text:
Nurse (Romeo and Juliet)
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Nurse
Romeo and Juliet character
Information
Family
Unnamed (husband)
Susan (daughter)
Other name(s)
Angelica (possible real name)
Associate(s)
Juliet (surrogate daughter)
The Nurse is a major character in William Shakespeare's classic drama Romeo and Juliet. She is the personal servant, guardian (and former wet nurse) of Juliet Capulet, and has been since Juliet was born. She had a daughter named Susan who died in infancy, and then became wetnurse to Juliet. As the primary person to like, she is therefore Juliet's foremost confidante. She is very important to Juliet and Juliet's life.
She is one of the few people, along with Friar Laurence, to be made aware of the blossoming romance between Romeo and Juliet. Her personal history outside of the Capulet estate is unknown, other than that she once had a husband and a daughter, both of whom are deceased. Juliet is considered by many, historians and fans alike, to be her surrogate daughter in many respects because she raised Juliet in Lady Capulet's absence.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins
2 Role in the play
3 Literary interpretations
4 Analysis
5 Performance history
6 Notes
7 References
Origins[edit]
The Nurse is a character in Arthur Brooke's poem The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet, as Shakespeare's main source text. She is like family to the Capulets. The Nurse plays a similar role in the poem by Brooke, though she is less critical of Paris and is banished for the events that took place.[1]
Role in the play[edit]
The Nurse tries to convince Juliet to marry Paris.
The Nurse delivering her "Yet I cannot choose but laugh" line in Act I scene III in an 1847 drawing
The Nurse is sent by Juliet in act two, scene four to seek out Romeo the night after their first kiss and exchange of vows. The Nurse finds Romeo and soon after returns to Juliet with news of Romeo's continued affection. It is because of the Nurse's approval that Juliet ultimately decides to go through with marrying Romeo.
Later, the Nurse is overcome with grief at the death of Tybalt, and she runs to Juliet and cries, "He's dead, he's dead, he's dead! We are undone, lady, we are undone! Alack the day, he's gone, he's killed, he's dead!"[2] The Nurse is the one to deliver the news of Romeo's banishment to Juliet; in spite of Tybalt's murder coming from Romeo's hands, Juliet bids the Nurse to seek out Romeo for her at Friar Lawrence's cell for one final night with him before he flees to Mantua.
When Juliet learns that her parents expect her to marry Paris, the Nurse urges the girl to go ahead with the marriage. Even though Juliet was already married to Romeo, the Nurse felt that Juliet would never see her husband again. Following this, Juliet feels betrayed and decides never to share any more of her secrets with the Nurse.
The Nurse discovers Juliet under the spell of Friar Lawrence's potion in act four, scene five, and the grief of her death as seriously as she mourned Tybalt. She is, finally, present at the real deathbed of Romeo, Juliet, and Paris, though speechless. Indeed, she loses perhaps the dearest friends of anyone, having suffered through the deaths of her husband, Susan, Tybalt, Romeo, and Juliet.
The nurse has the third largest number of lines in the original play; only the eponymous characters have more lines.[3]
Literary interpretations[edit]
In 2014, Simon & Schuster published Juliet's Nurse (ISBN 9781476757445), a novel by historian and former college professor Lois Leveen imagining the fourteen years leading up to the events in the play from the point of view of the nurse.[3]
Analysis[edit]
In choosing forms, Shakespeare matches the poetry to the character that uses it. Friar Lawrence, for example, uses sermon and sententiae forms, and the Nurse uses a unique blank verse form that closely matches colloquial speech.[4]
Friar Lawrence agrees to marry Romeo to Juliet in an attempt to mend the dispute between the two families; the Nurse sees their union as one of legitimate romance. The Nurse recognises that Juliet shows no interest in Paris' courting and is the only member of the older generation to take Juliet's feelings into consideration…that is, until she suddenly betrays Juliet's trust by saying that she should marry Paris. Only to the nurse does Juliet confide her feelings about both Paris and Romeo. The formal language Juliet uses around Paris, as well as the way she talks about him to her Nurse, show that her feelings clearly lie with Romeo.[5]
The Nurse also admits to being something of a fool, proclaiming, "were not I thine [Juliet's] only nurse, I would say thou hadst suck'd wisdom from thy teat."[6] She is implied to be ugly by Mercutio, who urges the Nurse's servant Peter to fetch her fan quickly, "to hide her face; for her fan's the fairer face." Mercutio also mentions her age, calling her an "ancient lady" as he exits from the same scene. Some illustrations even depict her as an obese or big boned woman, because of how Mercutio insults her. He calls "A sail! A sail!" Meaning he thinks that the nurse is as big as a ship.
The Nurse is also a frequent user of malapropisms. Her view of romance is very pragmatic, much like Mercutio's views. When Juliet says that marriage is an honour she did not yet think of, the nurse laughs and exclaims, what an honour it is. The nurse's humour is very crude, which is shown when she makes a rude joke about the way Juliet will 'fall down' when she is older.
The Nurse's given name may be Angelica. In Act 4, scene 4, Lord Capulet, alone with the Nurse and Lady Capulet, tells "good Angelica" to order baked meats for Juliet's upcoming wedding to Count Paris. It is unclear from the text whether he is addressing the Nurse or Lady Capulet.
Performance history[edit]
Edna May Oliver as the nurse in the 1936 film.
A short sample of famous Nurses follows:
Miriam Margolyes in Baz Luhrmann's Romeo + Juliet.
Pat Heywood in Franco Zeffirelli's 1968 film.
Edna May Oliver in the 1936 film.
Flora Robson in the 1954 film.
Debbie Rochon in Tromeo & Juliet.
Chita Rivera (as Anita) the Nurse role in West Side Story (1957 Original Broadway Cast)
Rita Moreno (as Anita) the Nurse role in "West Side Story (film)"
Karen Olivo (as Anita) the Nurse role in West Side Story (2009 Revival Original Broadway Cast)
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Arthur J. Roberts (February 1902). "The Sources of Romeo and Juliet". Modern Language Notes. Modern Language Notes, Vol. 17, No. 2. 17 (2): 41–44. doi:10.2307/2917639. JSTOR 2917639.
Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet, Act 3, Scene 2
^ Jump up to: a b Simon & Schuster author page. Retrieved 19 April 2014 http://books.simonandschuster.com/Juliets-Nurse/Lois-Leveen/9781476757445
Jump up ^ Halio, 48–60.
