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METHOD.md
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# Calibration methodology
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Findings from building `nemotron-3.5-lightning`. They are about calibration in
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not about one model, and every number here is reproducible with the
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## A recipe is per-model, and the chat markup is the reason
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The pool is model-agnostic: `pool/**/**.jsonl` holds dialogues as structured
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as text. Rendering into a model's chat template happens at build
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every target.
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-
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This matters more than it sounds. Reusing a build made for another model puts
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special tokens in the corpus. For `muse-glimmer-30b` those are
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`<|
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`<tool_call>`. **The two sets do not
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the
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reasoning slices, about 40% of the corpus, calibrating nothing.
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It also shows up in convergence. Same tool, same model, same chunk budget:
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| corpus
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|---|---:|---:|
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| rendered in another model's markup
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| rendered in the target's own markup |
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Correct markup converges about twice as cleanly, because the wrong tokens were
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noise into the estimate.
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Add a model with a recipe plus a renderer module; `chat.format` selects it. The
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sweep is per-tokenizer and auto-selected by recipe name, so adding a
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editing recipes that already exist.
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## Content matters ~100× more than volume
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Cosine similarity between imatrix files, per tensor:
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| comparison
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|---|---:|
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| same corpus, 823 vs 3000 chunks (3.6× the data) |
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| different corpora, both at 823 chunks
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Tripling the data moves the importance vector by 0.018. Changing what is
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moves it by 0.145. Beyond the saturation point, more of the same text
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effect; a different mix is not.
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The two corpora also do not converge toward each other as data grows (0.855 →
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823 to 3000 chunks), so the difference is systematic, not sampling
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## When to stop: a criterion, not a feeling
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The imatrix estimates a mean, and means converge. The question "have I collected
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has a definite answer.
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**Necessary, cheap, no model needed.** Build at N and 2N chunks, take the
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between them. Done when no tensor is still moving.
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`--save-frequency` checkpoints, so one run
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For `nemotron-3.5-lightning` that point is ~8,500 chunks (4.3M tokens): past it,
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186 tensors change measurably, min cosine 0.9963.
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**Sufficient, expensive, final.** Quantize the same recipe twice, with the
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at 2N, and measure KL divergence of both against the
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Done when the difference between them is
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data provably cannot change
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Note what this criterion does
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question is only well-posed once you fix the evaluation set,
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relative to the text the model will actually
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## `% Active` is not a quality metric
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`llama-imatrix --show-statistics` reports a `% Active` column. It is the
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whose mean squared activation exceeds a hard threshold of
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(`tools/imatrix/imatrix.cpp`, `compute_statistics`). It measures
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calibration coverage.
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Early layers score low on it because their activations are genuinely small —
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`ffn_down_shexp` has Σ(Act²) = 0.13. No corpus raises that; it is a
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Chasing the number optimizes for nothing.
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Two checks that do mean something:
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- **Dead experts** — the `.counts` array in the imatrix says how many times each
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routed to. `counts[i] == 0` is a genuine hole. Measured here: 0
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(46 expert tensors × 128) at every corpus size tested, including
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model, expert coverage is not what a larger corpus buys.
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- **Per-tensor cosine between imatrix files** — the convergence criterion above.
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The per-layer Σ(Act²) curve is a model property, not a corpus property: two
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cosine 0.855 between their imatrices produce per-layer curves
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(median 2.6%). Useful as a sanity check for a broken
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## Practical notes
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- `llama-imatrix` defaults to `parse_special = false`. Without `--parse-special`
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markup is literal text.
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- `-b 8192` instead of the default 512: 1h22m instead of 2h12m for 9.3k chunks
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It plateaus there; `-b 16384` saves another minute.
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- MTP / NextN blocks are never executed in a normal forward pass, so they
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data at any corpus size. Pin them explicitly at quantize
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-
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# Calibration methodology - what we measured
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Findings from building `nemotron-3.5-lightning`. They are about calibration in
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general, not about one model, and every number here is reproducible with the
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+
tools in this repo.
