Question: when did the cleveland browns come back to the nfl

Answer: 1998

This is a document about History of the Cleveland Browns
  sowing a mix of outrage and bitterness among Cleveland's dedicated fan base. Negotiations and legal battles led to an agreement where Modell was allowed to move the team, but Cleveland kept the Browns' name, colors and history. After three years of suspension while the old municipal stadium was demolished and Cleveland Browns Stadium took its place, the Browns started play again in 1999 under new owner Al Lerner. Since resuming operations, the Browns have made the playoffs only twice, as a wild-card team in 2002 and 2020. The Browns are only one of 12 NFL franchises to predate the 1960 launch of the American Football League, and are only one of three such teams in the AFC.

This is a document about List of Cleveland Browns head coaches
  The Cleveland Browns are a professional American football franchise based in Cleveland, Ohio. They are a member of the North Division of the American Football Conference (AFC) in the National Football League (NFL). The team began playing in 1946 as a charter member of the All-America Football Conference (AAFC), and joined the NFL as part of the AAFC–NFL merger in 1950. The team played their home games at Cleveland Stadium from 1946 to 1995 before moving to FirstEnergy Stadium (formerly Cleveland Browns Stadium), where they have played since 1999. The Browns did not play from 1996 to 1998 when the team's owner, Art Modell, moved the team to Baltimore, Maryland and formed the Baltimore Ravens.

This is a document about List of Super Bowl champions
 Cleveland Browns – NFL champions four times in 1950, 1954, 1955, and 1964; appeared in seven other NFL Championship Games in 1951, 1952, 1953, 1957, 1965, 1968, and 1969; and appeared in three AFC Championship Games in the 1986, 1987, and 1989 seasons. The Browns are officially viewed as one continuous franchise that began in 1946 as a member of the All-America Football Conference, joined the NFL in 1950, suspended operations after 1995, and resumed play in 1999. The Baltimore Ravens were established in 1996 as an expansion team with former Browns personnel, and have since won two Super Bowls as a separate franchise (XXXV and XLVII). ;

This is a document about Cleveland Browns relocation controversy
  their inaugural season in the National Football Conference) moved from the AFC West to the NFC West. Following Houston's return to the NFL, Los Angeles became the favored destination for owners threatening to move their teams until the St. Louis Rams finally returned to Los Angeles for the 2016 season, followed by the San Diego Chargers (who had previously called L.A. home in the early days of the American Football League) one year later. The reactivated Browns have had only three winning seasons since returning to the NFL in 1999, with records of 9–7 in 2002, 10–6 in 2007, and 11–5 in 2020, earning wild card

This is a document about Cleveland Browns
  Browns resumed play in 1999, thus while the 1999 Browns were not technically considered to be an expansion franchise, the club's roster was re-stocked via an expansion draft. Since resuming operations in 1999, the Browns have struggled to find success. They have had only three winning seasons (2002, 2007, and 2020), two playoff appearances (2002 and 2020), and one playoff win (2020), winning less than one third of their games in total. The franchise has also been noted for a lack of stability with head coaches (10 full time and two interim since 1999) and quarterbacks (31 different starters since 1999). From 2003 to 2019, the Browns had a 17-season playoff drought, which ended during the 2020 season.

This is a document about List of Cleveland Browns seasons
  owner Art Modell made the decision to move the team from Cleveland, Ohio to Baltimore, Maryland. An agreement between the city of Cleveland and the NFL kept the team’s history, name and colors in Cleveland, while Modell’s new team would be regarded as an expansion team. The Baltimore Ravens would begin play in 1996, and the Browns would return to the league in. For record-keeping purposes, the Browns are considered to have suspended operations from 1996 to 1998, which is reflected in this list. In 2017, the Cleveland Browns became the second team in NFL history (2008 Detroit Lions) to suffer a 0-16 record. In 2020, the Browns won their first playoff game since their reactivation in 1999, defeating the division champion Pittsburgh Steelers in the Wild Card Round.

This is a document about 1950 Cleveland Browns season
  The Cleveland Browns were founded and started play in 1946 in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC), a league formed to compete with the more established National Football League (NFL). The team was a success both financially and on the field under head coach Paul Brown, drawing large crowds and winning all four of the AAFC's championships between 1946 and 1949. In a bid to end a competition for talent that raised player salaries and ate into owners' profits at a time when attendance in many large markets was declining, the NFL and AAFC agreed to a peace deal at the end of the 1949 season. Under the deal, four of the AAFC's seven teams were to go out of business, while three of them – the Browns, Baltimore Colts and San Francisco 49ers – would play in the NFL starting

This is a document about Baltimore Colts relocation to Indianapolis
  return, the league allowed the Browns to "suspend operations" until the 1999 season. When the Browns returned that year, they reclaimed the history and records of the 1946-95 Browns, though for all intents and purposes they were an expansion team with a roster stocked primarily via an expansion draft similar to every other North American professional sports team established in the modern era. The last NFL team to completely suspend operations temporarily, coincidentally, was also a Cleveland team at the time: the Rams, who suspended operations for one year in 1943 because of World War II before moving to Los Angeles in 1946. Modell's

This is a document about Cleveland Browns
  to take his personnel to Baltimore as an expansion franchise, called the Baltimore Ravens, but would leave Cleveland the Browns' colors, logos and heritage for a reactivated Browns franchise that would take the field no later than 1999. After three years of inactivity while Cleveland Stadium was demolished and FirstEnergy Stadium was built on its site, the Browns were reactivated and started play again in 1999 under new owner Al Lerner. The Browns struggled throughout the 2000s and 2010s, posting a record of 101–234–1 (.302) since their 1999 return. The Browns have only posted three winning seasons and two playoff appearances (2002, 2020) since returning to the

This is a document about List of Cleveland Browns starting quarterbacks
  The Cleveland Browns are a professional American football team in Cleveland, Ohio. The Browns compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member of the American Football Conference (AFC) North division. Since joining the NFL in 1950, the Browns have had 58 quarterbacks start in at least one game for the team. Pro Football Hall of Fame member Otto Graham led the Browns to three NFL championships in their first six seasons in the league. Since resuming operations in 1999 after a three-year vacancy, the franchise had been notable for its futility at the quarterback position. From 1999 through week 4 of the 2018 season, the team had 30 players start at quarterback. Tim Couch, the Browns' first overall draft pick in 1999, was the only quarterback to start all 16 games in a season for the team during a 20-season span (1999-2018), having done so in 2001. The Browns had started more than one quarterback in 17 consecutive seasons, until Baker Mayfield started every game in 2019.

This is a document about Cleveland Stadium
  The Cleveland Browns, originally members of the All-America Football Conference (AAFC), began playing at the facility in 1946, and played there through 1995. The stadium was the site of the AAFC Championship game in 1946, 1948 and 1949, all Browns wins. The Browns joined the NFL in 1950 and hosted the NFL Championship Game in 1950, 1952, 1954, 1964, and 1968, winning titles in 1950, 1954, and 1964. The first Browns game at the stadium was also the first AAFC game, when the Browns hosted the Miami Seahawks on September 6, 1946. The Browns won the game 44–0 and drew 60,135 fans, what was then a record for a professional football crowd. During the 1980s, the center field bleachers at the east end of the stadium

This is a document about Cleveland Browns relocation controversy
  expansion team that began play in. The NFL agreed to reactivate the Browns franchise no later than the 1999 season by way of expansion or moving a team from another city, provided the City of Cleveland constructed an NFL-caliber venue to replace the aging Cleveland Stadium. The city of Cleveland demolished Cleveland Stadium beginning in late 1996 and built a new stadium on the same site. In 1998, the NFL decided to re-establish the Browns by way of an expansion draft and sold the Browns franchise to a new owner for $530 million. The re-activated Browns acquired players through an expansion draft and resumed play in 1999. This compromise, which was unprecedented in North American professional sports, has since been cited in franchise moves and agreements in other leagues, including ones in Major League Baseball, Major League Soccer, the National Basketball Association, and the National Hockey League.