Jump up ^ Halio, 20–30.
Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet Act 1, Scene 3, Lines 67–68
References[edit]
Halio, Jay (1998). Romeo and Juliet. Westport: Greenwood Press. p. 1. ISBN 0-313-30089-5.
[show]
v
t
e
William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet
Characters
Romeo
Juliet
Mercutio
Tybalt
Benvolio
Friar Laurence
Nurse
Paris
Rosaline
Queen Mab
Atomy
Sources
The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet
Pyramus and Thisbe
Palace of Pleasure
Troilus and Criseyde
Ballets
Romeo and Juliet (1938, Prokofiev)
Romeo and Juliet (1962, Cranko)
Romeo and Juliet (1965, MacMillan)
Romeo and Juliet (1977, Nureyev)
Romeo and Juliet (1965, Lavery)
Radio and Juliet (2005)
Romeo + Juliet (2007, Martins)
Romeo and Juliet (2008, Pastor)
Operas
Romeo und Julie (1776, Benda)
Giulietta e Romeo (1796, Zingarelli)
Giulietta e Romeo (1825, Vaccai)
I Capuleti e i Montecchi (1830, Bellini)
Gloria (1874, Cilea)
Roméo et Juliette (1867, Gounod)
A Village Romeo and Juliet (1907, Delius)
Romeo und Julia (1940, Sutermeister)
Musicals
The Belle of Mayfair (1906)
West Side Story (1957)
Once on This Island (1990)
Roméo et Juliette, de la Haine à l'Amour (2001)
Giulietta e Romeo (2007)
Classical
Beethoven's String Quartet No. 1 (c. 1800)
Roméo et Juliette (1839, Berlioz)
Romeo and Juliet (1870, Tchaikovsky)
On screen
1900
1908
1916 Metro Pictures
1916 Fox
1936
1953
1954
1955
1964
1968
1978 (TV)
1992 (TV)
1996
2006
2007
2013
Film
adaptations
English
Beneath the 12-Mile Reef (1953)
Romanoff and Juliet (1961)
West Side Story (1961)
Gonks Go Beat (1965)
Lonesome Cowboys (1968)
Romie-0 and Julie-8 (TV; 1979)
The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet (1982)
Valley Girl (1983)
Bullies (1986)
China Girl (1987)
Romeo.Juliet (1990)
Tromeo and Juliet (1996)
Love Is All There Is (1996)
Rose by Any Other Name... (1997)
The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1998)
Shakespeare in Love (1998)
The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns (1999)
Romeo Must Die (2000)
Brooklyn Babylon (2001)
Pizza My Heart (TV; 2005)
West Bank Story (2005)
Life and Lyrics (2006)
Romeo & Juliet: Sealed with a Kiss (2006)
Rome & Jewel (2006)
David & Fatima (2008)
The Cross Road (2008)
Vicious Circle (2008)
Gnomeo & Juliet (2011)
Private Romeo (2011)
Warm Bodies (2013)
Make Your Move (2013)
Romeo & Juliet (2013)
Hindi
Ek Duuje Ke Liye (1981)
Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (1988)
Saudagar (1991)
Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein (2002)
Bollywood Queen (2002)
Ishaqzaade (2012)
Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela (2013)
Issaq (2013)
Telugu
Maro Charitra (1978)
Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi (1996)
Kalisundam Raa (2000)
Maro Charitra (2010)
Spanish
Romeo and Juliet (1940)
Los Tarantos (1963)
30:e november (Swedish/Spanish 1995)
Amar te duele (2002)
Italian
Fury of Johnny Kid (1967)
Ma che musica maestro (1971)
Portuguese
Mônica e Cebolinha: No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta (1979)
O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta (2005)
Other
Ambikapathy (Tamil 1937)
Les amants de Vérone (French 1949)
Romeo, Juliet and Darkness (Czech 1960)
The Phantom Lover (Mandarin 1995)
Chicken Rice War (Cantonese/English 2000)
Ondagona Baa (Kannada 2003)
Mamay (Ukrainian 2003)
The District! (Hungarian 2004)
In Fair Palestine: A Story of Romeo and Juliet (2006)
The Bubble (Hebrew/Arabic 2006)
Priyatama (Marathi 2014)
Arshinagar (Bengali 2015)
Eeda (Malayalam 2017)
The Sea Prince and the Fire Child (Japanese 1981)
TV series
Sons and Daughters (1982)
Family and Friends (1990)
Villa Quintana (1995)
Yo amo a Paquita Gallego (1998)
Skin (2003)
A Touch Away (2006)
Dangerous (2007)
Romeo × Juliet (2007)
Romeo y Julieta (2007)
Saints & Sinners (2007)
Harina de otro costal (2010)
Villa Quintana (2013)
Westside (2013 pilot)
Star-Crossed (2014)
Still Star-Crossed (2017)
Plays
Romanoff and Juliet (1956)
Romeo and Juliet (2013)
Songs
Lan và Điệp (1930s)
"Montagues and Capulets" (1935)
"Fever" (1956)
Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet (1968)
"(Don't Fear) The Reaper" (1976)
"Angelo" (1978)
"Romeo and Juliet" (1978)
"Romeo and Juliet" (1981)
"Cherish" (1989)
"Amor Prohibido" (1994)
"Kissing You" (1996)
"Exit Music" (1997)
"Romeo and Juliet" (1998)
"Starcrossed" (2004)
"Peut-être toi" (2006)
"Mademoiselle Juliette" (2007)
"Love Story" (2008)
"Love Me Again"
"Laal Ishq"
"Mor Bani Thanghat Kare"
"Nagada Sang Dhol"
"Ram Chahe Leela" (2013)
Albums
Romeo and Juliet (1968)
Romeo + Juliet (1996)
Romeo & Julia (2006)
Tragic Lovers (2008)
Literature
Les Chouans
The Wandering Jew (1844)
The Stolen Dormouse (1941)
The Faraway Lurs (1963)
Romiette and Julio (2001)
New Moon (2006)
Warm Bodies (2010)
Art
Romeo and Juliet: the Tomb Scene (1790)
Romeo and Juliet (1978)
Phrases
"Star-crossed"
"A rose by any other name would smell as sweet"
Story within
a story
Nicholas Nickleby
1912 film
1947 film
1980 play
2001 film
2002 film
The Picture of Dorian Gray
1910 film
1913 film
1915 film
1916 film
1917 film
1918 film
1945 film
1976 TV special
2009 film
Harlequinade
W Juliet
"Nothing Broken but My Heart"
Panic Button
Bare: A Pop Opera
""Into the Light"
Bolji život
The Sky Is Everywhere
Pay as You Exit
The White Mercedes
She Died a Lady
"Moonshine River"
Rendez-vous
Fame
"I Am Unicorn"
The Frog Prince
Molly
Smart Girls Get What They Want
Tumbleweeds
"The Thief of Baghead"
The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke
Prince Charming
Km. 0
Phileine Says Sorry
Hamateur Night
"Say You'll Be Mine"
Into the Gauntlet
Wandering Son
K-On!
