text:
Daylight saving time in the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Ohio Clock in the U.S. Capitol being turned forward for the country's first daylight saving time in 1918
Daylight saving time in the United States is the practice of setting the clock forward by one hour during the warmer part of the year, so that evenings have more daylight and mornings have less. Most areas of the United States observe daylight saving time (DST), the exceptions being Arizona (except for the Navajo, who do observe daylight saving time on tribal lands),[1] Hawaii,[2] and the overseas territories of American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the United States Virgin Islands. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 established the system of uniform Daylight Saving Time throughout the US.
In the U.S., daylight saving time starts on the second Sunday in March and ends on the first Sunday in November, with the time changes taking place at 2:00 a.m. local time. With a mnemonic word play referring to seasons, clocks "spring forward, fall back"—that is, in springtime the clocks are moved forward from 2:00 a.m. to 3:00 a.m. and in fall they are moved back from 2:00 a.m. to 1:00 a.m. Daylight saving time lasts for a total of 34 weeks (238 days) every year, about 65% of the entire year.
The following table lists recent past and near future starting and ending dates of daylight saving time in the United States:
Year
Start
End
2015 March 8 November 1
2016 March 13 November 6
2017 March 12 November 5
2018 March 11 November 4
2019 March 10 November 3
2020 March 8 November 1
2021 March 14 November 7
2022 March 13 November 6
2023 March 12 November 5
2024 March 10 November 3
Contents
[hide]
1 History of DST in the United States
1.1 1916–1966: Early, inconsistent use
1.2 1966–1972: Federal standard established
1.3 1973–1975: Year-round experiment
1.4 1975–1986: Extension of daylight saving time
1.5 2005–2009: Second extension
2 Procedure for modifications
2.1 Changing an area's time zone
2.2 Moving an area on or off DST
3 Local DST observance
3.1 Alaska
3.2 Arizona
3.2.1 Reservations in Arizona
3.3 California
3.4 Florida
3.5 Hawaii
3.6 Indiana
3.7 Michigan
3.8 Nevada
3.9 Washington
3.10 Other U.S. locations
4 Time zones
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History of DST in the United States[edit]
Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. His essay, “An Economical Project for Diminishing the Cost of Light”, written to the editor of The Journal of Paris, observed that Parisians could save on candles by getting out of bed earlier in the morning, making use of the natural morning light instead. Franklin's suggestion seems to have been more of a joke than a real proposal, and nothing came of it.[3]
1916–1966: Early, inconsistent use[edit]
During World War I, in an effort to conserve fuel, Germany began observing DST on May 1, 1916. The rest of Europe soon followed. The plan was not adopted in the United States until the Standard Time Act of March 19, 1918, which confirmed the existing standard time zone system and set summer DST to begin on March 31, 1918 (reverting October 27).[4] The idea was unpopular and Congress abolished DST after the war, overriding President Woodrow Wilson's veto.[5] DST became a local option and was observed in some states until World War II, when President Franklin Roosevelt instituted year-round DST, called "War Time", on February 9, 1942.[6] It lasted until the last Sunday (the 30th) in September 1945. After 1945 many states and cities east of the Mississippi River (and mostly north of the Ohio and Potomac rivers) adopted summer DST.[7]
From 1945 to 1966 there was no federal law on daylight saving time, so localities could choose when it began and ended or drop it entirely. As of 1954, only California and Nevada had statewide DST west of the Mississippi, and only a few cities between Nevada and St. Louis. In the 1964 Official Railway Guide, 21 of the 48 contiguous states had no DST anywhere.
1966–1972: Federal standard established[edit]
By 1962, the transportation industry found the lack of consistency confusing enough to push for federal regulation. The result was the Uniform Time Act of 1966 (P.L. 89-387). Beginning in 1967, the act mandated standard time within the established time zones and provided for advanced time: clocks would be advanced one hour beginning at 2:00 a.m. on the last Sunday in April and turned back one hour at 2:00 a.m. on the last Sunday in October. States were allowed to exempt themselves from DST as long as the entire state did so. If a state chose to observe DST, the time changes were required to begin and end on the established dates. In 1967, Arizona and Michigan became the first states to exempt themselves from DST (Michigan would begin observing DST in 1972). In 1972, the act was amended (P.L. 92-267), allowing those states split between time zones to exempt either the entire state or that part of the state lying within a different time zone. The newly created Department of Transportation (DOT) was given power to enforce the law. As of 2014, the following states and territories are not observing DST: Arizona, Hawaii, American Samoa, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands.[7]
1973–1975: Year-round experiment[edit]
During the 1973 oil embargo by the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC), in an effort to conserve fuel, Congress enacted a trial period of year-round DST (P.L. 93-182), beginning January 6, 1974, and ending April 27, 1975.[8] The trial was hotly debated. Those in favor pointed to increased daylight hours in the summer evening: more time for recreation, reduced lighting and heating demands, reduced crime, and reduced automobile accidents. The opposition was concerned about children leaving for school in the dark. The act was amended in October 1974 (P.L. 93-434) to return to standard time for the period beginning October 27, 1974, and ending February 23, 1975, when DST resumed. When the trial ended in 1975, the country returned to observing summer DST (with the aforementioned exceptions).[7]
1975–1986: Extension of daylight saving time[edit]
The DOT, evaluating the plan of extending DST into March, reported in 1975 that "modest overall benefits might be realized by a shift from the historic six-month DST (May through October) in areas of energy conservation, overall traffic safety and reduced violent crime." However, DOT also reported that these benefits were minimal and difficult to distinguish from seasonal variations and fluctuations in energy prices.[7]
Congress then asked the National Bureau of Standards (NBS, today NIST) to evaluate the DOT report. Its report, "Review and Technical Evaluation of the DOT Daylight Saving Time Study" (April 1976), found no significant energy savings or differences in traffic fatalities.[9] It did find statistically significant evidence of increased fatalities among school-age children in the mornings during the four-month period January–April 1974 as compared with the same period (non-DST) of 1973. NBS stated that it was impossible to determine, what, if any, of this increase was due to DST. When this data was compared between 1973 and 1974 for the months of March and April, no significant difference was found in fatalities among school-age children in the mornings.[7]
In 1986 Congress enacted P.L. 99-359, amending the Uniform Time Act by changing the beginning of DST to the first Sunday in April and having the end remain the last Sunday in October.[7] These start and end dates were in effect from 1987 to 2006. The time was adjusted at 2:00 a.m. local time.
2005–2009: Second extension[edit]
By the Energy Policy Act of 2005, daylight saving time (DST) was extended in the United States beginning in 2007.[10] As from that year, DST begins on the second Sunday of March and ends on the first Sunday of November. In years when April 1 falls on Monday through Wednesday, these changes result in a DST period that is five weeks longer; in all other years the DST period is instead four weeks longer.[11] In 2008 daylight saving time ended at 2:00 a.m. DST (0200) (1:00 a.m. ST) on Sunday, November 2, and in 2009 it began at 2:00 a.m. (3:00 a.m. DST) on Sunday, March 8.[12]
Under Section 110 of the Act, the U.S. Department of Energy was required to study the impact of the 2007 DST extension no later than nine months after the change took effect. The report, released in October 2008, reported a nationwide electricity savings of 0.03% for the year of 2007.[13]
An October 2008 study conducted by the University of California at Santa Barbara for the National Bureau of Economic Research found that the 2006 DST adoption in Indiana increased energy consumption in Indiana by an average of 1%. Although consumption for lighting dropped as a result of the DST adoption, consumption for heating and cooling increased by 2% to 4%. The cost to the average Indiana household of the DST adoption was determined to be $3.29 per year, for an aggregate cost of $1.7 million to $5.5 million per year.[14]
The United States Chamber of Commerce has praised the extension of daylight's saving under the 2005 law, which increased the amount of shopping and commerce from after work in evenings. In the golf industry, the group has noted exceptional increase in revenue of "$200 million in additional sales of golf clubs and greens fees".[15] The extension of Daylight's Saving has also had a notable impact on Halloween and candy sales.[16] Wyoming Senator Michael Enzi and Michigan Representative Fred Upton advocated the extension from October into November especially to allow children to go trick-or-treating in more daylight.[17] In some areas, the extension of daylight saving time in March and November has pushed back sunrise to as late as 8:30 am.[16]
Procedure for modifications[edit]
Changing an area's time zone[edit]
Under the Standard Time Act of 1918, as amended by the Uniform Time Act of 1966, moving a state or an area within a state from one time zone to another requires a regulation issued by DOT. The governor or state legislature may initiate a request for the state or any part of the state; the highest elected officials in the county may make a request for that county. The standard in the statute for such decisions is the convenience of commerce in that area. The convenience of commerce is defined broadly to consider such circumstances as the shipment of goods within the community; the origin of television and radio broadcasts; the areas where most residents work, attend school, worship, or receive health care; the location of airports, railway, and bus stations; and the major elements of the community's economy.[7]
After receiving a request for altering a time zone, DOT determines whether it meets the requirement of minimum statutory criteria before issuing a notice of proposed rulemaking, soliciting public comment and scheduling a public hearing. Usually the hearing is held in the area requesting the change so that all affected parties can be represented. After the close of the comment period, the comments are reviewed and appropriate final action taken. If the Secretary agrees that the statutory requirement has been met, the change is instituted, usually at the next changeover to or from DST.[7]
Moving an area on or off DST[edit]
Under the Uniform Time Act, moving an area on or off DST is accomplished through legal action at the state level. Some states require legislation while others require executive action such as a governor's executive order. Information on procedures required in a specific state may be obtained from that state's legislature or governor's office. Although it may exempt itself, if a state decides to observe DST, the dates of observance must comply with federal legislation.[7]
Local DST observance[edit]
Alaska[edit]
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2017)
Alaska observes DST. Due to its high latitude, Alaska has nearly round-the-clock daylight during summer, and DST is seen by some Alaskans as unnecessary and a nuisance. Another issue is that the Alaskan mainland's single time zone, which approximates solar time in the capital, Juneau, leads to a large disparity between civil time and solar time for much of the state, with solar noon occurring as late as 2:10 p.m. in the population centers of Anchorage and Fairbanks, and as late as 3:23 p.m. in places such as Nome. In Fairbanks, for example, sunset occurs well after civil midnight in the summer. Others argue that ending daylight saving time will place Alaska as much as five hours from Eastern Daylight Time, making coordination of travel and phone conversations more difficult.
In March 2015 the Alaska Senate passed a bill, introduced by state senator Anna MacKinnon, to end daylight saving time. The Alaska House formed a sub-committee that was due to look into the issue during the 2016 legislative session.[18]
Arizona[edit]
Arizona observed DST in 1967 under the Uniform Time Act because the state legislature did not enact an exemption statute that year. In March 1968 the DST exemption statute was enacted and the state of Arizona has not observed DST since 1967. This is in large part due to an effort to conserve energy. Phoenix and Tucson are among the hottest U.S. metropolitan areas during the summer, resulting in more power usage from air conditioning units and evaporative coolers in homes and businesses. An extra hour of sunlight while people are active would cause people to run their cooling systems longer, thereby using more energy.[19]
Reservations in Arizona[edit]
The Navajo Indian Reservation extends into Utah and New Mexico and does observe daylight saving time.[20] The Hopi Reservation is entirely within the state of Arizona and is an enclave within the Navajo Indian Reservation, but does not observe DST.[21]
California[edit]
California voters passed Proposition 12[22] in 1949, approving DST in the state.[23] In February 2017, California Assembly member Kansen Chu introduced A.B. 807,[24] proposing to enable the legislature to eliminate DST in the state, or, if federal law allows, to adopt DST for the entire year.[25] However, Chu later shelved his bill in September 2017.[26]
Florida[edit]
Daylight saving time is less useful in Florida compared to other states because its southern location leads to less variations in day length between winter and summer. Without DST, Miami, for instance, would experience similar sunrise and sunset times throughout the year to cities including Honolulu or Hong Kong, which have both abandoned DST for decades. There is opposition to DST in Florida.[27] State senator Bill Posey introduced a bill in March 2008 to abolish daylight time in the state and keep Florida on year-round standard time.[28] Because Florida straddles two time zones, the Florida legislature has the option of returning all or part of the state to standard time along time zone boundaries (i.e. placing the portion of the state in the Eastern time zone on standard time, while leaving the portion in the Central time zone on DST, so that the whole state had a common time). There are currently no states that keep daylight saving time year round.