This is a document about Sports in Cleveland
  Former owner Art Modell's relocation of the Browns after the 1995 season (to Baltimore creating the Ravens), caused tremendous heartbreak and resentment among local fans. Cleveland mayor, Michael R. White, worked with the NFL and Commissioner Paul Tagliabue to bring back the Browns beginning in 1999 season, retaining all team history. In earlier NFL history, the Cleveland Bulldogs won the NFL Championship in 1924, and the Cleveland Rams won the NFL Championship in 1945 before relocating to Los Angeles. The Cleveland Indians won the World Series in 1920 and 1948. They also won the American League pennant, making the World Series in the 1954, 1995, 1997, and 2016 seasons. Between 1995 and 2001, Progressive Field (then

This is a document about Bengals–Browns rivalry
  The Browns returned to the NFL in 1999. Both teams struggled throughout the next decade. The Browns made a playoff appearance in 2002, while the Bengals made it to the playoffs in 2005 and 2009, although neither team won a playoff game during this time. Both teams had years in which they finished with the worst record in the NFL (the Browns in 1999 and the Bengals in 2002), and thus were awarded the top pick in the following year's draft. On October 10, the teams met for the first time since the Browns' return. The Bengals won the game at the

This is a document about Cleveland Browns
   The history of the Cleveland Browns American football team began in 1944 when taxi-cab magnate Arthur B. "Mickey" McBride secured a Cleveland franchise in the newly formed All-America Football Conference (AAFC). Paul Brown was the team's namesake and first coach. The Browns began play in 1946 in the AAFC. The Browns won each of the league's four championship games before the league dissolved in 1949. The team then moved to the more established National Football League (NFL), where it continued to dominate. Between 1950 and 1955, Cleveland reached the NFL championship game every year, winning three times. McBride and his partners sold the team to a group of

This is a document about List of Cleveland Browns first-round draft picks
  The Cleveland Browns joined the National Football League (NFL) in 1950 with the Baltimore Colts and San Francisco 49ers after having spent four seasons with the All-America Football Conference. The Browns' first selection as an NFL team was Ken Carpenter, a wide receiver from Oregon State. The team's most recent first round selection was Jedrick Wills, offensive tackle at Alabama. Every year during April, each NFL franchise seeks to add new players to its roster through a collegiate draft known as "the NFL Annual Player Selection Meeting", which is more commonly known as the NFL Draft. Teams are ranked in inverse order based on the previous season's record, with the worst record picking first, and the second worst picking second and so

This is a document about Cleveland
  never played in a Super Bowl, getting close five times by making it to the History of tNFL/AFC Championship Game in 1968, 1969, 1986, 1987, and 1989. Former owner Art Modell's relocation of the Browns after the 1995 season (to Baltimore creating the Ravens), caused tremendous heartbreak and resentment among local fans. Cleveland mayor, Michael R. White, worked with the NFL and Commissioner Paul Tagliabue to bring back the Browns beginning in the 1999 season, retaining all team history. In Cleveland's earlier football history, the Cleveland Bulldogs won the NFL Championship in 1924, and the Cleveland Rams won the NFL Championship in

This is a document about Cleveland Browns
  The Cleveland Browns are a professional American football team based in Cleveland. Named after original coach and co-founder Paul Brown, they compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the American Football Conference (AFC) North division. The Browns play their home games at FirstEnergy Stadium, which opened in 1999, with administrative offices and training facilities in Berea, Ohio. The Browns' official club colors are brown, orange, and white. They are unique among the 32 member franchises of the NFL in that they do not have a logo on their helmets. The franchise was founded in 1945 by Brown and businessman Arthur B. McBride as a charter member of the All-America Football Conference (AAFC). The

This is a document about Baltimore Colts relocation to Indianapolis
  of competing with an NFL team Speros moved his organization to Montreal, where he reactivated the dormant Montreal Alouettes franchise as the CFL ended its U.S. experiment. The NFL finally returned to Baltimore on November 6, 1995, when Cleveland Browns owner Art Modell announced his intention to move the Browns to Baltimore for the 1996 NFL season. Like most other sports teams relocations including that of the Colts, Modell had intended on keeping the Browns name, colors, history, and memorabilia for the rechristened Baltimore Browns. Like the Colts' move, the Browns' relocation led to lawsuits by the City of Cleveland. At the same time,

This is a document about 2018 Cleveland Browns season
  The 2018 season was the Cleveland Browns' 66th season in the National Football League (NFL), their 70th overall, their first full season under general manager John Dorsey, and their third and final season under head coach Hue Jackson. The Browns improved upon their 2017 campaign in which they finished 0–16, finishing in 3rd place in the AFC North with a record of 7–8–1, their best record since the 2007 season. However, they missed the playoffs for the 16th consecutive season, having last made the playoffs in 2002. On September 9, the Browns opened their season against the Pittsburgh Steelers with a 21–21 tie. This was the Browns' first tie since 1989, and it ended a 17-game losing streak which dated back to

The Cleveland Browns returned to the NFL in 1999 after a three-year hiatus.


Question: who has the right to admit new states

Answer: Congress

This is a document about Article Four of the United States Constitution
  "New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new States shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress." The First Clause of Section Three, also known as the Admissions Clause, grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the

This is a document about U.S. state
  federal government and the rights of individuals. The Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776 by Thirteen Colonies, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50. Each new state has been admitted on an equal footing with the existing states. While the Constitution does not explicitly discuss the issue of whether states have the power to secede from the Union, shortly after the Civil War, the U.S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, held that a state cannot unilaterally do so.

This is a document about Admission to the Union
  The Admission to the Union Clause of the United States Constitution, also called the New States Clause, found at Article IV, Section 3, Clause 1, authorizes the U.S. Congress to admit new states into the Union (beyond the thirteen already in existence at the time the Constitution went into effect). The Constitution went into effect on June 21, 1788 in the nine states that had ratified it, and the federal government began operations under it on March 4, 1789 (by which time it was in effect in 11 of the 13 states). Since then, 37 states have been admitted into

This is a document about List of states and territories of the United States
  in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census. Additionally, each state is entitled to select a number of electors to vote in the Electoral College, the body that elects the president of the United States, equal to the total of representatives and senators in Congress from that state. Article IV, Section 3, Clause 1 of the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to the current total of 50, and each new state is admitted on an equal

This is a document about Oklahoma Enabling Act
  new States to this Union, and relates only to such States as are equal to each other in power and dignity and competency to exert the residuum of sovereignty not delegated to the Federal Government. The Supreme Court held that preventing the state of Oklahoma the right to locate its own seat of government deprived it of powers which all other states of the Union enjoyed, and thus violated the traditional constitutional principle that all new states be admitted "on an equal footing with the original states". As a result, the provision of the enabling act which temporarily restricted Oklahoma's right to determine where its seat of government would be was unconstitutional.

This is a document about Equal footing
  The Court noted that the power given to Congress by Article. IV, Section 3, of the US Constitution is to admit new states to the Union, and relates only to such states as are equal to each other in power and dignity and competency to exert the residuum of sovereignty not delegated to the Federal Government. The Supreme Court held that preventing the state of Oklahoma the right to locate its own seat of government deprived it of powers which all other states of the Union enjoyed and so it violated the traditional constitutional principle that all new states be admitted "on an equal footing with the original states". As a result, the provision of the enabling act that temporarily restricted Oklahoma's right to determine where its seat of government would be was unconstitutional.

This is a document about Virginia v. West Virginia
  of Virginia admitted in its briefings the legality of the secession of West Virginia. A second constitutional question arises as to whether the Constitution permits states to be carved out of existing states, whether consent is given or not. Article IV, Section 3, Clause 1 of the U.S. Constitution says: "States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States

This is a document about U.S. state
 California, 1850, from land ceded to the United States by Mexico in 1848 under the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. ; Kentucky, 1792, from Virginia (District of Kentucky: Fayette, Jefferson, and Lincoln counties) ; Maine, 1820, from Massachusetts (District of Maine) ; Texas, 1845, previously the Republic of Texas ; Vermont, 1791, previously the Vermont Republic (also known as the New Hampshire Grants and claimed by New York) ; West Virginia, 1863, from Virginia (Trans-Allegheny region counties) during the Civil War  Article IV also grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has

This is a document about Admission to the Union
  of the territory and then by Congress, Congress would adopt by simple majority vote a joint resolution granting statehood. Then the President of the United States would sign the resolution and issue a proclamation announcing that a new state had been added to the Union. While Congress, which has ultimate authority over the admission of new states, has usually followed this procedure, there have been occasions when it did not. Congress is under no obligation to admit states, even in those areas whose population expresses a desire for statehood. In one instance, Mormon pioneers in Salt Lake City sought to establish

This is a document about Admission to the Union
  1784 and the 1787 Northwest Ordinance, both of which predate the U.S. Constitution. The Admission to the Union Clause forbids the creation of new states from parts of existing states without the consent of all the affected states and Congress. The primary intent of this caveat was to give Eastern states that still had western land claims (there were four at that time: Connecticut, Georgia, North Carolina, and Virginia) a veto over whether their western counties could become states. This clause has subsequently served the same function each time a proposal to partition an existing state or states has arisen.

This is a document about U.S. state
  from the original 13 to 50. Each new state has been admitted on an equal footing with the existing states. Article IV also forbids the creation of new states from parts of existing states without the consent of both the affected states and Congress. This caveat was designed to give Eastern states that still had Western land claims (including Georgia, North Carolina, and Virginia), to have a veto over whether their western counties could become states, and has served this same function since, whenever a proposal to partition an existing state or states in order that a region within might either join another state or to create a new state has come

This is a document about 51st state
 The inhabitants of the proposed new state are imbued with and are sympathetic toward the principles of democracy as exemplified in the American Constitution. ; A majority of the electorate wish for statehood. ; The proposed new state has sufficient population and resources to support state government and carry its share of the cost of Federal Government. Article IV, Section 3, Clause 1 of the United States Constitution authorizes Congress to admit new states into the United States (beyond the thirteen already in existence at the time the Constitution went into effect in 1788). Historically, most new states brought into being by Congress have been established from an organized incorporated territory,

This is a document about List of Confederate states by date of admission to the Confederacy
  new state was admitted pursuant to Article I, Section 6 of the Confederacy's Provisional Constitution which required a simple majority vote in the Provisional Congress. Since the establishment of the Confederate States in 1861, the number of states expanded from the original seven to 13. Each new state had been admitted on an equal footing with the existing states. Under Article IV, Section 3, Clause 1 of the permanent Constitution Congress had the authority to admit additional states into the Confederacy, but unlike the United States and Provisional Confederate Constitutions which required a simple majority vote admission of new states to the Confederacy required a two-thirds vote in each House with the Senators from each state voting jointly. The following table is

This is a document about Admission to the Union
  Article IV, Section 3, Clause 1: "New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress."

