Question: when did the records take over the production of the phonographs

Answer: 1881

This is a document about Sound recording and reproduction
   Sound recording began as a purely mechanical process. Except for a few crude telephone-based recording devices with no means of amplification, such as the telegraphone, it remained so until the 1920s. Between the invention of the phonograph in 1877 and the first commercial digital recordings in the early 1970s, arguably the most important milestone in the history of sound recording was the introduction of what was then called electrical recording, in which a microphone was used to convert the sound into an electrical signal that was amplified and used to actuate the recording stylus. This innovation eliminated the "horn sound" resonances characteristic of the acoustical process, produced clearer and

This is a document about Phonograph record
  be called vinyl disc records, also known as vinyl records or vinyl for short. The phonograph disc record was the primary medium used for music reproduction throughout the 20th century. It had co-existed with the phonograph cylinder from the late 1880s and had effectively superseded it by around 1912. Records retained the largest market share even when new formats such as the compact cassette were mass-marketed. By the 1980s, digital media, in the form of the compact disc, had gained a larger market share, and the record left the mainstream in 1991. Since the 1990s, records continue to be manufactured and sold on

This is a document about Gábor Kornél Tolnai
  expanded on the principles of the phonautograph. Perfected by Thomas Edison in 1878, the phonograph was a device with a cylinder covered with an impressionable material such as tin foil, lead, or wax on which a stylus etched grooves. The advent of electrical recording made it possible to use microphones to capture the sound of the performance. The leading record labels switched to the electric microphone process in 1925, and most other record companies followed their lead by the end of the decade. Magnetic recording was demonstrated in principle as early as 1898 by Valdemar Poulsen in his telegraphone. Magnetic wire recording, and its successor, magnetic tape recording, involve the use of a magnetizable medium which moves with a constant speed past

This is a document about Mass communication
  Recordings, developed in the 1870s, became the first non-print form of mass communication. The invention of the phonograph by Thomas Edison in the late 19th century, the graphophone by Alexander Graham Bell and Charles Tainter, and the gramophone by The Victor Talking Machine Company were the first competing mass media forms that brought recorded music to the masses. Recording changed again in the 1950s with the invention of the LP (long play) vinyl record, then eight track-tapes, followed by vinyl, and cassettes in 1965. Compact discs (CDs) followed and were seen as the biggest invention in recorded arts since Edison.

This is a document about Phonograph
  waves which were coupled to the open air through a flaring horn, or directly to the listener's ears through stethoscope-type earphones. The phonograph was invented in 1877 by Thomas Edison. Alexander Graham Bell's Volta Laboratory made several improvements in the 1880s and introduced the graphophone, including the use of wax-coated cardboard cylinders and a cutting stylus that moved from side to side in a zigzag groove around the record. In the 1890s, Emile Berliner initiated the transition from phonograph cylinders to flat discs with a spiral groove running from the periphery to near the center, coining the term gramophone for disc record players, which is predominantly used in many languages. Later improvements through the years

This is a document about History of sound recording
 The Acoustic era (1877–1925) ; The Electrical era (1925–1945) ; The Magnetic era (1945–1975) ; The Digital era (1975–present). The history of sound recording - which has progressed in waves, driven by the invention and commercial introduction of new technologies — can be roughly divided into four main periods: Experiments in capturing sound on a recording medium for preservation and reproduction began in earnest during the Industrial Revolution of the 1800s. Many pioneering attempts to record and reproduce sound were made during the latter half of the 19th century – notably Scott's phonautograph of 1857 – and these efforts culminated in the invention of the phonograph by Thomas Edison in 1877. Digital recording emerged in the late 20th century and has since flourished with the popularity of digital music and online streaming services.

This is a document about Music technology (electric)
   Between the invention of the phonograph in 1877 and the advent of digital media, arguably the most important milestone in the history of sound recording was the introduction of what was then called electrical recording, in which a microphone was used to convert the sound into an electrical signal that was amplified and used to actuate the recording stylus. This innovation eliminated the "horn sound" resonances characteristic of the acoustical process, produced clearer and more full-bodied recordings by greatly extending the useful range of audio frequencies, and allowed previously unrecordable distant and feeble sounds to be captured. Sound recording began as a purely mechanical process. Except for a few crude telephone-based recording devices with no

This is a document about Phonograph record
  The phonautograph, patented by Léon Scott in 1857, used a vibrating diaphragm and stylus to graphically record sound waves as tracings on sheets of paper, purely for visual analysis and without any intent of playing them back. In the 2000s, these tracings were first scanned by audio engineers and digitally converted into audible sound. Phonautograms of singing and speech made by Scott in 1860 were played back as sound for the first time in 2008. Along with a tuning fork tone and unintelligible snippets recorded as early as 1857, these are the earliest known recordings of sound. In 1877, Thomas Edison invented the phonograph. Unlike the phonautograph, it

This is a document about History of sound recording
   The phonograph, invented by Thomas Edison in 1877, could both record sound and play it back. The earliest type of phonograph sold recorded on a thin sheet of tinfoil wrapped around a grooved metal cylinder. A stylus connected to a sound-vibrated diaphragm indented the foil into the groove as the cylinder rotated. The stylus vibration was at a right angle to the recording surface, so the depth of the indentation varied with the audio-frequency changes in air pressure that carried the sound. This arrangement is known as vertical or "hill-and-dale" recording. The sound could be played back by tracing the stylus along the recorded groove and

This is a document about Volta Laboratory and Bureau
  one of which became the first dictation machine, the 'Dictaphone'. After the Volta Associates gave several demonstrations in the City of Washington, businessmen from Philadelphia created the American Graphophone Company on March 28, 1887, in order to produce the machines for the budding phonograph marketplace. The Volta Graphophone Company then merged with American Graphophone, which itself later evolved into Columbia Records (co-founded CBS, and now part of the Sony media empire). Bell's portion of the share exchange at that time had an approximate value of US$200,000 (half of the total received by all of the Associates), $100,000 of which he soon

This is a document about Phonograph
  the machines for the budding phonograph marketplace. The Volta Graphophone Company then merged with American Graphophone, which itself later evolved into Columbia Records. Shortly after American Graphophone's creation, Jesse H. Lippincott used nearly $1 million of an inheritance to gain control of it, as well as the rights to the Graphophone and the Bell and Tainter patents. Not long later Lippincott purchased the Edison Speaking Phonograph Company. He then created the North American Phonograph Company to consolidate the national sales rights of both the Graphophone and the Edison Speaking Phonograph. In the early 1890s Lippincott fell victim to the unit's mechanical

This is a document about List of phonograph manufacturers
  This is a list of phonograph manufacturers. The phonograph, in its later forms also called a gramophone, record player or turntable, is a device introduced in 1877 for the mechanical recording and reproduction of sound.

This is a document about Walcutt and Leeds
  Graphophone sued Walcutt and Leeds in February 1897 and were granted an injunction in January 1898. In December 1897, before the case was finalized, Walcutt and Leeds incorporated a new company, Walcutt and Leeds Limited, in association with George Tewksbury of the United States Phonograph Company and continued doing business in that name, and as the "Consolidated Phonograph Company" despite the injunction. Since the organization of the National Phonograph Company, Edison had focused on manufacturing phonographs and blanks, and had left record manufacture to the United States Phonograph Company. In August 1898, National began purchasing from Walcutt and Leeds instead, because the

This is a document about Dictation machine
  recording sound, in 1877, he thought that the main use for the new device would be for recording speech in business settings. (Given the low audio frequency of earliest versions of the phonograph, recording music may not have seem to be a major application.) Some early phonograph were indeed used this way, but this did not become common until the production of reusable wax cylinders in the late 1880s. The differentiation of office dictation devices from other early phonographs, which commonly had attachments for making one's own recordings, was gradual. The machine marketed by the Edison Records company was trademarked as the "Ediphone". Following

This is a document about Phonograph
  recording could be played. With some later improvements the flat discs of Berliner could be produced in large quantities at much lower cost than the cylinders of Edison's system. In May 1889, in San Francisco, the first "phonograph parlor" opened. It featured a row of coin-operated machines, each supplied with a different wax cylinder record. The customer selected a machine according to the title that it advertised, inserted a nickel, then heard the recording through stethoscope-like listening tubes. By the mid-1890s, most American cities had at least one phonograph parlor. The coin-operated mechanism was invented by Louis T. Glass and William S. Arnold. The cabinet contained an Edison Class M or Class

This is a document about Music
  one of the watershed moments in music notation being the invention of the printing press in the 1400s, which meant music scores no longer had to be hand copied. In the 19th century, music technology led to the development of a more powerful, louder piano and led to the development of new valves brass instruments. In the early 20th century (in the late 1920s), as talking pictures emerged in the early 20th century, with their prerecorded musical tracks, an increasing number of moviehouse orchestra musicians found themselves out of work. During the 1920s, live musical performances by orchestras, pianists, and theater organists were common at first-run theaters. With

This is a document about Berliner Gramophone
  United States Gramophone Company and began to manufacture machines and 7-inch hard rubber discs in 1894. Some celluloid discs were also made. In 1895, hard rubber was replaced by a shellac compound, which in various formulations remained the standard disc record material until the first vinyl records – initially made only for radio use and other special applications – were introduced in the 1930s. Beginning in 1896, Berliner's gramophones were made by Philadelphia-based machinist Eldridge Johnson, who added a spring motor to drive the previously hand-rotated turntable. Berliner also opened an office in New York City, staffed by Frank Seaman and O. D. LaDow and organized as the

This is a document about Timeline of music in the United States (1880–1919)
  Marcy Raymond's Dovetta and Emma Roberts Steiner's Fleurette. ; John Philip Sousa's "The Washington Post" establishes his reputation as the country's foremost composer of marches. ; Ethnologist J. Walter Fewkes becomes the first to use a phonograph, a treadle-run machine, to record Native American music and speech ; Harriett Gibbs Marshall becomes the first African American woman to graduate with a degree in music from Oberlin College. She will go on to found the Washington Conservatory of Music. ; Louis Glass installs a coin-operated phonograph in a saloon in San Francisco, the first predecessor of the jukebox. ; Columbia Records releases the first catalog of recordings, consisting of ten pages worth of cylinder recordings. The catalog is intended primarily for jukeboxes.

