Question: where does raiders of the lost ark take place

Answer: 1936

This is a document about Raiders of the Lost Ark
  sets at Elstree Studios, England, and on location mainly in La Rochelle, France, Tunisia, and Hawaii. Though prerelease polling showed little audience interest in the film, especially compared to the superhero film Superman II, Raiders of the Lost Ark became the highest-grossing film of 1981, earning approximately $330.5million worldwide and played in some theaters for over a year. It was a critical success, receiving praise for its modern take on the serial film, its non-stop action and adventure, and the cast, particularly Ford, Allen, and Freeman. The film was nominated for several awards and, among others, won five Academy Awards, seven Saturn Awards, and one BAFTA. Raiders of the

This is a document about Golden Idol
  In the film Raiders of the Lost Ark, the idol is portrayed as resting in an ancient, abandoned temple in South America. The specific location is not given in the film, other than a subtitle that reads "South America, 1936".

This is a document about Tanis
  The Biblical story of Moses being found in the marshes of the Nile River is often set at Tanis, which is often identified with Zoan (צֹועַן Ṣōʕan). The novel The World's Desire by H. Rider Haggard is set primarily in Tanis. In the 1981 Indiana Jones film Raiders of the Lost Ark, Tanis is fictitiously portrayed as a lost city which was buried in antiquity by a massive sandstorm, before being rediscovered by a Nazi expedition looking for the Ark of the Covenant. The Tanis fossil site, which may preserve unique remains from the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, is named after the city. The paleontologist Robert de Palma chose the name based on the significance of Tanis in the decipherment of hieroglyphs, as well as its role in Raiders of the Lost Ark as the hiding place of the Ark of the Covenant.

This is a document about Raiders of the Lost Ark
  Ark, Jones also dismisses its cultural significance, rendering it a prize to be collected for his sake. As the hero, Jones represents the United States' unfettered right to protect the Ark from others. Although according to the film Indiana is named after his childhood dog, Prorokova insists that the hero is named for the U.S. state of Indiana, a state named after wars against Native Americans by colonizers. Raiders is set at a time when much of the world lived under colonial rule, and the film presents the non-white characters either as subjugated by the Nazis and reliant on a white American for aid or as collaborating with the Nazis.

This is a document about Kairouan
  Kairouan was used as a filming location for the 1981 film Raiders of the Lost Ark, standing in for Cairo. As the film is set in 1936, television antennas throughout the city were taken down for the duration of filming.

This is a document about Raiders of the Lost Ark
  Raiders of the Lost Ark is a 1981 American action-adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg and written by Lawrence Kasdan, based on a story by George Lucas and Philip Kaufman. It stars Harrison Ford, Karen Allen, Paul Freeman, Ronald Lacey, John Rhys-Davies, and Denholm Elliott. Ford portrays Indiana Jones, a globe-trotting archaeologist vying with Nazi German forces in 1936 to recover the long-lost Ark of the Covenant, a relic said to make an army invincible. Teaming up with his tough former lover Marion Ravenwood (Allen), Jones races to stop rival archaeologist Dr. René Belloq (Freeman) from guiding the Nazis to the Ark and its power. Lucas conceived Raiders of

This is a document about Raiders of the Lost Ark
  In the United States (U.S.) and Canada, Raiders of the Lost Ark was released on June12, 1981, in 1,078 theaters. The film earned $8.3million—an average of $7,705 per theater, and finished as the number one film of the weekend, ahead of the debuts of Clash of the Titans ($6.6million) and History of the World, Part I ($4.9million). The film fell to the number three position in its second weekend with an additional gross of $8million—a decline of only four percent—behind the debuts of The Cannonball Run ($11.8million) and Superman II ($14.1million). By its fourth week, Raiders began climbing box office charts, reaching the number two position with a gross of

This is a document about Indiana Jones (character)
 Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) ; Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984) ; Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989) ; The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (1992–1996) ; Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008)  A native of Princeton, New Jersey, Indiana Jones was introduced as a tenured professor of archaeology in the 1981 film Raiders of the Lost Ark, set in 1936. The character is an adventurer reminiscent of the 1930s film serial treasure hunters and pulp action heroes. His research is funded by Marshall College (a fictional school named after producer Frank

This is a document about Raiders of the Lost Ark
  In 1936, American archaeologist Indiana Jones recovers a golden idol from a booby-trapped Peruvian temple. Rival archaeologist René Belloq corners him and steals the idol; Jones escapes in a waiting seaplane. After returning to America, Jones is briefed by two Army Intelligence agents that Nazi German forces are excavating at Tanis, Egypt, and one of their telegrams mentions Jones' old mentor Abner Ravenwood. Jones deduces that the Nazis seek the Ark of the Covenant, which Adolf Hitler believes will make their army invincible. The agents recruit Jones to recover the Ark first. At a bar in Nepal, Jones reunites with Ravenwood's daughter Marion—with whom Jones once had

This is a document about Sallah
  Sallah appears in Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981), where he helps Jones decipher the inscription on the back of Marion Ravenwood's medallion by taking him to an old wise man (identified as "Old Imam", although it is uncertain as to whether that is the name of the character or he is an imam) who is also a friend of his. They learn that the Nazis are digging in the wrong location for the Ark of the Covenant—due to them only having access to one side of the medallion—so Sallah and Jones infiltrate the Nazi dig and they discover the real location of the Well of Souls where the Ark is kept. He reluctantly

This is a document about Sallah
  Sallah is a hefty, bearded Egyptian excavator. He lives in Cairo and is a close friend of Indiana Jones. He is a dedicated family man with a wife named Fayah and nine children, all of whom seem to have a fondness for Indiana (at one point they all surround him to save him from a group of Egyptian collaborators and SD agents who have their guns drawn on him). Sallah is portrayed in Raiders of the Lost Ark as being jovial, good-natured, and occasionally cowardly (when seeing numerous snakes inside the Well of souls, the room that houses the Ark of the Covenant, he suggests to Indiana, "You go first."), although unlike Indy, Sallah is not afraid of snakes. His "original" self

This is a document about Raiders of the Lost Ark
  Raiders of the Lost Ark is a pastiche of cinematic history, inspired by and referencing many films. Spielberg stated explicitly the film is about movies and designed as a tribute to filmmaking. Alongside directly referenced inspirations like early 20th-century serials,   the film contains references to Citizen Kane (1941), the film noir Kiss Me Deadly (1955), the samurai film Yojimbo (1961), and the epic Lawrence of Arabia (1962), among others. Citizen Kane is referenced directly in Raiderss last scene where the Ark is secured in a vast warehouse, a fate similar to that of the beloved childhood sled belonging to Citizen Kanes principal character. Raiders also references several of Lucas' own films: the translation of the

This is a document about Noah's Ark
  Earth to absorb the water, and certain portions which were slow in obeying received salt water in punishment and so became dry and arid. The water which was not absorbed formed the seas, so that the waters of the flood still exist. Masudi says the ark began its voyage at Kufa in central Iraq and sailed to Mecca, circling the Kaaba before finally traveling to Mount Judi, which surah 11:44 gives as its final resting place. This mountain is identified by tradition with a hill near the town of Jazirat ibn Umar on the east bank of the Tigris in the province of Mosul in northern Iraq, and Masudi says that the spot could be seen in his time.

This is a document about Shishak
  Shishak is mentioned in Steven Spielberg's action-adventure film Raiders of the Lost Ark as the pharaoh who seized the Ark of the Covenant from the Temple of Solomon during his raids on Jerusalem and hid it in the Well of Souls in Tanis.

This is a document about Crimson Skies: High Road to Revenge
  director Robert Olson has stated that his team faced challenges in developing content that "fit the time setting" and was also "both fantastical and believable", particularly in the design of the game's bosses. The game takes place in four regions set in North and South America. Sea Haven is an island in the Nation of Hollywood; it is a refuge for various pirate groups, but the Hollywood militia attempts to uproot the raiders. Arixo is a desert nation-state, formed from the remnants of Arizona and New Mexico. Due to its vast, desolate, and lawless expanses, Arixo has become a haven for bandit activity.

This is a document about Rick Dangerous
  The plot of Rick Dangerous is largely based on the Indiana Jones movie Raiders of the Lost Ark. Set in 1945, British agent Rick Dangerous travels to the Amazon jungle to search for the lost Goolu tribe. His plane crashes in the jungle, and Rick must escape from the enraged Goolu. When the game starts Rick finds himself in a cave running from a rolling boulder, a famous scene from the Indiana Jones movie. Armed with a pistol and dynamite, Rick must fight hostiles and evade traps in three more levels. The second level of the game is set inside a pyramid located in Egypt. In the third level, Rick must venture to the Nazi stronghold of Schwarzendumpf castle to rescue captured Allied soldiers. The rescued soldiers tell him that the Nazis are planning a missile attack on London. Therefore, in the last level, Rick must infiltrate their secret missile base.

This is a document about Defiance (video game)
  The game takes place in the San Francisco Bay Area, 15 years after the devastating Pale Wars between Earth and a loose alliance of extraterrestrial races known as Votanis Collective. The Votans came to Earth seeking a new home after the destruction of their solar system, unaware that the planet was already inhabited. Friction between the new arrivals and Humanity led to war, during which the Votan's terraforming technology was unleashed. The Earth's surface was drastically altered as a result, introducing radical changes in topography, the extinction of plant and animal species, and the emergence of new species. Afterward, Humans and Votans were forced to live together. Player characters are enlisted as "Ark Hunters" by industrialist Karl Von Bach to search the Bay Area for advanced and expensive alien technology. Players also take part in side missions to earn cash or challenges in which they compete with other Ark Hunters.

