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Jenifer Lewis
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For other people named Jennifer Lewis, see Jennifer Lewis (disambiguation).
Jenifer Lewis
Lewis in November 2008
Born
Jenifer Jeanette Lewis
(1957-01-25) January 25, 1957 (age 60)
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
Education
Kinloch High School
Webster University
Occupation
Actress, comedian, singer, activist
Years active
1979–present
Spouse(s)
Arnold Byrd (m. 2012)
Children
1
Jenifer Jeanette Lewis (born January 25, 1957) is an American actress, comedian, singer and activist. She began her career appearing in Broadway musicals and worked as a back-up singer for Bette Midler, before appearing in films Beaches (1988) and Sister Act (1992).
Lewis is best known for playing roles of mothers in films What's Love Got to Do With It (1993), Poetic Justice (1993), The Preacher's Wife (1996), The Brothers (2001), Think Like a Man and in the sequel Think Like a Man Too (2014), Baggage Claim (2013), and The Wedding Ringer (2015), as well as in The Temptations TV miniseries (1998). As such, Lewis earned the title, "Black Mother of Hollywood".[1][2] She also provided the voice for Mama Odie in Disney's animated feature, The Princess and the Frog (2009). Additional film roles include Dead Presidents (1995), Cast Away (2000), and Hereafter (2010).
On television, Lewis starred as Lana Hawkins in the Lifetime medical drama, Strong Medicine from 2000 to 2006. She also had the recurring roles on sitcoms A Different World, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air and Girlfriends. In 2014, Lewis began starring as Ruby Johnson in the ABC comedy series, Black-ish, for which she received a Critics' Choice Television Award nomination.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early Life
2 Career
2.1 1990s
2.2 2000s
2.3 2010s
3 Personal life
3.1 Bipolar disorder
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
4.3 Video games
5 References
6 External links
Early Life[edit]
Lewis was born in St. Louis, Missouri, to a nurse's aide mother, Dorothy, and a factory worker father. She is the youngest of seven children. Lewis sang in her church choir at age five. She attended Kinloch High School and then college at Webster University in Webster Groves, Missouri. After college, she moved to New York to focus on her career in performing. She was cast in a Broadway musical called "Eubie." Soon after she was offered to work on the famous musical "Dreamgirls", but was later recast by Jennifer Holliday. After, she went to work as a background singer for Bette Midler. They worked together in live performances and in the film, "Beaches." She was a part of The Staggering Harlettes, the trio of backup singers that supported Bette during her musical performances.
Career[edit]
Soon after, she arrived in New York City, Lewis debuted on Broadway in a small role in Eubie (1979), the musical based on the work of Eubie Blake.[3] She next landed the role of Effie White in the workshop of the Michael Bennett-directed musical Dreamgirls, but when the show moved to Broadway, Bennett chose Jennifer Holliday for the role.
Lewis accepted a position as a Harlette, a back-up singer for Bette Midler which led to Lewis' first TV appearances on Midler's HBO specials. She also landed her first screen role as a result, appearing as one of the buxom chorines in the 'Otto Titsling' production number in the Midler vehicle Beaches (1988). At the same time, Lewis was developing her nightclub act, The Diva Is Dismissed, an autobiographical comedy and music show in New York City cabarets. She performed the show off-Broadway at the Public Theater.
1990s[edit]
After Lewis relocated to Los Angeles, she began appearing on television sitcoms, include Murphy Brown, Dream On, In Living Color, Roc, Hangin' with Mr. Cooper, and Friends. From 1992 to 1993, she played Dean Davenport in the sixth and final season of NBC sitcom A Different World. She also had a recurring role as Will Smith's Aunt Helen on NBC sitcom The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air from 1991 to 1996. As regular, Lewis starred alongside Patricia Wettig in her short-lived legal drama Courthouse in 1995, playing Judge Rosetta Reide, the first main African American lesbian character on television.[4]
In 1992, Lewis was cast as one of the back-up singers to Whoopi Goldberg in comedy film Sister Act. The following year, Lewis played the mother of Tupac Shakur's character in drama film Poetic Justice, and as Zelma Bullock, Tina Turner’s mother in the biopic What's Love Got to Do With It starring Angela Bassett. Lewis originally auditioned to play Tina Turner. Lewis is only one year older than Bassett. For her performance, she received her first NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture nomination. In 1994, she followed with other comedic supporting roles, including Mrs. Coleman the Unemployment Office lady in Renaissance Man and as Whoopi Goldberg's sister in Corrina, Corrina. In 1995, she was cast in maternal roles to Kadeem Hardison in Panther and to Larenz Tate in Dead Presidents.
