Question: when did jacksonville jaguars become an nfl team

Answer: 1995

This is a document about History of the Jacksonville Jaguars
  The history of the Jacksonville Jaguars, an American football team in the National Football League (NFL), formally dates to November 30, 1993, when the NFL awarded Jacksonville, Florida the expansion franchise that became the Jacksonville Jaguars. The Jaguars, along with the Carolina Panthers, started play in the 1995 NFL season as expansion teams.

This is a document about Sports in Jacksonville
  Football is by far the most popular sport in the Jacksonville area. The city is home to the Jacksonville Jaguars of the National Football League (NFL). The only major league-level sports team to play in Jacksonville, the Jaguars currently play in South Division of the NFL's American Football Conference (AFC). The Jaguars joined the NFL as an expansion team in 1995, along with the Carolina Panthers. In 1990, the NFL had announced it would expand by two teams, and Jacksonville entered the bidding war. Jacksonville was the smallest market among the bidders, and was considered the unlikeliest choice. However, in 1993, after a series of

This is a document about List of Jacksonville Jaguars first-round draft picks
  The Jacksonville Jaguars joined the National Football League (NFL) in 1995 as an expansion team, along with the Carolina Panthers. The club's first selection in the NFL draft as a team was Tony Boselli, an offensive tackle from the University of Southern California (USC). The team's most recent first-round selection were quarterback Trevor Lawrence and running back Travis Etienne, both from Clemson University in 2021. Every year during April, each NFL franchise seeks to add new players to its roster through a collegiate draft known as "the NFL Annual Player Selection Meeting", which is more commonly known as the NFL Draft. Teams are ranked in inverse order based on the previous season's record, with the worst record picking first, and the second worst picking second and so on. The two exceptions to this order

This is a document about Jaguars–Titans rivalry
  In 1993, the NFL awarded expansion franchises to the cities of Charlotte, North Carolina, and Jacksonville, Florida. The Charlotte franchise would become the Carolina Panthers of the National Football Conference, and the Jacksonville franchise would become the Jacksonville Jaguars of the American Football Conference. The Jaguars would compete in the Central division of the AFC along with the Cincinnati Bengals, Cleveland Browns, Houston Oilers, and Pittsburgh Steelers. Since 1995, the Jaguars have played most of their home games at what was originally called Jacksonville Municipal Stadium (now named TIAA Bank Field) on the site of the original Gator Bowl stadium. On September 3, 1995, the Jaguars played their

This is a document about Jacksonville Jaguars
  The Jacksonville Jaguars are a professional American football team based in Jacksonville, Florida. The Jaguars compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the American Football Conference (AFC) South division. The team plays its home games at TIAA Bank Field. Founded alongside the Carolina Panthers in 1995 as an expansion team, the Jaguars originally competed in the AFC Central until they were realigned to the AFC South in 2002. The franchise is owned by Shahid Khan, who purchased the team from original majority owner Wayne Weaver in 2011. The Jaguars made an early impact in the NFL

This is a document about Jacksonville, Florida
   Jacksonville is home to one major league sports team, the Jacksonville Jaguars of the National Football League (NFL). The Jaguars joined the NFL as an expansion team in the 1995 season; they play their home games at TIAA Bank Field. In 2005, Jacksonville hosted Super Bowl XXXIX. The PGA Tour, which organizes the main professional golf tournaments in the U.S., is headquartered in the suburb of Ponte Vedra Beach, where it holds The Players Championship every year. Jacksonville is also home to several minor league-level teams. The Jacksonville Jumbo Shrimp, a Triple-A baseball team, have played in Jacksonville continuously since 1970 and have consistently been near the top of their

This is a document about History of the Jacksonville Jaguars
  Along with the Carolina Panthers, the Jacksonville Jaguars entered the NFL as the first expansion teams in almost 20 years. Both teams participated in the 1995 NFL expansion draft, with the Jaguars taking Steve Beuerlein with the first pick. Beuerlein quickly lost his starting job to former Green Bay Packers backup Mark Brunell. The Jaguars finished their inaugural season with a record of 4–12. Both the Jaguars and the Panthers (7–9) broke the previous record for most wins by an expansion team (3) set by the Cincinnati Bengals in 1968. The inaugural season featured many of the players who would lead Jacksonville into the playoffs in the team's next four seasons, including quarterback Mark Brunell (acquired in a draft day trade from Green Bay), offensive lineman Tony Boselli (drafted with the 2nd pick overall in

This is a document about Sports in Jacksonville
  were scrapped. The city also hosted a number of NFL preseason games throughout the 70s and 80s. Jacksonville's first attempt at professional football came in 1926, when former Stanford University star Ernie Nevers organized the Jacksonville All-Stars to play exhibition games against traveling NFL opponents. The All-Stars faced the Chicago Cardinals and their star Red Grange on January 2, and the New York Giants on January 9; however, both games drew meager crowds, and the All-Stars subsequently ended operations. Jacksonville had its first professional football team in 1974 with the Jacksonville Sharks of the World Football League, a short-lived attempt to establish a rival to the NFL. The Sharks' financial troubles led the league to fold the team; the franchise

This is a document about Sun Devil Stadium
  The first professional football game played in the stadium was a National Football League (NFL) preseason game between the New York Jets and the Minnesota Vikings in 1975. The NFL returned to the stadium in 1987 when the Green Bay Packers played the Denver Broncos in a preseason game. Sun Devil Stadium was the home stadium of the Arizona Wranglers/Outlaws of the USFL from 1983 to 1985. The facility became an NFL stadium in 1988 when the St. Louis Cardinals moved west to Arizona and became the Phoenix Cardinals, renamed the Arizona Cardinals in 1994. The Cardinals' first regular season

This is a document about Sports in Florida
  in 2003 under coach Jon Gruden. In Super Bowl LV, the Bucs became the first NFL team to host and play in the Super Bowl, where they defeated the Kansas City Chiefs 31-9. Tampa has hosted five Super Bowls: Super Bowl XVIII (1984), Super Bowl XXV (1991), Super Bowl XXXV (2001), Super Bowl XLIII (2009), and Super Bowl LV (2020). The first two events were held at Tampa Stadium, and the other three at Raymond James Stadium. The Jacksonville Jaguars joined the NFL as an expansion team in the 1995 season; they play their home games at EverBank Field. In 2005, Jacksonville hosted

This is a document about Sports in Jacksonville
  the NFL announced that the second franchise would go to Jacksonville. The Jacksonville Jaguars play at TIAA Bank Field in downtown Jacksonville. The Jaguars have won three division championships, in 1996, 1999, and 2017, and they have made seven playoff appearances. Jacksonville hosted Super Bowl XXXIX in 2005. As the smallest metropolitan area to ever host a Super Bowl, special accommodations were necessary, such as the use of cruise ships as hotels. Jacksonville also has a number of amateur football teams, including the Jacksonville Dixie Blues, a women's football team in the Women's Football Alliance, and the Jacksonville Knights of the Florida Football Alliance.

This is a document about TIAA Bank Field
  in negotiating a deal that included a pledge to spend $121 million on renovations to the Gator Bowl. Due to the expanded renovations, it was announced that the 1994 Florida-Georgia game would have to be moved out of the Gator Bowl, as had the 1995 game, in order to provide time for the newly expanded renovation plan to be completed before 1996. In the end, the expanded bond issue and renovation program proved to be successful, as Jacksonville was awarded the 30th NFL franchise—the Jacksonville Jaguars—on November 30, 1993. Almost as soon as the celebration surrounding Jacksonville's new NFL team died down, however, a renovation contractor's plan to give 8% of the stadium work to minority-owned businesses drew criticism. The NAACP and another group said African-American businesses should have been awarded twice that amount of work.

This is a document about List of Jacksonville Jaguars head coaches
  The Jacksonville Jaguars are a professional American football franchise based in Jacksonville, Florida. They are members of the South Division of the American Football Conference (AFC) in the National Football League (NFL). The team, along with the Carolina Panthers, joined the NFL as expansion teams in 1995. The Jaguars, along with the Houston Texans, have never played in a Super Bowl or any other NFL Championship, but have made 3 appearances in AFC Championship games: twice against the New England Patriots after the 1996 season and the 2017 seasons, and once against the Tennessee Titans after the 1999 season. The Jaguars have had eight head coaches since their inaugural 1995 season, including two interim coaches. Tom Coughlin and Jack Del Rio each won 68 games while coaching the Jaguars, though Coughlin is the most successful in terms of winning percentage, winning 53.1% of his games in charge. Darrell Bevell is the interim and current head coach since December 16, 2021, following the firing of head coach Urban Meyer.

This is a document about AFL–NFL merger
 The Carolina Panthers and Jacksonville Jaguars were awarded franchises in 1993 and began play in the NFC and AFC respectively in 1995. Their establishment allowed the league to have divisions of equal size (six divisions of five teams each) for the first time since the merger. ; The Baltimore Ravens started play in 1996, as a result of the controversy stemming from Art Modell's attempt to relocate the Browns to Baltimore. Subsequent legal actions saw a unique compromise in which he was only allowed to take the players, coaches, and front office staff to Baltimore (even then, not all of them made the

This is a document about Miami Dolphins
  Since the founding of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in 1976, the Dolphins and Buccaneers have shared a mellow in-state rivalry and were the only two teams in Florida until the Jacksonville Jaguars joined the NFL in 1995.