On March 6, 2018, the Florida Senate approved the “Sunshine Protection Act” which would put Florida on permanent Daylight Saving Time year round, and Governor Rick Scott signed it March 23. Congress would need to amend the existing 1966 federal law to allow the change.[15][29]
Hawaii[edit]
Hawaii has never observed daylight saving time under the Uniform Time Act, having opted out of the Act's provisions in 1967.[30]
Because of Hawaii's tropical latitude, there is not a large variation in daylight length between winter and summer. Advancing the clock in Hawaii would make sunrise times close to 7:00 a.m. even in June.[31] Most of the inhabited islands are located close to the west end of the Hawaii-Aleutian time zone, but Oahu, Kauai, and Niihau are located more than 7 degrees west of the Hawaii-Aleutian time zone's meridian and should, theoretically, be located in the next time zone to the west. (Until about 1946 Hawaiian standard time was based on longitude 157.5 degrees west rather than 150 degrees.)
On April 26, 1933, the Territorial Legislature enacted a bill placing Hawaii on daylight saving time from the last Sunday in April (April 30 in that year) to the last Sunday in September, but the law was repealed three weeks later on May 21, 1933.[32] During World War II between February 9, 1942 and September 30, 1945, Hawaiian Standard Time was advanced one hour to so-called "Hawaiian War Time," effectively placing the territory on year-round daylight saving time.[33]
Indiana[edit]
See also: Time in Indiana
From 1970 until 2006, most of Indiana in the Eastern Time Zone did not observe daylight saving time, but the entire state started to do so in April 2006 after eight counties in western Indiana were shifted from the Central Time Zone to the Eastern Time Zone.[34] One goal for observing DST was to get more Indiana counties observing the same time zone; formerly, 77 counties observed EST, 5 observed EST/EDT (the EDT usage being unofficial only), and 10 observed CST/CDT. As of 2016[update], Indiana has 12 counties observing Central Daylight Time while the remaining 80 counties observe Eastern Daylight Time. Those counties observing CST are in two groups: one near or in the Chicago metropolitan area, and the other around Evansville in the southwest corner of the state.
Michigan[edit]
In 1967, the Michigan Legislature adopted a statute, Act 6 of the Public Acts of 1967, exempting the state from the observance of DST. The exemption statute was suspended on June 14, 1967, however, when the referendum was invoked. From June 14, 1967 until the last Sunday in October 1967, Michigan observed DST, and did so in 1968 as well. The exemption statute was submitted to the voters at the General Election held in November 1968, and, in a close vote, the exemption statute was sustained. As a result, Michigan did not observe DST in 1969, 1970, 1971, or 1972. (Radio station CKLW in Windsor, Ontario, just across the river from Detroit, was popular on both sides of the border and would often give both times on the air, e.g. "It's 4:30 in Detroit and 5:30 in Windsor!") In November 1972, an initiative measure, repealing the exemption statute, was approved by the voters. Michigan again observed DST in 1973, and has continued to do so since then.
The vast majority of Michigan is in the Eastern Time Zone. Only the Upper Peninsula counties that border Wisconsin (Gogebic, Iron, Dickinson, and Menominee) are in the Central Time Zone.
Nevada[edit]
In 2015, the Nevada Senate passed Nevada Assembly Joint Resolution 4[35], which urged Congress to enact legislation allowing individual states to establish daylight saving time as the standard time in their respective states throughout the calendar year. This would mean that Nevada is on the same time as Arizona all year, but would be an hour ahead of California in the winter.[36] The United States Congress has not yet enacted any enabling legislation in this regard.
Washington[edit]
In 2015, Rep. Elizabeth Scott (R-Monroe) filed a House bill to end DST in Washington, and a companion bill was filed in the Senate.[37] She told a House committee that the semiannual time switches are not only inconvenient but lead to health problems and accidents due to lost sleep.[38] She added that the bill to drop daylight saving time would reduce heart attacks, car wrecks, and work accidents found to increase with the sleep-schedule disruptions.[37] A different Senate Bill would petition the federal government for year-round DST.[37] The bills were defeated.[39]
Other U.S. locations[edit]
All U.S. insular territories with civilian government (American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands) lie in the tropics and do not observe DST.
While neighboring Samoa began observing DST in September 2010, the smaller American Samoa cannot legally follow because of the DST observation period mandated by the Uniform Time Act. This period is actually wintertime in this Southern Hemisphere territory.
Time zones[edit]
Many computer operating systems (such as Microsoft Windows, Linux, UNIX, and macOS) and programming languages (such as Java, perl, and most shell languages) allow a local time zone setting in the format of (standard time zone abbreviation)(UTC hour difference)(daylight saving time zone abbreviation). This allows programs and programming languages that must do calculations based on local time to more easily calculate differences between local time and UTC, as well as knowing whether calculations should be changed during daylight saving time. For example, a time zone setting of EST5EDT indicates that local time on the computer is 5 hours behind UTC and should be adjusted for daylight saving time.
Time Zone
Standard Time
Daylight Saving Time
TZ
Atlantic Time Zone AST (UTC-4) ADT (UTC-3) AST4ADT
Eastern Time Zone EST (UTC-5) EDT (UTC-4) EST5EDT
Central Time Zone CST (UTC-6) CDT (UTC-5) CST6CDT
Mountain Time Zone MST (UTC-7) MDT (UTC-6) MST7MDT
Pacific Time Zone PST (UTC-8) PDT (UTC-7) PST8PDT
Alaska Time Zone AKST (UTC-9) AKDT (UTC-8) AKST9AKDT
Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone HAST (UTC-10) HADT (UTC-9)
Aleutian Islands only HAST10HADT
See also[edit]
General topic
Daylight saving time
Daylight saving time by country
CHU distributes official time in Canada
History of time in the United States includes a list of historical daylight saving dates back to 1918
Official civil time distribution
WWV and WWVH (NIST Shortwave)
WWVB (NIST Longwave)
Quasi-governmental time distribution systems
CDMA cellphone stratum 2 time distribution system
GNSS global navigation stratum 1 time distribution system
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Most of Exempt from Daylight Saving Time", timeanddate.com. Retrieved February 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Daylight Time". United States Naval Observatory. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ History of Daylight Saving Time, timeanddate.com; accesses 2017.03.05.
Jump up ^ Editors (25 October 1918). "Clocks Change Tomorrow" (PDF). The New York Times Company. The New York Times. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
Jump up ^ 66th U.S. Congress. "CHAP. 51. An Act For the repeal of the daylight-saving law" (pdf). Legis Works. Retrieved November 3, 2013. (Pub.L. 66–40, 41 Stat. 280, enacted August 20, 1919)
Jump up ^ 77th U.S. Congress. "AN ACT To promote the national security and defense by establishing daylight saving time" (pdf). Legis Works. Retrieved November 3, 2013. (Pub.L. 77–403, 56 Stat. 9, enacted January 20, 1942)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Source: CRS Report to Congress s:Congressional Research Service Report RS22284 Daylight Saving Time
Jump up ^ 93rd U.S. Congress. "AN ACT To provide for daylight saving time on a year-round basis for a two-year trial period, ..." (pdf). United States Government Printing Office. Retrieved 2 November 2013. (Pub.L. 93–182, 87 Stat. 707, enacted December 15, 1973)
Jump up ^ Dunning, Brian. "Skeptoid #172: Daylight Saving Time Myths". Skeptoid. Retrieved June 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ 109th U.S. Congress. "Sec. 110. Daylight Savings" (PDF). An Act To ensure jobs for our future with secure, affordable, and reliable energy. United States Government Printing Office. Retrieved November 3, 2013. (Pub.L. 109–58, 119 Stat. 594, enacted August 8, 2005)
Jump up ^ Douma, Michael (2008). "Daylight Saving Time — When do we change our clocks?". Institute for Dynamic Educational Advancement. Retrieved March 8, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Time and Frequency Division FAQ". National Institute of Standards and Technology.
Jump up ^ Belzer, David B. (October 2008). "Impact of Extended Daylight Saving Time on National Energy Consumption" (PDF). U.S. Department of Energy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-18.
Jump up ^ Lotchen, Matthew (October 2008). "Does Daylight Saving Time Save Energy? Evidence from a Natural Experiment in Indiana" (PDF). National Bureau of Economic Research.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sunshine daydream: Florida bill would make daylight saving time year-round". Retrieved 2018-03-12.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Reasoning Behind Changing Daylight-Saving". NPR.org. Retrieved 2018-03-12.
Jump up ^ Ast, William F. III (October 30, 2009). "Time shifts backward early Sunday morning". The Herald-Palladium. Retrieved October 30, 2009.
Jump up ^ Moritz, Katie (April 10, 2015). "Clock Stopped on Daylight Saving Time Repeal – For Now". Juneau Empire. Retrieved May 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Shimoda, Yoshiyuki; Asahi, Takahiro; Taniguchi, Ayako; Mizuno, Minoru (2007). "Evaluation of city-scale impact of residential energy conservation measures using the detailed end-use simulation model". Energy. 32 (9): 1617. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2007.01.007.
Jump up ^ "Navajo Nation". Wwp.greenwichmeantime.com. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Strange 100-Year History of Daylight Saving Time". 2018-03-09. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
Jump up ^ "Proposition 12: Daylight Saving Time". UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. University of California Hastings. 1949. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "California Wants To Ban Daylight Saving Time". The Huffington Post. March 11, 2016. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ A.B. 807, 2017–2018 Reg. Sess. (Cal. 2017). An act to add Section 6808 to the Government Code, and to repeal Sections 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 of the Daylight Saving Time Act, an initiative measure approved at the November 8, 1949, special election, relating to daylight saving time.
Jump up ^ Murphy, Katy (March 10, 2017). "California debates daylight saving time — again". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Alexei, Koseff (September 13, 2017). "Daylight saving time survives another year in the California Legislature". Sacramento Bee. Retrieved March 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ "HB 701 – Daylight Saving Time". Retrieved May 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ Colavecchio-Van Sickler, Shannon (March 27, 2008). "Posey's daylight savings bill moves". Tampa Bay Times.
Jump up ^ "Florida Gov. says yes to daylight saving time year-round". The Charlotte Observer. Associated Press. 2018-03-23. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
Jump up ^ "Hawaii Revised Statutes, § 1-31". Capitol.hawaii.gov. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Astronomical Data Applications". U.S. Naval Meteorology & Oceanography Command. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ Session Laws of Hawaii, 933, enacted by Act 90 (approved April 26, 1933) and repealed by Act 163 (approved May 21, 1933). Cited in Schmitt, Robert; Cox, Doak (1992). "Hawaiian Time". The Hawaiian Journal of History. 26: 220. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013. Retrieved November 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ Schmitt and Cox, p. 221.
Jump up ^ Standard Time Zone Boundary in the State of Indiana (a 139 KB PDF file)
Jump up ^ Assembly Joint Resolution No. 4 (PDF) (Report). Nevada Legislature. 2015-05-25.
Jump up ^ Chereb, Sandra (2015-05-18). "Nevada lawmakers urge Congress to allow state to stay on daylight savings time". Las Vegas Review-Journal.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Bill would end daylight saving time in Washington state". The Oregonian. AP. February 3, 2015. Retrieved November 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Nunnally, Derrick (February 3, 2015). "Lawmakers want to end Daylight Saving Time in Washington". AP. Retrieved November 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Senate bill to end Daylight Saving Time in Washington dies". Retrieved February 12, 2018.
External links[edit]
Washington Post: Overview of anti-DST initiatives by states in 2015
Steverman, Ben (March 10, 2017). "Proof daylight saving time is dumb, dangerous, and costly". Boston Globe. Bloomberg News. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
[hide]
v
t
e
Daylight saving time in the Americas
North America
South America
Sovereign states
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Bolivia
Brazil
Canada
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Grenada
Guatemala
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Dependencies and
other territories
Anguilla
Aruba
Bermuda
Bonaire
British Virgin Islands
Cayman Islands
Curaçao
Falkland Islands
French Guiana
Greenland
Guadeloupe
Martinique
Montserrat
Puerto Rico
Saint Barthélemy
Saint Martin
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Saba
Sint Eustatius
Sint Maarten
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Turks and Caicos Islands
US Virgin Islands
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_the_United_States&oldid=838276214"
Categories:
Daylight saving time in the United States
Daylight saving time by country
1918 introductions
1918 establishments in the United States
Hidden categories:
CS1: Julian–Gregorian uncertainty
Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2017
All Wikipedia articles in need of updating
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016
All articles containing potentially dated statements
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 26 April 2018, at 01:06.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