This is a document about Sound recording and reproduction
  The next major technical development was the invention of the gramophone record, generally credited to Emile Berliner and patented in 1887, though others had demonstrated similar disk apparatus earlier, most notably Alexander Graham Bell in 1881. Discs were easier to manufacture, transport and store, and they had the additional benefit of being marginally louder than cylinders. Sales of the gramophone record overtook the cylinder ca. 1910, and by the end of World War I the disc had become the dominant commercial recording format. Edison, who was the main producer of cylinders, created the Edison Disc Record in an attempt to regain his market. The

This is a document about Phonograph cylinder
  than indenting, as the recording method. In 1887, their "Graphophone" system was being put to the test of practical use by official reporters of the US Congress, with commercial units later being produced by the Dictaphone Corporation. After this system was demonstrated to Edison's representatives, Edison quickly resumed work on the phonograph. He settled on a thicker all-wax cylinder, the surface of which could be repeatedly shaved down for reuse. Both the Graphophone and Edison's "Perfected Phonograph" were commercialized in 1888. Eventually, a patent-sharing agreement was signed and the wax-coated cardboard tubes were abandoned in favor of Edison's all-wax cylinders as an interchangeable standard format.

The records took over the production of phonographs in the late 19th century, with the introduction of the flat disc format by Emile Berliner in 1895. This marked the transition from phonograph cylinders to flat discs, which became the dominant form of recorded music media for the next century.


Question: where does winterbourne take daisy on their first date

Answer: Château de Chillon

This is a document about Daisy Miller
  Annie "Daisy" Miller and Frederick Winterbourne first meet in Vevey, Switzerland, in a garden of the grand hotel, where Winterbourne is allegedly vacationing from his studies (an attachment to an older lady is rumoured). They are introduced by Randolph Miller, Daisy's nine-year-old brother. Randolph considers their hometown of Schenectady, New York, to be absolutely superior to all of Europe. However, Daisy is absolutely delighted with the continent, especially the high society she wishes to enter. Winterbourne is at first confused by her attitude, and though greatly impressed by her beauty, he soon determines that she is nothing more than a young flirt. He continues his pursuit of Daisy in spite of the disapproval of his aunt, Mrs. Costello, who spurns any family with so close a relationship to their courier as

This is a document about Daisy Miller
  Daisy's increasing intimacy with a young Italian of questionable society, Giovanelli, as well as the growing scandal caused by the pair's behaviour. Daisy is undeterred by the open disapproval of the other Americans in Rome, and her mother seems quite unaware of the underlying tensions. Winterbourne and Mrs. Walker attempt to persuade Daisy to separate from Giovanelli, but she refuses. One night, Winterbourne takes a walk through the Colosseum and sees a young couple sitting at its centre. He realises that they are Giovanelli and Daisy. Infuriated with Giovanelli, Winterbourne asks him how he could dare to take Daisy to a place where she runs the risk of catching "Roman fever" (malaria). Daisy says she does not care and Winterbourne leaves them. Daisy falls ill and dies a few days later.

This is a document about A Woman of Substance (TV series)
  whom they name Daisy after Paul's mother. However, Emma has never forgiven the Fairley family for the way in which she and her own family were treated by them. Now rich and powerful, she buys up all of the Fairley's holdings, including Fairley Hall, which she intends to have demolished and the grounds used as a public park. In February 1939, seeing a new war on the horizon, Paul goes to Australia to convince his wife to give him a divorce so that he can marry Emma. While there, he is seriously injured in a car crash and almost dies. He

This is a document about The Gate of Angels
  and she puts them into the same bed to recover. On coming round, Fred immediately falls in love with Daisy, but she leaves without giving an address and he has no way of locating her. Daisy is in fact an impoverished young woman from South London, who has been working towards a nursing position at Blackfriars Hospital. She is single but wears a wedding ring to fend off unwanted male attention. At the time of the accident she was cycling with Thomas Kelly, a seedy journalist, who quickly made himself scarce. While Fred is recuperating in a nursing home, Daisy returns

This is a document about Daisy Miller
  Millers have with their Eugenio. She also thinks Daisy is a shameless girl for agreeing to visit the Château de Chillon with Winterbourne after they have known each other for only half an hour. Two days later, the two travel to Château de Chillon, and although Winterbourne had paid the janitor for privacy, Daisy is not quite impressed. Winterbourne then informs Daisy that he must go to Geneva the next day. Daisy feels disappointment and chaffs him, eventually asking him to visit her in Rome later that year. In Rome, Winterbourne and Daisy meet unexpectedly in the parlor of Mrs. Walker, an American expatriate, whose moral values have adapted to those of Italian society. Rumors about Daisy meeting with young Italian gentlemen make her socially exceptionable under these criteria. Winterbourne learns

This is a document about Daisy Miller (film)
  The title character is a beautiful, flirtatious, nouveau riche young American visiting a Swiss spa with her nervously timid, talkative mother and spoiled, xenophobic younger brother Randolph. There she meets upper class expatriate American Frederick Winterbourne, who is warned about her reckless ways with men by his dowager aunt Mrs. Costello. When the two are reunited in Rome, Winterbourne tries to convince Daisy that her keeping company with suave Italian Mr. Giovanelli, who has no status among the locals, will destroy her reputation with the expatriates, including socialite Mrs. Walker, who is offended by her behavior and vocal about her disapproval. Daisy is too carelessly naive to take either

This is a document about Hannah Baxter
  first season, Hannah has met Stephanie in various locations, one being the Floridita restaurant, the site of the old Marquee Club, which hosted music legends like Pink Floyd and David Bowie, but was converted to the Floridita in 2004 and in 2017 was closed and re-opened as 100 Wardour Street restaurant in Soho. During the first three seasons, Hannah lives at flat 23 somewhere in Stephenson Street but the exterior was near the Trellick Tower in Kensal Town in the Royal Bourough of Kensington and Chelsea. From the interior of Hannah's flat, the view was towards the north from the Southbank near the vicinity of Coin Street

This is a document about List of Neighbours characters (2010)
  date each week. Michael and Ruby return and Michael asks Poppy what Natasha said. Poppy and Ruby go to Ramsay Street, so Ruby can meet Michael for her date. Michael tells Natasha that she and Poppy can stay in and have a DVD night. Poppy says that Ruby and Michael are sweet together before asking Natasha about her day. The next day, Natasha sees Poppy and Ruby in Charlie's and calls Poppy over to talk. She asks her about what she misses about England and then she asks if Poppy and Ruby want to go shopping with her and Summer Hoyland (Jordy Lucas). Poppy and Ruby spot Natasha outside

This is a document about Spaced
  Daisy Steiner and Tim Bisley are two London based twenty-somethings who meet by chance in a café while both are flat-hunting. Despite barely knowing each other, they conspire to pose as a young professional couple in order to meet the requisites of an advertisement for a relatively cheap flat in the distinctive building at 23 Meteor Street, Tufnell Park, owned by resident landlady Marsha Klein. Also in the building is Brian Topp, an eccentric conceptual artist who lives and works on his various pieces in the ground-floor flat. Frequent visitors are Daisy's best friend Twist Morgan and Tim's best friend Mike Watt. The latter ends up becoming a lodger after Marsha's daughter Amber Weary "flies the nest". The series largely concerns the surreal and awkward adventures of Tim and Daisy as they navigate through life, come to terms with affairs of the heart, and try to figure out new and largely unproductive ways of killing time. Tim and Daisy repeatedly clarify that they are not a couple to everyone but Marsha, but despite this, romantic tension develops between them, particularly during the second series.

This is a document about Daisy Fay and the Miracle Man
  her boyfriend, Mustard Smoot, marries her to give the baby a father. She eventually gives birth to a son, Lemuel, named after her brother, and they have another child. Daisy Fay goes to Summer School in Jackson (she briefly stays with her grandmother) and later becomes involved in a community theater in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, where she and her father and Jimmy Snow had moved to. She manages the spotlight, then becomes an actor in the various plays and musicals they put on. Her closest friend at this point in her life, is a gay man named Mr. Cecil. Mr. Cecil,

This is a document about The Bachelor (Australian season 1)
  Original airdate: 9 September 2013 One-on-one date: Sarah was whisked away by private jet to go horse riding on the beach, at Byron Bay, New South Wales, one of Australia's most beautiful coastal towns, for the first single date of the series. Sarah received the first rose. Group date: Ali, Anna, Ashlee, Bianca, Danielle, Elizabeth, Emma, Katherine, Laura, Rochelle, Sherri and Stacey are invited on the group date. The group of girls go on a date with Tim to an elaborate photo shoot for a national magazine. With period costume, hair and make-up, it's a glamorous affair that has the girls looking their best. Danielle received a rose for the group date. Emma withdrew from the show before the Rose Ceremony took place. Rose ceremony: Amy and Elizabeth are eliminated.

This is a document about Quadrille (play)
  Serena, Lady Heronden has returned from the country with her friend, Lady Harriet Ripley. The butler tells her that the Marquess has left a note for her. She opens it but does not reveal its contents to her inquisitive friend. Harriet leaves as an unexpected visitor, Axel Diensen, arrives. He reveals that his wife and the Marquess have eloped. He suggests the both follow the eloping couple; Serena is reluctant at first but he persuades her and they agree to take the night train for the Continent.

This is a document about Daisy Miller
  Daisy Miller is a novella by Henry James that first appeared in The Cornhill Magazine in June–July 1878, and in book form the following year. It portrays the courtship of the beautiful American girl Daisy Miller by Winterbourne, a sophisticated compatriot of hers. His pursuit of her is hampered by her own flirtatiousness, which is frowned upon by the other expatriates when they meet in Switzerland and Italy.

This is a document about Daisy Miller (film)
  them seriously. Winterbourne is torn between his feelings for Daisy and his respect for social customs, and he is unable to tell how she really feels about him beneath her facade of willful abandon. When he meets her and Giovanelli in the Colosseum one night, he decides such behavior makes him unable to love her and lets her know it. Winterbourne warns her against the malaria, against which she has failed to take precautions. She becomes ill, and dies a few days later. At her funeral, Giovanelli tells Winterbourne that she was the most "innocent". Winterbourne wonders whether his ignorance of American customs may have contributed to her fate.