This is a document about Shahid Khan
  Khan's first attempt to purchase a National Football League team came on February 11, 2010, when he entered into an agreement to acquire 60% of the then-St. Louis Rams from Chip Rosenbloom and Lucia Rodriguez, subject to approval by other NFL owners. However, Stan Kroenke, the minority shareholder of the Rams, ultimately exercised a clause in his ownership agreement to match any proposed bid. On November 29, 2011, Khan agreed to purchase the Jacksonville Jaguars from Wayne Weaver and his ownership group subject to NFL approval. Weaver announced his sale of the team to Khan later that same day. The terms of the deal

This is a document about Sports in Jacksonville
  The success of college football led to interest in bringing professional football to Jacksonville, which began in earnest in the 1960s. In 1966, the New York Jets and the expansion Miami Dolphins played an exhibition game in the Gator Bowl, and this was followed by preseason games with the Boston Patriots facing the Miami Dolphins in 1968 and the Denver Broncos in 1969. In 1967 and 1968, the city hosted the American Football League All Star Game at the Gator Bowl. Jacksonville was the only non-AFL city to host the game. It was presumed at the time that this was a prelude to Jacksonville getting an AFL expansion team, but when the AFL merged with the rival NFL in 1970 expansion

This is a document about United States Football League
  The USFL had a significant impact on the NFL both on the field and off. Almost all of the USFL's on-field innovations were eventually adopted by the older league, and a multitude of star players in the USFL would go on to enjoy very successful careers in the NFL. The NFL would also eventually have franchises in some of the markets which the USFL had proved fertile for pro football or had renewed interest in the game. Jacksonville, in particular, was being courted by the Houston Oilers as a potential relocation destination as early as 1987; that city eventually got the expansion Jaguars in 1995. The Oilers would

This is a document about Expansion team
  charter franchise, the Dayton Triangles. ; 1960: Dallas Cowboys ; 1961: Minnesota Vikings ; 1966: Atlanta Falcons ; 1967: New Orleans Saints ; 1970: Boston Patriots (now New England Patriots), Buffalo Bills, Cincinnati Bengals, Denver Broncos, Houston Oilers (now Tennessee Titans), Kansas City Chiefs, Miami Dolphins, New York Jets, Oakland Raiders (later the Los Angeles Raiders, now Las Vegas Raiders), and San Diego Chargers (now Los Angeles Chargers) join NFL after merger with the 1960 American Football League (AFL). ; 1976: Seattle Seahawks; Tampa Bay Buccaneers ; 1995: Carolina Panthers; Jacksonville Jaguars ; 1996: Baltimore Ravens — The Cleveland Browns attempted to move

This is a document about History of the Jacksonville Jaguars
  In 1989, the prospective ownership group Touchdown Jacksonville! was organized. The group initially included future Florida Governor Jeb Bush and Jacksonville developer Tom Petway, and came to be led by shoe magnate Wayne Weaver, founder of Nine West. In 1991, the NFL announced plans to add two expansion teams in 1994 (later delayed until 1995), its first expansion since the 1976 addition of the Seattle Seahawks and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Touchdown Jacksonville! announced its bid for a team, and Jacksonville was ultimately chosen as one of five finalists, along with Charlotte, St. Louis, Baltimore, and Memphis. Jacksonville was considered the least likely expansion candidate for several reasons. The Jacksonville metropolitan area and television market were smaller than

The Jacksonville Jaguars became an NFL team in 1995. They were awarded an expansion franchise by the NFL on November 30, 1993, and began play in the 1995 NFL season.


Question: who won season 13 of hell 's kitchen

Answer: La Tasha McCutchen

This is a document about Hell's Kitchen (American season 13)
  Season 13 of the American competitive reality television series Hell's Kitchen premiered on September 10, 2014 on Fox. The prize was a head chef position at Gordon Ramsay's Pub & Grill at Caesars Atlantic City. Gordon Ramsay returned as head chef and Andi van Willigan and James Avery returned as sous chefs. However, Jean-Philippe Susilovic did not return as maitre d' and was replaced by Marino Monferrato. Kitchen Supervisor La Tasha McCutchen from Winter Haven, Florida won the competition.

This is a document about Hell's Kitchen (American season 17)
  sous-chef) Christina Wilson returned as the Red Team's sous-chef replacing Andi Van Willigan-Cutspec, and British MasterChef judge James "Jocky" Petrie made his Hell's Kitchen debut as the Blue Team's sous-chef replacing Aaron Mitrano. Marino Monferrato returned as the maître d'. The red team won only three of the nine dinner services during the team phase (two outright, one joint). As a result, they are the first team in the show's history to only have one member earn a black jacket. This team's Michelle Tribble, who previously finished in third place in season 14, won the competition, making her the fifth consecutive female winner of Hell's Kitchen. Runner-up Benjamin Knack, who previously finished in third place in season seven became the first male finalist since Bryant Gallaher in season 13.

This is a document about Hell's Kitchen (American season 14)
  entire season. Gill also set a Hell's Kitchen record with nine consecutive punishments until she finally won the last challenge of the season, a distinction previously shared by Season 4 runner-up Louis Petrozza, Season 12 third place finisher Melanie Finch, and lastly, Season 13 third place finisher Sade Dancy, who had seven each. Despite the blue team, which started with all men, setting a new record for the most dinner service wins by a team in a single season, this was the third season to feature two women in the finale (following seasons two and eleven), the first season to have all women in the top three, and the third season

This is a document about Rachel Reilly
  by winning HoH for the third time, resulting in the eviction of Kalia Booker. After failing to win the final Veto competition, Reilly reformed her early alliance with Briggs, and the pair worked together to make the final two, with Briggs evicting Lloyd in the final four stage, and then Reilly evicting Adam Poch the following week after she won HoH for the fourth time. Reilly eventually was named as the winner of Big Brother 13 in a vote of 4-3 over Briggs, earning the jury votes of Brendon Villegas, Jeff Schroeder, Jordan Lloyd and Shelly Moore, and losing the votes of Daniele Donato, Kalia Booker and Adam Poch. Reilly won $500,000 for winning the show.

This is a document about Hell's Kitchen (American season 14)
  Season 14 of the American competitive reality television series Hell's Kitchen premiered on March 3, 2015 on Fox. The prize is a head chef position at Gordon Ramsay Pub & Grill in Caesars Atlantic City. Gordon Ramsay returned as head chef with Andi Van Willigan and James Avery returning as sous-chefs for both their respective kitchens as well as Marino Monferrato as the maître d'. Executive chef Meghan Gill from Roanoke, Virginia, won the competition, thus becoming the fourteenth winner of Hell's Kitchen. This season's head to head finals happened between the third pair of the top two finalists that did not receive any nominations for elimination. This season, the Blue

This is a document about Motu Patlu
  SEASON 13

This is a document about Project Runway (season 13)
 In the conclusion of the two-part Season 13 finale, the still-standing designers present their collections at New York Fashion Week, after which the winner is named. ; Guest Judge: Emmy Rossum ; WINNER: Sean ; ELIMINATED: Amanda (2nd place), Kini (3rd place), Char (4th place) Original airdate: October 23, 2014

This is a document about Project Runway
  The thirteenth season premiered on July 24, 2014, featuring 18 new designers and 1 returning designer as voted by the public. Amanda Valentine from Season 11 won the public voting for the 19th spot to compete once again over Alexander Pope and Ken Laurence of Season 12. Heidi Klum, Zac Posen, Nina Garcia and Tim Gunn all returned for the thirteenth season. Some of the celebrity judges for this season are Olympian Lindsey Vonn, Mad Mens Elisabeth Moss, burlesque queen Dita Von Teese and former Project Runway winner Christian Siriano. The contestants are Alexander Knox, Amanda Valentine, Angela Sum, Carrie Sleutskaya, Char Glover, Emily Payne, Emmanuel Tobias, Fäde zu Grau, Hernan Lander, Jefferson Musanda, Kiniokahokula Zamora, Korina Emmerich, Kristine Guico, Mitchell Perry, Nzinga Knight, Samantha Plasencia, Sandhya Garg, Sean Kelly and Tim Navarro. Sean Kelly won the competition. Amanda Valentine placed second, Kini Zamora placed third and Char Glover placed fourth. Originally, Char would have been eliminated in Episode 6, but she was given a second chance and returned to the show by Tim Gunn who used his "Tim Gunn Save".

This is a document about Food Paradise
  See main article: Food Paradise (season 13)

This is a document about Hell's Kitchen (American season 13)
 Notes Eighteen chefs competed in season 13 for the first time since season 10.

This is a document about Big Brother 13 (American season)
  Big Brother 13 was the thirteenth season of the American reality television series Big Brother. It is based upon the Netherlands series of the same name, which gained notoriety in 1999 and 2000. The series premiered on CBS on July 7, 2011 and lasted ten weeks until the live finale on September 14, 2011. The 13th season continued to have an increase in ratings, much like the previous two seasons had. The season premiered to a total of 7.89 million viewers, a slight increase from the previous season's launch. The season finale had a total of 7.78 million viewers, only slightly lower than the previous season. In total, the series averaged 7.95 million viewers, higher than that of the previous three seasons and the highest since Big Brother 5 in 2004. Big Brother 13 featured a total of 14 HouseGuests, six of which were previous HouseGuests from past seasons. The series ended after 75 days, in which returning HouseGuest Rachel Reilly was crowned the Winner, while new HouseGuest Porsche Briggs was crowned the Runner-up.

This is a document about Jordan Lloyd
  Two years after her initial appearance, Jordan returned to the house for the thirteenth season of the show, again with Jeff, as part of the duos twist. In the first week, Jordan joined an alliance of the six returning players, consisting of herself and Jeff, father and daughter Dick and Daniele Donato, and fellow couple Brendon Villegas and Rachel Reilly, and following Dick's unexpected departure, was pivotal in securing the key votes of Shelly Moore and Kalia Booker in the Veteran's successful attempt to save Porsche Briggs and evict her partner, Keith Henderson. Jordan continued to prove her worth by winning the second Head of Household competition, and opted

This is a document about Food Network Star
  This season features Manny Washington and Katie Dixon from MasterChef (American season 7) and Palak Patel who beats Bobby Flay. Amy Pottinger originally competed in season 13. She returned for a second chance after winning the Comeback Kitchen competition, along with Adam Gertler, who originally competed in season four.