tag: div

attr: id class

value: mw-page-base noprint

key: html

type: local

value: mw-head-base noprint

tag: a

attr: id class lang

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

tag: img

attr: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attr: href class

attr: href class title

attr: href title

attr: class style

tag: b

tag: sup

value: Unincorporated territories of the United States

value: Edit section: History of DST in the United States

value: Edit section: 1916–1966: Early, inconsistent use

value:
/wiki/1918_Standard_Time_Act
mw-redirect
1918 Standard Time Act

value:
/wiki/Franklin_Roosevelt
mw-redirect
Franklin Roosevelt

value: Edit section: 1966–1972: Federal standard established

value: United States Department of Transportation

value:
/wiki/American_Virgin_Islands
mw-redirect
American Virgin Islands

value: Edit section: 1973–1975: Year-round experiment

value: Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries

value: Edit section: 1975–1986: Extension of daylight saving time

value: National Institute of Standards and Technology

value: Edit section: 2005–2009: Second extension

value:
/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Energy
mw-redirect
U.S. Department of Energy

value: University of California at Santa Barbara

value:
/wiki/Michael_Enzi
mw-redirect
Michael Enzi

value: Edit section: Procedure for modifications

value: Edit section: Changing an area's time zone

value: Edit section: Moving an area on or off DST

attr: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update

value:
/wiki/Arizona_Legislature
mw-redirect
Arizona Legislature

value:
/wiki/California_Assembly
mw-redirect
California Assembly

value:
/wiki/Hawaii-Aleutian_time_zone
mw-redirect
Hawaii-Aleutian time zone

value: plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update

value:
/wiki/Central_Time_Zone_(North_America)
mw-redirect
Central Time Zone (North America)

value:
/wiki/CHU_(callsign)
mw-redirect
CHU (callsign)

value:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/pl-66-40

value:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/stat-41-280

value:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/pl-77-403

value:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/stat-56-9

value: United States Government Printing Office

value:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/pl-93-182

value:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/stat-87-707

value:
nofollow
external text
https://skeptoid.com/episodes/4172

value:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/pl-109-58

value:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/stat-119-594

value: Institute for Dynamic Educational Advancement

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.nber.org/papers/w14429.pdf

value:
nofollow
http://aa.usno.navy.mil/
external text

value:
/wiki/Boston_Globe
mw-redirect
Boston Globe

value: Daylight saving time in Antigua and Barbuda (page does not exist)

value: Daylight saving time in the Bahamas (page does not exist)

value: Daylight saving time in Barbados (page does not exist)

value: Daylight saving time in Belize (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/Daylight_saving_time_in_Chile
mw-redirect
Daylight saving time in Chile

value: Daylight saving time in Costa Rica (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/Daylight_saving_time_in_Cuba
mw-redirect
Daylight saving time in Cuba

value: Daylight saving time in Dominica (page does not exist)

value: Daylight saving time in the Dominican Republic (page does not exist)

value: Daylight saving time in El Salvador (page does not exist)

value: Daylight saving time in Grenada (page does not exist)

