Boselaphus and was described by Peter Simon Pallas in 1766. The nilgai stands 1-1.5 m at the shoulder; males weigh 109-288 kg, and the lighter females 100-213 kg. A sturdy thin-legged antelope, the nilgai is characterised by a sloping back, a deep neck with a white patch on the throat, a short crest of hair along the neck terminating in a tuft, and white facial spots. A column of pendant coarse hair hangs from the dewlap ridge below the white patch. Sexual dimorphism is

This is a document about Shola
  tahr (of the family Bovidae, which includes gazelles, antelopes, and wild buffaloes) is endemic to the shola-grassland, and its range is now restricted to a 400-km stretch of shola-grassland mosaic, from the Nilgiri Hills to the Agasthyamalai Hills. Laughingthrushes, Nilgiri woodpigeons, shortwings, and some of the endemic flycatchers (Black-and-orange flycatcher and Nilgiri flycatcher) are some of the 300+ species of birds that inhabit this area. The area shows high endemicity and is rivaled only by the forests in northeast India; 35 percent of the plants, 42 percent of the fish, 48 percent of the reptiles, and 75 percent of the amphibians, and about 13 percent of the insects, about 25 percent not being found east of Bangalore, that live in these forests are endemic species.

This is a document about Malabar rainforests
  The ecoregion also supports a rich fauna, which is also high in endemism: of 78 mammal species, 10 are endemic, along with 42% of the fishes, 48% of the reptiles, and 75% of the amphibians. Of 309 bird species, 13 are endemic. The ecoregion supports India's largest elephant population, along with populations of threatened tiger (Panthera tigris), leopard (Panthera pardus), sloth bear (Melursus ursinus), gaur (Bos gaurus), and wild dog (Cuon alpinus). The rare and endemic Nilgiri tahr (Hemitragus hylocrius) is limited to a 400 km band of shola-grassland mosaic, from the Nilgiri Hills in the north to the Ashambu Hills in the south. The lion-tailed macaque (Macaca silenus) and Nilgiri macaque (Semnopithecus johnii) are endangered endemic primate species. 90 of India's 484 reptile species are endemic to the ecoregion, with eight endemic genera (Brachyophidium, Dravidogecko, Melanophidium, Plectrurus, Ristella, Salea, Teretrurus, and Xylophis). Almost 50% of India's 206 amphibian species are endemic to the ecoregion, with six endemic genera (Indotyphlus, Melanobatrachus, Nannobatrachus, Nyctibatrachus, Ranixalus, and Uraeotyphlus).

Nilgiri and Arabian are species of mammals. Nilgiri refers to the Nilgiri tahr, which is a type of antelope, while Arabian refers to the Arabian leopard, which is a subspecies of leopard.


Question: where do you go for phase 1 training

Answer: Army Foundation College

This is a document about University of Gedo
  First phase programs are:

This is a document about Critical skills operator
  Phase 1 trains and evaluates students in the basic skill sets required of all special operators. Physical fitness, swimming and hand-to-hand combat are stressed in a PT program designed around endurance, functional fitness and amphibious training. This program continues throughout the course and was designed to prepare students for the unique demands of Special Operations. Field skills including navigation, patrolling, Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape (SERE), Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC), mission planning, fire support training and communications round out Phase 1.

This is a document about Marine Raider Regiment
  Phase 1 trains and evaluates students in the basic skill sets required of all Marine Raiders. Physical fitness, swimming and hand-to-hand combat are stressed in a PT program designed around endurance, functional fitness and amphibious training. This physical training program will continue throughout the course and has been designed to prepare the student for the unique demands of special operations. Field skills including: navigation; patrolling; Survival, Evasion, Resistance, and Escape (SERE); and Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC). Mission planning, fire support training, and extensive communications round out the first phase.

This is a document about Airtrooper
  All Army Air Corps groundcrew are trained to be soldiers first during their basic, or phase 1 training. Initially recruits attend basic training which is called phase 1 training either as junior entry soldiers at the Army Foundation College in Harrogate, or Army Training Regiment at Winchester, or as standard entry soldiers at the Army Training Centre Pirbright.