This is a document about Dick Donato
  for Best Winner, Favorite Villain (which he also won), Favorite Potty Mouth, and Best Fight for his confrontation with Jen Johnson. Fox Reality Channel recorded the ceremony on October 2, 2007, and aired it on October 13. In 2009, TV Guide Named "Evel Dick" Donato on the list of "Evil Reality TV Villains" placing him on the list next to 12 others including Simon Cowell and Gordon Ramsay In 2011, Donato returned to Big Brother on the thirteenth season of the American Big Brother alongside his daughter despite reports they had not spoken to each other for three years. He left the house on day 6 of

This is a document about The Next Iron Chef
 Challenge 13: Imagination ; The final challenge was a traditional head-to-head Iron Chef battle. The secret ingredient was racks and ribs, and featured beef, pork and buffalo meat. ; Guest Judges: The Chairman, Masaharu Morimoto, Bobby Flay, Michael Symon ; WINNER: Jose Garces ; ELIMINATED: Jehangir Mehta ; First aired: November 22, 2009

This is a document about Big Brother 2 (American season)
  by either stepping off of their individual mat or staying in place; each player was blind-folded, and could not see how the others answered. Krista was the winner, making her the new Head of Household for the week. Krista began asking each HouseGuest individually who should be nominated for eviction, with the majority selecting Shannon and Will. Despite this, Krista didn't see Will as a threat, and instead felt that Autumn should be evicted as she often complained about life in the house. On Day 13, the group played in the "Pound of Flesh" food competition. The HouseGuests competed as

This is a document about Chopped (TV series)
  Some of the contestants on Chopped would go on to appear in Fox's reality show Hell's Kitchen. William Lustberg, the runner up on the ninth episode of the first season, was the runner up on season 9 of Hell's Kitchen. Roshni Mansukhani, the winner of the fourth episode of the second season, was eliminated in the eighth episode of the tenth season of Hell's Kitchen. Jackie Baldassari, who was eliminated after the entrée in the tenth episode of the ninth season of Chopped, was eliminated in the ninth episode of the eleventh season of Hell's Kitchen. Anthony "Anton" Testino, who was eliminated after the appetizer in the tenth episode of the fifth season, was eliminated in the fourteenth episode of the twelfth season of Hell's Kitchen. Robyn Almodovar, the winner of

This is a document about Christina Machamer
  she found a new niche, bridging the gap between food and wine at the much-celebrated B Cellars in Calistoga, California. She also appeared in the 11th season of Hell's Kitchen (in 2013) as part of a brigade consisting of past Hell's Kitchen winners in order to compete against the final 5 contestants. With the winner of Hell's Kitchen season 12, Scott Commings, Machamer briefly appeared in the 16th-season premiere of the show (in 2016) as a guest, during the red team's challenge reward (a dinner with Ramsay). She gave the women several tips about working under pressure in Hell's Kitchen.

This is a document about Your Face Sounds Familiar (Greek series 2)
 Notes ; 1. The points that judges gave in order (Malfa, Rigas, Gagaki, Zaharatos). ; 2. Each contestant gave 5 points to a contestant of their choice. ; 3. Total of both extra and judges' score. ; 4. Result of both extra and judges' score. ; 5. In the final, only the audience voted for the winner and the one with the most votes won the competition. The thirteenth and final live aired on June 15, 2014 and the winner of the show was Giannis Savvidakis. The income from the audience voting for the final, was divided in ten equal parts and was given to all ten foundations that the contestants were representing during the thirteen live shows. At the beginning of the show, Bekatorou performed the songs "Genghis Khan" by Lakis Jordanelli and "Ksafnika m'agapas" by The Idols. In the second song, she was accompanied by Tonis Sfinos.

This is a document about Hell's Kitchen (American season 12)
  Season 12 of the American competitive reality television series Hell's Kitchen premiered on March 13, 2014 on Fox. Gordon Ramsay returned as the head chef as well as Andi Van Willigan and James Avery as the red team's and blue team's sous chefs respectively. Jean-Philippe Susilovic also returned as the maître d'. This was the first season to have two chefs quit. This season also for the first time to feature "Cook For Your Life" challenge, which would be featured on subsequent seasons. Instead of the dinner service, the challenge was added in the middle of the season, which tested one chef of each team based on an interview of each team

Michelle Tribble won season 13 of Hell's Kitchen.


Question: when did the first mini cooper s come out

Answer: 1963

This is a document about Mini
  Mini Mark I had three major UK updates – the Mark II, the Clubman, and the Mark III. Within these was a series of variations, including an estate car, a pick-up truck, a van, and the Mini Moke, a jeep-like buggy. The performance versions, the Mini Cooper and Cooper "S", were successful as both race and rally cars, winning the Monte Carlo Rally in 1964, 1965, and 1967. In 1966, the first-placed Mini (along with nine other cars) was disqualified after the finish, under a controversial decision that the car's headlights were against the rules. On its introduction in August 1959, the Mini was marketed under the Austin and

This is a document about Mini (Mark I)
 Sep 1961 - Mini Cooper launched ; Late 1961 - Riveted wheels replaced with welded

This is a document about Mini (marque)
  Motors in 1968 to form British Leyland. In the 1980s, British Leyland was broken-up and in 1988 Rover Group, including Mini, was acquired by British Aerospace. Mini models included the Morris Mini-Minor and the Austin Seven, the Countryman, Moke, 1275GT and Clubman. Performance versions of these models used the name Cooper, due to a partnership with racing legend John Cooper. The original Mini continued in production until 2000. In 1994, Rover Group was acquired by BMW, being broken up in 2000 with BMW retaining the Mini brand. Development of a modern successor to the Mini began in 1995 and an entirely new Mini model was launched in 2001 by BMW. The current Mini range includes the Hardtop/Hatch/Convertible

This is a document about List of Mini limited editions
 Year: 1990 (September) ; Based on: Mini 30 ; Engine: 1,275 cc ; Exterior colour: ; Flame Red (CPQ - BLVC1000) ; Black (PMF - BLVC644) ; British Racing Green (HAF - BLVC617) ; Exterior trim: Chrome Grille and bumpers, body-colored door mirrors and wheel arches ; Decals/badges: White bonnet stripes with John Cooper signatures, Cooper badges ; Interior: Black leather seat inserts, leather-bound steering wheel, red carpets ; Equipment: Sunroof, twin driving lamps, tinted glass, alloy Minilite-style wheels, 145/70R12 Pirelli Cinturato CN54, Oil Cooler ; Production: 1,050 for UK, 650 for Japan  The RSP (Rover Special Products) was the first Cooper in 21 years, and the first Mini with a 1,275 cc engine in 10 years. The most powerful carburettor engine (with the S works conversion) and the only non-Works Mini fitted with an oil cooler as standard. It was an instant success and sold out even before cars began to appear in showrooms, which prompted Rover to put a Cooper in full-time production.

This is a document about Mini (Mark I)
  Issigonis' friend John Cooper, owner of the Cooper Car Company and Formula One Manufacturers Champion in 1959 and 1960, saw the potential of the little car, and after some experimentation and testing, the two men collaborated to create a nimble, economical, and inexpensive car. The Austin Mini Cooper and Morris Mini Cooper debuted in September 1961. The original 848 cc engine from the Morris Mini-Minor was increased to 997 cc, boosting power from 34 bhp to 55 bhp. The car featured a tuned engine, twin HS2 SU carburettors, and 7 in disc brakes, a first at the time in a small car. 1,000 of this iteration were commissioned by

This is a document about Mini (marque)
  All Mini models since 2001 have different variants, including One (entry-level), Cooper, Cooper S (sporty), and John Cooper Works (JCW) (high-end). The hatchback/hardtop Mini was the first model of the new generation Mini, introduced in 2001, and was back then known as simply Mini. It was available in Cooper, Cooper S and One variations at launch. In many European markets, the Mini One was powered by a 1.4-litre I4 version of the Tritec engine but all other petrol powered Minis used the 1.6-litre I4 version. The Cooper S and JCW models included a supercharger intake system. This generation of minis was the only production model to have one, replaced by a turbocharger from the second generation onwards. The

This is a document about Mini
  4,030 Cooper S cars were produced and sold until the model was updated in August 1964. Cooper also produced two S models specifically for circuit racing in the under 1,000 cc and under 1,300 cc classes respectively, rated at 970 cc and a 1275 cc, both had a 70.61 mm bore and both were also offered to the public. From 1966 onwards Cooper S models featured twin fuel tanks as standard. The smaller-engine model was not well received, and only 963 had been built when the model was discontinued in 1965. The 1,275 cc Cooper S models continued in production until 1971. Sales of the Mini Cooper were: 64,000 Mark I

This is a document about Mini (Mark I)
  intended for and designed to meet the homologation rules of Group 2 rally racing. The 997 engine was replaced by a shorter stroke 998 cc unit in 1964. By the time production of the Cooper model ended in 1967, 12,274 of these popular cars had been sold to the public. A more powerful Mini Cooper, dubbed the "S", was developed in tandem and released in 1963. Featuring a 1071 cc engine and larger disc brakes, 4,030 Cooper S's were produced and sold until the 1071 model was deleted in August 1964. Cooper also produced two models specifically for circuit racing, rated at 970 cc and a 1275 cc,

This is a document about Mini (marque)
  The Mini Roadster was first shown at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 2009 and is the convertible version of the Mini Coupe. The Roadster is available in three trim levels: Cooper, Cooper S, and John Cooper Works.

This is a document about Mini Hatch
  of the body, structure and chassis of the new Mini. Key Production Associates from affected areas in the assembly process at Plant Oxford were seconded to IDG for the duration of the build to ensure a smooth integration of the new model back in Oxford. Initially launched in the Cooper and Cooper S trim levels; the range was completed in 2007 with the Mk II Mini One. An economical version called the First was added in 2009. From April 2007 a diesel was available badged as the Cooper D, which was supplemented in 2010 by the lower powered One D and in

This is a document about Prodrive WRC Team
  Mini's history in international rallying dates back to the 1960s, when the Mini Cooper S won the legendary Monte Carlo Rally on three occasions, in 1964, 1965 and 1967, as well as wins on the Acropolis Rally, RAC Rally and 1000 Lakes Rally, and the European Rally Championship in 1965. Previous Mini rally cars includes the Mini 850, which was first driven to victory by Pat Moss.

This is a document about Cooper Car Company
  As the company's fortunes in Formula One declined, however, the John Cooper-conceived Mini – introduced in 1961 as a development of the Alec Issigonis-designed British Motor Corporation Mini with a more powerful engine, new brakes, and a distinctive livery – continued to dominate in saloon car and rally races throughout the 1960s, winning many championships and the 1964, 1965, and 1967 Monte Carlo rallies. Several different Cooper-marked versions of the Mini and various Cooper conversion kits have been, and continue to be, marketed by various companies. The current BMW MINI, in production since 2001, has Cooper and Cooper S models and a number of John Cooper Works tuner packages.