value: Daylight saving time in Guyana (page does not exist)

value: Daylight saving time in Haiti (page does not exist)

value: Daylight saving time in Honduras (page does not exist)

value: Daylight saving time in Jamaica (page does not exist)

value: Daylight saving time in Nicaragua (page does not exist)

value: Daylight saving time in Panama (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/Daylight_saving_time_in_Paraguay
mw-redirect
Daylight saving time in Paraguay

value: Daylight saving time in Peru (page does not exist)

value: Daylight saving time in Saint Kitts and Nevis (page does not exist)

value: Daylight saving time in Saint Lucia (page does not exist)

value: Daylight saving time in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (page does not exist)

value: Daylight saving time in Suriname (page does not exist)

value: Daylight saving time in Trinidad and Tobago (page does not exist)

value: Daylight saving time in Venezuela (page does not exist)

value:
navbox-image
2
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

value:
/wiki/Territory_(subdivision)
mw-redirect
Territory (subdivision)

value: Daylight saving time in Anguilla (page does not exist)

value: Daylight saving time in Aruba (page does not exist)

value: Daylight saving time in Bermuda (page does not exist)

value: Daylight saving time in Bonaire (page does not exist)

value: Daylight saving time in the British Virgin Islands (page does not exist)

value: Daylight saving time in the Cayman Islands (page does not exist)

value: Daylight saving time in Curaçao (page does not exist)

value: Daylight saving time in the Falkland Islands

value: Daylight saving time in French Guiana (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/Daylight_saving_time_in_Greenland
mw-redirect
Daylight saving time in Greenland

value: Daylight saving time in Guadeloupe (page does not exist)

value: Daylight saving time in Martinique (page does not exist)

value: Daylight saving time in Montserrat (page does not exist)

value: Daylight saving time in Puerto Rico (page does not exist)

value: Daylight saving time in Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)

value: Daylight saving time in Saint Martin (France) (page does not exist)

value: Daylight saving time in Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)

value: Daylight saving time in Saba (page does not exist)

value: Daylight saving time in Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)

value: Daylight saving time in Sint Maarten (page does not exist)

value: Daylight saving time in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (page does not exist)

value: Daylight saving time in the Turks and Caicos Islands (page does not exist)

value: Daylight saving time in the United States Virgin Islands (page does not exist)

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: Category:Daylight saving time in the United States

value: Category:Daylight saving time by country

value: Category:1918 establishments in the United States

value: Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2017

value: Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating

value: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016

value: Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Daylight_saving_time_in_the_United_States rootpage-Daylight_saving_time_in_the_United_States skin-vector action-view