Foreign
stories
Adam Khan and Durkhanai
Tum Teav
Yusuf Khan and Sherbano
Solomon & Gaenor
Butterfly Lovers
Hani and Sheh Mureed
Lục Vân Tiên
film
Teav Aek
Layla and Majnun
Lovers of Teruel
film
Lord Saltoun and Auchanachie
Ishaqzaade
Other
Such Tweet Sorrow
Romeo and Juliet effect
After Juliet
"Upper West Side Story" (2012)
Millennium Dome Show
Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn
Boys Don't Cry
My Wedding and Other Secrets
Donkey in Lahore
Upside Down
Letters to Juliet
Sherlock Gnomes
Book:Romeo and Juliet
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List of European cities by population within city limits
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This is a list of the largest cities in Europe ranked according to population within their city limits. It deals exclusively with the areas within city administrative boundaries (municipalities) as opposed to urban areas or metropolitan areas, which are generally larger in terms of population than the main city.
The list includes cities geographically situated in Europe, using the conventional definition of its boundaries.
It is notable that Istanbul's commercial and historical center lies on the European side, and about a third of its population lives on the Asian side.[1] 64.7% of the residents live on the European side, and 35.3% on the Asian side.[2] According to the population within city limits value listed below, the city as a whole is larger than Moscow. However, the European side is not as populous as Moscow.
Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap · Google Maps
Download coordinates as: KML · GPX
Contents
[hide]
1 Largest cities
2 See also
3 Notes
4 References
Largest cities[edit]
Note: The cities are sorted by the column labelled Population within city limits. Cities in bold are capital cities of their respective countries.
City
Country
Population
within city limits
Date
2011 Eurostat
population[3]
Image
Location
Ref.
1 Istanbul[a] Turkey 7007150292310000000♠15,029,231 000000002017-12-31-000031 December 2017 41°00′49″N 28°57′18″E / 41.013611°N 28.955°E / 41.013611; 28.955 (1 Istanbul) [4]
2 Moscow[b] Russia 7007131975960000000♠13,197,596 000000002017-01-01-00001 January 2017 55°45′00″N 37°37′00″E / 55.75°N 37.616667°E / 55.75; 37.616667 (2 Moscow) [5]
3 London United Kingdom 7006878789200000000♠8,787,892 000000002016-06-30-000030 June 2016 7006817394100000000♠8,173,941 51°30′26″N 0°07′39″W / 51.507222°N 0.1275°W / 51.507222; -0.1275 (3 London) [6]
4 Saint Petersburg Russia 7006532330000000000♠5,323,300 000000002017-01-01-00001 January 2017 59°57′N 30°18′E / 59.95°N 30.3°E / 59.95; 30.3 (1 Saint Petersburg) [7][8]
5 Berlin Germany 7006367100000000000♠3,671,000 000000002016-12-31-000031 December 2016 7006346072500000000♠3,460,725 52°31′00″N 13°23′00″E / 52.516667°N 13.383333°E / 52.516667; 13.383333 (5 Berlin) [9]
6 Madrid Spain 7006316523500000000♠3,165,235 000000002014-01-01-00001 January 2014 7006319864500000000♠3,198,645 40°23′00″N 3°43′00″W / 40.383333°N 3.716667°W / 40.383333; -3.716667 (6 Madrid) [10]
7 Kiev Ukraine 7006293440100000000♠2,934,401 000000002018-02-01-00001 February 2018 50°27′00″N 30°31′24″E / 50.45°N 30.523333°E / 50.45; 30.523333 (8 Kiev) [11]
8 Rome Italy 7006287903800000000♠2,879,038 000000002017-10-19-000019 October 2017 7006287349400000000♠2,873,494 41°54′N 12°30′E / 41.9°N 12.5°E / 41.9; 12.5 (7 Rome) [12]
9 Paris France 7006224134600000000♠2,241,346 000000002014-01-01-00001 January 2014 7006224997700000000♠2,249,977 48°51′24″N 2°21′03″E / 48.8567°N 2.3508°E / 48.8567; 2.3508 (9 Paris) [13]
10 Minsk Belarus 7006194940000000000♠1,949,400 000000002015-10-01-00001 October 2015 53°54′00″N 27°34′00″E / 53.9°N 27.566667°E / 53.9; 27.566667 (10 Minsk) [14]
11 Bucharest Romania 7006188314400000000♠1,883,144 000000002016-01-01-00001 January 2016 7006190329900000000♠1,903,299 44°25′57″N 26°06′14″E / 44.4325°N 26.103889°E / 44.4325; 26.103889 (11 Bucharest) [15] [16]
12 Vienna Austria 7006187783600000000♠1,877,836 000000002017-07-01-00001 July 2017 7006159862600000000♠1,598,626 48°12′00″N 16°22′00″E / 48.2°N 16.366667°E / 48.2; 16.366667 (12 Vienna) [17]
13 Budapest Hungary 7006175940700000000♠1,759,407 000000002015-01-01-00001 January 2015 7006172904000000000♠1,729,040 47°29′33″N 19°03′05″E / 47.4925°N 19.051389°E / 47.4925; 19.051389 (14 Budapest) [18]
14 Hamburg Germany 7006175804100000000♠1,758,041 000000002014-10-31-000031 October 2014 7006178644800000000♠1,786,448 53°33′55″N 10°00′05″E / 53.565278°N 10.001389°E / 53.565278; 10.001389 (13 Hamburg) [19]
15 Warsaw Poland 7006174891600000000♠1,748,916 000000002016-06-30-000030 June 2016 7006170849100000000♠1,708,491 52°14′00″N 21°01′00″E / 52.233333°N 21.016667°E / 52.233333; 21.016667 (15 Warsaw) [20]
16 Barcelona Spain 7006160238600000000♠1,602,386 000000002014-01-01-00001 January 2014 7006161101300000000♠1,611,013 41°23′00″N 2°11′00″E / 41.383333°N 2.183333°E / 41.383333; 2.183333 (16 Barcelona) [10]