This is a document about Mini
  uncommon at the time in a small car. One thousand units of this version were commissioned by management, intended for and designed to meet the homologation rules of Group 2 rally racing. The 997 cc engine was replaced by a shorter stroke 998 cc unit in 1964. In 1962, Rhodesian John Love became the first non-British racing driver to win the British Saloon Car Championship driving a Mini Cooper. A more powerful Mini Cooper, dubbed the "S", was developed in tandem and released in 1963. Featuring a 1071 cc engine with a 70.61 mm bore and nitrided steel crankshaft and strengthened bottom end to allow further tuning; and larger servo-assisted disc

This is a document about Mini
  vehicles. Although the Metro did not replace the Mini, production figures for the Mini dipped during the 1980s, and interest in the design was not revived until the reintroduction of the Mini Cooper in 1990. This helped sales of the Mini through the 1990s, to the end of production on 4 October 2000. A total of 1,581,887 Minis were sold in the UK after its launch in 1959. The last new one to be registered was sold in 2004, some four years after the end of production. The highest price ever paid for a Mini was at a Bonhams auction in 2007, when a works rally-prepared Mini (DJB 93B) sold for £100,500 ($196,980).

This is a document about Mini
  The Mini is a two-door compact city car that was produced by the British Motor Corporation (BMC) and its successors from 1959 until 2000. The original Mini is considered an icon of 1960s British popular culture. Its space-saving transverse engine and front-wheel drive layout – allowing 80% of the area of the car's floorpan to be used for passengers and luggage – influenced a generation of car makers. In 1999, the Mini was voted the second-most influential car of the 20th century, behind the Ford Model T, and ahead of the Citroën DS and Volkswagen Beetle. The front-wheel-drive, transverse-engine layout of the Mini was copied for other "supermini" designs

This is a document about Mini (marque)
   Launched in August 1959, the Mark 1 Mini (code name ADO 15) was initially marketed as the Austin Seven and Morris Mini-Minor. Mark I Minis can be identified by exterior door hinges, sliding door glass, tail lights smaller than later cars and a "mustache" grille. The A-series engine came in a wide range of capacities, initially as an 848 cc, but later the 997, 998, 1071 and 1275 cc engines were added. The non-Cooper cars had gearboxes with the "magic wand" selector, with 4-speeds (no synchromesh on 1st) while the Coopers has a remote shift selector. An automatic, 4-speed transmission was introduced in 1965. In 1960, a 2-seater van was launched, along with an estate, both sharing a longer wheelbase In 1961 the pickup was introduced, also based on the longer wheelbase

This is a document about Corgi Toys
  model. The 1964 winner, Paddy Hopkirk's Mini Cooper S (317) released in February 1964, featured jewelled headlights and a rally lamp on the roof, and was finished in the BMC team colours of red with a white roof with authentic Monte Carlo Rally transfers. Three Monte Carlo Rally cars were issued in 1965, the winning Mini Cooper S of Timo Mäkinen (321) in February, finished in the same red with a white roof, and three jewelled rally lamps, and in April a Rover 2000 (322) in maroon with a white roof with two jewelled rally lamps in the grill

This is a document about Mini
  Cooper 1300. The Cooper name was discontinued from the UK Mini range at this time. A new Mini Cooper named the RSP (Rover Special Products) was briefly relaunched in 1990–91, with slightly lower performance than the 1960s Cooper. It proved popular and a new Cooper-marked Mini went into full production in late 1991. To meet emission standards, Coopers from 1992 on were fitted with a fuel-injected version of the 1,275 cc engine, and in 1997 a multi-point fuel-injected engine was introduced, along with a front-mounted radiator and various safety improvements. "I love my Mini Cooper," remarked Madonna in 2003. "I was too scared to drive a big car in London."

This is a document about Mini Hatch
  The first new generation Mini Hatch was introduced in late 2000, being the first model launched under the Mini marque after the original Mini was discontinued in the same year. In some European markets, the Mini One was powered by a 1.4 l inline-four version of the Tritec engine, but all other petrol powered Minis used the 1.6 l version. From 2004 through 2008, the soft-top convertible R52 was made. There are numerous styling and badging differences between the models, including the Cooper S having a distinctive scoop cut into the bonnet. The Cooper S also has twin exhausts which exit under the centre of the rear valance. The non-S Cooper has more chrome parts than the Mini One and has a single exhaust. The Mini One D has no visible exhaust pipes at all. In some markets, such as Australia and the US, only the Mini Cooper and Cooper S are offered. Other trim lines of note, sold in varying markets around the world, are the Mini Seven, Mini Park Lane, Mini Check Mate, and Mini Monte Carlo.

This is a document about Mini
  850/Mini 1000 badging. Range reduced to: 850, 1000, Clubman, Cooper S and 1275 GT 2-door saloon and Clubman 3-door estate. Optional automatic transmission available on all except 1275 GT. ; Late 1969: The Mini MK3 is introduced in South Africa. The MK3 combined the booted rear of the Riley Elf / Wolseley Hornet with the standard rounded front of the ADO15 Mini. ; 1980: The Mini becomes the Austin Mini. ; 1988: The Mini becomes a marque in its own right, although V5 documents often show "Rover" as the marque, this is incorrect. ; October 2000: Mini production ends

The first Mini Cooper S was introduced in 1963.


Question: who won group a in world cup 2018

Answer: Uruguay

This is a document about 2018 FIFA World Cup Group A
  Group A of the 2018 FIFA World Cup took place from 14 to 25 June 2018. The group consisted of Russia, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Uruguay. The top two teams, Uruguay and Russia, advanced to the round of 16.

This is a document about ULEB Cup 2007–08 Regular Season Group A
  These are the Group A Results and Standings:

This is a document about 2007–08 FIBA EuroCup Group A
  These are the Group A Results and Standings:

This is a document about 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group A
  The 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification UEFA Group A was one of the nine UEFA groups for 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification. The group consisted of six teams: Netherlands, France, Sweden, Bulgaria, Belarus, and Luxembourg. The draw for the first round (group stage) was held as part of the 2018 FIFA World Cup Preliminary Draw on 25 July 2015, starting 18:00 MSK (UTC+3), at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna, Saint Petersburg, Russia. The group winners, France, qualified directly for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. The group runners-up, Sweden, advanced to the play-offs as one of the best 8 runners-up, where they defeated Italy and thus also qualified for the tournament. France went on to win the World Cup, defeating Croatia in the final.

This is a document about 2018 FIFA World Cup Group F
  Group F of the 2018 FIFA World Cup took place from 17 to 27 June 2018. The group consisted of Germany, Mexico, Sweden, and South Korea. Sweden and Mexico were the top two teams that advanced to the round of 16. The incumbent World Cup champions, Germany, placed last, making it the first time since 1938 that Germany did not advance beyond the first round, and the first time ever, the group stage. The early German exit was "greeted with shock in newspapers around the world".

This is a document about 2015 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup
 section=Group A ; teamwidth=150 ; update=complete |source=FIFA ; showOTloss=n ; showPKwin=y ; OTwin_header=W+ ; PKwin_header=WPK team1=POR |team2=JPN |team3=ARG |team4=SEN ; result1=KO |result2=KO win_POR=2 |OTwin_POR=0 |PKwin_POR=0 |loss_POR=1 |gf_POR=16|ga_POR=10|status_POR=H ; win_JPN=2 |OTwin_JPN=0 |PKwin_JPN=0 |loss_JPN=1 |gf_JPN=10|ga_JPN=10 ; win_ARG=1 |OTwin_ARG=0 |PKwin_ARG=0 |loss_ARG=2 |gf_ARG=9 |ga_ARG=14 ; win_SEN=1 |OTwin_SEN=0 |PKwin_SEN=0 |loss_SEN=2 |gf_SEN=12|ga_SEN=13 hth_POR=Portugal ahead of Japan on points obtained on head-to-head matches (Portugal defeated Japan 4–2) ; hth_JPN=POR ; hth_ARG=Argentina ahead of Senegal on points obtained on head-to-head matches (Argentina defeated Senegal 4–3) ; hth_SEN=ARG name_POR= ; name_JPN= ; name_ARG= ; name_SEN= res_col_header=Q ; col_KO=green1 |text_KO=Knockout stage ; class_rules=1) Points; 2) Points obtained in head-to-head matches; 3) Goal difference in head-to-head matches; 4) Goals scored in head-to-head matches; 5) Total goal difference; 6) Total goals scored; 7) Drawing of lots. {{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WL OT     }}

This is a document about 2006 Kabul Premier League
  Top three of group A were:

This is a document about 2018 IIHF World Women's U18 Championship
  🇮🇹 Nadia Mattivi ; Best Forward: 🇦🇹 Theresa Schafzahl 🇦🇹 Leoni Geifes (D) ; 🇭🇺 Míra Seregély (F) ; 🇮🇹 Nadia Mattivi (D) ; 🇯🇵 Remi Koyama (F) ; 🇳🇴 Ena Nystrøm (G) ; 🇸🇰 Lívia Kúbeková (F) The Group A tournament was held in Asiago, Italy from 8 to 14 January 2018. Having just been relegated to Division I in 2017, Japan entered the tournament with something to prove, handily winning all five matches in regulation and reclaiming their place in the Top Division. Despite eking out a shootout win against Hungary, Norway amassed the fewest points and were relegated to Division I Group B. {{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WL OT      }}Best players selected by the directorate Source: IIHF.com Best players of each team selected by the coaches  Source: IIHF.com

This is a document about 2008 IIHF World Championship Division I
 Group A Final standings Results  All times local.