text:
Judiciary of New York (state)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
New York
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
New York
Constitution and Law[show]
United States Constitution
New York Constitution
New York Law
Executive[show]
Governor Andrew M. Cuomo (D)
Lieutenant Governor Kathy Hochul (D)
Secretary of State Cesar A. Perales (D)
State Comptroller Thomas DiNapoli (D)
Attorney General Eric Schneiderman (D)
Commissioner of Education MaryEllen Elia
State Cabinet
See also:
State Treasurer: abolished in 1926
Legislature[show]
State Senate
President Kathy Hochul (D)
Majority leader John J. Flanagan (R)
Minority Leader Andrea Stewart-Cousins (D)
State Assembly
Speaker Carl Heastie (D)
Majority leader Joseph Morelle (D)
Minority leader Brian Kolb (R)
Judiciary[show]
Court of Appeals
Chief Judge Jonathan Lippman
Read
Pigott
Rivera
Abdus-Salaam
Stein
Supreme Court, Appellate Division
New York Supreme Court
Court of Claims
Surrogate's Court
Family Court
County Court
New York City courts
Civil Court
Criminal Court
Elections[show]
Electoral fusion
Electoral reform in New York
Political parties
Qualified New York Parties
Democratic Party
Republican Party
Green Party
Socialist Party
Libertarian Party
Independence Party
Conservative Party
Working Families Party
National minor parties
Political party strength
Inferior Jurisdictions[show]
Counties (62)
Cities (62)
Towns (932)
Villages (555)
School districts
Federal Representation[show]
United States Senators
Charles Schumer (D)
Kirsten Gillibrand (D)
U.S. Representatives
1: Lee Zeldin (R)
2: Peter King (R)
3: Steve Israel (D)
4: Kathleen Rice (D)
5: Gregory Meeks (D)
6: Grace Meng (D)
7: Nydia Velázquez (D)
8: Hakeem Jeffries (D)
9: Yvette Clarke (D)
10: Jerrold Nadler (D)
11: Dan Donovan (R)
12: Carolyn Maloney (D)
13: Charlie Rangel (D)
14: Joseph Crowley (D)
15: José E. Serrano (D)
16: Eliot Engel (D)
17: Nita Lowey (D)
18: Sean Maloney (D)
19: Chris Gibson (R)
20: Paul Tonko (D)
21: Elise Stefanik (R)
22: Richard L. Hanna (R)
23: Tom Reed (R)
24: John Katko (R)
25: Louise Slaughter (D)
26: Brian Higgins (D)
27: Chris Collins (R)
Politics of the United States
Politics portal
United States portal
New York portal
v
t
e
The Judiciary of New York (officially the New York State Unified Court System) is the judicial branch of the Government of New York, comprising all the courts of the State of New York (excluding extrajudicial administrative courts.)
The Court of Appeals, sitting in Albany and consisting of seven judges, is the state's highest court. The Appellate Division of the New York State Supreme Court is the principal intermediate appellate court. The New York State Supreme Court is the trial court of general jurisdiction in civil cases statewide and in criminal cases in New York City. Outside New York City, the 57 individual County Courts hear felony criminal cases. There are a number of local courts in different parts of the state, including the New York City Civil Court and New York City Criminal Court.
The system is administered by the Chief Judge of the State of New York, working with the Chief Administrative Judge, other administrative judges, the Office of Court Administration, and other agencies.
Contents
[hide]
1 Courts
1.1 Court of Appeals
1.2 Appellate Division of the Supreme Court
1.3 Superior courts
1.3.1 Specialized courts
1.4 Local courts
1.5 Extrajudicial courts
2 Law
2.1 Precedent
2.2 Procedure
3 Administration
4 Officers
4.1 Judges
4.2 Jurors
4.3 Attorneys
4.4 District attorneys
4.5 Public defenders
4.6 Clerks
4.7 Court officers
4.8 Other
5 Analysis and criticism
6 History
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
Courts[edit]
Part of a series on
New York State
Unified Court System
Court of Appeals
Supreme Court, Appellate Division
Supreme Court
Court of Claims
Surrogate's Court
Family Court
County Court
District Court
New York City: Civil, Criminal
Justice courts
v
t
e
In general, the judicial system is composed of the trial courts, consisting of the superior courts and the local courts, and the appellate courts.[1]
The appellate courts are the:[1]
Court of Appeals
Appellate Division of the Supreme Court
appellate terms of the Supreme Court
appellate sessions of the County Court
The superior courts are the:[1]
Supreme Court
County Court
specialized courts (Family Court, Surrogate's Court, Court of Claims)
And the inferior courts are the local courts:[1]
District Court
New York City courts (Civil Court, Criminal Court)
city courts
justice courts (town and village courts)
There are also other tribunals that are not normally considered part of the New York State Unified Court System or the judiciary proper.
Court of Appeals[edit]
The New York State Court of Appeals building in Albany
The New York State Court of Appeals is the state's highest court. In civil cases, appeals are taken almost exclusively from decisions of the Appellate Divisions. In criminal cases, depending on the type of case and the part of the state in which it arose, appeals can be heard from decisions of the Appellate Division, the Appellate Term, and the County Court.
Appellate Division of the Supreme Court[edit]
The New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division is the state's second-highest court, and is regionally divided into four judicial departments. It primarily hears appeals from the superior courts in civil cases, the Supreme Court in criminal cases, and the County Court in felony criminal cases in the Third and Fourth Judicial Departments.[2] In addition, in civil cases it may hear appeals from the appellate terms of the Supreme Court when these courts have heard appeals from one of the lower trial courts.
Superior courts[edit]
The New York County Courthouse in Manhattan
The court of general jurisdiction in New York is the New York Supreme Court. (Unlike in most other states, the Supreme Court is a trial court and is not the highest court in the state.) There is a branch of the New York Supreme Court in each of New York State's 62 counties.
In New York City, the Supreme Court in each county hears all felony cases; outside New York City, these cases are generally heard in the County Court. The Supreme Court hears civil cases seeking money damages that exceed the monetary limits of the local courts' jurisdiction. The Supreme Court has exclusive jurisdiction over most cases in which a party seeks equitable relief such as an injunction, declaratory judgment actions, or proceedings for review of many administrative-agency rulings. The court also has exclusive jurisdiction over matrimonial actions seeking a divorce, legal separation, or annulment of a marriage. In several counties the Supreme Court has a specialized Commercial Division that hears commercial cases.[3]
The New York State County Court operates in each county except for the five counties of New York City (in those counties, the Civil Court, Criminal Court and Supreme Court operate in place of a typical County Court).[4] In many counties, this court primarily hears criminal cases (whereas the Supreme Court primarily hears civil cases),[5] and usually only felonies as lesser crimes are handled by local courts.[6]
Specialized courts[edit]
The Family Court has exclusive jurisdiction over certain matters involving minors, including juvenile delinquency charges, status offenses, child abuse and neglect, termination of parental rights, adoption, and guardianships. It also handles aspects of domestic relations disputes including child support and child custody (although only the Supreme Court can grant a divorce).
The Surrogate's Court exercises exclusive jurisdiction over probate and related matters, and also has jurisdiction over certain guardianship matters (concurrent with the Supreme Court) and over adoption proceedings (concurrent with the Family Court).
The Court of Claims hears actions seeking monetary damages against the State of New York itself. The judges are appointed by the Governor subject to confirmation by the State Senate.
Local courts[edit]
A New York City Criminal Courts building, connected to the Tombs
See also: Administrative divisions of New York
City courts handle the arraignment of felonies, try misdemeanors and lesser offenses, and try civil lawsuits involving claims of up to $15,000. The New York City Criminal Court and the New York City Civil Court are the local courts in the 5 boroughs of New York City. Some city courts have small claims parts for the informal disposition of matters involving claims of up to $5,000 and/or housing parts to handle landlord-tenant matters and housing violations.
The District Court is the local criminal and civil court in Nassau County and the five western towns of Suffolk County. It arraigns felonies and tries misdemeanors and lesser offenses, as well as civil lawsuits involving claims of up to $15,000, small claims and small commercial claims up to $5000, and landlord-tenant actions.
Justice courts (town and village courts) try misdemeanors and lesser offenses in towns and villages. These courts are the starting point for all criminal cases outside cities, and handle a variety of other matters including small claims, traffic ticket cases and local zoning matters. They also arraign defendants accused of felonies. These courts may hear civil lawsuits involving claims of up to $3,000 (including small claims cases of up to $3,000). Unlike all other courts which are state-funded, the town and village justice courts are locally funded.[7]
Extrajudicial courts[edit]
There are numerous administrative courts which are not considered part of the judicial branch of government.
The Traffic Violations Bureau (TVB) is a part of the state Department of Motor Vehicles that adjudicates non-criminal traffic violations (other than parking violations) in New York City and Rochester.[8]
The New York City Office of Administrative Trials and Hearings (OATH) is an agency of the New York city government that conducts administrative hearings, overseeing the operations of four tribunals: the OATH Tribunal, the Environmental Control Board, the Health Tribunal, and the Taxi & Limousine Tribunal.
The New York Court for the Trial of Impeachments, often referred to as the Impeachment Court or sometimes as the High Court of Impeachment, is for the trial of state officers who had been impeached by the State Assembly.
Law[edit]
Further information: Law of New York
Precedent[edit]
The McKinney's annotated version of the Civil Practice Law and Rules
Decisions of the New York Court of Appeals are binding authority on all other courts, and persuasive authority for itself in later cases.[9] Decisions of the New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division department panels are binding on the lower courts in that department, and also on lower courts in other departments unless there is contrary authority from the Appellate Division of that department.[9][10] Decisions by the Supreme Court, Appellate Term must be followed by courts whose appeals lie to it.[11][12] Published trial court decisions are persuasive authority for all other courts in the state.[9]
Procedure[edit]
The Civil Practice Law and Rules (CPLR) governs legal procedure such as jurisdiction, venue, and pleadings, as well certain areas of substantive law such as the statute of limitations and joint and several liability.[13][14]
Administration[edit]
Map of New York judicial districts
The Judiciary of New York is a unified state court system that functions under the Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals who is the ex officio Chief Judge of New York. The Chief Judge supervises the seven-judge Court of Appeals and is chair of the Administrative Board of the Courts.[15] In addition, the Chief Judge establishes standards and administrative policies after consultation with the Administrative Board and approval by the Court of Appeals.[15] The Administrative Board is composed of the chief judge and presiding justices of each Supreme Court Appellate Division department.[15] The Chief Administrator (or Chief Administrative Judge if a judge) is appointed by the Chief Judge with the advice and consent of the Administrative Board and oversees the administration and operation of the court system, assisted by the Office of Court Administration.[15][16][17] The Judicial Conference of the State of New York is responsible for surveying current practice in the administration of the state's courts, compiling statistics, and suggesting legislation and regulations.[16]
The court system is currently divided into thirteen judicial districts: seven upstate districts each comprising between five and eleven counties, five districts corresponding to the boroughs or counties of New York City, and one district on Long Island.[18] In each judicial district outside New York City, an Administrator (or Administrative Judge if a judge) is responsible for supervising all courts and agencies, while inside New York City an Administrator (or Administrative Judge) supervises each major court.[19] Administrators are assisted by Supervising Judges who are responsible in the on-site management of the trial courts, including court caseloads, personnel, and budget administration, and each manage a particular type of court within a county or judicial district.[19] District Executives (outside New York City) and Chief Clerks (inside New York City) assist the local administrators in carrying out their responsibilities for supervising the day-to-day operations of the trial courts.[20][21] The district administrative offices are responsible for personnel, purchasing, budgets, revenue, computer automation, court interpreters, court security, and case management.[21]
Map of the departments of the New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division
First Department Second Department