This is a document about U.S. state
  Each state admitted to the Union by Congress since 1789 has entered it on an equal footing with the original states in all respects. With the growth of states' rights advocacy during the antebellum period, the Supreme Court asserted, in Lessee of Pollard v. Hagan (1845), that the Constitution mandated admission of new states on the basis of equality. With the consent of Congress, states may enter into interstate compacts, agreements between two or more states. Compacts are frequently used to manage a shared resource, such as transportation infrastructure or water rights. Under Article IV of the Constitution, which outlines the relationship between the states, each state is required to give full faith and credit to the acts of each other's legislatures and courts, which is generally held to include the recognition of most contracts and criminal judgments, and

This is a document about Statehood movement in the District of Columbia
  The current proposed statehood movements address concerns that the national capital should be independent from the states by reserving an independent enclave for the federal government buildings. Specifically, the Washington, D.C. Admission Act, the statehood legislation supported by the District government since 2017, carves out an enclave within the proposed state known as "The Capital" to act as the new federal district; this Capital would encompass the White House, Capitol Building, Supreme Court Building, and other major federal offices. However, the D.C. Admission Act would not affect the Twenty-third Amendment to the Constitution, which requires that the U.S. capital "shall appoint" at least three members of the Electoral College

This is a document about List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union
  to select a number of electors to vote in the Electoral College, the body that elects the President of the United States and Vice President of the United States, equal to the total of Representatives and Senators in Congress from that state. Article IV, Section 3, Clause 1 of the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50. Each new state has been admitted on an equal footing with the existing states. The following table is a list

This is a document about List of U.S. state partition proposals
 Kentucky – 1792, was a part of Virginia ; Maine – 1820, was a part of Massachusetts ; West Virginia – 1863, was a part of Virginia Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, numerous state partition proposals have been put forward that would partition an existing state (or states) in order that a particular region within might either join another state, or create a new state. Article IV, Section 3, Clause 1 of the United States Constitution, often called the New States Clause, grants to the United States Congress the authority to admit new states into the United States beyond the thirteen already in existence

This is a document about Texas divisionism
  the number of new states that could be carved out of the annexed Texas territory to four. Opponents also argue that the statute has also been overridden and rendered moot by later legislation that was enacted by Congress, the Act which admitted Texas into the Union as a state. The text of the subsequent Texas Admission Act, signed on 29 December 1845, states that Texas would be admitted to the Union "on an equal footing with the original States in all respects whatever," which moots any supposed special right for Texas to divide itself up into five states without the future approval of Congress in accordance to Article V, Section 3, of the US Constitution.

This is a document about Article Four of the United States Constitution
  from parts of existing states without the consent of the affected states. The Supreme Court has held that the Constitution requires all states to be admitted on an equal footing, though the Admissions Clause does not expressly include this requirement. The Property Clause grants Congress the power to make laws for the territories and other federal lands. The Guarantee Clause mandates that United States guarantee that all states have a "republican form of government," though it does not define this term. Article Four also requires the United States to protect each state from invasion, and, at the request of a state, from "domestic violence."

The United States Congress, specifically the Admissions Clause of the U.S. Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 3), grants the power to admit new states into the Union.


Question: who wrote the book the hitchhiker 's guide to the galaxy

Answer: Douglas Adams

This is a document about Douglas Adams
  Douglas Noel Adams (11 March 1952 – 11 May 2001) was an English author, screenwriter, essayist, humorist, satirist and dramatist. Adams was author of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, which originated in 1978 as a BBC radio comedy, before developing into a "trilogy" of five books that sold more than 15 million copies in his lifetime and generated a television series, several stage plays, comics, a video game, and a 2005 feature film. Adams's contribution to UK radio is commemorated in The Radio Academy's Hall of Fame. Adams also wrote Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency (1987) and The Long Dark Tea-Time of the Soul (1988),

This is a document about The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
  The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (sometimes referred to as HG2G, HHGTTG, H2G2, or tHGttG) is a comedy science fiction franchise created by Douglas Adams. Originally a 1978 radio comedy broadcast on BBC Radio 4, it was later adapted to other formats, including stage shows, novels, comic books, a 1981 TV series, a 1984 text-based computer game, and 2005 feature film. The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy has become an international multi-media phenomenon; the novels are the most widely distributed, having been translated into more than 30 languages by 2005. The first novel, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (1979), has been ranked fourth on the BBC’s The Big Read poll. The sixth novel, And Another Thing, was written by Eoin Colfer with additional unpublished material by Douglas Adams. In 2017, BBC Radio 4 announced

This is a document about Twentieth-century English literature
  to be taken more seriously because of the work of writers such as Arthur C. Clarke's (2001: A Space Odyssey), Isaac Asimov, Ursula K. Le Guin, Robert Heinlein, Michael Moorcock and Kim Stanley Robinson. Another prominent writer in this genre, Douglas Adams, is particularly associated with the comic science fiction work, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, which began life as a radio series in 1978. Mainstream novelists such Doris Lessing and Margaret Atwood also wrote works in this genre, while Scottish novelist Ian M. Banks has also achieved a reputation as both a writer of traditional and science fiction novels.

This is a document about The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (radio series)
  The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy is a science fiction comedy radio series written by Douglas Adams (with some material in the first series provided by John Lloyd). It was originally broadcast in the United Kingdom by BBC Radio 4 in 1978, and afterwards the BBC World Service, National Public Radio in the US and CBC Radio in Canada. The series was the first radio comedy programme to be produced in stereo, and was innovative in its use of music and sound effects, winning a number of awards. The series follows the adventures of hapless Englishman Arthur Dent and his friend Ford Prefect, an alien who writes for The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, a pan-galactic encyclopaedia

This is a document about Labyrinth: The Computer Game
  they were sent to London by Lucasfilm management for a one-week brainstorming session with Douglas Adams, author of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. Adams had worked previously with Infocom, during the development of his book's 1984 video game adaptation. Also present at the meetings were writer Christopher Cerf (a friend of the film's director, Jim Henson) and Brenda Laurel of Activision, the game's publisher. The team worked extensively with Adams during this period. Laurel later wrote: "Every day a fresh blast of his wild and intelligent humor stoked up the creativity of the team". In her view, the pinnacle of the meetings was Adams' idea for the opening sequence. He suggested a

This is a document about The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
  Douglas Adams and Geoffrey Perkins collaborated on The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy: The Original Radio Scripts, first published in the United Kingdom and United States in 1985. A tenth-anniversary (of the script book publication) edition was printed in 1995, and a twenty-fifth-anniversary (of the first radio series broadcast) edition was printed in 2003. The 2004 series was produced by Above The Title Productions and the scripts were published in July 2005, with production notes for each episode. This second radio script book is entitled The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Radio Scripts: The Tertiary, Quandary and Quintessential Phases. Douglas Adams gets the primary writer's credit (as he wrote the original novels), and there is a foreword by Simon Jones, introductions by the producer and the director, and other introductory notes from other members of the cast.

This is a document about Arthur C. Clarke
  Sir Arthur Charles Clarke (16 December 1917 – 19 March 2008) was an English science-fiction writer, science writer, futurist, inventor, undersea explorer, and television series host. He co-wrote the screenplay for the 1968 film 2001: A Space Odyssey, one of the most influential films of all time. Clarke was a science fiction writer, an avid populariser of space travel, and a futurist of a distinguished ability. He wrote many books and many essays for popular magazines. In 1961, he received the Kalinga Prize, a UNESCO award for popularising science. Clarke's science and science-fiction writings earned him the moniker "Prophet of the Space Age". His science-fiction writings in particular earned him a number of Hugo and Nebula awards, which along with a large readership, made him one of the towering figures of the genre. For many years Clarke, Robert Heinlein, and Isaac Asimov were known as the "Big Three" of

This is a document about The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (novel)
  The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy is the first book in the Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy comedy science fiction "trilogy of six books" by Douglas Adams. The novel is an adaptation of the first four parts of Adams's radio series of the same name, centering on the adventures of the only man to survive the destruction of Earth; while roaming outer space, he comes to learn the truth behind Earth's existence. The novel was first published in London on 12 October 1979. It sold 250,000 copies in the first three months. The namesake of the novel is The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, a fictional guide book for hitchhikers (inspired by the Hitch-hiker's Guide to Europe) written in the form of an encyclopaedia.