This is a document about 2017 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup qualification (UEFA)
 section=Group A ; teamwidth=150 ; update=complete |source=BSWW OTwin_header=<abbr title="Won after extra time">W+ |OTloss_header=<abbr title="Won after penalty shoot-out">W P team1=ITA |team2=TUR |team3=BLR |team4=SRB ; result1=KO |result2=KO |result3=KO win_ITA=3 |OTwin_ITA=0 |OTloss_ITA=0 |loss_ITA=0 |gf_ITA=19 |ga_ITA=11 |status_ITA=H ; win_BLR=1 |OTwin_BLR=0 |OTloss_BLR=0 |loss_BLR=2 |gf_BLR=11 |ga_BLR=6 ; win_TUR=2 |OTwin_TUR=0 |OTloss_TUR=0 |loss_TUR=1 |gf_TUR=18 |ga_TUR=11 ; win_SRB=0 |OTwin_SRB=0 |OTloss_SRB=0 |loss_SRB=3 |gf_SRB=5 |ga_SRB=25 name_ITA= ; name_BLR= ; name_TUR= ; name_SRB= res_col_header=Q ; col_KO=green1 |text_KO=Advance to second group stage {{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WL OT     }}

This is a document about 2001–02 UEFA Champions League second group stage
 section=Group A ; res_col_header=Q team1=MU |name_MU =🏴 Manchester United ; team2=BAY|name_BAY=🇩🇪 Bayern Munich ; team3=BOA|name_BOA= Boavista ; team4=NAN|name_NAN=🇫🇷 Nantes ; win_MU =3|draw_MU =3|loss_MU =0|gf_MU =13|ga_MU =3 ; win_BAY=3|draw_BAY=3|loss_BAY=0|gf_BAY=5|ga_BAY=2 ; win_BOA=1|draw_BOA=2|loss_BOA=3|gf_BOA=2|ga_BOA=8 ; win_NAN=0|draw_NAN=2|loss_NAN=4|gf_NAN=4|ga_NAN=11 result1=KO|result2=KO ; col_KO=green1 |text_KO=Advance to knockout stage show_matches=n ; short_style=noflag match_BAY_BOA=1–0 ; match_BAY_MU=1–1 ; match_BAY_NAN=2–1 match_BOA_BAY=0–0 ; match_BOA_MU=0–3 ; match_BOA_NAN=1–0 match_MU_BAY=0–0 ; match_MU_BOA=3–0 ; match_MU_NAN=5–1 match_NAN_BAY=0–1 ; match_NAN_BOA=1–1 ; match_NAN_MU=1–1 update=complete|source=RSSSF {{#invoke:sports table|main|style=WDL        }}

This is a document about 1992 AFC Asian Cup
 section=Group A ; update=complete ; team1=JPN |team2=UAE |team3=IRN|team4=PRK win_JPN=1 |draw_JPN=2 |loss_JPN=0 |gf_JPN=2 |ga_JPN=1 |status_JPN=H ; win_UAE=1 |draw_UAE=2 |loss_UAE=0 |gf_UAE=2 |ga_UAE=1 |status_UAE= ; win_IRN=1 |draw_IRN=1 |loss_IRN=1 |gf_IRN=2 |ga_IRN=1 |status_IRN= ; win_PRK=0 |draw_PRK=1 |loss_PRK=2 |gf_PRK=2 |ga_PRK=5 |status_PRK= ; name_JPN=🇯🇵 japan|name_UAE=|name_IRN=🇮🇷 iran|name_PRK=🇰🇵 north korea ; res_col_header=Q|result1=KO |result2=KO ; col_KO=green1|text_KO=Advance to knockout stage ; source=WorldFootball.net ; winpoints=2|drawpoints=1 {{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL }}

This is a document about Shin Tae-yong
  South Korea and won the 2017 EAFF E-1 Football Championship. Despite two goalless draws, the South Korea under Shin also obtained qualification to the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. In the 2018 World Cup, South Koreans played against Sweden, Mexico and Germany. South Korea lost 0–1 to Sweden in their first game and 1–2 to Mexico in their second game. In this final match South Koreans beating Germany 2–0 and eliminated the Germans from the group stage for the first time in 80 years, and the first time a Germany side lost two games in a World Cup group stage, though they had failed to advance to the round of 16.

This is a document about 2006 FIFA World Cup Group A
  Play in Group A of the 2006 FIFA World Cup began on 9 June and completed on 20 June 2006. Germany won the group, and advanced to the second round, along with Ecuador. Poland and Costa Rica were eliminated.

This is a document about 2012–13 East Bengal FC season
 Group A

This is a document about Malaysia at the 1997 Southeast Asian Games
 Group A

This is a document about 1999 CR Vasco da Gama season
 Group A

This is a document about 2013–14 KK Partizan season
  Group A

This is a document about Egypt at the FIFA World Cup
  Group A

This is a document about 2010 in Chinese football
 Group A

Uruguay won Group A in the 2018 FIFA World Cup.


Question: when did the monorail stop going to the disneyland hotel

Answer: 1999

This is a document about Disneyland Monorail System
  The Disneyland Monorail has two stations: one in Tomorrowland, and another in the Downtown Disney District. The original Monorail was a round trip ride with no stops. In 1961, the track was expanded to connect to a station at the Disneyland Hotel, making it an actual transportation system. The original Hotel station was torn down in 1999 and a new station, now called the Downtown Disney Station, was built in the same place. All riders must disembark at Tomorrowland Station, and during peak traffic periods, the monorail offers only one-way trips where all passengers must also disembark at the Downtown Disney Station and re-board for the return trip to Tomorrowland. Admission to Disneyland Park must be purchased to ride

This is a document about Disneyland
  World" dioramas before returning passengers to Main Street, U.S.A.  One of Disneyland's signature attractions is its Disneyland Monorail System monorail service, which opened in Tomorrowland in 1959 as the first daily-operating monorail train system in the Western Hemisphere. The monorail guideway has remained almost exactly the same since 1961, aside from small alterations while Indiana Jones Adventure was being built. Five generations of monorail trains have been used in the park since their lightweight construction means they wear out quickly. The most recent operating generation, the Mark VII, was installed in 2008. The monorail shuttles visitors between two stations, one inside the park in Tomorrowland and one in Downtown Disney. It follows a 2.5

This is a document about Disneyland Hotel (California)
  the Disneyland Park main entrance via a tram. The Disneyland Monorail was extended from its original 1959 configuration and a station opened at the hotel in 1961 (pictured below). Recreational areas, attractions, and a convention center (1972) were also added over the years. On June 15, 1970 an adjacent recreation vehicle park called Vacationland opened (which had its own pool and clubhouse) which can be seen as a precursor to Disney's Fort Wilderness Resort & Campground which opened at Walt Disney World in 1971. The hotel also featured a Richfield service station for several years as part of Richfield's sponsorship of several Disneyland attractions, including Autopia.

This is a document about Disneyland
  route designed to show the park from above. Currently, the Mark VII is running with the colors red, blue and orange. The monorail was originally a loop built with just one station in Tomorrowland. Its track was extended and a second station opened at the Disneyland Hotel in 1961. With the creation of Downtown Disney in 2001, the new destination is Downtown Disney, instead of the Disneyland Hotel. The physical location of the monorail station did not change, but the original station building was demolished as part of the hotel downsizing, and the new station is now separated from the hotel by several Downtown Disney buildings, including ESPN Zone and the Rainforest Café.  All

This is a document about Mark IV monorail
  to prevent unintentional opening of the doors. Cast Members had to hold both the button activating the pneumatic system and the button or buttons for the desired cars they wished to open. When Walt Disney World opened, there were only two lines—the Express Monorail (to/from the Magic Kingdom parking lot) and the Resort Monorail (which operated as local stopping at the Contemporary Resort, the Polynesian Resort, and the Magic Kingdom). Originally the Resort Monorail did not stop at the Transportation and Ticket Center (TTC) as it was intended for resort guests only. When Epcot opened in October 1982, the resort line began stopping at TTC

This is a document about Walt Disney World Monorail System
 Magic Kingdom Express: The Express service runs counter-clockwise around the outer loop, providing nonstop service between the Magic Kingdom and the Transportation and Ticket Center. ; Magic Kingdom Resort: The Resort line runs clockwise around the inner loop, and also services the resorts around the Seven Seas Lagoon with stops at Disney's Contemporary Resort, Disney's Polynesian Village Resort, and Disney's Grand Floridian Resort and Spa. ; Epcot: The Epcot line runs from the Transportation and Ticket Center to Epcot, with trains operating along a single beam on a clockwise loop. The Walt Disney World Monorail spans 14.7 mi, with around 50 million Disney guests traveling on the monorail each year. The system opened with the rest of the Walt Disney World Resort on October 1, 1971. It

This is a document about Disneyland Monorail System
  of the Disney California Adventure theme park where the monorail beamway passed through what had formerly been the parking lot. Although the beamway's route was not altered, a significant amount of construction was done around the existing beamway, and much of the terrain under the beamway's support columns were regraded, necessitating the closures. Additionally, the Disneyland Hotel Station and all of its nearby hotel structures were completely demolished and a new station built in the same location. Downtown Disney Station is treated as a second gate into Disneyland Park, so a general admission passport or valid annual pass must be presented to ride the monorail and the tail-cone tour is no longer offered. The

This is a document about Disneyland Monorail System
   Walt Disney originally envisioned the monorail as a practical form of public transport for the future. However, the monorail came about during a time when America's—and particularly Los Angeles'—obsession with the automobile was increasing, and monorails in the United States were mostly only located in Disney's theme parks, except for the Seattle Center Monorail. The job of building the monorail was originally assigned to the Standard Carriage Works of East Los Angeles, but in late 1958, Walt Disney, pressured for time, moved it to his Burbank studios. Disney designer Bob Gurr then headed a Disney team that designed and manufactured the cars, chassis, suspension and propulsion systems, thus completing the Red Mk 1 just in time for the re-dedication of Tomorrowland. The Disneyland ALWEG Monorail opened on June 14, 1959,

This is a document about Disneyland Monorail System
  resumed limited shuttle operations in 2000 when the Downtown Disney Station became operational, but a significant portion of the beamway was still unusable due to construction. In 2001 the monorail resumed full capacity forward direction circuit operations, passing through Disney's Grand Californian Hotel & Spa, as well as showcasing the new park. In 2004, Monorail Orange was removed from the line and taken to Walt Disney Imagineering in Glendale to be reverse engineered. Monorail Blue was removed in September 2006 for rebuilding. The Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage show building was extended into the lagoon beneath the monorail, which closed from August 21 through late December 2006 to prepare for the 2007 opening of Nemo.