Third Department Fourth Department
Many counties use the New York State Courts Electronic Filing System for electronic court filing (e-filing, like the federal PACER system).[22][23] The New York State Reporter of the New York State Law Reporting Bureau is the official reporter of decisions and is required to publish every opinion, memorandum, and motion sent to it by the Court of Appeals and the Appellate Divisions of the Supreme Court in the New York Reports and Appellate Division Reports, respectively.[24][25][26] The appellate term and trial court opinions are published selectively in the Miscellaneous Reports.[25][27] The State Reporter is appointed by the Court of Appeals.[25] The current versions are the New York Reports 3d (cited as N.Y.3d), the Appellate Division Reports 3d (cited as A.D.3d) and the Miscellaneous Reports 3d (cited as Misc.3d).[28]
All courts, except justice courts (town and village courts), are financed by the state in a single court budget.[7] During 2009, the judiciary had approximately 1300 judges, 4.6 million new cases, and a budget in excess of $2.5 billion.[29] Currently it has a $2 billion budget, 3,600 state and locally paid judges and over 15,000 nonjudicial employees in over 300 locations around the state.[30]
Officers[edit]
See also: Elections in New York
There are several officers of the court, including judges, jurors, and bailiffs.
Judges[edit]
Judith Kaye was Chief Judge from 1993–2008
Judges of the Court of Appeals are appointed by the Governor with the advice and consent of Senate upon recommendation of the Commission on Judicial Nomination.[31][32] Judges of the Court of Claims are appointed in the same manner, without the requirement of a commission recommendation.[31] All other justices are elected, with the exception of those of the New York City Criminal Courts, New York City Family Court, and some other city courts, which are appointed by the mayor.[31] Supreme Court justices are nominated by judicial district nominating conventions (with judicial delegates themselves elected from assembly districts), while New York City Civil Court and Surrogate's Court judges are nominated in primary elections.[33]
Family Court judges serve 10-year terms; those outside New York City are elected, while those in New York City are appointed to by the Mayor.[34] Surrogates serve 14-year terms within New York City and 10-year terms elsewhere in the state.[35] Full-time city court judges serve 10-year terms, and part-time city court judges serve six-year terms. District Court judges are elected to six-year terms.[36] Justice court justices are elected to four-year terms.[37][38] The majority of justice court justices are not attorneys, and non-attorney justices must successfully complete a certification course and participate in continuing judicial education.[39]
New York City Criminal Court judges are appointed by the Mayor of New York City to 10-year terms from a list of candidates submitted by the Mayor's Advisory Committee on the Judiciary.[39][40][41] New York City Civil Court judges are elected from districts to 10-year terms, with vacancies filled by the mayor and service continuing until the last day of December after next election,[42] while Housing Part judges are appointed by the Chief Administrative Judge to five-year terms.[39][40][43][44]
Once a judge is elected or appointed, the Chief Judge, in consultation with the Chief Administrative Judge, Administrative Judges, Supervising Judges and the Presiding Justice of the relevant Appellate Division, assigns judges to a court and a part, not necessarily the court and county in which they were elected or appointed, including to the Supreme Court (but not its Appellate Division or Appellate Term) as Acting Supreme Court Judges.[45][46]
Judges are regulated by the Rules Governing Judicial Conduct promulgated by the Chief Administrative Judge, the Code of Judicial Conduct adopted by the New York State Bar Association, and the relevant rules of the respective Appellate Division departments.[47][48] The eleven-member New York State Commission on Judicial Conduct receives complaints, investigates, and makes initial determinations regarding judicial conduct and may recommend admonition, censure, or removal from office to the Chief Judge and Court of Appeals.[49][47][50] The Ethics Commission for the Unified Court System administers financial disclosure requirements.[16] The New York State Advisory Committee on Judicial Ethics issues confidential advisory opinions regarding judicial conduct.[51][52]
Along with the unusual names for the courts, judges in the Supreme Court and the justice courts are called justices, while in the Court of Appeals and in other courts such as the Family Court, County Court, and Surrogates' courts, they are called judges.[citation needed]
Jurors[edit]
The Judiciary Law states that all litigants (who have the right to a jury trial) have the right to juries selected from a fair cross section of the community and that all eligible citizens shall have both the opportunity and the obligation to serve.[53] Potential jurors are randomly selected from lists of registered voters, holders of a driver's licenses or ID issued by the Division of Motor Vehicles, New York state income tax filers, recipients of unemployment insurance or family assistance, and from volunteers.[54] The grand jury is organized pursuant to article 190 of the Criminal Procedure Law.[55]
Attorneys[edit]
SUNY Buffalo Law School
The Court of Appeals promulgates rules for admission to practice law in New York.[56] The New York State Education Department promulgates standards for law school education (which defer to the requirements of the Rules of the New York Court of Appeals pertaining to legal education and prerequisites to the study of law[57]), and the New York State Board of Law Examiners administers the New York State bar examination.[56] Attorneys are admitted to the New York bar by one of the Appellate Division departments rather than by the Court of Appeals, though once admitted to any of the Appellate Division departments the attorney is admitted to practice and appear before all New York courts, including the Court of Appeals.[58] Applicants must be interviewed in person by a member of the Appellate Division department's Character and Fitness Committee after passing the New York State Bar Exam (the Multistate Bar Examination, and essay questions or the Multistate Performance Test) and Multistate Professional Responsibility Examination.[59]
Lawyers are regulated by various state laws, the Rules of Professional Conduct (based on the ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct), and rules adopted by each department of the Supreme Court Appellate Division.[60][61] Each department of the Appellate Division has a committee that investigates complaints of attorney misconduct and may issue reprimands or recommend censure, suspension, or disbarment to the Appellate Division.[62]
The New York State Bar Association is a voluntary bar association of New York, but others exist such the New York City Bar Association.
District attorneys[edit]
See also: New York County District Attorney, Bronx County District Attorney, Kings County District Attorney, Queens County District Attorney, and Richmond County District Attorney
All counties (including each of the five counties of New York City) elect a district attorney for four-year terms,[63] whose duty it is to prosecute all crimes and offenses cognizable by the courts of the county.[64]
District attorneys are legally permitted to delegate the prosecution of petty crimes or offenses.[65][66] For example, prosecutors don't normally handle New York City Criminal Court summons court cases, and the NYPD's Legal Bureau has a memorandum of understanding with the district attorneys, at least in Manhattan, allowing the NYPD to selectively prosecute them.[67][68]
Public defenders[edit]
The system of public defenders is run by county governments.[69] Each county must provide representation by any combination of a public defender, legal aid society, and/or panel of qualified lawyers (pursuant to County Law article 18-B).[70] For a comparison of relative activity in 2009 in New York City, legal aid societies handled 290,251 cases of which 568 went to trial, whereas 18-B lawyers represented 42,212 defendants of which 623 went to trial.[71]
Clerks[edit]
The county clerk acts as clerk of the Supreme Court, Civil Branch, and commissioner of jurors for the Supreme Court for both the Civil and Criminal branches.[72] They summon people for jury duty, keep court records, and collect revenue.[73] They are appointed by the presiding justice of the Supreme Court, Appellate Division of the relevant judicial department.[72][74]
Court officers[edit]
A New York State Court Officer cruiser in Times Square
New York State Court Officers are law enforcement officers who provide police services to the New York State Unified Court System (i.e. bailiffs), and enforce state and city laws at all facilities operated by the New York State Unified Court System.
Other[edit]
Judicial hearing officers (JHOs) adjudicate most universal summons (summons court) cases in New York City Criminal Court, assist in Criminal Court compliance parts in domestic violence cases, and in the New York Supreme Court monitor substance abuse program defendants, conduct pre-trial suppression hearings and make recommended findings of fact and law to sitting judges.[75][76][77][78] JHOs are appointed by the Chief Administrator.[79][80]
Support magistrates hear support cases (petitions filed seeking support for a child or spouse) and paternity cases (petitions filed requesting the court to enter an order declaring someone to be the father of a child).[81]
A court attorney is a lawyer who works with and assists the judge by researching legal questions and helping to write decisions.[81] The court attorney may also meet with the attorneys or parties to a case to try to reach an agreement without the need for a trial.[81]
Analysis and criticism[edit]
New York's use of remand (pre-trial detention) and bail procedures have been criticized.[82] For example, New York is one of only four states that does not allow judges to consider public safety when making a bail determination.[82] And almost without exception, New York judges only set two kinds of bail at arraignment, straight cash or commercial bail bond, while other options exist such as partially secured bonds, which only require a tenth of the full amount as a down payment, and unsecured bonds, which don't require any up front payment.[83][84][85] The Court of Appeals ruled in 1991 that most people arrested must be released if they are not arraigned within 24 hours,[86] and in 2013, for the first time since 2001, the average time it took to arraign defendants fell below 24 hours in all five boroughs of New York City.[87] But there have been accusations of systematic trial delays,[88][89] especially with regards to the New York City stop-and-frisk program.[90] There have also been allegations that excessive pre-trial detention and systematic trial delays are used to pressure defendants to accept plea bargains.[84][91][92]
In 2006 a commission appointed by Chief Judge Judith Kaye found that the county public defender system provided "an unconstitutional level of representation [...] impugning the fairness of New York's criminal justice system".[69][93] The New York Civil Liberties Union has claimed that public defenders in New York are so overworked and overmatched that poor people essentially receive no legal aid in local criminal courts.[69]
Some watchdog groups consider Brooklyn as one of America's most corrupt judicial systems.[94] New York's judicial nominating conventions have been criticized as opaque, brief and dominated by county party leaders.[95]
In her 1999 State of the Judiciary address, Chief Judge Judith Kaye called the system of New York trial courts "absurdly complex [...] difficult to understand, hard to navigate and a burden to administer" and endorsed a proposal for a two-tier trial court structure with a statewide Supreme Court and a series of regional district courts.[96][97][98]
History[edit]
Historically, county superior courts—like New York's county-by-county Supreme Court—were the highest level of trial court, overseeing a network of inferior trial courts (e.g., municipal courts, recorder's courts, courts of referees and commissioners, etc.), the decisions of which could be appealed within the trial court system to the superior courts.
The constitution of 1846 made several changes to the organization of the courts. The Court of Chancery was abolished and jurisdiction over equity was transferred to the Supreme Court. The Court for the Correction of Errors was abolished and jurisdiction over appeals was transferred to the Court of Appeals.[24] The New York circuit courts, by the constitution of 1821, were abolished and replaced by the district benches of the Supreme Court. The Court of Appeals was established in July 1847, consisting of four statewide elected judges and four justices chosen annually from the Supreme Court.
The Court of Common Pleas had been established in 1686 in New York City, extended in 1691 throughout the state, had been again restricted to New York City in 1846, and was abolished in 1895. The Court for the Trial of Impeachments was established by the New York State Constitution of 1777 and was split from the Court for the Correction of Errors upon that court's disestablishment in 1846.
See also[edit]
Government of New York (state)
Law of New York
Law enforcement in New York
Judiciary of Russia
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Gibson & Manz 2004, p. 123.
Jump up ^ Practice of Law 2012, pp. 9-10.
Jump up ^ Gibson & Manz 2004, p. 127.