This is a document about The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy: The Original Radio Scripts
   The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy: The Original Radio Scripts is a book, published in 1985, containing the scripts for the original radio series version of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas Adams. Text present in the original scripts but cut to meet time constraints are printed in italics. This book also includes explanatory footnotes, behind-the-scenes anecdotes, and forewords by Adams and by series producer Geoffrey Perkins. The book was reprinted in a 10th-year edition in 1995, and a 25th anniversary edition in 2003. The 25th anniversary edition contains a new introduction by Geoffrey Perkins, and newly researched material by M. J. Simpson, including a

This is a document about Douglas Adams
  The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy was a concept for a science-fiction comedy radio series pitched by Adams and radio producer Simon Brett to BBC Radio 4 in 1977. Adams came up with an outline for a pilot episode, as well as a few other stories (reprinted in Neil Gaiman's book Don't Panic: The Official Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Companion) that could be used in the series. According to Adams, the idea for the title occurred to him while he lay drunk in a field in Innsbruck, Austria, gazing at the stars. He was carrying a copy of the Hitch-hiker's Guide to Europe, and

This is a document about Science fiction comedy
  the Gallegher series (about a drunken inventor and his narcissistic robot) and the Hogben series (about a family of mutant hillbillies). The former appeared in Astounding Science Fiction in 1943 and 1948 and was collected in hardcover as Robots Have No Tails (Gnome, 1952), and the latter appeared in Thrilling Wonder Stories in the late 1940s. In the 1950s comedy became more common in science fiction. Some of the authors contributing included: Alfred Bester, Harry Harrison, C. M. Kornbluth, Frederik Pohl, and Robert Sheckley. The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy  is a comic science-fiction series written by Douglas Adams. Originally a radio comedy broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 1978, it later morphed into other formats, including stage shows, novels, comic books, a 1981 TV series, a 1984 computer game, and

This is a document about Phrases from The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
  The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy is a comic science fiction series created by Douglas Adams that has become popular among fans of the genre and members of the scientific community. Phrases from it are widely recognised and often used in reference to, but outside the context of, the source material. Many writers on popular science, such as Fred Alan Wolf, Paul Davies, and Michio Kaku, have used quotations in their books to illustrate facts about cosmology or philosophy.

This is a document about Octet (musical)
  The program's bibliography cites several sources of inspiration, including: Text Douglas Adams, The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy; Sherwood Anderson, Winesburg, Ohio; John Cage, Silence; Nicholas Carr, The Shallows; Chuang-Tzu; Ernest Cline, Ready Player One; Richard Dawkins, The God Delusion; Philip K. Dick, Valis; James Gleick, The Information; Jonathan Haidt, The Righteous Mind; Ray Kurzweil, The Singularity Is Near; C. S. Lewis, The Screwtape Letters; Angela Nagle, Kill All Normies; Michael Pollan, How to Change Your Mind; Catherine Price, How to Break Up with Your Phone; Jon Ronson, So You've Been Publicly Shamed; Rumi, “A Great Wagon”''; George Saunders, Tenth of December; Wallace Shawn, Essays; Neil Stephenson, Snow Crash; Alan Watts, The Book; Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass; Pete Walker, Complex

This is a document about Doctor Who fandom
  The series has a devoted global following of people from a range of backgrounds. Some fans have ended up working creatively on the television series. One of the most prominent examples is the creator of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, the late Douglas Adams, who wrote or co-wrote several television scripts (The Pirate Planet, City of Death and Shada) and was script editor of the original series' seventeenth season. Adams had been a fan since the first season, and made two attempts to pitch a script for Doctor Who in the early 1970s before his first serial was commissioned.

This is a document about Warmonger (novel)
 Peri quotes from The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas Adams. Adams was script editor on Doctor Who in 1979 and wrote three stories for the programme, The Pirate Planet, City of Death and the uncompleted Shada.

This is a document about The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (novel)
 The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (1979) ; The Restaurant at the End of the Universe (1980) ; Life, the Universe and Everything (1982) ; So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish (1984) ; Mostly Harmless (1992) The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy was adapted into a science fiction comedy film directed by Garth Jennings and released on 28 April 2005 in the UK, Australia and New Zealand, and on the following day in the United States and Canada. It was rolled out to cinemas worldwide during May, June, July, August and September. The deliberately misnamed Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy "Trilogy" consists of six books (a hexalogy). Although the series was called a trilogy by readers, the word "trilogy" does not appear on the cover of the first three books and was not used until the publication of the fourth one. The first five books of the series were written by Adams:  On 16 September 2008 it was announced that Irish author Eoin Colfer would continue the series with a sixth novel. This book, entitled And Another Thing..., was published in October 2009, on the 30th anniversary of the publication of the original novel.

This is a document about Dimension of Miracles
  Dimension of Miracles (1968) has been cited as similar to Douglas Adams's The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (1978). In an interview for Neil Gaiman's book Don't Panic: The Official Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Companion, Adams said he had not read anything by Sheckley until after writing the Guide (the first volume in the series) and having seen it printed, and later found some of the parallels between the two works to be eerie, but after all a coincidence. Gaiman, in an interview two decades later, and five years after Adams' death, paraphrased Adams' comments saying that some of the resemblances had been "disturbingly close."

This is a document about The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
  are quoted as saying that Adams mentioned the idea of "hitch-hiking around the galaxy" to them while on holiday in Greece in 1973. Adams's fictional Guide is an electronic guidebook to the entire universe, originally published by Megadodo Publications, one of the great publishing houses of Ursa Minor Beta. The narrative of the various versions of the story is frequently punctuated with excerpts from the Guide. The voice of the Guide (Peter Jones in the first two radio series and TV versions, later William Franklyn in the third, fourth and fifth radio series, and Stephen Fry in the movie version), also provides general narration.

This is a document about Starstruck (comics)
  tank of empathic merpeople was cut from the Graphic Novel, but restored and expanded in the later Dark Horse series. The subtitle was a lyric quote from Bob Dylan's 1964 song "Chimes of Freedom". The graphic novel, dedicated to director Robert Altman and author Thomas Pynchon, included a four-page glossary in the back that expanded upon references in the story, much in the spirit of the concurrent work of Douglas Adams' The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. This became an ongoing tradition in the future issues. Starstruck: The Luckless, the Abandoned and Forsaked was nominated for a Jack Kirby Award as The Best Graphic Album of 1985.

This is a document about Douglas Adams
  Fish (1984) (novel) ; The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (1984, with Steve Meretzky) (computer game) ; The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy: The Original Radio Scripts (1985, with Geoffrey Perkins) ; Young Zaphod Plays It Safe (short story) (1986) ; A Christmas Fairly Story [sic] (1986, with Terry Jones), and ; Supplement to The Meaning of Liff (1986, with John Lloyd and Stephen Fry), both part of ; The Utterly Utterly Merry Comic Relief Christmas Book (1986, edited with Peter Fincham) ; Bureaucracy (1987) (computer game) ; Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency (1987) (novel) ; The Long Dark Tea-Time of the Soul (1988) (novel) ; The Deeper Meaning of Liff (1990, with John Lloyd) ; Last Chance to See

Douglas Adams wrote the book "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy."


Question: when was the first railway track built in india

Answer: 1837

This is a document about Indian Railways
  The first railway proposals for India were made in Madras in 1832. The country's first transport train, Red Hill Railway (built by Arthur Cotton to transport granite for road-building), ran from Red Hills to the Chintadripet bridge in Madras in 1837. In 1845, the Godavari Dam Construction Railway was built by Cotton at Dowleswaram in Rajahmundry, to supply stone for the construction of a dam over the Godavari River. In 1851, the Solani Aqueduct Railway was built by Proby Cautley in Roorkee to transport construction materials for an aqueduct over the Solani River. These railway tracks were dismantled after these projects were

This is a document about 1859 in rail transport
 March 3 — Construction begins on the first railway in northern India as tracks are laid between the present day locations of Allahabad and Kanpur. March 15 – While under lease to Bristol and Exeter Railway, the Somerset Central Railway is extended to Wells.

This is a document about History of rail transport
   The first proposals for railways in India were made in Madras in 1832. The first train in India ran from Red Hills to Chintadripet bridge in Madras in 1837. It was called Red Hill Railway. It was hauled by a rotary steam engine locomotive manufactured by William Avery. It was built by Sir Arthur Cotton. It was primarily used for transporting granite stones for road building work in Madras. In 1845, a railway was built at Dowleswaram in Rajahmundry. It was called Godavari Dam Construction Railway. It was also built by Arthur Cotton. It was used to supply stones for construction of a dam over Godavari. On 8 May 1845, Madras Railway was incorporated. In

This is a document about Royapuram railway station
  which built a 21-mile-long route from Bori Bunder (later the Victoria Terminus) in Bombay to Thane, becoming India's first railway line opened for traffic on 16 April 1853. With the Madras Railway Company reconstituting itself in 1849, the plans for a railway line in the south was revived further to the efforts by the mercantile community of Madras Presidency, which lobbied for rail connectivity. Work on the southern line began in 1853 and the railway line was extended from Royapuram (Madras) to Arcot, then titular capital of the Nawab of the Carnatic (the present day Walajapet, near Ranipet in Tamil Nadu). Royapuram was selected as the location for the

This is a document about Pune Junction railway station
  The first passenger train in India ran on 16 April 1853 on the track laid by the Great Indian Peninsula Railway from Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus in Mumbai to. The GIPR line was extended to in 1854, then on the south-east side to  via Palasdari railway station at the foot of the Western Ghats in 1856. While construction work was in progress across the Bhor Ghat, GIPR opened the – track to the public in 1858. The Pune railway station opened in 1858. The Bhor Ghat incline connecting Palasdari to Khandala was completed in 1862, thereby connecting Mumbai and Pune. The

