Question: do avocados grow on a tree or bush

Answer: tree

This is a document about Avocado
  The avocado (Persea americana), a tree likely originating from south-central Mexico, is classified as a member of the flowering plant family Lauraceae. The fruit of the plant, also called an avocado (or avocado pear or alligator pear), is botanically a large berry containing a single large seed. Avocado trees are partially self-pollinating, and are often propagated through grafting to maintain predictable fruit quality and quantity. Avocados are cultivated in tropical and Mediterranean climates of many countries, with Mexico as the leading producer of avocados in 2019, supplying 32% of the world total. The fruit of domestic varieties has a buttery flesh when ripe. Depending on the variety, avocados have green, brown, purplish, or black skin when ripe, and may be pear-shaped, egg-shaped, or spherical. Commercially, the fruits are picked while immature, and ripened after harvesting.

This is a document about Avocado
   The avocado tree can be grown domestically and used as a decorative houseplant. The pit germinates in normal soil conditions or partially submerged in a small glass (or container) of water. In the latter method, the pit sprouts in four to six weeks, at which time it is planted in standard houseplant potting soil. The plant normally grows large enough to be prunable; it does not bear fruit unless it has ample sunlight. Home gardeners can graft a branch from a fruit-bearing plant to speed maturity, which typically takes four to six years to bear fruit.

This is a document about Hass avocado
  All commercial, fruit-bearing Hass avocado trees have been grown from grafted seedlings propagated from a single tree that was grown from a seed bought by Rudolph Hass in 1926 from A. R. Rideout of Whittier, California. At the time, Rideout was getting seeds from any source he could find, even restaurant food scraps. The cultivar this seed came from is not known and may already have been cross-pollinated when Hass bought it. In 1926, at his 1.5-acre grove at 430 West Road, La Habra Heights, California, Hass planted three seeds he had bought from Rideout, which yielded one strong seedling. After

This is a document about Avocado
  ripe. It is frost-hardy down to -1 °C. ; 'Hass': Hass avocado -white background.jpg The 'Hass' is the most common cultivar of avocado. It produces fruit year-round and accounts for 80% of cultivated avocados in the world. All 'Hass' trees are descended from a single "mother tree" raised by a mail carrier named Rudolph Hass, of La Habra Heights, California. Hass patented the productive tree in 1935. The "mother tree", of uncertain subspecies, died of root rot and was cut down in September 2002. ; 'Lula':A seedling reportedly grown from a 'Taft' avocado planted in Miami on the property of

This is a document about Project Mercy
  ECHO (Educational Concerns for Hunger Organization) has been extremely helpful and gracious in supplying expertise along with a variety of fruit tree seedlings, including avocado, mango and papaya seeds. Once the trees reach a certain growth stage, they can be used for grafting. The avocado, mango and papaya survive well with little water and are excellent sources of nutrition. Once the root stock is built up and growing strong, grafts will be provided to local residents. These trees will generate nutritious fruit at home sites throughout the community to produce a cash crop in good times and serve as a buffer in times of scarcity.

This is a document about Avocado production in Mexico
  reaffirms this association, noting the fruit’s reputation as an aphrodisiac, as well as its propensity for aiding childbirth and reducing inflammation and indigestion. The avocado likely also held cultural meaning for the Maya, who believed in the rebirth of their ancestors as trees and were therefore known to surround their houses with fruit trees, including avocados. In the 1950s, orchards of Fuerte cultivar were established; two decades later, orchards of Hass cultivar were established and it became the country's leading cultivar. This cultivar emerged when a postal worker in Southern California, Rudolph Hass, took a leap of faith to purchase a small 1.5-acre grove in La Habra Heights to experiment with growing high yield avocado trees. The graft he settled

This is a document about Avocado
  Commercial orchards produce an average of seven tonnes per hectare each year, with some orchards achieving 20 tonnes per hectare. Biennial bearing can be a problem, with heavy crops in one year being followed by poor yields the next. Like the banana, the avocado is a climacteric fruit, which matures on the tree, but ripens off the tree. Avocados used in commerce are picked hard and green and kept in coolers at 3.3 to 5.6 C until they reach their final destination. Avocados must be mature to ripen properly. Avocados that fall off the tree ripen on the ground. Generally, the fruit is picked once it reaches maturity; Mexican growers pick 'Hass' avocados when they have more than 23% dry matter, and other producing countries have similar standards. Once picked, avocados ripen in one to two weeks

This is a document about Vivipary
  of some species are dispersed by currents if they drop into the water, but others develop a heavy, straight taproot that commonly penetrates mud when the seedling drops, thereby effectively planting the seedling. This contrasts with the examples of vegetative reproduction mentioned above, in that the mangrove plantlets are true seedlings produced by sexual reproduction. In some trees, like jackfruit, some citrus, and avocado, the seeds can be found already germinated while the fruit goes overripe; strictly speaking this condition cannot be described as vivipary, but the moist and humid conditions provided by the fruit mimic a wet soil that encourages germination. However, the seeds also can germinate under moist soil.

This is a document about Hass avocado
  Hass avocado trees, like some other cultivars, may only bear well every other year. After a year with low yield, often because of cold, for which the tree does not have much tolerance, yields may be very high the next year. However, the heavy crop can deplete stored carbohydrates, lowering the following season's yield and this can set the tree into a lifelong alternate bearing pattern. Southern California Hass Avocado groves have good soil and drainage, plentiful sunlight and cool gentle winds from the oceans which help the fruit grow. These conditions hold throughout the year, so there are always fresh harvests of Hass avocados in Southern California.

This is a document about Deforestation in Central America
  in these countries harbor little state presence and offer perfect refuge for DTO's looking to evade interdiction. Avocado trade in Mexico Mexico's multi-billion dollar avocado industry has become a prime target for DTOs, which seize farms and clear protected woodlands to plant avocado groves. Cartel members have been known to show up unannounced, armed with automatic weapons and chainsaws. When locals protest that the area is protected from logging, they are held at gunpoint and ordered to keep quiet. The deforestation is not always obvious — loggers covertly trim back only the forest canopy, planting avocado trees in a hidden layer beneath. This practice increases greenhouse

This is a document about Avocado
   Avocado trees are vulnerable to bacterial, viral, fungal, and nutritional diseases (excesses and deficiencies of key minerals). Disease can affect all parts of the plant, causing spotting, rotting, cankers, pitting, and discoloration. The pyriform scale insect (Protopulvinaria pyriformis) is known from Australia, South Africa, Israel, Italy, France, Spain, Cuba, Florida, and Peru. It is normally found on avocado, and in Peru it is said to be the worst insect pest of the fruit. Certain cultivars of avocado seem more susceptible to attack by the scale than others.

This is a document about Avocado
  Persea americana is a tree that grows to 20 m, with alternately arranged leaves 12 - 25 cm long. Panicles of flowers with deciduous bracts arise from new growth or the axils of leaves. The flowers are inconspicuous, greenish-yellow, 5 - 10 mm wide. The species is variable because of selection pressure by humans to produce larger, fleshier fruits with a thinner exocarp. The avocado fruit is a climacteric, single-seeded berry, due to the imperceptible endocarp covering the seed, rather than a drupe. The pear-shaped fruit is usually 7 - 20 cm long, weighs between 100 and 1000 g, and has a large central seed, 5 - 6.4 cm long.

This is a document about Hass avocado
  Owing to later suburban sprawl in Southern California, the mother tree stood for many years in front of a residence in La Habra Heights. The tree died when it was 76 years old and was cut down on 11 September 2002 after a ten-year fight with phytophthora (root rot), which often kills avocado trees. Two plaques by the private residence at 426 West Road mark the spot where it grew. The wood was stored in a tree nursery and from this stock, a nephew of Rudolph Hass, Dick Stewart, made keepsakes, jewelry and other gifts. From 2010 to 2013, in mid-May, and starting again in September 2018, the city of La Habra Heights celebrated the Hass avocado at its Annual La Habra Heights Avocado Festival.

This is a document about Avocado production in Mexico
  Avocado is native to Central Mexico where its ancient history, established by archaeological evidence from Claude Earle Smith Jr., who discovered avocado cotyledon remains within deposits of the Coxcatlán Cave, in Tehuacán, in Puebla state, that date back to about 10,000 years ago. Nuevo León state has remnants of primitive avocado trees. It spread to other countries in the Americas including the United States. It is a "functional food" in the Americas; the many varieties which grow in Mexico suit the climatic conditions. Ancient residents of Mexico including the Aztecs and other indigenous groups thought that the form of a fruit contributed to its properties. Therefore, eating avocado promoted strength and virility. 16th century Spanish colonial documentation of Indian medicinal plant

This is a document about Kaimaumau wetland
  growers plan to plant 670 ha of avocados near Kaimaumau, and were granted rights to take over 2 million cubic metres of water a year from the Aupouri aquifer which supplies the wetland. The growers claimed avocado orchards would provide 70 seasonal jobs and millions of dollars of spending in the area. DOC have appealed the consent, citing concern over the possible drying of the wetland, and the lack of baseline monitoring to measure the effect of the increased water take. Any drying would allow the establishment of invasive wattle, a pest plant in the reserve. Five avocado growers began planting trees before the resource consent was granted, but although they were taking 10 times the permitted water allocation, none were prosecuted; all were given interim consents or abatement notices.

This is a document about California Avocado Commission
  Avocados, native to Central and South America, have long been produced in California. In 1989, California supplied 90 percent of fresh avocados produced in the United States. As of 2008, approximately 6,500 growers produce avocados on 60,000 bearing acres of land (less than 100 square miles). Price and production levels vary from season to season, and from year to year, due to weather and incidents such as fires. In a typical year production averages 350 million pounds at a wholesale price of $1 per pound, although 2008 was an exceptionally low yield year. Most avocados are grown from San Luis Obispo south, with San Diego County the largest producer.

This is a document about Avocado
  The avocado was introduced from Mexico to California in the 19th century, and has become a successful cash crop. About 59,000 acre – some 95% of United States avocado production – is located in Southern California, with 60% in San Diego County. Fallbrook, California, claims, without official recognition, the title of "Avocado Capital of the World" (also claimed by the town of Uruapan in Mexico ), and both Fallbrook and Carpinteria, California, host annual avocado festivals. Avocado is the official fruit of the state of California.