This is a document about Ranger School
  combatives in class 06–12. ; A 12-mile forced, individual ruck march with full gear on roads and trails surrounding Camp Rogers. This is the last test during RAP and is a pass/fail event. If the Ranger student fails to finish the march in under 3 hours, he or she is dropped from the course. (12 miles is approximately 20,000 metres.) The first phase of Ranger School is conducted at Camp Rogers and Camp Darby at Fort Benning, Georgia and is conducted by the 4th Ranger Training Battalion. The "Benning Phase" is the "crawl" phase of Ranger School, where students learn the fundamentals of squad-level mission planning. It is "designed to assess

This is a document about British Army
   Candidates for the Army undergo common training, beginning with initial military training, to bring all personnel to a similar standard in basic military skills, which is known as Phase 1 training. They then undertake further specialist trade-training for their specific Regiment or Corps, known as Phase 2 training. After completing Phase 1 training a soldier is counted against the Army's trained strength, and upon completion of Phase 2 are counted against the Army's fully trained trade strength. Soldiers under the age of 17 and 6 months will complete Phase 1 training at the Army Foundation College. Infantry Soldiers will complete combined Phase 1 & 2 training at the Infantry Training Centre, Catterick, whilst all other Soldiers will attend Phase 1 training at the Army Training Centre Pirbright or Army Training Regiment, Winchester, and then complete Phase 2 training at different locations depending on their specialism. Officers conduct their initial training, which lasts 44 weeks, at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst (RMAS), before also completing their Phase 2 training at multiple different locations.

This is a document about Selection and training in the British Army
  doctors, lawyers or chaplains) undergo a shorter, ten-week course. The Late Entry Officers Course is a four-week course for already serving soldiers that have been chosen for commissioning as officers. There are five training establishments for Phase 1 training in the Regular Army: Phase 1 training is intended to bring all recruits to a base level of military competency, capable of operating in the field, providing force protection, operational security and displaying the other characteristics of a member of the British Army. For officers, this also includes the professional competencies required for command. During this period, recruits pass in and receive their regimental berets; they then pass out and continue to phase 2 to undergo job training. The training embeds the core values:

This is a document about Selection and training in the British Army
  For Army Reserve soldiers, recruit training is in two phases: Phase 1, also known as the Common Military Syllabus (Reserve) (CMS(R)) Course, and Phase 2, special-to-arm training. Phase 1 In Phase 1, recruits cover the Common Military Syllabus 14 (CMS14). Part 'a' is a series of four training weekends at Army Training Units (ATUs), formerly known as Regional Training Centres (RTCs). At some ATUs the Phase 1a is also run as a consolidated course. For all Army Reserve soldiers, Phase 1 concludes with a fifteen-day training course (Phase 1b) normally held at an Army Training Regiment; infantry recruits then undertake their Phase 2 training

This is a document about Picture Exchange Communication System
  phases: Phase 1 - how to communicate: During phase I, the focus is on teaching the student to initiate social communication by exchanging a picture of a desired item. This exchange is taught presenting one picture, selected by the trainer based on the student's observed preferences. Within Phase I, two trainers are utilized. One trainer acts as the student's communicative partner, and the other trainer acts as the physical prompter, who prompts the student after he makes an initiation towards the desired item. The student is taught to pick up the picture and reach towards the communicative partner with the picture, in exchange for the requested item. Phase 2 -

This is a document about United States Marine Corps Recruit Training
  tests assess which recruits need more attention, and those who consistently fail to meet the minimum are in danger of being sent to the PCP. Recruits will conduct pugil stick bouts and are introduced to various courses, including, obstacle, combat and circuit. There is also training on combat care, to address how to care for individuals who become injured. The final week of first phase includes an inspection from the senior drill instructor and the initial drill competition against other platoons. By the end of the first phase, recruits can march, respond to orders, and keep up in physical fitness.

