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Democratic National Convention
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For the recent convention, see 2016 Democratic National Convention.
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Democratic National Committee Secretary Alice Travis Germond opens the roll call of the states during the third day of the 2008 convention.
The Democratic National Convention (DNC) is a series of presidential nominating conventions held every four years since 1832 by the United States Democratic Party.[1] They have been administered by the Democratic National Committee since the 1852 national convention. The primary goal of the Democratic National Convention is to nominate and confirm a candidate for president and vice president, adopt a comprehensive party platform and unify the party. Pledged delegates from all fifty U.S. states and from American dependencies and territories such as Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, and superdelegates which are unpledged delegates representing the Democratic establishment, attend the convention and cast their votes to choose the Party's presidential candidate. Like the Republican National Convention, the Democratic National Convention marks the formal end of the primary election period and the start of the general election season.
Contents
[hide]
1 Candidate nomination
2 History
3 See also
4 Notes
5 External links
Candidate nomination[edit]
The party's presidential nominee is chosen in a series of individual state caucuses and primary elections. Superdelegates, delegates whose votes are not bound to the outcome of a state's caucus or primary, may also influence the nomination. To secure the nomination for the Democratic party in 2016, a candidate must secure 2,383 delegates. This number includes both pledged delegates and superdelegates.[2]
Prior to 1936, nomination for president was required, not merely by a majority, but by two-thirds of the total number of delegates. Unless there was a popular incumbent, something that only happened three times between the Civil War and World War II, getting that many votes on the first ballot was implausible. The choice was an often contentious debate that riled the passions of party leaders. Delegates were forced to vote for a nominee repeatedly until someone could capture a minimum number of delegates needed. In 1912, 1920 and most notoriously in 1924, the voting went on for dozens and dozens of ballots.
Backroom deals by party bosses were normal and often resulted in compromise nominees that became known as dark horse candidates. Dark horse candidates were people who never imagined they would run for president until the last moments of the convention. Dark horse candidates were chosen in order to break deadlocks between more popular and powerful prospective nominees that blocked each other from gaining enough delegates to be nominated. One of the most famous dark horse candidates nominated at a Democratic National Convention was James K. Polk, who was chosen to become the candidate for president only after being added to the eighth and ninth delegate ballot.
The rules were changed to a simple majority in 1936. Since then only one multi-ballot convention (1952's) has taken place.
Before about 1970, the party's choice of the vice-presidential nominee was usually not known until the last evening of the convention. This was because the presidential nominee had little to do with the process and in many cases was not known at the start of the convention. In 1944 and 1956, the nominee let the convention choose the running mate without a recommendation, leading to multiballot voting, and other times, successful attempts to sabotage the nominee by scattering delegate votes for someone else besides his choice, as in 1972 and 1980, led to disruptions.
In order to prevent such things from happening in the future, the presumptive nominee has, since 1984, announced his choice before the convention even opened, and (s)he has been ratified by voice vote.
History[edit]
Illustration of the 1876 Democratic National Convention in St. Louis, Missouri.
By 1824, the congressional nominating caucus had fallen into disrepute and collapsed as a method of nominating presidential and vice presidential candidates. A national convention idea had been brought up but nothing occurred until the next decade. State conventions and state legislatures emerged as the nomination apparatus until they were supplanted by the national convention method of nominating candidates. President Andrew Jackson's "Kitchen Cabinet" privately carried out the plan for the first Democratic National Convention; the public call for the first national convention emanated from Jackson's supporters in New Hampshire in 1831.
The first national convention of the Democratic Party began in Baltimore on May 21, 1832. In that year the 2/3 rule was created, requiring a 2/3 vote to nominate a candidate, in order to show the party's unanimous support of Martin Van Buren for vice president. Although this rule was waived in the 1836 and 1840 conventions, in 1844 it was revived by opponents of former President Van Buren, who had the support of a majority, but not two-thirds, of the delegates, in order to prevent him from receiving the nomination. The rule then remained in place for almost the next hundred years, and often led to Democratic National Conventions which dragged on endlessly, most famously at the 1860 convention, when the convention adjourned in Charleston without making a choice and reconvening in separate groups a short time later, and the 1924 convention, when "Wets" and "Drys" deadlocked between preferred candidates Alfred E. Smith and William G. McAdoo for 103 ballots before finally agreeing on John W. Davis as a compromise candidate. At the 1912 convention, Champ Clark was the first person to receive a majority of the votes who did not go on to achieve a two-thirds vote and the nomination. The 2/3 rule was finally abolished in 1936, when the unanimity in favor of the renomination of President Franklin D. Roosevelt allowed it finally to be put to rest. In the years that followed only one convention (the 1952 Convention) actually went beyond a single ballot, although this may be more attributable to changes in the nominating process itself than to the rules change.