This is a document about Noah in Islam
  of Ararat", though a number of scholars contend that this Biblical phrase does not refer to a specific mountain, but a broader region, with "Ararat" being Hebrew for Urartu. Interest in Noah's ark has led to a number expeditions being made to find it in the modern age (or "arkeology" as they are informally known), even though it is not confirmed by the scientific community to have been found, as of now. These expeditions have been made in the Anatolian region, in what is now the Republic of Turkey, and the following three sites are where the ark is thought to have landed:

This is a document about The Sign and the Seal
  Hancock proposes that the ark was removed from Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem by temple priests during the reign of the evil King Manasseh of Judah around 650 BC, and then it spent about 200 years in a purpose-built temple in Elephantine, Egypt. It was removed around 470 BC to Ethiopia via tributaries to the Nile River, where it was kept on the Jewish island of Tana Qirqos for about eight hundred more years as the centre of a strong Jewish community there. It finally came into the hands of the young Ethiopian Orthodox Church in the 5th century, who took it to their capital of Axum, where it supposedly remains there until today in the Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion. The Ethiopian Church believes that

This is a document about Dinosaur Summer
  The novel is set in an alternate history in which the events of The Lost World actually occurred. (However, the events of the original novel's sequel, The Poison Belt, which has a very different theme and treatment of characters, do not appear to have happened in the world of Dinosaur Summer.) The setting is based upon a large plateau ("El Grande" or "Tepui Grande") in Venezuela, where dinosaurs still live. Due to the capture and exhibition of dinosaurs, movie producers such as Willis O'Brien and Ray Harryhausen never succeed, since the public's interest is instead captured by living dinosaurs. However, due to deaths caused by escaped dinosaurs and difficulty in obtaining new dinosaurs, the dinosaur circuses slowly die out. The novel is set in 1947, shortly after the Second World War.

Raiders of the Lost Ark takes place primarily in various locations, including La Rochelle, France, Elstree Studios, England, Tunisia, and Hawaii. The film also features a scene set in a fictional South American temple, which is identified as being located in Tanis, Egypt.


Question: in the new game what is the name of the game company aoba works at

Answer: Eagle Jump

This is a document about List of New Game! episodes
  New Game! is an anime television series based on the manga series created by Shōtarō Tokunō and published in Houbunsha's Manga Time Kirara Carat magazine. The series follows Aoba Suzukaze, a high school graduate who begins working at the Eagle Jump video game company as a character designer. The anime is produced by Doga Kobo, with Yoshiyuki Fujiwara as the director and Fumihiko Shimo as the series' script supervisor, featuring character designs by Ai Kikuchi. The first season aired in Japan between July 4 and September 19, 2016 and was simulcast by Crunchyroll. An original video animation (OVA) episode was available for those who purchased all six Blu-Ray/DVD volumes of

This is a document about Dramatical Murder
 is the primary protagonist of the game. He is 23 years old, and works part-time at a junk shop called Mediocrity, and lives with his grandmother, Tae. Aoba has a special ability called Scrap, which allows him to mix his consciousness with other people's through his voice and use it to control them, though he can also destroy them and leave the victims in a comatose-like state. Aoba has a caring, honest, and open-minded personality, but is noted by Ren to have a short temper. Inside of Aoba lies another persona that represents Scrap, who usually comes out whenever Aoba is emotionally distressed. The "other Aoba"

This is a document about Usogui
 Hiromi Daiba (台馬 洋海, Daiba Hiromi) - Manager of the Developers. He previously worked at Richard's game company. ; Oginome (荻野目, Oginome) - Developer and chief overseer of the Azura kingdom. ; Kurashiki (倉敷, Kurashiki) - Developer and chief overseer of the Taper kingdom. ; Fujitsubo (藤壺, Fujitsubo) - Developer and chief overseer of the Shoudo kingdom. ; Endou (円堂, Endō) - Developer and chief overseer of the neutral area. ; Daiguuji (大宮寺, Daigūji) - ; Perpes (ペルペス, Perupesu) - A player hired by the developers to oversee the colosseum. ; AAAA (ああああ, AAAA) - A Co-ordinator. ; Veronica (ベロニカ, Beronika) - A Single-Task Specialist. ; Arahata (荒波田, Arahata) - A Single-Task Specialist. ; Abiru (阿比留, Abiru) - A Single-Task Specialist.

This is a document about New Game!
  Having been inspired by the character designs of a particular video game when she was younger, Aoba Suzukaze, a high school graduate, begins working as a character designer for the game's developer, Eagle Jump. As she works on modelling and designing characters for games in development, she becomes acquainted with her colleagues in the character design department, as well as those from within the company.

This is a document about New Game!
 Aoba Suzukaze (涼風 青葉) ; A twintailed high school graduate who joins the Eagle Jump games company as a character designer, as they made her favorite game. Due to her small stature, she is often mistaken for a middle school student. A twintailed high school graduate who joins the Eagle Jump games company as a character designer, as they made her favorite game. Due to her small stature, she is often mistaken for a middle school student. Kō Yagami (八神 コウ) ; The lead character designer of Eagle Jump. She spends a lot of time at the office, often sleeping there

This is a document about Shirobako
 Miyamori Aoi (宮森 あおい) ; She is a production assistant of Musashino Animation and later the production manager. She is a former member of the Kaminoyama High School animation club and is called "Aoi" by Ema and Shizuka, nicknamed "Oi" by Misa and Midori, and referred to as Myāmori (みゃーもり) by Erika. Having worked at Musashino Animation for a year-and-a-half, she has great driving skills and is acknowledged by her coworkers Erika Yano and Tatsuya Ochiai as suitable for the production industry. However, she admits that she has not officially decided exactly what job she will take in the anime industry. ; Yasuhara Ema (安原

This is a document about Bandai Namco Entertainment
  Bandai Namco Entertainment was originally headquartered in Shinagawa, Tokyo, moving their operations to Minato-ku, Tokyo in February 2016. The North American and European divisions respectively in Santa Clara, California as Bandai Namco Entertainment America, and in Lyon, France as Bandai Namco Entertainment Europe. Divisions have also been established in mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Bandai Namco Oceania, originally known as Sega Ozisoft and later Infogrames Australia and Namco Bandai Partners, oversees the publishing of video games for Oceania (Australia and New Zealand), is the country's lead distributor of games from Square Enix Europe, NIS America, CD Projekt, and Codemasters. Bandai Namco Entertainment is the core development division of the Bandai Namco Group's "Content Strategic Business Unit" (Content SBU), and the main video game branch of Bandai Namco Holdings.

This is a document about Tokyo RPG Factory
  within their design goals. For their first three titles, Tokyo RPG Factory drew thematic and visual inspiration from the Japanese phrase Setsugekka (Snow, Moon and Flowers). Acting as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Square Enix, the developer is based in Tokyo, Japan. In 2017, the developer had ten regular employees, and others joining in if they wished. A recurring staff member is Atsushi Hashimoto, who has acted as director for their projects since its inception. Scenario writer Hirotaka Inaba also worked on all their titles to date, collaborating on the first two projects with Makoto Goya. Takashi Tokita, known for his work on Chrono Trigger, provided input for the battle systems of the first two games, then took a deeper creative role in the third.

This is a document about Hyperdimension Neptunia mk2
  Co., another video game company. In a recent announcement, she will be receiving a Battle Ticket to make her playable. Falcom: ; New NPC representative of Nihon Falcom Corporation, a Japanese computer game company. An adventuress who travels Gamindustri and publishes books about her adventures under the alias A. Christin. She wields the sword Dragon Slayer, which is concealed in a violin case she carries on her back. Claims that she can't ignore evil. She also has a tendency to meddle with the affairs of others who cross her path. Along with Cave, a new upcoming Battle Ticket will make her playable. New NPC representative of Nihon Falcom Corporation, a

This is a document about Seiyu's Life!
 Hikari Shiodome (汐留 ヒカリ): Futaba's senior voice actress from the same agency. ; Aoi Konno (紺野 あおい): New manager at Aozora Production who starts off as Futaba's manager and is later put in charge of Earphones. ; Atsumari-san (集さん): Senior manager at Aozora Production. ; Taisuke Yamori (家守 太輔): Futaba's senior voice actor who was being harsh on her but came to acknowledge her after her performance when they dubbed a foreign horror film together with Rikiya Koyama.

This is a document about Aoba (surname)
 Aoba Kozue (蒼葉 梢), a character in Mahoraba ; Aoba Koyo (青葉 紅葉), a character in Katekyo Hitman Reborn! ; Shigeru Aoba (青葉 シゲル), a character in Neon Genesis Evangelion ; Aoba Suzukaze (涼風 青葉), a character in New Game! ; Yayoi Aoba (青葉 弥生), a character in Captain Tsubasa ; The Aoba was a Salamis-Class Cruiser in the Mobile Suit Gundam universe ; Aoba Tsuzaki (津崎 青葉), a character in Jinki:EXTEND ; Aoba Yamashiro (山城アオバ), a character in the popular manga and anime series Naruto ; Aoba Seragaki (瀬良垣 蒼葉), the protagonist of BL (Boy's Love) game DRAMAtical Murder ; Moca Aoba (青葉 モカ), a character in the multimedia franchise BanG Dream!

This is a document about List of Crayon Shin-chan characters
 Hiroshi Nohara works at a company called Futaba Corporation (ふたば会社), located in Kasumigaseki, Tokyo (In the movie from Adventure in Henderland, it is located in Nihonbashi, Chuo, Tokyo). They sell computers. In the Funimation dub, the company is instead said to sell silverware. ; Kawaguchi (川口) ; Hiroshi is his good friend, so Kawaguchi always looks up to him almost to the point of him thinking that Hiroshi can do no wrong. They often go out to lunch together. His surname comes from Kawaguchi, Saitama. He is only referred to by his last name, and his first name is never given. ; He is known as Morty in the Vitello and Phuuz dubs. ; Hiroshi's boss (ひろしの上司) ; Hiroshi's boss and manager, his name is unknown. Hiroshi's boss and manager, his name is unknown.

This is a document about Eiji Aonuma
  Eiji Aonuma (青沼 英二) is a Japanese video game designer, director, and producer. He works for Nintendo as the project manager of their The Legend of Zelda series. Aonuma is also one of the deputy general managers of Nintendo's Entertainment Planning & Development division, having served that role since 2019.