In 1996, Lewis appeared as Theresa Randle's telephone sex line boss in Spike Lee's comedy-drama, Girl 6. Later that year, she went to play Whitney Houston's character's mother in Penny Marshall's romantic comedy-drama, The Preacher's Wife.[5] She received another NAACP Image Award nomination for her role in The Preacher's Wife. She also has had roles in The Mighty (1998), The Temptations TV miniseries (1998), Mystery Men (1999) and Blast from the Past (1999), before landing the leading role on mockumentary comedy Jackie's Back about the struggling comeback of a diva in turmoil.[3]
2000s[edit]
In 2000, Lewis had supporting role in the adventure drama film Cast Away directed by Robert Zemeckis.[6] Also in 2000, she began starring as Lana Hawkins on the Lifetime television medical drama Strong Medicine. The show ended in February 2006. Lewis also performed the theme song for Strong Medicine.[7] She also had a recurring role as Veretta Childs (Toni's mother) in the UPN sitcom Girlfriends. In film, she appeared as Morris Chestnut's mother in the 2001 romantic comedy The Brothers. In 2006, she had a featured role as the wedding planner in Tyler Perry's Madea's Family Reunion, and also appeared in Perry's 2008 comedy-drama Meet the Browns as Vera Brown. She also appeared in Juwanna Mann, The Cookout, Nora's Hair Salon, Dirty Laundry and Not Easily Broken.
On April 22, 2008, Lewis replaced Darlene Love as Motormouth Maybelle in Broadway's Hairspray.[8] On television, she guest starred on That's So Raven and Boston Legal. Lewis also had number of voice over roles, include Walt Disney's animated musical The Princess and the Frog (2009), for which she received Annie Award for Voice Acting in a Feature Production nomination.[9]
2010s[edit]
In June 2010, Lewis' distinctive voice was in fine form as she told The Jazz Joy and Roy syndicated radio show, "I just did a production of 'Hello Dolly' at the 5th Avenue Theatre in Seattle and it had to be one of the greatest productions that I have ever done, because I got to just do a character, Dolly Levi, and it was just great."[10] In 2012 Lewis began working with Shangela on the online reality show parody, "Jenifer Lewis and Shangela," where she acts as herself alongside Shangela, a "drag queen living in her basement." She later appeared in Shangela's music video for "Werqin Girl (Professional)."
In 2010, Clint Eastwood cast Lewis in his fantasy film Hereafter.[11] The following year, she starred alongside Rosario Dawson and Tracee Ellis Ross in Five, for which she received another NAACP Image Award nomination. She also co-starred in the short-lived NBC series, The Playboy Club.[12] She played Terrence J's overbearing mother in box-office hit Think Like a Man (2012), and in its sequel Think Like a Man Too (2014). In 2013, she played Paula Patton's mother Baggage Claim. In 2015, she starred in The Wedding Ringer.[2]
In 2014, Lewis was cast as Ruby Johnson, Anthony Anderson's character's mother in the ABC comedy series, Black-ish.[13] She was upped to regular as of second season. In 2016, she received Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Guest Performer in a Comedy Series nomination for her performance.[14] She has also been featured on various TV advertising commercials.