This is a document about Dead Like Me
  Daisy Adair (Laura Harris): (before 1915–1938) A spoiled actress who often tells stories about her (alleged) sexual escapades with classic film stars. She died on December 13, 1938, of asphyxiation/smoke inhalation in Marietta, Georgia, though she originally claimed this occurred on the set of Gone with the Wind. Her last thought before she died was, "Why has no one ever loved me?" Daisy is sent from New York City to Seattle in episode six as a replacement when Betty leaves. She is traumatically affected by the violent deaths of defenseless women by abusive men, and although Roxy yelled at her for tampering with a crime scene after such

This is a document about Disillusion (Upstairs, Downstairs)
  It is spring 1924, and Georgina returns from New York City, having stayed with Elizabeth. Meanwhile, Daisy gets annoyed when Lily is given time off to go shopping by Mr Hudson. A few days later, while at the Wembley Exhibition, Georgina spots Hudson and Lily together holding hands. That evening she tells Virginia what she saw, and Virginia then asks Rose if Lily is seeing any one. Rose says she knows nothing, but then goes to see Lily and asks her if she is going out with Mr Hudson. Lily confirms this and tells Rose how he has taken her to concerts and museums. Very soon the whole house knows what has been going on. Hudson explains to Mrs Bridges that Lily brings him hope and joy, and he tells Virginia that he has "very deep feelings" for her. Mrs Bridges is

This is a document about Daisy Kenyon
  Daisy Kenyon is a Manhattan commercial artist having an affair with an arrogant and overbearing, but successful lawyer named Dan O'Mara, who is married and has two children. He breaks a date with Daisy one night and she goes out with a widowed war veteran named Peter Lapham. O'Mara and his wife Lucille fight constantly, about his job, the upbringing of their two daughters, and his cheating. That same night, Dan turns up at New York's Stork Club with his wife and older daughter, where Daisy and Peter are waiting to be seated. Daisy and Peter leave immediately. At the end of the date, Peter announces that he loves Daisy,

This is a document about Robin Scherbatsky
  After moving to New York City in April 2005, Robin became a news anchor for a New York cable news channel, Metro News 1, and later became a host of her own early-morning talk show. Robin lives in the Park Slope area of Brooklyn. In September 2005 she meets Ted Mosby, the show's main character, and they are immediately attracted to each other. They go on a date in which Ted steals a blue French Horn for her, but Ted spoils his chances with her by impulsively saying he is in love with her. They resolve to be friends, but their relationship is complicated

This is a document about Daisy Miller
  for which the entire world has decided to mistake her), he is less disappointed than relieved when a nocturnal encounter with the girl and her suitor, Giovanelli, appears to prove Mrs Costello right: "Winterbourne stopped, with a sort of horror; and, it must be added, with a sort of relief. It was as if a sudden illumination had been flashed upon the ambiguity of Daisy's behaviour and the riddle had become easy to read. She was a young lady whom a gentleman need no longer be at pains to respect." Though the novella's final act has yet to unfold, we cannot help but conclude that the real tragedy lies here, in Winterbourne's relief.

This is a document about Hush, Hush
  Nora Grey is an average sophomore student living in Coldwater, Maine. Her life is largely uneventful until she is seated next to a mysterious senior named Patch Cipriano in biology class, who had failed the subject several times before. The two are initially at odds, but Nora finds herself inexplicably drawn to him, his behavior both attractive and repelling. Despite the strong pull she feels towards him, Nora continues to tell her best friend Vee that she's not interested in Patch. Vee later invites Nora to a local amusement park, Delphic, in an attempt to set her up with Elliot, a boy who has

Winterbourne takes Daisy to the Winter Garden on their first date.


Question: who plays pip in lord of the rings

Answer: Billy Boyd

This is a document about The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers
  Frodo on his quest. ; Billy Boyd as Peregrin Took: Better known as Pippin, a hobbit mistakenly captured by the Uruk-hai. ; Dominic Monaghan as Meriadoc Brandybuck: Better known as Merry, a distant cousin of Frodo's who is mistakenly captured along with Pippin by the Uruk-hai. ; John Rhys-Davies as Gimli: A dwarf warrior and one of Aragorn's companions. ; Also voices Treebeard: The leader of the ents, who is roused to anger after seeing that Saruman had decimated a large part of Fangorn Forest. ; Orlando Bloom as Legolas Greenleaf: An elven archer and one of Aragorn's companions. ; Bernard Hill as Théoden: The King of Rohan, who

This is a document about Pippin Took
  In Ralph Bakshi's 1978 animated version of The Lord of the Rings, Pippin was voiced by Dominic Guard. In the 1980 Rankin/Bass animated version of The Return of the King, made for television, the character was voiced by Sonny Melendrez. In the 1981 BBC radio serial of The Lord of the Rings, Pippin was played by John McAndrew. Jari Pehkonen played Peregrin Took in the 1993 Finnish miniseries Hobitit. In Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, Pippin is played by Scottish actor Billy Boyd.

This is a document about The Lord of the Rings (film series)
  Connery for the part (both declined), and put a veto against Richard Harris when his name came up. When von Sydow inquired for the part later, his agent told him they were looking for an English actor. While casting, Jackson looked for backup options for the various parts, including Lucy Lawless and Nicole Kidman for Galadriel; Anthony Hopkins or Sylvester McCoy (eventually recast as Radagast) for Bilbo; Paul Scofield, Jeremy Irons, Malcolm McDowell or Tim Curry for Saruman. For Gandalf, they looked into Tom Baker, Tom Wilkinson, Sam Neil, Bernard Hill (who was instead cast as Theoden) and Peter O'Toole, and into several older actors who auditioned for other parts, such as Patrick McGoohan and Anthony Hopkins. Miramax and Jackson discussed Sir Daniel Day-Lewis for Aragorn, starting "fanciful internet speculation"

This is a document about Billy Boyd (actor)
  William Nathan Boyd (born 28 August 1968) is a Scottish actor and musician. He played Peregrin "Pippin" Took in Peter Jackson's epic film trilogy The Lord of the Rings (2001–2003), Barret Bonden in Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003) and Glen/Glenda in Seed of Chucky (2004).

This is a document about John Rhys-Davies
  John Rhys-Davies (born 5 May 1944) is a Welsh actor. Rhys-Davies portrayed Gimli in The Lord of the Rings trilogy and Sallah in the Indiana Jones films. His other roles include Michael Malone in the 1993 TV series The Untouchables, Vasco Rodrigues in the mini-series Shōgun, Professor Maximillian Arturo in Sliders, King Richard I in Robin of Sherwood, General Leonid Pushkin in the James Bond film The Living Daylights, and Macro in I, Claudius. In voice acting, Rhys-Davies portrayed Treebeard in The Lord of the Rings trilogy, Cassim in Aladdin and the King of Thieves, Ranjan's father in The Jungle Book 2, Macbeth in Gargoyles, Man Ray in SpongeBob SquarePants, Hades in Justice League, and Tobias in Freelancer.

This is a document about Pip (Great Expectations)
 Jack Pickford (1917) ; Phillips Holmes (1934) ; John Mills (1946) ; Dinsdale Landen (1959) ; Gary Bond (1967) ; Simon Gipps-Kent (1974) ; Michael York (1974) ; Gerry Sundquist (1981) ; Todd Boyce (1986) ; Anthony Calf (1989) ; Ethan Hawke (1998) ; Ioan Gruffudd (1999) ; Douglas Booth (2011) ; Jeremy Irvine (2012) The novel has been adapted into films often. The character of Pip has been played in films and television (in order by year through 2012) by:

This is a document about Pip Carter
  Pip Carter is an English actor.

This is a document about British Fantasy Award
 Peter Jackson (for The Lord of the Rings films)

This is a document about The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)
 Frodo – Christopher Guard ; Gandalf – William Squire ; Sam – Michael Scholes ; Aragorn – John Hurt ; Merry – Simon Chandler ; Pippin – Dominic Guard ; Bilbo – Norman Bird ; Boromir – Michael Graham Cox ; Legolas – Anthony Daniels ; Gimli – David Buck ; Gollum – Peter Woodthorpe ; Saruman – Fraser Kerr ; Théoden – Philip Stone ; Wormtongue – Michael Deacon ; Elrond – André Morell ; Innkeeper – Alan Tilvern ; Galadriel – Annette Crosbie ; Treebeard – John Westbrook The cast of the film was:  This primary cast was supported by a large cast of animation doubles, who were not credited on screen; the matter went to guild arbitration.

This is a document about The Hobbit (film series)
  Thorin and his kindred. The films feature an ensemble cast that includes James Nesbitt, Ken Stott, Evangeline Lilly, Lee Pace and Luke Evans, with several actors reprising their roles from The Lord of the Rings, including Cate Blanchett, Orlando Bloom, Ian Holm, Christopher Lee, Hugo Weaving, Elijah Wood, and Andy Serkis. The films feature Manu Bennett, Sylvester McCoy, Mikael Persbrandt, Lawrence Makoare, and Stephen Fry. Returning for production, among others, were illustrators John Howe and Alan Lee, art director Dan Hennah, cinematographer Andrew Lesnie, and composer Howard Shore, while props were again crafted by Weta Workshop, with visual effects managed by Weta Digital. The first film in the trilogy premiered at the Embassy Theatre in

This is a document about Andy Serkis
  Andrew Clement Serkis (born 20 April 1964) is an English actor, producer, and director. He is best known for his performance capture roles comprising motion capture acting, animation, and voice work for such computer-generated characters as Gollum in The Lord of the Rings film trilogy (2001–2003) and The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey (2012), King Kong in the eponymous 2005 film, Caesar in the Planet of the Apes reboot series (2011–2017), Captain Haddock / Sir Francis Haddock in Steven Spielberg's The Adventures of Tintin (2011), and Supreme Leader Snoke in the Star Wars sequel trilogy films The Force Awakens (2015) and The Last Jedi (2017).