This is a document about Astral Chain
  Astral Chain (アストラルチェイン) is a 2019 action-adventure hack and slash, role-playing video game developed by PlatinumGames and published by Nintendo for Nintendo Switch. It was directed by Takahisa Taura, who was previously lead game designer for Nier: Automata, under supervision by Devil May Cry and Bayonetta series creator Hideki Kamiya, and character designs from manga artist Masakazu Katsura. Set in a dystopian future Earth, the game follows the events of a special police task force that protect remnants of humanity from interdimensional creatures and aberrations that invade the planet, with the story centering on the task force's two new twin recruits. Utilizing the titular "Astral Chain", the twins restrain and tether the creatures, employing them in combat and investigation, referring to them as "Legions". The setting of the game draws heavy inspiration from various cyberpunk manga and anime, while the gameplay

This is a document about Aoba-ku, Yokohama
  Aoba is located in eastern Kanagawa Prefecture, and in the northwest corner of the city of Yokohama. The area is largely flatland, with scattered small hills.

This is a document about Masi Oka
  Oka is fluent in Japanese, English and Spanish. He worked on the 1992 Summer Olympics as an English, Spanish, and Japanese translator. Oka has played chess in his youth and had an Elo rating of 1800. Similar to his character Hiro Nakamura, Oka also collects manga. He co-produced the 2017 American adaptation of the manga series Death Note. He also founded the video game studio Mobius Digital Games, which is mainly known for its game Outer Wilds. He has earned the rank of black belt in kendō (Japanese fencing).

This is a document about Namco
  Namco Limited (株式会社ナムコ), simply known as Namco, was a Japanese multinational video game and entertainment company, headquartered in Ōta, Tokyo. It held several international branches, including Namco America in Santa Clara, California, Namco Europe in London, Namco Taiwan in Kaohsiung, and Shanghai Namco in mainland China. Namco was founded by Masaya Nakamura on June 1, 1955, as Nakamura Seisakusho, (株式会社中村製作所) beginning as an operator of coin-operated amusement rides. After reorganizing to Nakamura Seisakusho Co., Ltd. in 1959, a partnership with Walt Disney Productions provided the company with the resources to expand its operations. In the 1960s, it manufactured electro-mechanical arcade games such as the 1965 hit

This is a document about List of Yu-Gi-Oh! characters
  the new CEO. Gozaburo commits suicide by defenestration upon being dethroned. In the first anime adaptation, he instead suffers a heart attack. In the Duel Monsters anime adaptation, his story is greatly altered, making him the major antagonist of one of the anime's filler arcs. Noah Kaiba (海馬 乃亜) ; Gozaburo Kaiba's biological son, and Seto and Mokuba's stepbrother. He kidnaps Yugi and co. and traps them in his Virtual World. As the heir to Kaiba Corporation, Noah's father makes him study heavily in the arts and academic subjects, but unlike Seto Kaiba, Noah enjoys it and is eager to

This is a document about Bandai Namco Holdings
  Bandai Namco Holdings is headquartered in the Sumitomo Fudosan Mita Building in Minato, Tokyo, Japan. Its North American branch, Bandai Namco Holdings USA, has offices in Anaheim and El Segundo (both in Southern California). The company's European and Asian divisions, Bandai Namco Holdings UK and Bandai Namco Holdings Asia, are respectively headquartered in Richmond, London and Central, Hong Kong. Bandai Namco Holdings is headed by president Mitsuaki Taguchi and chairman Shukuo Ishikawa, both of whom took their respective positions in 2018. The company's corporate structure is grounded in the relationships between its employees and subsidiaries; Bandai Namco believes that the health and motivation of its employees is necessary to sustain operations, as it allows for additional creative freedom in its array

This is a document about Final Fantasy XIV: Shadowbringers
  working with outside creators because they provide a different perspective and can challenge the development team to try new ideas. Yoko's producer Yosuke Saito suggested the collaboration near the launch of Nier: Automata in 2017. Players inundated the team with requests for Nier-themed costumes, but Yoshida wanted to wait to create a more thorough and in-depth crossover. In "YoRHa: Dark Apocalypse", the adventurer joins the Dwarven twins Anogg and Konogg to investigate an archaeological dig site swarming with machine lifeforms. They meet an android dressed in white named 2P who aids them in defeating the machines. In addition to the story, this series of raids borrows


Question: how does one convert poly-unsaturated fats into saturated fat

Answer: Full hydrogenation

This is a document about Margarine
  is recommended that the ratio in the diet should be less than 4:1, although the optimal ratio may be closer to 1:1. Consumption of unsaturated fatty acids has been found to decrease LDL cholesterol levels and increase HDL cholesterol levels in the blood, thus reducing the risk of contracting cardiovascular diseases. There are two types of unsaturated oils: mono- and poly-unsaturated fats, both of which are recognized as beneficial to health in contrast to saturated fats. Some widely grown vegetable oils, such as canola, sunflower, safflower, and olive oils contain high amounts of unsaturated fats. During the manufacture of margarine, makers may convert some unsaturated fat into hydrogenated fats or trans fats to give them a higher melting point so they stay solid at room temperatures.

This is a document about David Gillespie (author)
  index." The National Heart Foundation of Australian has released a statement disagreeing with Gillespie's claims around vegetable oils and including a strong health warning. "There is no single cause of chronic diseases, including heart disease. However there is scientific consensus that replacing saturated fat with unsaturated fat, in particular polyunsaturated fat, reduces your risk of heart disease. The Heart Foundation believes that to say otherwise is dangerous, misleading and wrong. Following such advice is fraught with risk and if followed could lead to the rapid development of serious health conditions." With reference to Gillespie's attitude to sugar Stanton says: "It makes very good sense to

This is a document about Margarine
  Replacing saturated and trans unsaturated fats with unhydrogenated monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fats is more effective in preventing coronary heart disease than reducing overall fat intake. See saturated fat and cardiovascular disease. Vegetable fats can contain anything from 7% to 86% saturated fatty acids. Liquid oils (canola oil, sunflower oil) tend to be on the low end, while tropical oils (coconut oil, palm kernel oil) and fully hardened (hydrogenated) oils are at the high end of the scale. A margarine blend is a mixture of both types of components. Generally, firmer margarines contain more saturated fat. Typical soft tub margarine contains 10% to 20% of saturated fat. Regular butterfat contains 52 to 65% saturated fats. The American Institute of Medicine and the European Food Safety Authority recommend saturated fat intake to be as low as possible.

This is a document about Triglyceride
  generally have a higher melting point than unsaturated ones with the same molecular weight, and thus are more likely to be solid at room temperature. For example, the animal fats tallow and lard are high in saturated fatty acid content and are solids. Olive and linseed oils on the other hand are unsaturated and liquid. Unsaturated fats are prone to oxidation by air, which causes them to become rancid and inedible. The double bonds in unsaturated fats can be converted into single bonds by reaction with hydrogen effected by a catalyst. This process, called hydrogenation, is used to turn vegetable oils into solid or semisolid vegetable fats like margarine, which can substitute for tallow and butter and (unlike unsaturated fats) can

This is a document about Oleochemistry
  The fatty acid or fatty esters are susceptible to hydrogenation converts unsaturated fatty acids into saturated fatty acids. The acids or esters can also be reduced to the fatty alcohols. For some applications, fatty acids are converted to fatty nitriles. Hydrogenated of these nitriles gives fatty amines, which have a variety of applications.

This is a document about Fatty acid
  Hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids is widely practiced. Typical conditions involve 2.0–3.0 MPa of H2 pressure, 150 °C, and nickel supported on silica as a catalyst. This treatment affords saturated fatty acids. The extent of hydrogenation is indicated by the iodine number. Hydrogenated fatty acids are less prone toward rancidification. Since the saturated fatty acids are higher melting than the unsaturated precursors, the process is called hardening. Related technology is used to convert vegetable oils into margarine. The hydrogenation of triglycerides (vs fatty acids) is advantageous because the carboxylic acids degrade the nickel catalysts, affording nickel soaps. During partial hydrogenation, unsaturated fatty acids can be isomerized from cis to trans configuration. More forcing hydrogenation, i.e. using higher pressures of H2 and higher temperatures, converts fatty acids into fatty alcohols. Fatty alcohols are, however, more easily produced from fatty acid esters. In the Varrentrapp reaction certain unsaturated fatty acids are cleaved in molten alkali, a reaction which was, at one point of time, relevant to structure elucidation.

This is a document about Saturated and unsaturated compounds
   The terms saturated vs unsaturated are often applied to the fatty acid constituents of fats. The triglycerides (fats) that comprise tallow are derived from the saturated stearic and monounsaturated oleic acids. Many vegetable oils contain fatty acids with one (monounsaturated) or more (polyunsaturated) double bonds in them.

This is a document about Fat hydrogenation
 H2forMargerin.png Fat hydrogenation is the process of combining fat — typically, vegetable oils — with hydrogen, in order to make it more saturated. The process is typically carried out at very high pressure, with the help of a nickel catalyst (that is removed from the final product). Their partial hydrogenation reduces most, but not all, of these carbon-carbon double bonds. The degree of hydrogenation is controlled by restricting the amount of hydrogen, reaction temperature and time, and the catalyst. The goal is to turn liquid oils into solid or semi-solid fats that can replace butter and shortening in spreads, candies, baked good, and other products.  Hydrogenation converts liquid vegetable oils into solid or semi-solid fats, such as those present in margarine. Changing the degree of saturation of the fat changes some important physical properties, such as the melting range, which is why liquid oils become semi-solid.

This is a document about Vegetable oil
  the two carbon atoms; each carbon atom becomes single-bonded to an individual hydrogen atom, and the double bond between carbons can no longer exist. In organic chemistry, unsaturation is considered as a pair of hydrogen atoms missing from the (hypothetical) fully-saturated carbon chain. The level to which an organic molecule is deficient in hydrogen, is called the degree of unsaturation (DoU); as the degree of unsaturation decreases, the oil progresses toward being fully hydrogenated (when DoU = 0). A fully hydrogenated oil, also called a saturated fat, has had all of its double bonds converted into single bonds. If a polyunsaturated oil is left incompletely-hydrogenated (not all of the double bonds are

This is a document about Omega-7 fatty acid
  16- and 18-carbon omega-7 unsaturated fatty acids are known to be converted into 18- or 20-carbon highly unsaturated fatty acids in the body by nonselective desaturating enzymes. The same enzymes also act on omega-3, omega-6, and omega-9 fatty acids. As a result, while proportions of individual highly unsaturated fatty acids may vary greatly in different tissue types due to factors such as diet, the overall concentration of highly unsaturated fatty acids is kept stable in a living organism. These individual concentrations are highly influential in determining what fatty acids will be used by a given tissue type in phospholipid synthesis such as that required for the maintenance of the cellular membrane.