17 Munich Germany 7006152167800000000♠1,521,678 000000002015-12-31-000031 December 2015 7006137817600000000♠1,378,176 48°08′00″N 11°34′00″E / 48.133333°N 11.566667°E / 48.133333; 11.566667 (18 Munich) [21]
18 Kharkiv Ukraine 7006143156500000000♠1,431,565 000000002014-01-01-00001 January 2014 50°00′16″N 36°13′53″E / 50.004444°N 36.231389°E / 50.004444; 36.231389 (17 Kharkiv) [22]
19 Milan Italy 7006136269500000000♠1,362,695 000000002017-07-31-000031 July 2017 7006132411000000000♠1,324,110 45°28′00″N 9°11′00″E / 45.466667°N 9.183333°E / 45.466667; 9.183333 (19 Milan) [12]
20 Prague Czech Republic 7006128020800000000♠1,280,208 000000002016-12-31-000031 December 2016 7006124166400000000♠1,241,664 50°05′00″N 14°25′00″E / 50.083333°N 14.416667°E / 50.083333; 14.416667 (21 Prague) [23]
21 Sofia Bulgaria 7006132402400000000♠1,324,024 000000002017-09-15-000015 September 2017 7006132402500000000♠1,324,025 42°42′N 23°20′E / 42.7°N 23.33°E / 42.7; 23.33 (22 Bulgaria) [24]
22 Nizhny Novgorod Russia 7006125000000000000♠1,250,000 000000002013-01-01-00001 January 2013 56°19′37″N 44°00′27″E / 56.326944°N 44.0075°E / 56.326944; 44.0075 (20 Nizhny Novgorod) [25]
23 Kazan Russia 7006121696500000000♠1,216,965 000000002016-01-01-00001 January 2016 55°47′25″N 49°08′05″E / 55.790278°N 49.134722°E / 55.790278; 49.134722 (23 Kazan) [26]
24 Brussels Belgium 7006117182800000000♠1,171,828 000000002015-01-01-00001 January 2015 7006113677800000000♠1,136,778 50°50′48″N 4°21′09″E / 50.8467°N 4.3525°E / 50.8467; 4.3525 (26 Brussels) [27]
25 Samara Russia 7006117091000000000♠1,170,910 000000002016-01-01-00001 January 2016 53°12′10″N 50°08′27″E / 53.202778°N 50.140833°E / 53.202778; 50.140833 (24 Samara) [28]
26 Belgrade Serbia 7006116676300000000♠1,166,763 000000002011-09-30-000030 September 2011 44°49′00″N 20°28′00″E / 44.816667°N 20.466667°E / 44.816667; 20.466667 (25 Belgrade) [29]
27 Birmingham United Kingdom 7006112460000000000♠1,124,600 000000002016-06-30-000030 June 2016 7006107304500000000♠1,073,045 52°28′59″N 1°53′37″W / 52.483056°N 1.893611°W / 52.483056; -1.893611 (28 Birmingham) [6]
28 Ufa Russia 7006112142900000000♠1,121,429 000000002016-01-01-00001 January 2016 54°45′00″N 55°58′00″E / 54.75°N 55.966667°E / 54.75; 55.966667 (29 Ufa) [30]
29 Rostov-on-Don Russia 7006111987500000000♠1,119,875 000000002016-01-01-00001 January 2016 47°14′00″N 39°42′00″E / 47.233333°N 39.7°E / 47.233333; 39.7 (27 Rostov-on-Don) [31]
30 Tbilisi Georgia 7006111803500000000♠1,118,035 2014 41°43′00″N 44°47′00″E / 41.7166°N 44.7833°E / 41.7166; 44.7833 (29 Tbilisi)
31 Cologne Germany 7006103948800000000♠1,039,488 000000002014-06-30-000030 June 2014 7006100711900000000♠1,007,119 50°56′11″N 6°57′10″E / 50.936389°N 6.952778°E / 50.936389; 6.952778 (30 Cologne) [32]
32 Perm Russia 7006104187600000000♠1,041,876 000000002016-01-01-00001 January 2016 58°00′00″N 56°19′00″E / 58°N 56.316667°E / 58; 56.316667 (32 Perm) [33]
33 Voronezh Russia 7006103238200000000♠1,032,382 000000002016-01-01-00001 January 2016 51°40′18″N 39°12′38″E / 51.671667°N 39.210556°E / 51.671667; 39.210556 (33 Voronezh) [34]
34 Volgograd Russia 7006101613700000000♠1,016,137 000000002016-01-01-00001 January 2016 48°42′00″N 44°31′00″E / 48.7°N 44.516667°E / 48.7; 44.516667 (31 New York City) [35]
35 Odessa Ukraine 7005999359000000000♠999,359 000000002014-01-01-00001 January 2014 46°28′00″N 30°44′00″E / 46.466667°N 30.733333°E / 46.466667; 30.733333 (34 Odessa) [22]
36 Dnipro Ukraine 7005982969000000000♠982,969 000000002014-01-01-00001 January 2014 48°27′00″N 34°59′00″E / 48.45°N 34.983333°E / 48.45; 34.983333 (36 Dnipro) [22]
37 Naples Italy 7005970185000000000♠970,185 000000002017-10-19-000019 October 2017 7005959574000000000♠959,574 40°50′00″N 14°15′00″E / 40.833333°N 14.25°E / 40.833333; 14.25 (35 Naples) [12]
See also[edit]
List of urban areas in Europe
List of metropolitan areas in Europe
List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits
List of cities and towns in Russia by population
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Istanbul is a transcontinental city in Eurasia, with its commercial and historical centre and about two-thirds of the population lying on the European side, and about one-third living on the Asian side.
Jump up ^ Moscow is the largest city entirely within Europe.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ WCTR Society; Unʼyu Seisaku Kenkyū Kikō 2004, p. 281
Jump up ^ "Istanbul Asian and European population details" (in Turkish). 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Population on 1 January by age groups and sex - cities and greater cities". Eurostat. 9 June 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Results of Address Based Population Registration System, 2017". Turkish Statistical Institute. 31 December 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Rosstat. [1] (in Russian)
^ Jump up to: a b "Population Estimates for UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Rosstat. [2] (in Russian)
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-06-24. Retrieved 2016-05-23.