This is a document about The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King
  hobbits) and now guides Frodo and Sam into Mordor. The first scene in the film portrays him in his former life as Sméagol, his murder of his relative Déagol for possession of the Ring, as well as his degeneration into Gollum. ; Billy Boyd as Peregrin Took: Better known as Pippin, a hobbit who looks into the palantír and later becomes an esquire of Gondor. ; Dominic Monaghan as Meriadoc Brandybuck: Better known as Merry, a cousin of Frodo's who becomes an esquire of Rohan. ; John Rhys-Davies as Gimli: A dwarf warrior and companion to Aragorn along with Legolas. ; Rhys-Davies also voices Treebeard: The

This is a document about The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers
  The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers is a 2002 epic fantasy adventure film directed by Peter Jackson, based on the second volume of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings. The film is the second instalment in the Lord of the Rings trilogy and was produced by Barrie M. Osborne, Fran Walsh and Jackson, from a screenplay by Walsh, Philippa Boyens, Stephen Sinclair and Jackson. The film features an ensemble cast including Elijah Wood, Ian McKellen, Liv Tyler, Viggo Mortensen, Sean Astin, Cate Blanchett, John Rhys-Davies, Bernard Hill, Christopher Lee, Billy Boyd, Dominic Monaghan, Orlando Bloom, Hugo Weaving, Miranda Otto,

This is a document about Christopher Guard
  In 1978, Guard and his brother, Dominic both voiced characters in an animated film version of The Lord of the Rings (1978). Chris voiced Frodo Baggins and Dominic voiced Pippin. The late seventies and early eighties were a busy time for Guard with appearances in Shoestring, The Professionals and leading roles in period costume dramas such as My Cousin Rachel by Daphne du Maurier (1983) and A Woman of Substance (1984). In A Woman of Substance (1985) written by Barbara Taylor Bradford, Guard worked alongside Jenny Seagrove, Deborah Kerr and Liam Neeson. The actor's next project was with Brian Blessed, playing the lead character of Jim Hawkins in Return

This is a document about The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring
  protective manner, which mirrored Sam's relationship with Frodo. ; Sean Bean as Boromir: A son of the Stewards of Gondor who journeys with the Fellowship towards Mordor. Bruce Willis, a fan of the book, expressed interest in the role, while Liam Neeson was sent the script, but passed. ; Billy Boyd as Peregrin Took: Better known as Pippin, a hobbit who travels with the Fellowship on their journey to Mordor. ; Dominic Monaghan as Meriadoc Brandybuck: Better known as Merry, a distant cousin of Frodo. Monaghan was cast as Merry after auditioning for Frodo. ; John Rhys-Davies as Gimli: A dwarf warrior who accompanies

This is a document about Great Expectations (2012 film)
 Jeremy Irvine as Pip, an orphan. Irvine gained the role of Pip, having previously starred in Steven Spielberg's adaptation of War Horse, which Irvine described as his big break, having previously appeared in minor roles with the Royal Shakespeare Company. Irvine found the role intimidating, but said that he "wanted to make my character Pip stronger and more driven than how he's been played in adaptations before". ; Toby Smith, the younger brother of Jeremy Irvine, as young Pip. ; Helena Bonham Carter as Miss Havisham, wealthy spinster who has taken up a life of seclusion following the loss of her love and whom Pip suspects is his benefactor. Bonham Carter was concerned about playing

This is a document about Lord of the Rings (musical)
  The significantly re-written show, shortened to three hours, began previews at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane on May 9, 2007, with its official premiere June 19, 2007. The same creative team as the Toronto production was involved in the London production, with only four cast members reprising their roles from Toronto—James Loye (Frodo), Owen Sharpe (Pippin), Peter Howe (Sam) and Michael Therriault (Gollum). The production featured a cast of 50 actors and reportedly cost £12 million (approximately US$25 million), making it one of the most expensive musicals ever produced in the West End. The London production reintroduces the characters Glorfindel and Denethor (known as the "Steward of the Lands of Men"), who were both omitted from the Toronto production, into the narrative. Glorfindel in particular is portrayed as

This is a document about The Return of the King (1980 film)
  Huston came back as well, as the wizard Gandalf, and co-starring with them were: William Conrad as Denethor, Roddy McDowall as Samwise Gamgee, Theodore Bikel as Aragorn, and reprising his role of Gollum, Brother Theodore. Rankin/Bass stalwart Paul Frees replaced the late Cyril Ritchard as the voice of Elrond; Casey Kasem was Merry, with Sonny Melendrez as Pippin; Nellie Bellflower as Éowyn; and Glenn Yarbrough returned as principal vocalist, billed here as simply "the Minstrel of Gondor". Thurl Ravenscroft served in the chorus. Once the character voices were recorded, along with background music by Maury Laws, with Jules Bass writing songs and

This is a document about The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)
 Narrator (UK version): Gerard Murphy ; Narrator (American version): Tammy Grimes ; Frodo Baggins: Ian Holm ; Gandalf the Grey/Gandalf the White: Michael Hordern ; Aragorn (Strider): Robert Stephens ; Sam Gamgee: Bill Nighy (credited as William Nighy) ; Meriadoc Brandybuck (Merry): Richard O'Callaghan ; Peregrin Took (Pippin): John McAndrew ; Legolas: David Collings ; Gimli: Douglas Livingstone ; Boromir: Michael Graham Cox ; Galadriel: Marian Diamond ; Celeborn: Simon Cadell ; Arwen Evenstar: Sonia Fraser ; Saruman the White: Peter Howell ; Elrond: Hugh Dickson ; Bilbo Baggins: John Le Mesurier ; Gollum/Sméagol: Peter Woodthorpe ; Théoden: Jack May ; Gríma Wormtongue: Paul Brooke ; Éowyn: Elin

This is a document about The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)
  Hobbits" follows Frodo (Elijah Wood) and Sam (Sean Astin), although initially only Sam is playable. The Path of the Wizard continues immediately after the events of the first level. The remains of the Uruk-hai and orc army flee into Fangorn Forest. However, within the forest, the Ents, led by Treebeard, have awoken and joined the fight against Sauron. Gandalf helps the ents as they destroy the rest of the army, and then assists them in bringing down a dam holding back the River Isen. This floods Isengard, trapping Saruman (Christopher Lee), who had joined forces with Sauron, in his tower, Orthanc. Gandalf and Pippin (Billy Boyd) then head to

Billy Boyd plays Pippin in "The Lord of the Rings" film trilogy.


Question: who believed science should be brought to bear in writing history

Answer: Thucydides

This is a document about World history
  XII (1731) and The Age of Louis XIV (1751), instead choose to focus economics, politics and culture. These aspects of history were mostly unexplored by his contemporaries and would each develop into their own sections of world history. Above all else, Voltaire regarded truth as the most essential part of recording world history. Nationalism and religion only subtracted from objective truth, so Voltaire freed himself for their influence when he recorded history. Giambattista Vico (1668–1744) in Italy wrote Scienza nuova seconda (The New Science) in 1725, which argued history as the expression of human will and deeds. He thought that men are historical entities

This is a document about Objectivity (science)
  The scientific method was argued for by Enlightenment philosopher Francis Bacon, rose to popularity with the discoveries of Isaac Newton and his followers, and continued into later eras. In the early eighteenth century, there existed an epistemic virtue in science which has been called truth-to-nature. This ideal was practiced by Enlightenment naturalists and scientific atlas-makers, and involved active attempts to eliminate any idiosyncrasies in their representations of nature in order to create images thought best to represent "what truly is." Judgment and skill were deemed necessary in order to determine the "typical", "characteristic", "ideal", or "average." In practicing, truth-to-nature naturalists

This is a document about Gateway to the Great Books
  Thomas Babington Macaulay, "Machiavelli" ; Voltaire, "English Men and Ideas" from Letters on the English ; Dante, "On World Government" from De Monarchia ; Jean-Jacques Rousseau, "A Lasting Peace through the Federation of Europe" ; Immanuel Kant, "Perpetual Peace" ; Carl von Clausewitz, "What Is War?" from On War ; Thomas Robert Malthus, "The Principle of Population" from Population: The First Essay Francis Bacon, "The Sphinx" ; John Tyndall, "Michael Faraday" from Faraday as a Discoverer ; Ève Curie, "The Discovery of Radium" from Madame Curie ; Charles Darwin, "Autobiography" ; Jean-Henri Fabre, "A Laboratory of the Open Fields"; "The Sacred Beetle" ; Loren

This is a document about Philosophy of history
   After Hegel, who insisted on the role of great men in history, with his famous statement about Napoleon, "I saw the Spirit on his horse", Thomas Carlyle argued that history was the biography of a few central individuals, heroes, such as Oliver Cromwell or Frederick the Great, writing that "The history of the world is but the biography of great men." His view of heroes included not only political and military figures, the founders or topplers of states, but artists, poets, theologians and other cultural leaders. His history of great men, of geniuses good and evil, sought to organize change in the advent of greatness. Explicit defenses of Carlyle's position

This is a document about History
  amidst this worthless debris, lie utterly neglected. Cumbrous volumes of rubbish are greedily accumulated, while those masses of rich ore, that should have been dug out, and from which golden truths might have been smelted, are left untaught and unsought" By the "rich ore" Spencer meant scientific theory of history. Meanwhile, Henry Thomas Buckle expressed a dream of history becoming one day science: "In regard to nature, events apparently the most irregular and capricious have been explained and have been shown to be in accordance with certain fixed and universal laws. This have been done because men of ability and, above all, men of patient, untiring

This is a document about Technical writing
  While technical writing has only been recognized as a profession since World War II, its roots can be traced to classical antiquity. Critics cite the works of writers like Aristotle as the earliest forms of technical writing. Geoffrey Chaucer's work, Treatise on the Astrolabe, is an early example of a technical document. The earliest examples of technical writing date back to the Old English period. With the invention of the mechanical printing press, the onset of the Renaissance and the rise of the Age of Reason, documenting findings became a necessity. Inventors and scientists like Isaac Newton and Leonardo da Vinci

This is a document about Natural History (Pliny)
  history to express opinions about the ideology of the state". Paula Findlen, writing in the Cambridge History of Science, asserts that "Natural history was an ancient form of scientific knowledge, most closely associated with the writings of the Roman encyclopedist Pliny the Elder ... His loquacious and witty Historia naturalis offered an expansive definition of this subject. [It] broadly described all entities found in nature, or derived from nature, that could be seen in the Roman world and read about in its books: art, artifacts, and peoples as well as animals, plants, and minerals were included in his project."Findlen contrasts Pliny's approach with that of his intellectual predecessors Aristotle and Theophrastus, who sought general causes of natural phenomena,