During the time the rule was in force, it virtually assured that no candidate not supported by the South could be nominated. The elimination of the two-thirds rule made it possible for liberal Northern Democrats to gain greater influence in party affairs, leading to the disenfranchisement of Southern Democrats, and defection of many of the latter to the Republican Party, especially during the Civil Rights struggles of the 1960s. Strom Thurmond was one such Democrat who joined the Republican party.
William Jennings Bryan delivered his "Cross of Gold" speech at the 1896 convention. The most historically notable—and tumultuous—convention of recent memory was the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, Illinois, which was fraught with highly emotional battles between conventioneers and Vietnam War protesters and a notable outburst by Chicago mayor Richard J. Daley. Other confrontations between various groups, such as the Yippies and members of the Students for a Democratic Society, and the Chicago police in city parks, streets and hotels marred this convention. Following the 1968 convention, in which many reformers had been disappointed in the way that Vice President Hubert Humphrey, despite not having competed in a single primary, easily won the nomination over Senators Eugene McCarthy and George McGovern (who announced after the assassination of another candidate, Senator Robert F. Kennedy), a commission headed by Senator McGovern reformed the Democratic Party's nominating process to increase the power of primaries in choosing delegates in order to increase the democracy of the process. Not entirely coincidentally, McGovern himself won the nomination in 1972. The 1972 convention was significant in that the new rules put into place as a result of the McGovern commission also opened the door for quotas mandating that certain percentages of delegates be women or members of minority groups, and subjects that were previously deemed not fit for political debate, such as abortion and lesbian and gay rights, now occupied the forefront of political discussion. That convention itself was one of the most bizarre in American history, with sessions beginning in the early evening and lasting until sunrise the next morning, and outside political activists gaining influence at the expense of elected officials and core Democratic constituencies such as organized labor (thus resulting in a convention far to the left of the rank-and-file of the Democratic Party).
The nature of Democratic (and Republican) conventions has changed considerably since 1972. Every 4 years, the nominees are essentially selected earlier and earlier in the year, so the conventions now officially ratify the nominees instead of choose them. (Even the close race of 2008, which was not decided until early June, did not change the modern function of the convention). The 1980 convention was the last convention for the Democrats that had even a sliver of doubt[by whom?] about who the nominee would be.[citation needed] (Ted Kennedy forced a failing vote to free delegates from their commitment to vote for Jimmy Carter). The 1976 convention was the last where the vice-presidential nominee was announced during the convention, after the presidential nominee was chosen. (Carter choosing Walter Mondale.) After the "ugly" conventions of 1968 and 1972, the parties realized it was in their interests to show a unified party to the nation during the convention, and to try to eliminate any dissent. And as the conventions became less interesting, and television ratings have generally declined (as they have on average for all television shows),[3] the networks have cut back their coverage significantly, which in turn has forced the parties to manage what is televised even more closely.
The 1984 convention at the Moscone Center in San Francisco remains the last Democratic Convention to be held in a convention center complex; all others since then have been held at sports stadiums or arenas.
See also[edit]
List of Democratic National Conventions
History of the United States Democratic Party
Democratic Party
Republican National Convention
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Exceptions are the 1835 national convention, which occurred 3 years after the 1832 national convention, and the 1840 national convention, which occurred 5 years after the 1835 national convention.
Jump up ^ http://www.democraticunderground.com/1107147393
Jump up ^ Wolgamott, L. Kent (2005-11-06). "Mass audiences aren't very mass anymore". Lincoln Journal Star. Retrieved 2008-05-11.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Democratic National Convention.