This is a document about Mark IV monorail
  begin the Las Vegas Monorail operations. In 2004 Lime and Coral (now the MGM and Bally) were replaced by fully automated Bombardier MVI 4-car trains. As Walt Disney Productions began to finalize its plans for the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida, it was decided that monorails would be used as a primary means of transportation for this new “Vacation Kingdom." While the monorail system would not be as extensive as Walt Disney's original plans for the Florida site, it would still be the primary mode for transporting guests throughout the resort. Walt Disney envisioned that the monorail would be

This is a document about Disneyland, Inc.
  by May 1, 1959 for $562,500. WED held ownership of the Disneyland Railroad.  Disneyland was announced in April 1954 by Walt, and it was to be opened in July 1955. With a need for a hotel nearby and no funding available for Disney to build it, Walt Disney approached Hilton and Sheraton Hotels about building such a hotel. Both turned down Disney as they had no idea where Anaheim was. Disney began approach prospective investors for the Disneyland Hotel in 1954 which included Jack Wrather who agreed. Wrather-Alvarez Hotels, Inc. was expected to have the hotel opened in 1955-11. AB-PT's subsidiary, UPT Concessions, Inc. was

This is a document about Walt Disney World Monorail System
  The Walt Disney World Monorail System is a public transit monorail system in operation at the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida, near Orlando. The Walt Disney World Resort currently operates twelve Mark VI monorail trains on three lines of service. The monorail system opened in 1971 with two routes (Magic Kingdom: Resort and Express) and with Mark IV monorail trains. It was expanded to three lines (Magic Kingdom: Resort and Express, plus Epcot) in 1982, and the rolling stock was updated to Mark VI trains in 1989. , the system is one of the most heavily used monorail systems in the world, with over 150,000 daily riders. It is surpassed by the Tokyo Monorail in Tokyo, Japan, which has over 300,000 daily riders; and by the monorail system run by Chongqing Rail Transit in Chongqing, China, which has over 900,000 daily riders on Line 2 and Line 3 combined. That being said, it is one of the most famous and well-known monorails in the world, along with the Disneyland Monorail System at Disneyland in Anaheim, CA.

This is a document about Disneyland Monorail System
  The Disneyland Monorail System (originally named the Disneyland ALWEG Monorail System) is an attraction and transportation system at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California, United States. It was the first daily operating monorail in the Western Hemisphere.

This is a document about EPCOT (concept)
  The city would be connected to the other points in Disney World with a main line of transportation—the monorail. Walt Disney introduced the Disneyland Monorail in 1959. The monorail would cut through the center of the city, connecting EPCOT with the northern and southern points on the Disney World property. Internal transportation would be provided by a new Disney transportation concept, the WEDway PeopleMover. The system uses motors located between the tracks to propel vehicles along a pair of steel rails. PeopleMover cars would transport residents from the metropolitan center to the outer residential areas. The PeopleMover concept was first demonstrated at Disneyland's Tomorrowland in 1967. The PeopleMover was also installed at the Magic Kingdom as the WEDWay PeopleMover in

This is a document about Mark IV monorail
  allow resort guests to board the Epcot Center Monorail. Conversely the Express Monorail (Magic Kingdom/parking lot) would not stop at the resorts except during the very busiest of times when the first car would not be loaded and the train would stop at the north end of the Contemporary to board hotel guests. When Express trains stopped to embark Contemporary guests, clearances were handled by radio dispatch. When the resort first opened in 1971, both beams operated in the same direction (clockwise—the direction the modern day resort line runs) based visual clearances and off a standard block light system. Entrance to the Contemporary was only

This is a document about Disney Parks, Experiences and Products
  on November 23, 1988. Tishman Company's plans for two Walt Disney World hotels were rejected by the new CEO Michael Eisner on September 30, 1984, marking a change in Disney architecture. New plans for the Dolphin and Swan hotels were submitted by Michael Graves in July 1986; ground breaking took place on January 28, 1988. The first non-Disney owned hotel, Pickett Suite Resort, opened in Disney World Village on March 15, 1987. On June 1, 1982, the Walt Disney World monorail line was extended to EPCOT Center from the Ticket and Transportation Center. :338 The EPCOT Center theme park opened on October 1, 1982, at a building

This is a document about Rail transport in Walt Disney Parks and Resorts
   Rail transport can be found in every theme park resort property owned or licensed by Disney Parks, Experiences and Products, one of the four business segments of the Walt Disney Company. The origins of Disney theme park rail transport can be traced back to Walt Disney himself and his personal fondness for railroads, who insisted that they be included in the first Disney park, the original Disneyland (a key component of the Disneyland Resort) in California in the United States, which opened on July 17, 1955. The Disney tradition of including transport by rail in its parks has since been extended to other Disney properties with the opening of Walt Disney World in Florida in the United States, Tokyo Disney Resort in Japan, Disneyland Paris in France, Hong Kong

This is a document about Shades of Green (resort)
  resort was its location. The resort was out of the monorail loop, almost .25 mi away from the nearest monorail station at The Polynesian. Most travel agents and tourists did not really consider The Golf Resort to really be a "Disney" resort. The resort was expanded and renamed The Disney Inn in February 1986 to try to appeal to more than golfers. It received an additional 150 rooms with a new Snow White theme during that renovation. The resort was still small though for Disney standards. The resort described itself as having the rustic charm of a quiet country inn. Rooms were

This is a document about Disneyland Monorail System
 Mark I : 1959 - 1961 ; 3-car trains ; Colors: red and blue ; Mark II : 1961 - 1969 (Added with track expansion to Disneyland Hotel) ; Same physical hardware as Mark I, with minor upgrades and improvements ; 4-car trains (1 new car for Red and Blue trains, yellow was all new train) ; Bigger dome on top of front car ; Colors: red, blue and yellow Built at Disney Studios. Based on Alweg monorail systems and concepts.

This is a document about Las Vegas Strip
 SAHARA Las Vegas Station ; Westgate Station ; Las Vegas Convention Center Station ; Harrah's/The LINQ Station ; Flamingo/Caesars Palace Station ; Bally's/Paris Station ; MGM Grand Station While not on the Strip itself, the Las Vegas Monorail runs a 3.9 mile route on the east side of the Strip corridor from Tropicana Avenue to Sahara Avenue, with stops every 4 to 8 minutes at several on-Strip properties including the MGM Grand and the Sahara at each end of the route. The stations include:  The monorail began operations in 1995 and originally used two trains from Walt Disney World. In 2021, the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority (LVCVA) announced plans for purchasing the bankrupt Las Vegas Monorail.

The monorail stopped going to the Disneyland Hotel in 1961 when the Downtown Disney Station was built.


Question: where does the actual gas exchange take place most often

Answer: lungs

This is a document about Gas exchange
  Gas exchange is the physical process by which gases move passively by diffusion across a surface. For example, this surface might be the air/water interface of a water body, the surface of a gas bubble in a liquid, a gas-permeable membrane, or a biological membrane that forms the boundary between an organism and its extracellular environment. Gases are constantly consumed and produced by cellular and metabolic reactions in most living things, so an efficient system for gas exchange between, ultimately, the interior of the cell(s) and the external environment is required. Small, particularly unicellular organisms, such as bacteria and protozoa, have a high surface-area to volume ratio. In these creatures

This is a document about Gas exchange
  The gas exchanger in mammals is internalized to form lungs, as it is in most of the larger land animals. Gas exchange occurs in microscopic dead-end air-filled sacs called alveoli, where a very thin membrane (called the blood-air barrier) separates the blood in the alveolar capillaries (in the walls of the alveoli) from the alveolar air in the sacs.

This is a document about Gas exchange
  gas exchange membrane is typically the cell membrane. Some small multicellular organisms, such as flatworms, are also able to perform sufficient gas exchange across the skin or cuticle that surrounds their bodies. However, in most larger organisms, which have a small surface-area to volume ratios, specialised structures with convoluted surfaces such as gills, pulmonary alveoli and spongy mesophyll provide the large area needed for effective gas exchange. These convoluted surfaces may sometimes be internalised into the body of the organism. This is the case with the alveoli, which form the inner surface of the mammalian lung, the spongy mesophyll, which is found inside the leaves of some kinds of plant,

This is a document about Respiration (physiology)
  and the external environment. Gas exchanges in the lung occurs by ventilation and perfusion. Ventilation refers to the in and out movement of air of the lungs and perfusion is the circulation of blood in the pulmonary capillaries. In mammals, physiological respiration involves respiratory cycles of inhaled and exhaled breaths. Inhalation (breathing in) is usually an active movement that brings air into the lungs where the process of gas exchange takes place between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries. Contraction of the diaphragm muscle cause a pressure variation, which is equal to the pressures caused by elastic,

This is a document about Carboxyhemoglobin
  Gas exchange is an essential process for many organisms to maintain homeostasis. Oxygen accounts for about 20% of Earth's atmospheric air. While inhaling air is critical to supply cells with oxygen for aerobic respiration via the Bohr effect and Haldane effect (and perhaps local low oxygen partial pressure e.g. active muscles), exhaling the cellular waste product carbon dioxide is arguably the more critical aspect of respiration. Whereas the body can tolerate brief periods of hypoxia (as commonly occurs in anaerobic exercise, although the brain, heart, liver and kidney are significantly less tolerant than skeletal muscle), failure to expel carbon dioxide may cause respiratory acidosis (meaning bodily fluids and blood become too acidic thereby affecting homeostasis). In absence of oxygen,

This is a document about Biology
  The respiratory system consists of specific organs and structures used for gas exchange in animals. The anatomy and physiology that make this happen varies greatly, depending on the size of the organism, the environment in which it lives and its evolutionary history. In land animals the respiratory surface is internalized as linings of the lungs. Gas exchange in the lungs occurs in millions of small air sacs; in mammals and reptiles these are called alveoli, and in birds they are known as atria. These microscopic air sacs have a very rich blood supply, thus bringing the air into close contact with the blood. These air