This is a document about Francis Bacon
  Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Alban, (22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626), also known as Lord Verulam, was an English philosopher and statesman who served as Attorney General and as Lord Chancellor of England. His works are seen as developing the scientific method and remained influential through the scientific revolution. Bacon has been called the father of empiricism. He argued for the possibility of scientific knowledge based only upon inductive reasoning and careful observation of events in nature. Most importantly, he argued science could be achieved by the use of a sceptical and methodical approach whereby scientists aim to avoid misleading themselves. Although his most specific proposals about such a method, the

This is a document about Early modern philosophy
  of speech, and the abolition of religious authority. A second, more moderate kind, championed by René Descartes, John Locke, Christian Wolff, and Isaac Newton, aimed to strike a balance between reform and old power and religious institutions. Science eventually began to dominate Enlightenment speech and thinking. Numerous Enlightenment authors and intellectuals came from scientific backgrounds and equated scientific progress with the downfall of religion and conventional authority in favour of the growth of free speech and ideas. In general, Enlightenment science placed a high premium on empiricism and logical reasoning, and was inextricably linked to the Enlightenment ideal of progression

This is a document about 1784 in literature
 Hannah Adams – A View of Religions ; Thomas Astle – The Origin and Progress of Writing ; George Berkeley – Works ; Edmund Burke – Speech on the East India Bill ; Thomas Chatterton – Supplement to the Miscellanies ; James Cook – A Voyage to the Pacific Ocean ; George Bubb Dodington – Diary ; Antoine Court de Gébelin – Le Monde primitif (publication completed) ; William Godwin – Sketches of History ; Samuel Horsley – Letters from the Archdeacon of St. Albans ; Immanuel Kant – What is Enlightenment? ; William Mitford – The History of Greece ; Antoine de Rivarol – Sur l'Universalité de la langue française ; Ebenezer Sibly – A New and Complete Illustration of the Celestial Science of Astrology (publication commences) ; Emanuel Swedenborg – A Hieroglyphic Key to Natural and Spiritual Arcana by Way of Representation and Correspondences (published, written in 1741). ; Michel Augustin Thouret – Recherches et doutessur le magnétisme animal ; Arthur Young – Annals of Agriculture

This is a document about Benedetto Croce
  Croce also had great esteem for Vico, and shared his opinion that history should be written by philosophers. Croce's On History sets forth the view of history as "philosophy in motion", that there is no "cosmic design" or ultimate plan in history, and that the "science of history" was a farce.

This is a document about Historical materialism
  Attempts at analyzing history in a scientific, materialist manner originated in France during the Age of Enlightenment with thinkers such as the philosophes Montesquieu and Condorcet and the physiocrat Turgot. Inspired by these earlier thinkers, especially Condorcet, the Utopian socialist Henri de Saint-Simon formulated his own materialist interpretation of history, similar to those later used in Marxism, analyzing historical epochs based on their level of technology and organization and dividing them between eras of slavery, serfdom, and finally wage labor. According to the socialist leader Jean Jaurès, the French writer Antoine Barnave had priority in first developing the theory that economic forces are the driving factors in history. Karl Marx never used the words "historical materialism" to describe his theory of history; the term first appears in Friedrich Engels'

This is a document about Precursors to anarchism
  The Scientific Revolution had given thinkers of the time the confidence that humans could reason for themselves and when nature was tamed through science, society could be set free. Developing from the earlier thought of the Renaissance, the Age of Enlightenment saw a further eruption of secular and humanistic thought, spurred on by the foundation of rationalism by René Descartes. The prevailing mood of rationalism at the time was summed up by philosopher Denis Diderot, when he declared: "everything must be examined, everything must be shaken up, without exception and without circumspection." Central to the thought of this new generation of philosophers was the idea of

This is a document about Empiricism
  British empiricism, a retrospective characterization, emerged during the 17th century as an approach to early modern philosophy and modern science. Although both integral to this overarching transition, Francis Bacon, in England, advised empiricism at 1620, whereas René Descartes, in France, upheld rationalism around 1640, a distinction drawn by Immanuel Kant, in Germany, near 1780. (Bacon's natural philosophy was influenced by Italian philosopher Bernardino Telesio and by Swiss physician Paracelsus.) Contributing later in the 17th century, Thomas Hobbes and Baruch Spinoza are retrospectively identified likewise as an empiricist and a rationalist, respectively. In the Enlightenment during the 18th century, both George Berkeley, in England, and

This is a document about Human nature
  discovery of the formal is despaired of. The efficient and the material (as they are investigated and received, that is, as remote causes, without reference to the latent process leading to the form) are but slight and superficial, and contribute little, if anything, to true and active science."This line of thinking continued with René Descartes, whose new approach returned philosophy or science to its pre-Socratic focus upon non-human things. Thomas Hobbes, then Giambattista Vico, and David Hume all claimed to be the first to properly use a modern Baconian scientific approach to human things. Hobbes famously followed Descartes in describing humanity as matter in motion,

This is a document about Pliny the Elder
  Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 23/24 – 79), called Pliny the Elder, was a Roman author, naturalist and natural philosopher, and naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and a friend of the emperor Vespasian. He wrote the encyclopedic Naturalis Historia (Natural History), which became an editorial model for encyclopedias. He spent most of his spare time studying, writing, and investigating natural and geographic phenomena in the field. His nephew, Pliny the Younger, wrote of him in a letter to the historian Tacitus: "For my part I deem those blessed to whom, by favour of the gods, it has been granted either to do what is worth writing of, or to write what is worth reading; above measure blessed are those on whom both gifts have been conferred. In the latter number will be my uncle, by virtue of his own and of your compositions." Among Pliny's greatest

This is a document about List of Shakespeare authorship candidates
  writer of all time. Shakespeare's pre-eminence seemed incongruous with his humble origins and obscure life, arousing suspicion that he was not the author of the works attributed to him. At the same time, the influence of biblical higher criticism led some authors to take the view that Shakespeare's works could be the product of the collaborative efforts of many authors. Public debate and a prolific body of literature date from the mid-19th century, and numerous historical figures, including Francis Bacon, the Earl of Oxford, Christopher Marlowe and the Earl of Derby, have since been nominated as the true author. Promoters of various authorship theories assert

This is a document about Criticism of atheism
  the time of the Enlightenment, mechanical philosophy was developed by Christians such as Isaac Newton, René Descartes, Robert Boyle and Pierre Gassendi who saw a self-sustained and autonomous universe as an intrinsically Christian belief. The mechanical world was seen as providing strong evidence against atheism since nature had evidence of order and providence, instead of chaos and spontaneity. However, since the 19th century both atheists and theists have said that science supports their worldviews. Historian of science John Henry has noted that before the 19th century science was generally cited to support many theological positions. However, materialist theories in natural philosophy became

This is a document about History
  have studied events with the view of discovering their regularity, and if human events were subject to a similar treatment, we have every right to expect similar results" Contrary to Buckle's dream, the 19th-century historian with greatest influence on methods became Leopold von Ranke in Germany. He limited history to “what really happened” and by this directed the field further away from science. For Ranke, historical data should be collected carefully, examined objectively and put together with critical rigor. But these procedures “are merely the prerequisites and preliminaries of science. The heart of science is searching out order and regularity in the data being examined and

This is a document about Scientific theory
  put down in such terms. Mathematical theory reaches the highest perfection in this respect. But even a geographical map fully embodies in itself a set of strict rules for finding one's way through a region of otherwise uncharted experience. Indeed, all theory may be regarded as a kind of map extended over space and time." A scientific theory can also be thought of as a book that captures the fundamental information about the world, a book that must be researched, written, and shared. In 1623, Galileo Galilei wrote: "Philosophy [i.e. physics] is written in this grand book—I mean the universe—which stands continually open to our gaze,

Giambattista Vico believed that history should be written as the expression of human will and deeds, and he advocated for the use of science in understanding historical events. He argued that history is the history of human thought and actions.


Question: what is the legal age for drinking alcohol in usa

Answer: 21

This is a document about Legal drinking age controversy in the United States
  The legal drinking age varies from country to country. In the United States, the legal drinking age is currently 21. To curb excessive alcohol consumption by younger persons, instead of raising the drinking age other countries have raised the prices of alcohol beverages and have encouraged the general public to drink less. Setting a legal drinking age of 21 is designed to discourage reckless alcohol consumption by youth, limiting consumption to those who are more mature, who can be expected to make reasonable and wise decisions when it comes to drinking.

This is a document about Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States
  Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States of America is an umbrella term for alcohol consumption by individuals under the age of 18 in the country. Although the minimum legal age to purchase alcohol is 21 in all states and most territories (see National Minimum Drinking Age Act), the legal details for consumption vary greatly. While a few states completely ban alcohol usage for people under 18, the majority have exceptions that permit consumption. Underage drinking has become an activity primarily done behind closed doors. Typically, underage drinkers hide their alcohol consumption by drinking quickly before they go out, which is

This is a document about List of alcohol laws of the United States
   The following table of alcohol laws of the United States provides an overview of alcohol-related laws by first level jurisdictions throughout the U.S. This list is not intended to provide a breakdown of such laws by local jurisdiction within a state; see that state's alcohol laws page for more detailed information. On July 17, 1984, the National Minimum Drinking Age Act was enacted. The Act requires all states to either set their minimum age to purchase alcoholic beverages and the minimum age to possess alcoholic beverages in public to no lower than 21 years of age or lose 10% (Changed to 8% in 2012) of their allocated federal highway funding if the minimum age for

This is a document about Alcohol law
  Missouri, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico, New York, Oklahoma, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Wyoming) and the District of Columbia have laws against possession of alcohol by minors, but they do not prohibit its consumption by minors. Fourteen states (Alaska, Colorado, Delaware, Illinois, Louisiana, Maine, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Ohio, Oregon, Texas, Wisconsin, and Virginia) specifically permit minors to drink alcohol given to them by their parents or by someone entrusted by their parents. Many states also permit the drinking of alcohol under the age of 21 for religious or health reasons. Puerto Rico, a territory of the United States, has maintained a drinking age of 18. United States customs laws stipulate that no person under the age of 21 may bring any type or quantity of alcohol into the country.