This is a document about Rudolph Hass
  fruit in less than five years. Hass had his wife Elizabeth take his picture kneeling by the seedling and showing one of the tiny avocados hanging over his hand. This was in July, 1932. That picture has been immortalized in a portrait painted by Rudolph Hass's grandson, Thomas Wilkes. That seedling grew more rapidly and produced more fruit than the Fuerte grafts. It also grew straight up and was not as spread out as the Fuerte trees making more trees to the acre possible. When the fruit grew large enough and mature, Hass picked them to ripen. The family agreed that this avocado tasted as good, if not better than the Fuerte.

This is a document about Laurel wilt
  The state's avocado crop earns about $65 million wholesale each year, with commercial avocados growing on 7500 acre mostly in Miami-Dade County. Avocado represents the second-largest fruit crop in Florida, after citrus. In 2007, an avocado tree near Jacksonville, FL was found showing symptoms of laurel wilt, and the laurel wilt fungus was confirmed to be present in the tree. Field and laboratory observations have since confirmed that the redbay ambrosia beetle will infest avocado trees, although there may be some variation in how susceptible different avocado cultivars are to the laurel wilt fungus. In 2011, laurel wilt-infected trees were detected in Miami-Dade County, near areas of commercial avocado groves. Avocado groves in the area are being closely monitored for the presence of the redbay ambrosia beetle and incidence of laurel wilt disease

This is a document about Boyce Gardens
  On part of the property, sloping to the east between the tennis court and the western edge of the rainforest are planted a number of avocado trees. Planted in 1952, the trees are almost fifty years old. Also in this area are some citrus trees.

Avocados grow on trees, specifically on the Persea americana tree.


Question: which city was known as porkopolis after its slaughterhouse district

Answer: Cincinnati , Ohio

This is a document about Queensgate, Cincinnati
  Queensgate is a neighborhood in Cincinnati, Ohio. It sits in the valley of Downtown Cincinnati and has been dominated by industrial and commercial warehouses for most of its history. Cincinnati's nickname of "Porkopolis" started here with hog slaughtering in the early 19th century.

This is a document about History of Cincinnati
  19th century there was a wide range of service-based businesses—including restaurants, taverns, and hotels—to meet traveler's needs. Transportation on the Ohio River also assisted in the city's growth. Crops were sent to one of Ohio's major markets, New Orleans, along the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. Transportation costs were reduced for shipping crops or goods from western Ohio to Cincinnati due to the Miami and Erie Canal. Steamboats were repaired and built in the city. It became a meatpacking center, where livestock was slaughtered and butchered and sold in Cincinnati or shipped. Cincinnati became known as the "Porkopolis" when it became the pork-processing center of the country.

This is a document about History of Cincinnati
  was first published about 1840, but had its beginning in 1825 when banker George W. Jones, who had often talked of the number of hogs roaming the streets for slaughter, received a paper mache pig and was dubbed to have been from Porkopolis. In 1840, there was more than $3 million of packed pork produced by 1,200 men in 48 packing houses in Cincinnati. Twenty years later, there were twice the number of men involved in the business. Chicago became the major meat packing center of pigs and took over the nickname by 1875. Cincinnati also is known as the "City of Seven Hills". The hills form a crescent from the east bank of the Ohio River to the west bank: Mount Adams, Walnut Hills, Mount Auburn, Vine Street Hill, College Hill, Fairmount, and Mount Harrison.

This is a document about Pigtown, Baltimore
  "Pigtown", also known as "Washington Village" is a neighborhood in the southwest area of Baltimore, bordered by Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard to the east, Monroe Street to the west, Russell Street to the south, and West Pratt Street to the north. The neighborhood acquired its name during the second half of the 19th century, when the area was the site of butcher shops and meat packing plants to process pigs transported from the Midwest on the B&O Railroad; they were herded across Ostend and Cross Streets to be slaughtered and processed. Pigtown's annual festival famously features a pig race, called "The Squeakness", to commemorate its history. Pigtown has long been considered one of Baltimore's most promising neighborhoods due to its proximity to the

This is a document about Pigtown, Baltimore
  The horsedrawn cars of the early B&O Railroad were the nation's first regular passenger rail. Construction of the first houses to the north and south of the railroad yards began in 1833. A community of railroad workers grew along Columbia Avenue (now Washington Boulevard) in the 1840s, followed by industrial development in the 1850s and 1860s. Slaughter houses located near the railroad yards earned the area its name as Pigtown as workers herded pigs for slaughter and processing to shops and packing plants across the streets from the rail cars. Although official records have identified the neighborhood as Washington Village at various points since the 1970s, it has been consistently labeled as Pigtown since 2006 at the insistence of community groups such as Southwest Community Council, Inc.

This is a document about Ayres L. Bramble House
  raising hogs, Bramble eventually entered the business of killing them: he opened a slaughterhouse in Plainville that processed more than 36,000 animals in only one year. In Bramble's day, Cincinnati was known as "Porkopolis" due to its place as the leading center of pork packing in the United States; his operation was smaller than some in the city, but it was larger than any other slaughterhouse in the remnant portions of Hamilton County. In 1982, the Ayres L. Bramble House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, both because of its historically significant architecture and its place as the home of a leading local citizen.

This is a document about Slaughterville, Oklahoma
  Slaughterville was named after a grocery store run by James Slaughter in the early 20th century. The site was located in the Unassigned Lands of Indian Territory. It was opened to settlement in the Land Run of 1889. The first building was erected in the same year. The town did not incorporate until 1970, to avoid annexation by either Norman, Noble, or Lexington. Slaughterville encompassed 27 sqmi at incorporation. It deannexed about 40 percent of the area during the 1980s, but later annexed more land and by 2000 had an area of 38.108 sqmi. The town name was the subject of controversy in 2004 when People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) asked Slaughterville to rename the town to Veggieville, offering a donation of $20,000 of veggie burgers as incentive. Slaughterville's town council heard presentations by members of PETA and local citizens before voting against the suggestion.

This is a document about Windy City (nickname)
  a wail to us from the Windy City." Cincinnati and Chicago were rival cities in the 1860s and 1870s. Cincinnati was well known in the meatpacking trade and it was called "Porkopolis" from at least 1843. Starting from the early 1860s, Chicago surpassed Cincinnati in this trade and proudly claimed the very same "Porkopolis" nickname. The baseball inter-city matches were especially intense. The 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings were the pride of all of baseball, so Chicago came up with a rival team called the White Stockings to defeat them. "Windy City" often appeared in the Cincinnati sporting news of the 1870s and 1880s. Four of the first known citations of "Windy City" are from 1876, all involving Cincinnati:

This is a document about Big Pig Gig
  The Big Pig Gig had several origin sources. perhaps one of many projects inspired by CowParade, which had been featured in Chicago the previous year, but also the work of an anonymous behind the scenes activist who never heard of Cowparade. The public version of the story has Laura Pulfer, a columnist at The Cincinnati Enquirer, wrote about seven-year-old Alexander Longi's proposal to Mayor Roxanne Qualls for an event similar to the one in Chicago. The idea to build statues of pigs recalled Cincinnati's annual Flying Pig Marathon and the city's nickname of "Porkopolis". The nickname dates from the mid–19th century, when the Cincinnati meat packing industry led the country. The project's rhyming name was submitted by Joyce Monger and won a naming contest. With the support of ArtWorks and various local

This is a document about Cedar Creek (Delaware Bay tributary, Delaware)
 Slaughter Creek According to the Geographic Names Information System, it has also been known historically as:

This is a document about Chicago metropolitan area
  completed in August 2008. A key piece of infrastructure for several generations was the Union Stock Yards of Chicago, which from 1865 until 1971 penned and slaughtered millions of cattle and hogs into standardized cuts of beef and pork. This prompted poet Carl Sandburg to describe Chicago as the "Hog Butcher for the World". The Chicago area, meanwhile, began to produce significant quantities of telecommunications gear, electronics, steel, crude oil derivatives, automobiles, and industrial capital goods. By the early 2000s, Illinois' economy had moved toward a dependence on high-value-added services, such as financial trading, higher education, logistics, and health care. In

This is a document about Hudson River Park
  launched from present-day Pier 45, in the West Village. The Clermont, the first successful boat of its kind in the United States, helped give Robert Fulton control over all steamboat operations on the rest of the Hudson River. The English White Star Line, consisting of the Lusitania, the Olympic, and the Titanic, had a terminal at Pier 54. It was at this location where survivors of the sinking of the Titanic arrived in the Carpathia. By the late 19th century, the Slaughterhouse District was created along the Hudson River shoreline in present-day Hell's Kitchen. A stretch of 39th Street between 11th and 12th Avenues was called Abattoir Place until the early 20th century. In the 1870s, tunnels to herd cattle under 12th Avenue were created at 34th and 38th Streets. The cattle industry in this area continued through the 1960s.

This is a document about Cincinnati
  Hill, College Hill, Fairmont (now rendered Fairmount), and Mount Harrison (now known as Price Hill). The name refers to ancient Rome, reputed to be built on seven hills. "Queen City" is taken from an 1819 newspaper article and further immortalized by the 1854 poem "Catawba Wine". In it, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote of the city: For many years, Cincinnati was also known as "Porkopolis"; this less desirable nickname came from the city's large pork interests. Newer nicknames such as "The 'Nati" are emerging and are attempted to be used in different cultural contexts. For example, a local litter-prevention campaign uses the slogan "Don't Trash the 'Nati."