This is a document about Howrah–Allahabad–Mumbai line
  The first train in India traveled from Bombay to Thane on 16 April 1853. By May 1854, Great Indian Peninsula Railway's Bombay–Thane line was extended to Kalyan. It was extended to Khopoli via Palasdhari in 1855. station was set up in 1860 and Pune connected in 1863. In Eastern India, construction of the Howrah–Delhi main line was completed and through connection between Delhi and Kolkata was established in 1865. The last link was the bridge across the Yamuna at Allahabad. In 1866 Bhusawal-Khandwa section was opened and GIPR also extended its operations to Nagpur. East Indian Railway, which had established the Howrah–Allahabad–Delhi line, opened the Allahabad–Jabalpur branch line in June 1867. GIPR connection over the Thull Ghat reached Jabalpur from Itarsi on 7 March 1870, linking up with EIR track there from Allahabad, and establishing connectivity between Mumbai and Kolkata. The

This is a document about History of rail transport in India
  India's first railway proposals were made in Madras in 1832. The Red Hill Railway, the country's first train, ran from Red Hills to Chintadripet bridge in Madras in 1837. It was hauled by a rotary steam-engine locomotive manufactured by William Avery. Built by Arthur Cotton, the railway was primarily used to transport laterite stone for road-building work in Madras. In 1845, the Godavari Dam Construction Railway was built at Dowleswaram in Rajahmundry. Also built by Cotton, it supplied stone for the construction of a dam over the Godavari River. On 8 May 1845, the Madras Railway was incorporated, followed that year by the East India Railway. On 1 August 1849, the Great Indian Peninsular Railway was incorporated by an act of parliament. The "guarantee system", providing free land and a guaranteed five-percent rate of return to private British companies willing to build railways, was finalized on 17 August 1849. In 1851, the Solani Aqueduct Railway was built in Roorkee. It was hauled by the Thomason steam locomotive, named after a British officer-in-charge of that name. The railway transported construction materials for an aqueduct over the Solani River. In 1852, the Madras Guaranteed Railway Company was incorporated.

This is a document about Bilaspur–Nagpur section
  The first train in India travelled from Mumbai to Thane on 16 April 1853. By May 1854, Great Indian Peninsula Railway's Bombay–Thane line was extended to Kalyan. Bhusawal station was set up in 1860 and in 1867 the GIPR branch line was extended to Nagpur. The Nagpur Chhattisgarh Railway started construction of the 240 km metre gauge (soon converted to broad gauge) Nagpur–Rajnandgaon section in 1878, after surveys were started in 1871. The Nagpur–Tumsar Road section was opened in April 1880 and the Tumsar Road–Rajnandgaon section in December 1880. The Howrah–Allahabad–Mumbai line, a joint effort of Great Indian Peninsula Railway and East Indian Railway

This is a document about Rail transport in India
  The first proposals for railways in India were made in Madras in 1832. The first train in India ran from Red Hills to Chintadripet bridge in 1837. It was called the Red Hill Railway and used a rotary steam locomotive manufactured by William Avery. The railway was built by Sir Arthur Cotton and was mainly used for transporting granite stones for road-building work in Madras. In 1845, Cotton built the Godavari Dam Construction Railway at Dowleswaram in Rajahmundry, used to supply stone for construction of a dam on the Godavari River. On 8 May 1845, the Madras Railway was incorporated, and the East Indian Railway Company (EIR) was incorporated the same year. On 1 August 1849, the Great Indian Peninsula Railway (GIPR) was incorporated by an Act of Parliament. A "guarantee system" providing free land and guaranteeing five-percent rates of return to private English companies building railways was finalised on 17 August 1849. In 1851, the Solani Aqueduct Railway was built in Roorkee; freight was hauled by a steam locomotive called Thomason, after a British officer. It was used for transporting construction materials for an aqueduct over the Solani river. In 1852, the Madras Guaranteed Railway Company was incorporated.

This is a document about Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line
  The first train in India travelled from in Bombay to Tannah (current Thane) on 16 April 1853. By May 1854, Great Indian Peninsula Railway's Bombay–Tannah line was extended to Callian (current Kalyan). station was set up in 1860 and in 1867 the GIPR branch line was extended to. While the entire Mumbai–Nagpur line was broad gauge, the next part from Nagpur to Rajnandgaon was metre gauge. The Nagpur Chhattisgarh Railway started construction of the 240 km Nagpur–Rajnandgaon section in 1878, after surveys were started in 1871. The Nagpur–Tumsar Road section was opened in April 1880 and the Tumsar Road–Rajnandgaon section in December 1880. The GIPR and EIR, working jointly, completed the Howrah–Allahabad–Mumbai line thereby establishing a connection between Kolkata and Mumbai in 1870. The great famine of 1878 was an impetus for the fast

This is a document about Indian Railways
  and no longer exist. India's first passenger train, operated by the Great Indian Peninsula Railway and hauled by three steam locomotives (Sahib, Sindh and Sultan), ran for 34 km with 400 people in 14 carriages on broad gauge track between Bori Bunder (Mumbai) and Thane on 16 April 1853. The Thane viaducts, India's first railway bridges, were built over the Thane creek when the Mumbai-Thane line was extended to Kalyan in May 1854. Eastern India's first passenger train ran 24 mi from Howrah, near Kolkata, to Hoogly on 15 August 1854. The first passenger train in South India ran 60 mi from

This is a document about Rail transport in India
  The first passenger train in India ran between Bombay (Bori Bunder) and Thane on 16 April 1853. The 14-carriage train was hauled by three steam locomotives – Sahib, Sindh and Sultan; it carried 400 people and ran on a line of 34 km built and operated by the Great Indian Peninsula Railway. This line was built in broad gauge, which became the standard for railways in the country. In May 1854, the Bombay–Thane line was extended to Kalyan by India's first railway bridges, the Thane viaducts, over Thane Creek. In Eastern India, the first passenger railway train ran from Howrah (near Calcutta) to Hoogly on 15

This is a document about Economic history of India
  regions. A series of new rail companies were established, leading to rapid expansion. In 1853, the first passenger train service was inaugurated between Bori Bunder in Bombay and Thane, covering a distance of 34 km. The route mileage of this network increased from 1349 km in 1860 to 25495 km in 1880 – mostly radiating inland from the port cities of Bombay, Madras and Calcutta. Most of the railway construction was done by Indian companies supervised by British engineers. The system was sturdily built. Several large princely states built their own rail systems and the network spread across India. By 1900 India had a

This is a document about Transport in Chennai
  line became operational in the same year, with a written report of its functioning since January 1838, thus marking the first rail transport in the country 16 years prior to the running of the first commercial passenger service in India, the Bori Bunder–Thane train with 14 carriages hauled by three locomotives on 16 April 1853. Although the Chintadripet line was primarily intended for wagons hauled by animals, steam locomotives were also operated on the line, one of which is believed to be built in India. In 1845, Madras Railway Company was mooted, and in 1852 Madras Guaranteed Railway Company was formed. In 1852, the work for laying the first track by Madras Guaranteed Railway Company

This is a document about Transport in Chennai
  The city of Chennai is the birthplace of the railway system in India. In 1831–33, Madras Parliament first came up with the idea. In 1832, the first proposal of railway under the British administration was made in Madras, 21 years before the first operational railway line in India. Later in 1836 A. P. Cotton, a civil engineer in Madras, advocated the construction of a railroad in India. Meanwhile, in 1835, a short railway line intended to carry granite stones was laid at Chintadripet on an experimental basis, which later became to known as Red Hill Railroad line. Construction on this line began in 1836 and the line was opened in 1837. Despite a few troubles,

This is a document about Department of Public Works (West Bengal)
  P.W.D. and was converted into a separate department under the management and control of Railway Board. The first railway line in India was commissioned in 1853 from Bombay to Thane and train services were introduced. Till 1905 about 3600 miles of railway track was constructed by the P.W.D. Increased initiative by the British Government for more development increased the work load of P.W.D. considerably. In 1920, P.W.D. was divided into two separate departments, viz., Public Works and Irrigation. Surface Roads of pre-independence period were maintained by Works and Building Directorate, which subsequently nomenclatured as P.W. Directorate under the administrative set up of P.W. Department.

This is a document about Solapur railway station
  The first passenger train in India from Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus in Mumbai to ran on 16 April 1853 on the track laid by the Great Indian Peninsula Railway. The GIPR line was extended to in 1854 and then on the south-east side to  via Palasdari railway station at the foot of the Western Ghats in 1856. While construction work was in progress across the Bhor Ghat, GIPR opened to public the – track in 1858. The Bhor Ghat incline connecting Palasdari to Khandala was completed in 1862, thereby connecting Mumbai and Pune. The Pune–Raichur sector of the Mumbai–Chennai line was opened in stages: the portion

This is a document about Mumbai–Chennai line
  The first passenger train in India from Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus in Mumbai to Thane ran on 16 April 1853 on the track laid by the Great Indian Peninsula Railway. The GIPR line was extended to Kalyan in 1854 and then on the south-east side to Khopoli via Palasdari railway station at the foot of the Western Ghats in 1856. While construction work was in progress across the Bhor Ghat, GIPR opened to public the Khandala–Pune track in 1858. The Bhor Ghat incline connecting Palasdari to Khandala was completed in 1862, thereby connecting Mumbai and Pune. The Western Ghats presented a big obstacle to the railway engineers in the 1860s. The summit of the Bhor Ghat (earlier spelt as Bhore Ghat) incline being 2,027 feet. The

This is a document about Economy of India under the British Raj
  by the government guarantees, investment flowed in and a series of new rail companies were established, leading to rapid expansion of the rail system in India. In 1853 the first passenger train service was inaugurated between Bori Bunder in Bombay and Thane, covering a distance of 34 km. The route mileage of this network increased from 1349 km in 1860 to 25495 km in 1880 – mostly radiating inland from the three major port cities of Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta. Most of the railway construction was done by Indian companies supervised by British engineers. The system was heavily built, in terms of sturdy tracks and strong bridges. Soon several large princely states built their own rail

This is a document about Sahibganj loop
  Railway transportation was introduced in India within 30 years of its maiden run in England. The East Indian Railway Company which was formed on 1 June 1845, completed its survey for a railway line from Kolkata, then called Calcutta, to Delhi via Mirzapur in 1846. The company initially became defunct on refusal of government guarantee, which was given in 1849. Thereafter, an agreement was signed between East Indian Railway Company and the East India Company, for the construction and operation of an "experimental" line between Kolkata and Rajmahal, which would later be extended to Delhi via Mirzapur. Construction began in 1851. On 15 August 1854, the first passenger train in the eastern section was operated up to

The first railway track in India was built in 1837 for the Red Hill Railway in Madras.