Jump up ^ "Amt für Statistik Berlin Brandenburg". Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg (in German). 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "List of place name: Population of the Continuous Municipal Register by Population Unit". Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain). Retrieved 11 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Чисельність населення щомісячна інформація (Population monthly information)". www.kiev.ukrstat.gov.ua (in Ukrainian). Головне управління статистики м.Києва (Main Department of Statistics of Kiev). 1 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Statistiche demografiche ISTAT". Retrieved 19 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Population of Paris in January 2014". INSEE. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Belarus in figures 2015". National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus. 19 March 2015. Archived from the original on 29 October 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Official data for 2011 census". INSSE. INSSE. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Official Population data for 2016" (PDF). National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|INSSE. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bevölkerung zu Quartalsbeginn seit 2002 nach Bundesland". Statistik Austria. 10 August 2017. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "1.2. Népesség a település jellege szerint, január 1. (1980–)*". Hungarian Central Statistical Office. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Population - Hamburg". Federal Statistical Office and the statistical Offices of the Länder. 10 June 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Tabl. 09 - Ludność według płci i miast" [Table 09. Population by gender and city] (in Polish). Central Statistical Office (Poland). October 2016.
Jump up ^ Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik und Datenverarbeitung. "Result - 12411-001: Bevölkerung: Gemeinden, Stichtage (letzten 6)" (in German). Retrieved 14 June 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c РОЗПОДІЛ ПОСТІЙНОГО НАСЕЛЕННЯ УКРАЇНИ ЗА СТАТТЮ ТА ВІКОМ: Станом на 1 січня 2014 року [Resident Population of Ukraine by Sex and Age: as of 1 January 2014] (Report). State Statistics Service of Ukraine. 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Brinkhoff, Thomas. "Czech Republic: Major Cities". City Population. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
Jump up ^ http://www.grao.bg/tna/t41nm-15-09-2017_2.txt. Retrieved 29 November 2017. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "5.4. Cities with population size of 1 million persons and over". Russia in figures - 2014. Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Информация о численности населения Республики Татарстан" (PDF) (in Russian). Rosstat. Retrieved 11 July 2016. город Казань
Jump up ^ "Population par région et âge, au 1er janvier 2015-2061" [Population by region and age, on 1 January 2015-2061] (in French). Statistics Belgium. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Утвержденная численность постоянного населения Самарской области" (in Russian). Rosstat. Retrieved 11 July 2016. г. Самара
Jump up ^ "2011 Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Serbia: Comparative Overview of the Number of Population in 1948, 1953, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991, 2002 and 2011, Data by settlements" (PDF). Statistical Office of Republic Of Serbia, Belgrade. 2014. ISBN 978-86-6161-109-4. Retrieved 2014-06-27.
Jump up ^ "ОЦЕНКА ЧИСЛЕННОСТИ ПОСТОЯННОГО НАСЕЛЕНИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БАШКОРТОСТАН НА 1 ЯНВАРЯ 2016" (in Russian). Rosstat. Retrieved 11 July 2016. г.Уфа
Jump up ^ "Результат запроса БД ПМО Ростовской области" (in Russian). Rosstat. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Einwohnerzahlen im Regierungsbezirk Köln". Landesbetrieb Information und Technik Nordrhein-Westfalen. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Численность населения Пермского края, человек" (in Russian). Rosstat. Retrieved 11 July 2016. г. Пермь
Jump up ^ "Оценка численности постоянного населения Воронежской области на I января 2016 года" (PDF) (in Russian). Rosstat. Retrieved 11 July 2016. Городской округ город Воронеж
Jump up ^ "БД ПМО Волгоградской области ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ" (in Russian). Rosstat. Retrieved 11 July 2016. населения на 1 января текущего года
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EU-US Privacy Shield
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The EU-US Privacy Shield is a framework for transatlantic exchanges of personal data for commercial purposes between the European Union and the United States.[1] One of its purposes is to enable US companies to more easily receive personal data from EU entities under EU privacy laws meant to protect European Union citizens.[2] The EU-US Privacy Shield is a replacement for the International Safe Harbor Privacy Principles, which were declared invalid by the European Court of Justice in October 2015.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background history
2 Response
3 Controversy
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Background history[edit]
Main article: International Safe Harbor Privacy Principles
In October 2015 the European Court of Justice declared the previous framework called the International Safe Harbor Privacy Principles invalid.[3] Soon after this decision the European Commission and the U.S. Government started talks about a new framework and on 2 February 2016 they reached a political agreement.[1] The European Commission published a draft “adequacy decision”, declaring principles to be equivalent to the protections offered by EU law.[4]
The Article 29 Data Protection Working Party delivered an opinion on April 13, 2016, stating that the Privacy Shield offers major improvements compared to the Safe Harbour decisions, but that three major points of concern still remain. They relate to deletion of data, collection of massive amounts of data, and clarification of the new Ombudsperson mechanism.[5] The European Data Protection Supervisor issued an opinion on 30 May 2016 in which he stated that "the Privacy Shield, as it stands, is not robust enough to withstand future legal scrutiny before the [European] Court".[6]
On 8 July 2016 EU Member States representatives (article 31 committee) approved the final version of the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield, paving the way for the adoption of the decision by the Commission.[7] The European Commission adopted the framework on 12 July 2016 and it went into effect the same day.[8][9]
U.S. President Donald Trump signed an Executive Order entitled "Enhancing Public Safety" which states that U.S. privacy protections will not be extended beyond US citizens or residents:
Agencies shall, to the extent consistent with applicable law, ensure that their privacy policies exclude persons who are not United States citizens or lawful permanent residents from the protections of the Privacy Act regarding personally identifiable information.[10]
The European Commission has stated that:
The US Privacy Act has never offered data protection rights to Europeans. The Commission negotiated two additional instruments to ensure that EU citizens’ data is duly protected when transferred to the US:
The EU-US Privacy Shield, which does not rely on the protections under the US Privacy Act.