Personal life[edit]
Lewis has been married to her husband, Arnold Byrd, a retired Marine 1st Sergeant, since 2012.[15][16] She has an adopted daughter named Charmaine Lewis.[17][18]
Bipolar disorder[edit]
In 1990, Lewis was diagnosed with Bipolar Disorder.[19] She always knew something was wrong, and at first hid her disorder, as she was ashamed of it, but after 17 years of therapy and 10 years of being medicated for the disorder, she now embraces her mental illness happily by always loving herself. Lewis has plenty of self-love. “You have to look in the mirror … and say—before you can go or grow into anything—you have to say you love yourself,” she says.[20] [21]
"People who are bipolar switch from feeling an energetic, “high” and/or irritable to feeling sad and hopeless, and then back again. They often have normal moods in between. These “up” and “down” feelings are called mania and depression. If left untreated, bipolar disorder can result in damaged relationships, poor job or school performance, and even suicide."[20]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1988 Beaches Diva
1988 Red Heat Judge Jenifer Lewis Uncredited
1992 Sister Act Michelle
1992 Frozen Assets Jomisha
1993 Poetic Justice Anne
1993 The Meteor Man Mrs. Williams
1993 What's Love Got to Do With It Zelma Bullock Nominated — NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture
1993 Undercover Blues Cab Driver
1993 Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit Michelle
1994 Renaissance Man Mrs. Coleman
1994 Deconstructing Sarah Betty Television film
1994 Corrina, Corrina Jevina Washington
1994 Shake, Rattle and Rock! Amanda Television film
1995 Panther Rita
1995 Dead Presidents Mrs. Curtis
1996 The Preacher's Wife Marguerite Coleman Nominated — NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture
1996 Girl 6 Boss #1 — Lil
1998 The Temptations Mama Rose Franklin Television film
1998 The Mighty Mrs. Addison
1998 An Unexpected Life Camille Television film
1999 Mystery Men Lucille
1999 Get Bruce Herself
1999 Blast From the Past Dr. Aron
1999 Jackie's Back Jackie Washington Nominated — Black Reel Award for Best Actress
2000 Cast Away Becca Twig
2000 Dancing in September Judge Warner
2000 Partners Detective Lancy Television film
2000 Little Richard Muh Penniman Television film
2001 The Brothers Louise Smith
2001 The Ponder Heart Narcissa Wingfield Television film
2002 Antwone Fisher Aunt Uncredited
2002 Juwanna Mann Aunt Ruby
2004 The Cookout Emma "Lady Em" Andersen
2004 Shark Tale Motown Turtle Voice
2004 Nora's Hair Salon Nora Harper
2006 Dirty Laundry Aunt Lettuce
2006 Cars Flo Voice
2006 Tyler Perry's Madea's Family Reunion Milay Jenay Lori
2006 The Heart Specialist Nurse Jackson
2007 Who's Your Caddy? Mrs. Hawkins
2007 Redrum Therapist
2008 Tyler Perry's Meet the Browns Vera Brown
2009 The Princess and the Frog Mama Odie Voice
Nominated — Annie Award for Voice Acting in a Feature Production
2009 Not Easily Broken Mary 'Mama' Clark
2010 Hereafter Candace
2011 Cars 2 Flo Voice
2011 Five Maggie Nominated — Black Reel Award for Best Actress in a Television Miniseries or Movie
Nominated — NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special
Nominated – NAMIC Vision Awards for Best Performance – Drama
2012 Think Like a Man Loretta Hanover
2012 Zambezia Gogo Voice
2013 Baggage Claim Catherine Moore Nominated — Acapulco Black Film Festival Award for Best Ensemble Cast
2013 Playin' for Love Alize Gates
2014 Think Like a Man Too Loretta Hanover
2014 The Magic City Aunt Valerie
2015 The Wedding Ringer Doris Jenkins
2017 Cars 3 Flo Voice
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1990–91 Murphy Brown Sales person Episodes: "Jingle Hell, Jingle Hell, Jingle All the Way" and "Uh-Oh: Pt. 2"
1990–93 A Different World Dean Dorothy Dandridge Davenport Recurring role, 9 episodes
1991 Stat Felicia Brown Episode: "Psychosomatic"
1991–96 The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air Aunt Helen Smith Recurring role, 8 episodes