This is a document about Legal drinking age
 alt=]] [[File:Alkoholersterwerbsalter (Weltweit)2.svg|thumb|500px|Minimum legal age to purchase alcohol by country (2015):The legal drinking age is the minimum age at which a person can legally consume alcoholic beverages. The minimum age alcohol can be legally consumed can be different from the age when it can be purchased in some countries. These laws vary between countries and many laws have exemptions or special circumstances. Most laws apply only to drinking alcohol in public places with alcohol consumption in the home being mostly unregulated (an exception being the UK, which has a minimum legal age of five for supervised consumption in private places). Some countries also have different age limits for different types of alcohol drinks. The majority of countries have a minimum legal drinking age of either 18 or 19-years-old. The most commonly known reason for the law

This is a document about National Minimum Drinking Age Act
  Legislation concerning the legal minimum drinking age in the United States can be traced back to the days of Prohibition. In 1920, the 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution declared it illegal to manufacture, transport, or sell intoxicating liquors. This was repealed with the passing of the 21st Amendment in 1933, which was followed by the adoption of minimum legal drinking age policies in all states, with most states electing a minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) of 21. Between 1970 and 1975, 29 states lowered the MLDA from 21 to 18, 19, or 20. This was primarily due to the

This is a document about Alcoholic drink
  Alcohol laws regulate the manufacture, packaging, labelling, distribution, sale, consumption, blood alcohol content of motor vehicle drivers, open containers, and transportation of alcoholic drinks. Such laws generally seek to reduce the adverse health and social impacts of alcohol consumption. In particular, alcohol laws set the legal drinking age, which usually varies between 15 and 21 years old, sometimes depending upon the type of alcoholic drink (e.g., beer vs wine vs hard liquor or distillates). Some countries do not have a legal drinking or purchasing age, but most countries set the minimum age at 18 years. Some countries, such as the

This is a document about Alcoholism in adolescence
  A minimum legal drinking age for the buying or consuming of alcohol is in place in many of the world's countries, typically with the intent to protect the young from alcohol-related harm. This age varies between countries; for example, the minimum legal drinking age for Australia is 18, whereas the MLDA in the United States is 21.

This is a document about Legal drinking age
  20 years (see table below). In South America in particular, the legal purchase age is 18 years, with two exceptions: In North America the legal drinking age and legal purchase age varies from 18 to 21 years: In the late 20th century, much of North America changed its minimum legal drinking ages (MLDAs) as follows: "In the 1970s, provincial and state policy makers in Canada and the United States moved to lower MLDAs (which were set at 21 years in most provinces/territories and states) to coincide with the jurisdictional age of majority — typically 18 years of age.... As a result, MLDAs were reduced in all Canadian provinces [and] in more than half of US states. In Canada, however, two provinces, Ontario [in 1979] and Saskatchewan [in 1976], quickly raised their subsequent

This is a document about Legal drinking age controversy in the United States
  that stores selling alcohol are open. They feel that this contributes to their lower numbers of alcohol-related problems. The US, along with only a handful of other countries, maintains the highest drinking age worldwide at 21 (known as the Minimum Legal Drinking Age of 21, or MLDA-21). In 1984, the United States Congress passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act (NMDAA), which penalized any state which allowed persons under the age of 21 to purchase alcoholic beverages by reducing that state's annual federal highway apportionment. In 1985, South Dakota challenged the NMDAA, but in 1987 the Supreme Court ruled the Act was constitutional for the purchase of alcoholic beverages. Nevertheless, the Court indicated that the States still had the right to set

This is a document about Alcohol laws of Texas
 is injured or dies as a result of drinking on the property, ; gets into a fight, falls and hurts themself, or is sexually assaulted, ; damages someone else's property, or ; leaves and is involved in a motor vehicle accident and causes injury to themselves or others. A person must be at least be 21 years of age to publicly drink an alcoholic beverage in Texas, with some exceptions Texas is one of ten states (California, Colorado, Maryland, Montana, New York, Texas, West Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming) that allow consumption by minors in the presence of consenting and supervising family members. In the state of Texas, parents accept responsibility for the safety of minors under 18 when the minor is on their property or on property leased by them and under their care, custody, and control; an adult may provide alcohol to

This is a document about U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state
  had raised their purchase ages to 21 (but not Puerto Rico, Guam, or the Virgin Islands, see Additional Notes below). South Dakota and Wyoming were the final two states to comply with the age 21 mandate. The current drinking age of 21 remains a point of contention among many Americans, because of it being higher than the age of majority (18 in most states) and higher than the drinking ages of most other countries. The National Minimum Drinking Age Act is also seen as a congressional sidestep of the Tenth Amendment. Although debates have not been highly publicized, a few states have proposed legislation to lower their drinking age, while Guam raised its drinking age to 21 in July 2010.

This is a document about List of alcohol laws of the United States
  to drink in certain circumstances. Examples are some states like Tennessee and Washington, which allow those under 21 to drink for religious purposes. States including Oregon and New York allow those under 21 to drink on private non-alcohol selling premises. Unlike on the mainland, the U.S. territories of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands have a minimum purchasing age and drinking age of 18 since the language of the Act only applies the provisions of the Act to states. The minimum purchase age is 21 in the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and U.S. Minor Outlying Islands. U.S. military reservations are exempt under federal law from state, county, and locally enacted alcohol beverage

This is a document about Youth
  The legal drinking age is the age at which a person can consume or purchase alcoholic beverages. These laws cover a wide range of issues and behaviors, addressing when and where alcohol can be consumed. The minimum age alcohol can be legally consumed can be different from the age when it can be purchased in some countries. These laws vary among different countries and many laws have exemptions or special circumstances. Most laws apply only to drinking alcohol in public places, with alcohol consumption in the home being mostly unregulated (an exception being the UK, which has a minimum legal age of five for supervised consumption in private places). Some countries also have different age limits for different types of alcoholic drinks.

This is a document about Alcohol laws of New York
  In response to the National Minimum Drinking Age Act in 1984, which reduced by up to 10% the federal highway funding of any state which did not have a minimum purchasing age of 21, the New York Legislature raised the drinking age from 19 to 21, effective December 1, 1984. (The drinking age had been 18 for many years before the first raise on December 4, 1982, to 19.) Persons under 21 are prohibited from purchasing alcohol or possessing alcohol with the intent to consume, unless the alcohol was given to that person by their parent or legal guardian. There is no law prohibiting persons under the age of 21 consuming alcohol that was given to them by their parent or legal guardian. Persons under 21 are prohibited from having a blood alcohol level of 0.02% or higher while driving.

This is a document about Legal drinking age
  all beverage types. Previously the purchase age was 16 years for low-alcohol beverages such as beer, wine or cider. ; , Lithuania raised its minimum drinking age from 18 to 20 years. ; From January 2019 the federal states of Austria decided to align their drinking and purchase ages. The states Burgenland, Lower Austria and Vienna therefore raised their age limits for alcohol beverages containing spirits to 18. Prior to 2019 these states had a general drinking and purchase age of 16 years. The sale and consumption of beer, wine and other fermented alcohol beverages is now prohibited to children and young people under the

This is a document about Adult
  in the US and many other countries from 18 to 16 in hopes of engaging the youth vote and encouraging greater electoral participation. Some countries already have a voting age of 16 which includes Austria, Scotland, Argentina, Brazil, Wales, Cuba, and Ecuador. In Germany, one can purchase beer and wine at the age of 16 although they cannot purchase spirits or hard liquor until 18. The age of consent in Germany is 14 if both partners are under 18. Sexual activity with a person under 18 is punishable if the adult is a person of authority over the minor in upbringing, education, care, or employment.

This is a document about U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state
   The alcohol laws of the United States regarding minimum age for purchase have changed over time. In colonial America, generally speaking, there were no drinking ages, and alcohol consumption by young teenagers was common, even in taverns. In post-Revolutionary America, such laxity gradually changed due to religious sentiments (as embodied in the temperance movement) and a growing recognition in the medical community about the dangers of alcohol. The more modern history is given in the table below. Unless otherwise noted, if different alcohol categories have different minimum purchase ages, the age listed below is set at the lowest age given (e.g. if the purchase age is 18 for beer and 21 for wine or spirits, as was the case in several

This is a document about U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state
 Contrary to popular belief, since the National Minimum Drinking Age Act, not all states specifically prohibit minors' and young adults' consumption of alcohol in private settings. That is because the federal law is concerned only with purchase and public possession, not private consumption, and contains several exceptions. As of January 1, 2007, 14 states and the District of Columbia ban underage consumption outright, 19 states do not specifically ban underage consumption outright, and 17 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage consumption laws. Federal law explicitly provides for religious, medical, employment and private club possession exceptions;. ; In the 1960s the age for buying or drinking beer and wine in the District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.) was 18; the age for hard liquor

This is a document about Alcohol law
  The legal age for buying and possessing (but not necessarily for drinking) has been 21 years in every state since shortly after the passage of the National Minimum Drinking Age Act in 1984, which tied federal highway funds to states' maintaining a minimum drinking age of 21. Despite a rekindled national debate in 2008 on the established drinking age (initiated by several university presidents), a Fairleigh Dickinson University PublicMind poll found in September 2008 that 76% of New Jerseyans supported leaving the legal drinking age at 21 years. No significant differences emerged when considering gender, political affiliation, or region. However, parents of younger children were more likely to support keeping the age at 21 (83%) than parents of college-age students (67%). Seventeen states (Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Florida, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts,

The legal age for drinking alcohol in the USA is 21 years old.