Question: who won dancing with the stars 2017 cast

Answer: Jordan Fisher

This is a document about Dancing with the Stars (American season 24)
  Season twenty-four of Dancing with the Stars premiered on March 20, 2017, on the ABC network. On May 23, 2017, NFL runningback Rashad Jennings and Emma Slater, were declared the winners, marking Slater's first win. Former MLB catcher David Ross and Lindsay Arnold finished second, while Fifth Harmony singer Normani and Val Chmerkovskiy finished third.

This is a document about Dancing with the Stars (American season 25)
  Season twenty-five of Dancing with the Stars premiered on September 18, 2017, on the ABC network. On November 21, 2017, actor and singer Jordan Fisher and Lindsay Arnold were declared the winners, marking Arnold's first win. Violinist and composer Lindsey Stirling and Mark Ballas finished second, while actor and race car driver Frankie Muniz and Witney Carson finished third. Having won at age 23, Fisher is currently the youngest male winner of the show, surpassing short track speed skating competitor Apolo Anton Ohno (season 4). Fisher also currently holds the record for most perfect scores by a celebrity in a season (9), surpassing Bindi Irwin (season 21) and Laurie Hernandez (season 23).

This is a document about Dancing with the Stars (American season 30)
  Season thirty of Dancing with the Stars premiered on September 20, 2021, on the ABC network. On November 22, 2021, NBA shooting guard Iman Shumpert and professional dancer Daniella Karagach were announced the winners marking Karagach's first win as a professional and Shumpert the first NBA player to make it to the finals and win. YouTube personality JoJo Siwa and Jenna Johnson placed second. Peloton instructor Cody Rigsby and Cheryl Burke placed third, and The Talk co-host Amanda Kloots and Alan Bersten placed fourth.

This is a document about Dancing with the Stars (American season 27)
  Season twenty-seven of Dancing with the Stars premiered on September 24, 2018, on the ABC network. On November 19, 2018, Radio personality Bobby Bones and Sharna Burgess were announced the winners, marking the first win for Burgess. Disney Channel star Milo Manheim with Witney Carson, actress and activist Evanna Lynch with Keo Motsepe, and model and social media personality Alexis Ren with Alan Bersten were announced as runners-up during the live finale show, but the order of finish was not revealed on the program. ABC only revealed after the show was over that Milo and Witney placed second, Evanna and Keo placed third, while Alexis and Alan placed fourth.

This is a document about Dancing with the Stars (American season 23)
  Season twenty-three of Dancing with the Stars premiered on September 12, 2016, on the ABC network. On November 22, 2016, Olympic gymnast Laurie Hernandez and Valentin Chmerkovskiy were announced the winner; IndyCar driver James Hinchcliffe and Sharna Burgess placed second, and retired NFL player Calvin Johnson Jr. and Lindsay Arnold placed third. Having won at age 16, Hernandez is currently the youngest winner of the show, surpassing Olympic gymnast Shawn Johnson (season 8).

This is a document about Dancing with the Stars (American season 29)
  Season twenty-nine of Dancing with the Stars premiered on September 14, 2020 on the ABC network. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the season was filmed without a live studio audience. On November 23, 2020, The Bachelorette star Kaitlyn Bristowe and professional dancer Artem Chigvintsev were announced winners, marking Chigvintsev's first win in the United States. He previously won the original version of DWTS in the United Kingdom, Strictly Come Dancing, in season 8. Catfish host Nev Schulman and Jenna Johnson finished second, while singer Nelly and Daniella Karagach and actress Justina Machado and Sasha Farber came in third and fourth place, respectively.

This is a document about Dancing with the Stars (American season 26)
  Season twenty-six of Dancing with the Stars, titled Dancing with the Stars: Athletes, premiered on April 30, 2018, on the ABC network. The four-week season, the shortest ever, features a cast of current and former athletes. This is the first season where more than one couple is eliminated each week. On May 21, 2018, Olympic figure skater Adam Rippon and Jenna Johnson were announced the winners, marking the first win for Johnson. Rippon is the first openly gay winner. NFL player Josh Norman, with Sharna Burgess, and former Olympic figure skater Tonya Harding, with Sasha Farber, were both announced as runners-up during the live finale show. However, it was revealed later that Josh and Sharna placed second, while Tonya and Sasha placed third.

This is a document about Rashad Jennings
  On March 1, 2017, Jennings was revealed as one of the contestants who would compete on Season 24 of Dancing with the Stars and was paired with professional dancer Emma Slater. Jennings and Slater went on to win the competition on May 23, 2017. It was Slater's first win on the competition show and Jennings is the fourth NFL player to win the show. In November 2017, Jennings returned to 25th season in Week eight, to participate in a trio Cha-cha-cha with Drew Scott and his professional partner Emma Slater. In May 2018, Jennings returned to the ballroom as guest judge for

This is a document about Dancing with the Stars (American season 28)
  Season twenty-eight of Dancing with the Stars premiered on September 16, 2019 on the ABC network. On November 25, 2019, The Bachelorette star Hannah Brown and professional dancer Alan Bersten were announced winners, marking Bersten’s first win. Actor and comedian Kel Mitchell and Witney Carson finished second, while singers Ally Brooke and Sasha Farber and Lauren Alaina and Gleb Savchenko came in third and fourth place, respectively. This also marked the last season for co-hosts Tom Bergeron and Erin Andrews, after 28 and 11 seasons with the show, respectively. Mary Wilson died on February 8, 2021, less than one and a half years after participating; she also died less than two weeks after the show's oldest competitor, actress Cloris Leachman from season seven.

This is a document about List of Dancing with the Stars (American TV series) competitors
  30, 2019, just under six years after her participation, Cloris Leachman of season seven, who died on January 27, 2021, twelve years after her participation, and Mary Wilson of season twenty-eight, who died on February 8, 2021, less than one and a half years after her participation. Forty-eight professional dancers have partnered with the celebrities. The thirty winners of the show, in chronological order, are Kelly Monaco, Drew Lachey, Emmitt Smith, Apolo Anton Ohno, Hélio Castroneves, Kristi Yamaguchi, Brooke Burke, Shawn Johnson, Donny Osmond, Nicole Scherzinger, Jennifer Grey, Hines Ward, J.R. Martinez, Donald Driver, Melissa Rycroft, Kellie Pickler, Amber Riley, Meryl

This is a document about Cosentino (illusionist)
  Cosentino was announced as the winner of Dancing With The Stars on 26 November 2013, along with his dancing partner Jessica Raffa.

This is a document about Maksim Chmerkovskiy
  elimination. In February 2013, Chmerkovskiy announced his departure from Dancing with the Stars for Season 16. Chmerkovskiy returned on the fifth week of Season 16 for "Len's Side-By-Side Challenge", where he danced with Anna Trebunskaya in an Argentine Tango with brother Val and his partner Zendaya and in a Jive with Jacoby Jones and his partner Karina Smirnoff. Prior to the full cast announcement, US Weekly reported Chmerkovskiy would return to Dancing for season 18 after a two-season break. Chmerkovskiy was paired with Olympic ice dancer Meryl Davis. They were announced the winners on May 20, 2014, marking Chmerkovskiy's first win. At the end of Season 18, they had the highest average of any dancers of the show with a 28.4 average, and were tied for the most perfect scores, earning a total of six.

This is a document about Nev Schulman
  Max Joseph, where he introduces couples in real life who have fallen for each other online but have yet to meet. In 2018, production was suspended following an accusation of sexual misconduct. Soon after, upon an investigation, the report of sexual misconduct was found to be "not credible" and the suspension was lifted. Schulman has written a book, In Real Life: Love, Lies & Identity in the Digital Age (2014). In it, he gives both personal history and observations gleaned from his work on Catfish. He appeared in 2018 film Nobody's Fool playing himself together with Max. On September 2, 2020, Schulman was announced as one of the celebrities competing on the 29th season of Dancing with the Stars. Schulman and his partner Jenna Johnson came in second place to season 29 winner Kaitlyn Bristowe and her partner Artem Chigvintsev.