This is a document about History of Cleveland County, Oklahoma
  On June 30, 1834, Indian Territory, which included present-day Cleveland County, was officially created by the Congress. In May 1835, a detachment of dragoons from Fort Gibson established an outpost on Chouteau Creek in the area where Slaughterville is today, less than a mile south of Bryant Road on the west side of 84th Street. Called Camp Holmes (after Lieutenant Theophilus H. Holmes 1804–1880) the outpost was to be used as a council grounds for talks between the U.S. Government Stokes Commission and Indian tribes from the southern plains. On August 24 or 25, 1835, a treaty was signed with the Comanche and Wichita tribes. Camp Holmes was also known

This is a document about Butchertown, Louisville
  area. Bourbon Stockyards, built in 1836, was the first stockyard to locate in Butchertown. A bank is in portions of the original building. Due to the high German population, and resentment of them by supporters of the Know Nothing party, Butchertown was where the "Bloody Monday" riots of August 1855 began as Know Nothings tried to prevent Germans and Irish from voting in an election. The riots killed 22 people. For the first 100 years of its existence, Butchertown was a thriving residential and industrial area, though other Louisville neighborhoods regarded it as a haven for drunkards and brawlers. However, the area began declining after the great Ohio River flood of 1937 destroyed many of the homes there. Many other homes were demolished

This is a document about Union Stock Yards
   The Union Stock Yard & Transit Co., or The Yards, was the meatpacking district in Chicago for more than a century, starting in 1865. The district was operated by a group of railroad companies that acquired marshland and turned it into a centralized processing area. By the 1890s, the railroad capital behind the Union Stockyards was Vanderbilt money. The Union Stockyards operated in the New City community area for 106 years, helping Chicago become known as the "hog butcher for the world" and the center of the American meatpacking industry for decades. The stockyards became the focal point of the rise of some of the earliest international companies. These refined industrial innovations and influenced financial markets. Both the rise and fall of the district

This is a document about John Plankinton
  City, and New York City. Plankinton reorganized his part of the Milwaukee meat packing business and Patrick Cudahy, who had been with him since 1854, became his facility superintendent and a business partner. The firm was known as John Plankinton and Company. Plankinton's poor health became an issue in 1888 and a major portion of his business went to Cudahy and his brother. The Cudahy brothers eventually renamed the meat packing enterprise "Cudahy Brothers Company". They moved the entire facilities in 1893 about 2 mi from the Milwaukee city limits to a 700 acre parcel of farm land known unofficially as "Porkopolis". It was later named officially as the town of Cudahy, Wisconsin.

This is a document about Slaughter-House Cases
  outside city limits, the grand jury's recommendations carried no weight. The city appealed to the state legislature. As a result, in 1869, the Louisiana legislature passed "An Act to Protect the Health of the City of New Orleans, to Locate the Stock Landings and Slaughter Houses, and to incorporate the Crescent City Livestock Landing and Slaughter-House Company," which allowed the city of New Orleans to create a corporation that centralized all slaughterhouse operations in the city. At the time, New York City, San Francisco, Boston, Milwaukee, and Philadelphia had similar provisions to confine butchers to areas in order to keep offal from contaminating the water

This is a document about Slaughters, Kentucky
  According to local tradition, it was named for Gustavus Slaughter who won the right to name the town and post office after winning a game of cards in 1855. The post office was established as Slaughtersville on January 29, 1856, with Henry A. Prater, postmaster. Slaughter himself served as postmaster from 1860 to 1865 and was succeeded by Stiman. Though the post office was renamed Slaughters in 1915, the town remained Slaughtersville from its incorporation in 1861 until 1967 when the Board on Geographic Names reversed an earlier decision and conformed to common usage and the present name of the post office.

This is a document about List of warehouse districts
 Meatpacking District, New York ; Larkin District, Buffalo


Question: when do the interns become residents grey 's anatomy

Answer: the fourth season premiere

This is a document about Grey's Anatomy
   Greys Anatomy follows the lives of surgical interns, residents, and attendings at the fictional Grey-Sloan Memorial Hospital (formerly Seattle Grace Hospital, Season 1–6, Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital, Season 6–9, and then Grey-Sloan Memorial Hospital, Season 9–present), as the interns gradually develop into seasoned doctors through the mentoring of their residents, attendings, and chiefs of surgery. Each installment typically begins with a voice-over narrative from Meredith Grey or a season regular, foreshadowing the theme of the episode. Each season tends to represent the physicians' academic year, with each completed year qualifying the residents at a level higher in the surgical field. The season typically ends with a dramatic event such as a death or character departure.

This is a document about A Change Is Gonna Come (Grey's Anatomy)
  The episode opens to a voice-over narrative from Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo) about change, the episode's main theme. Following the conclusion of their internship, Meredith, along with her colleagues, Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh), Izzie Stevens (Katherine Heigl), and Alex Karev (Justin Chambers) commence their residency in the department of surgery, and start dealing with new responsibilities, including the new generation of interns, to whom they have been assigned as mentors. After failing his post-internship exam in the season three finale, George O'Malley (T. R. Knight) must repeat his internship year, to avoid being forced to leave the medical field. It

This is a document about T. R. Knight
  surgical intern at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital, O'Malley worked his way up to resident level, while his relationships with his colleagues Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo), Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh), Izzie Stevens (Katherine Heigl) and Alex Karev (Justin Chambers) formed a focal point of the series. When Knight auditioned for the show, he expected a one-season run. In 2009, after the conclusion of the fifth season, it was confirmed that Knight would not be returning for the show's sixth season. The actor said the reason for his departure was due to a "breakdown in communication" with executive producer Shonda Rhimes, his character's lack

This is a document about Derek Shepherd
  medical drama Dr. Vegas. Some of the character's medical cases were inspired by real-life patients of Steve Giannotta, Chair of Neurological Surgery at the University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, whom Rhimes had consulted in writing for Shepherd's storylines and patients. In January 2014, Dempsey signed a two-year contract to remain on Grey's Anatomy (then in its tenth season) that would ensure his presence for potential 11th and 12th seasons. However, in April 2015, Dempsey's character was killed off while his contract was not over yet. Dempsey explained: "it just sort of evolved. It’s just kind of happened. It

This is a document about Grey's Anatomy (season 17)
  The seventeenth season of the American medical drama television series Grey's Anatomy was ordered in May 2019, by the American Broadcasting Company (ABC), as part of a double renewal with the sixteenth season. Shortly after, Krista Vernoff signed an agreement to continue serving as the showrunner of the series. Filming on the series began in September 2020 while the season did not premiere until November 12, 2020, both dates being delayed as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, for the 2020–2021 broadcast television season. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television only allowed seventeen episodes to be produced, the fewest of any season since the fourth season. Numerous safety

This is a document about Grey's Anatomy (season 4)
 EpisodeNumber  = 62 ; EpisodeNumber2 = 1 ; Title          = A Change Is Gonna Come ; RTitle         = ; DirectedBy     = Rob Corn ; WrittenBy      = Shonda Rhimes ; Viewers= 20.93 ; ProdCode= 401 ; OriginalAirDate = September 27, 2007 ; ShortSummary   = Having just returned from her honeymoon with Meredith, Cristina searches for Burke, but he is nowhere to be found. Meredith, Cristina, Izzie and Alex spend their first day as residents with their own groups of interns. Among the interns are George, repeating his intern year after failing his exams, and Lexie Grey, Meredith's half-sister whom she has

This is a document about Grey's Anatomy (season 3)
  The third season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy, commenced airing on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) on September 21, 2006, and concluded on May 17, 2007. The season was produced by Touchstone Television, in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company, the showrunner being Shonda Rhimes. Actors Ellen Pompeo, Sandra Oh, Katherine Heigl, Justin Chambers and T. R. Knight reprised their roles as surgical interns Meredith Grey, Cristina Yang, Izzie Stevens, Alex Karev and George O'Malley, respectively, continuing their expansive storylines as focal points throughout the season. Previous main cast members Chandra Wilson, James Pickens, Jr., Kate Walsh, Isaiah Washington, and Patrick Dempsey also returned, while

This is a document about April Kepner
  April Kepner, M.D., F.A.C.S. is a fictional character from the ABC's medical drama series Grey's Anatomy. The character was created by series producer Shonda Rhimes and is portrayed by actress Sarah Drew. She was introduced in the episode "Invasion" as a surgical resident from Mercy West Medical Center who joins the staff at Seattle Grace Mercy West after the two hospitals merge to compensate for the absence of some of the central cast members, and was created to be disliked by her colleagues. The character was originally set to appear in two episodes but Drew's contract was extended to the remainder of the sixth season, with her becoming a series regular in the seventh season. The character's

This is a document about Grey's Anatomy (season 17)
  as part of Williams' departure. Grey's Anatomy centers around the professional and personal lives of a group of medical professionals that work at the fictional Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital. Nearly every main storyline in the season centered around the COVID-19 pandemic with a number of plot points also connecting to spin-off series Station 19 through fictional crossover events. The season primarily received mixed reviews from critics and remained ABC's most-watched scripted series even though viewing figures dropped significantly from the previous season. The season eventually concluded on June 3, 2021. Despite initial uncertainty from the cast, crew, and the network, the series was eventually renewed for an eighteenth season.

This is a document about Grey's Anatomy (season 14)
  Grey's Anatomy was renewed for a 14th season on February 10, 2017. It premiered on September 28, 2017, with a 2-hour premiere. Ellen Pompeo announced that she would be directing several episodes in the 14th season. On April 28, 2017, veteran writer Krista Vernoff announced that she would return to the show as a writer after leaving the show after the seventh season. On January 11, 2018, ABC released a 6-episode web series following the new surgical interns at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital. The web series was written by Barbara Kaye Friend and directed by series-regular Sarah Drew.

This is a document about List of Grey's Anatomy cast members
  Grey's Anatomy is an American television medical drama that debuted on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC), as a mid-season replacement for Boston Legal on March 27, 2005. While creating the show, producers put an emphasis on the casting process. The series has aired for seventeen seasons, and focuses on the fictional lives of surgical interns and residents, as they gradually evolve into seasoned doctors, while trying to maintain personal lives. The show's premise originated with Shonda Rhimes, who serves as an executive producer, along with Betsy Beers, Mark Gordon, Krista Vernoff, Rob Corn, Mark Wilding, and Allan Heinberg. It is primarily filmed in Los Angeles, California.  The series

This is a document about Eric Dane
  Feast, X-Men: The Last Stand, and starred in Open Water 2. In 2005, Dane guested as Dr. Mark Sloan in "Yesterday", the eighteenth episode of the second season of the ABC medical drama Grey's Anatomy. Positive audience reaction to the character led to Dane's becoming a regular in the show's third season. His first appearance in the season, in which he walked out of the bathroom soaking wet and wearing only a strategically placed towel, was labeled a "watercooler moment". Dane resigned from the show after the end of season 8 but appeared in the first two episodes of season 9. In 2021, Dane reappeared on the show

This is a document about List of Grey's Anatomy episodes
  Grey's Anatomy is an American medical drama television series that premiered on American Broadcasting Company (ABC) as a mid-season replacement on March 27, 2005. The series has aired for seventeen seasons, and focuses on the fictional lives of surgical interns and residents as they evolve into seasoned doctors while trying to maintain personal lives. The show's premise originated with Shonda Rhimes, who serves as an executive producer, along with Betsy Beers, Mark Gordon, Krista Vernoff, Rob Corn, Mark Wilding, and Allan Heinberg. The series was created to be racially diverse, utilizing a color-blind casting technique. It is primarily filmed in Los Angeles. The show's title is a play on Gray's Anatomy, the classic human anatomy textbook. Episodes have been broadcast

This is a document about April Kepner
  side. Her fellow residents make fun of her which prompts her to break up with him. April also impresses Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd) and she is ultimately granted the position of Chief Resident in the season seven finale. Many become upset with Owen decision. April initially struggles with her new status as her fellow doctors do not listen to her and do not take her seriously. As the end of the fifth year of residency is near, the surgical residents, including April, prepare for their boards exams for the different fellowships they plan on joining. The night before taking the

This is a document about Sarah Drew
  In 2009, Drew was cast as Dr. April Kepner in the medical drama series Grey's Anatomy. Drew was cast in late September and first appeared in the sixth season episode “Invasion" as one of the residents from Mercy West Hospital after its merger with Seattle Grace Hospital. Drew was brought aboard Grey's Anatomy after former collaborations with series creator Shonda Rhimes; she was featured as a guest in 2 episodes of Private Practice in 2008 and was a main cast member in Rhimes' 2009 television pilot Inside the Box, which ABC passed on. In 2010, she was promoted to a series-regular for the seventh season. In March 2018, it was announced that Drew, along with Jessica Capshaw, would be exiting the series. Showrunner Krista Vernoff stated that the decision was purely creative, not budgetary. However, it was announced in March 2021 that Drew would be returning during season 17.