1992 Dream On Carolyn Episode: "To the Moon, Alex!"
1993 In Living Color Various characters Episodes: "Bunny Clive" and "Calhoun Tubbs"
Roc Charlaine Episode: "Joey the Bartender"
Moon Over Miami Aurora Tyler Episode: "If You Only Knew"
1993–94 Hangin' With Mr. Cooper Georgia Rodman Episodes: "Father Fairest" and "Double Cheeseburger, Hold the Diploma"
1994 Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman Mystique Episode: "All Shook Up"
Friends Paula Episode: "The One With the Thumb"
1995 New York Undercover Medina Episode: "Private Enemy No. 1"
Living Single Delia Deveaux Episode: "Talk Showdown"
Courthouse Judge Rosetta Reide Series regular, 11 episodes
1996 Cosby Bernice Episode: "Basketball Story"
1997 Touched by an Angel Queenie Episode: "Amazing Grace: Part 1"
Promised Land Episode: "Amazing Grace: Part 2"
1997–99 Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child Hazel / Black Widow Spider Episodes: "Goldilocks and the Three Bears" and "The Bremen Town Musicians"
1998 The Parent 'Hood Linda Episode: "Hurricane Linda"
1998-00 For Your Love Sylvia Ellis / Mel and Reggie's Mother Episodes: "The Brother's Day" and "Father Fixture"
1999 The Jamie Foxx Show Josie Episode: "Always Follow Your Heart"
Moesha Mrs. Biggs Episode: "A Den Is a Terrible Thing to Waste"
Grown Ups Melissa's mother Episode: "Family Circus"
Time of Your Life Joss's mother Episode: "The Time They Had Not"
1999–2008 The PJs Bebe Ho (voice) Series regular, 35 episodes
2000 Bette Inez Episode: "The Grammy Pre-Show"
2000–06 Strong Medicine Receptionist Lana Hawkins Series regular, 131 episodes
Nominated – NAMIC Vision Awards for Best Performance – Drama (2006)
2002 Family Affair Mrs. Summers Episode: "Pilot: Part 1"
2002–06 Girlfriends Veretta Childs Recurring role, 7 episodes
2003 The Proud Family Aunt Spice Episode: "Penny Potter"
2004 That's So Raven Vivian Baxter Episode: "To See or Not to See"
2007 Day Break Elizabeth Hopper Episode: "What If She's Lying?"
Shark Ellie Broussard Episode: "Backfire"
2007–08 Boston Legal Judge Isabel Fisher Episodes: "No Brains Left Behind" and "Mad About You"
2009–10 Meet the Browns Vera Brown Recurring role, 4 episodes
2011 The Cleveland Show Woman / Kevin Garnett's Mom / Receptionist / Middle-Aged Woman Episodes: "A Short Story and a Tall Tale" and "The Way the Cookie Crumbles"
American Dad! Lessie Episode: "School Lies"
State of Georgia Patrice Episode: "Best Friends For-Never"
The Playboy Club Pearl Recurring role, 7 episodes
2014 The Boondocks Boss Willona / Geraldine Episodes: "Breaking Grandad" and "Early Bird Special"
2014–present Black-ish Ruby Johnson Recurring (Season 1), Series regular (Season 2-)
Nominated – Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Guest Performer in a Comedy Series (2016)
2015 The Exes Caren Dupree Episode: "Requiem for a Dream"
Instant Mom Delois Episode: "Not Full House"
It Had to Be You Reggie Television Film
Video games[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2006 Cars Flo Voice
2007 Cars Mater-National Championship
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Jenifer Lewis: ‘They Call Me the Black Mother of Hollywood’". Black America Web. 3 February 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Stephanie Stephens. "Mega Diva Jenifer Lewis on 'The Wedding Ringer' and Seeing Yourself". Parade. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Jenifer Lewis". Hollywood.com. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Lesbians on series TV.". Retrieved 25 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Lane, Clay (January 7, 2009). "Jenifer Lewis: That's my mama!". BET.com. Retrieved 20 February 2010.