This is a document about Gas exchange
  Gas exchange in plants is dominated by the roles of carbon dioxide, oxygen and water vapor. is the only carbon source for autotrophic growth by photosynthesis, and when a plant is actively photosynthesising in the light, it will be taking up carbon dioxide, and losing water vapor and oxygen. At night, plants respire, and gas exchange partly reverses: water vapor is still lost (but to a smaller extent), but oxygen is now taken up and carbon dioxide released. Plant gas exchange occurs mostly through the leaves. Gas exchange between a leaf and the atmosphere occurs simultaneously through two pathways: 1) epidermal cells and cuticular waxes (usually referred as 'cuticle') which are always present at each leaf surface, and 2) stomata,

This is a document about Respiratory tract
  Respiration is the rhythmical process of breathing, in which air is drawn into the alveoli of the lungs via inhalation and subsequently expelled via exhalation. When a human being inhales, air travels down the trachea, through the bronchial tubes, and into the lungs. The entire tract is protected by the rib cage, spine, and sternum. In the lungs, oxygen from the inhaled air is transferred into the blood and circulated throughout the body. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is transferred from returning blood back into gaseous form in the lungs and exhaled through the lower respiratory tract and then the upper, to complete the process of breathing. Unlike the trachea and bronchi,

This is a document about Breathing
  Breathing (or ventilation) is the process of moving air out and in the lungs to facilitate gas exchange with the internal environment, mostly to flush out carbon dioxide and bring in oxygen. All aerobic creatures need oxygen for cellular respiration, which extracts energy from the reaction of oxygen with molecules derived from food and produces carbon dioxide as a waste product. Breathing, or "external respiration", brings air into the lungs where gas exchange takes place in the alveoli through diffusion. The body's circulatory system transports these gases to and from the cells, where "cellular respiration" takes place. The breathing of all vertebrates

This is a document about Gas exchange
   The membrane across which gas exchange takes place in the alveoli (i.e. the blood-air barrier) is extremely thin (in humans, on average, 2.2 μm thick). It consists of the alveolar epithelial cells, their basement membranes and the endothelial cells of the pulmonary capillaries (Fig. 4). The large surface area of the membrane comes from the folding of the membrane into about 300 million alveoli, with diameters of approximately 75-300 μm each. This provides an extremely large surface area (approximately 145 m2) across which gas exchange can occur.

This is a document about Gas exchange
  the gills of those molluscs that have them, which are found in the mantle cavity. In aerobic organisms, gas exchange is particularly important for respiration, which involves the uptake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide. Conversely, in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms such as most land plants, uptake of carbon dioxide and release of both oxygen and water vapour are the main gas-exchange processes occurring during the day. Other gas-exchange processes are important in less familiar organisms: e.g. carbon dioxide, methane and hydrogen are exchanged across the cell membrane of methanogenic archaea. In nitrogen fixation by diazotrophic bacteria, and denitrification by heterotrophic bacteria (such as Paracoccus denitrificans and various pseudomonads), nitrogen

This is a document about Bird anatomy
  where gas exchange occurs. As the bird inhales, tracheal air flows through the intrapulmonary bronchi into the posterior air sacs, as well as into the dorsobronchi (but not into the ventrobronchi whose openings into the intrapulmonary bronchi were previously believed to be tightly closed during inhalation. However, more recent studies have shown that the aerodynamics of the bronchial architecture directs the inhaled air away from the openings of the ventrobronchi, into the continuation of the intrapulmonary bronchus towards the dorsobronchi and posterior air sacs ). From the dorsobronchi the air flows through the parabronchi (and therefore the gas exchanger) to the ventrobronchi from where the air can

This is a document about Discontinuous gas exchange
  Discontinuous gas-exchange cycles (DGC), also called discontinuous ventilation or discontinuous ventilatory cycles, follow one of several patterns of arthropod gas exchange that have been documented primarily in insects; they occur when the insect is at rest. During DGC, oxygen (O2) uptake and carbon dioxide (CO2) release from the whole insect follow a cyclical pattern characterized by periods of little to no release of CO2 to the external environment. Discontinuous gas exchange is traditionally defined in three phases, whose names reflect the behaviour of the spiracles: the closed phase, the flutter phase, and the open phase. Until recently, insect respiration was believed to occur entirely by simple diffusion. It was believed that

This is a document about Gas exchange
  typically control the majority of the exchange. Gases enter into the photosynthetic tissue of the leaf through dissolution onto the moist surface of the palisade and spongy mesophyll cells. The spongy mesophyll cells are loosely packed, allowing for an increased surface area, and consequently an increased rate of gas-exchange. Uptake of carbon dioxide necessarily results in some loss of water vapor, because both molecules enter and leave by the same stomata, so plants experience a gas exchange dilemma: gaining enough without losing too much water. Therefore, water loss from other parts of the leaf is minimised by the waxy cuticle on the leaf's epidermis. The size of a stoma is regulated by the opening and closing of its two guard

This is a document about Mechanical ventilation
  oxygen and carbon dioxide between the bloodstream and the pulmonary airspace works by diffusion and requires no external work, air must be moved into and out of the lungs to make it available to the gas exchange process. In spontaneous breathing, a negative pressure is created in the pleural cavity by the muscles of respiration, and the resulting gradient between the atmospheric pressure and the pressure inside the thorax generates a flow of air. In the iron lung by means of a pump, the air is withdrawn mechanically to produce a vacuum inside the tank, thus creating negative pressure. This negative pressure leads to expansion of the chest, which

This is a document about Respiratory system
  there are fewer. It is at the level of the tracheoles that oxygen is delivered to the cells for respiration. Insects were once believed to exchange gases with the environment continuously by the simple diffusion of gases into the tracheal system. More recently, however, large variation in insect ventilatory patterns has been documented and insect respiration appears to be highly variable. Some small insects do not demonstrate continuous respiratory movements and may lack muscular control of the spiracles. Others, however, utilize muscular contraction of the abdomen along with coordinated spiracle contraction and relaxation to generate cyclical gas exchange patterns and to reduce water loss into the atmosphere. The most extreme form of these patterns is termed discontinuous gas exchange cycles.

This is a document about Marsh gas
  column and increase the methane flux to the atmosphere. This process is called hydrodynamic transport, and it accounts for more than half of nighttime methane fluxes as well as 32% of annual methane emissions from wetland environments. Ebullition, also known as bubbling, is a type of one-way transport of gases from nutrient rich sediments, to the water column, and then to the atmosphere. It is a major mechanism for gas exchange in freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems and is known to peak during the daytime and at warm temperatures. It has been reported that ebullition is responsible for 45% of the annual methane flux for fresh water

This is a document about Cellular waste product
 Up to 7% is dissolved in its molecular form in blood plasma. ; About 70-80% is converted into hydrocarbonate ions, ; The remainder binds with haemoglobin in red blood cells, is carried to the lungs, and exhaled. Cellular respiration takes place in the cristae of the mitochondria within cells. Depending on the pathways followed, the products are dealt with in different ways. CO2 is excreted from the cell via diffusion into the blood stream, where it is transported in three ways: H2O also diffuses out of the cell into the bloodstream, from where it is excreted in the form of perspiration, water vapour in the breath, or urine from the kidneys. Water,

This is a document about Lung
  site of gas exchange by simple diffusion. The blood flow around the parabronchi and their atria forms a cross-current process of gas exchange (see diagram on the right). The air sacs, which hold air, do not contribute much to gas exchange, despite being thin-walled, as they are poorly vascularised. The air sacs expand and contract due to changes in the volume in the thorax and abdomen. This volume change is caused by the movement of the sternum and ribs and this movement is often synchronised with movement of the flight muscles. Parabronchi in which the air flow is unidirectional are called paleopulmonic parabronchi and are found in all birds. Some birds, however, have, in addition, a lung structure where the air flow in the parabronchi is bidirectional. These are termed neopulmonic parabronchi.

This is a document about Cephalopod
  Cephalopods exchange gases with the seawater by forcing water through their gills, which are attached to the roof of the organism. Water enters the mantle cavity on the outside of the gills, and the entrance of the mantle cavity closes. When the mantle contracts, water is forced through the gills, which lie between the mantle cavity and the funnel. The water's expulsion through the funnel can be used to power jet propulsion. If respiration is used concurrently with jet propulsion, large losses in speed or oxygen generation can be expected. The gills, which are much more efficient than those of other mollusks, are attached to the ventral surface of the mantle cavity. There is a trade-off with gill size regarding lifestyle. To achieve fast speeds, gills

The actual gas exchange takes place most often at the level of the alveoli in the lungs during respiration in mammals.


Question: who introduced a set of proposals to the first congress

Answer: Joseph Galloway

This is a document about New York Circular Letter
  the Convention. Virginia and New York were the only two states to call for the Convention. The response in other states varied from outright rejection to consideration only after giving Congress a chance to propose the amendments first. James Madison opposed the idea of early amendments, advocating a few years of seeing how the Constitution would run first. However, he believed that if amendments were to be proposed early, especially if some of them went to the heart of the function of Congress before Congress had a chance to demonstrate how well it would work, it would be better if they were proposed by Congress. Madison, a member of the first United States House of Representatives, proposed the Bill of Rights partially in response to the Convention effort.

This is a document about United States House of Representatives
  Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a unicameral body with equal representation for each state, any of which could veto most actions. After eight years of a more limited confederal government under the Articles, numerous political leaders such as James Madison and Alexander Hamilton initiated the Constitutional Convention in 1787, which received the Confederation Congress's sanction to "amend the Articles of Confederation". All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates. Congress's structure was a contentious issue among the founders during the convention. Edmund Randolph's Virginia Plan called for a bicameral Congress: the lower house would be "of

This is a document about Article Five of the United States Constitution
  1789, the first method for crafting and proposing amendments has been used. All 33 amendments submitted to the states for ratification originated in the Congress. The second method, the convention option, a political tool which Alexander Hamilton (writing in The Federalist No. 85) argued would enable state legislatures to "erect barriers against the encroachments of the national authority", has yet to be invoked. When the 1st Congress considered a series of constitutional amendments, it was suggested that the two houses first adopt a resolution indicating that they deemed amendments necessary. This procedure was not used. Instead, both the House

This is a document about Copyright Act of 1790
  During the first session of the 1st United States Congress in 1789, the House of Representatives considered enacting a copyright law. The historian Davit Ramsay petitioned Congress seeking to restrict the publication of his History of the American Revolution on April 15. Congressmen Thomas Tudor Tucker, Alexander White, and Benjamin Huntington examined his claims and a copyright committee consisting of Huntington, Lambert Cadwalader, and Benjamin Contee began drafting the legislation on April 20. Jedidiah Morse, Nicholas Pike, and Hannah Adams each also petitioned Congress with their interests in restricting the printing of texts. Their bill moved to the Committee of the Whole House in June, but the matter was postponed in anticipation of the first recess, to be taken up again when the House reconvened. Both houses of Congress pursued a copyright law more pointedly during 1790's second session. They responded to President George Washington's 1790 State of the Union Address, in which he urged Congress to pass legislation designed for "the promotion of Science and Literature" so as to better educate the public. This led to the Patent Act of 1790 and, shortly thereafter, the Copyright Act of 1790.

