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The Hunger Games (novel)
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The Hunger Games
North American first edition cover
Author
Suzanne Collins
Cover artist
Tim O'Brien
Country
United States
Language
English
Series
The Hunger Games trilogy
Genre
Adventure
Dystopian
Science fiction[1]
Published
September 14, 2008 (Scholastic Press)
Media type
Print (hardcover, paperback)
Pages
374
ISBN
978-0-439-02352-8
OCLC
181516677
LC Class
PZ7.C6837 Hun 2008
Followed by
Catching Fire
The Hunger Games is a 2008 dystopian novel by the American writer Suzanne Collins. It is written in the voice of 16-year-old Katniss Everdeen, who lives in the future, post-apocalyptic nation of Panem in North America. The Capitol, a highly advanced metropolis, exercises political control over the rest of the nation. The Hunger Games is an annual event in which one boy and one girl aged 12–18 from each of the twelve districts surrounding the Capitol are selected by lottery to compete in a televised battle to the death.
The book received mostly positive responses from major reviewers and authors. It was praised for its plot and character development. In writing The Hunger Games, Collins drew upon Greek mythology, Roman gladiatorial games, and contemporary reality television for thematic content. The novel won many awards, including the California Young Reader Medal, and was named one of Publishers Weekly's "Best Books of the Year" in 2008.
The Hunger Games was first published in hardcover on September 14, 2008, by Scholastic, featuring a cover designed by Tim O'Brien. It has since been released in paperback and also as an audiobook and ebook. After an initial print of 200,000, the book had sold 800,000 copies by February 2010. Since its release, The Hunger Games has been translated into 26 languages, and publishing rights have been sold in 38 territories. The novel is the first in The Hunger Games trilogy, followed by Catching Fire (2009) and Mockingjay (2010). A film adaptation, directed by Gary Ross and co-written and co-produced by Collins herself, was released in 2012.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Plot
3 Themes
4 Publication history
5 Critical reception
6 Film adaptation
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Background
Collins has said that the inspiration for The Hunger Games came from channel surfing on television. On one channel she observed people competing on a reality show and on another she saw footage of the invasion of Iraq. The two "began to blur in this very unsettling way" and the idea for the book was formed.[2] The Greek myth of Theseus served as a major basis for the story, with Collins describing Katniss as a futuristic Theseus, and Roman gladiatorial games provided the framework. The sense of loss that Collins developed through her father's service in the Vietnam War was also an influence on the story, with Katniss having lost her father at age 11, five years before the story begins.[3] Collins stated that the deaths of young characters and other "dark passages" were the most difficult parts of the book to write, but that she had accepted that passages such as these were necessary to the story.[4] She considered the moments where Katniss reflects on happier moments in her past to be more enjoyable.[4]
Plot
See also: The Hunger Games universe
The Hunger Games takes place in a nation known as Panem, established in North America after the destruction of the continent's civilization by an unknown apocalyptic event. The nation consists of the wealthy Capitol and twelve surrounding, poorer districts under the Capitol's dictatorial control. The Capitol exploits the districts for their natural resources and cheap labour.[5] District 12 is in the coal-rich region that was once Appalachia, while the Capitol is in the Rocky Mountains.[6]
As punishment for a past rebellion against the Capitol, one boy and one girl between the ages of 12 and 18 from each district are selected by an annual lottery to participate in the Hunger Games, a contest in which the "tributes" must fight to the death in an outdoor arena until only one remains. The event is televised.
The story is narrated by 16-year-old Katniss Everdeen, a girl from District 12 who volunteers for the 74th Hunger Games in place of her 12-year-old sister, Primrose. The male tribute is Peeta Mellark, a former schoolmate of Katniss who once gave her bread from his family's bakery when her family was starving.
Katniss and Peeta are taken to the Capitol. In the few days before the Games start, they are advised and supported by a team consisting of their drunken mentor, Haymitch Abernathy, the sole living District 12 victor of the Hunger Games; Effie Trinket; and two fashion stylists and three prep workers who help each tribute look his or her best. Katniss's stylist, Cinna, is the only person at the Capitol she considers a friend. They are also introduced to the general public, given some training, and evaluated by the Gamemakers. Katniss and, to a lesser extent, Peeta set themselves apart from the other tributes. Rue, the petite 12-year-old girl tribute from District 11, takes to following them around.
Each tribute is interviewed on television by Caesar Flickerman; they use the opportunity to try to obtain "sponsors", who can send them potentially life-saving gifts during the Games. In his interview, Peeta reveals his longtime unrequited love for Katniss. At first, Katniss believes this is simply a ploy to gain sponsors and make her let her guard down. (Much later, she comes to accept he is sincere.) Haymitch promotes their image as "star-crossed lovers".
Nearly half the tributes are killed in the first day of the Games, fighting over the weapons and supplies strewn around their starting point. Katniss nearly dies, ignoring Haymitch's advice to flee immediately. She uses her well-practiced hunting and survival skills to hide in the woods. A few days later, an artificial fire drives Katniss toward the others. She is spotted and treed by the "Careers" (tributes from the richer, loyal districts who have trained intensively for the Games) ... and Peeta, who seems to have allied with them. Rue is hiding in a nearby tree. Silently, she directs Katniss's attention to a trackerjacker nest. Katniss saws through the branch holding the nest, sending it plummeting down. The venom of the flying insects kills one girl and drives the others away. However, Katniss is stung herself and begins hallucinating. Peeta returns, but instead of killing her, he tells her to run away.
She and Rue become allies and friends, but Rue is later fatally wounded by another tribute, whom Katniss kills with an arrow. Katniss sings to Rue until she dies and spreads flowers over the body to show her defiance against the Capitol. In an unprecedented move, Rue's district sends Katniss a gift of bread.
Then a rule change is announced, allowing the tributes from the same district to win as a couple. Katniss finds and nurses a seriously wounded Peeta, while continuing to act the part of a girl in love to gain gifts. When the Gamemakers announce that what each contestant needs most will be provided at a feast, Katniss risks her life to obtain medicine for Peeta. She is pinned to the ground by Clove, who gloats about Rue while toying with the helpless Katniss. That talk costs Clove her life, however; Thresh, the male District 11 tribute, kills her, but spares Katniss - once - for Rue's sake. The medicine saves Peeta's life.
Finally, Katniss and Peeta are the last two survivors, but the Gamemakers cancel the rule change in an attempt to force them into a dramatic finale, in which one must kill the other. Instead, Katniss defiantly retrieves highly poisonous "nightlock" berries and offers half to Peeta. Realizing that Katniss and Peeta intend to commit suicide, the Gamemakers announce that they are the victors of the 74th Hunger Games.
Although she receives a hero's welcome, Katniss is warned by Haymitch that she has now become a target after defying the Capitol so publicly. Afterward, Peeta is heartbroken when he learns that her actions in the arena were part of a calculated ploy to gain sympathy from the audience. However, Katniss is unsure of her own feelings.