This is a document about Lexie Grey
  Near the end of Meredith's intern year, Thatcher and Molly mention that Lexie is a student at Harvard Medical School. After she graduates, Lexie is accepted by Massachusetts General Hospital to pursue her residency. Following her mother's sudden death of complications stemming from the hiccups, Lexie decides to move back to Seattle to care for her father and takes up a surgical internship at Seattle Grace Hospital instead, 1 year behind Meredith who is due to begin her first year of residency. On the day of her mother's funeral, Lexie waits in the car when Thatcher, accompanied by Molly, goes to tell Meredith that

This is a document about Grey's Anatomy
  Grey's Anatomy is an American medical drama television series that premiered on March 27, 2005, on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) as a mid-season replacement. The series focuses on the lives of surgical interns, residents, and attendings as they develop into seasoned doctors while balancing personal and professional relationships. The title is an allusion to Gray's Anatomy, a classic human anatomy textbook first published in 1858 in London and written by Henry Gray. Shonda Rhimes developed the pilot and continued to write for the series until 2015. Krista Vernoff, who previously worked with Rhimes, is now the showrunner. Rhimes was also one of the executive producers alongside Betsy Beers, Mark Gordon, Krista Vernoff, Rob

This is a document about Grey's Anatomy
  Yang, having been engaged, endeavor to plan their wedding, while Montgomery departs the show in the season 3 finale, relocating to California, seeking a new life. The season three finale also shows Burke's exit from the show, after leaving Yang at the altar on their wedding day. Grey, Yang, Stevens, Karev are all promoted to residents, in the season 4 premiere, while O'Malley is forced to repeat his internship year, following his failing of the intern exam. Subsequently, Torres and O'Malley divorce one another, due to him having an affair with Stevens, initially concealing it from Torres. Early in the fourth season, cardiothoracic surgeon Erica Hahn becomes Torres's love-interest.

This is a document about Sara Ramirez
  Supporting Actress in a Drama Series.  In May 2016, Ramírez left the show at the conclusion of the twelfth season, after having played the character for a decade. They released a statement saying, "I'm deeply grateful to have spent the last 10 years with my family at Grey's Anatomy and ABC, but for now I'm taking some welcome time off." Rhimes wrote of Ramírez's work on the show, "Dr. Callie Torres came into our lives dancing it out in her underwear almost a decade ago, and I could not be happier or more proud of her journey. Sara Ramírez's performance inspired

This is a document about November 2020 Station 19 and Grey's Anatomy crossover event
  Station 19 filming began during the first week of September 2020. The first Grey's Anatomy episode began filming on September 8, 2020, after filming of the previous season was cut short due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Cast and crew members of both series were required to wear personal protective equipment on scene at all times and take mandatory COVID tests. All three episodes focused heavily on real world events including the COVID-19 pandemic. The third episode of the crossover most notably features the surprised and unpublicized return of former series regular Patrick Dempsey as Derek Shepherd. Dempsey last appeared in the series in the eleventh season episode

The interns become residents in Grey's Anatomy after completing their internship year. This typically occurs around the end of the fifth season, as depicted in the episode "Change." However, specific characters may experience delays or other circumstances that prevent them from advancing to the resident level at different points in the series. For example, T.R. Knight's character, George O'Malley, was required to repeat his intern year due to failing the post-internship year exam.


Question: a positive obturator sign would elicit pain in the

Answer: the retrocecal or pelvic region

This is a document about Obturator sign
  The obturator sign or Cope's obturator test is an indicator of irritation to the obturator internus muscle. The technique for detecting the obturator sign, called the obturator test, is carried out on each leg in succession. The patient lies on her/his back with the hip and knee both flexed at ninety degrees. The examiner holds the patient's ankle with one hand and knee with the other hand. The examiner internally rotates the hip by moving the patient's ankle away from the patient's body while allowing the knee to move only inward. This is flexion and internal rotation of the hip. In the clinical context, it is performed when acute appendicitis is suspected. In this condition, the appendix

This is a document about Obturator sign
  inflamed and enlarged. The appendix may come into physical contact with the obturator internus muscle, which will be stretched when this maneuver is performed on the right leg. This causes pain and is evidence in support of an inflamed appendix. The principles of the obturator sign in the diagnosis of appendicitis are similar to that of the psoas sign. The appendix is commonly located in the retrocecal or pelvic region. The obturator sign indicates the presence of an inflamed pelvic appendix. Evidence shows that the obturator test does not adequately diagnose appendicitis, but can be used in conjunction with other signs and symptoms to make a diagnosis. It was introduced by Zachary Cope (1881–1974), an English surgeon.

This is a document about Blumberg sign
  The sign indicates aggravation of the parietal peritoneum by stretching or moving. Positive Blumberg sign is indicative of peritonitis, which can occur in diseases like appendicitis, and may occur in ulcerative colitis with rebound tenderness in the right lower quadrant. However, in recent years the value of rebound tenderness has been questioned, since it may not add any diagnostic value beyond the observation that the patient has severe tenderness. Use of the sign has been supported by others.

This is a document about Appendicitis
 Aure-Rozanova's sign: Increased pain on palpation with finger in right Petit triangle (can be a positive Shchetkin-Bloomberg's). ; Bartomier-Michelson's sign: Increased pain on palpation at the right iliac region as the person being examined lies on their left side compared to when they lie on their back. ; Dunphy's sign: Increased pain in the right lower quadrant with coughing. ; Hamburger sign: The patient refuses to eat (anorexia is 80% sensitive for appendicitis) ; Kocher's (Kosher's) sign: From the person's medical history, the start of pain in the umbilical region with a subsequent shift to the right iliac region. ; Massouh sign: Developed in and popular

This is a document about Blumberg sign
  The abdominal wall is compressed slowly and then rapidly released. A positive sign is indicated by presence of pain upon removal of pressure on the abdominal wall.

This is a document about Spurling's test
  The Spurling test is a medical maneuver used to assess nerve root pain (also known as radicular pain). The examiner turns the patient's head to the affected side while extending and applying downward pressure to the top of the patient's head. A positive Spurling's sign is when the pain arising in the neck radiates in the direction of the corresponding dermatome ipsilaterally. It is a type of cervical compression test. Patients with a positive Spurling's sign can present with a variety of symptoms, including pain, numbness and weakness. In addition to the clinical history, the neurological examination may show signs suggesting a cervical radiculopathy.

This is a document about Abdominal examination
 Examination of pelvic lymph nodes ; Digital rectal exam only if clinically indicated. ; Pelvic examination only if clinically indicated. Inflamed gallbladder: Murphy's sign ; During palpation beneath the bottom edge of the right rib cage, the patient experiences pain upon inspiration. ; Appendicitis or peritonitis: ; Psoas sign – pain with extension of the hip and tensing of the psoas muscle ; Obturator sign – pain when tensing the obturator muscle ; Rovsing's sign – pain in the right lower abdominal quadrant on palpation of the left side of the abdomen ; McBurney's sign - deep tenderness at McBurney's point ; Carnett's sign – pain when tensing the abdominal wall muscles ; Patafio's sign – pain when the patient is asked to cough whilst tensing the psoas muscle ; Cough test – pain when the patient

This is a document about Appendicitis
  southwest England, the examiner performs a firm swish with his or her index and middle finger across the abdomen from the xiphoid process to the left and the right iliac fossa. A positive Massouh sign is a grimace of the person being examined upon a right sided (and not left) sweep. ; Obturator sign: The person being evaluated lies on her or his back with the hip and knee both flexed at ninety degrees. The examiner holds the person's ankle with one hand and knee with the other hand. The examiner rotates the hip by moving the person's ankle away from his or her body

This is a document about Obturator hernia
  An obturator hernia is a rare type of hernia of the pelvic floor in which pelvic or abdominal contents protrudes through the obturator foramen. Because of differences in anatomy, it is much more common in women, especially multiparous and older women who have recently lost much weight. The diagnosis is often made intraoperatively after presenting with bowel obstruction. The Howship–Romberg sign is suggestive of an obturator hernia, exacerbated by thigh extension, medial rotation and abduction. It is characterized by lancinating pain in the medial thigh/obturator distribution, extending to the knee; caused by hernia compression of the obturator nerve.

This is a document about Psoas sign
  it is a "positive psoas sign". The pain results because the psoas borders the peritoneal cavity, so stretching (by hyperextension at the hip) or contraction (by flexion of the hip) of the muscles causes friction against nearby inflamed tissues. In particular, the right iliopsoas muscle lies under the appendix when the patient is supine, so a positive psoas sign on the right may suggest appendicitis. A positive psoas sign may also be present in a patient with a psoas abscess. It may also be positive with other sources of retroperitoneal irritation, e.g. as caused by hemorrhage of an iliac vessel. It was introduced by Zachary Cope (1881–1974), an English surgeon.