Jump up ^ Constitution of the State of New York Article VI, § 10. "a. The county court is continued in each county outside the city of New York. There shall be at least one judge of the county court in each county and such number of additional judges in each county as may be provided by law. The judges shall be residents of the county and shall be chosen by the electors of the county. b. The terms of the judges of the county court shall be ten years from and including the first day of January next after their election."
Jump up ^ Gibson & Manz 2004, p. 128.
Jump up ^ Stonecash, Jeffrey M. (2001). Governing New York State (4th ed.). SUNY Press. p. 172. ISBN 0-7914-4888-6. LCCN 00-032955.
^ Jump up to: a b Local Government Handbook, p. 19.
Jump up ^ "Traffic Violations Bureau". New York State Department of Motor Vehicles. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Birnbaum, Edward L.; Belen, Ariel E.; Grasso, Carl T. (2012). New York Trial Notebook (6th ed.). James Publishing. pp. 1–23. ISBN 1-58012-104-7.
Jump up ^ Duffy v. Horton Memorial Hospital, 66 N.Y.2d 473, 497 N.Y.S.2d 890 (1985); Mountain View Coach Lines v. Storms, 102 A.D.2d 663, 476 N.Y.S.2d 918 (2d Dept. 1984).
Jump up ^ 28 NY Jur 2d, Courts and Judges § 220, at 274 [1997]
Jump up ^ Yellow Book of NY L.P. v. Dimilia, 188 Misc.2d 489, 729 N.Y.S.2d 286 (2001)
Jump up ^ Article 2, Civil Practice Law & Rules [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Article 16, Civil Practice Law & Rules [permanent dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Gibson & Manz 2004, p. 130.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gibson & Manz 2004, p. 131.
Jump up ^ "Office of Court Administration". New York State Office of Court Administration. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Judiciary Law § 140.
^ Jump up to: a b "Court Administration". New York State Office of Court Administration. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Court Administration - Local Administrators". New York State Office of Court Administration. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "9th Judicial District". New York State Office of Court Administration. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Miller, Roger LeRoy; Meinzinger, Mary (2013-06-25). Paralegal Today: The Legal Team at Work. West Legal Studies (6th ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 156. ISBN 9781133591078.
Jump up ^ Report on the Progress Toward Implementing Statewide Electronic Filing in New York Courts, New York State Bar Association, 30 March 2012
^ Jump up to: a b Gibson & Manz 2004, p. 149.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gibson & Manz 2004, p. 153.
Jump up ^ "About the Official Reports". New York State Law Reporting Bureau. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Gibson & Manz 2004, p. 151.
Jump up ^ Gibson & Manz 2004, p. 155.
Jump up ^ Galie & Bopst 2012, p. 161.
Jump up ^ "Chief Administrative Judge A. Gail Prudenti". New York State Unified Court System. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Local Government Handbook, p. 21.
Jump up ^ Judiciary Law § 62
Jump up ^ New York City Bar Association Council on Judicial Administration (March 2014). Judicial Selection Methods in the State of New York: A Guide to Understanding and Getting Involved in the Selection Process (PDF). New York City Bar Association. pp. 23–27.
Jump up ^ Constitution of the State of New York Article VI, § 13
Jump up ^ Constitution of the State of New York Article VI, § 12
Jump up ^ Constitution of the State of New York Article VI, § 16
Jump up ^ Constitution of the State of New York Article VI, § 17. Village Law § 3-302. Town Law § 24.
Jump up ^ "Court Type Descriptions". New York State Unified Court System. nycourts.gov. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c The New York State Courts: An Introductory Guide (PDF). New York State Office of Court Administration. 2000. pp. 4–5. OCLC 68710274.
^ Jump up to: a b New York City Bar Association Special Committee to Encourage Judicial Service (2012). How To Become a Judge (PDF). New York City Bar Association. pp. 3–8.
Jump up ^ New York City Criminal Court Act § 22(2)
Jump up ^ Colby, Peter W. (1985). "The Government of New York State Today". In Colby, Peter W. New York State Today. SUNY Press. p. 105. ISBN 0-87395-960-4. LCCN 84-8737.
Jump up ^ "Judges". New York State Office of Court Administration. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
Jump up ^ New York City Civil Court Act § 110
Jump up ^ New York City Bar Association Council on Judicial Administration (March 2014). Judicial Selection Methods in the State of New York: A Guide to Understanding and Getting Involved in the Selection Process (PDF). New York City Bar Association. p. 13.
Jump up ^ New York Constitution, Article VI, § 26. 22 NYCRR Part 33. 22 NYCRR 121.
^ Jump up to: a b Gibson & Manz 2004, p. 132.
Jump up ^ 22 NYCRR § 7000.9
Jump up ^ Judiciary Law § 44
Jump up ^ Gibson & Manz 2004, pp. 133–134.
Jump up ^ Gibson & Manz 2004, pp. 132,134.
Jump up ^ 22 NYCRR § 101.1; "There shall be an Advisory Committee on Judicial Ethics [...]"
Jump up ^ New York State Unified Court System Trial Juror's Handbook (PDF). New York State Office of Court Administration. p. 1.
Jump up ^ Trial Juror's Handbook, p. 2.
Jump up ^ New York State Unified Court System Grand Juror's Handbook (PDF). New York State Office of Court Administration. p. 1.
^ Jump up to: a b Gibson & Manz 2004, p. 135.
Jump up ^ 8 NYCRR § 52.6
Jump up ^ 22 NYCRR § 520.1
Jump up ^ NYSBA Committee on Legal Education and Admission to the Bar; NYSBA Membership Committee (September 2012). The Practice of Law in New York State: An Introduction For Newly-Admitted Attorneys (PDF). New York State Bar Association. pp. 18–19.
Jump up ^ Gibson & Manz 2004, pp. 136–138.
Jump up ^ "New Attorney Rules of Professional Conduct Announced" (Press release). New York Office of Court Administration. 17 December 2008.
Jump up ^ Gibson & Manz 2004, p. 138.
Jump up ^ County Law § 926
Jump up ^ County Law § 927
Jump up ^ People v Jeffreys, 53 Misc 3d 1205 (2016)
Jump up ^ Jacobs, Shayna (19 September 2016). "Judge: NYPD can act as prosecutor in Black Lives Matter cases". New York Daily News.
Jump up ^ Dolmetsch, Chris (14 December 2011). "Occupy Wall Street Judge Refuses to Throw Out Summonses". Bloomberg News.
Jump up ^ Pinto, Nick (November 3, 2016). "Protesters Sue to Stop NYPD from Acting as Prosecutors". The Village Voice.
^ Jump up to: a b c Apuzzo, Matt (25 September 2014). "Holder Backs Suit in New York Faulting Legal Service for Poor". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Yakin, Heather (14 October 2014). "Upstate trial could change course for defense of poor". Times Herald-Record.
Jump up ^ Feuer, Alan (20 May 2011). "The Defense Can't Afford to Rest". The New York Times.
^ Jump up to: a b "Presiding Justice Announces the Appointment of the County Clerk of New York County" (PDF) (Press release). 24 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Tolan, Casey (1 December 2014). "Justice Tingling, Who Struck Down 'Soda Ban,' Named New York County Clerk". Gotham Gazette.
Jump up ^ Constitution of the State of New York Article XIII, § 13
Jump up ^ Judiciary Law article 22. Criminal Procedure Law § 350.20, 255.20. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1690.
Jump up ^ New York County Lawyers' Association (2011). New York City Criminal Courts Manual. New York County Lawyers' Association. pp. 3, 6. ISBN 978-1-105-20162-2.
Jump up ^ "Caseload and Trial Capacity Issues in the Criminal Court of the City of New York" (PDF), The Record of the Association of the Bar of the City of New York, 54 (6), p. 771, 1999
Jump up ^ Ryley, Sarah; Bult, Laura; Gregorian, Dareh (4 August 2014). "Daily News analysis finds racial disparities in summonses for minor violations in 'broken windows' policing". New York Daily News.
Jump up ^ 22 NYCRR part 122
Jump up ^ NYCLA 2011, p. 6.
^ Jump up to: a b c "New York City Family Court -- Who's Who in the Courtroom?". New York State Office of Court Administration. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Buettner, Russ (5 February 2013). "Top Judge Says Bail in New York Isn't Safe or Fair". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Criminal Procedure Law § 520.10
^ Jump up to: a b Pinto, Nick (25 April 2012). "Bail is Busted: How Jail Really Works". The Village Voice.
Jump up ^ The Editorial Board (10 July 2015). "Trapped by New York's Bail System". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Sack, Kevin (27 March 1991). "Ruling Forces New York to Release Or Arraign Suspects in 24 Hours". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ McKinley Jr., James C. (19 March 2014). "New York Courts Cut Time Between Arrest and Arraignment". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Glaberson, William (15 April 2013). "Courts in Slow Motion, Aided by the Defense". The New York Times. p. A1.
Jump up ^ Glaberson, William (16 April 2013). "For 3 Years After Killing, Evidence Fades as a Suspect Sits in Jail". The New York Times. p. A1.
Jump up ^ Glaberson, William (1 May 2013). "Even for Minor Crimes in Bronx, No Guarantee of Getting a Trial". The New York Times. p. A1.
Jump up ^ Gonnerman, Jennifer (6 October 2014). "Before the Law". The New Yorker.
Jump up ^ "Accused of Stealing a Backpack, High School Student Jailed for Nearly Three Years Without Trial". Democracy Now!. 1 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Commission on the Future of Indigent Defense Services (18 June 2006), Final Report to the Chief Judge of the State of New York (PDF)
Jump up ^ Marks, Alexandra (12 August 2003). "In Brooklyn, fixing a 'corrupt' court system". Christian Science Monitor.
Jump up ^ Williams, Milton L. (19 September 2012). "A better way to pick New York judges". New York Daily News.
Jump up ^ Ward, Robert B. (2006). New York State Government. Rockefeller Institute Press. pp. 140, 146. ISBN 978-1-930912-16-8. LCCN 2006050402.
Jump up ^ Kaye, Judith (February 8, 1999), The State of the Judiciary
Jump up ^ New York State Special Commission on the Future of the New York State Courts (2007), A Court System for the Future: The Promise of Court Restructuring in New York State (PDF), p. 67, OCLC 132693381
References[edit]
Gibson, Ellen M.; Manz, William H. (2004). Gibson's New York Legal Research Guide (PDF) (3rd ed.). Wm. S. Hein Publishing. ISBN 1-57588-728-2. LCCN 2004042477. OCLC 54455036.
Local Government Handbook (PDF) (6th ed.). New York State Department of State. 2009.
Galie, Peter J.; Bopst, Christopher (2012). The New York State Constitution (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-986056-2. LCCN 2011051555.
Galie, Peter J. (1991). The New York State Constitution: A Reference Guide. Reference Guides to the State Constitutions of the United States. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 0-313-26156-3. LCCN 90-36627.
NYSBA Committee on Legal Education and Admission to the Bar; NYSBA Membership Committee (September 2012). The Practice of Law in New York State: An Introduction For Newly-Admitted Attorneys (PDF). New York State Bar Association.
Lincoln, Charles Z. (1906). The Constitutional History of New York. Lawyers Co-operative Publishing. OCLC 1337955.
External links[edit]
Official website
Judiciary in the New York Codes, Rules and Regulations
New York Official Reports Service from West
Office of Court Administration on Open NY (https://data.ny.gov/)
National Center for State Courts
[show]
v
t
e
State of New York
Albany (capital)
Topics
Bibliography
Demographics
Economy
Education
Geography
History
Healthcare
Museums
Music
Nickname
Parks
People
Politics
Sports
Symbols
Transportation
Tourist attractions
Politics
Administrative divisions
Congressional districts
Constitution
Elections
Government
Law
Regions
Adirondack Mountains
Allegheny Plateau
Capital District
Catskill Mountains
Central Region (formerly Central-Leatherstocking)
Central New York
Champlain Valley
New York City
Finger Lakes
Holland Purchase
Hudson Highlands
Hudson Valley
Long Island
Mohawk Valley
Niagara Frontier
North Country
Ridge and Valley
Saint Lawrence Seaway
Shawangunks
Ski country
Southern Tier
Southtowns
Tech Valley
Thousand Islands
Tug Hill
Upstate
Western
Metro areas
Albany / Schenectady / Troy
Binghamton
Buffalo / Niagara Falls
Elmira / Corning
Glens Falls
Ithaca
Kingston
New York City
Rochester
Syracuse
Utica / Rome
Watertown
Counties
Albany
Allegany
Bronx
Broome
Cattaraugus
Cayuga
Chautauqua
Chemung
Chenango
Clinton
Columbia
Cortland
Delaware
Dutchess
Erie
Essex
Franklin
Fulton
Genesee
Greene
Hamilton
Herkimer
Jefferson
Kings
Lewis
Livingston
Madison
Monroe
Montgomery
Nassau
New York
Niagara
Oneida
Onondaga
Ontario
Orange
Orleans
Oswego
Otsego
Putnam
Queens
Rensselaer
Richmond
Rockland
Saint Lawrence
Saratoga
Schenectady
Schoharie
Schuyler
Seneca
Steuben
Suffolk
Sullivan
Tioga
Tompkins
Ulster
Warren
Washington
Wayne
Westchester
Wyoming
Yates
Places
Cities
Towns
Indian reservations
Villages
Census-designated places
[show]
v
t
e
Judiciaries of the United States
States
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Federal district
Washington, D.C.
Insular areas
American Samoa
Guam
Northern Mariana Islands
Puerto Rico
U.S. Virgin Islands
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_of_New_York_(state)&oldid=816285627"
Categories:
New York (state) state courts
State judiciaries in the United States
Hidden categories:
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from April 2017
Articles with permanently dead external links
Articles containing Latin-language text
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Español
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 20 December 2017, at 11:44.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