Jump up ^ "Cast Away". 22 December 2000. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Jenifer Lewis". IMDb. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
Jump up ^ The Broadway League. "Jenifer Lewis – IBDB: The official source for Broadway Information". Retrieved 25 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Annie Awards :: 37th Annie Awards". Retrieved 25 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Jenifer Lewis". Retrieved 25 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Jenifer Lewis on "Hereafter"". BET.com. 19 December 2010. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Jenifer Lewis Talks: 'Playboy Club,' New Lifetime Film And Broadway Comeback". The Huffington Post. 22 September 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Michael Slezak. "‘black-ish’ Season 1 Cast: Jenifer Lewis to Recur as Anthony Anderson’s Mom – TVLine". TVLine. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Tim Gray. "2016 Critics’ Choice Award Nominations: Full List of Nominees – Variety". Variety. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Jenifer Lewis Talks About Love, Happiness and the Hereafter". News4usonline. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Weinraub, Bernard (1993-07-01). "JENIFER LEWIS: FROM `DIVA' TO `STAR'". Chicago Tribune (New York Times News Service). Retrieved 2011-01-03.
Jump up ^ http://www.stltoday.com/entertainment/television/gail-pennington/actress-jenifer-lewis-says-kinloch-helped-shape-her/article_563e3570-775b-569b-8263-210eece05ada.html
Jump up ^ http://www.bphope.com/jenifer-lewis-thats-how-a-diva-does-it/
Jump up ^ "Jenifer Lewis Opens Up About Battle With Bipolar Disorder". BET.com. 28 January 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Jenifer Lewis: "You Have To Love Yourself"". BlackDoctor. 2014-01-25. Retrieved 2016-12-08.
Jump up ^ Derrick Lane (25 January 2014). "Jenifer Lewis Bipolar Disorder – News One". News One. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
External links[edit]
Jenifer Lewis on IMDb
Jenifer Lewis at the Internet Broadway Database
Jenifer Lewis at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
Jenifer Lewis at AllMovie
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 66676329
LCCN: no2003103072
ISNI: 0000 0001 1474 1342
BNF: cb14199029n (data)
MusicBrainz: 521c6c14-db02-4565-9bc5-2e14d0955a5e
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jenifer_Lewis&oldid=804589342"
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text:
Philosophical zombie
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Zombie (disambiguation).
A philosophical zombie or p-zombie in the philosophy of mind and perception is a hypothetical being that from the outside is indistinguishable from a normal human being but lacks conscious experience, qualia, or sentience.[1] For example, if a philosophical zombie was poked with a sharp object it would not feel any pain sensation, yet could behave exactly as if it does feel pain (it may say "ouch", recoil from the stimulus, and say that it is feeling pain).
The notion of a philosophical zombie is used mainly in thought experiments intended to support arguments (often called "zombie arguments") against forms of physicalism such as materialism, behaviorism and functionalism. Physicalism is the idea that all aspects of human nature can be explained by physical means: specifically, all aspects of human nature and perception can be explained from a neurobiological standpoint. Some philosophers, such as David Chalmers, argue that since a zombie is defined as physiologically indistinguishable from human beings, even its logical possibility would be a sound refutation of physicalism.[2] However, physicalists like Daniel Dennett counter that Chalmers's physiological zombies are logically incoherent and thus impossible.[3][4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Types of zombies
2 Zombie arguments
3 Responses
4 Related thought-experiments
5 See also
6 References
6.1 Notes
6.2 Bibliography
7 External links
Types of zombies[edit]
Though philosophical zombies are widely used in thought experiments, the detailed articulation of the concept is not always the same. P-zombies were introduced primarily to argue against specific types of physicalism such as behaviorism, according to which mental states exist solely as behavior: belief, desire, thought, consciousness, and so on, are simply certain kinds of behavior or tendencies towards behaviors. A p-zombie that is behaviorally indistinguishable from a normal human being but lacks conscious experiences is therefore not logically possible according to the behaviorist, so an appeal to the logical possibility of a p-zombie furnishes an argument that behaviorism is false. Proponents of zombie arguments generally accept that p-zombies are not physically possible, while opponents necessarily deny that they are metaphysically or even logically possible.