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## A recipe is per-model, and the chat markup is the reason
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+
The pool is model-agnostic: `pool/**/**.jsonl` holds dialogues as structured
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+
records, not as text. Rendering into a model's chat template happens at build
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+
time, so one pool serves every target.
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+
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+
This matters more than it sounds. Reusing a build made for another model puts
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that model's special tokens in the corpus. For `muse-glimmer-30b` those are
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`<|start|>`, `<|message|>`, `<|eot|>`; for `nemotron-3.5-lightning` they are
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`<|im_start|>`, `<|im_end|>`, `<think>`, `<tool_call>`. **The two sets do not
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overlap at all.** Run `llama-imatrix --parse-special` with the wrong build and
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the markup is tokenized as literal punctuation, while the tokens the model will
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really see appear zero times — for these recipes that is the agentic plus
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reasoning slices, about 40% of the corpus, calibrating nothing.
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It also shows up in convergence. Same tool, same model, same chunk budget:
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| corpus | step 1504 → 2000 | tensors still moving |
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| ----------------------------------- | ---------------: | -------------------: |
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+
| rendered in another model's markup | mean cos 0.9928 | 22 |
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| rendered in the target's own markup | mean cos 0.9985 | 10 |
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Correct markup converges about twice as cleanly, because the wrong tokens were
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injecting noise into the estimate.
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+
Add a model with a recipe plus a renderer module; `chat.format` selects it. The
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vocabulary sweep is per-tokenizer and auto-selected by recipe name, so adding a
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model never requires editing recipes that already exist.
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## Content matters ~100× more than volume
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Cosine similarity between imatrix files, per tensor:
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+
| comparison | mean cos |
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+
| ----------------------------------------------- | -------: |
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+
| same corpus, 823 vs 3000 chunks (3.6× the data) | 0.9819 |
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| different corpora, both at 823 chunks | 0.8553 |
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Tripling the data moves the importance vector by 0.018. Changing what is _in_
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the corpus moves it by 0.145. Beyond the saturation point, more of the same text
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+
is close to free of effect; a different mix is not.
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+
The two corpora also do not converge toward each other as data grows (0.855 →
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+
0.860 from 823 to 3000 chunks), so the difference is systematic, not sampling
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+
noise.
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## When to stop: a criterion, not a feeling
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+
The imatrix estimates a mean, and means converge. The question "have I collected
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+
enough" has a definite answer.
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+
**Necessary, cheap, no model needed.** Build at N and 2N chunks, take the
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+
per-tensor cosine between them. Done when no tensor is still moving.
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+
`tools/converge.py` does this against `--save-frequency` checkpoints, so one run
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produces the whole curve for free.
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+
For `nemotron-3.5-lightning` that point is ~8,500 chunks (4.3M tokens): past it,
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zero of 186 tensors change measurably, min cosine 0.9963.
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+
**Sufficient, expensive, final.** Quantize the same recipe twice, with the
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+
imatrix at N and at 2N, and measure KL divergence of both against the
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+
unquantized model on held-out text. Done when the difference between them is
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below the reported KLD error — at that point more data provably cannot change
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the product.
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Note what this criterion does _not_ answer: whether the corpus has the right
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content. That question is only well-posed once you fix the evaluation set,
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because "importance" is defined relative to the text the model will actually
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see. A corpus tuned for agentic work should win on agentic held-out and may lose
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on generic prose — that is the intended outcome, not a bug. This is why `eval/`
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carries three independent sets rather than one.
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## `% Active` is not a quality metric
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+
`llama-imatrix --show-statistics` reports a `% Active` column. It is the
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fraction of columns whose mean squared activation exceeds a hard threshold of
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`1e-5` (`tools/imatrix/imatrix.cpp`, `compute_statistics`). It measures
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activation magnitude, not calibration coverage.
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+
Early layers score low on it because their activations are genuinely small —
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+
layer 1's `ffn_down_shexp` has Σ(Act²) = 0.13. No corpus raises that; it is a
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+
property of the model. Chasing the number optimizes for nothing.