This is a document about Marv Wolfman
 Phase #1 (1971)

This is a document about Gerak Khas (Malaysian Army unit)
 Phase 1 - Camp Phase (5 weeks) ; Organized in five weeks, this phase is actually the most important level to test and develop individual physical & mental resistance. Physical endurance, weapon handling, explosives handling, tactics & stratagem implementation (muslihat), field medical, rappelling / abseiling and map reading skills are among the exercises conducted. The trainees are also required to undergo several series of long range march with full combat load. Range is increased from 4.8 km, 8 km, 11.2 km, 14 km to 16 km respectively. Usually, some of the trainees fail to arrive at the designated checkpoint within the stipulated time and they will be sent back to their original unit or other

This is a document about Initial Training Group
  Initial Training Group delivers Phase 1 training for Regular Soldier entry, known as the Common Military Syllabus, over a 14-week training course in the Army Training Centre Pirbright and Army Training Regiment Winchester. The Army Foundation College, Harrogate is the only Junior Entry Phase 1 training establishment in the British Army and trains recruits ages 16 to 17 1⁄2 years old. It offers a mix of military training, personal development and education. Reserve training is delivered at the Regional Army Training Units, the Army Training Regiment, Grantham and at the Army Training Centre Pirbright. All Reserve training locations teach everything an Army Reserve recruits needs to know to become and effective soldier and fulfil their role in the Army Reserve. All courses are designed to develop the individual and team skills in a progressive manner, preparing recruits for their Initial Trade Training, where they learn the specific skills for their chosen Army trade.

This is a document about United States Air Force Tactical Air Control Party
  After graduating Basic Military Training, all enlisted 1Z3X1 candidates are sent to Medina AFB, TX to attend a five-day indoctrination course. Those candidates who successfully complete indoctrination attend the 85-day 1Z3X1 3-level (Apprentice) initial qualification training course at Lackland AFB, TX. The 3-level course was held at Hurlburt Field, Florida for 36 years prior to the July 2015 move to Texas. Those who successfully complete the initial training course are awarded the "3" or "apprentice" skill level and then attend the USAF Survival School at Fairchild AFB, WA. Not including the TACP Preparatory Course, the attrition rate of the 1Z3X1 3-level course has been approximately 70%, with some classes reaching a 90% attrition rate. This relatively high rate is

This is a document about Army Reserve (United Kingdom)
  For Army Reserve soldiers, recruit training is structured into two phases: Phase 1, also known as the Common Military Syllabus (Recruit) (CMS(R)), and Phase 2, specialist training. Phase 1 In Phase 1, recruits cover the Common Military Syllabus (Reserve)14 (CMS(R)14). Phase 1 A is a series of 4 training weekends at regional Army Training Units (ATUs), or the recruit could attend a consolidated Phase 1 A week long course. Phase 1 training concludes with a 16 day long Phase 1 B training course normally held at the Army Training Centre Pirbright or the Army Training Regiment, Winchester, or Grantham. Recruits to the 4th Battalion, The Parachute Regiment and the Honourable Artillery Company complete their equivalent of CMS(R) within their own units. Phase 2 Phase 1 is followed by Phase 2, a further period of specialist training specific to the type of unit the recruit is joining. This is normally conducted by the Arm or Service that the recruit is joining, for example for infantry units, Phase 2 consists of the two-week Combat Infantryman's Course (TA) (CIC (TA)) held at the Infantry Training Centre, Catterick.

This is a document about Critical skills operator
  The three-week A&S Phase 1 is the first phase of selection. This phase is used mostly to determine physical fitness to serve as a Marine Raider and includes running, swimming and hiking. The course also incorporates classroom instruction and practical application of basic Marine Corps knowledge and MARSOC and Special Operations Forces fundamentals. Phase 1 completion does not guarantee selection.

This is a document about United States Army Special Forces selection and training
  Course Description: Phase 1 of the SFQC is the SF Orientation Course, a seven-week introduction to SF. Dubbed the Orientation and History module, the course falls under the auspices of the 4th Battalion, 1st Special Warfare Training Group (Airborne). The course is separated into six modules:

This is a document about Roger B. Chaffee
  Phase one of training for the third group of astronauts began in 1964 in lecture halls. Lectures in several fields were supplemented with trips to locations with geological significance so the astronauts gained hands-on experience. As well as piloting the spacecraft, the astronauts were to perform scientific experiments and measurements on the Moon. The astronauts traveled to the Grand Canyon to learn about geography and to Alaska, Iceland, and Hawaii to learn about rock formations and lava flows. The second phase was contingency training, which focused on astronauts learning the skills required to survive if the landing did not occur where planned. The group started their training by being dropped off in the middle of the jungle in Panama. They performed the survival training in pairs, carrying only their parachutes and survival kits. Chaffee, with help from his Boy Scout training,