Question: how old do you have to be to get a tattoo in the state of illinois

Answer: 18

This is a document about Legal status of tattooing in the United States
  In the United States there is no federal law regulating the practice of tattooing. However, all 50 states and the District of Columbia have statutory laws requiring a person receiving a tattoo be at least 18 years old. This is partially based on the legal principle that a minor cannot enter into a legal contract or otherwise render informed consent for a procedure. Most states permit a person under the age of 18 to receive a tattoo with permission of a parent or guardian, but some states prohibit tattooing under a certain age regardless of permission, with the exception of medical necessity (such as markings placed for radiation therapy). In all

This is a document about Gun laws in Illinois
  Gun laws in Illinois regulate the sale, possession, and use of firearms and ammunition in the state of Illinois in the United States. To legally possess firearms or ammunition, Illinois residents must have a Firearm Owners Identification (FOID) card, which is issued by the Illinois State Police to any qualified applicant. Non-residents who may legally possess firearms in their home state are exempt from this requirement. The state police issue licenses for the concealed carry of handguns to qualified applicants age 21 or older who pass a 16-hour training course. However, any law enforcement agency can object to an individual being granted a license "based upon a reasonable suspicion that the applicant is a danger to himself or herself or others, or a threat

This is a document about Gun laws in Illinois
  The Illinois State Police Department issues licenses for the concealed carry of handguns to qualified applicants age 21 or older who pass a 16-hour training course. Illinois law says that the state police "shall issue" a license to a qualified applicant. However, any law enforcement agency can object to an individual being granted a license "based upon a reasonable suspicion that the applicant is a danger to himself or herself or others, or a threat to public safety". Objections are considered by a Concealed Carry Licensing Review Board, which decides whether or not the license will be issued, based on "a preponderance of the evidence". Under revised rules

This is a document about Gun laws in Illinois
  To legally possess or purchase firearms or ammunition, Illinois residents must have a Firearm Owner's Identification (FOID) card, which is issued by the Illinois State Police. The police must issue FOID cards to eligible applicants. An applicant is disqualified if he or she has been convicted of a felony or an act of domestic violence, is the subject of an order of protection, has been convicted of assault or battery or been a patient in a mental institution within the last five years, has been adjudicated as a mental defective, or is an illegal immigrant. Applicants under the age of 21 must have the written consent of a parent or legal

This is a document about Abortion in the United States by state
  Abortion is legal in Illinois up to 24 weeks. Parental consent is not required for minors, however a guardian over the age of 21 must be notified unless over turned by a judge in special cases. Illinois has 40 facilities that can perform abortions as of 2017.

This is a document about Ages of consent in the United States
  Age of consent in Illinois is 17, and rises to 18 with someone who has a position of authority or trust over the victim. There is no close-in-age exception, crossing the age boundary is Criminal Sexual Assault. Any sexual contact of minors between the ages of 9 and 16 is Criminal sexual abuse. When the victim is younger than 9 and the perpetrator 13 to 16, the crime becomes Aggravated Criminal Sexual Assault; when the victim is younger than 13 and the perpetrator 17 or older, it becomes Predatory criminal sexual assault of a child. Sex with a victim with severe intellectual disability at any age, or with a family or household member under 18, is Aggravated criminal sexual abuse, though penetration upgrades it to Aggravated Criminal Sexual Assault. Although Illinois' minimum marriage age (with parental consent or court order) is 16, there is no statutory exception to the age of sexual consent.

This is a document about LGBT rights in Illinois
  of 1961. However, the code also made it a crime to commit a "lewd fondling or caress of the body of another person of the same sex" in a public place. In 1963, the General Assembly passed a new law that changed the words "the same sex" to "either sex". In 1984, the "lewd fondling or caress" law was repealed and the age of consent was lowered to 16. On January 1, 2012, the age of consent was raised to 17. In 1970, Illinois voters approved a constitutional amendment which grants people the right "to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and other possessions against unreasonable searches and seizures, invasions of privacy or interceptions of communications".

This is a document about 1988 Illinois elections
  Voters approved the Voting Requirement Amendment, a legislatively referred constitutional amendment which amended Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution of Illinois to lower the voting age in the state constitution to 18 and lower the residency requirement to vote to 30 days. The voting age in Illinois was already 18, due to the passage of the Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution. However, the voting age in the state constitution (superseded by United States Constitution) was still 21.

This is a document about FOID (firearms)
  2021, White County Resident Judge T. Scott Webb once again ruled the FOID unconstitutional, saying, "A citizen in the State of Illinois is not born with a Second Amendment right. Nor does that right insure when a citizen turns 18 or 21 years of age, it is a façade. They only gain that right if they pay a $10 fee, complete the proper application, and submit a photograph. If the right to bear arms and self-defense are truly core rights, there should be no burden on the citizenry to enjoy those rights, especially within the confines and privacy of their own homes."

This is a document about Paintball
  In the United States, eight states define explicit legislation for paintball guns. In Pennsylvania, paintball markers have transport requirements, cannot be used against anyone not participating in a paintball activity, and cannot be used for property damage. New Hampshire and Rhode Island require players be at least 18 years of age to own a marker, with students in New Hampshire faced with the possibility of expulsion from school for possessing a marker. In Illinois, owners must be at least 13 years of age, and Illinois law makes it unlawful to fire a paintball gun from or across a street, sidewalk, road, highway, public land, or public place except on a safely constructed target range. Virginia is one of two states that permit its towns to adopt ordinances

This is a document about LGBT rights in Illinois
  Sex education lessons in Illinois are not compulsory, but schools that do teach it must provide students with age-appropriate, evidence-based and medically accurate information concerning contraceptives and sexually transmitted diseases (including HIV) through Year 6 to 12 (age 11–18). Parents may choose to have their child(ren) opt out. In May 2019, the Illinois General Assembly passed a bill (HB246) with 46 Democratic co-sponsors (passing the House by 60 votes to 42 and the Senate by 37 votes to 17) to implement a LGBT curriculum that would require public schools to educate students on contributions made by the LGBT community to Illinois and United States history. Governor J.B. Pritzker signed the bill into law in August 2019 and it went into

This is a document about Body piercing
  While body piercing has grown more widespread, it remains controversial. Some countries impose age of consent laws requiring parental permission for minors to receive body piercings. Scotland requires parental consent for youths below 16, while in 2011 Wales began considering a similar law. In addition to imposing parental consent requirements, Western Australia prohibits piercing private areas of minors, including genitals and nipples, on penalty of fine and imprisonment for the piercer. Many states in the U.S. also require parental consent to pierce minors, with some also requiring the physical presence of the parents during the act. The state of Idaho has imposed a minimum age for body piercing at 14. In 2004, controversy erupted in

This is a document about LGBT rights in Illinois
  surgery is not a formal requirement for a legal gender change anymore, if the applicant, aged at least 21, wishes to undergo the procedure, Illinois Medicaid will cover the costs. On August 20, 2015, Governor Bruce Rauner signed HB 3552 which allows a person to specify their gender identity and preferred gender pronouns in funeral and burial instructions. The law became effective on January 1, 2016. The bill had passed 79–34 in the Illinois House on April 14, 2015 and the Illinois Senate in a unanimous 49–0 vote on May 26, 2015. In June 2019, it was reported that a cisgender woman was denied a change of sex designation on her birth certificate, due to red tape as being incorrectly listed as

This is a document about People v. Aguilar
  Illinois was the last state in the nation to allow concealed carry of a handgun. Prior to 2013, Illinois prohibited the carry of a firearm in a loaded condition, other than at one's own property. If the firearm was loaded and not in a locked case, or if it was otherwise available for immediate use, it was a felony offense called Aggravated Unlawful Use of a Weapon (AUUF). Illinois courts had uniformly upheld the constitutionally of the statute prior to 2008. The state also had a law called Unlawful Possession of a Firearm (UPF), which prohibited anyone under the age of 18 from possessing a firearm. Additionally, the City of Chicago had

This is a document about Notary public
  Notaries public in Illinois are appointed by the Secretary of State for a four-year term. Also, residents of a state bordering Illinois (Iowa, Kentucky, Missouri, Wisconsin) who work or have a place of business in Illinois can be appointed for a one-year term. Notaries must be United States citizens (though the requirement that a notary public must be a United States citizen is unconstitutional; see Bernal v. Fainter), or aliens lawfully admitted for permanent residence; be able to read and write the English language; be residents of (or employed within) the State of Illinois for at least 30 days; be at least 18 years old; not be convicted of a felony; and not had a notary commission revoked or suspended during the past 10 years. An applicant for

This is a document about Gun laws in Illinois
  years. An Illinois resident is defined as someone who qualifies for an Illinois driver's license or state identification card due to establishment of a primary domicile in Illinois. A non-resident is someone who has not resided in Illinois for more than 30 days and resides in another state or territory. Non-residents may apply if their state is on a list of states with laws related to firearm ownership, possession, and carrying, that are "substantially similar" to the requirements to obtain a carry license in Illinois. A non-resident applicant must also possess a carry license or permit from his or her state of residence, if applicable. Prior to February

This is a document about Process of tattooing
  While specific requirements to become a tattooist vary between jurisdictions, many mandate only formal training in blood borne pathogens and cross contamination. The local department of health regulates tattoo studios in many jurisdictions. For example, according to the health departments in Oregon and Hawaii, tattoo artists in these states are required to take and pass a test ascertaining their knowledge of health and safety precautions as well as the current state regulations. Performing a tattoo in Oregon without a proper and current license or in an unlicensed facility is a felony offense. Tattooing was legalized in New York City in 1997, in Massachusetts in 2000 and Oklahoma between 2002 and 2006.

This is a document about Tattoo
  tattoos with those individuals who lived on the edge of society; however, today they are recognized as a legitimate art form and widely accepted in mainstream culture." Since the 1970s, tattoos have become a mainstream part of Western fashion, common between all genders, among all economic classes and to age groups from the later teen years to middle age. For many young Americans, the tattoo has taken on a decidedly different meaning than for previous generations. The tattoo has undergone "dramatic redefinition" and has shifted from a form of deviance to an acceptable form of expression. As of 1 November 2006, Oklahoma became the last state to legalize tattooing, having banned it since 1963.

This is a document about Constitution of Illinois
  1 stipulates that a person must be 18 years old and a resident of the state for 30 days to vote. Section 4 provides for the Illinois General Assembly to establish rules for elections. Section 5 establishes rules for the state board of election, requiring for no political party to have a majority on the board. Section 7 provides procedures to recall the governor. Article 4, the Legislature, provides rules for the Illinois General Assembly. Section 1 divides the assembly into two bodies, the Illinois Senate with 59 legislative districts, and the Illinois House of Representatives, with 118 representative districts. Section 2 describes

This is a document about FOID (firearms)
  In the U.S. state of Illinois, residents must possess a FOID card, or Firearm Owners Identification card, in order to legally possess or purchase firearms or ammunition in the state. The applicable law has been in effect since 1968, but has been subject to several subsequent amendments.

In Illinois, you must be at least 18 years old to get a tattoo without parental consent. However, some states allow tattooing of minors with permission from a parent or guardian. It's important to check the specific laws in your area for the most accurate information.


Question: who fought in the second sino japanese war

Answer: the Empire of Japan

This is a document about Combatants of the Second Sino-Japanese War
  The Second Sino-Japanese War was fought between 1937 and 1945, involving the military forces of the China and Japan.