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Two checks that do mean something:
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+
- **Dead experts** — the `.counts` array in the imatrix says how many times each
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+
expert was routed to. `counts[i] == 0` is a genuine hole. Measured here: 0
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+
dead of 5,888 (46 expert tensors × 128) at every corpus size tested, including
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+
823 chunks. For this model, expert coverage is not what a larger corpus buys.
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- **Per-tensor cosine between imatrix files** — the convergence criterion above.
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+
The per-layer Σ(Act²) curve is a model property, not a corpus property: two
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+
corpora with cosine 0.855 between their imatrices produce per-layer curves
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+
within 8% of each other (median 2.6%). Useful as a sanity check for a broken
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+
build, useless as a quality claim.
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## Practical notes
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+
- `llama-imatrix` defaults to `parse_special = false`. Without `--parse-special`
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all chat markup is literal text.
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+
- `-b 8192` instead of the default 512: 1h22m instead of 2h12m for 9.3k chunks
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on 2×RTX 5090. It plateaus there; `-b 16384` saves another minute.
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- MTP / NextN blocks are never executed in a normal forward pass, so they
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collect no imatrix data at any corpus size. Pin them explicitly at quantize
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time.
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- `max_doc_fraction` is not optional. Uncapped, one amalgamated header took
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59.8% of a slice — the imatrix then describes that file rather than that
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category.
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README.md
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---
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license: other
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language:
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- en
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- zh
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- ru
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- ja
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- ar
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- multilingual
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tags:
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- imatrix
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- quantization
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- calibration
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- gguf
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- agentic
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- tool-use
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task_categories:
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- text-generation
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---
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# calib-corpora — a pool of calibration material, and per-model builds from it
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This repository is **not a corpus**. It is a
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plus recipes that turn the pool into a calibration set for one
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plus the measurement corpora that quant is scored against.
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That split exists because the previous layout could not survive a change of
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model. The old `calib_train.txt` had DeepSeek-V4's chat markup baked into its
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`builds/muse-glimmer-30b/` — recipe `recipes/muse-glimmer-30b.yaml`, seed
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`20260810`.
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|---|---:|---:|---:|
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| agentic
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| code
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| reasoning
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| longctx
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| multilingual |
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| vocab_sweep
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| structured
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| graphics
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`calib_train.txt` — 3,363 documents, **4,901,495 tokens** by `tokenizer.json`
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(4,954,537 by `llama-tokenize`; see
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are synthetic, all of it template-generated and marked in the manifest.
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`calib_longctx.txt` — 29 unbroken documents, **751,109 tokens**, each 17,745 to
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layers are full-attention with RoPE disabled, and nothing shorter than the
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2,048-token sliding window exercises them.
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Document length in `calib_train.txt`: p50 = 562, p90 = 3,349, p95 = 4,958,
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tokens.
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### Vocabulary coverage
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Denominator is 202,048 embedding rows.
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|---|---:|---:|
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| seen ≥ 1
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| seen ≥ 10
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| seen ≥ 100 |
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| unseen
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The jump is the vocabulary sweep, regenerated for this tokenizer by
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`tools/vocab_sweep.py`: 200,185 of the 200,220 ids that have any standalone
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`eval/` never intersects a build. Verified pairwise with `tools/crosscheck.py`.
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| corpus
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|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|
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| `eval/neutral/eval_neutral.txt` | 353,771 |
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| `eval/code/eval_code_full.txt`
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| `eval/agentic/eval_agentic.txt` | 350,438 |
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`llama-perplexity` scores the second half of each context window, so a corpus
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must be about twice the size of the measurement you want out of it.
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-
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-
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Devanagari 3.7%, Myanmar 3.6%, then Bengali, Thai, Georgian, Tamil, Hangul,
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Hiragana, Katakana, Ethiopic.
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-
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byte-identical so old measurements stay comparable. It was never neutral
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prose: measured, it is a source-code corpus. `eval_code_ext.txt` extends it
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from seven repositories that appear nowhere else;
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-
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strengths (low 50 / medium 46 / high 48 / xhigh 48), grounded in four
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repositories reserved for this purpose.