The unifying idea of the zombie is of a human that has no conscious experience, but one might distinguish various types of zombie used in different thought experiments as follows:
A behavioral zombie that is behaviorally indistinguishable from a human.
A neurological zombie that has a human brain and is generally physiologically indistinguishable from a human.[5]
A soulless zombie that lacks a soul.
Zombie arguments[edit]
Zombie arguments often support lines of reasoning that aim to show that zombies are metaphysically possible in order to support some form of dualism – in this case the view that the world includes two kinds of substance (or perhaps two kinds of property); the mental and the physical.[6] According to physicalism, physical facts determine all other facts. Since any fact other than that of consciousness may be held to be the same for a p-zombie and a normal conscious human, it follows that physicalism must hold that p-zombies are either not possible or are the same as normal humans.
The zombie argument is a version of general modal arguments against physicalism such as that of Saul Kripke[7] and the kind of physicalism known as type-identity theory. Further such arguments were notably advanced in the 1970s by Thomas Nagel (1970; 1974) and Robert Kirk (1974) but the general argument was most famously developed in detail by David Chalmers in The Conscious Mind (1996). According to Chalmers one can coherently conceive of an entire zombie world, a world physically indistinguishable from this world but entirely lacking conscious experience. The counterpart of every conscious being in our world would be a p-zombie. Since such a world is conceivable, Chalmers claims, it is metaphysically possible, which is all the argument requires. Chalmers states: "Zombies are probably not naturally possible: they probably cannot exist in our world, with its laws of nature."[8] The outline structure of Chalmers' version of the zombie argument is as follows;
According to physicalism, all that exists in our world (including consciousness) is physical.
Thus, if physicalism is true, a metaphysically possible world in which all physical facts are the same as those of the actual world must contain everything that exists in our actual world. In particular, conscious experience must exist in such a possible world.
In fact we can conceive of a world physically indistinguishable from our world but in which there is no consciousness (a zombie world). From this (so Chalmers argues) it follows that such a world is metaphysically possible.
Therefore, physicalism is false. (The conclusion follows from 2. and 3. by modus tollens.)
The above is a strong formulation of the zombie argument. There are other formulations of the zombies-type argument which follow the same general form. The premises of the general zombies argument are implied by the premises of all the specific zombie arguments. A general zombies argument is in part motivated by potential disagreements between various anti-physicalist views. For example, an anti-physicalist view can consistently assert that p-zombies are metaphysically impossible but that inverted qualia (such as inverted spectra) or absent qualia (partial zombiehood) are metaphysically possible. Premises regarding inverted qualia or partial zombiehood can substitute premises regarding p-zombies to produce variations of the zombie argument. The metaphysical possibility of a physically indistinguishable world with either inverted qualia or partial zombiehood would imply that physical truths don't metaphysically necessitate phenomenal truths. To formulate the general form of the zombies argument, take the sentence 'P' to be true if and only if the conjunct of all microphysical truths of our world obtain, take the sentence 'Q' to be true if some phenomenal truth, that obtains in the actual world, obtains. The general argument goes as follows.
It is conceivable that P is true and Q is not true.
If it is conceivable that P is true and Q is not true then it is metaphysically possible that P is true and Q not true.
If it is metaphysically possible that P is true and Q is not true then physicalism is false.
Therefore, physicalism is false.[9]
Q can be false in a possible world if any of the following obtains: (1) there exists at least one invert relative to the actual world (2) there is at least one absent quale relative to the actual world (3) all actually conscious beings are p-zombies (all actual qualia are absent qualia).
Responses[edit]
Chalmers' argument is logically valid: if its premises are true then the conclusion must be true. However, other philosophers dispute that its premises are true. For example, is such a world really possible? Chalmers states that "it certainly seems that a coherent situation is described; I can discern no contradiction in the description."[10] This leads to the questions of the relevant notion of "possibility": is the scenario described in premise 3 possible in the sense that is suggested in premise 2? Most physicalist responses deny that the premise of a zombie scenario is possible.