Themes
The Hunger Games author Suzanne Collins in 2010
In an interview with Collins, it was noted that the novel "tackles issues like severe poverty, starvation, oppression, and the effects of war among others."[7] The novel deals with the struggle for self-preservation that the people of Panem face in their districts and the Hunger Games in which they must participate.[2] The citizens' starvation and their need for resources, both in and outside of the arena, create an atmosphere of helplessness that the main characters try to overcome in their fight for survival. Katniss needs to hunt to provide food for her family, resulting in the development of skills that are useful to her in the Games (such as her proficiency with the bow and arrow), and represents her rejection of the Capitol's rules in the face of life-threatening situations.[8] On the subject of the Games' parallels with popular culture, Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly writes that the book "is an incisive satire of reality television shows", and that the character of Cinna "almost seems like a contestant on a fascist version of Project Runway, using Katniss' outfits as a vehicle to express potentially dangerous ideas."[9]
The choices the characters make and the strategies they use are often morally complex. The tributes build a personality they want the audience to see throughout the Games.[8] Library journal Voice of Youth Advocates names the major themes of The Hunger Games as "government control, 'big brother', and personal independence."[10] The trilogy's theme of power and downfall, similar to that of Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, was pointed out by its publisher Scholastic.[11] Laura Miller of The New Yorker finds the author's stated premise of the Games –an exercise in propaganda and a "humiliating as well as torturous [...] punishment" for a failed uprising against the Capitol many years earlier– to be unconvincing. "You don't demoralize and dehumanize a subject people by turning them into celebrities and coaching them on how to craft an appealing persona for a mass audience." But the story works much better if the theme is vicissitudes of high school and "the adolescent social experience". Miller writes:
"The rules are arbitrary, unfathomable, and subject to sudden change. A brutal social hierarchy prevails, with the rich, the good-looking, and the athletic lording their advantages over everyone else. To survive you have to be totally fake. Adults don't seem to understand how high the stakes are; your whole life could be over, and they act like it's just some "phase"! Everyone's always watching you, scrutinizing your clothes or your friends and obsessing over whether you're having sex or taking drugs or getting good enough grades, but no one cares who you really are or how you really feel about anything."[12]
Donald Brake from The Washington Times and pastor Andy Langford state that the story has Christian themes, such as that of self-sacrifice, which is found in Katniss' substitution for her younger sister, analogous to the sacrifice of Jesus as a substitute for the atonement of sins.[13][14] Brake, as well as another reviewer, Amy Simpson, both find that the story also revolves around the theme of hope, which is exemplified in the "incorruptible goodness of Katniss' sister, Primrose."[15] Simpson also points to events similar to the Passion of Jesus; in the Games, "Christ figure" Peeta Mellark is stabbed after warning Katniss to flee for her life, and is then buried in the ground and placed in a cave for three days before emerging with a new lease on life.[15] Further, she finds that the Christian image of the Bread of Life is used throughout The Hunger Games; in the story, Peeta gives Katniss a loaf of bread, saving the girl and her family from starvation.[15]
Publication history
After writing the novel, Collins signed a six-figure deal for three books with Scholastic. First published as a hardcover in the United States on September 14, 2008, The Hunger Games had a first printing of 50,000 copies, which was bumped up twice to 200,000 copies.[2] By February 2010, the book had sold 800,000 copies,[16] and rights to the novel had been sold in 38 territories worldwide.[16] A few months later, in July, the book was released in paperback.[17] The Hunger Games entered the New York Times Best Seller list in November 2008,[18] where it would feature for over 100 consecutive weeks.[19] By the time the film adaptation of The Hunger Games was released in March 2012, the book had been on USA Today's best-sellers list for 135 consecutive weeks and has sold over 17.5 million copies.[20][21]
The novel is the first in The Hunger Games trilogy; it is followed by sequels Catching Fire (2009) and Mockingjay (2010). In March 2012, during the time of The Hunger Games film's release, Scholastic reported 26 million Hunger Games trilogy books in print, including movie tie-in books.[22] The Hunger Games (and its sequels) have sold exceptionally well in ebook format. Suzanne Collins is the first children's or young adult author to sell over one million Amazon Kindle ebooks, making her the sixth author to join the "Kindle Million Club".[23] In March 2012, Amazon announced that Collins had become the best-selling Kindle ebook author of all time.[24]
An audiobook version of The Hunger Games was released in December 2008. Read by the actress Carolyn McCormick, it has a total running time of eleven hours and fourteen minutes.[25] The magazine AudioFile said: "Carolyn McCormick gives a detailed and attentive narration. However, she may rely too much on the strength of the prose without providing the drama young adult listeners often enjoy."[26] School Library Journal also praised the audiobook, stating that "McCormick ably voices the action-packed sequences and Katniss's every fear and strength shines through, along with her doomed growing attraction to one of her fellow Tributes."[27]
The Tim O'Brien-designed cover features a gold "mockingjay" – a fictional bird in The Hunger Games born by crossbreeding female mockingbirds and genetically engineered male "jabberjays" – with an arrow engraved in a circle. This is a depiction of the pin worn by Katniss into the arena, given to her by the District 12 mayor's daughter, Madge Undersee.[28] The image matches the description of the pin that is given in the novel, except for the arrow: "It's as if someone fashioned a small golden bird and then attached a ring around it. The bird is connected to the ring only by its wing tips."[29]
Critical reception
The Hunger Games has received critical acclaim. In a review for The New York Times, John Green wrote that the novel was "brilliantly plotted and perfectly paced", and that "the considerable strength of the novel comes in Collins's convincingly detailed world-building and her memorably complex and fascinating heroine." However, he also noted that, while allegorically rich, the book sometimes does not realize the allegorical potential that the plot has to offer and that the writing "described the action and little else."[30] Time magazine's review was also positive, stating that it "is a chilling, bloody and thoroughly horrifying book" and praising what it called the "hypnotic" quality of the violence.[31] In Stephen King's review for Entertainment Weekly, he compared it to "shoot-it-if-it-moves videogames in the lobby of the local eightplex; you know it's not real, but you keep plugging in quarters anyway." However, he stated that there were "displays of authorial laziness that kids will accept more readily than adults" and that the love triangle was standard for the genre. He gave the book a B grade.[32] Elizabeth Bird of School Library Journal praised the novel, saying it is "exciting, poignant, thoughtful, and breathtaking by turns", and called it one of the best books of 2008.[33] Booklist also gave a positive review, praising the character violence and romance involved in the book.[34] Kirkus Reviews gave a positive review, praising the action and world-building, but pointed out that "poor copyediting in the first printing will distract careful readers–a crying shame".[35] Rick Riordan, author of the Percy Jackson & the Olympians series, claims it is the "closest thing to a perfect adventure novel" he has ever read.[36] Stephenie Meyer (author of the Twilight series) endorsed the book on her website, saying, "I was so obsessed with this book ... The Hunger Games is amazing."[37]