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7,415 units after filtering, in `pool/<category>/*.jsonl`. Every line carries
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`source`, `license`, `path`, `origin` and a `provenance` object.
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Dialogue is stored as `messages`, not as rendered text, and
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single-use.
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`render` tells a build what a unit is:
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-
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`pool/_quarantine/` holds everything removed, with the reason on each record.
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Nothing is deleted.
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Repository files keep their upstream licence (MIT, Apache-2.0, BSD-3-Clause,
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BSL-1.0) and record the commit they were taken from. Wikipedia is CC-BY-SA-4.0.
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Generated units are CC0-1.0 and live under a `synthetic/` subdirectory, with
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-
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results — those excerpts keep their own licence, which is recorded per unit.
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`patriciogonzalezvivo/thebookofshaders` is an obvious fit for the graphics slice
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@@ -176,21 +175,21 @@ and is **all-rights-reserved**. It is not here and must not be added.
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All at 13-word shingles, `tools/dedupe.py`.
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| check
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|---|---|
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| wikitext-103-raw-v1 (superset of wikitext-2) | 6 documents removed
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| pool vs eval, any shared 13-gram
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| pool vs eval,
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| exact duplicates within the pool
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| near duplicates at J ≥ 0.8
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| total quarantined
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The two eval rows differ by a factor of twenty-five and the difference matters.
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A 13-gram shared by thousands of documents is an MIT header or an SPDX line, not
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leaked measurement data; treating those as contamination removed 43% of the pool
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on the first run and improved nothing. A gram counts as evidence only when it
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occurs in at most two pool documents. Both numbers are reported rather than
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-
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**No wikitext of any version is in any build.** Grepping for the string proves
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nothing — wikitext is a curated slice of English Wikipedia and this pool
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(4,954,537 vs 4,901,495 tokens on `calib_train.txt`). The disagreement is not
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spread evenly — it is almost entirely non-Latin text:
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| slice
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|---|---:|---:|---:|
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| multilingual
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| vocab_sweep
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| longctx
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| code
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| agentic
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| graphics, reasoning, structured |
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Both sides run the same `llama4` split regex, but llama.cpp implements the
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Unicode property classes in it with its own tables rather than a PCRE engine,
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@@ -234,7 +233,7 @@ terminate called after throwing an instance of 'std::invalid_argument'
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what(): invalid codepoint
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```
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-
The escape sequence is only
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to U+111493, past U+10FFFF, and `unicode_cpt_to_utf8` in `src/unicode.cpp`
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throws instead of substituting U+FFFD. UTF-8 conformance test suites are full of
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such literals. The previous `calib_train.txt` contains one
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@@ -260,8 +259,8 @@ python tools/coverage.py --gguf GGUF --tokenizer TOKENIZER_JSON \
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python tools/crosscheck.py builds/*/calib_*.txt eval/*/*.txt
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```
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-
Order matters: harvesting excludes the measurement split by `(source, path)`,
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-
the generators draw from the pool, so agentic traces cannot quote a held-out
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file.
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`tools/test_glimmer_fmt.py` renders 13 conversations through both
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---
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license: other
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language:
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+
- en
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+
- zh
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+
- ru
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+
- ja
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+
- ar
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+
- multilingual
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tags:
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+
- imatrix
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+
- quantization
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+
- calibration
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+
- gguf
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+
- agentic
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+
- tool-use
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task_categories:
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+
- text-generation
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---
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# calib-corpora — a pool of calibration material, and per-model builds from it
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+
This repository is **not a corpus**. It is a _pool_ of raw units with
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+
provenance, plus recipes that turn the pool into a calibration set for one
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+
specific model, plus the measurement corpora that quant is scored against.
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That split exists because the previous layout could not survive a change of
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model. The old `calib_train.txt` had DeepSeek-V4's chat markup baked into its
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|
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`builds/muse-glimmer-30b/` — recipe `recipes/muse-glimmer-30b.yaml`, seed
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`20260810`.