This is a document about United States Marine Corps Recruit Training
  Phase one lasts approximately four weeks including receiving. Discipline will begin to be instilled in recruits by disorienting them and effectively cutting them off from civilian habits and mindsets, as well as reinforcing the mental and physical standards needed to perform under stressful situations that will be simulated in subsequent phases and experienced in combat situations. Recruits are required to learn and strictly use language and terminology typical to the Marine Corps, often derived from naval terminology. The purpose of the first phase is to psychologically break down the recruit. At this point, civilian thoughts and habits are considered detrimental to

This is a document about United States Army Basic Training
  United States Army Basic Combat Training (BCT) is the recruit training program of the United States Army, for service in the U.S. Army, U.S. Army Reserve, or the Army National Guard. Some trainees attend Basic Combat Training along with their Advanced Individualized Training at one place, referred to as One Station Unit Training (OSUT). A United States Army infantry recruit should expect a more intense, physically demanding basic training located at Fort Benning, Georgia through One Station Unit Training program that is 22 weeks in duration. Other occupations also learn basic warrior tasks and skills and small unit tactics, but tend to focus on more of a balanced approach. These trainees receive basic combat training at different installations including Fort Jackson, South Carolina; Fort Sill, Oklahoma; or Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri. Basic Training

For the University of Gedo's first phase programs, the location is not explicitly stated in the provided text. However, for the US Army's Phase 1 training, it is mentioned that it is conducted at the Army's basic training centers, which are located at Fort Jackson, South Carolina, and Harrogate, England. For the Marine Raider Regiment's Phase 1 training, it is mentioned that it is conducted at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina.


Question: what type of reaction is the decay of carbon-14

Answer: beta decay

This is a document about Carbon-14
  both stable, while carbon-14 is unstable and has a half-life of 5,730 ± 40 years. Carbon-14 decays into nitrogen-14 through beta decay. A gram of carbon containing 1 atom of carbon-14 per 1012 atoms will emit ~0.2 beta particles per second. The primary natural source of carbon-14 on Earth is cosmic ray action on nitrogen in the atmosphere, and it is therefore a cosmogenic nuclide. However, open-air nuclear testing between 1955 and 1980 contributed to this pool. The different isotopes of carbon do not differ appreciably in their chemical properties. This resemblance is used in chemical and biological research, in a technique called carbon labeling: carbon-14 atoms can be used to replace nonradioactive carbon, in order to trace chemical and biochemical reactions involving carbon atoms from any given organic compound.

This is a document about Carbon-14
  Carbon-14 can also be produced by other neutron reactions, including in particular 13C(n,γ)14C and 17O(n,α)14C with thermal neutrons, and 15N(n,d)14C and 16O(n,3He)14C with fast neutrons. The most notable routes for 14C production by thermal neutron irradiation of targets (e.g., in a nuclear reactor) are summarized in the table. Carbon-14 may also be radiogenic (cluster decay of 223Ra, 224Ra, 226Ra). However, this origin is extremely rare.

This is a document about Carbon-14
 → +  +  + 156.5 keV Carbon-14 goes through radioactive beta decay:  By emitting an electron and an electron antineutrino, one of the neutrons in the carbon-14 atom decays to a proton and the carbon-14 (half-life of 5,730 ± 40 years ) decays into the stable (non-radioactive) isotope nitrogen-14. As usual with beta decay, almost all the decay energy is carried away by the beta particle and the neutrino. The emitted beta particles have a maximum energy of about 156 keV, while their weighted mean energy is 49 keV. These are relatively low energies; the maximum distance traveled is estimated to be 22 cm in air and 0.27 mm in body tissue. The fraction of the radiation transmitted through the dead skin layer is estimated to be 0.11. Small amounts of carbon-14 are not easily detected by typical Geiger–Müller (G-M) detectors; it is estimated that G-M detectors will not normally detect contamination of less than about 100,000 disintegrations per minute (0.05 µCi). Liquid scintillation counting is the preferred method. The G-M counting efficiency is estimated to be 3%. The half-distance layer in water is 0.05 mm.