This is a document about Second Sino-Japanese War
  The Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) was a military conflict that was primarily waged between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. The war made up the Chinese theater of the wider Pacific Theater of the Second World War. The beginning of the war is conventionally dated to the Marco Polo Bridge Incident on 7 July 1937, when a dispute between Japanese and Chinese troops in Peking escalated into a full-scale invasion. This full-scale war between the Chinese and the Empire of Japan is often regarded as the beginning of World War II in Asia. In 2017 the Ministry of

This is a document about Chiang Kai-shek
   The Second Sino-Japanese War broke out in July 1937, and in August of that year Chiang sent 600,000 of his best-trained and equipped soldiers to defend Shanghai. With over 200,000 Chinese casualties, Chiang lost the political cream of his Whampoa-trained officers. Although Chiang lost militarily, the battle dispelled Japanese claims that it could conquer China in three months and demonstrated to the Western powers that the Chinese would continue the fight. By December, the capital city of Nanjing had fallen to the Japanese resulting in the Nanking massacre. Chiang moved the government inland, first to Wuhan and later to Chongqing. Having lost most of China's economic and industrial centers,

This is a document about Battle of Nanking
  The conflict which would become known as the Second Sino-Japanese War started on July 7, 1937, with a skirmish at Marco Polo Bridge which escalated rapidly into a full-scale war in northern China between the armies of China and Japan. China, however, wanted to avoid a decisive confrontation in the north and so instead opened a second front by attacking Japanese units in Shanghai in central China. The Japanese responded by dispatching the Shanghai Expeditionary Army (SEA), commanded by General Iwane Matsui, to drive the Chinese Army from Shanghai. Intense fighting in Shanghai forced Japan's Army General Staff, which was in charge of military operations, to repeatedly reinforce

This is a document about Sichuan clique
  In the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Sichuan clique made a huge contribution to oppose the Japanese army. Data shows all numbers of dead or injured soldiers (3.26 million in total), including 2.24 million from Sichuan clique. Especially, from 1939 to 1945, the death numbers of soldiers has 646,000 from Sichuan within a total 850,000. In the Battle of Shanghai, almost all 170,000 soldiers from Sichuan clique fell in battle, with only 2,000 managing to retreat to Hubei Province. Nine generals of the National Revolutionary Army died in World War II, of whom generals Li Jiayu, Wang Mingzhang and Rao Guohua were commanders from the Sichuan clique.

This is a document about Li Zongren
  In 1937 full-scale war between Japan and China broke out, beginning the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–45). Chiang Kai-shek attempted to make use of Li's military experience by promoting him to be the director of the KMT Fifth War Zone. Li's first action against the Japanese came in the 1938 Battle of Taierzhuang, after the Communist Zhou Enlai (who was aiding the Nationalists as part of the United Front) recognized Li as the most capable Nationalist general available and used his influence to have Li appointed overall commander, despite Chiang's reservations about Li's loyalty. Under Li's command the defense of Tai'erzhuang was a major victory for the Chinese, killing 20,000–30,000 Japanese soldiers and capturing a large amount of supplies and

This is a document about Charles and Lee-lee Chan
  The Second Sino-Japanese War broke out in July 1937. Soon, under the pretext of creating a "Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere", the Japanese Imperial Army launched an all-out invasion of South-East Asia, but their primary target was always China. Through political connections, a relative of Charles pleaded with the Japanese authorities to release him from prison. Of the seven workers, only five came out alive, among them was Charles. Deciding to quit his job on the cargo ship, Charles returned to General Gu, who was Dai Li's boss, to ask for help. This time, General Gu got Charles a job in the Intelligence Bureau

This is a document about Aerial engagements of the Second Sino-Japanese War
  The Second Sino-Japanese War began on 7 July 1937 with the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in the Republic of China and is often regarded as the start of World War II as full-scale warfare erupted with the Battle of Shanghai, and ending when the Empire of Japan surrendered to the Allies in August 1945. The Chinese Air Force faced the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy Air Forces and engaged them in many aerial interceptions, including the interception of massed terror-bombing strikes on civilian targets, attacking on each other's ground forces and military assets in all manners of air-interdiction and close-air support; these battles in the Chinese skies were the largest air battles fought since the Great

This is a document about List of World War II battles
  • Second Sino-Japanese War: (1937–1945) • * Marco Polo Bridge Incident July 1937 • * Battle of Shanghai August 1937 • ** Defense of Sihang Warehouse October 26, 1937 • * Beiping–Hankou Railway Operation August 1937 • * Tianjin–Pukou Railway Operation August 1937 • * Battle of Taiyuan September 1937 • ** Battle of Pingxingguan September 1937 • ** Battle of Xinkou September 1937 • * Battle of Nanjing December 1937 • * Battle of Xuzhou December 1937 • ** Battle of Taierzhuang March 1938 • * Northern and Eastern Honan 1938 January 1938 • ** Battle of Lanfeng May 1938 • * Amoy Operation May 1938 • * Battle of Wuhan June 1938 • ** Battle of Wanjialing August 1938 •

This is a document about Anarchism in China
  the Second Sino-Japanese War. The Nationalist government had previously been engaging in a number of encirclement campaigns, in an attempt to isolate and destroy the Chinese Soviet Republic, rather than focusing on the threat posed by the Empire of Japan. But following the Xi'an Incident, during which Chiang Kai-shek was detained by two of his subordinates, the Second United Front was established to resist the Japanese invasion. The CCP and KMT fought together in the Battle of Taiyuan and the Battle of Wuhan, losing both to the Empire of Japan, but the two operated largely independently of each other, with the communists favoring guerrilla warfare

This is a document about Order of battle of the Battle of Xuzhou
  [1] Hsu Long-hsuen and Chang Ming-kai, History of The Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) 2nd Ed., 1971. Translated by Wen Ha-hsiung, Chung Wu Publishing; 33, 140th Lane, Tung-hwa Street, Taipei, Taiwan Republic of China. Pg. 221-230 Map 9-1 [2] Maps and discussion posted on Axis History forum 2nd Sino Japanese War. http://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?t=94112&postdays=0&postorder=asc&start=30 [3] 抗日战争时期的侵华日军序列沿革 (Order of battle of the Japanese army that invaded China during the Sino Japanese War) [4] Sino-Japanese Air War 1937-45 http://surfcity.kund.dalnet.se/sino-japanese.htm

This is a document about Order of battle for Battle of South Guangxi
  [1] Hsu Long-hsuen and Chang Ming-kai, History of The Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) 2nd Ed.,1971. Translated by Wen Ha-hsiung, Chung Wu Publishing; 33, 140th Lane, Tung-hwa Street, Taipei, Taiwan Republic of China. [2] 抗日战争时期的侵华日军序列沿革 (Order of battle of the Japanese army that invaded China during the Sino Japanese War) [3] Sino-Japanese Air War 1937–45 [4] Imperial Guard of Japan [6] Generals from Japan (World War II) [7] Re: Orbat for Southern Kuangsi Campaign

This is a document about Second United Front
   The Second United Front was the alliance between the Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang, or KMT) and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to resist the Japanese invasion during the Second Sino-Japanese War, which suspended the Chinese Civil War from 1937 to 1941.

This is a document about Chinese Muslims in the Second Sino-Japanese War
  Chinese Muslims in the Second Sino-Japanese War were courted by both Chinese and Japanese generals, but tended to fight against the Japanese, with or without the support of higher echelons of other Chinese factions. Japan attempted to reach out to ethnic minorities to rally to their side during the Second Sino-Japanese War, but only succeeded with Manchukuo and Mengjiang.

This is a document about List of IJA Independent Infantry Brigades
 抗日战争时期的侵华日军序列沿革 (Order of battle of the Japanese army that invaded China during the Sino Japanese War)

This is a document about Wha-Chi
  The Second Sino-Japanese War broke out in mainland China in 1937 following the Marco Polo Bridge incident which caused the worsening of anti-Japanese sentiment in the region including among the ethnic Chinese community in the Philippines. The war later became part of the larger World War II and the Japanese began to occupy the Philippines in 1941. The Wha Chi movement began sometime around December 1941 when the United Workers Union in Manila decided to set up a resistance group to fight the Japanese. The following year Manila was declared an open city as the occupiers strengthened their presence in the archipelago. The

This is a document about Li Pinxian
  In July 1937, the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out. In December, Li Pinxian served as deputy commander-in-chief of the fifth theater (commander-in-chief Li Zongren) and commander-in-chief of the Eleventh Army (three jurisdictions). He participated in the Battle of Shanghai, Battle of Xuzhou, and Battle of Taierzhuang. He made military achievements by giving the Japanese army a big blow. In June 1938, he participated in the Battle of Wuhan and served as the commander of the Fourth Army Corps of the Wuhan Defense Army. In October of the same year, the Japanese army occupied Wuhan, and the army led by Li Pinxian was more combative than the friendly army. After that, the army went to Hubei Province for recuperation and reorganization. In April 1939,

This is a document about Order of battle Defense of the Great Wall
  The following units and commanders fought in the Defense of the Great Wall of the Second Sino-Japanese War. List as of 20 March 1933.

This is a document about Order of battle Battle of Pingxingguan
  This is the Battle of Pingxingguan order of battle during the Second Sino-Japanese War.

This is a document about Order of battle of the Battle of Xuzhou
 [1] Hsu Long-hsuen and Chang Ming-kai, History of The Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) 2nd Ed., 1971. Translated by Wen Ha-hsiung, Chung Wu Publishing; 33, 140th Lane, Tung-hwa Street, Taipei, Taiwan Republic of China. Pg. 221–230. Map. 9-1 ; [3] 抗日战争时期的侵华日军序列沿革 (Order of battle of the Japanese army that invaded China during the Sino Japanese War) ; [5] Sino-Japanese Air War 1937-45 http://surfcity.kund.dalnet.se/sino-japanese.htm ; [6] Units found on map of battle of Taierzhang: (https://web.archive.org/web/20061231103647/http://www.xinjunshi.com/ziliao/junshiditu/krdt/200412/1257.html)

The Second Sino-Japanese War was fought primarily between the military forces of the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. The Chinese forces were made up of both Nationalist and Communist soldiers, with significant contributions from the Sichuan clique. The Japanese forces were the Imperial Japanese Army.