This is a document about Triglyceride
  stored indefinitely without becoming rancid. However, partial hydrogenation also creates some unwanted trans acids from cis acids. In cellular metabolism, unsaturated fat molecules yield slightly less energy (i.e., fewer calories) than an equivalent amount of saturated fat. The heats of combustion of saturated, mono-, di-, and tri-unsaturated 18-carbon fatty acid esters have been measured as 2859, 2828, 2794, and 2750 kcal/mol, respectively; or, on a weight basis, 10.75, 10.71, 10.66, and 10.58 kcal/g — a decrease of about 0.6% for each additional double bond. The greater the degree of unsaturation in a fatty acid (i.e., the more double bonds in the fatty acid) the more vulnerable it is to lipid peroxidation (rancidity). Antioxidants can protect unsaturated fat from lipid peroxidation.

This is a document about Degreasing
  Fat trimming of a meal can be done during preparation by a variety of methods. The most common methods involving substituting food items or removal of naturally occurring fat and conservative addition of fat. Substituting fats is a method in which a certain ingredient is substituted by another ingredient. A common way of doing this is substituting saturated fatty acids with unsaturated fatty acids while cooking. For instance, olive oil can be used instead of butter for seasoning vegetables. Food items are also substituted to reduce fat content. For instance, instead of using eggs by using a whole egg, where the egg yolks are high in fat levels, egg whites can instead be used. Alternatively, skimmed milk or similar low-fat products can be used as ingredients for cooking.

This is a document about Chemical process of decomposition
  Neutral lipids are hydrolyzed by lipases shortly after death, to free the fatty acids from their glycerol backbone. This creates a mixture of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Under the right conditions (when sufficient water and bacterial enzymes are present), neutral lipids will be completely degraded until they are reduced to fatty acids. Under suitable conditions, the fatty acids can be transformed into adipocere. In contrast, fatty acids may react with sodium and potassium ions present in tissue, to produce salts of fatty acids. When the body is located near soil, the sodium and potassium ions can be replaced by calcium and magnesium ions to form soaps of saturated fatty acids, which can also contribute to the formation of adipocere.

This is a document about Saturated fat
  A saturated fat is a type of fat in which the fatty acid chains have all single bonds. A fat known as a glyceride is made of two kinds of smaller molecules: a short glycerol backbone and fatty acids that each contain a long linear or branched chain of carbon (C) atoms. Along the chain, some carbon atoms are linked by single bonds (-C-C-) and others are linked by double bonds (-C=C-). A double bond along the carbon chain can react with a pair of hydrogen atoms to change into a single -C-C- bond, with each H atom now bonded

This is a document about Vegetable oil
  Unsaturated vegetable oils can be transformed through partial or complete "hydrogenation" into oils of higher melting point, some of which, such as vegetable shortening, will remain solid at room temperature. The hydrogenation process involves "sparging" the oil at high temperature and pressure with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst, typically a powdered nickel compound, such as Raney nickel. Chemically, hydrogenation is the reduction of a carbon-carbon double bond to a single bond, by addition of hydrogen atoms. Since the surface of the metal catalyst is covered with hydrogen atoms, when the double bonds of the unsaturated oil come into contact with the catalyst, it reacts with the hydrogen atoms, forming new bonds

This is a document about Fat
  In recent years, the negative public image and strict regulations have driven many fat processing industries to replace partial hydrogenation by fat interesterification, a process that chemically scrambles the fatty acids among a mix of triglycerides. When applied to a suitable bend of oils and saturated fats, possibly followed by separation of unwanted solid or liquid triglycerides, this process can achieve results similar to those of partial hydrogenation without affecting the fatty acids themselves; in particular, without creating any new "trans fat". Researchers at the United States Department of Agriculture have investigated whether hydrogenation can be achieved without the side effect of trans fat production. They varied the pressure under which the chemical reaction was conducted – applying 1400 kPa (200 psi) of pressure to soybean oil in a 2-liter vessel while

This is a document about Triglyceride
  several different saturated and unsaturated acids, even on the same molecule. For example, in most vegetable oils, the saturated palmitic (C16:0) and stearic (C18:0) acid residues are usually attached to positions 1 and 3 (sn1 and sn3) of the glycerol hub, whereas the middle position (sn2) is usually occupied by an unsaturated one, such as oleic (C18:1, ω–9) or linoleic (C18:2, ω–6). ) While it is the nutritional aspects of polyunsaturated fatty acids that are generally of greatest interest, these materials also have non-food applications. They include the drying oils, such as linseed (flax seed), tung, poppy seed, perilla, and walnut oil, which polymerize on exposure to oxygen to form solid films, and are used to make paints and varnishes. Saturated

This is a document about Cyclopropane fatty acid
  CPAs are derived from unsaturated fatty acids by cyclopropanation. The methylene donor is a methyl group on S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). The conversion is catalyzed by cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase. The mechanism is proposed to involve transfer of a CH3+ group from SAM to the alkene, followed by deprotonation of the newly attached methyl group and ring closure.

This is a document about Hydrodesulfurization
  The food industry uses hydrogenation to completely or partially saturate the unsaturated fatty acids in liquid vegetable fats and oils to convert them into solid or semi-solid fats, such as those in margarine and shortening.

This is a document about Margarine
 Bottled liquid margarine to cook or top dishes. ; Soft vegetable fat spreads, high in mono- or polyunsaturated fats, which are made from safflower, sunflower, soybean, cottonseed, rapeseed, or olive oil. ; Hard margarine (sometimes uncolored) for cooking or baking.  The basic method of making margarine today consists of emulsifying a blend of oils and fats from vegetable and animal sources, which can be modified using fractionation, interesterification or hydrogenation, with skimmed milk which may be fermented or soured, salt, citric or lactic acid, chilling the mixture to solidify it, and working it to improve the texture. Margarines and vegetable fat spreads found in the market can range from 10% to 90% fat, depending

Poly-unsaturated fats cannot be directly converted into saturated fats through a simple process. However, they can be converted into saturated fats through a process called hydrogenation, which is used to convert unsaturated vegetable oils into solid fats like margarine or vegetable shortening. During hydrogenation, hydrogen gas is bubbled into the oil under high pressure and temperature, causing the double bonds in the unsaturated fatty acids to be converted into single bonds, resulting in the formation of saturated fatty acids.


Question: who wrote and sang me and bobby mcgee

Answer: Kris Kristofferson

This is a document about List of songs about cities
 "Me and Bobby McGee"

This is a document about Me and Bobby McGee
  "Me and Bobby McGee" is a song written by American singer-songwriter Kris Kristofferson and originally performed by Roger Miller. Fred Foster shares the writing credit, as Kristofferson intended. A posthumously released version by Janis Joplin topped the U.S. singles chart in 1971, making the song the second posthumously released No. 1 single in U.S. chart history after "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay" by Otis Redding. Jerry Lee Lewis also released a version reaching number 1 on the country charts in 1971. Billboard ranked Joplin's version as the No. 11 song for 1971.

This is a document about Would You Take Another Chance on Me?
  arrived at Mercury's studio in August 1971 he was greeted by a 10-piece string section rehearsing a Kris Kristofferson song. Kennedy wanted to give the big-budget treatment to 'Me and Bobby McGee'. The song had been a country hit for Roger Miller and a pop hit for Janis Joplin, and so if Lewis was to do it, he would have to rethink it. And that's what he did. In losing Kristofferson's whimsicality, he created a new song." In addition to Kristofferson, Merle Haggard had been another writer Lewis kept returning to during his impressive run, this time recording the honky-tonk

This is a document about Kristofferson (album)
  Additionally inspired by Federico Fellini's La Strada, Kristofferson wrote the song while flying helicopters around the Gulf of Mexico. The story's setting was provided by Kristofferson's own trips between New Orleans and Baton Rouge, while the line about windshield wipers occurred to him while driving to the airport on his way back from New Orleans to Nashville. A month after his departure, Kristofferson returned with the finished song that he recorded on a demo accompanied only by Billy Swan on the organ. Foster was also given writing co-credit. "Me and Bobby McGee" was first recorded in 1969 by Roger Miller, whose

This is a document about Night Moves (Bob Seger song)
  19, she was one year older than me," he later recalled. Seger promptly pursued a romantic relationship with the girl, but eventually her partner returned and they married, leaving Seger with a broken heart. Seger later told journalist Timothy White that many of his early songs were written to impress the girl. The song took Seger over six months to complete writing. He had recently purchased a house due to the success of his first live album, Live Bullet, and he and the band would write and practice in its large basement. The ending lyrics were written first. The use of descriptive imagery was inspired by Kris Kristofferson’s “Me and Bobby McGee” (1969), a song that Seger loved

This is a document about Kris Kristofferson discography
 A ^Kristofferson was re-released in 1971 as Me and Bobby McGee

This is a document about Kristofferson (album)
  already recorded including "Sunday Mornin' Comin' Down", "Help Me Make It Through the Night" and "Me and Bobby McGee", as well as his new compositions. The arrangements of the songs featured string orchestration, while the themes of the writings included loneliness, love, sexual relations and freedom. Critics gave Kristofferson a positive reception but the album's original release was a commercial failure. In 1971, following the success of Janis Joplin's recording of "Me and Bobby McGee", the album was reissued as Me and Bobby McGee; it peaked at number 10 on Billboard's Top Country Albums chart and at 43 on Billboard's Top LPs and the release was certified gold. The album garnered mixed ratings in retrospective reviews, as some critics expressed their negative reception of Kristofferson's singing.