The American Presidency Project, contains the text of the national platforms that were adopted by the conventions (1840–2004)
http://www.demconvention.com/about/past-conventions/
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66th Academy Awards
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66th Academy Awards
Official poster
Date
March 21, 1994
Site
Dorothy Chandler Pavilion
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Hosted by
Whoopi Goldberg
Produced by
Gil Cates
Directed by
Jeff Margolis
Highlights
Best Picture
Schindler's List
Most awards
Schindler's List (7)
Most nominations
Schindler's List (12)
TV in the United States
Network
ABC
Duration
3 hours, 18 minutes[1]
Ratings
46.26 million
31.86% (Nielsen ratings)
← 65th
Academy Awards
67th →
The 66th Academy Awards ceremony, organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored films released in 1993 and took place on March 21, 1994, at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST. During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 23 categories. The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Jeff Margolis.[2][3] Actress Whoopi Goldberg hosted the show for the first time.[4] Nearly a month earlier in a ceremony held at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills, California on February 26, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Laura Dern.[5]
Schindler's List won seven awards, including Best Picture and Best Director for Steven Spielberg.[6] Other winners included Jurassic Park and The Piano with three awards each, Philadelphia with two awards, and The Age of Innocence, Belle Epoque, Defending Our Lives, The Fugitive, I Am a Promise: The Children of Stanton Elementary School, Mrs. Doubtfire, Schwarzfahrer and The Wrong Trousers with one. The telecast was watched by more than 46 million viewers in the United States.
Contents
[hide]
1 Winners and nominees
1.1 Awards
1.2 Academy Honorary Award
1.3 Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award
1.4 Films with multiple nominations and awards
2 Presenters and performers
2.1 Presenters
2.2 Performers
3 Ceremony information
3.1 Box office performance of nominees
3.2 Critical reviews
3.3 Ratings and reception
4 In Memoriam
5 See also
6 References
7 Bibliography
8 External links
Winners and nominees[edit]
The nominees for the 66th Academy Awards were announced on February 9, 1994, at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Academy president Arthur Hiller, and actress Christine Lahti.[7] Schindler's List led all nominees with twelve nominations; The Piano and The Remains of the Day tied for second with eight.[8][9]
The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 21, 1994. Best Director nominee Jane Campion was the second woman to be nominated in that category.[10] Holly Hunter and Emma Thompson's nominations in both lead and supporting acting categories marked the first occurrence that two performers earned double acting nominations in the same year.[11] Best Supporting Actress winner Anna Paquin, at age 11, became the second youngest winner of a competitive acting Oscar, behind Tatum O'Neal, who won at age 10 for Paper Moon.[12]
Awards[edit]
Steven Spielberg, Best Director winner
Tom Hanks, Best Actor winner
Holly Hunter, Best Actress winner
Tommy Lee Jones, Best Supporting Actor winner
Anna Paquin, Best Supporting Actress winner
Jane Campion, Best Original Screenplay winner
Nick Park, Best Animated Short Film winner
Allan Starski, Best Art Direction co-winner
Janusz Kamiński, Best Cinematography winner
Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double-dagger ( ).[13]
Best Picture
Schindler's List – Steven Spielberg, Gerald R. Molen, and Branko Lustig, producers
The Fugitive – Arnold Kopelson, producer
In the Name of the Father – Jim Sheridan, producer
The Piano – Jan Chapman, producer
The Remains of the Day – John Calley, Mike Nichols, and Ismail Merchant, producers
Best Director
Steven Spielberg – Schindler's List
Jim Sheridan – In the Name of the Father
Jane Campion – The Piano
James Ivory – The Remains of the Day
Robert Altman – Short Cuts
Best Actor
Tom Hanks – Philadelphia as Andrew Beckett
Daniel Day-Lewis – In the Name of the Father as Gerry Conlon
Laurence Fishburne – What's Love Got to Do with It as Ike Turner
Anthony Hopkins – The Remains of the Day as James Stevens
Liam Neeson – Schindler's List as Oskar Schindler
Best Actress
Holly Hunter – The Piano as Ada McGrath