This is a document about Radiometric dating
  Radiocarbon dating is also simply called carbon-14 dating. Carbon-14 is a radioactive isotope of carbon, with a half-life of 5,730 years (which is very short compared with the above isotopes), and decays into nitrogen. In other radiometric dating methods, the heavy parent isotopes were produced by nucleosynthesis in supernovas, meaning that any parent isotope with a short half-life should be extinct by now. Carbon-14, though, is continuously created through collisions of neutrons generated by cosmic rays with nitrogen in the upper atmosphere and thus remains at a near-constant level on Earth. The carbon-14 ends up as a trace component in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). A carbon-based life

This is a document about Solar phenomena
  The production of carbon-14 (radiocarbon: 14 C) is related to solar activity. Carbon-14 is produced in the upper atmosphere when cosmic ray bombardment of atmospheric nitrogen (14 N) induces the nitrogen to undergo β+ decay, thus transforming into an unusual isotope of carbon with an atomic weight of 14 rather than the more common 12. Because galactic cosmic rays are partially excluded from the Solar System by the outward sweep of magnetic fields in the solar wind, increased solar activity reduces 14 C production. Atmospheric 14 C concentration is lower during solar maxima and

This is a document about Timeline of natural history
  of the planet's geological record. The theory is very complicated but, in essence, the radioactive elements within an object decay to form isotopes of each chemical element. Isotopes are atoms of the element that differ in mass but share the same general properties. Geologists are most interested in the decay of isotopes carbon-14 (into nitrogen-14) and potassium-40 (into argon-40). Carbon-14 aka radiocarbon dating works for organic materials that are less than about 50,000 years old. For older periods, the potassium-argon dating process is more accurate. Radiocarbon dating is carried out by measuring how much of the carbon-14 and nitrogen-14 isotopes are found in

This is a document about Cosmic ray
 n + 14N → p + 14C Reaction products of primary cosmic rays, radioisotope half-lifetime, and production reaction Cosmic rays ionize nitrogen and oxygen molecules in the atmosphere, which leads to a number of chemical reactions. Cosmic rays are also responsible for the continuous production of a number of unstable isotopes, such as carbon-14, in the Earth's atmosphere through the reaction:  Cosmic rays kept the level of carbon-14 in the atmosphere roughly constant (70 tons) for at least the past 100,000 years, until the beginning of above-ground nuclear weapons testing in the early 1950s. This fact is used in radiocarbon dating.  • Tritium (12.3 years): 14N(n, 3H)12C (spallation) • Beryllium-7 (53.3 days) • Beryllium-10 (1.39 million years): 14N(n,p α)10Be (spallation) • Carbon-14 (5730 years): 14N(n, p)14C (neutron activation) • Sodium-22 (2.6 years) • Sodium-24 (15 hours) • Magnesium-28 (20.9 hours) • Silicon-31 (2.6 hours) • Silicon-32 (101 years) • Phosphorus-32 (14.3 days) • Sulfur-35 (87.5 days) • Sulfur-38 (2.84 hours) • Chlorine-34 m (32 minutes) • Chlorine-36 (300,000 years) • Chlorine-38 (37.2 minutes) • Chlorine-39 (56 minutes) • Argon-39 (269 years) • Krypton-85 (10.7 years)

This is a document about Absolute dating
  One of the most widely used and well-known absolute dating techniques is carbon-14 (or radiocarbon) dating, which is used to date organic remains. This is a radiometric technique since it is based on radioactive decay. Cosmic radiation entering Earth's atmosphere produces carbon-14, and plants take in carbon-14 as they fix carbon dioxide. Carbon-14 moves up the food chain as animals eat plants and as predators eat other animals. With death, the uptake of carbon-14 stops. It takes 5,730 years for half the carbon-14 to decay to nitrogen; this is the half-life of carbon-14. After another 5,730 years, only one-quarter of the original carbon-14 will remain. After yet another 5,730 years, only one-eighth will be left. By measuring the carbon-14 in organic material, scientists can determine the date of death of the organic matter in an artifact or ecofact.