tag: span

value: adr font-size:smaller

tag: th

tag: tr

value: nowrap font-weight:normal

tag: br

value:
/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States
mw-redirect
Constitution of the United States

value:
/wiki/Constitution_of_New_York
mw-redirect
Constitution of New York

value:
/wiki/Law_of_New_York
mw-redirect
Law of New York

value: font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: left; display: none;

value:
/wiki/Andrew_M._Cuomo
mw-redirect
Andrew M. Cuomo

value:
/wiki/New_York_Attorney_General
mw-redirect
New York Attorney General

value: Commissioner of Education of the State of New York

value: Majority Leader of the New York State Senate

value:
/wiki/Joseph_Morelle
mw-redirect
Joseph Morelle

value: Seal of the New York Court of Appeals.svg

value:
/wiki/Eugene_F._Pigott,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Eugene F. Pigott, Jr.

value:
/wiki/Leslie_Stein
mw-redirect
Leslie Stein

value: New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division

value: List of political parties in the United States

value:
/wiki/Qualified_New_York_Parties
mw-redirect
Qualified New York Parties

value:
/wiki/New_York_Democratic_Party
mw-redirect
New York Democratic Party

value:
/wiki/New_York_Republican_Party
mw-redirect
New York Republican Party

value:
/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York
mw-redirect
Conservative Party of New York

value: Administrative divisions of New York (state)

value:
/wiki/Charles_Schumer
mw-redirect
Charles Schumer

value: Seal of the United States House of Representatives.svg

value:
/wiki/Chris_Collins_(U.S._politician)
mw-redirect
Chris Collins (U.S. politician)

value: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;

value:
/wiki/State_of_New_York
mw-redirect
State of New York

value:
/wiki/New_York_State_Supreme_Court
mw-redirect
New York State Supreme Court

value:
/wiki/Judiciary_of_New_York
mw-redirect
Judiciary of New York

value: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;width:18em;

value:
/wiki/New_York_State_Court_of_Appeals
mw-redirect
New York State Court of Appeals

value: Edit section: Appellate Division of the Supreme Court

value:
/wiki/List_of_New_York_counties
mw-redirect
List of New York counties

value:
/wiki/Small_claims
mw-redirect
Small claims

value: New York State Department of Motor Vehicles

value: New York Court for the Trial of Impeachments

value: Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals

value: Administrative Board of the Courts (page does not exist)

value: New York State Chief Administrator of the Courts

value: New York State Office of Court Administration

value: Judicial Conference of the State of New York

value: background-color:#808000; color:black; border:1px solid darkgray; text-align:center;

value: background-color:#008000; color:white; border:1px solid darkgray; text-align:center;

value: background-color:#800000; color:white; border:1px solid darkgray; text-align:center;

value: background-color:#000080; color:white; border:1px solid darkgray; text-align:center;

value: New York State Courts Electronic Filing System

value: New York State Reporter (page does not exist)

value: New York State Law Reporting Bureau (page does not exist)

value: New York Appellate Division Reports (page does not exist)

value: New York Miscellaneous Reports (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/Elections_in_New_York
mw-redirect
Elections in New York

value: Commission on Judicial Nomination (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/Chief_Administrative_Judge
mw-redirect
Chief Administrative Judge

value: New York State Commission on Judicial Conduct

value: Ethics Commission for the Unified Court System (page does not exist)

value: New York State Advisory Committee on Judicial Ethics (page does not exist)

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)

value:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

value: New York State Division of Motor Vehicles

value: Admission to the bar in the United States

value: New York State Board of Law Examiners (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/Multistate_Bar_Examination
mw-redirect
Multistate Bar Examination

value:
/wiki/Multistate_Performance_Test
mw-redirect
Multistate Performance Test

value: Multistate Professional Responsibility Examination

value: American Bar Association Model Rules of Professional Conduct

value:
/wiki/Richmond_County_District_Attorney
mw-redirect
Richmond County District Attorney

value:
/wiki/Peace_officer
mw-redirect
Peace officer

value:
nofollow
external text
//lccn.loc.gov/00-032955

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.newyorkcplr.com/article2.php

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.nycourts.gov/admin/oca.shtml

value:
nofollow
http://www.nycourts.gov/courts/9jd/
external text

value:
/wiki/Cengage_Learning
mw-redirect
Cengage Learning

value:
nofollow
http://old.nysba.org/EFilingReport/
external text

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/68710274

value:
nofollow
external text
//lccn.loc.gov/84-8737

value:
/wiki/Christian_Science_Monitor
mw-redirect
Christian Science Monitor

value:
nofollow
external text
//lccn.loc.gov/2006050402

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/132693381

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value:
nofollow
external text
//lccn.loc.gov/2004042477

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/54455036

value:
nofollow
external text
//lccn.loc.gov/2011051555

value:
nofollow
external text
//lccn.loc.gov/90-36627

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1337955

value:
nofollow
http://www.nycourts.gov/
external text

value:
nofollow
https://data.ny.gov/
external free

value:
nofollow
http://www.ncsc.org/
external text

value: Category:Tourist attractions in New York (state)

value:
navbox-image
6
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

value: List of American Indian Reservations in New York

value: List of census-designated places in New York

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: Template:Judiciaries of the United States

value: Template talk:Judiciaries of the United States

value: Judiciary of Alabama (page does not exist)

value: Judiciary of Arizona (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/Judiciary_of_Arkansas
mw-redirect
Judiciary of Arkansas

value: Judiciary of Connecticut (page does not exist)

value: Judiciary of Delaware (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/Judiciary_of_Idaho
mw-redirect
Judiciary of Idaho

value: Judiciary of Indiana (page does not exist)

value: Judiciary of Kansas (page does not exist)

value: Judiciary of Kentucky (page does not exist)

value: Judiciary of Maine (page does not exist)

value: Judiciary of Maryland (page does not exist)

value: Judiciary of Minnesota (page does not exist)

value: Judiciary of Mississippi (page does not exist)

value: Judiciary of Missouri (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/Judiciary_of_Montana
mw-redirect
Judiciary of Montana

value: Judiciary of Nebraska (page does not exist)

value: Judiciary of Nevada (page does not exist)

value: Judiciary of New Hampshire (page does not exist)

value: Judiciary of New Mexico (page does not exist)

value: Judiciary of North Carolina (page does not exist)

value: Judiciary of North Dakota (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/Judiciary_of_Oregon
mw-redirect
Judiciary of Oregon

value: Judiciary of Rhode Island (page does not exist)

value: Judiciary of South Carolina (page does not exist)

value: Judiciary of South Dakota (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/Judiciary_of_Tennessee
mw-redirect
Judiciary of Tennessee

value:
/wiki/Judiciary_of_Washington
mw-redirect
Judiciary of Washington

value: Judiciary of West Virginia (page does not exist)

value: Judiciary of Wisconsin (page does not exist)

value: Judiciary of Wyoming (page does not exist)

value: Judiciary of the Northern Mariana Islands (page does not exist)

value: Judiciary of the United States Virgin Islands (page does not exist)

value: Category:State judiciaries in the United States

value: Category:All articles with dead external links

value: Category:Articles with dead external links from April 2017

value: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

value: Category:Articles containing Latin-language text

value: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Judiciary_of_New_York_(state)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: 纽约州法院系统 – Chinese

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Judiciary_of_New_York_state rootpage-Judiciary_of_New_York_state skin-vector action-view