Angela Bassett – What's Love Got to Do with It as Tina Turner
Stockard Channing – Six Degrees of Separation as Ouisa Kittredge
Emma Thompson – The Remains of the Day as Sarah "Sally" Kenton
Debra Winger – Shadowlands as Joy Davidman
Best Supporting Actor
Tommy Lee Jones – The Fugitive as U.S. Marshal Samuel Gerard
Leonardo DiCaprio – What's Eating Gilbert Grape as Arnie Grape
Ralph Fiennes – Schindler's List as Amon Goeth
John Malkovich – In the Line of Fire as Mitch Leary
Pete Postlethwaite – In the Name of the Father as Giuseppe Conlon
Best Supporting Actress
Anna Paquin – The Piano as Flora McGrath
Holly Hunter – The Firm as Tamara "Tammy" Hemphill
Rosie Perez – Fearless as Carla Rodrigo
Winona Ryder – The Age of Innocence as May Welland
Emma Thompson – In the Name of the Father as Gareth Peirce
Best Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen
The Piano – Jane Campion
Dave – Gary Ross
In the Line of Fire – Jeff Maguire
Philadelphia – Ron Nyswaner
Sleepless in Seattle – Nora Ephron, David S. Ward, and Jeff Arch
Best Screenplay Based on Material Previously Produced or Published
Schindler's List – Steven Zaillian based on the non-fiction book by Thomas Keneally
The Age of Innocence – Martin Scorsese and Jay Cocks based on the novel by Edith Wharton
In the Name of the Father – Jim Sheridan and Terry George based on the autobiographical book Proved Innocent by Gerry Conlon
The Remains of the Day – Ruth Prawer Jhabvala based on the novel by Kazuo Ishiguro
Shadowlands – William Nicholson based on his play
Best Foreign Language Film
Belle Epoque (Spain) in Spanish – Fernando Trueba, director
Farewell My Concubine (Hong Kong) in Mandarin Chinese – Chen Kaige, director
Hedd Wyn (United Kingdom) in Welsh – Paul Turner, director
The Scent of Green Papaya (Vietnam) in Vietnamese – Anh Hung Tran, director
The Wedding Banquet (Taiwan) in Mandarin Chinese – Ang Lee, director
Best Documentary Feature
I Am a Promise: The Children of Stanton Elementary School – Susan Raymond and Alan Raymond
The Broadcast Tapes of Dr. Peter – David Paperny and Arthur Ginsberg
Children of Fate – Susan Todd and Andrew Young
For Better or for Worse – David Collier and Betsy Thompson
The War Room – D. A. Pennebaker and Chris Hegedus
Best Documentary Short Subject
Defending Our Lives – Margaret Lazarus and Renner Wunderlich
Blood Ties: The Life and Work of Sally Mann – Steven Cantor and Peter Spirer
Chicks in White Satin – Elaine Holliman and Jason Schneider
Best Live Action Short Film
Schwarzfahrer – Pepe Danquart
Down on the Waterfront – Stacy Title and Jonathan Penner
The Dutch Master – Susan Seidelman and Jonathan Brett
Partners – Peter Weller and Jana Sue Memel
The Screw (La Vis) – Didier Flamand
Best Animated Short Film
The Wrong Trousers – Nick Park
Blindscape – Stephen Palmer
The Mighty River – Frédéric Back and Hubert Tison
Small Talk – Bob Godfrey and Kevin Baldwin
The Village – Mark Baker
Best Original Score
Schindler's List – John Williams
The Age of Innocence – Elmer Bernstein
The Firm – Dave Grusin
The Fugitive – James Newton Howard
The Remains of the Day – Richard Robbins
Best Original Song
"Streets of Philadelphia" from Philadelphia – Music and Lyrics by Bruce Springsteen
"Again" from Poetic Justice – Music and Lyrics by Janet Jackson, James Harris III and Terry Lewis
"The Day I Fall in Love" from Beethoven's 2nd – Music and Lyrics by Carole Bayer Sager, James Ingram, and Clif Magness
"Philadelphia" from Philadelphia – Music and Lyrics by Neil Young
"A Wink and a Smile" from Sleepless in Seattle – Music by Marc Shaiman; Lyrics by Ramsey McLean
Best Sound
Jurassic Park – Gary Rydstrom, Gary Summers, Ron Judkins, and Shawn Murphy
Cliffhanger – Michael Minkler, Bob Beemer, and Tim Cooney
The Fugitive – Donald O. Mitchell, Michael Herbick, Frank A. Montaño, and Scott D. Smith
Geronimo: An American Legend – Chris Carpenter, Doug Hemphill, Bill W. Benton, and Lee Orloff
Schindler's List – Andy Nelson, Steve Pederson, Scott Millan, and Ron Judkins
Best Sound Effects Editing
Jurassic Park – Gary Rydstrom and Richard Hymns
Cliffhanger – Wylie Stateman and Gregg Baxter
The Fugitive – John Leveque and Bruce Stambler
Best Art Direction
Schindler's List – Art Direction: Allan Starski; Set Decoration: Ewa Braun
Addams Family Values – Art Direction: Ken Adam; Set Decoration: Marvin March
The Age of Innocence – Art Direction: Dante Ferretti; Set Decoration: Robert J. Franco
Orlando – Art Direction: Ben Van Os; Set Decoration: Jan Roelfs