The Hunger Games received many awards and honors. It was named one of Publishers Weekly's "Best Books of the Year" in 2008[38] and a The New York Times "Notable Children's Book of 2008".[39] It was the 2009 winner of the Golden Duck Award in the Young Adult Fiction Category.[40] The Hunger Games was also a "2008 Cybil Winner" for fantasy and science-fiction books along with The Graveyard Book,[41] one of School Library Journal's "Best Books 2008",[42] and a "Booklist Editors' Choice" in 2008.[43] In 2011, the book won the California Young Reader Medal.[44] In the 2012 edition of Scholastic's Parent and Child magazine, The Hunger Games was listed as the 33rd-best book for children, with the award for "Most Exciting Ending".[45][46] The novel is one of the top 5 best selling Kindle books of all time.[47] However, the novel has also been controversial with parents;[48] it ranked in fifth place on the American Library Association's list of frequently challenged books for 2010, with "unsuited to age group" and "violence" being among the reasons cited.[49]
Similarities of The Hunger Games to Koushun Takami's 1999 novel Battle Royale have been noted.[50] Collins stated that she "had never heard of that book or that author until my book was turned in. At that point, it was mentioned to me, and I asked my editor if I should read it. He said: 'No, I don't want that world in your head. Just continue with what you're doing'." [50] Susan Dominus of The New York Times reports that "the parallels are striking enough that Collins's work has been savaged on the blogosphere as a baldfaced ripoff" of Battle Royale but argued that "there are enough possible sources for the plot line that the two authors might well have hit on the same basic setup independently."[51] Stephen King noted that the reality TV "badlands" were similar to Battle Royale, as well as his own novels The Running Man and The Long Walk.[32]
Film adaptation
Main article: The Hunger Games (film)
In March 2009, Lions Gate Entertainment entered into a co-production agreement for The Hunger Games with Nina Jacobson's production company Color Force, which had acquired worldwide distribution rights to the novel a few weeks earlier.[52][53] The studio, which had not made a profit for five years, raided the budgets of other productions and sold assets to secure a budget of $88,000,000 – one of its largest ever[54] – for the film.[55][56] Collins' agent Jason Dravis remarked that "they [Lionsgate] had everyone but the valet call us" to help secure the franchise.[56] Intending the film to have a PG-13 rating,[57] Collins adapted the novel for film herself,[52] in collaboration with screenwriter Billy Ray and director Gary Ross.[58][59] The screenplay remains extremely faithful to the original novel,[60] with Ross saying he "felt the only way to make the film really successful was to be totally subjective" in its presentation of events, echoing Collins' use of first person present in the novel.[61]
Twenty-year-old actress Jennifer Lawrence was chosen to play Katniss Everdeen.[62] Though Lawrence was four years older than the character when filming began,[63] Collins felt the role demanded "a certain maturity and power" and said she would rather the actress be older than younger.[64] She added that Lawrence was the "only one who truly captured the character I wrote in the book" and that she had "every essential quality necessary to play Katniss."[65] Lawrence, a fan of the books, took three days to accept the role, initially intimidated by the size of the production.[66][67] Josh Hutcherson and Liam Hemsworth were later added to the cast, in the roles of Peeta and Gale, respectively.[68][69] Production began in late spring 2011[70] and the film was released on March 23, 2012.[71] The film's opening weekend brought in a non-sequel record $152.5 million (USD) in North America.[72] The Hunger Games: Catching Fire, based on the second novel in the series, was released the following year on November 22, 2013.[73]
See also
Children's literature portal
Novels portal
2000s portal
Book: The Hunger Games
The Condemned
Crypteia
The Most Dangerous Game
Series 7: The Contenders
"The Lottery"
References
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Jump up ^ "9 Untold Secrets of the High Stakes 'Hunger Games'". The Hollywood Reporter. February 1, 2012. Retrieved February 7, 2012.
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Jump up ^ Sperling, Nicole (April 4, 2011). "'The Hunger Games': Josh Hutcherson and Liam Hemsworth complete the love triangle". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 25, 2012.
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Jump up ^ Barnes, Brook (March 25, 2012). "Hunger Games Ticket Sales Set Record". New York Times. Retrieved March 25, 2012.
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External links
Suzanne Collins's official website
Scholastic Official Site
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The Hunger Games series by Suzanne Collins
Book series
The Hunger Games
Catching Fire
Mockingjay
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The Hunger Games
The Hunger Games: Catching Fire
The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1
The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2
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Katniss Everdeen
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The Hunger Games
"Safe & Sound"
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Fictional universe of The Hunger Games
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The Ocean at the End of the Lane
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Ocean at the End of the Lane
First edition hardcover for the United States
Author
Neil Gaiman
Country
United States
Language
English
Subject
Good and evil, survival, magic
Genre
Dark fantasy, surrealism, horror
Publisher
William Morrow and Company
Publication date
18 June 2013
Media type
Print, e-book, audiobook
Pages
178 pages
Award
Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel (2014)
ISBN
9780062255655
The Ocean at the End of the Lane is a 2013 novel by British author Neil Gaiman. The work was first published on 18 June 2013 through William Morrow and Company and follows an unnamed man who returns to his hometown for a funeral and remembers events that began forty years earlier.[1]
Themes in The Ocean at the End of the Lane include the search for self-identity and the "disconnect between childhood and adulthood".[2]
Among other honours, it was voted Book of the Year in the British National Book Awards.
Contents
[hide]
1 Synopsis
2 Development
3 Reception
4 Awards and honours
5 Film adaptation
6 References
7 External links
Synopsis[edit]
The book starts with the unnamed protagonist returning to his childhood hometown for a funeral. There he revisits the home in which he and his sister grew up and remembers a young girl named Lettie Hempstock, who had claimed that the pond behind her house was an ocean. He stops at the house where Lettie had lived with her mother and grandmother and encounters a member of her family and starts to remember forgotten incidents from the past.
The main narrative starts as he recalls a time when an opal miner, who was a boarder at the boy's home, steals the narrator's father's car and commits suicide in the back seat, having gambled away his friends' money; this death allows a supernatural being to gain access to our world, leaving money for people in unpleasant ways.
After a coin becomes lodged in the narrator's throat overnight, choking him, he seeks his neighbour Lettie's help. She agrees to help, insisting that he accompany her on the travel necessary to find the spirit and bind it. Having been instructed never to let go of her hand, in a moment of surprise he does, and in that instant something lodges in his foot. Once home, he pulls what appears to be a worm out of his foot, but a piece is left inside him.
The next day, his mother tells him she is starting a new job and a woman named Ursula Monkton is to look after him and his sister. The narrator takes an instant dislike to her and soon realises that she is actually the worm he had pulled out of his foot. She had used him as a way to travel out of the place he and Lettie had visited and is now inhabiting his house. Ursula quickly ingratiates herself with his family, winning over his sister and seducing his father, while the narrator is alienated from his family and is almost drowned in the bath by his father as Ursula watches.