This is a document about Pearl (Janis Joplin album)
  months before Joplin and the band started their Los Angeles recording sessions. The band also appeared twice on The Dick Cavett Show. They also played many American cities, both before and after Festival Express, although no recordings of those concerts have been officially released. All nine tracks that she sings on were personally approved and arranged by Joplin. Pearl features the #1 hit "Me and Bobby McGee", on which she played acoustic guitar, written by Kris Kristofferson and Fred Foster; "Trust Me", by Bobby Womack, written for Joplin; Howard Tate's "Get It While You Can", showcasing her vocal range; and the original songs "Move Over" and "Mercedes Benz", the latter co-written by Joplin, Bobby Neuwirth, and Michael McClure. Joplin sang on all

This is a document about Janis Joplin
  album in Los Angeles with producer Paul A. Rothchild, best known for his lengthy relationship with The Doors. Although Joplin died before all the tracks were fully completed, there was enough usable material to compile an LP. The posthumous Pearl (1971) became the biggest-selling album of her career and featured her biggest hit single, a cover of Kris Kristofferson and Fred Foster's "Me and Bobby McGee" (Kristofferson had previously been Joplin's lover in the spring of 1970). The opening track, "Move Over", was written by Joplin, reflecting the way that she felt men treated women in relationships. Also included was

This is a document about The Session...Recorded in London with Great Artists
  After scoring a dozen country hits since 1968, Lewis returned to the pop charts with "Me and Bobby McGee" in 1971 and "Chantilly Lace" in 1972, and this turn of events, coupled with a revitalized public interest in vintage rock and roll, inspired Mercury to fly Lewis to London to record with a cadre of gifted British and Irish musicians, including Rory Gallagher, Kenney Jones, Albert Lee, Alvin Lee, Peter Frampton, Gary Wright, and Klaus Voormann. The concept was not new; Chuck Berry, Howlin' Wolf, and B.B. King had already done the same thing in the previous decade. The year before, Lewis had joined Chuck Berry and Little Richard as part of

This is a document about The Killer Rocks On
  the old rock and roll, it reminded them of a time when there would be no such music without that little bit of hillbilly in it; and so it reminded them of being young." Years later Lewis added a lascivious swagger to the song, which had merely been a novelty in the Bopper's hands. It would spend three weeks at the top of the country charts, also becoming a Top 50 pop hit in the United States and a Top 40 hit in the United Kingdom. The Killer Rocks On also includes Jerry Lee's amped-up version of Kris Kristofferson's "Me And Bobby McGee."

This is a document about The Pearl Sessions
 Janis Joplin – vocals, guitar on "Me and Bobby McGee" ; Richard Bell – piano ; Ken Pearson – organ ; John Till – electric guitar ; Brad Campbell – bass guitar ; Clark Pierson – drums

This is a document about Would You Take Another Chance on Me?
  Lewis's fourth Mercury album of 1971 includes his radical arrangement of the Kris Kristofferson classic "Me and Bobby McGee". Although producer Jerry Kennedy avoided releasing singles in the country market that featured Jerry Lee's trademark "boogie woogie" piano style, by late 1971 Lewis had amassed so many country hits that Kennedy began to alter his approach. As Colin Escott writes in the liner notes to the 2006 retrospective A Half Century of Hits, "Since the country breakthrough in 1968, Lewis's records had been spare, unornamented and unremittingly slow-paced. After three years Kennedy decided to break out of the artistic straitjacket. When

This is a document about Kristofferson (album)
  In the summer of 1970, Janis Joplin recorded "Me and Bobby McGee" with her newly formed Full Tilt Boogie Band. Her version was released after her death in October 1970; it reached number one on Billboard's Hot 100 and was included on the 1971 release Pearl. In January 1971, the Nashville Songwriters Association named Kristofferson Songwriter of the Year. By June 1971, Kristofferson was reported to be "almost always sold out". Following the momentum of Joplin's success, Monument Records reissued Kristofferson as Me and Bobby McGee in September 1971. The decision was taken after Columbia Records took over the distribution of

This is a document about Mickey Newbury
  to others. It was Newbury who convinced Roger Miller to record Kristofferson's "Me & Bobby McGee", which went on to launch Kristofferson as country music's top songwriter. Newbury is also responsible for getting Townes Van Zandt and Guy Clark to move to Nashville and pursue careers as songwriters. Van Zandt later described how Newbury's voice impressed him: "I can't really call it 'explain' but I'd tried to tell Jeanene (Van Zandt's wife) about the sound of Mickey's voice and the guitar on a good night at the same time. It's hard; you can't do it. It's like from outer space. I've heard about people trying

This is a document about Roger Miller
  7 and No. 6 on the country and adult contemporary charts in 1967. Later in the year he scored his final top 10 hit with the first recording of Bobby Russell's "Little Green Apples". The next year, he was first to cover Kris Kristofferson's "Me and Bobby McGee," taking the song to No. 12 on country charts. In 1970, Miller recorded the album A Trip in the Country, honky-tonk-style standards penned by Miller, including "Tall, Tall Trees." Later that year, after Smash Records folded, Miller was signed by Columbia Records, for whom he released Dear Folks: Sorry I Haven't Written Lately in 1973. Later that year, Miller wrote

This is a document about Kris Kristofferson
  the Night") all recorded successful versions of his songs in the early-1970s. "For the Good Times" (Ray Price) won "Song of the Year" in 1970 from the Academy of Country Music, while "Sunday Morning Coming Down" (Johnny Cash) won the same award from the Academy's rival, the Country Music Association, in the same year. This is the only time an individual received the same award from these two organizations in the same year for different songs. In 1971, Janis Joplin, dating Kristofferson, had a number one hit with "Me and Bobby McGee" from her posthumous album Pearl. It stayed on the number-one spot on the charts

This is a document about Bob Beckham
  where the hook would be about the name of a woman; a secretary named "Bobbie McKee" who worked in their office. Kristofferson came up with "Me and Bobby McGee" and sang it for her in the office. Kristofferson said, "You know, somebody would give you a title and then bet you couldn't write a song to fit it". The song began to take off, first recorded by Roger Miller in 1969. Kristofferson's own version was released on his first Monument album in 1970 but it did not chart. It was Janis Joplin's posthumously-released version that pushed the song to No. 1. Joplin's version changed the gender of "Bobby McGee" into a male. Other artists took three of the songs on his Kristofferson album to top-ten status: "For the Good Times" (Ray Price); "Sunday Mornin' Comin' Down" (Johnny Cash); and "Help Me Make It Through the Night" (Sammi Smith).

This is a document about Piece of My Heart
  love and forgiveness, surely he has to understand, change, give me back what I have given". In such a way, Joplin used blues conventions not to transcend pain, but "to scream it out of existence". Until her death in 1970, "Piece of My Heart" was Joplin's biggest chart success and best-known song. ("Me and Bobby McGee”, which Kris Kristofferson wrote, eclipsed "Piece of My Heart" when it appeared after her death in 1970. It went to number one in 1971). "Piece of My Heart" remains most associated with Joplin and continued to get airplay long after her death. Berns never got to hear Joplin's version, dying of a heart attack on December 30, 1967.

This is a document about Busted Flat Records
  Mark Logan, the owner of a vinyl music store in Kitchener, Encore Records, started Busted Flat Records in 2002 to record and release a live album by Shannon Lyon. The label is currently based in Kitchener, Canada and as of 2013, has 24 artists with over 65released recordings. Musicians on the roster include/have included blues artist, Matt Andersen (two-time Maple Blues Awards winner, recipient of the Best Solo performance at the International Blues Challenge, and winner of several East Coast Music Awards), as well as Paul MacLeod, Brock Zeman, Lynn Jackson, Ambre McLean, Shannon Lyon, Jay Semko, the Billie Hollies and many other Canadian singer-songwriters. The label name was taken from a line in the song, "Me and Bobby McGee" made popular by Janis Joplin. The label was founded to showcase talent from the Southern Ontario region, but has since branched out to

Kris Kristofferson wrote "Me and Bobby McGee," but Roger Miller was the first to record and sing it, reaching the top of the country charts in 1969. However, Kristofferson's version, which was released posthumously in 1971, topped the U.S. singles chart and the U.S. post-1961 singles chart.


Question: who plays the clown in freak show ahs

Answer: John Carroll Lynch

This is a document about American Horror Story: Freak Show
  American Horror Story: Freak Show is the fourth season of the FX horror anthology television series American Horror Story, created by Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk. It premiered on October 8, 2014, and concluded on January 21, 2015. This season is mainly set in 1952 Jupiter, Florida, telling the story of one of the last remaining freak shows in the United States and their struggle for survival. Returning cast members from the previous seasons of the series include: Sarah Paulson, Evan Peters, Frances Conroy, Denis O'Hare, Emma Roberts, Angela Bassett, Kathy Bates, Jessica Lange, Grace Gummer, Gabourey Sidibe, Danny Huston, Jamie Brewer, and Mare Winningham, along with new cast members Michael Chiklis and Finn Wittrock. Ben Woolf also returned to the series. This is the first season of the series that is

This is a document about List of American Horror Story: Freak Show characters
  American Horror Story: Freak Show is the fourth season of the FX horror anthology series American Horror Story. The season is set in 1952 Jupiter, Florida, and centers around a freak show run by aspiring German actress and singer Elsa Mars. The season's theme, discrimination, is underlined by depictions of physical and mental abuse towards “freaks” and their struggle to survive economically. Veteran cast members include Jessica Lange, Sarah Paulson, Evan Peters, Angela Bassett, Emma Roberts, Kathy Bates, Denis O'Hare, and Frances Conroy, with Michael Chiklis and Finn Wittrock making their debuts. Special guest stars who made appearances include Celia Weston, Wes Bentley, Neil Patrick Harris, and Matt Bomer. Other returning cast members who made appearances in a limited capacity include Jamie Brewer, Gabourey Sidibe, Danny Huston, Lily Rabe, Grace Gummer, Ben Woolf, Mare Winningham, Naomi Grossman, and John Cromwell. This is the first season to not be strictly anthological, with Lily Rabe, Naomi Grossman, and John Cromwell (as a younger Dr. Arthur Arden) reprising their roles from American Horror Story: Asylum.

This is a document about American Horror Story: Freak Show
  strictly anthological, with Lily Rabe, Naomi Grossman, and James Cromwell (as a younger Dr. Arthur Arden) reprising their roles from the series's second cycle, Asylum. Like its predecessors, Freak Show was met with positive reviews and consistently strong ratings. The premiere episode attracted a series high of 6.13 million viewers, making it the most viewed episode of the series. It ultimately became FX's most-watched program ever, surpassing its previous installment, Coven. The season garnered a total of twenty Emmy Award nominations, the most for any season of American Horror Story to date, including nominations for Outstanding Limited Series, and six acting nominations for Lange, O'Hare, Wittrock, Paulson, Bassett, and Bates. In addition, Paulson won for Best Supporting Actress in a Movie or Limited Series at the 5th Critics' Choice Television Awards.