The Remains of the Day – Art Direction: Luciana Arrighi; Set Decoration: Ian Whittaker
Best Makeup
Mrs. Doubtfire – Greg Cannom, Ve Neill, and Yolanda Toussieng
Philadelphia – Carl Fullerton and Alan D'Angerio
Schindler's List – Christina Smith, Matthew Mungle, and Judy Alexander Cory
Best Costume Design
The Age of Innocence – Gabriella Pescucci
Orlando – Sandy Powell
The Piano – Janet Patterson
The Remains of the Day – Jenny Beavan and John Bright
Schindler's List – Anna Biedrzycka Sheppard
Best Cinematography
Schindler's List – Janusz Kamiński
Farewell My Concubine – Gu Changwei
The Fugitive – Michael Chapman
The Piano – Stuart Dryburgh
Searching for Bobby Fischer – Conrad L. Hall
Best Film Editing
Schindler's List – Michael Kahn
The Fugitive – Dennis Virkler, David Finfer, Dean Goodhill, Don Brochu, Richard Nord, and Dov Hoenig
In the Name of the Father – Gerry Hambling
In the Line of Fire – Anne Coates
The Piano – Veronika Jenet
Best Visual Effects
Jurassic Park – Stan Winston, Dennis Muren, Phil Tippett, and Michael Lantieri
Cliffhanger – Neil Krepela, John Richardson, John Bruno, and Pamela Easley
The Nightmare Before Christmas – Pete Kozachik, Eric Leighton, Ariel Velasco Shaw, and Gordon Baker
Academy Honorary Award[edit]
Deborah Kerr[14]
Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award[edit]
Paul Newman[15]
Films with multiple nominations and awards[edit]
The following 16 films had multiple nominations:
Nominations
Film
12 Schindler's List
8 The Piano
The Remains of the Day
7 The Fugitive
In the Name of the Father
5 The Age of Innocence
Philadelphia
3 Cliffhanger
In the Line of Fire
Jurassic Park
2 Farewell My Concubine
The Firm
Orlando
Shadowlands
Sleepless in Seattle
What's Love Got to Do with It
The following four films received multiple awards:
Awards
Film
7 Schindler's List
3 Jurassic Park
The Piano
2 Philadelphia
Presenters and performers[edit]
The following individuals, listed in order of appearance, presented awards or performed musical numbers:[16][17]
Presenters[edit]
Name(s)
Role
Marshak, LesLes Marshak Announcer for the 66th annual Academy Awards
Hiller, ArthurArthur Hiller (AMPAS president) Gave opening remarks welcoming guests to the awards ceremony
Hanks, TomTom Hanks Presenter of the award for Best Art Direction
Wood, ElijahElijah Wood Presenter of the award for Best Visual Effects
Bridges, JeffJeff Bridges Presenter of the film The Fugitive on the Best Picture segment
Tomei, MarisaMarisa Tomei Presenter of the award for Best Supporting Actor
Chen, JoanJoan Chen
Val Kilmer Presenters of the award for Best Makeup
Neeson, LiamLiam Neeson Presenter of the award for Best Sound Effects Editing
Close, GlennGlenn Close Presenter of the Honorary Academy Award to Deborah Kerr
O'Donnell, RosieRosie O'Donnell Presenters of the awards for Best Animated Short Film and Best Live Action Short Film
Dreyfuss, RichardRichard Dreyfuss Presenter of the film Schindler's List on the Best Picture segment
Cage, NicolasNicolas Cage
Shirley MacLaine Presenters of the award for Best Sound
Hackman, GeneGene Hackman Presenter of the award for Best Supporting Actress
Dern, LauraLaura Dern Presenter of the segment of the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement and Gordon E. Sawyer Award
Depp, JohnnyJohnny Depp Introducer of the performance of Best Song nominee "Philadelphia"
Baldwin, AlecAlec Baldwin Presenter of the film The Remains of the Day on the Best Picture segment
Stone, SharonSharon Stone Presenter of the award Best Costume Design
Kidman, NicoleNicole Kidman
Christian Slater Presenters of the awards for Best Documentary Short Subject and Best Documentary Feature
Hawn, GoldieGoldie Hawn Introducer of the special dance number to the tune of the Best Original Score nominees
Presenter of the award for Best Original Score
Valenti, JackJack Valenti Presenter of the "Film cinematography" montage
Introducer of presenter Kirk Douglas
Douglas, KirkKirk Douglas Presenter of the award for Best Cinematography
Stowe, MadeleineMadeleine Stowe Presenter of the film The Piano on the Best Picture segment
Cruise, TomTom Cruise Presenter of the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award to Paul Newman
Hopkins, AnthonyAnthony Hopkins Presenter of the award for Best Foreign Language Film
Davis, GeenaGeena Davis Presenter of the award for Best Film Editing
Banderas, AntonioAntonio Banderas Introducer of the performance of Best Song nominee "Streets of Philadelphia"