This is a document about Pericoronitis
 Pain, which gets worse as the condition develops and becomes severe. The pain may be throbbing and radiate to the ear, throat, temporomandibular joint, posterior submandibular region and floor of the mouth. There may also be pain when biting. Sometimes the pain disturbs sleep. ; Tenderness, erythema (redness) and edema (swelling) of the tissues around the involved tooth, which is usually partially erupted into the mouth. The operculum is characteristically very painful when pressure is applied. ; Halitosis resulting from the bacteria putrefaction of proteins in this environment releasing malodorous volatile sulfur compounds. ; Bad taste or sour taste in the mouth from exudation of pus. ; Intra-oral halitosis. ; Formation of pus, which can be seen exuding from beneath the operculum (i.e. a pericoronal abscess), especially when pressure is applied to the operculum. ; Signs of

This is a document about Slump test
  Positive sign is any kind of sciatic pain (radiating, sharp, shooting pain) or reproduction of other neurological symptoms. This indicates impingement of the sciatic nerve, dural lining, spinal cord, or nerve roots. This test can have a lot of false-positives and should be used with other orthopedic test to make the final diagnosis.

This is a document about Hildreth's sign
  After assessing the mass for pain or tenderness, the patient is asked to elevate the affected limb and slowly inflate the cuff of a sphygmomanometer around it, while the examiner massages the limb to exsanguinate it. Hildreth's sign is positive if the patient notes relief of the pain or tenderness while the cuff is inflated, and experiences sudden onset of pain in the mass when the pressure in the cuff is released.

This is a document about Meningism
  Kernig's sign (after Waldemar Kernig (1840–1917), a Russian neurologist) is positive when the thigh is flexed at the hip and knee at 90 degree angles, and subsequent extension in the knee is painful (leading to resistance). This may indicate subarachnoid hemorrhage or meningitis. Patients may also show opisthotonus—spasm of the whole body that leads to legs and head being bent back and body bowed forward.

This is a document about Gallbladder disease
  part of the right ribs and curl their fingers under them. A positive test elicits pain with deep inspiration and is indicative of inflammation of the gallbladder, cholecystitis. With positive Murphy's sign, deep palpation of the abdomen also elicits pain. In these cases, physicians will need to rule out peritonitis, inflammation of the abdominal cavity. A negative Murphy's sign does not rule out all gallbladder diseases as ascending cholangitis. Using an ultrasound transducer supplanting a physician's hands during an abdominal ultrasound can detect a positive Murphy's sign. The sign also has over a 90% positive and negative predictive value for acute cholecystitis

This is a document about Appendicitis
  allowing the knee to move only inward. A positive test is pain with internal rotation of the hip. ; Psoas sign, also known as "Obraztsova's sign", is right lower-quadrant pain that is produced with either the passive extension of the right hip or by the active flexion of the person's right hip while supine. The pain that is elicited is due to inflammation of the peritoneum overlying the iliopsoas muscles and inflammation of the psoas muscles themselves. Straightening out the leg causes pain because it stretches these muscles, while flexing the hip activates the iliopsoas and causes pain. ; Rovsing's sign: Pain in the lower

This is a document about Lloyd's sign
  Lloyd's sign is a sign of renal calculus or pyelonephritis when pain is elicited by deep percussion in the back between the 12th rib and the spine. It is closely related to costovertebral angle tenderness in that the area of percussion is the same. However, Lloyd's sign is defined as positive costovertebral angle tenderness along with the absence of tenderness with normal pressure.

This is a document about Tuning fork
  skin above the suspected fracture, progressively closer to the suspected fracture. If there is a fracture, the periosteum of the bone vibrates and fires nociceptors (pain receptors), causing a local sharp pain. This can indicate a fracture, which the practitioner refers for medical X-ray. The sharp pain of a local sprain can give a false positive. Established practice, however, requires an X-ray regardless, because it's better than missing a real fracture while wondering if a response means a sprain. A systematic review published in 2014 in BMJ Open suggests that this technique is not reliable or accurate enough for clinical use. Tuning forks also play a role in several alternative therapy practices, such as sonopuncture and polarity therapy.

This is a document about Rovsing's sign
  Rovsing's sign, named after the Danish surgeon Niels Thorkild Rovsing (1862–1927), is a sign of appendicitis. If palpation of the left lower quadrant of a person's abdomen increases the pain felt in the right lower quadrant, the patient is said to have a positive Rovsing's sign and may have appendicitis. The phenomenon was first described by Swedish surgeon Emil Samuel Perman (1856-1945) writing in the journal Hygiea in 1904. In acute appendicitis, palpation in the left iliac fossa may produce pain in the right iliac fossa.

This is a document about Rovsing's sign
  be an inflamed organ or piece of tissue in the right lower quadrant. The appendix is generally the prime suspect, although other pathology can also give a "positive" Rovsing's sign. If left lower quadrant pressure by the examiner leads only to left-sided pain or pain on both the left and right sides, then there may be some other pathologic etiology. This may include causes relating to the bladder, uterus, ascending (right) colon, fallopian tubes, ovaries, or other structures. The eponym Rovsing sign is also used in patients with horseshoe kidney, consisting of abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting with hyperextension of the spine. While Rovsing's test is frequently performed in suspicion of appendicitis, its sensitivity and specificity have not been adequately evaluated, and is considered by some to be an antiquated examination test.

A positive obturator sign would elicit pain in the affected hip.


Question: where is an eye for an eye found in the bible

Answer: Leviticus

This is a document about Eye for an eye
  "An eye for an eye" (, Ain takhat ain) is a commandment found in Exodus 21:23–27 expressing the principle of reciprocal justice measure for measure. In Roman civilization, the law of retaliation (lex talionis) bears the same principle that a person who has injured another person is to be penalized to a similar degree by the injured party. In softer interpretations, it means the victim receives the [estimated] value of the injury in compensation. The intent behind the principle was to restrict compensation to the value of the loss.

This is a document about Matthew 5:40
  a man cause a blemish in his neighbour; as he hath done, so shall it be done to him,” (Leviticus 24:19-20) the majority stance is that “as” is to be taken as conveying that the punishment should fit the crime, just as “eye for an eye” is not to be taken as a literal expression. All the uses of an eye for an eye are related to mostly severe bodily or monetary crimes (Deuteronomy 19:16-21; Exodus 21:22-24): here in Matthew 5:40, Jesus likely follows his line of thinking on the evil being addressed, instructing his disciples not to resist a quarrel where

This is a document about Eye for an eye
  In the Hebrew Law, the "eye for eye" was to restrict compensation to the value of the loss. Thus, it might be better read 'only one eye for one eye'. The idiomatic biblical phrase "an eye for an eye" in Exodus and Leviticus (, ayin tachat ayin) literally means 'an eye under/(in place of) an eye' while a slightly different phrase (עַיִן בְּעַיִן שֵׁן בְּשֵׁן, literally "eye for an eye; tooth for a tooth") is used in another passage (Deuteronomy) in the context of possible reciprocal court sentences for failed false witnesses. The passage in Leviticus states, "And a man who injures his countryman – as he has done, so it shall be done to him [namely,] fracture under/for fracture, eye under/for eye, tooth under/for tooth. Just as another person has received injury from him, so it will be given to him." (Lev. 24:19–21). For

This is a document about Eye for an eye
  The Quran (Q5:45) mentions the "eye for an eye" concept as being ordained for the Children of Israel. The principle of Lex talionis in Islam is Qiṣāṣ (Arabic: قصاص) as mentioned in Al-Baqara: "O you who have believed, prescribed for you is legal retribution (Qisas) for those murdered – the free for the free, the slave for the slave, and the female for the female. But whoever overlooks from his brother anything, then there should be a suitable follow-up and payment to him with good conduct. This is an alleviation from your Lord and a mercy.  But whoever transgresses after that will have a painful punishment." Muslim countries that use Islamic Sharia law, such as Iran or Saudi Arabia, apply the "eye for an eye" rule literally. "In the Torah We prescribed for them a life for a life, an eye for an eye, a nose for a nose, an ear for an ear, a tooth for a tooth, an equal wound for a wound: if anyone forgoes this out of charity, it will serve as atonement for his bad deeds. Those who do not judge according to what God has revealed are doing grave wrong." - Al-Ma'ida

This is a document about Matthew 5:38
 Ye have heard that it hath been said, ; An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth: “You have heard that it was said, ; ‘An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth.’ In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads: The World English Bible translates the passage as: The Novum Testamentum Graece text is: For a collection of other versions see BibleHub Matthew 5:38

This is a document about Mishpatim
  expression "eye for eye" and in  in the expression "he shall surely pay ox for ox." As the latter case plainly indicated pecuniary compensation, so must the former. Tractate Bava Kamma in the Mishnah, Tosefta, Jerusalem Talmud, and Babylonian Talmud interpreted the laws of damages related to oxen in 35–36, pits in  men who steal livestock in  crop-destroying beasts in  fires in  and related torts. The Mishnah taught that Scripture deals with four principal causes of damage: (1) the ox (in ), (2) the pit (in ), (3) the crop-destroying beast (in ), and (4) the fire (in ). The Mishnah taught

This is a document about Matthew 5:41
  Matthew 5:41 is the forty-first verse of the fifth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament and is part of the Sermon on the Mount. This is the fourth verse of the antithesis on the commandment: "Eye for an eye".

This is a document about Matthew 5:40
  Matthew 5:40 is the fortieth verse of the fifth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament and is part of the Sermon on the Mount. This is the third verse of the antithesis on the commandment: "Eye for an eye".

This is a document about Turning the other cheek
  The phrase originates from the Sermon on the Mount in the New Testament. In the Gospel of Matthew chapter 5, an alternative for "an eye for an eye" is given by Jesus: "38You have heard that it was said, "An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth." 39But I say to you, Do not resist the one who is evil. But if anyone slaps you on the right cheek, turn to him the other also. 40And if anyone would sue you and take your tunic, let him have your cloak as well.  41And if anyone forces you to go one mile, go with him two miles.  42Give to the one who begs from you, and do not refuse the one

This is a document about Matthew 5:42
  Matthew 5:42 is the forty-second verse of the fifth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament and is part of the Sermon on the Mount. This is the fifth and last verse of the antithesis on the command: "Eye for an eye".

This is a document about Eye for an eye
  of Hippo. He already discussed in his Contra Faustum, Book XIX, the points of 'fulfilment or destruction' of the Jewish law. George Robinson characterizes the passage of Exodus ("an eye for an eye") as one of the "most controversial in the Bible". According to Robinson, some have pointed to this passage as evidence of the vengeful nature of justice in the Hebrew Bible. Similarly, Abraham Bloch speculates that the "lex talionis has been singled out as a classical example of biblical harshness." Harry S. Lewis points to Lamech, Gideon and Samson as biblical heroes who were renowned for "their prowess in executing blood revenge upon their public and private enemies." Lewis asserts that this "right of 'wild' justice was gradually limited." Stephen Wylen asserts that the lex talionis is "proof of the unique value of each individual" and that it teaches "equality of all human beings for law."