The EU-US Umbrella Agreement, which enters into force on 1 February (2017). To finalize this agreement, the US Congress adopted a new law in 2017, the US Judicial Redress Act,[11] which extends the benefits of the US Privacy Act to Europeans and gives them access to US courts.”[12]
The Commission said it will “continue to monitor the implementation of both instruments”.[13]
Response[edit]
German MEP Jan Philipp Albrecht and campaigner Max Schrems criticized the new ruling, with the latter predicting that the Commission might be taking a "round-trip to Luxembourg" (where the European Court of Justice is located).[14] Many Europeans demanded a mechanism for individual European citizens to lodge complaints over the use of their data, as well as a transparency scheme to assure that European citizens' data does not fall into the hands of U.S intelligence agencies.[15]
Controversy[edit]
As of February 2017 the future of the Privacy Shield is contested. One consultant, Matt Allison, predicts that "The EU's citizen-driven, regulated model will swiftly come into conflict with the market forces of the US and the UK." [16] Allison summarizes a new paper in which the European Commission lays out its plans for adequacy decisions and global strategy. [17]
The Privacy Shield has been challenged legally by privacy groups[18][19]. As of November 2016[update], it is not clear whether the cases will be considered admissible.[20][21]
See also[edit]
Law portal
Computer security portal
Binding corporate rules
Electronic Communications Privacy Act
FTC Fair Information Practice (FIPP's), US
International Safe Harbor Privacy Principles
IT risk
Privacy
Safe harbor (law)
Stored Communications Act
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b European Commission - Press release: political agreement on framework
Jump up ^ "The new transatlantic data "Privacy Shield"". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2016-03-26.
^ Jump up to: a b Vera Jourová, "Commissioner Jourová's remarks on Safe Harbour EU Court of Justice judgement before the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs (LIBE)", 26 October 2015
Jump up ^ "5 things you need to know about the EU-US Privacy Shield agreement". PCWorld. Retrieved 2016-03-26.
Jump up ^ Chapter 5 of Opinion 01/2016 on the EU – U.S. Privacy Shield draft adequacy decision, the Article 29 Data Protection Working Party
Jump up ^ European Data Protection Supervisor, Privacy Shield: more robust and sustainable solution needed, 30 May 2016
Jump up ^ Statement by European Commission Vice-President Ansip and Commissioner Jourová, Adoption by Member States of the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield, 8 July 2016
Jump up ^ European Commission - Press release: launch privacy shield
Jump up ^ Privacy Shield adequacy decision
Jump up ^ Executive Order: Enhancing Public Safety in the Interior of the United States, Section 14, 25 January 2017, accessed 27 March 2017
Jump up ^ Public Law 114-126, 24 February 2016
Jump up ^ Muncaster, P., Trump Order Sparks Privacy Shield Fears, InfoSecurity Magazine, accessed 27 March 2017
Jump up ^ Muncaster, P., Trump Order Sparks Privacy Shield Fears, InfoSecurity Magazine, accessed 27 March 2017
Jump up ^ Max Schrems: "EU US Privacy Shield" (Safe Harbor 1.1) "European Commission may be issuing a round-trip to Luxembourg" [1] 16:45 (2nd Feb. 2016), PDF retrieved 3rd Feb. 2016
Jump up ^ Lomas, Natasha. "EU-US Data Transfers Won't Be Blocked While Privacy Shield Details Are Hammered Out, Says WP29". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
Jump up ^ Allison, Matt. "A Template for Adequacy: EU Pitches for Data Protection Gold Standard, Feb 09, 2017". CircleID. Retrieved 2017-02-14.
Jump up ^ "Exchanging and Protecting Personal Data in a Globalised World", 10.1.2017, COM(2017) 7 final". European Commission. Retrieved 2017-02-14.
Jump up ^ Case T-670/16, Digital Rights Ireland v the commssion, 16 Sep 2016
Jump up ^ Case T-738/16, La Quadrature du Net and Others v. the Commission, 25 Oct 2016
Jump up ^ Reuters article EU-U.S. personal data pact faces second legal challenge from privacy groups, 2 Nov 2016
Jump up ^ Case information on T-738/16 at Curia
External links[edit]
Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2016/1250 of 12 July 2016 on the adequacy of the protection provided by the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield (notified under document C(2016) 4176)
EU-U.S. Privacy Shield fact sheet at the European Union
EU-U.S. Privacy Shield press release from the European Commission, with a draft adequacy decision attached, 29 February 2016
EU-U.S. Privacy Shield fact sheet at the US Department of Commerce
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EU-US_Privacy_Shield&oldid=838080000"
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My Kinsman, Major Molineux
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"My Kinsman, Major Molineux"
Author
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Country
United States
Language
English
Genre(s)
Short story
Published in
The Token and Atlantic Souvenir (1st)
The Snow-Image, and Other Twice-Told Tales
Publication type
Periodical (1st)
Short story collection
Publisher
Samuel Goodrich (1st)
Ticknor, Reed & Fields
Media type
Print
Publication date
1832 (1st)
1852
"My Kinsman, Major Molineux" is a short story written by American author Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1831. It first appeared in the 1832 edition of The Token and Atlantic Souvenir, published by Samuel Goodrich. It later appeared in The Snow-Image, and Other Twice-Told Tales, a collection of short stories by Hawthorne published in 1852 by Ticknor, Reed & Fields. The story exemplifies the darkest times of American development.
Plot[edit]
In about 1732, Robin, a youth, arrives by ferry in Boston seeking his kinsman, Major Molineux, an official in the British Colonial government, who has promised him work. Yet no one in town tells him where the major is. A rich man threatens the youth with prison, and an innkeeper calls him a runaway bond-servant. At the inn, he meets a man with a face described as looking like the devil - two protrusions emanating from his forehead (like horns), eyes burning like 'fire in a cave'- who seems at the center of many evil things. Later, he runs into the man again, but this time his face is painted black and red. After blocking his path with a cudgel, he finally gets the answer that his kinsman will soon pass by. He waits at the spot on the steps of a church where he is greeted by the first polite gentleman he has met all night. Soon, the two men hear the roar of an approaching mob. At its head is the man with the red and black face and in its midst is Major Molineux, tarred and feathered. The crowd is in an uproar, and everyone is laughing. Soon, so is young Robin, as his eyes meet those of the Major, who knows him right away. Disillusioned, the youth asks the gentleman the way back to the ferry. Yet the latter restrains him, saying that it is still possible for him to thrive without his kinsman's protection.