Houston, WhitneyWhitney Houston Presenter of the award for Best Original Song
Irons, JeremyJeremy Irons Presenters of the awards for Best Original Screenplay and Best Adapted Screenplay
Close, GlennGlenn Close Presenter of the In Memoriam tribute
Thompson, EmmaEmma Thompson Presenter of the award for Best Actor
Sutherland, DonaldDonald Sutherland Presenter of the film In the Name of the Father on the Best Picture segment
Pacino, AlAl Pacino Presenter of the award for Best Actress
Eastwood, ClintClint Eastwood Presenter of the award for Best Director
Ford, HarrisonHarrison Ford Presenter of the award for Best Picture
Performers[edit]
Name(s)
Role
Performed
Conti, BillBill Conti Musical arranger Orchestral
Peters, BernadetteBernadette Peters Performer "Putting It Together" from Sunday in the Park with George during the opening number
Jackson, JanetJanet Jackson Performer "Again" from Poetic Justice
Young, NeilNeil Young Performer "Philadelphia" from Philadelphia
Ingram, JamesJames Ingram
Dolly Parton Performers "The Day I Fall in Love" from Beethoven's 2nd
Les Ballets Africains, Les Ballets Africains
National Ballet of Canada
Central Ballet of China
Cuban National Ballet
Dance Theatre of Harlem
Garth Fagan Dance Inc.
Paris Opera Ballet
Shanghai Ballet Troupe[18] Performers Performed dance number synchronized with selections from Best Original Score nominees
Carradine, KeithKeith Carradine Performer "A Wink and a Smile" from Sleepless in Seattle
Springsteen, BruceBruce Springsteen Performer "Streets of Philadelphia" from Philadelphia
Ceremony information[edit]
Whoopi Goldberg hosted the 66th Academy Awards.
Due the negative reception received from the preceding year's ceremony, actor Billy Crystal announced that after overseeing four consecutive Oscar ceremonies, he would not be hosting the 1994 telecast.[19] In a statement released by his publicist, he stated, "After three Grammys, four Oscars and six Comic Reliefs, I'm going to take a break from my hosting duties. I always felt honored to host the show and did my best to carry on the tradition of Bob Hope and Johnny Carson. I hope the new host has as good a time as I did."[20] With Crystal absent to host the Oscars, many media outlets wondered whom producer Gil Cates would hire to emcee the program. Film columnist Jack Matthews suggested that actor Tom Hanks, who would eventually win Best Actor for Philadelphia, should host the show writing that he "has charm, dignity, wit, intelligence and, it's worth mentioning, he's a movie star!"[21] Cates also offered the role to performers Steve Martin, Bette Midler, and Johnny Carson, but they all turned down the opportunity.[21]
After several days of speculation, Cates announced that he hired Oscar-winning actress and comedian Whoopi Goldberg to host the festivities for the first time.[22] By virtue of her selection, Goldberg became both the first African American to host as well as the first woman to host the telecast solo.[23] In an interview with the Los Angeles Times, Cates explained the decision to hire her saying, "She is a highly recognizable star who has millions of fans."[24] He also addressed the media's concerns regarding Goldberg's raunchy and outspoken humor stating, "Some people may think she's potentially dangerous, and she says things that come to her mind. It's going to be exciting for me. The main thing is she wants to do it and she's smart. Whatever she says will be appropriate."[25] Goldberg expressed that she was thrilled to be selected to emcee the 1994 ceremony commenting, "To go from watching to winning to hosting in one lifetime is major."[26]
As with previous ceremonies he produced, Cates centered the show around a theme. This year, he christened the show with the theme "People Behind the Camera" commenting that "It will be a salute to those unseen men and women who make what we see on the screen, the artist and craftspeople responsible for the magic of the movies."[27] In tandem with the theme, the ceremony's opening number featured a montage produced by Chuck Workman saluting the many individuals such as directors, editors, and composers who are involved in moviemaking. During that segment, singer Bernadette Peters performing a modified version of Stephen Sondheim's song "Putting It Together" from his musical Sunday in the Park with George.[28] Filmmaker and editor Carol A. Streit assembled another montage featuring a salute to the work of cinematographers and their contributions to film.[29]