This is a document about Matthew 5:40
  adjective ponero is often translated as “not evil” (KJV) or other variants such as "the evil person." Examining the Greek to English Interlinear, the brackets show ‘person’ was being inferred by the translators while the adjective ponero simply means evil. Additionally, Exodus 21:24-27 shows that an "eye for an eye" was not to be taken literally as a servant who lost an eye or tooth due to their master striking them was to be let go as a freeman. One related instruction the nation of Israel was giving on the topic of judicial prosecution is seen in Leviticus 19:18 which states: "Thou shalt

This is a document about Matthew 5:38
  Matthew 5:38 is the thirty-eighth verse of the fifth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament and is part of the Sermon on the Mount. This verse begins the antithesis on the commandment: "Eye for an eye".

This is a document about Matthew 5:39
  Matthew 5:39 is the thirty-ninth verse of the fifth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament and is part of the Sermon on the Mount. This is the second verse of the antithesis on the command: "eye for an eye". In one of the most famous verses in the New Testament, Jesus here rejects revenge and retaliation, instead telling his followers to turn the other cheek.

This is a document about Matthew 5:38
  This verse begins in the same style as the earlier antitheses, that natural desire for retaliation or vengeance can be conveniently justified with a reference to the Old Testament: An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth, known as the principle of lex talionis ("the law of retribution"), is an ancient statement of the principle of retributive punishment dating back to the Code of Hammurabi. This phrasing appears several times in the Old Testament at Exodus, Leviticus , and Deuteronomy. This was a moderate rule compared with the blood feuds described in Genesis. The New Testament scholar R. T. France notes that by Jesus' era such punishments were no longer in practice, rather they had been replaced with fines judged to be of equal value to the damage caused. Thus, according to France, Jesus is not here condemning the violence or brutality of such punishments, but the very idea of retribution, which, together with the statement in the following few verses, forms the core of Jesus' teaching of nonviolence.

This is a document about Torah in Islam
  mentioned in Quran (5:45) "And We ordained for them therein a life for a life, an eye for an eye, a nose for a nose, an ear for an ear, a tooth for a tooth, and for wounds is legal retribution. But whoever gives [up his right as] charity, it is an expiation for him. And whoever does not judge by what Allah has revealed - then it is those who are the wrongdoers." - Quran, sura 5 (Al-Ma'ida), ayat 45 Similarly it is mentioned in the Exodus: "And if [any] mischief follow, then thou shalt give life for life, eye for eye, tooth for

This is a document about Internal consistency of the Bible
  In the 2nd century CE, the Christian theologian Marcion composed a work (now lost) entitled Antithesis. In the Antithesis, Marcion set out in detail and discussed at length the contradictions between the Old Testament and New Testament. The Old and New Testaments, Marcion argued, cannot be reconciled to each other. The code of conduct advocated by Moses was "an eye for an eye", but Jesus set this precept aside. Marcion pointed to "I make peace and create evil, I the Lord do all these things". He contrasted this with Jesus' saying that "a tree was known by its fruit; a good tree cannot bring forth

This is a document about Emor
  A Woman's Commentary on the Torah, pages 184–87. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1996. ISBN: 0-399-14195-2. ; Marc Gellman. "Three Green Things and a Yellow." In God's Mailbox: More Stories About Stories in the Bible, pages 85–89. New York: Morrow Junior Books, 1996. ISBN: 0-688-13169-7. ; Jacob Milgrom. "Lex Talionis and the Rabbis: The Talmud reflects an uneasy rabbinic conscience toward the ancient law of talion, 'eye for eye, tooth for tooth.'" Bible Review. Volume 12 (number 2) (April 1996). W. Gunther Plaut. The Haftarah Commentary, pages 299–307. New York: UAHC Press, 1996. ISBN: 0-8074-0551-5. ; Robert Goodman. Teaching Jewish Holidays: History,

This is a document about Matthew 5:40
  avenge, nor bear any grudge against the children of thy people, but thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself." In verse 39, neither was Jesus referring to what the judges should do regarding an eye for an eye but rather how his disciples should respond when they are the offended. And because an eye for an eye was being addressed the focus here revolved around retaliation through legal means. As to why an oral teaching regarding this was being addressed, a collection of books written around 200 A.D that essentially recorded debates between Rabbinic sages regarding Jewish oral traditions, gives us a closer

This is a document about Shofetim (parashah)
  Robert Deutsch. "JPFs: More Questions than Answers." Biblical Archaeology Review, volume 40, number 5 (September/October 2014). ; Shlomo Riskin. Torah Lights: Devarim: Moses Bequeaths Legacy, History, and Covenant, pages 159–202. New Milford, Connecticut: Maggid Books, 2014. ISBN: 978-159-264-276-2. ; Art Swift. “Americans: ‘Eye for an Eye’ Top Reason for Death Penalty.” Gallup. (October 23, 2014). ; The Commentators' Bible: The Rubin JPS Miqra'ot Gedolot: Deuteronomy. Edited, translated, and annotated by Michael Carasik, pages 113–41. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2015. ISBN: 978-0-8276-0939-6. Jonathan Sacks. Lessons in Leadership: A Weekly Reading of the Jewish Bible, pages 263–67. New Milford, Connecticut: Maggid Books,

The principle of "an eye for an eye" is found in the Bible in the book of Exodus (21:23-27) and in the New Testament (Matthew 5:38-42). In the Old Testament, it is described as a law for retribution, while in the New Testament, Jesus interprets it as a call for forgiveness and turning the other cheek.


Question: in which year was the maratha confederacy defeated by british

Answer: 1818

This is a document about Maratha Empire
  The Maratha Empire or the Maratha Confederacy was a power that dominated a large portion of the Indian subcontinent in the 18th century. The empire formally existed from 1674 with the coronation of Shivaji as the Chhatrapati and ended in 1818 with the defeat of Peshwa Bajirao II at the hands of the British East India Company. The Marathas are credited for ending Mughal Rule over most of the Indian subcontinent. The Marathas were a Marathi-speaking warrior group from the western Deccan Plateau (present-day Maharashtra) who rose to prominence by establishing a Hindavi Swarajya (meaning "self-rule of Hindu"). The Marathas became prominent in the 17th century under the leadership

This is a document about Baji Rao II
  The raids of the Pindaris, irregular horsemen who resided in the Maratha territories, into British territory ultimately led to the Third Anglo-Maratha War of 1817–1818, which ended in the defeat of the Bhosles, Holkars, and other Maratha feudatories. In the mid-1810s, the British had intervened in a financial dispute over revenue-sharing between the Peshwa and Gaekwads of Baroda. On 13 June 1817, the Company forced Baji Rao II to sign an agreement renouncing claims on Gaekwad's revenues and ceding large swaths of territory to the British. This treaty of Poona formally ended the Peshwa's titular overlordship over other Maratha chiefs, thus officially ending the Maratha confederacy. On 5 November

This is a document about Battles involving the Maratha Empire
  Jetland, Setan, and others. However, Holkar had to leave Bharatpur as the Jat King Ranjit Singh of Bharatpur defeated the British army on 17 April 1805. Covering a large part of the subcontinent, the Maratha Empire kept the British forces at bay during the 18th century, until dissension between the Peshwas and their sardars (army commanders) saw a gradual downfall of the empire with the eventual defeat in the third Anglo-Maratha war the First Anglo-Maratha War ended in a stalemate with both sides signing the treaty of Salbai. This led to a period of relative peace between the two powers till the decisive second Anglo-Maratha war took place.

This is a document about List of governors of Bombay Presidency
  victory in the Second Anglo-Maratha War. The framework of the Presidency formed between 1803 and 1827. The districts of Ahmadabad, Bharuch, and Kaira in Gujarat were taken over by the Bombay Government in 1805 and enlarged in 1818. The numerous small states of Kathiawar and Mahikantha were organised into princely states under British suzerainty between 1807 and 1820. Baji Rao II, the last of the Maratha Peshwas, was defeated by the British in the Battle of Kirkee, which took place near Poona in the Deccan on 5 November 1817. Following his defeat, the whole of the Deccan (except Satara and Kolhapur), and certain parts

This is a document about Second Anglo-Maratha War
  Maratha chiefs were engaged in internal quarrels among themselves. Lord Mornington, the Governor-General of British India had repeatedly offered a subsidiary treaty to the Peshwa and Scindia, but Nana Fadnavis refused strongly. In October 1802, the combined armies of Peshwa Baji Rao II and Scindia were defeated by Yashwantrao Holkar, ruler of Indore, at the Battle of Poona. Baji Rao fled to British protection, and in December the same year concluded the Treaty of Bassein with the British East India Company, ceding territory for the maintenance of a subsidiary force and agreeing to treaty with no other power. The treaty would become the "death knell of the Maratha Empire".

This is a document about History of India
  Maratha authority in the north was re-established within a decade under Peshwa Madhavrao I. Under Madhavrao I, the strongest knights were granted semi-autonomy, creating a confederacy of Maratha states under the Gaekwads of Baroda, the Holkars of Indore and Malwa, the Scindias of Gwalior and Ujjain, the Bhonsales of Nagpur and the Puars of Dhar and Dewas. In 1775, the East India Company intervened in a Peshwa family succession struggle in Pune, which led to the First Anglo-Maratha War, resulting in a Maratha victory. The Marathas remained a major power in India until their defeat in the Second and Third Anglo-Maratha Wars (1805–1818), which resulted in the East India Company controlling most of India.

This is a document about 1818 in India
 The first Mill of Cotton clothes in Kolkata on 1818. ; 1818 – Manavadar (Bantva-Manavadar) becomes a British Protectorate, a Princely state which was founded in 1733. ; 1 January – The Peshwa defeated at Koregaon by the British. ; 6 January – Treaty of Mandasor is signed between the British and the Marathas. ; February – The Third Anglo-Maratha War which started in 1817 ends with the Marathas defeated by the British ; 20 February – The Peshwa defeated at Ashti by the British. ; 3 June – Baji Rao II surrenders to the British

This is a document about Battles involving the Maratha Empire
  authority in North India was restored, 10 years after the battle of Panipat. After the death of Madhavrao, the empire gave way to a loose Confederacy, with political power resting in a 'pentarchy' of five mostly Maratha dynasties: the Peshwas of Pune; the Sindhias (originally "Shindes") of Malwa and Gwalior; the Holkars of Indore; the Bhonsles of Nagpur; and the Gaekwads of Baroda. A rivalry between the Sindhia and Holkar dominated the confederation's affairs into the early 19th century, as did the clashes with the British and the British East India Company in the three Anglo-Maratha Wars. In the Third Anglo-Maratha War, the last Peshwa, Baji Rao II, was defeated by the British in 1818 and the empire ceased to exist.