Adaptation[edit]
The American poet Robert Lowell adapted this story into one of the three plays in his trilogy The Old Glory, first produced by the American Place Theatre in New York City in 1964. Lowell's version of the story is a more cartoonish and surreal version than the original.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
My Kinsman, Major Molineux
E-text version of 'My Kinsman, Major Molineux'[permanent dead link]
My Kinsman, Major Molineux public domain audiobook at LibriVox
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Sophia Hawthorne (wife)
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Rose Hawthorne, Mother Mary Alphonsa (daughter)
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Three-point field goal
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with Field goal (American and Canadian football).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Sara Giauro shoots a three-point shot at the 2005 FIBA Europe Cup Women's Finals
Stephen Curry currently holds the record for most three-point field goals in an NBA regular season with 402.
A three-point field goal (also 3-pointer or informally, trey) is a field goal in a basketball game made from beyond the three-point line, a designated arc surrounding the basket. A successful attempt is worth three points, in contrast to the two points awarded for field goals made within the three-point line and the one point for each made free throw.
The distance from the basket to the three-point line varies by competition level: in the National Basketball Association (NBA) the arc is 23 feet 9 inches (7.24 m) from the basket; in FIBA and the WNBA (the latter uses FIBA's three-point line standard) the arc is 6.75 metres or 22 feet 1 3⁄4 inches from the basket; and in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) the arc is 20 feet 9 inches (6.32 m) from the basket. In the NBA and FIBA/WNBA, the three-point line becomes parallel to each sideline at the points where the arc is 3 feet (0.91 m) from each sideline; as a result the distance from the basket gradually decreases to a minimum of 22 feet (6.71 m). In the NCAA the arc is continuous for 180° around the basket. There are more variations (see main article).
In 3x3, a FIBA-sanctioned variant of the half-court 3-on-3 game, the "three-point" line exists, but shots from behind the line are only worth 2 points. All other shots are worth 1 point.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Rule specifications
3 Related concepts
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
The three-point line was first tested at the collegiate level in a 1945 NCAA game between Columbia and Fordham but it was not kept as a rule. At the direction of Abe Saperstein, the American Basketball League became the first basketball league to institute the rule in 1961. Its three-point line was a radius of 25 feet (7.62 m) from the baskets, except along the sides.[2] The Eastern Professional Basketball League followed in its 1963–64 season.
The three-point shot later became popularized by the American Basketball Association after its introduction in the 1967–68 season. ABA commissioner George Mikan stated the three-pointer "would give the smaller player a chance to score and open up the defense to make the game more enjoyable for the fans."[3] During the 1970s, the ABA used the three-point shot, along with the slam dunk, as a marketing tool to compete with the National Basketball Association (NBA).
The official scorer's report showing the first made three-point field goal in NBA history.
In the 1979–80 season, after having tested it in the previous pre-season, the NBA adopted the three-point line despite the view of many that it was a gimmick.[4] Chris Ford of the Boston Celtics is widely credited with making the first three-point shot in NBA history on October 12, 1979. Kevin Grevey of the Washington Bullets also made one on the same day.
The sport's international governing body, FIBA, introduced the three-point line in 1984, at a distance of 6.25 m (20 ft 6 in).
The NCAA's Southern Conference became the first collegiate conference to use the three-point rule, adopting a 22-foot (6.71 m) line for the 1980–81 season.[5][6] Ronnie Carr of Western Carolina University was the first to score a three-point field goal in college basketball history on November 29, 1980.[6][7][8] Over the following five years, NCAA conferences differed in their use of the rule and distance required for a three-pointer. The line was as close as 17 ft 9 in (5.41 m) in the Atlantic Coast Conference, and as far away as 22 feet in the Big Sky Conference.[9] Used in conference play, it was adopted by the NCAA for the 1986–87 men's season at 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m), and was first used in the NCAA Tournament in 1987.[10] In the same 1986–87 season, the NCAA adopted the three-pointer in women's basketball on an experimental basis, using the same 19 ft 9 in distance, and made its use mandatory beginning in 1987–88.[11] In 2007, the NCAA lengthened the men's three-point distance to 20 ft 9 in (6.32 m), with the rule coming into effect at the beginning of the 2008–09 season.[12] The NCAA women's three-point distance was moved to match the men's distance in 2011–12.[11] American high schools, along with elementary and middle schools, adopted a 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m) line nationally in 1987, a year after the NCAA.[13] The NCAA used the FIBA three-point line (see below) in the 2018 National Invitation Tournament.[14]
During the 1994–95, 1995–96, and 1996–97 seasons, the NBA attempted to address decreased scoring by shortening the distance of the line from 23 ft 9 in (7.24 m) (22 ft (6.71 m) at the corners) to a uniform 22 ft (6.71 m) around the basket. From the 1997–98 season on, the NBA reverted the line to its original distance of 23 ft 9 in (22 ft at the corners, with a 3 inch differential). Ray Allen is currently the NBA all-time leader in career made three-pointers with 2,973.[15]
In 2008, FIBA announced that the distance would be increased by 50 cm (19.69 in) to 6.75 m (22 ft 1 3⁄4 in), with the change being phased in beginning in October 2010. In December 2012, the WNBA announced that it would be using FIBA's distance, too, as of the 2013 season. The NBA has discussed adding a four-point line, according to president Rod Thorn.[16]
In the NBA, three-point field goals have become increasingly more frequent along the years, with effectiveness increasing slightly. The 1979-80 season had an average 2.2 three-point goals per game and 6.6 attempts (28% effectiveness). The 1989-90 season had an average 4.8 three-point goals per game and 13.7 attempts (35% effectiveness). The 2009-10 season had an average 6.4 three-point goals per game and 18.1 attempts (36% effectiveness). The 2016-17 season had an average 9.7 three-point goals per game and 27.0 attempts (36% effectiveness).[17]
Rule specifications[edit]
A three-point line consists of an arc at a set radius measured from the point on the floor directly below the center of the basket, and two parallel lines equidistant from each sideline extending from the nearest end line to the point at which they intersect the arc. In the NBA and FIBA standard, the arc spans the width of the court until it is a specified minimum distance from each sideline. The three-point line then becomes parallel to the sidelines from those points to the baseline. The unusual formation of the three-point line at these levels allows players some space from which to attempt a three-point shot at the corners of the court; the arc would be less than 2 feet (0.61 m) from each sideline at the corners if it was a continuous arc. In the NCAA and American high school standards, the arc spans 180° around the basket, then becomes parallel to the sidelines from the plane of the basket center to the baseline (5 feet 3 inches or 1.60 metres). The distance of the three-point line to the center of the hoop varies by level:
Arc radius
Minimum distance from sidelines
National Basketball Association 23 feet 9 inches (7.24 m) 3 feet (0.91 m) [18]
FIBA (also used by WNBA) 6.75 meters (22 ft 2 in) 0.90 meters (2 ft 11 in) [19]
National Collegiate Athletic Association 20 feet 9 inches (6.32 m) 4 feet 3 inches (1.30 m) [20]
American high school basketball 19 feet 9 inches (6.02 m) 5 feet 3 inches (1.60 m) [21]
A player's feet must be completely behind the three-point line at the time of the shot or jump in order to make a three-point attempt; if the player's feet are on or in front of the line, it is a two-point attempt. A player is allowed to jump from outside the line and land inside the line to make a three-point attempt, as long as the ball is released in mid-air.