This is a document about Treasure Island (TV franchise)
  former New Zealand Warriors league player Monty Betham, Aja Rock, Carolyn Taylor, Jay Quinn, Elizabeth Grey; and The Corsairs, which included Australian disgraced rugby union player Wendell Sailor and David Beckham's former assistant Rebecca Loos, April Ieremia, Glen Osbourne, Steve Devin and Li Ming Hu. The first twist of the season is an additional tribe, also known as The Others – consist of Dancing With The Stars Hayley Holt, DIY Rescue builder Doug Thompson, personal trainer Keri Ropati, Mr India NZ Jay Singh, Miss Hawaiian Tropic Carena West and Cleo Bachelor Of The Year Nick Curnow. Dancing with the Stars dancer Hayley Holt was the season's winner with Wendell Sailor coming in second.

This is a document about Valentin Chmerkovskiy
  of Dancing with the Stars, they were the third couple to be eliminated, finishing in 10th place. Chmerkovskiy danced as a professional partner in season 15 with season 1 winner, Kelly Monaco. They finished in third place on the season finale. For season 16, Chmerkovskiy was partnered with Disney Channel's Shake It Up star, Zendaya. On May 21, Zendaya and Val came in second place behind Derek Hough and Kellie Pickler. For season 17, he paired with film and television actress Elizabeth Berkley Lauren. Despite receiving high scores, they were eliminated on week 9, finishing in sixth place. For season 18, he paired with actress and author Danica

This is a document about Dancing with the Stars (American season 19)
  Season nineteen of Dancing with the Stars premiered on September 15, 2014. On November 25, 2014, Alfonso Ribeiro and his partner Witney Carson were crowned champions. The runners-up were Sadie Robertson and Mark Ballas, and Janel Parrish and Valentin Chmerkovskiy came in third. Ribeiro was the first male celebrity to win since Donald Driver in season 14, and it was Carson's first win—she is the first former So You Think You Can Dance contestant turned Dancing with the Stars professional to win. Cheryl Burke, who was featured on every season of the show except the first, decided to leave when her contract expired at the end of the nineteenth season. She returned in season 23.

This is a document about Dancing with the Stars (American season 22)
  Season twenty-two of Dancing with the Stars premiered March 21, 2016, on the ABC network. Hosts Tom Bergeron and Erin Andrews returned, as did judges Carrie Ann Inaba and Bruno Tonioli. Len Goodman returned as head judge, after being absent for the previous season; while Julianne Hough did not return as judge. On May 24, 2016, Nyle DiMarco and his partner Peta Murgatroyd were crowned champions; this was Murgatroyd's second win on the show, as she also won season 14 with Donald Driver. DiMarco is also the first deaf contestant to win the show. Paige VanZant and Mark Ballas finished second, while Ginger Zee and Valentin Chmerkovskiy placed third.

This is a document about Strictly Come Dancing
  it was announced that Bruno Tonioli would not be on the judging panel but would appear virtually while he filmed Dancing with the Stars in the US. It was the first series since 2012 to begin in October. On 12 November 2020, Nicola Adams and Katya Jones were forced to withdraw from the competition after Jones tested positive for COVID-19. On 19 December 2020, Bill Bailey and Oti Mabuse were crowned the winners of the series, making Mabuse the second professional dancer to win the show twice and the first to win it consecutively, following her 2019 victory. This series featured the first all-female and same-sex partnership of Nicola Adams and Katya Jones.

This is a document about Dancing with the Stars (American season 12)
  current co-host), Apolo Anton Ohno (Season 4 champion), Donny Osmond (Season 9 champion), Warren Sapp (Season 7 finalist) also returned to provide color commentary on their memorable individual freestyle routines. In addition, the dance troupe and professional dancers performed two medleys. Season 2 winners Drew Lachey and Cheryl Burke also returned and performed their fan favorite freestyle, "Save a Horse, Ride a Cowboy." The final results show featured performances by The Black Eyed Peas ("Don't Stop the Party"), The Go-Go's ("We Got the Beat") and Sara Evans ("A Little Bit Stronger"). The second song featured dances by Maksim Chmerkovskiy, Lacey Schwimmer, Cheryl Burke and Chelsie Hightower.

This is a document about Laurie Hernandez
  Hernandez was revealed as one of the celebrities competing on season 23 of Dancing with the Stars on August 30, 2016. She was partnered with professional dancer Valentin Chmerkovskiy. The couple won the Mirrorball Trophy on the episode that aired November 22, 2016. At 16, Hernandez is currently the show's youngest winner. In November 2017, Hernandez returned to the 25th season in week eight, to participate in a trio jive with Victoria Arlen and her professional partner Valentin Chmerkovskiy.

Rashad Jennings and Emma Slater won "Dancing with the Stars" season 24 in 2017.


Question: who wrote beat it on down the line

Answer: Jesse Fuller

This is a document about Beat It On Down the Line
  "Beat It Down the Line" is a country-blues song written by Jesse Fuller and first recorded in 1961. The lyrics mention "Joe Brown's Coal Mine", which refer to Joseph E. Brown, four times governor of Georgia and president of the Dale Coal Company who ran numerous coal mines in the state. The song was covered by the Grateful Dead and was one of the first songs the band played live, even being performed in their pre-Dead jug band incarnation as Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions in 1964 and appeared on their first album. It remained in the band's sets throughout their career, being performed at least 323 times between 3/12/66 and 10/3/94, every year except 1976 and 1995.

This is a document about Down to the Line
  "Down to the Line" is a 1975 song written by Randy Bachman, with Kim Fowley, Mark Anthony and Vincent Furnier (better known as Alice Cooper). It was first recorded by Canadian rock group Bachman–Turner Overdrive (BTO) as a non-album single and released in November 1975, just ahead of their December 1975 album Head On. The lead vocal is provided by Randy Bachman. It was the only non-album single released by BTO, though it was included on some later releases of the Head On album in CD format. "Down to the Line" just missed the U.S. Top 40, peaking at #43 on the Billboard Hot 100 on January 3, 1976. The single fared much better in Canada, peaking at #13 on the Canadian

This is a document about List of train songs
 "B & O Blues", separate songs, artists followed by composers: Bumble Bee Slim (Amos Easton), Big Joe Turner (Big Joe Turner) ; "B & O Blues, No. 2" (Gary Atkinson, Blind Willie McTell) by Blind Willie McTell ; "Back on the Train" (Tom Marshall) by Phish, Toots and the Maytals ; "Back Up Train" (Palmer James, Curtis Rodgers) by Al Green ; "Bad Luck Blues" (Blind Lemon Jefferson) by Blind Lemon Jefferson ; "'Battle Fought on the Shields Railway, The'" Broadside published by W. & T. Fordyce, Newcastle, England, 1839 ; "Beat It on Down the Line" (Jesse Fuller) by Jesse Fuller,

This is a document about I Shot Ya
  The song was recorded at Chung King Studios, and both versions were created from a sample of "Put it on the Line" by singer Lyn Collins. In an interview with the Trackmasters, the beat was originally meant for The Notorious B.I.G.. However, the beat was given to LL Cool J at the insistence of Chris Lighty, who was the manager of Fat Joe at the time. The original version contains three verses from LL and with the chorus provided by Murray, while the remix version was given new verses written and recorded at separate times by LL, Murray, Prodigy, Fat Joe, and Foxy Brown. While LL and the Trackmasters were working on the song, Fat Joe happened to be in another room one day, writing lyrics for his second album Jealous

This is a document about Dick's Picks Volume 36
  9/21/72 The Spectrum, Philadelphia, PA — Second Set

 "Dark Star" > (Garcia, Hart, Bill Kreutzmann, Lesh, Ron "Pigpen" McKernan, Weir, Hunter) – 37:08

 "Morning Dew" (Bonnie Dobson, Tim Rose) – 12:10

 "Beat It On Down the Line" (Jesse Fuller) – 3:34

 "Mississippi Half-Step Uptown Toodeloo" (Garcia, Hunter) – 10:02

 "Sugar Magnolia" (Weir, Hunter) – 8:30
 "Friend of the Devil" (Garcia, Dawson, Hunter) – 3:37

This is a document about Rick Derringer
  their bands, and also producing all of their gold and platinum disc recordings. He has worked with Steely Dan, Cyndi Lauper and "Weird Al" Yankovic, producing Yankovic's Grammy Award-winning songs "Eat It" and "Fat". "Eat It" included Derringer's guitar solo, which emulated Eddie Van Halen's solo on Michael Jackson's "Beat It". The work he did with Yankovic convinced Vince McMahon, the president of the World Wrestling Federation, that Derringer should be the producer of The Wrestling Album (1985) and then the follow-up, Piledriver: The Wrestling Album II (1987). The albums included the entrance song for Hulk Hogan, "Real American", and the Demolition tag team, "Demolition".

This is a document about On Down the Line (song)
  "On Down the Line" is a song written by Kostas, and recorded by American country music artist Patty Loveless. It was released in May 1990 as the first single and title track from her album On Down the Line.

This is a document about Go Go Go (Roy Orbison song)
  The song was released as a Sun Records single in May, 1956, Sun 242, Matrix # U-193, as the B side to "Ooby Dooby" with the backup group The Teen Kings. The song was later released under the title "Down the Line" by Jerry Lee Lewis and Ricky Nelson. Sam Phillips, the owner and founder of Sun Records, bought out Orbison's songs on Sun Records and placed his name on the songwriting credits although Orbison was the actual songwriter. The song was re-recorded by Orbison with the Art Movement in 1969, for the album The Big O released in 1970, and was called "Down the Line".