This is a document about Battle of Khadki
  The Second Anglo-Maratha War, proved disastrous for the Maratha Empire/Confederacy. Due to a titular de-jure Chhatrapati and Peshwas Maratha Sardars took advantage of the reduced strength and command of Emperor over Maharashtra and the Maratha Empire started to decline. The Confederacy was in very high debts (taken for battles and governance) and were not receiving any income from taxes (all Sardars were keeping the all taxes to themselves instead of sending a part of it to the central authority). Mahadji Scindia did restore the Maratha authority in Northern India with the help of his cavalry and French trained gunners and artillery. Mahadji comprehensively defeated the British forces in the First Anglo-Maratha War. But after his death in 1794, The Maratha Sardars were not in a good position to fight with British forces, though leaders like Mudhoji II Bhonsle Sena Sahib Subha and Daulatrao Scindia did put up a valiant effort. But after the death of Mahadji Scindia, the Maratha confederacy had fallen into a state of constant decline.

This is a document about Shivaji
  imperial expansion in northwestern India. Ten years after Panipat, Marathas regained influence in North India during the rule of Madhavrao Peshwa. In a bid to effectively manage the large empire, Shahu and the Peshwas gave semi-autonomy to the strongest of the knights, creating the Maratha Confederacy. They became known as Gaekwads of Baroda, the Holkars of Indore and Malwa, the Scindias of Gwalior and Bhonsales of Nagpur. In 1775, the East India Company intervened in a succession struggle in Pune, which became the First Anglo-Maratha War. The Marathas remained the pre-eminent power in India until their defeat by the British in the Second and Third Anglo-Maratha wars (1805–1818), which left the Company the dominant power in most of India.

This is a document about Madhavrao II
  In 1790, the Marathas won over Rajput States in the Battle of Patan. After the death of Mahadaji Shinde In 1794, the Maratha power got concentrated in the hands of Nana Fadnavis.

This is a document about Hyder Ali
   The Maratha Confederacy had just been routed at the Third Battle of Panipat by Ahmad Shah Durrani and the Mughals had been restored in the year 1761. The Maratha Empire was most vulnerable and feeble to any attack and the Peshwa's power had been almost eliminated in all of India. At this point in his life Hyder Ali decided to go to war with the Marathas and put an end to the threat they posed to his power. He therefore attacked the Maratha aligned Rani of Bednore. She had appealed to the Nawab of Savanur for assistance when Hyder invaded. Hyder consequently threatened the Nawab, attempting to extort tribute from

This is a document about Pune
  influence in India declined after the defeat of Maratha forces at the Battle of Panipat but Pune remained the seat of power. In 1802 Pune was captured by Yashwantrao Holkar in the Battle of Poona, directly precipitating the Second Anglo-Maratha War of 1803–1805. The Peshwa rule ended with the defeat of Peshwa Bajirao II by the British East India Company in 1818. Historian Govind Sakharam Sardesai lists 163 prominent families that held high ranks and played significant roles in politics, military, and finance in 18th century Pune. Of these 163 families, a majority(80) were Deshastha Brahmins, 46 were Chitpawan, 15 were Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu(CKP) whereas Karhade Brahmin and Saraswat accounted for 11 families each.

This is a document about 1756
  to three Spaniards and two Portuguese killed in battle. ; February 14 – The Maratha Navy that has controlled the western coast of India for the Maratha Empire for more than a century, is destroyed in the Battle of Vijaydurg by British attackers fighting for the East India Company. On orders of Royal Navy Admiral Charles Watson, the British captures a Maratha ship (the former British warship HMS Restoration), sets it on fire, and then floats the burning vessel into the Vijaydurg Port where most of Maratha Admiral Tulaji Angre's ships are anchored.  The fire soon spreads to the other ships, destroying one large warship armed with 74 cannon, eight gurabs of 200 tonnes apiece, and sixty galbat ships. ; March 17 – St. Patrick's Day is celebrated in New York City for the first time (at the Crown and Thistle Tavern).

This is a document about Marathi people
  Company defeated Peshwa Bajirao II. Nevertheless, several Maratha Empire states remained as vassals of the British until 1947 when they acceded to the Dominion of India. The Maratha Empire also developed a potent coastal navy around the 1660s. At its peak under Maratha Koli Admiral Kanhoji Angre, the naval force dominated the territorial waters of the western coast of India from Mumbai to Sawantwadi. It would engage in attacking British, Portuguese, Dutch, and Siddi naval ships and kept a check on their naval ambitions. The Maratha Navy dominated until around the 1730s, but was in a state of decline by the 1770s, and ceased to exist entirely by 1818.

This is a document about Islam in South Asia
  – but they provided an inspiration for Sunni Muslim scholars. Despite the defeat at the hands of Ahmad Shah Abdali, at the Battle of Panipat in 1761, the Marathas continued to dominate the subcontinent's western regions until they were finally conquered in 1818 by the British. After defeating the Marathas the British became the dominant power. The effect of British rule was different for the various classes of the Muslim population. For the elite it meant the loss of their culture. The institution of feudalism had the same impact on Muslim peasants and landlords as it did on non-Muslims. But there were more Muslim peasants in

This is a document about Maratha Peshwa and Generals from Bhat Family
  The Bhat Peshwa family earlier known as Bhat family is a prominent Indian Chitpavan Brahmin family who dominated India for around 100 years in the 18th century. Most of the members in this family were the Peshwas (prime ministers) in the Peshwa Era of the Maratha Empire, and Peshwa later became their family name. During their regime, most of the Indian subcontinent was under their control. The last Peshwa, Baji Rao II, was defeated by the British East India Company in the Third Anglo-Maratha War in 1818. The territory was annexed to the British East India Company's Bombay Presidency, and he was pensioned

This is a document about Vinchurkar family
  After the defeat of Bajirao II by Yashwantrao Holkar at the Battle of Poona, Bajirao II fled to British protection, and in December 1802, concluded the Treaty of Bassein with the British East India Company, ceding territory for the maintenance of a subsidiary force and agreeing to treaty with no other power. This provoked the Second Anglo-Maratha War that began the breakup of the Maratha confederacy. Holkar appointed Amrutrao as the Peshwa and went to Indore on 13 March 1803. When Bajirao II surrendered to John Malcolm, Vitthal Narsing Vinchurkar was present. He tendered his submission to Sir John Malcolm when his master the Peshwa accepted the

This is a document about Third Anglo-Maratha War
  was refused. Unable to see the rising power of the British, the Peshwa set a precedent by seeking their help to solve internal Maratha conflicts. Despite the lack of support, the Marathas managed to defeat the Nizam over a period of five years. During the period 1750–1761, British defeated the French East India Company in India, and by 1793 they were firmly established in Bengal in the east and Madras in the south. They were unable to expand to the west as the Marathas were dominant there, but they entered Surat on the west coast via the sea. The Marathas marched beyond the Indus as their empire grew. The responsibility for managing the sprawling Maratha empire in the north was entrusted

This is a document about 1803 in India
 11 September – Battle of Delhi, during the Second Anglo-Maratha War, between British troops under General Lake, and Marathas of Scindia's army under General Louis Bourquin. ; 17 October – Agra was stormed by the forces commanded by Lord Lake.

The Maratha Confederacy was defeated by the British in 1818. Specifically, the Battle of Kirkee on 5 November 1817 marked the defeat of the Peshwa Baji Rao II, which led to the signing of the Treaty of Bassein on 30 December 1817, effectively ending Maratha power in India.


Question: when was the first suitcase with wheels invented

Answer: at least to the 1930s

This is a document about Baggage
  external to the suitcases. Patents had been published for wheeled luggage – a wheeled trunk in 1887, and a wheeled suitcase in 1945 – but these were not successfully commercialized. The first commercially successful rolling suitcase was invented in 1970, when Bernard D. Sadow applied for a patent that was granted in 1972 as United States patent 3,653,474 for "Rolling Luggage". The patent application cited the increase in air travel, and "baggage handling [having] become perhaps the single biggest difficulty encountered by an air passenger", as background of the invention. Sadow's four-wheeled suitcases, pulled using a loose strap, were later surpassed in popularity by suitcases that feature two wheels

This is a document about Suitcase
  Bernard Sadow, who was at that time a vice president at a Massachusetts company that made luggage and coats, observed while traveling with his family in 1970 that people were struggling with luggage as airplanes replaced trains as the primary mode of long-distance travel. Sadow returned to work and attached four casters to a large standard suitcase together with a strap that allowed the traveler to tow the case behind them. He then patented the first wheeled luggage in 1972, under. Sadow spent many months rolling his prototype bag on sales calls to department stores in New York and elsewhere with little success. He was frequently told that men would not accept suitcases with wheels. And the prevailing assumption in the travel industry at the time was that women didn't travel alone, and when they did, their husbands would carry suitcases. “It was

This is a document about D. Dudley Bloom
  a platform with castors and a handle. The company's chairman scoffed at the idea, calling it "impractical". "Who'd want to buy luggage on wheels?" he asked. Although at Christmas, 1949, Bloomingdale's had sold a novelty device that attached to ordinary luggage and camp trunks had been manufactured on wheels since at least the 1880s, no company had ever manufactured rolling travel luggage. A different model of rolling luggage was finally developed in the early 1970s by Bernard D. Sadow, president of United States Luggage Corporation (now Briggs & Riley Travelware), after he had returned from a grueling business trip, and his company secured a patent for it on April 4, 1972. The market potential of his invention left unrecognized and untapped, Bloom soon left Atlantic to return to AMSCO. By the 1980s, virtually all luggage, including book bags for the world's billion schoolchildren, had wheels.