This is a document about American Horror Story: Freak Show
  a role specifically for Coven alum Leslie Jordan, but he did not appear on the show due to scheduling conflicts. In September 2014, it was reported that Asylum alum Naomi Grossman would return to portray Pepper, which marked the first time a character appeared in multiple seasons of the series. Lily Rabe also reprised her Asylum character Sister Mary Eunice McKee in the tenth episode, "Orphans". Mare Winningham made an appearance in the same episode, as Pepper's sister Rita. Neil Patrick Harris guest starred in two episodes as Chester, who takes over the freak show when Elsa leaves for Hollywood. Harris' husband, David Burtka, appeared in the season finale as Elsa's husband.

This is a document about American Horror Story: Cult
  the show. On June 26, 2017, it was confirmed that Lady Gaga would not return for the seventh season due to other projects. Despite rumors, Entertainment Weekly reported on July 7, 2017, that Vera Farmiga, sister of American Horror Story actress Taissa Farmiga, would not appear in the season. Later that month, it was confirmed by The Hollywood Reporter that Kathy Bates will not appear in Cult, after four seasons of regular appearances. Murphy also revealed via his Instagram account that Freak Show character Twisty the Clown would return in the seventh season, indicating that John Carroll Lynch would reprise his role.

This is a document about American Horror Story: Hotel
  Freak Show character, Dandy Mott. In July 2015, Murphy stated that Emma Roberts would be returning to the series for a few episodes toward the finale, after completing filming on her Fox series, Scream Queens. Her character would be associated with James March (Peters). While promoting Scream Queens in September 2015, Roberts spoke about her role with less certainty, but optimism, stating, "...it's just everything you could dream of and more. Everything you could nightmare about and more. Granted, things over there are always changing, but I definitely want to go back to it. If it still stands, what Ryan told me, everyone's in for a great shock." However, she later confirmed that she

This is a document about American Horror Story
  been added to the cast. Roberts played Madison Montgomery, a "self-involved party girl". In July 2013, season one alum Denis O'Hare also joined the cast in an unknown role, later revealed as Spalding. In November 2013, Ryan Murphy confirmed that Jessica Lange would be returning for a fourth season, although in a reduced capacity. It was later revealed she would be playing freak show owner Elsa Mars. Kathy Bates returned in a main role, portraying bearded lady Ethel Darling. On March 29, 2014, Murphy announced that Sarah Paulson, Evan Peters, Frances Conroy, Emma Roberts, Denis O'Hare, and Angela Bassett would all return for the fourth

This is a document about List of Danny Phantom characters
  Voiced by Jon Cryer, first appears in "Control Freaks" (episode #20) Freakshow (a parody of The Joker) is the ringmaster of the Circus Gothica, as well as the only fully human villain in the series. An entertainer for the Gothic audience, Freakshow is eccentric, full of showmanship and creativity. His family have used ghosts for their circus for years. Unsatisfied with just a showman's life, Freakshow used a magic scepter able to control ghosts and ordered them to steal goods. He went to Amity Park to make Danny Phantom a member of his performance. He succeeds briefly until Sam snaps him out of it and Danny destroys the scepter. He is promptly jailed for his crimes. He escapes and uses the fabled Reality Gauntlet to bend reality to his whim, only to be outsmarted by Danny again. Danny successfully uses "Ghost Envy," Freakshow's jealousy of ghosts, against him and defeats him for good. Freakshow is mainly a spoof of the Ringmaster, but the Reality Gauntlet storyline makes him slightly a spoof of Thanos. His full name is Frederich Isak Showenhower.

This is a document about List of American Horror Story: Cult characters
  members with recurring appearances include Adina Porter, John Carroll Lynch, Frances Conroy, Mare Winningham, Emma Roberts, Chaz Bono, James Morosini and Jamie Brewer. This is the fourth season that is not strictly anthological, with Carroll Lynch reprising his previous role as Twisty the Clown from Freak Show. Cult marks the first season to not feature mainstay actress Lily Rabe. This is also the first season to not feature, since Coven, Kathy Bates and Angela Bassett in any capacity; Finn Wittrock and Wes Bentley also don't appear in any capacity (they appeared in Freak Show, Hotel and Roanoke). This is also the first season since Hotel to not include Lady Gaga.

This is a document about Riley Schmidt
  After college, he moved to Hollywood and landed a small role on Passions. He would later guest star on other shows such as 7th Heaven, ER, Power Rangers Time Force and Cold Case. In 2011 he was cast as the Rubber Man in American Horror Story. In 2015 and 2016, he played the Red Devil and the Green Meanie on Scream Queens.

This is a document about Art the Clown
  Art the Clown is a fictional character from the Terrifier series of slasher films, initially originating from short films and the anthology film All Hallows' Eve (2013) with Mike Giannelli portraying him. In the retcon and launch of the standalone feature film series, he first appears in 2016 in Damien Leone's Terrifier as a murderous clown that becomes fixated on Victoria Heyes (Samantha Scaffidi)—this time portrayed by David Howard Thornton after Giannelli retired from acting. Thornton used Giannelli's performance as a base and further developed the character. His portrayal received widespread critical acclaim, particularly his physical performance and use of body language. Outside of films, the character appears in comic books and merchandise such as apparel lines, action figures, and body tattoos.

This is a document about Thom Hazaert
  In 2015, under the banner "THC : FILMS", Hazaert began producing special features with Red Shirt Pictures for Shout!Factory/Scream Factory, including directing and co-producing, with Scream Factory, Red Shirt Pictures, and Iron Alley Films, a documentary featurette about the Wes Craven's Shocker soundtrack. The documentary, featuring interviews with soundtrack producer Desmond Child, David Ellefson of Megadeth, Jason McMaster of Dangerous Toys, Bruce Kulick (ex-KISS, Grand Funk Railroad), Kane Roberts, and the film's star Mitch Pileggi (The X-Files, Sons of Anarchy), who played the iconic Horace Pinker, appears on the Scream Factory Collector's Edition Blu-Ray released September 8, 2015. Hazaert was also involved in production, with Red Shirt Pictures and Iron Alley Films, on special features for Wes Craven's The People Under The Stairs, Army of Darkness, and Tales From the Crypt Demon Knight and Bordello of Blood. Hazaert also served as a

This is a document about List of American Horror Story: Roanoke characters
  shows the consequences of the events in the near future. Veteran cast members include Kathy Bates, Sarah Paulson, Lily Rabe, Denis O'Hare, Evan Peters, Wes Bentley, Cheyenne Jackson, and Angela Bassett, with Cuba Gooding Jr. and André Holland making their debut. Veteran cast members with recurring appearances include Adina Porter, Lady Gaga, Leslie Jordan, Frances Conroy, Finn Wittrock, Taissa Farmiga and Robin Weigert. This is the third season that is not strictly anthological, with Sarah Paulson reprising her previous role as Lana Winters from Asylum and Evan Peters portraying Edward Mott, the ancestor of Dandy and Gloria Mott from Freak Show.

This is a document about Crossing Jordan
 Wallace Shawn portrays Dr. Howard Stiles: The Medical Examiner's Office's resident psychiatrist. ; Emy Coligado portrays Emmy: An assistant in the Medical Examiner's Office. ; Alex McKenna portrays Abby Macy: Dr. Macy's estranged daughter. ; Lindsay Frost portrays Maggie Macy: Dr. Macy's ex-wife. ; Jack Laufer portrays Herman Redding: A psychiatric patient and murder suspect who claims to have knowledge about the death of Jordan's mother. ; Michael T. Weiss portrays James Horton: Jordan's illegitimate half-brother. ; Lesley Ann Warren portrays Arlene Lebowski: Lily's estranged aunt and adoptive mother. ; Brian Kimmet portrays Oliver Titleman: A young student obsessed with creating the perfect crime. ; Charles Mesure portrays J.D. Pollack: An Australian reporter romantically involved with Jordan.

This is a document about American Horror Story: Freak Show
  Ryan Murphy confirmed that Jessica Lange would be returning for a fourth season, although said to be in a reduced capacity. She portrayed Elsa Mars, the owner of the freak show. In November 2013, Murphy said he approached Kathy Bates and Angela Bassett to return. Bassett later confirmed in an interview with Access Hollywood that she would be indeed coming back. They portrayed Ethel Darling and Desiree Dupree, respectively. In an interview with The Hollywood Reporter, Sarah Paulson revealed she would be returning, possibly for a main role, which was later revealed to be the conjoined twins Bette and Dot Tattler. It was announced at the PaleyFest 2014 that the cast members

This is a document about American Horror Story: Freak Show
  The opening theme for the 4th season of AHS is "Carousel" by Melanie Martinez,a song from her debut album "Cry Baby". Every cover song performed in Freak Show was released by 20th Century Fox TV Records in online music stores following the broadcast of the episode in which it appeared, except the cover of David Bowie's "Heroes", performed by Jessica Lange in "Curtain Call."

This is a document about List of American Horror Story: Freak Show characters
  his gut, injuring him badly, leaving him bed ridden. He is then shocked and guilt-stricken later on in "Test of Strength" over Penny's mutilation. In "Curtain Call", after trying to stand up to Dandy, he is the first freak to be shot and killed during Dandy's massacre. He and the other freaks appear when Elsa joins the freak show in the afterlife, where he and Penny have gotten married. ; Eve (portrayed by Erika Ervin) also known as Amazon Eve, is a performer in the freak show. She is abnormally large. She is seen as the piano player of the show and

This is a document about Robert Knepper
  series Mob City premiered, in which Knepper played gangster Sid Rothman. In 2014, Knepper guest starred in episodes of Arrow and The Flash as master hacker and time-and-motion study expert William Tockman / Clock King. Since 2015, Knepper has had a recurring role on iZombie as Angus McDonough, the estranged and abusive father of Blaine DeBeers (David Anders). It was announced in July 2017 that Knepper would be promoted to the show's main cast for season 4. Knepper was cast in the reboot of David Lynch's Twin Peaks as gangster Rodney Mitchum. He later voiced the audiobook adaptation for the tie-in epistolary novel of the show called The Secret History of Twin Peaks.