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+
| | requested | actual | tokens |
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+
| ------------ | --------: | ---------: | --------: |
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+
| agentic | 25.0% | **25.50%** | 1,250,047 |
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+
| code | 18.0% | **18.66%** | 914,575 |
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+
| reasoning | 15.0% | **15.31%** | 750,307 |
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+
| longctx | 12.0% | **12.75%** | 624,756 |
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+
| multilingual | 12.0% | **12.27%** | 601,231 |
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+
| vocab_sweep | 10.0% | **8.50%** | 416,579 |
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+
| structured | 5.0% | **3.93%** | 192,839 |
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+
| graphics | 3.0% | **3.08%** | 151,161 |
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`calib_train.txt` — 3,363 documents, **4,901,495 tokens** by `tokenizer.json`
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+
(4,954,537 by `llama-tokenize`; see _Two tokenizers_ below). 50.7% of the tokens
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are synthetic, all of it template-generated and marked in the manifest.
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`calib_longctx.txt` — 29 unbroken documents, **751,109 tokens**, each 17,745 to
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layers are full-attention with RoPE disabled, and nothing shorter than the
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2,048-token sliding window exercises them.
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+
Document length in `calib_train.txt`: p50 = 562, p90 = 3,349, p95 = 4,958, p99 =
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+
14,814, max = 49,527. 68 documents are ≥ 8k tokens and carry 25.6% of all
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tokens.
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### Vocabulary coverage
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Denominator is 202,048 embedding rows.
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+
| | old corpus | this build |
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+
| ---------- | ---------------: | -------------------: |
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+
| seen ≥ 1 | 96,099 (47.56%) | **196,430 (97.22%)** |
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+
| seen ≥ 10 | 14,454 (7.15%) | 24,831 (12.29%) |
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+
| seen ≥ 100 | 2,097 (1.04%) | 4,968 (2.46%) |
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+
| unseen | 105,949 (52.44%) | **5,618 (2.78%)** |
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The jump is the vocabulary sweep, regenerated for this tokenizer by
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`tools/vocab_sweep.py`: 200,185 of the 200,220 ids that have any standalone
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`eval/` never intersects a build. Verified pairwise with `tools/crosscheck.py`.
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+
| corpus | tokens | chunks @4096 | scored positions | vocab | dup lines |
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+
| ------------------------------- | ------: | -----------: | ---------------: | -----: | --------: |
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+
| `eval/neutral/eval_neutral.txt` | 353,771 | 86 | 176,128 | 19.43% | **1.37%** |
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+
| `eval/code/eval_code_full.txt` | 350,887 | 85 | 174,080 | 15.31% | 31.63% |
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+
| `eval/agentic/eval_agentic.txt` | 350,438 | 85 | 174,080 | 5.50% | 44.55% |
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`llama-perplexity` scores the second half of each context window, so a corpus
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must be about twice the size of the measurement you want out of it.
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+
- **neutral** — 30 languages, no code. Latin script is 46.5% of letters; Arabic
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+
7.6%, Armenian 6.3%, Cyrillic 5.4%, Han 5.3%, Greek 4.3%, Hebrew 4.2%,
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Devanagari 3.7%, Myanmar 3.6%, then Bengali, Thai, Georgian, Tamil, Hangul,
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Hiragana, Katakana, Ethiopic.
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+
- **code** — `eval_code.txt` is the file previously called `eval_neutral.txt`,
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byte-identical so old measurements stay comparable. It was never neutral
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prose: measured, it is a source-code corpus. `eval_code_ext.txt` extends it
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+
from seven repositories that appear nowhere else; `eval_code_full.txt` is the
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+
two concatenated and is what to measure against.
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+
- **agentic** — conversations in the model's own markup, all four reasoning
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strengths (low 50 / medium 46 / high 48 / xhigh 48), grounded in four
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repositories reserved for this purpose.
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|
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7,415 units after filtering, in `pool/<category>/*.jsonl`. Every line carries
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`source`, `license`, `path`, `origin` and a `provenance` object.
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|
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+
Dialogue is stored as `messages`, not as rendered text, and `tools/build.py`
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+
applies the target model's chat format at build time. Storing one model's
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+
special tokens in the pool is exactly what made the previous corpus single-use.