Several other people and elements were also involved with the production of the ceremony. Production designer Roy Christopher designed a new stage for the ceremony which prominently featured five giant Oscar statues each flanked inside metal cones that were illuminated recurrently throughout the show.[30] Film composer and musician Bill Conti served as musical director of the ceremony.[31] Dancer Debbie Allen choreographed a dancer number showcasing the Best Original Score nominees featuring eight prestigious ballet and dance troupes from around the world.[18]
Box office performance of nominees[edit]
At the time of the nominations announcement on February 9, the combined gross of the five Best Picture nominees at the US box office was $261 million, with an average of $52.2 million per film.[32] The Fugitive was the highest earner among the Best Picture nominees with $179 million in domestic box office receipts.[32] The film was followed by Schindler's List ($29.6 million), The Piano ($25.7 million), The Remains of the Day ($19.5 million), and finally In the Name of the Father ($6.5 million).[32]
Of the top 50 grossing movies of the year, 36 nominations went to 14 films on the list. Only The Fugitive (3rd), The Firm (4th), Sleepless in Seattle (6th), In the Line of Fire (7th), Dave (13th), Philadelphia (29th), What's Love Got to Do With It (38th), and The Age of Innocence (49th) were nominated for directing, acting, screenwriting, or Best Picture.[33] The other top 50 box office hits that earned nominations were Jurassic Park (1st), Mrs. Doubtfire (2nd), Cliffhanger (9th), The Nightmare Before Christmas (24th), Addams Family Values (25th), and Beethoven's 2nd (27th).[33]
Critical reviews[edit]
The show received a positive reception from most media publications. The New York Times film critic Janet Maslin raved that the telecast had "less silliness and less small talk, with more emphasis on cleverly chosen film clips and the bona fide Hollywood magic being celebrated." She also praised host Goldberg saying that she "sustained a tone of levity, which became particularly important as the sweep by Schindler's List threatened to bring out great ponderousness in some quarters."[34] Pittsburgh Post-Gazette television critic Robert Bianco commended Goldberg's performance writing that "She never acted like she was too smart or to hip for the show she was hosting; she never smirked like there was a joke she alone was cool enough to get." He also extolled producer Cates by commenting, "In place of the extraneous jokes and terrible production numbers, he gave us a theme that worked and a generous selection of clips to back it up."[35] Anne Thompson of Entertainment Weekly lauded Goldberg by stating, "Her elegant appearance (at least during the first half), her uncharacteristic restraint (she didn't cuss), and her ability to make it funny (despite the very somber speeches) made the ho-hum telecast worth watching."[36]
Some media outlets were more critical of the show. Television critic Howard Rosenberg of the Los Angeles Times lamented that Goldberg's humor "wilted in a blessedly brief 3-hour-and-18-minute telecast." He also wrote that compared with Billy Crystal, her hosting skills were "balmy".[37] Orlando Sentinel film critic Jay Boyar bemoaned that "this year's Oscarcast was only a little more exciting than a wine snob droning on about his favorite vintages."[38] Harold Schindler of The Salt Lake City Tribune remarked that Whoopi's preference for "insider" jokes "left the audience murmuring and most viewers probably scratching their heads." He also added the biggest letdown of the telecast was "Goldberg's seeming ineptness at understanding the moment"[39]
Ratings and reception[edit]
The American telecast on ABC drew in an average of 46.26 million people over its length, which was a 1% increase from the previous year's ceremony.[40][41] However, the show drew lower Nielsen ratings compared to the previous ceremony with 31.86% of households watching over a 49.28 share.[42] In addition, it also drew a lower 18–49 demo rating with a 19.73 rating over a 40.53 share among viewers in that demographic.[42]
In July 1994, the ceremony presentation received seven nominations at the 46th Primetime Emmys.[43][44] Two months later, the ceremony won one of those nominations for Outstanding Technical Direction/Camera/Video for a Miniseries or Special (Averill Perry, Jim Ralston, Kenneth R. Shapiro, Bill Pope, Hector Ramirez, Larry Heider, Dave Levisohn, Blair White, Bill Philben, Ralph Alcocer, Larry Stenman, Bud Holland, David Irete, Tom Geren, Dale Carlson, David Plakos, Ted Ashton, Jeff Mydoc, Chuck Pharis, Jean M. Mason).[45]