Most of the narrator's time is then spent locked up in his bedroom, avoiding Ursula. Frightened, he manages to escape one night. He barely makes it to the Hempstock farm, where the Hempstocks take care of him and remove the wormhole from his foot, which had been left behind by Ursula as an escape path. Lettie and the narrator confront Ursula, who refuses offers from the Hempstocks to leave peacefully for a world that is less dangerous for her. Unwilling to believe that there could be anything in the world that could harm her, Ursula is attacked and eliminated by "hunger birds," entities that serve a purpose similar to scavengers. These insist on eating the narrator's heart, as a piece of Ursula's wormhole still remains there. The Hempstocks bring him back to the safety of their property through the ocean by their house, which Lettie carries to him in a bucket. While in the ocean, the narrator understands the nature of all things, but the memory fades once he gets out.
The Hempstocks promise to keep him safe, but the hunger birds begin to eat his world in order to force him off the property. This proves effective and the narrator attempts to sacrifice himself, only for Lettie to jump in between him and the hunger birds. Lettie's grandmother threatens the hunger birds, which she refers to as "varmints", with annihilation if they do not leave. They comply, but Lettie is near death as a result of their attack. The Hempstocks place Lettie's body in the ocean behind their house, where they say that she will rest until ready to return to this world. After these events, the narrator's memory of the incident fades. He has no recollection of Lettie's near-death, instead believing that she had gone to Australia.
The book then returns to the present, where the narrator finishes his remembering and is shocked when the Hempstocks inform him that this is not his first time returning to the house – he had visited the house at least twice during his adult years and it is implied that he visited the farm at least once more before that to return a kitten that he had found during his initial travels with Lettie. It is suggested that the hunger birds did eat his heart after all, but Lettie's sacrifice revived him, and his heart has been slowly growing back ever since. His visits to the farm are the result of Lettie wanting to check up on him while she sleeps and heals. The narrator's concern over the unremembered visits soon fades as he begins to forget the past events once again, telling the Hempstock women to tell Lettie he said "hello" if she contacts them from Australia.
Development[edit]
Gaiman has said that members of the Hempstock family have shown up in several of his other works, such as Stardust and The Graveyard Book.[3] He began writing Ocean for his wife Amanda Palmer and did not initially intend for it to become a novel, instead intending to write a novella;[3] while writing, he inserted things that he knew Palmer would enjoy, as she "doesn't really like fantasy".[4] Some events in the book were drawn from Gaiman's childhood, such as the theft of a car belonging to the protagonist's father, mirroring a similar event where his father's car was stolen and the thief committed suicide in the vehicle.[4]
Reception[edit]
Critical reception for the book has been generally positive.[5] The New York Times gave a positive review for The Ocean at the End of the Lane, commenting that the book would appeal to multiple age groups.[6] USA Today stated that the novel was thematically similar to his 2002 children's novel Coraline and the 2005 film MirrorMask in that the enemy is "closer than they might think", which "makes his monsters that much more sinister when a woman like Ursula is just downstairs".[7] An aggregate review site lists it as 81% positive reviews.[8]
Awards and honours[edit]
2013 The New York Times Best Seller list, #1 Hardcover Fiction.[9]
2013 National Book Awards (British), Book of the Year[10]
2013 Kirkus Reviews, The Best Books of 2013 (100 titles)[11]
2013 Nebula Award for Best Novel, Nominee [12]
2013 Goodreads Choice Awards, Fantasy
2014 Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel
2014 World Fantasy Award for Best Novel, Nominee[13]
Film adaptation[edit]
In February 2013, Focus Features acquired the rights of the novel to make into a feature film.[14] Tom Hanks will produce the film and Joe Wright will direct.[15]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Byatt, AS (3 July 2013). "The Ocean at the End of the Lane by Neil Gaiman – review". Guardian. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Lofuto, Tina (3 July 2013). "With The Ocean at the End of the Lane, fantasy master Neil Gaiman presents a mythical view of childhood's fears". Nashville Scene. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Schnelbach, Leah. "An "Accidental" Novel? Neil Gaiman Talks about The Ocean at the End of the Lane". Tor.com. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Liegl, Andy. "GAIMAN TALKS "SANDMAN," WALKS TO "THE OCEAN AT THE END OF THE LANE"". CBR. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Watts, James (30 June 2013). "Review: 'The Ocean at the End of the Lane' by Neil Gaiman is otherworldly brilliance". Tulsa World. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Percy, Benjamin (27 June 2013). "It All Floods Back". New York Times. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Truitt, Brian (15 June 2013). "Dive into Neil Gaiman's 'Ocean at the End of the Lane'". USA Today. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
Jump up ^ http://idreambooks.com/The-Ocean-at-the-End-of-the-Lane-A-Novel-by-Neil-Gaiman/reviews/30222
Jump up ^ "Best-Seller Lists: Hardcover Fiction". The New York Times. NYTimes.com. 7 July 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Press Association (26 December 2013). "Neil Gaiman novel wins Book of the Year". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Best Fiction Books of 2013". Kirkus Reviews. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "2013 Nebula Awards Winners". Locus. 17 May 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "World Fantasy Awards Ballot". Locus. 9 July 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "TOM HANKS BUYS NEIL GAIMAN FILM RIGHTS". scifinow.co.uk. 1 March 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Focus Features, Playtone Acquire Neil Gaiman's New Novel For Joe Wright To Helm". deadline.com. 28 February 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
External links[edit]
Official website
BBC Radio Book at Bedtime reading broadcast 8–12 July 2013 http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b036k741
[show]
v
t
e
Neil Gaiman bibliography
Novels
Good Omens
Neverwhere
Stardust
The Sandman: The Dream Hunters
American Gods
Coraline
Anansi Boys
InterWorld
Odd and the Frost Giants
The Graveyard Book
The Silver Dream
The Ocean at the End of the Lane
Eternity's Wheel
Short story
collections
Angels and Visitations
Smoke and Mirrors
Fragile Things
M Is for Magic
A Little Gold Book of Ghastly Stuff
Picture books
The Day I Swapped My Dad for Two Goldfish
The Wolves in the Walls
Blueberry Girl
Crazy Hair
Short fiction
"Murder Mysteries"
"We Can Get Them for You Wholesale"
"Snow, Glass, Apples"
"How to Talk to Girls at Parties"
"A Study in Emerald"
"I, Cthulhu"
Comic books and
graphic novels
Violent Cases
Black Orchid
The Sandman
Signal to Noise
Marvelman
The Books of Magic
The Last Temptation
Angela
Death: The High Cost of Living
The Tragical Comedy or Comical Tragedy of Mr. Punch
Sandman Midnight Theatre
Lady Justice
Mr. Hero the Newmatic Man
Death: The Time of Your Life
Midnight Days
Only the End of the World Again
"Green Lantern/Superman: Legend of the Green Flame"
Harlequin Valentine
The Sandman: Endless Nights
Marvel 1602
Creatures of the Night
Eternals
"Batman: Whatever Happened to the Caped Crusader?"