This is a document about Carbon-14
  Carbon-14 (14C), or radiocarbon, is a radioactive isotope of carbon with an atomic nucleus containing 6 protons and 8 neutrons. Its presence in organic materials is the basis of the radiocarbon dating method pioneered by Willard Libby and colleagues (1949) to date archaeological, geological and hydrogeological samples. Carbon-14 was discovered on February 27, 1940, by Martin Kamen and Sam Ruben at the University of California Radiation Laboratory in Berkeley, California. Its existence had been suggested by Franz Kurie in 1934. There are three naturally occurring isotopes of carbon on Earth: carbon-12, which makes up 99% of all carbon on Earth; carbon-13, which makes up 1%; and carbon-14, which occurs in trace amounts, making up about 1 or 1.5 atoms per 1012 atoms of carbon in the atmosphere. Carbon-12 and carbon-13

This is a document about Suess effect
  Carbon has three naturally occurring isotopes. About 99% of carbon on Earth is carbon-12 (12C), about 1% is carbon-13 (13C), and a trace amount is carbon-14 (14C). The 12C and  13C isotopes are stable, while 14C decays radioactively to nitrogen-14 (14N) with a half life of 5730 years. 14C on Earth is produced nearly exclusively by the interaction of cosmic radiation with the upper atmosphere. A 14C atom is created when a thermal neutron displaces a proton in 14N. Minuscule amounts of 14C are produced by other radioactive processes, and a significant amount was released into the atmosphere during nuclear testing

This is a document about Radioactive tracer
  11C decays by positron emission with a half-life of ca. 20 min. 11C is one of the isotopes often used in positron emission tomography. 14C decays by beta decay, with a half-life of 5730 years. It is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere of the earth, so it occurs at a trace level in the environment. However, it is not practical to use naturally-occurring 14C for tracer studies. Instead it is made by neutron irradiation of the isotope 13C which occurs naturally in carbon at about the 1.1% level. 14C has been used extensively to trace the progress of organic molecules through metabolic pathways.

This is a document about Radiocarbon dating
 n + →  + p + →  + O + OH → + H In nature, carbon exists as three isotopes, two stable, nonradioactive: carbon-12, and carbon-13 , and radioactive carbon-14 , also known as "radiocarbon". The half-life of (the time it takes for half of a given amount of  to decay) is about 5,730 years, so its concentration in the atmosphere might be expected to decrease over thousands of years, but  is constantly being produced in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere, primarily by galactic cosmic rays, and to a lesser degree by solar cosmic rays. These cosmic rays generate neutrons as they travel through the atmosphere which can strike nitrogen-14 atoms and turn them into. The following nuclear reaction is the main pathway by which is created: where n represents

This is a document about Decay technique
  In chemistry, the decay technique is a method to generate chemical species such as radicals, carbocations, and other potentially unstable covalent structures by radioactive decay of other compounds. For example, decay of a tritium-labeled molecule yields an ionized helium atom, which might then break off to leave a cationic molecular fragment. The technique was developed in 1963 by the Italian chemist Fulvio Cacace at the University of Rome. It has allowed the study of a vast number of otherwise inaccessible compounds and reactions. It has also provided much of our current knowledge about the chemistry of the helium hydride ion [HeH](+).

This is a document about Carbon
  superficial deposits, particularly of peat and other organic materials. This isotope decays by 0.158 MeV β− emission. Because of its relatively short half-life of 5730 years, 14C is virtually absent in ancient rocks. The amount of 14C in the atmosphere and in living organisms is almost constant, but decreases predictably in their bodies after death. This principle is used in radiocarbon dating, invented in 1949, which has been used extensively to determine the age of carbonaceous materials with ages up to about 40,000 years. There are 15 known isotopes of carbon and the shortest-lived of these is 8C which decays through proton emission and alpha decay and has a half-life of 1.98739 × 10−21 s. The exotic 19C exhibits a nuclear halo, which means its radius is appreciably larger than would be expected if the nucleus were a sphere of constant density.