In Memoriam[edit]
The annual In Memoriam tribute was presented by actress Glenn Close. The montage featured an excerpt of the main title of Terms of Endearment composed by Michael Gore.[46]
Lillian Gish
Myrna Loy
Joseph Cotten
George McFarland
Ruby Keeler
Telly Savalas
Melina Mercouri
Cesar Romero
Ted Haworth
Vincent Price
Stewart Granger
Samuel Bronston
River Phoenix
Raymond Burr
Cantinflas
Alexis Smith
Joseph L. Mankiewicz
Irene Sharaff
Helen Hayes
John Candy
Sammy Cahn
Ray Sharkey
Federico Fellini
Hervé Villechaize
Don Ameche
Audrey Hepburn
Brandon Lee
Dinah Shore
Fred Gwynne
Vincent Gardenia
See also[edit]
Academy Award portal
14th Golden Raspberry Awards
36th Grammy Awards
46th Primetime Emmy Awards
47th British Academy Film Awards
48th Tony Awards
51st Golden Globe Awards
List of submissions to the 66th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Thompson, Anne (April 1, 1994). "Oscar's List". Entertainment Weekly. Time Warner. Archived from the original on January 1, 2014. Retrieved December 31, 2013.
Jump up ^ Rosenberg, Howard (March 22, 1994). "Calendar Goes to the Oscars : Whoopi, Better Naughty Than Boring : Awards: Goldberg fails to hit a funny bone or stir up any of the controversy that was hyped the week before the telecast. In fact, her hosting is balmy , particularly compared to predecessor Billy Crystal". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Publishing. Archived from the original on October 22, 2013. Retrieved December 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ Boyar, Jay (March 25, 1994). "Oscar Show's Rating: Plenty Of Class, Not Much Excitement". Orlando Sentinel. Tribune Publishing. Archived from the original on January 1, 2014. Retrieved December 31, 2013.
Jump up ^ Schindler, Harold (March 23, 1994). "Spielberg shines at Oscars, but all that gliters isn't Goldberg". The Salt Lake City Tribune. MediaNews Group.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Greg (March 18, 1999). "Call It the Glamour Bowl". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Publishing. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (March 8, 2010). "Academy Awards Averages 41.3 Million Viewers; Most Since 2005". TV by the Numbers. Tribune Media. Archived from the original on March 10, 2010. Retrieved March 12, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Academy Awards ratings" (PDF). Television Bureau of Advertising. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 15, 2013. Retrieved June 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Primetime Emmy Award database". Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on September 26, 2013. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Emmy Award Nominations 1994 : Nighttime Nominees: A Complete Rundown". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Publishing. July 22, 1994. Archived from the original on October 15, 2013. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The 46th Annual Emmy Awards: Who Won What: The List of Winners on TV's Annual Night of Nights". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Publishing. September 12, 1994. Archived from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ Wiley & Bona 1996, p. 932
Bibliography[edit]
Wiley, Mason; Bona, Damien (1996). Inside Oscar: The Unofficial History of the Academy Awards (5 ed.). New York, United States: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-40053-4. OCLC 779680732
Levy, Emanuel (2003). All About Oscar: The History and Politics of the Academy Awards. New York, United States: Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 0-8264-1452-4.
Pond, Steve (2005). The Big Show: High Times and Dirty Dealings Backstage at the Academy Awards. New York, United States: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-21193-3.
External links[edit]
Official websites
Academy Awards Official website
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Official website
Oscar's Channel at YouTube (run by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences)
Analysis
1993 Academy Awards Winners and History Filmsite
Academy Awards, USA: 1994 Internet Movie Database
Other resources
The 66th Annual Academy Awards on IMDb
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