This is a document about Fangoria Chainsaw Awards
  – Penny Dreadful ; Andrew Lincoln – The Walking Dead ; Mads Mikkelsen – Hannibal Sarah Paulson – American Horror Story: Freak Show ; Nicole Beharie – Sleepy Hollow ; Eva Green – Penny Dreadful ; Janet Montgomery – Salem ; Anna Paquin – True Blood Norman Reedus – The Walking Dead ; David Bradley – The Strain ; Zane Holtz – From Dusk till Dawn: The Series ; Rory Kinnear – Penny Dreadful ; Finn Wittrock – American Horror Story: Freak Show Gillian Anderson – Hannibal ; Madeleine Martin – Hemlock Grove ; Melissa McBride – The Walking

This is a document about List of American Horror Story: Asylum characters
  unmoved, describing him as "pitiful". When the Monsignor later kills her, Arden insists that she should be cremated. Alone with her body at the furnace, he starts the fire inside, climbs on top of her body, and starts the conveyor to immolate himself. James Cromwell's son, John Cromwell, portrayed the character in flashbacks as Young Arden. Young Arden also makes a brief appearance as Hans Grüper in Freak Show, during one of Elsa Mars and Massimo Dolcefino's flashbacks in "Show Stoppers". For his performance in Asylum, James Cromwell was nominated for the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Movie/Miniseries and won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie in 2013.

John Carroll Lynch plays the clown, Twisty the Clown, in "American Horror Story: Freak Show."


Question: what is the title of the leader in the house of representatives

Answer: Majority Leaders

This is a document about North Carolina General Assembly of 2013–14
  The following members were the leadership of the House of Representatives:

This is a document about North Carolina General Assembly of 2011–12
  The following members were the leadership of the House of Representatives:

This is a document about New Hampshire House of Representatives
  The current leadership of the house is as follows:

This is a document about Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
  The Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, commonly known as the Speaker of the House, or simply the House Speaker, is the presiding officer of the United States House of Representatives. The office was established in 1789 by Article I, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution. The speaker is the political and parliamentary leader of the House of Representatives and is simultaneously the House's presiding officer, de facto leader of the body's majority party, and the institution's administrative head. Speakers also perform various other administrative and procedural functions. Given these several roles and responsibilities, the speaker usually does not personally preside over debates. That duty is instead delegated to members of the House

This is a document about Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives
  Party leaders and whips of the United States House of Representatives, also known as floor leaders, are elected by their respective parties in a closed-door caucus by secret ballot. With the Democrats holding a majority of seats and the Republicans holding a minority, the current leaders are Majority Leader Steny Hoyer, Majority Whip Jim Clyburn, Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy and Minority Whip Steve Scalise.

This is a document about North Carolina General Assembly of 2001–02
  The house leadership was as follows:

This is a document about Party leader
  Thune on the Republican side. The party leaders of the House of Representatives are elected by their respective parties in the House by secret ballot. The Republican Party is currently represented in the House by Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy and Minority Whip Steve Scalise, whereas the Democratic Party is represented by Majority Leader Steny Hoyer and Majority Whip Jim Clyburn. In the House of Representatives, the most powerful official is the House-elected Speaker, who is currently Nancy Pelosi of the Democratic Party. Currently, Jaime Harrison serves as the chair of the Democratic Party, while Ronna McDaniel serves as the chair of the Republican Party.

This is a document about Rhode Island House of Representatives
  The Speaker of the House presides over the House of Representatives. The Speaker is elected by the majority party caucus followed by confirmation of the full House through the passage of a House Resolution. As well as presiding over the body, the Speaker is also the chief leadership position, and controls the flow of legislation. Other House leaders, such as the majority and minority leaders, are elected by their respective party caucuses relative to their party's strength in the chamber. The current Speaker of the House is K. Joseph Shekarchi (D), who was elected Speaker of the House by his House colleagues on January 5, 2021. From November 2016 through 2020, he served as House Majority Leader, and he was previously Chairman of the House Labor Committee. He has served

This is a document about Majority leader
  In the House of Representatives the Majority Leader's presence and power often depends on the session. In some sessions, the Majority Leader takes precedence over the Speaker as House leader and legislative party leader either by force (which usually occurs when the Speaker of the House is unpopular) or because the Speaker of the House voluntarily surrenders power to the Majority Leader. In most sessions, the Speaker of the House takes precedence as house leader and party leader, with the Majority Leader being irrelevant and largely powerless outside the fact they might be Speaker of the House one day. In the United States House of Representatives, the current Majority Leader is Steny Hoyer, who assumed office on January 3rd, 2019.

This is a document about Massachusetts House of Representatives
  The Speaker of the House presides over the House of Representatives. The Speaker is elected by the majority party caucus followed by confirmation of the full House through the passage of a House Resolution. As well as presiding over the body, the Speaker is also the chief leader, and controls the flow of legislation. Other House leaders, such as the majority and minority leaders, are elected by their respective party caucuses relative to their party's strength in the House. The current Speaker of the House is Ronald Mariano of the 3rd Norfolk District.

This is a document about Parliamentary leader
  A parliamentary leader is a political title or a descriptive term used in various countries to the person leading a caucus (or parliamentary group) in a legislative body, whether it be a national or sub-national legislature. A party leader may be the same person as the parliamentary leader, or the roles may be separated.

This is a document about List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives
 Eight: Massachusetts; ; Four: Kentucky and Virginia; ; Three: Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Texas; ; Two: Maine, New Jersey, New York, and South Carolina; ; One: Alabama, California, Connecticut, Iowa, Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Washington, and Wisconsin. The speaker of the United States House of Representatives is the presiding officer of the United States House of Representatives. The office was established in 1789 by Article I, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution. The speaker is the political and parliamentary leader of the House, and is simultaneously the body's presiding officer, the de facto leader of the body's majority party, and the institution's administrative head. Speakers also perform various administrative and procedural functions, all

This is a document about 18th Sarawak State Legislative Assembly
 Leader of the House: ; Shadow Leader of the House:

This is a document about 19th Sarawak State Legislative Assembly
 Leader of the House: ; Shadow Leader of the House:

This is a document about 16th Sabah State Legislative Assembly
 Leader of the House: ; Shadow Leader of the House:

This is a document about Texas House of Representatives
  The Speaker of the House is the presiding officer and highest-ranking member of the House. The Speaker's duties include maintaining order within the House, recognizing members during debate, ruling on procedural matters, appointing members to the various committees and sending bills for committee review. The Speaker pro tempore is primarily a ceremonial position, but does, by long-standing tradition, preside over the House during its consideration of local and consent bills. Unlike other state legislatures, the House rules do not formally recognize majority or minority leaders. The unofficial leaders are the Republican Caucus Chairman and the Democratic House Leader, both of whom are elected by their respective caucuses.

This is a document about List of members of the United States House of Representatives in the 12th Congress by seniority
  In this Congress the only formal leader was the Speaker of the House. A Speakership ballot was held on November 4, 1811 and Henry Clay (DR-KY) was elected. The title Dean of the House (sometimes known, in the nineteenth century, as Father of the House) was held by the member with the longest continuous service. It was not a leadership position.

This is a document about Washington House of Representatives
  The Speaker of the House presides over the House of Representatives. The Speaker and the Speaker Pro Tem are nominated by the majority party caucus followed by a vote of the full House. As well as presiding over the body, the Speaker is also the chief leadership position and controls the flow of legislation. In the absence of the Speaker the Speaker Pro Tem assumes the role of Speaker. Other House leaders, such as the majority and minority leaders, are elected by their respective party caucuses relative to their party's strength in the House. The Speaker of the House during the first session of the 65th legislature (2019) was Democrat Frank Chopp (D-Seattle) of the 43rd Legislative District. He stepped down at the end of the session and John Lovick (D-Mill Creek) of the 44th Legislative District served as speaker pro tempore until the second session, when Laurie Jinkins (D-Tacoma) was elected speaker. The Majority Leader is Pat Sullivan (D-Covington) of the 47th Legislative District. The Republican Minority Leader is J.T. Wilcox (R-Roy) of the 2nd Legislative District.

This is a document about United States House of Representatives
  The minority leader heads their party in the House, and the majority leader is their party's second-highest-ranking official, behind the speaker. Party leaders decide what legislation members of their party should either support or oppose. Each party also elects a Whip, who works to ensure that the party's members vote as the party leadership desires. The current majority whip in the House of Representatives is Jim Clyburn, who is a member of the Democratic Party. The current minority whip is Steve Scalise, who is a member of the Republican Party. The whip is supported by chief deputy whips. After the whips, the next ranking official in the House party's leadership is the party conference chair (styled

This is a document about Floor leaders of the House of Representatives of the Philippines
  The House of Representatives Majority and Minority Leaders (also called House of Representatives Floor Leaders) are the two members of the House of Representatives of the Philippines who are elected by their respective parties or coalitions as their official leaders. They serve as the chief spokesmen of their party with regard to their business in the Senate.

The Speaker of the House of Representatives is the leader in the House of Representatives.


Question: where does the reed go on a clarinet

Answer: the mouthpieces

This is a document about Clarinet
  The clarinet uses a single reed made from the cane of Arundo donax, a type of grass. Reeds may also be manufactured from synthetic materials. The ligature fastens the reed to the mouthpiece. When air is blown through the opening between the reed and the mouthpiece facing, the reed vibrates and produces the clarinet's sound. Basic reed measurements are as follows: tip, 12 mm wide; lay, 15 mm long (distance from the place where the reed touches the mouthpiece to the tip); gap, 1 mm (distance between the underside of the reed tip and the mouthpiece). Adjustment to these measurements is one method of affecting tone color. Most clarinetists buy manufactured reeds, although many make adjustments to these reeds, and some make their own reeds from cane "blanks". Reeds come in varying degrees of hardness, generally indicated on a scale from one (soft) through five (hard). This numbering system is not standardized—reeds with the same number often vary in hardness across manufacturers and models. Reed and mouthpiece characteristics work together to determine ease of playability, pitch stability, and tonal characteristics.