An official raises his/her arm with three fingers extended to signal the shot attempt. If the attempt is successful, he/she raises his/her other arm with all fingers fully extended in manner similar to a football official signifying successful field goal to indicate the three-point goal. The official must recognize it for it to count as three points. Instant replay has sometimes been used, depending on league rules. The NBA,[22] WNBA, FIBA and the NCAA specifically allow replay for this purpose. In NBA, FIBA, and WNBA games, video replay does not have to occur immediately following a shot; play can continue and the officials can adjust the scoring later in the game, after reviewing the video. However, in late game situations, play may be paused pending a review.
If a shooter is fouled while attempting a three-pointer and subsequently misses the shot, the shooter is awarded three free-throw attempts. If a player completes a three-pointer while being fouled, the player is awarded one free-throw for a possible 4-point play. Conceivably, if a player completed a three-pointer while being fouled, and that foul was ruled as either a Flagrant 1 or a Flagrant 2 foul, the player would be awarded two free throws for a possible 5-point play.
Related concepts[edit]
Major League Lacrosse features a two-point line which forms a 15-yard (14 m) arc around the front of the goal. Shots taken from behind this line count for two points, as opposed to the standard one point.
In gridiron football, a standard field goal is worth three points; various professional and semi-pro leagues have experimented with four-point field goals. NFL Europe and the Stars Football League adopted a rule similar to basketball's three-point line in which an additional point was awarded for longer field goals; in both leagues any field goal of 50 yards (46 m) or more was worth four points. The Arena Football League awards four points for any successful drop kicked field goal (like the three-point shot, the drop kick is more challenging than a standard place kick, as the bounce of the ball makes a kick less predictable, and arena football also uses narrower goal posts for all kicks than the outdoor game does).
During the existence of the World Hockey Association in the 1970s, there were proposals for two-point hockey goals for shots taken beyond an established distance (one proposal was a 44-foot (13.4m) arc, which would have intersected the faceoff circles), but this proposal gained little support and faded after the WHA merged with the NHL. It was widely believed that long-distance shots in hockey had little direct relation to skill (usually resulting more from goalies' vision being screened or obscured), plus with the lower scoring intrinsic to the sport a two-point goal was seen as disruptive of the structure of the game.
The Super Goal is a similar concept in Australian rules football, in which a 50-meter (55 yd) arc determines the value of a goal; within the arc, it is the usual 6 points, but 9 points are scored for a "super goal" scored from outside the arc. To date the super goal is only used in pre-season games and not in the season proper.[23]
The National Professional Soccer League II, which awarded two points for all goals except those on the power play, also used a three-point line, drawn 45 feet (14 m) from the goal. It has since been adopted by some other indoor soccer leagues.
See also[edit]
50–40–90 club, exclusive group of players who have made at least 50% of two-pointers, 40% of three-pointers, and 90% of free throws in a season.
List of National Basketball Association career 3-point scoring leaders
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Article 5: Scoring" (PDF). 3x3 Official Rules of the Game. FIBA. January 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Frazier, Walt; Sachare, Alex (1998). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Basketball. New York City: Penguin Group.
Jump up ^ "4-Point Play Gets Approval By ABA". Associated Press. July 11, 1967. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The History of the 3-Pointer - iHoops". Web.archive.org. 16 December 2010. Archived from the original on 16 December 2010. Retrieved 15 November 2017. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Sanders, Steve (February 9, 1981). "22 will get you 3". Spartanburg Herald. South Carolina. p. B1.
^ Jump up to: a b "Basketball". Southern Conference. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Carr's shot makes cage Hall of Fame". Gadsden Times. Alabama. Associated Press. May 31, 1981. p. 36.
Jump up ^ "Three-pointer turns 25". Eugene Register-Guard. Associated Press. December 3, 2005. p. B3.
Jump up ^ "Debate over 3-pointer Continues". Web.archive.org. 26 July 2010. Archived from the original on 5 December 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2017. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Butts, David (April 3, 1986). "NCAA adds three-point basket". Bryan Times Agency=UPI. p. 12.
^ Jump up to: a b "NCAA Women's Basketball Playing Rules History" (PDF). NCAA. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Important Rules Changes by Year" (PDF). NCAA Men's Basketball Record Book. NCAA. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lynch, John (27 March 1987). "High School Basketball Draws Line, Adopts 3-Point Rule". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Bonagura, Kyle (February 27, 2018). "NIT to experiment with new rules this season". ESPN.com. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ "NBA & ABA Career Leaders and Records for 3-Pt Field Goals | Basketball-Reference.com". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2016-05-19.
Jump up ^ "NBA has discussed bigger court, 4-point shot". Espn.go.com. 2014-02-25. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
Jump up ^ NBA League Averages - Basketball Reference
Jump up ^ "Rule No. 1---Court Dimensions--Equipment". NBA Official Rules. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Official Basketball Rules 2010" (PDF). FIBA. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "2009 Court Diagram" (PDF). NCAA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 June 2010. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Basketball Court Diagram" (PDF). Nebraska School Activities Association. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Description of the NBA's new instant replay rules". NBA.com. October 23, 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
Jump up ^ Denham, Greg (February 14, 2012). "NAB Cup's ruck and holding rules may run season". The Australian. Archived from the original on March 6, 2012.
External links[edit]
NBA.com's Top 10 three-pointers from past 25 years
Article on Columbia's experimentation with the three-point field goal decades before its official introduction
"Long Live the Three" by Steve Shutt, Basketball Hall of Fame
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three-point_field_goal&oldid=837152094"
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This page was last edited on 19 April 2018, at 01:38.
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