This is a document about Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution
   In the 1st United States Congress, following the state legislatures' request, James Madison proposed twenty constitutional amendments based on state bills of rights and English sources such as the Bill of Rights 1689. Among them was an amendment protecting findings of fact in civil cases exceeding a certain dollar value from judicial review. Madison proposed that this amendment should be added directly to Article III, though Congress later determined to add the proposed Bill of Rights to the end of the Constitution, leaving the original text intact. Congress also reduced Madison's proposed twenty amendments to twelve, and these were proposed to the states for

This is a document about History of turnpikes and canals in the United States
  federal intrusions into state affairs. In his first message to Congress, Federalist President John Adams advocated for construction of roads and canals on a national basis and for the establishment of observatories and a national university. Later, in 1806, Democratic-Republican President Jefferson also had recommended many internal improvements for Congress to consider, including the creation of necessary amendments to the Constitution to allow themselves such powers. Adams did not share Jefferson's view of the limitations of the Constitution. In much alarm Jefferson suggested to Madison the desirability of having Virginia adopt a new set of resolutions, founded on those of 1798, and directed against the acts for internal

This is a document about Second Amendment to the United States Constitution
  James Madison's initial proposal for a bill of rights was brought to the floor of the House of Representatives on June 8, 1789, during the first session of Congress. The initial proposed passage relating to arms was: "The right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed; a well armed and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country: but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person." On July 21, Madison again raised the issue of his bill and proposed that a select committee be created to report on

This is a document about The Federalist Papers
  The Federal Convention (Constitutional Convention) sent the proposed Constitution to the Confederation Congress, which in turn submitted it to the states for ratification at the end of September 1787. On September 27, 1787, "Cato" first appeared in the New York press criticizing the proposition; "Brutus" followed on October 18, 1787. These and other articles and public letters critical of the new Constitution would eventually become known as the "Anti-Federalist Papers". In response, Alexander Hamilton decided to launch a measured defense and extensive explanation of the proposed Constitution to the people of the state of New York. He wrote in Federalist No. 1 that the series would "endeavor to give a satisfactory answer to all the objections which shall have made their appearance, that

This is a document about Copyright Clause
  On August 18, 1787, the Constitutional Convention was in the midst of a weeks-long stretch of proposals to establish what would become the enumerated powers of the United States Congress. Three such proposals made on that day addressed what are now lumped together under intellectual property rights. One, by Charles Pinckney was "to secure to authors exclusive rights for a limited time". The other two were made by James Madison, who had previously served on a committee of the Congress established under the Articles of Confederation which had encouraged the individual states to adopt copyright legislation. Madison proposed that the Constitution permit Congress "to secure to literary authors their copyrights for

This is a document about Confederation Period
  which came to be known as the Articles of Confederation, provided for a weak national government with little power to coerce the state governments. The first article of the new constitution established a name for the new confederacy – the United States of America. The first draft of the Articles of Confederation, written by John Dickinson, was presented to Congress on July 12, 1776, but Congress did not send the proposed constitution to the states until November 1777. Three major constitutional issues divided Congress: state borders, including claims to lands west of the Appalachian Mountains, state representation in the new Congress, and whether tax levies on states should take slaves into account. Ultimately, Congress decided that each state would have one

This is a document about History of Virginia on stamps
  Pennsylvania. This was the fifth stamp in the Constitution Series. George Mason opposed the Constitution for its lack of personal guarantees, James Madison argued liberties were inherently guarded in the Constitution. Following the state Ratification Conventions, Madison began to draft the original Bill of Rights in the First Congress from 200 state proposals. A dozen final proposals passed Congress, and ten of them were ratified by the states to become the Bill of Rights. An image of the USPS stamp may be seen at the link to Arago online in the footnote.  Patrick Henry was a leader in the Virginia House

This is a document about List of Princeton University people (United States Congress, Supreme Court, Continental Congress and Constitutional Convention)
  Columbia College, two from the University of Pennsylvania, and one each from the University of Oxford and the University of Glasgow. James Madison was the first delegate to arrive at the convention and was so influential there that he came to be known as the "Father of the Constitution". He also argued for the Constitution's ratification in The Federalist Papers, written together with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay. As a Representative in the 1st United States Congress, he introduced the Bill of Rights, which became the first ten Amendments to the Constitution. William Paterson and Oliver Ellsworth were also influential at the convention. In

This is a document about United States Congress
  The First Continental Congress was a gathering of representatives from twelve of the thirteen colonies of North America. On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence, referring to the new nation as the "United States of America". The Articles of Confederation in 1781 created the Congress of the Confederation, a unicameral body with equal representation among the states in which each state had a veto over most decisions. Congress had executive but not legislative authority, and the federal judiciary was confined to admiralty. and lacked authority to collect taxes, regulate commerce, or enforce laws. Government powerlessness led to the Convention of 1787 which proposed a revised constitution with a two–chamber or bicameral Congress. Smaller states argued for equal representation for each state. The two-chamber structure had functioned well in state governments. A compromise plan, the Connecticut Compromise, was

This is a document about George Mason
  by his correspondence, Mason softened his stance towards the new federal government, telling Monroe that the constitution "wisely & Properly directs" that ambassadors be confirmed by the Senate. Although Mason predicted that the amendments to be proposed to the states by the First Congress would be "Milk & Water Propositions", he displayed "much Satisfaction" at what became the Bill of Rights (ratified in 1791) and wrote that if his concerns about the federal courts and other matters were addressed, "I could cheerfully put my Hand & Heart to the new Government". Washington, who was in 1789 elected the first president, resented Mason's strong stances against the ratification of the constitution, and these differences destroyed their friendship. Although

This is a document about Letters to the inhabitants of Canada
  On October 21, 1774, the First Continental Congress, meeting to craft a united response to the Intolerable Acts, resolved to address letters to the populations of Quebec, St. John's Island, Nova Scotia, Georgia, East Florida and West Florida, all being colonies that were not represented by delegates in the Congress. A committee composed of Thomas Cushing, Richard Henry Lee and John Dickinson was set up to draft those letters. A first draft was presented on October 24, debated and returned to the committee. On October 26, a new draft was presented, debated, amended and adopted. A resolution was passed for the president

This is a document about United States Department of the Treasury
  The First Congress of the United States was called to convene in New York on March 4, 1789, marking the beginning of government under the Constitution. On September 2, 1789, Congress created a permanent institution for the management of government finances:"Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That there shall be a Department of Treasury, in which shall be the following officers, namely: a Secretary of the Treasury, to be deemed head of the department; a Comptroller, an Auditor, a Treasurer, a Register, and an Assistant to the Secretary of the Treasury, which assistant shall be appointed by the said Secretary."Alexander Hamilton took the oath

This is a document about First Amendment to the United States Constitution
  the Articles of Confederation, a Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia proposed a new constitution on September 17, 1787, featuring among other changes a stronger chief executive. George Mason, a Constitutional Convention delegate and the drafter of Virginia's Declaration of Rights, proposed that the Constitution include a bill of rights listing and guaranteeing civil liberties. Other delegates—including future Bill of Rights drafter James Madison—disagreed, arguing that existing state guarantees of civil liberties were sufficient and any attempt to enumerate individual rights risked the implication that other, unnamed rights were unprotected. After a brief debate, Mason's proposal was defeated by a unanimous vote of the

This is a document about Vicinage Clause
  House of Burgesses condemned the renewal of the treason law on May 16, 1769 in the Virginia Resolves: The same resolution referred to the "inestimable Privilege of being tried by a Jury from the Vicinage." The Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress adopted on October 14, 1774, resolved: On October 26, 1774, the Continental Congress approved an address to the people of Quebec, drafted by Thomas Cushing, Richard Henry Lee, and John Dickinson, arguing that: The United States Declaration of Independence (1776) accuses King George III of "transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offences."

This is a document about Third Amendment to the United States Constitution
   In the 1st United States Congress, following the state legislatures' request, James Madison proposed twenty constitutional amendments based on state bills of rights and English sources such as the Bill of Rights 1689; one of these was a prohibition against quartering troops in private homes. Several revisions to the future Third Amendment were proposed in Congress, which chiefly differed in the way in which peace and war were distinguished (including the possibility of a situation, such as unrest, which was neither peace nor war), and whether the executive or the legislature would have the authority to authorize quartering. However, the amendment ultimately passed Congress almost unchanged and by unanimous vote.

This is a document about Presidency of George Washington
  Congress approved 12 amendments to the U.S. Constitution on September 25, 1789, establishing specific constitutional guarantees of personal freedoms and rights, clear limitations on the government's power in judicial and other proceedings, and explicit declarations that all powers not specifically delegated to Congress by the Constitution are reserved for the states or the people, and submitted them to the state legislatures for ratification. Congressional approval of the amendments was led by James Madison. Madison had previously opposed amending the constitution, but he hoped to prevent more far-reaching reforms by passing his own package of constitutional amendments. With the support of Washington, Madison put together a package of relatively uncontroversial amendments that won the backing of both Federalist and Anti-Federalist members of Congress. Congress passed a package of constitutional amendments that were largely based on Madison's original proposals, though some of

James Madison introduced a set of proposals to the first Congress, which included the Bill of Rights. He proposed 20 amendments based on English constitutional bills of rights and state sources. However, the final decision on the number of amendments to be added to the Constitution was left to Congress.