Screenplays and
film adaptations
Neverwhere
Babylon 5
"Day of the Dead"
A Short Film About John Bolton
MirrorMask
Stardust
Beowulf
Coraline
Statuesque
Doctor Who
"The Doctor's Wife"
"Nightmare in Silver"
Lucifer (TV series)
American Gods (TV series)
How to Talk to Girls at Parties
Good Omens (TV series)
Miscellaneous
Don't Panic: The Official Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Companion
The Sandman: Book of Dreams
A Walking Tour of the Shambles
Two Plays for Voices
Neverwhere (radio play)
8in8 (lyrics)
Where's Neil When You Need Him?
InterWorld series
Neil Gaiman: Dream Dangerously
[show]
v
t
e
Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel
1978–1990
The Silmarillion by J. R. R. Tolkien (1978)
Harpist in the Wind by Patricia A. McKillip (1980)
Lord Valentine's Castle by Robert Silverberg (1981)
The Claw of the Conciliator by Gene Wolfe (1982)
The Sword of the Lictor by Gene Wolfe (1983)
The Mists of Avalon by Marion Zimmer Bradley (1984)
Job: A Comedy of Justice by Robert A. Heinlein (1985)
Trumps of Doom by Roger Zelazny (1986)
Soldier of the Mist by Gene Wolfe (1987)
Seventh Son by Orson Scott Card (1988)
Red Prophet by Orson Scott Card (1989)
Prentice Alvin by Orson Scott Card (1990)
1991–2000
Tehanu by Ursula K. Le Guin (1991)
Beauty by Sheri S. Tepper (1992)
Last Call by Tim Powers (1993)
The Innkeeper's Song by Peter S. Beagle (1994)
Brittle Innings by Michael Bishop (1995)
Alvin Journeyman by Orson Scott Card (1996)
A Game of Thrones by George R. R. Martin (1997)
Earthquake Weather by Tim Powers (1998)
A Clash of Kings by George R. R. Martin (1999)
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban by J. K. Rowling (2000)
2001–2010
A Storm of Swords by George R. R. Martin (2001)
American Gods by Neil Gaiman (2002)
The Scar by China Miéville (2003)
Paladin of Souls by Lois McMaster Bujold (2004)
Iron Council by China Miéville (2005)
Anansi Boys by Neil Gaiman (2006)
The Privilege of the Sword by Ellen Kushner (2007)
Making Money by Terry Pratchett (2008)
Lavinia by Ursula K. Le Guin (2009)
The City & the City by China Miéville (2010)
2011–present
Kraken by China Miéville (2011)
A Dance with Dragons by George R. R. Martin (2012)
The Apocalypse Codex by Charles Stross (2013)
The Ocean at the End of the Lane by Neil Gaiman (2014)
The Goblin Emperor by Katherine Addison (2015)
Uprooted by Naomi Novik (2016)
All the Birds in the Sky by Charlie Jane Anders (2017)
Best Novel (1971–1981)
Best SF Novel (1980–present)
Best Fantasy Novel (1978–present)
Best First Novel (1981–present)
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The Hound of the Baskervilles (2002 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Hound of the Baskervilles
Directed by
David Attwood
Written by
A. Conan Doyle (novel)
Allan Cubitt
Starring
Richard Roxburgh
Ian Hart
Richard E. Grant
Release date
2002
Running time
100 min.
Country
United Kingdom
Language
English
The Hound of the Baskervilles is a 2002 television adaptation of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's novel of the same name.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Writing
3.2 Development
4 Critical reaction
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
Sherlock Holmes and his companion Dr. Watson investigate the case of an attempted murder inspired by the legend of a fearsome, diabolical hound of supernatural origin on Dartmoor in Devon in England's West Country.
Cast[edit]
Richard Roxburgh as Sherlock Holmes
Ian Hart as Doctor Watson
Richard E. Grant as Jack Stapleton
Matt Day as Sir Henry Baskerville
John Nettles as Dr. James Mortimer
Geraldine James as Mrs. Mortimer
Neve McIntosh as Beryl Stapleton
Ron Cook as Mr. Barrymore
Liza Tarbuck as Mrs. Barrymore
Production[edit]
Writing[edit]
Some differences from the novel:
Sherlock Holmes is shown to be using drugs despite having a challenging case, contrary to the literary depiction in which he uses cocaine recreationally only in the absence of mental exercise.
Stapleton is depicted to be the anthropologist instead of Mortimer. Stapleton's (or Mortimer's) interest in entomology is omitted.
The character of Dr. Mortimer's wife is shown, depicted as a medium.
This version portrays a séance performed by Dr. Mortimer's wife.[1] This scene never appeared in the original novel, though a similar scene did appear in the 1939 Basil Rathbone version of the film.[1]
In this film, the escaped convict Selden is seen escaping from the police, and later he attacks Sir Henry in Baskerville Hall. In the novel, Selden is largely only spoken of until his death.
Stapleton murders his wife Beryl in this film. In the novel, Beryl survives.
Sir Henry is seriously mauled by the hound in the film — although he is saved in time to receive treatment — whereas in the novel, Holmes and Watson arrive in time to prevent any true harm to Sir Henry.
In the novel, Stapleton apparently dies in the Grimpen Mire. In the movie, Stapleton is shot dead by Watson right before Stapleton was to shoot Holmes, though he still falls into the mire as Holmes was 'drowning' in it before being saved by Watson.
Mr Frankland and his daughter Laura Lyons are completely omitted.
In the novel, Holmes speculates on various methods that Stapleton could have used to acquire the inheritance of Baskerville Hall — his main motive for the whole scheme — without anyone suspecting him for Sir Henry's death due to the anomaly of him living so close to the estate under an assumed name (Options included inheriting the estate after moving back to South America, adopting a disguise to deal with the necessary paperwork, or setting someone else up as the 'official' heir while receiving a sizeable income of his own). In the movie, Stapleton's motives are clearly established as being based on nothing more than a personal vengeance against the family that disinherited his father, Holmes realising during his confrontation that Stapleton has no interest in the inheritance.
Stapleton's real name in the film is John Baskerville. In the novel he was named Rodger after his father.
In the novel, Stapleton's wife/sister Beryl was a native to Costa Rica. In the film, she appears to be a native of Britain instead. Any reference to South America has been omitted, as is Stapleton's funding a Yorkshire school under the name Vandeleur.
Rodger Baskerville, instead of fleeing creditors as he did in the novel, was drummed out of the Guards for conduct unbecoming, and when penniless, married a prostitute named Mary Prescott.
The film misses a scene where a pony falls in the swamp when Dr. Watson converses with Stapleton while walking to his place. Instead they convey the fact in the beginning, when Selden is chased by two policemen who drown in it.
Cartwright, Holmes's messenger, is not mentioned in the film.
In the film, the cabman refuses to tell about his passenger and Holmes had to force him to do so. Also the incident is shown in the film after Watson leaves to go to Baskerville Hall but in the novel is actually before.
The legend of the hound and Hugo Baskerville is heavily changed. In the novel, Hugo was infatuated with a farmer's daughter whom he kidnapped and imprisoned. She escaped and Hugo pursued her. Both were found dead. She had died from fright, but a giant spectral hound stood guard over Baskerville's body. The hound tore out Baskerville's throat, then vanished into the night. In the film, Hugo instead has a wife whom he beats out of a jealous belief that she was having an affair with a neighbour. He pursues her across the moor and kills her, but her own hound follows and kills Hugo even as he fatally stabs the creature, and the hound's ghost has since haunted the family.