This is a document about Radioactive decay
 years. Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5,730 years and a decay rate of 14 disintegrations per minute (dpm) per gram of natural carbon. If an artifact is found to have radioactivity of 4 dpm per gram of its present C, we can find the approximate age of the object using the above equation:

This is a document about Carbon-14
  ratios of 14C/U in uranium-bearing ores would imply roughly 1 uranium atom for every two carbon atoms in order to cause the 14C/12C ratio, measured to be on the order of 10−15), or other unknown secondary sources of carbon-14 production. The presence of carbon-14 in the isotopic signature of a sample of carbonaceous material possibly indicates its contamination by biogenic sources or the decay of radioactive material in surrounding geologic strata. In connection with building the Borexino solar neutrino observatory, petroleum feedstock (for synthesizing the primary scintillant) was obtained with low 14C content. In the Borexino Counting Test Facility, a 14C/12C ratio of 1.94×10−18 was determined; probable reactions responsible for varied levels of 14C in different petroleum reservoirs, and the lower 14C levels in methane, have been discussed by Bonvicini et al.

This is a document about Diamond battery
  Researchers are trying to improve the efficiency and are focusing on use of radioactive 14C, which is a minor contributor to the radioactivity of nuclear waste. 14C undergoes beta decay, in which it emits a low-energy beta particle to become Nitrogen-14, which is stable (not radioactive).  These beta particles, having an average energy of 50 keV, undergo inelastic collisions with other carbon atoms, thus creating electron-hole pairs which then contribute to an electric current. This can be restated in terms of band theory by saying that due to the high energy of the beta particles, electrons in the carbon valence band jump to its conduction band, leaving behind holes in the valence band where electrons were earlier present.

This is a document about Carbon-14
  Many man-made chemicals are derived from fossil fuels (such as petroleum or coal) in which 14C is greatly depleted because the age of fossils far exceeds the half-life of 14C. 14CO2-or rather, its relative absence—is therefore used to determine the relative contribution (or mixing ratio) of fossil fuel oxidation to the total carbon dioxide in a given region of the Earth's atmosphere. Dating a specific sample of fossilized carbonaceous material is more complicated. Such deposits often contain trace amounts of carbon-14. These amounts can vary significantly between samples, ranging up to 1% of the ratio found in living organisms, a concentration comparable to an apparent age of 40,000 years. This may indicate possible contamination by small amounts of bacteria, underground sources of radiation causing the 14N(n,p) 14C reaction, direct uranium decay (although reported

This is a document about Bomb pulse
  The radioisotope carbon-14 is constantly formed from nitrogen-14 (14N) in the higher atmosphere by incoming cosmic rays which generate neutrons. These neutrons collide with 14N to produce 14C which then combines with oxygen to form 14CO2. This radioactive CO2 spreads through the lower atmosphere and the oceans where it is absorbed by the plants and the animals that eat the plants. The radioisotope 14C thus becomes part of the biosphere so that all living organisms contain a certain amount of 14C. Nuclear testing caused a rapid increase in atmospheric 14C (see figure), since the explosion of an atomic bomb also creates neutrons which collide again with 14N and produce 14C. Since the ban on nuclear testing in 1963, atmospheric 14C relative concentration is slowly decreasing at a pace of 4% annually. This continuous decrease permits scientists to determine among others the age of deceased people and allows them to study cell activity in tissues. By measuring the amount of 14C in a population of cells and comparing that to the amount of 14C in the atmosphere during or after the bomb pulse, scientists can estimate when the cells were created and how often they've turned over since then.

This is a document about Carbon-burning process
 {| border="0" ; - style="height:3em;" ; Carbon-12 ||+ ||Carbon-12 ||→ ||Neon-20 ||+ ||Helium ||+ ||4.617 MeV ; - style="height:3em;" ; Carbon-12 ||+ ||Carbon-12 ||→ ||Sodium-23 ||+ ||Hydrogen ||+ ||2.241 MeV ; - style="height:3em;" ; Carbon-12 ||+ ||Carbon-12 ||→ ||Magnesium-23 ||+ ||1n ||− ||2.599 MeV ; - style="height:3em;" ; colspan=99|Alternatively: ; - style="height:3em;" ; Carbon-12 ||+ ||Carbon-12 ||→ ||Magnesium-24 ||+ || ||+ ||13.933 MeV ; - style="height:3em;" ; Carbon-12 ||+ ||Carbon-12 ||→ ||Oxygen-16 ||+ ||2 Helium ||colspan=2|−  0.113 MeV ; } The principal reactions are:

The decay of carbon-14 is a radioactive decay process. Specifically, it is a beta decay, where a neutron in the carbon-14 nucleus is converted into a proton, an electron, and an antineutrino.