This is a document about Woodwind instrument
  Reed instruments produce sound by focusing air into a mouthpiece which then causes a reed, or reeds, to vibrate. Similarly to flutes, reed pipes are also further divided into two types: single reed and double reed. Single-reed woodwinds produce sound by fixing a reed onto the opening of a mouthpiece (using a ligature). When air is forced between the reed and the mouthpiece, the reed causes the air column in the instrument to vibrate and produce its unique sound. Single reed instruments include the clarinet, saxophone, and others such as the chalumeau. Double-reed instruments use two precisely cut, small pieces of cane bound together at the base. This form of sound production has been estimated to have

This is a document about Clarinet
  The clarinet is a family of woodwind instruments. It has a single-reed mouthpiece, a straight, cylindrical tube with an almost cylindrical bore, and a flared bell. A person who plays a clarinet is called a clarinetist (sometimes spelled clarinettist). While the similarity in sound between the earliest clarinets and the trumpet may hold a clue to its name, other factors may have been involved. During the Late Baroque era, composers such as Bach and Handel were making new demands on the skills of their trumpeters, who were often required to play difficult melodic passages in the high, or as it came to be called, clarion register. Since the trumpets of this time had no valves or pistons, melodic passages would often require the use of the highest part of the trumpet's range, where

This is a document about Clarinet
  Note: A Böhm system soprano clarinet is shown in the photos illustrating this section. However, all modern clarinets have similar components. The reed is attached to the mouthpiece by the ligature, and the top half-inch or so of this assembly is held in the player's mouth. In the past, string was used to bind the reed to the mouthpiece. The formation of the mouth around the mouthpiece and reed is called the embouchure. The reed is on the underside of the mouthpiece, pressing against the player's lower lip, while the top teeth normally contact the top of the mouthpiece (some players roll the upper lip under

This is a document about Clarinet
  down the pipe (travelling 4 pipe lengths in total) before the cycle is repeated again.  Sound is a wave that propagates through the air as a result of a local variation in air pressure. The production of sound by a clarinet follows these steps: At this point, the reed stays pressed against the mouthpiece until either the springiness of the reed forces it to open or a returning pressure wave 'bumps' into the reed and opens it. Each time the reed opens, a puff of air goes through the gap, after which the reed swings shut again. When played loudly,

This is a document about Mouthpiece (woodwind)
   The clarinet mouthpiece is narrow inside, typically with straight side walls. through the throat. The bottom of the mouthpiece is formed with a tenon that is ringed with cork. Today, as with the saxophone mouthpiece, the reed is placed against the surface (the table) closest to the player's bottom lip. However, this was not always so: The earliest clarinetists would often place the reed on top of the mouthpiece. Bernhard Crusell (1775–1838) was one of the first clarinettists of note to consistently place the reed against the bottom lip. Of particular note is Reginald Kell who was known for using a "double embouchure", also known as "double

This is a document about Mouthpiece (woodwind)
  section that leaves the flat table and continues to the tip of the mouthpiece. The length of a facing—defined as the distance from the tip of the mouthpiece to the point where the reed and mouthpiece meet—can vary. Different facing lengths have different response properties. The reed is held tightly against the mouthpiece by a ligature. Anything that can hold the reed on the mouthpiece may serve as a ligature. Commercial ligatures are commonly made of metal or plastic. Some players (including many German clarinetists) prefer string or a shoelace, which is wrapped around the reed and the mouthpiece, to commercially manufactured ligatures.

This is a document about Single-reed instrument
  Although the clarinet and saxophone both have a single reed attached to their mouthpiece, the playing technique or embouchure is distinct from each other. The standard embouchures for single reed woodwinds like the clarinet and saxophone are variants of the single lip embouchure, formed by resting the reed upon the bottom lip, which rests on the teeth and is supported by the chin muscles and the buccinator muscles on the sides of the mouth. The top teeth rest on top of the mouthpiece. The manner in which the lower lip rests against the teeth differs between clarinet and saxophone embouchures. In clarinet playing, the lower lip is rolled over the teeth and corners of the mouth are

This is a document about Clarinet
 1) The mouthpiece and reed are surrounded by the player's lips, which put light, even pressure on the reed and form an airtight seal. Air is blown past the reed and down the instrument. In the same way a flag flaps in the breeze, the air rushing past the reed causes it to vibrate. As air pressure from the mouth increases, the amount the reed vibrates increases until the reed hits the mouthpiece. 1) More than a 'neutral' amount of air escapes from the instrument, which creates a slight vacuum or rarefaction in the clarinet tube. This rarefaction wave travels

This is a document about Mouthpiece (woodwind)
  On single-reed instruments, such as the clarinet and saxophone, the mouthpiece is that part to which the reed is attached. Its function is to provide an opening through which air enters the instrument and one end of an air chamber to be set into vibration by the interaction between the air stream and the reed. Single-reed mouthpieces are basically wedge shaped, with the reed placed against the surface closest to the player's lower lip (the table). The player's breath causes the reed to vibrate. The reed beats against the mouthpiece, and in turn causes the column of air inside the instrument to vibrate.

This is a document about Embouchure
  If the mouthpiece is not placed far enough into the mouth, no sound will be generated, as the reed will not vibrate. The standard embouchures for single reed woodwinds like the clarinet and saxophone are variants of the single lip embouchure, formed by resting the reed upon the bottom lip, which rests on the teeth and is supported by the chin muscles and the buccinator muscles on the sides of the mouth. The top teeth rest on top of the mouthpiece. The manner in which the lower lip rests against the teeth differs between clarinet and saxophone embouchures. In clarinet playing, the lower lip

This is a document about Organ pipe
  The sound of a reed pipe is produced by a beating reed: wind is directed towards a curved piece of brass (the reed). A partial vacuum is created by higher velocity air flowing under the reed which causes it to be pulled closed against a hard surface called the shallot. This shuts off the vacuum and allows the reed to spring open again. A tuned resonator extends above this assembly and reinforces the sound produced. The principle is the same as that of the orchestral clarinet. The pitch of a reed pipe is determined primarily by the length of the reed but the volume of air in the resonator supports that frequency. Most reed pipes have a slide to adjust the vibrating length of the reed to fine-tune it. Because

This is a document about RMI Harmonic Synthesizer
 Clarinet ; Flute ; Pulse ; Horn ; Reed

This is a document about Pitch pipe
  The brass reeds in common pitchpipes are subject to work hardening with use, so they gradually change pitch. Because of this, replacement reed plates are sold. Carried in a pocket, a pipe will occasionally pick up small bits of lint which works its way into the narrow space around a reed. This usually requires disassembly of the pipe in order to clean the lint off the reed. To avoid this eventuality many users will use a small holster to carry the pipe.

This is a document about Clarinet
  increasingly directional frequencies of the upper registers. The fixed reed and fairly uniform diameter of the clarinet give the instrument an acoustical behavior approximating that of a cylindrical stopped pipe. Recorders use a tapered internal bore to overblow at the octave when the thumb/register hole is pinched open, while the clarinet, with its cylindrical bore, overblows at the twelfth. Adjusting the angle of the bore taper controls the frequencies of the overblown notes (harmonics). Changing the mouthpiece's tip opening and the length of the reed changes aspects of the harmonic timbre or voice of the clarinet because this changes the

This is a document about Contrabass clarinet
  sits between the bass and contrabass in range, the contra-alto clarinet functions as the great bass of the clarinet family. Like other clarinets, the contra-alto clarinet is a wind instrument that uses a reed to produce sound. The keys of the contra-alto are similar to the keys on smaller clarinets, and are played in the same way. Some contra-alto clarinet models have a range extending down to low (written) E, sounding as the lowest G on the piano (aka G1), while others can play down to low (written) C, sounding E1. The earliest contra-alto clarinets were developed in the first half of the nineteenth century; these were usually pitched in F and were

This is a document about Clarinet
  of reed vibrations. Generally, the goal of the clarinetist when producing a sound is to make as much of the reed vibrate as possible, making the sound fuller, warmer, and potentially louder. The lip position and pressure, shaping of the vocal tract, choice of reed and mouthpiece, amount of air pressure created, and evenness of the airflow account for most of the clarinetist's ability to control the tone of a clarinet. A highly skilled clarinetist will provide the ideal lip and air pressure for each frequency (note) being produced. They will have an embouchure which places an even pressure

This is a document about Clarinet
  The clarinet has its roots in the early single-reed instruments or hornpipes used in Ancient Greece, Ancient Egypt, Middle East, and Europe since the Middle Ages, such as the albogue, alboka, and double clarinet. The modern clarinet developed from a Baroque instrument called the chalumeau. This instrument was similar to a recorder, but with a single-reed mouthpiece and a cylindrical bore. Lacking a register key, it was played mainly in its fundamental register, with a limited range of about one and a half octaves. It had eight finger holes, like a recorder, and two keys for its two highest notes. At this time, contrary to modern practice, the reed was placed

This is a document about Embouchure
  With the woodwinds, aside from the flute, piccolo, and recorder, the sound is generated by a reed and not with the lips. The embouchure is therefore based on sealing the area around the reed and mouthpiece. This serves to prevent air from escaping while simultaneously supporting the reed, allowing it to vibrate, and constrict the reed preventing it from vibrating too much. With woodwinds, it is important to ensure that the mouthpiece is not placed too far into the mouth, which would result in too much vibration (no control), often creating a sound an octave (or harmonic twelfth for the clarinet) above the intended

This is a document about Reed (mouthpiece)
  Single reeds are used on the mouthpieces of clarinets and saxophones. The back of the reed is flat and is placed against the mouthpiece. These reeds are roughly rectangular in shape and taper towards the thin tip, which is rounded to match the curve of the mouthpiece tip. All single reeds are shaped similarly but vary in size to fit each instrument's mouthpiece. Reeds designed for the same instrument look roughly identical, but vary in thickness ("hardness" or "strength"). Hardness is generally measured on a scale of 1 through 5 from softest to hardest. This is not a standardized scale and reed strengths vary by manufacturer. The thickness of the tip and heel and the profile in between affect the sound and playability. Pieces of cane of different density or stiffness, even if cut with the same profile, will respond differently due to those differences.

The reed goes on the mouthpiece of a clarinet. It is held in place by the ligature and vibrates when air is blown through the mouthpiece, causing the reed to vibrate and produce sound.