This is a document about 30 Trips Around the Sun
 Jerry Garcia, Donna Jean Godchaux, Keith Godchaux, Bill Kreutzmann, Phil Lesh, Bob Weir ; Recorded by Owsley Stanley First set: ; 1) "Big Railroad Blues" (Lewis) – 4:00 ; 2) "Mexicali Blues" (Weir, John Barlow) – 3:50 ; 3) "Loser" (Garcia, Hunter) – 6:36 ; 4) "Black-Throated Wind" (Weir, Barlow) – 6:39 ; 5) Cumberland Blues" (Garcia, Lesh, Hunter) – 6:48 ; 6) "Sugaree" (Garcia, Hunter) – 7:27 ; 7) "El Paso" (Marty Robbins) – 4:32 ; 8) "Tennessee Jed" (Garcia, Hunter) – 7:53 ; 9) "Beat It On Down the Line" (Fuller) – 3:23 ; 10) "Bird Song" (Garcia, Hunter) – 9:17 ; 11) "Big River" (Johnny Cash) – 5:04 ; 12) "Brown-Eyed Women" (Garcia, Hunter) – 4:53 1) "Playing in the Band" (Weir, Hart, Hunter) – 17:31 ; Second set: ; 1) "Greatest Story Ever Told" >

This is a document about Throw Down a Line
  "Throw Down a Line" was written by Hank Marvin, guitarist for the Shadows, who had temporarily split up. He recalled that he wrote it "with Jimi Hendrix in mind. I had a Vox drum box – all I could get out of it was 'gong-CLOCK-gong-CLOCK'. Anyway, I couldn't get it to Hendrix. Mickie Most took it to Jeff Beck and Rod Stewart. Then Cliff heard an acetate and said 'Why didn't you play it to me first?'". The Jeff Beck Group did record a version of "Throw Down the Line" in February 1969, but it wasn't included on the band's album Beck-Ola as Most didn't think it would be a hit. It remained unreleased until its inclusion as a bonus track on the 2004 reissue of Beck-Ola. Richard and Marvin recorded their version in May 1969, with Richard singing the lead vocals, Marvin singing the vocal harmonies and playing guitar and it was backed by the Mike Vickers Orchestra. It was released as a single with the B-side "Reflections", which was performed only by Richard and was written by Richard and Keith Craddock.

This is a document about Jesse Fuller
  Fuller influenced and has had songs covered by Bob Dylan ("You're No Good"), Johnny Cash ("The Legend of John Henry"), Grateful Dead ("The Monkey and the Engineer" and "Beat It On Down the Line"), Hot Tuna, Peter, Paul and Mary, Janis Joplin, Jim Croce, Eric Clapton, Phoebe Snow ("San Francisco Bay Blues"), Don Partridge ("San Francisco Bay Blues", "Working on the Railroad" and "Stealin' Back to My Old Time Used to Be"), Glenn Yarbrough, Richie Havens, Eric Clapton, Paul McCartney, T. Nile, Dan the One Man Band, Mungo Jerry, Tim O'Brien & Hot Rize ("99 Years and One Dark Day"), Punch Brothers, and Dave Rawlings Machine ("Monkey and the Engineer"). During Fuller's UK tour in 1965, Don Partridge booked him for a sold-out concert in Ealing and was so influenced by Fuller that he developed his own stand-up one-man band concept for street busking in the UK, later leading to his pop success.

This is a document about "Weird Al" Yankovic in 3-D
  got a lot of nasty stares from store managers." The final parody recorded for the album was "Eat It", a parody of Michael Jackson's "Beat It", about an exasperated parent whose picky child is refusing to eat. Yankovic formulated the idea during a brainstorming session between himself, Robert K. Weiss, and his manager Jay Levey. They were bouncing ideas off one another until suddenly "[they] had the whole thing written." Although he knew that the best way to get permission to parody a song was through the official songwriter, Yankovic was unsure what type of reaction he would get

This is a document about Down to the Line
  charts. As the Head On album had yet to be released, the B-side of “Down to the Line” is the song “She’s a Devil” from the band’s earlier 1975 album Four Wheel Drive. The original single credits only Randy Bachman as the song's composer. Mark Anthony and Kim Fowley later sued Bachman over the chorus riff of "Down to the Line", which is identical to the main riff in the Alice Cooper song "Escape", composed by Fowley, Anthony and Cooper for the Welcome to My Nightmare album. As a result of the lawsuit, settled out of court, the three additional writing credits were added to Bachman's on subsequent releases of "Down to the Line" (compilation albums and re-issues of Head On).

This is a document about Beat It
  "Beat It" is a song by American singer Michael Jackson from his sixth studio album, Thriller (1982). It was written by Jackson and produced by Jackson and Quincy Jones. Jones encouraged Jackson to include a rock song on the album. Jackson later said: "I wanted to write a song, the type of song that I would buy if I were to buy a rock song... and I wanted the children to really enjoy it—the school children as well as the college students." It includes a guitar solo by Eddie Van Halen. Following the successful Thriller singles "The Girl Is Mine" and "Billie Jean", "Beat It" was released on February 14, 1983, as the album's third single. It peaked at number one on the Billboard

This is a document about Downliners Sect
  In 1962, Mick O' Donnell, later known as Don Craine, started a band called the Downliners, who, despite touring France, were unsuccessful. The name of the band came from Jerry Lee Lewis B-side 'Down The Line'. After several lineup changes, the band folded, but in 1963, O'Donnell and drummer Johnny Sutton formed a new band out of the remnants of the previous act. Keith Evans, formerly a drummer, joined on bass guitar. Shortly thereafter the band would be named the Downliners Sect. At this time some of the members decided to change their names. Mick O'Donnell took the new name, Don Craine, and Keith Evans became Keith Grant. The band was iconic during its time

This is a document about Walkin' Down the Line
  "Walkin' Down the Line" is a song written by Bob Dylan and first recorded by him in November 1962 for Broadside magazine. Dylan recorded the song again in March 1963 for his music publisher Witmark and this version was released in 1991 on The Bootleg Series Volumes 1–3 (Rare & Unreleased) 1961–1991. The lyrics recount the troubles of a hobo walking down the railroad tracks. It was sung by Arlo Guthrie at Woodstock and his performance appears on the 1994 Woodstock 25th anniversary box set.

This is a document about Toto (band)
  Before, and during Toto, the members did various session work for a slew of notable musicians. The first of which, which also led to the birth of the band was with Boz Scaggs, in which Jeff Porcaro, David Paich, David Hungate, and Joe Porcaro (regular Toto guest contributor and father of Jeff, Steve, and Mike) played on his smash hit album Silk Degrees. The members had done smaller scale work before this album working with the likes of Steely Dan, Seals and Crofts, and Sonny & Cher, among others. Steve Lukather provided the main guitar work on Michael Jackson's hit "Beat It", although Eddie Van

This is a document about Beat It
  note for note from a demo LP released the year before, called "The Incredible Sounds of Synclavier II" first published in 1981 by Denny Jaeger Creative Services, Inc., and sold by New England Digital, makers of the Synclavier. The drums were played by Toto co-founder Jeff Porcaro. Jermaine Jackson has suggested the inspiration of "Beat It" and its video came from the Jackson family experiencing gang activity in Gary, Indiana. "From our front window, we witnessed, about three bad rumbles between rival gangs." The lyrics of "Beat It" have been described as a "sad commentary on human nature". The line "don't be a macho man" is said to express Jackson's dislike of violence, whilst also referring to the childhood abuse he faced at the hands of his father Joseph.

This is a document about Gerry Rafferty
  album of the same name). The liner notes to the compilation album Right Down the Line, written by Jerry Gilbert with Rafferty's close co-operation, note his consistent refusal to tour the United States and "generally 'play the industry game'." It was ironic that Rafferty—a lover and collector of religious icons, who would later name one of his publishing companies "Icon Music" —was also an iconoclast. According to Michael Gray, Rafferty's personal manager at the height of his success, he turned down many opportunities to work with other artists: "... he retained a healthy scepticism not just about the music industry but about society, money and politics in general. His background was soaked in Scottish socialism and poverty, his mind sharp and his

This is a document about List of songs about Chicago
  Sisters ; "Boost Chicago" – composer: Armin P. Bauer ; "Born in Chicago" – Paul Butterfield 1965, blues ; "Born in Illinois (in a place they call Chicago)" - Mark "Big Poppa" Stampley ; "Bow to the Masta", 1999 – Kool Keith ; "Boy Reporter Blues, Dedicated to Horace Wade – Boy Reporter of the Chicago Evening American", 1924 – composers: Dell Lampe & J. Bodewalt Lampe; lyricist: Haven Gillespie ; "Break Down on Lake Shore Drive" – The Black Dog ; "Bryn Mawr Stomp" – Local H ; "Bucktown Stomp" – Johnny Dodds' Washboard Six ; "The Burning Iroquois" (theater), 1904 – composer: Edward Stanley; lyricist: Mathew Goodwin ; "The Burning of the Iroquois", 1904 – composer: Thos. R. Confare; lyricist: Morris S. Silver

Jesse Fuller wrote "Beat It On Down the Line."