Development[edit]
Produced by Tiger Aspect Productions for the BBC, it was shown on BBC One on Boxing Day, 2002. It was directed by David Attwood,[2] and adapted by Allan Cubitt.[3] The film stars Richard Roxburgh as Sherlock Holmes and Ian Hart as Doctor Watson.[2] Hart would play Watson again in the 2004 TV film Sherlock Holmes and the Case of the Silk Stocking, also written by Cubitt.[4][1] The hound was a mix of animatronics and computer generated images[1][5] and was created by the same team, Crawley Creatures and Framestore, that provided the dinosaurs for Walking with Dinosaurs and The Lost World.[1][3]
Critical reaction[edit]
Richard Scheib of The Science-Fiction, Horror and Fantasy Film Review called the film "one of the best Sherlock Holmes screen adaptations to date, and arguably the best of all screen versions of The Hound of the Baskervilles that we have."[6] Pamela Troy of CultureVulture.net wrote, "There's a lot that may outrage fans of the original novel, but this is, nonetheless, a respectful, interesting, and worthwhile adaptation."[7] Charles Prepolec of the Sherlock Holmes fansite BakerStreetDozen.com wrote, "In the end, it is a compelling, if somewhat infuriating, film to watch. Not a great Holmes film, and certainly not the greatest version of this story, but it is fascinating television drama."[3]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e The Hound of the Baskervilles at BBC
^ Jump up to: a b A major new version of The Hound Of The Baskervilles for BBC ONE
^ Jump up to: a b c Sherlock Holmes: The Hound of the Baskervilles (2002) – BakerStreetDozen.com
Jump up ^ BBC shows get away with murder in the U.S.
Jump up ^ The Hound of the Baskervilles at PBS
Jump up ^ The Hound of the Baskervilles (2002). Moria – The Science-Fiction, Horror and Fantasy Film Review.
Jump up ^ The Hound of the Baskervilles review – CultureVulture.net
External links[edit]
The Hound of the Baskervilles on IMDb
PBS Masterpiece Theatre summary
[show]
v
t
e
Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes
Canon
Adaptations
Popular culture
Novels
A Study in Scarlet (1887)
The Sign of the Four (1890)
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1902)
The Valley of Fear (1915)
Story collections
The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (1892)
The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes (1894)
The Return of Sherlock Holmes (1905)
His Last Bow (1917)
The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes (1927)
Characters
Sherlock Holmes
Dr. Watson
Professor Moriarty
Sebastian Moran
Irene Adler
Inspector Lestrade
Mycroft Holmes
Baker Street Irregulars
Minor characters
Uncollected stories
"The Lost Special"
"How Watson Learned the Trick"
Lists
List of cases
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Universe
221B Baker Street
Baritsu
Diogenes Club
The Dynamics of an Asteroid
A Treatise on the Binomial Theorem
Related
Sherlock fandom
Sherlockian game
Sherlockiana
Sherlock Holmes Museum
The Sherlock Holmes
The Baker Street Irregulars
Holmesian studies
The Strand Magazine
Naked Is the Best Disguise
Undershaw
Category
[show]
v
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Screen adaptations of Sherlock Holmes
Silent films
Sherlock Holmes Baffled (1900)
Adventures of Sherlock Holmes; or, Held for Ransom (1905)
Sherlock Holmes in the Great Murder Mystery (1908)
Arsène Lupin contra Sherlock Holmes (1910)
Der Hund von Baskerville (1914)
Detektiv Braun (1914)
A Study in Scarlet (1914 British film)
A Study in Scarlet (1914 US film)
The Valley of Fear (1916)
Sherlock Holmes (1916)
Sherlock Holmes (1922)
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1929)
Stoll series
The Dying Detective (1921)
The Devil's Foot (1921)
The Man with the Twisted Lip (1921)
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1921)
The Sign of Four (1923)
Wontner series
The Sleeping Cardinal (1931)
The Missing Rembrandt (1932, lost)
The Sign of Four (1932)
The Triumph of Sherlock Holmes (1935)
Silver Blaze (1937)
Rathbone–Bruce
series
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1939)
The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (1939)
Voice of Terror (1942)
Secret Weapon (1942)
Sherlock Holmes in Washington (1943)
Sherlock Holmes Faces Death (1943)
The Spider Woman (1944)
The Scarlet Claw (1944)
The Pearl of Death (1944)
The House of Fear (1945)
The Woman in Green (1945)
Pursuit to Algiers (1945)
Terror by Night (1946)
Dressed to Kill (1946)
By actor
Clive Brook
The Return of Sherlock Holmes (1929)
Sherlock Holmes (1932)
Peter Cushing
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1959)
The Masks of Death (1984) (TV)
Christopher Plummer
Silver Blaze (1977) (TV)
Murder by Decree (1979)
Christopher Lee
The Deadly Necklace (1962)
The Leading Lady (1991) (TV)
Incident at Victoria Falls (1991) (TV)
Robert Downey Jr.