This is a document about Anita Willets-Burnham
  Cyprus, Belgium, Morocco, Switzerland, and the East Indies. Upon her return, she taught at the Art Institute and continued to expand her professional affiliations. She may have been the inventor of the first wheeled suitcase. “Why be a human truck horse?” Willets-Burnham asked before the Burnham’s 1928 trip, sparking her “grand idea.” “Wheels! Suitcase on Wheels!” she wrote in her book ‘Round the World on a Penny, her illustrated travelogue originally published in 1933. Her suitcase was fashioned by her son Bud with two wheels from an old baby carriage on one end and a telescoping wooden handle on the other. In 1931, Willets-Burnham was presented in

This is a document about Baggage
  are pulled in an upright position using a long handle. These were invented in 1987 by US pilot Robert Plath, and initially sold to crew members. Plath later commercialized them, after travelers became interested after seeing them in use by crew members, and founded the Travelpro company, which marketing the suitcases under the trademark "Rollaboard". The terms rollaboard and roll-aboard are used generically, however. While initially designed for carry-on use (to navigate through a large terminal), as implied by the analogous name, similar designs are also used for checked baggage. More recently, four-wheeled luggage with casters has become popular, notably since their use by Samsonite in the 2004 version

This is a document about Baggage
   Luggage carriers – light-weight wheeled carts or harnesses on which luggage could be temporarily placed or that can be temporarily attached to luggage – date at least to the 1930s, such as in US patent 2,132,316 "Luggage carrier" by Anne W. Newton (filed 1937, published 1938). These were refined over the following decades, as reflected in patents such as a 1948 US patent by Herbert Ernest Mingo, for a "device for the handling of trunks, suitcases, and the like". A US patent for a "luggage carriage" filed in 1949 (and published 1953), and another for a "luggage carriage harness", were both made by Kent R. Costikyan. However, the wheels

This is a document about Timeline of United States inventions (1946–1991)
  projector 1984 Pointing stick 1984 Polymerase chain reaction 1986 Atomic force microscope 1986 Stereolithography 1987 Digital Micromirror Device 1987 Perl 1988 Luggage (tilt-and-roll) Tilt-and-roll luggage or wheeled luggage, is a variant of luggage for travelers which typically contains two-fixed wheels on one end and a telescoping handle on the opposite end for vertical movement. Tilt-and-roll luggage is pulled and thus eliminates a traveler from directly carrying his or her luggage. In 1988, Northwest Airlines pilot Robert Plath invented tilt-and-roll luggage as travelers beforehand had to carry suitcases in their hands, toss garment bags over their shoulders, or strap luggage on top of

This is a document about Ancient technology
  Several of the six classic simple machines were invented in Mesopotamia. Mesopotamians have been credited with the invention of the wheel. The wheel and axle mechanism first appeared with the potter's wheel, invented in Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) during the 5th millennium BC. This led to the invention of the wheeled vehicle in Mesopotamia during the early 4th millennium BC. Depictions of wheeled wagons found on clay tablet pictographs at the Eanna district of Uruk are dated between 3700 and 3500 BCE. The lever was used in the shadoof water-lifting device, the first crane machine, which appeared in Mesopotamia circa 3000 BC. and then in ancient Egyptian technology

This is a document about Wheelchair
  The earliest records of wheeled furniture are an inscription found on a stone slate in China and a child's bed depicted in a frieze on a Greek vase, both dating between the 6th and 5th century BCE. The first records of wheeled seats being used for transporting disabled persons date to three centuries later in China; the Chinese used early wheelbarrows to move people as well as heavy objects. A distinction between the two functions was not made for another several hundred years, until around 525 CE, when images of wheeled chairs made specifically to carry people begin to occur in Chinese art. Although Europeans eventually developed a similar design, this method of transportation did not exist until 1595 when an unknown inventor from Spain built one for King Phillip II. Although it was an elaborate chair having both armrests and leg rests, the design still had shortcomings since

This is a document about Technology
  nearly simultaneously in Mesopotamia (in present-day Iraq), the Northern Caucasus (Maykop culture) and Central Europe. Estimates on when this may have occurred range from 5500 to 3000 BCE with most experts putting it closer to 4000 BCE. The oldest artifacts with drawings depicting wheeled carts date from about 3500 BCE; however, the wheel may have been in use for millennia before these drawings were made. More recently, the oldest-known wooden wheel in the world was found in the Ljubljana marshes of Slovenia. The invention of the wheel revolutionized trade and war. It did not take long to discover that wheeled wagons could be used to carry heavy loads. The

This is a document about Wheel construction
  The wheel is one of the most important inventions, but its inventor and exact date of invention are not yet known. The oldest known wheel was excavated from Mesopotamia, believed to be 5500 years old. This earliest wheel was a potter's wheel, used in the city of Ur in Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq), invented by Mesopotamians (also known as Sumerians) around 3500 BCE. The earliest known use of the wheel for transportation is in Mesopotamian chariots about 3200 years ago. Egyptians developed wheels with spokes about 2000 years ago, followed by Europeans some 1400 years ago. Another source says the oldest wheel used for transportation, with a radius of 27.5 inches (70 centimeters), was discovered in 2002, about 12.5 miles (20 kilometres) south west of Ljubljana in Slovenia, and is believed to be 5200 years old.

This is a document about Wire wheel
  The first commercially successful use of wired wheels was on bicycles. They were introduced early on in the development of the bicycle, following soon after the adoption of solid rubber tires. This development marked a major improvement over the older wooden wheels, both in terms of weight and comfort (the increased elasticity of the wheel helping to absorb road vibrations). In England, the engineer William Stanley developed the steel-wired spider wheel in 1849, an improvement over the cumbersome wooden spoked wheels then fitted to the tricycles that his employer was making. Bicycle manufacturers build millions of wheels annually, using the common crossed-spoke patterns whose crossings of adjacent spokes

This is a document about Israel Roller Hockey League
  this year presented his invention in a fashion show, but as the parquet floor as the wheels crashed. After Merlin there were other people: Luis Van Lede wheels manufactured in 1790 "skid terre" which were a failure; Jean Garcin in 1813 patented the wheels of wood under the name "Gypsy"; Pettibled also highlighted in 1819, Tyre in 1823 and Kubler in 1834, although all three failed. In 1867 the invention of Garcin of wooden wheels was picked up by some Englishmen that the industrial perfected. James Leonard Plinton the patented in New York, but the coupling with a wad of rubber on the

This is a document about Alfred Krupa
  Interesting Engineering, a leading community with more than 15 million readers, wrote: "Besides painting, Krupa was an amateur boxer and martial arts practitioner who also taught target shooting and fencing, but it is with his inventions that Krupa really distinguished himself. In 1951, Krupa created skis for walking on water which he used to walk on Croatia's Korana River. In 1954 Krupa created the first modern suitcase on wheels, and in 1957 he created a glass-bottom boat that could be used to observe underwater. Krupa also invented a folding canvas catamaran and boxing gloves that could be inflated with compressed air. Krupa attempted to patent these inventions by contacting authorities in Belgrade, Yugoslavia and even the British Embassy, but he eventually gave up on the idea. Born in Mikolow, Poland in 1915, he

This is a document about History of road transport
  Wheels appear to have been developed in ancient Sumer in Mesopotamia around 5000 BC, perhaps originally for the making of pottery. Their original transport use may have been as attachments to travois or sleds to reduce resistance. It has been argued that logs were used as rollers under sleds prior to the development of wheels, but there is no archaeological evidence for this. Most early wheels appear to have been attached to fixed axles, which would have required regular lubrication by animal fats or vegetable oils or separation by leather to be effective. The first simple two-wheel carts, apparently developed from travois, appear to have been used in Mesopotamia and northern Iran in about 3000 BC and two-wheel chariots appeared in about 2800 BC.

This is a document about Suitcase
  The first suitcases made of polycarbonate were made in 2000 by the German luggage maker Rimowa. Most luggage manufacturers have made some suitcases from the material. There are many grades of polycarbonate. Both acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), which was cheaper than polycarbonate, and polypropylene, which was lighter than polycarbonate, were introduced shortly after polycarbonate. Spinner style wheeled suitcases were introduced in 2004.

This is a document about Suitcase
  very macho thing,” he said. Eventually Macy’s ordered some, and the market grew quickly as Macy’s ads began promoting “the Luggage That Glides.” The rollaboard was invented by Robert Plath, a Northwest Airlines 747 pilot and avid home workshop tinkerer in 1987. Plath's model affixed two wheels and a long handle to suitcases that rolled upright, rather than being towed flat on its front like Sadow’s four-wheeled models. Plath began selling his invention to fellow flight crew members and later left the airline to form Travelpro International. According to Richard Krulik, the chief executive of U.S. Luggage, “Travelpro really popularized the telescoping handle with the two wheels, after Plath got the flight attendants to start carrying them.” As a growing number of people flew, airports became bigger and far more women began traveling alone, especially on business trips, the rollaboard became ubiquitous.

This is a document about Baby hatch
  century. Another foundling wheel dating to at least 1601 is on display for visitors to Naples' Church of the Annunciata. In Hamburg, Germany, a Dutch merchant set up a wheel (Drehladen) in an orphanage in 1709. It closed after only five years in 1714 as the number of babies left there was too high for the orphanage to cope with financially. Other wheels are known to have existed in Kassel (1764) and Mainz (1811). In France, foundling wheels (tours d'abandon, abandonment wheel) were introduced by Saint Vincent de Paul who built the first foundling home in 1638 in Paris. Foundling wheels were

This is a document about Wheel gymnastics
  The wheel was invented in 1925 by Otto Feick in Schönau an der Brend. The grandson of a blacksmith, Feick was inspired by the memory of an event from his childhood in Reichenbach, when he had tied sticks between two hoops that his grandfather had made and rolled down a hill. He filed for a patent as "wheel-gymnastic and sports equipment". He had invented the wheel in Ludwigshafen am Rhein c. undefined 1920–1922, on the grounds of the VSK Germania, a sports club, of which he was the founding chairman. The patent was issued on 8 November 1925; the name "Rhönrad" has been registered and protected since 1926

This is a document about Bicycle
  rear-wheel drive, the best known being the rod-driven velocipede by Scotsman Thomas McCall in 1869. In that same year, bicycle wheels with wire spokes were patented by Eugène Meyer of Paris. The French vélocipède, made of iron and wood, developed into the "penny-farthing" (historically known as an "ordinary bicycle", a retronym, since there was then no other kind). It featured a tubular steel frame on which were mounted wire-spoked wheels with solid rubber tires. These bicycles were difficult to ride due to their high seat and poor weight distribution. In 1868 Rowley Turner, a sales agent of the Coventry Sewing Machine Company (which soon became the Coventry Machinists

The first suitcase with wheels was invented by Bernard Sadow in 1972. He was granted a patent for his rolling luggage design in 1974.