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`render` tells a build what a unit is:
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+
- `text` — used verbatim
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+
- `chat` — `messages` are rendered by `tools/glimmer_fmt.py`
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+
- `dsv4` — already rendered in DeepSeek markup. **Kept, never built from.** 203
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+
such units are preserved for provenance; their conversations were regenerated
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+
structurally instead.
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`pool/_quarantine/` holds everything removed, with the reason on each record.
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Nothing is deleted.
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Repository files keep their upstream licence (MIT, Apache-2.0, BSD-3-Clause,
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BSL-1.0) and record the commit they were taken from. Wikipedia is CC-BY-SA-4.0.
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+
Generated units are CC0-1.0 and live under a `synthetic/` subdirectory, with the
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+
caveat that agentic traces quote real repository files verbatim inside tool
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results — those excerpts keep their own licence, which is recorded per unit.
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`patriciogonzalezvivo/thebookofshaders` is an obvious fit for the graphics slice
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All at 13-word shingles, `tools/dedupe.py`.
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|
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+
| check | result |
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| 179 |
+
| -------------------------------------------- | ------------------------- |
|
| 180 |
+
| wikitext-103-raw-v1 (superset of wikitext-2) | 6 documents removed |
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| 181 |
+
| pool vs eval, any shared 13-gram | 3,672 documents |
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+
| pool vs eval, _distinctive_ 13-gram | 143 removed, **0 remain** |
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+
| exact duplicates within the pool | 379 removed |
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+
| near duplicates at J ≥ 0.8 | 202 removed |
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+
| total quarantined | 1,056 of 8,471 (12.5%) |
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The two eval rows differ by a factor of twenty-five and the difference matters.
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A 13-gram shared by thousands of documents is an MIT header or an SPDX line, not
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leaked measurement data; treating those as contamination removed 43% of the pool
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on the first run and improved nothing. A gram counts as evidence only when it
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+
occurs in at most two pool documents. Both numbers are reported rather than just
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+
the flattering one.
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**No wikitext of any version is in any build.** Grepping for the string proves
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nothing — wikitext is a curated slice of English Wikipedia and this pool
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(4,954,537 vs 4,901,495 tokens on `calib_train.txt`). The disagreement is not
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spread evenly — it is almost entirely non-Latin text:
|
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|
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+
| slice | `tokenizer.json` | `llama-tokenize` | |
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| 206 |
+
| ------------------------------- | ---------------: | ---------------: | ---------: |
|
| 207 |
+
| multilingual | 34,988 | 37,072 | **+5.96%** |
|
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+
| vocab_sweep | 28,389 | 28,826 | **+1.54%** |
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+
| longctx | 356,401 | 356,215 | −0.05% |
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| 210 |
+
| code | 16,425 | 16,420 | −0.03% |
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+
| agentic | 34,950 | 34,948 | −0.01% |
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+
| graphics, reasoning, structured | | | 0.00% |
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Both sides run the same `llama4` split regex, but llama.cpp implements the
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Unicode property classes in it with its own tables rather than a PCRE engine,
|
|
|
|
| 233 |
what(): invalid codepoint
|
| 234 |
```
|
| 235 |
|
| 236 |
+
The escape sequence is only _described_, not encoded; `F4 91 92 93` would decode
|
| 237 |
to U+111493, past U+10FFFF, and `unicode_cpt_to_utf8` in `src/unicode.cpp`
|
| 238 |
throws instead of substituting U+FFFD. UTF-8 conformance test suites are full of
|
| 239 |
such literals. The previous `calib_train.txt` contains one
|
|
|
|
| 259 |
python tools/crosscheck.py builds/*/calib_*.txt eval/*/*.txt
|
| 260 |
```
|
| 261 |
|
| 262 |
+
Order matters: harvesting excludes the measurement split by `(source, path)`,
|
| 263 |
+
and the generators draw from the pool, so agentic traces cannot quote a held-out
|
| 264 |
file.
|
| 265 |
|
| 266 |
`tools/test_glimmer_fmt.py` renders 13 conversations through both
|