Sherlock Holmes (2009)
A Game of Shadows (2011)
Other films
The Speckled Band (1931)
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1932)
A Study in Scarlet (1933)
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1937)
A Study in Terror (1965)
The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes (1970)
The Seven-Per-Cent Solution (1976)
The Case of Marcel Duchamp (1984)
Young Sherlock Holmes (1985)
Sherlock Holmes (2010)
Holmes & Watson. Madrid Days (2012)
Mr. Holmes (2015)
Television films
Ian Richardson
The Sign of Four (1983)
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1983)
Maslennikov
series
Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson (1979)
The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson (1980)
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1981)
The Treasures of Agra (1983)
The Twentieth Century Approaches (1986)
Matt Frewer
The Hound of the Baskervilles (2000)
The Sign of Four (2001)
The Case of the Whitechapel Vampire (2002)
The Royal Scandal (2003)
Ian Hart (as Watson)
The Hound of the Baskervilles (2002)
The Case of the Silk Stocking (2004)
Other films
The Three Garridebs (1937)
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1972)
The Longing of Sherlock Holmes (1972)
Sherlock Holmes in New York (1976)
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1982)
Sherlock Holmes and the Baskerville Curse (1983)
The Return of Sherlock Holmes (1987)
Hands of a Murderer (1990)
The Crucifer of Blood (1991)
1994 Baker Street: Sherlock Holmes Returns (1993)
The Hound of London (1993)
Sherlock: Case of Evil (2002)
Sherlock Holmes and the Baker Street Irregulars (2007)
Comedies,
pastiches,
and parodies
The Mystery of the Leaping Fish (1916)
The Limejuice Mystery or Who Spat in Grandfather's Porridge? (1930)
Lelíček ve službách Sherlocka Holmese (1932)
The Man Who Was Sherlock Holmes (1937)
Deduce, You Say! (1956)
They Might Be Giants (1971)
The Adventure of Sherlock Holmes' Smarter Brother (1975)
The Return of the World's Greatest Detective (1976)
Sherlock Pink (1976)
The Strange Case of the End of Civilization as We Know It (1977)
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1978)
The Great Mouse Detective (1986)
Without a Clue (1988)
The Adventures of Shirley Holmes (1997)
Zero Effect (1998)
A Samba for Sherlock (2001)
Sheerluck Holmes and the Golden Ruler (2006)
Aria the Scarlet Ammo (2008)
Tantei Opera Milky Holmes (2009)
Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes (2010)
The Empire of Corpses (2015)
Sherlock Gnomes (2018)
Holmes and Watson (2018)
Television
series
Sherlock Holmes (1951)
Sherlock Holmes (1954)
Sherlock Holmes (1965–68)
Sherlock Holmes (1967–68)
Sherlock Holmes (1968)
Sherlock Holmes and Doctor Watson (1979–80)
Young Sherlock: The Mystery of the Manor House (1982)
The Baker Street Boys (1983)
Sherlock Hound (1984–85)
Sherlock Holmes (1984–94)
episodes
Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century (1999–2001)
Sherlock (2010–present)
Elementary (2012–present)
Sherlock Holmes (2013)
Sherlock Holmes (2014–15)
other articles
List of actors who have played Sherlock Holmes
List of actors who have played Dr. Watson
List of actors who have played Inspector Lestrade
List of actors who have played Mycroft Holmes
List of actors who have played Professor Moriarty
Minor Sherlock Holmes characters
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text:
Non-volatile memory
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Computer memory types
Volatile
RAM
DRAM (e.g., DDR SDRAM)
SRAM (e.g., (QDR SSRAM)
In development
T-RAM
Z-RAM
Historical
Williams–Kilburn tube (1946–47)
Delay line memory (1947)
Mellon optical memory (1951)
Selectron tube (1952)
Dekatron
Non-volatile
ROM
Mask ROM
PROM
EPROM
EEPROM
NVRAM
Flash memory
Solid-state storage
3D XPoint
Early stage NVRAM
nvSRAM
FeRAM
MRAM
PRAM
SAM
Magnetic tape
Hard disk drive
Optical disc drive
In development
CBRAM
SONOS
RRAM
Racetrack memory
NRAM
Millipede memory
FJG RAM
Historical
Paper data storage (1725)
Drum memory (1932)
Magnetic-core memory (1949)
Plated wire memory (1957)
Core rope memory (1960s)
Thin-film memory (1962)
Twistor memory (~1968)
Bubble memory (~1970)
Floppy disk (1971)
v
t
e
Non-volatile memory, nonvolatile memory, NVM or non-volatile storage is a type of computer memory that can retrieve stored information even after having been power cycled (turned off and back on). The opposite of non-volatile memory is volatile memory which needs constant power in order to prevent data from being erased. Examples of non-volatile memory include read-only memory, flash memory, ferroelectric RAM, most types of magnetic computer storage devices (e.g. hard disk drives, solid state drives, floppy disks, and magnetic tape), optical discs, and early computer storage methods such as paper tape and punched cards.[1]
This article is about three distinct storage types:
NVS: traditional Non-Volatile Storage in mechanical disks – Hard disk, Solid State Drive, Optical disk, floppy disk, etc. Non-Volatile Storage may also refer to NVM.
NVM: storage in Non-Volatile Memory chips (Flash memory Storage) – EEPROM, SSD, NAND, etc. Non-Volatile Memory may also refer to NVMM.
NVMM:[2] storage inside Non-Volatile Main Memory chips (Re-RAM) – NVDIMM-P, specifications to be released 2018.[3][4][5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Electrically addressed
2.1 Read-mostly devices
2.2 Flash memory
2.3 Ferroelectric RAM (F-RAM)
2.4 Magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM)
3 Mechanically addressed systems
4 Organic
5 Specifications
6 References
7 External links
Overview[edit]
Non-volatile memory is typically used for the task of secondary storage, or long-term persistent storage.[6] The most widely used form of primary storage today is a volatile form of random access memory (RAM), meaning that when the computer is shut down, anything contained in RAM is lost. However, most forms of non-volatile memory have limitations that make them unsuitable for use as primary storage. Typically, non-volatile memory costs more, provides lower performance, or has worse write endurance than volatile random access memory.
Non-volatile data storage can be categorized into electrically addressed systems (read-only memory) and mechanically addressed systems (hard disks, optical disc, magnetic tape, holographic memory, and such).[7][8] Electrically addressed systems are expensive, but fast, whereas mechanically addressed systems have a low price per bit, but are slow.
Several companies are working on developing non-volatile memory systems comparable in speed and capacity to volatile RAM. If successful this would eliminate the need for comparatively slow forms of secondary storage systems such as hard disks.
Electrically addressed[edit]
Main article: Non-volatile random-access memory
Electrically addressed semiconductor non-volatile memories can be categorized according to their write mechanism. Mask ROMs are factory programmable only, and typically used for large-volume products not required to be updated after manufacture. Programmable read-only memory can be altered after manufacture, but require a special programmer and usually cannot be programmed while in the target system. The programming is permanent and further changes require replacement of the device. Data is stored by physically altering (burning) storage sites in the device.
Read-mostly devices[edit]
An EPROM is an erasable ROM that can be changed more than once. However, writing new data to an EPROM requires a special programmer circuit. EPROMs have a quartz window that allows them to be erased with ultraviolet light, but the whole device is cleared at one time. A one-time programmable (OTP) device uses an EPROM chip but omits the quartz window in the package; this is less costly to manufacture. An electrically erasable programmable read-only memory EEPROM uses electrical signals to erase memory. These erasable memory devices require a significant amount of time to erase data and to write new data; they are not usually configured to be programmed by the processor of the target system. Data is stored by use of floating-gate transistors which require special operating voltages to be applied to trap or release electric charge on an insulated control gate for storage sites.
Flash memory[edit]
Main article: Flash memory
The flash memory chip is a close relative to the EEPROM; it differs in that it can only erase one block or "page" at a time. It is a solid-state chip that maintains stored data without any external power source.[9] Capacity is substantially larger than that of an EEPROM, making these chips a popular choice for digital cameras and desktop PC BIOS chips.
Flash memory devices use two different logical technologies—NOR and NAND—to map data. NOR flash provides high-speed random access, reading and writing data in specific memory locations; it can retrieve as little as a single byte. NAND flash reads and writes sequentially at high speed, handling data in small blocks called pages, however it is slower on read when compared to NOR. NAND flash reads faster than it writes, quickly transferring whole pages of data. Less expensive than NOR flash at high densities, NAND technology offers higher capacity for the same-size silicon.[9]
Ferroelectric RAM (F-RAM)[edit]
Main article: Ferroelectric RAM
Ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM, F-RAM or FRAM) is a random-access memory similar in construction to DRAM but (instead of a dielectric layer like in DRAM) contains a thin ferroelectric film of lead zirconate titanate [Pb(Zr,Ti)O3], commonly referred to as PZT. The Zr/Ti atoms in the PZT change polarity in an electric field, thereby producing a binary switch. Unlike RAM devices, F-RAM retains its data memory when power is shut off or interrupted, due to the PZT crystal maintaining polarity. Due to this crystal structure and how it is influenced, F-RAM offers distinct properties from other nonvolatile memory options, including extremely high, although not infinite, endurance (exceeding 1016 read/write cycles for 3.3 V devices), ultra low power consumption (since F-RAM does not require a charge pump like other non-volatile memories), single-cycle write speeds, and gamma radiation tolerance.[10]
Magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM)[edit]
Main article: Magnetoresistive random-access memory
Magnetoresistive RAM is one of the newest approaches to non-volatile memory and stores data in magnetic storage elements called magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs). MRAM has an especially promising future as it seeks to encompass all the desirable features of the other popular types of memory (non-volatility, infinite endurance, high-speed reading/writing, low cost).[11]
The first generation of MRAM, such as Everspin Technologies' 4 Mbit, utilized field-induced writing. The second generation is developed mainly through two approaches: Thermal-assisted switching (TAS)[11] which is being developed by Crocus Technology, and Spin-transfer torque (STT) which Crocus, Hynix, IBM, and several other companies are developing.[when?][12]
Mechanically addressed systems[edit]
See also: IBM Millipede and holographic memory
Mechanically addressed systems utilize a contact structure ("head") to read and write on a designated storage medium. Since circuitry layout is not a key factor for data density, the amount of storage is typically much larger than for electrically addressed systems.[citation needed]
Since the access time depends on the physical location of the data on the device, mechanically addressed systems may not be "random access" as are electrically addressed semiconductor NVRAM. For example, magnetic tape stores data as a sequence of bits on a long tape; transporting the tape past the read/write head is required to access any part of the storage. Tape media can be removed from the drive and stored, giving indefinite capacity at the cost of the time required to retrieve a dismounted tape.[13][14]
Hard disk drives use a rotating magnetic disk to store data; access time is longer than for semiconductor memory, but cost per stored data bit is very low, and they provide random access to any location on the disk. Formerly, removable disk packs were common, allowing storage capacity to be expanded. Optical discs store data by altering a pigment layer on a plastic disk, and are similarly random access. Read-only and read-write versions are available; removable media again allows indefinite expansion, and some automated systems were used to retrieve and mount disks under direct program control.[15][16][17]
Organic[edit]
Main articles: Organic electronics and ferroelectric memory
There are polymer printed ferroelectric memory.
Thin Film Electronics ("Thinfilm") produces rewriteable non-volatile organic memory based on ferroelectric polymers. Thinfilm successfully demonstrated roll-to-roll printed memories in 2009.[18][19][20]
In Thinfilm's organic memory the ferroelectric polymer is sandwiched between two sets of electrodes in a passive matrix. Each crossing of metal lines is a ferroelectric capacitor and defines a memory cell. This gives a non-volatile memory comparable to ferroelectric RAM technologies and offer the same functionality as flash memory.
Specifications[edit]
Specification (March 2007)[21]
2.5" HDD
1" microdrive
Flash memory
Optical disc
Tape
MRAM
Device model
Hitachi Travelstar 5k160[22] Hitachi Microdrive 3k8[23] Hynix HY27UH08AG5M[24] Blu-ray HP Ultrium 960[25] Everspin (formerly of Freescale Semiconductor) MR2A16A[26]
Density (GBit/cm2)
20.3 18.4 6.7 3.8 0.047 0.0021
Capacity (GByte)
160 8 2 50 400 0.004
Price per bit (euro/GByte)
1.5 9.0 6.0 1.25 0.075 35000
Price per unit (euro)
110 87 14 635 2340 17.4
Price per medium (euro) (for removables)
nd nd nd 40 30 nd
Data rate (Mbit/s)
540 80 23 144 640 436
Access time (ms) (average/typical)
11 12 0.025 180 72000 0.000035
Power consumption (W) (average)
1.8 0.6 0.1 25 20 0.08
Form factor (h × w × d) (cm)
0.95×7×10 0.5×3×4 0.1×1.2×2 4×15×19 2×10×10 0.1×1×1.8
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Patterson, David; Hennessy, John (1971). Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software Interface. Elsevier. p. 23.
Jump up ^ Security Vulnerabilities of Emerging Nonvolatile Main Memories and Countermeasures -IEEE
Jump up ^ "JEDEC DDR5 & NVDIMM-P Standards Under Development – JEDEC".
Jump up ^ 23:58, 2 Apr 2017 at; tweet_btn(), Simon Sharwood. "DDR5 to jump off the drawing board in 2018".
Jump up ^ "NVDIMM – Changes are Here, So What's Next?" – SINA
Jump up ^ "A Survey of Software Techniques for Using Non-Volatile Memories for Storage and Main Memory Systems", IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 2015.
Jump up ^ "i-NVMM: Securing non-volatile memory on the fly". Techrepublic. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Non-Volatile Memory (NVM)". Techopedia. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b By Russell Kay, ComputerWorld. "Flash memory." 7 June 2010.
Jump up ^ F-RAM Memory Technology, Ramtron.com, retrieved 30 January 2012
^ Jump up to: a b The Emergence of Practical MRAM http://www.crocus-technology.com/pdf/BH%20GSA%20Article.pdf
Jump up ^ [1] Archived 19 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "What is tape drive? - Definition from WhatIs.com". SearchStorage. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Tape Drives". snia.org. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "What is hard drive?". computerhope.com. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "IBM 2314 Disk Drives". ncl.ac.uk. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Optical Blu-ray Jukeboxes and Libraries Systems for Archiving Storage - Kintronics". kintronics.com. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Thinfilm and InkTec awarded IDTechEx' Technical Development Manufacturing Award IDTechEx, 15 April 2009
Jump up ^ PolyIC, ThinFilm announce pilot of volume printed plastic memories EETimes, 22 September 2009
Jump up ^ All set for high-volume production of printed memories Printed Electronics World, 12 April 2010
Jump up ^ Informationstoragecourse2007, BluWiki, 13 July 2009, retrieved 30 January 2012
Jump up ^ [2] Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ http://www.hitachigst.com/tech/techlib.nsf/techdocs/7F878B7F4496E2B686257061007D3C30/$file/HGST_3K8_091506.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.hynix.com/datasheet/pdf/flash/HY27UH08AG(5_D)M%20(Rev0.6).pdf
Jump up ^ "HP StorageWorks Ultrium Half-Height Tape Drives (QuickSpecs/c04284138.pdf)" (PDF). hp.com. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
Jump up ^ http://www.freescale.com/files/microcontrollers/doc/data_sheet/MR2A16A.pdf
External links[edit]
Supporting filesystems in persistent memory, LWN.net, 2 September 2014, by Jonathan Corbet
Research paper about perspective usage of magnetic photoconductors in magneto-optical data storage.
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