Many physicalist philosophers argued that this scenario eliminates itself by its description; the basis of physicalist argument is that the world is defined entirely by physicality, thus a world that was physically identical would necessarily contain consciousness, as consciousness would necessarily be generated from any set of physical circumstances identical to our own.
One can hold that zombies are a logical possibility but not a metaphysical possibility. If logical possibility does not entail metaphysical possibility across the domain of relevant truths, then the mere logical possibility of zombies is not sufficient to establish their metaphysical possibility. The zombie argument claims that one can tell by the power of reason that such a "zombie scenario" is metaphysically possible. Chalmers states; "From the conceivability of zombies, proponents of the argument infer their metaphysical possibility"[8] and argues that this inference, while not generally legitimate, is legitimate for phenomenal concepts such as consciousness since we must adhere to "Kripke's insight that for phenomenal concepts, there is no gap between reference-fixers and reference (or between primary and secondary intentions)." That is, for phenomenal concepts, conceivability implies possibility. According to Chalmers, whatever is logically possible is also, in the sense relevant here, metaphysically possible.[11]
Another response is denial of the idea that qualia and related phenomenal notions of the mind are in the first place coherent concepts. Daniel Dennett and others argue that while consciousness and subjective experience exist in some sense, they are not as the zombie argument proponent claims. The experience of pain, for example, is not something that can be stripped off a person's mental life without bringing about any behavioral or physiological differences. Dennett believes that consciousness is a complex series of functions and ideas. If we all can have these experiences the idea of the p-zombie is meaningless.
Dennett argues that "when philosophers claim that zombies are conceivable, they invariably underestimate the task of conception (or imagination), and end up imagining something that violates their own definition".[3][4] He coined the term "zimboes" – p-zombies that have second-order beliefs – to argue that the idea of a p-zombie is incoherent;[12] "Zimboes thinkZ they are conscious, thinkZ they have qualia, thinkZ they suffer pains – they are just 'wrong' (according to this lamentable tradition), in ways that neither they nor we could ever discover!".[4] Under (reductive) physicalism, one is inclined to believe either that anyone including oneself might be a zombie, or that no one can be a zombie – following from the assertion that one's own conviction about being, or not being a zombie is (just) a product of the physical world and is therefore no different from anyone else's. P-zombies in an observed world would be indistinguishable from the observer, even hypothetically (when the observer makes no assumptions regarding the validity of their convictions). Furthermore, when concept of self is deemed to correspond to physical reality alone (reductive physicalism), philosophical zombies are denied by definition. When a distinction is made in one's mind between a hypothetical zombie and oneself (assumed not to be a zombie), the hypothetical zombie, being a subset of the concept of oneself, must entail a deficit in observables (cognitive systems), a "seductive error"[4] contradicting the original definition of a zombie.
Verificationism[1] states that, for words to have meaning, their use must be open to public verification. Since it is assumed that we can talk about our qualia, the existence of zombies is impossible. A related argument is that of "zombie-utterance". If someone were to say they love the smell of some food, a zombie producing the same reaction would be perceived as a person having complex thoughts and ideas in their head indicated by the ability to vocalize it. If zombies were without awareness of their perceptions the idea of uttering words could not occur to them. Therefore, if a zombie has the ability to speak, it is not a zombie.
Artificial intelligence researcher Marvin Minsky saw the argument as circular. The proposition of the possibility of something physically identical to a human but without subjective experience assumes that the physical characteristics of humans are not what produces those experiences, which is exactly what the argument was claiming to prove.[13] Richard Brown agrees that the zombie argument is circular. To show this, he proposes "zoombies", which are creatures nonphysically identical to people in every way and lack phenomenal consciousness. If zoombies existed, they would refute dualism because they would show that consciousness is not nonphysical, i.e., is physical. Paralleling the argument from Chalmers: It's conceivable that zoombies exist, so it's possible they exist, so dualism is false. Given the symmetry between the zombie and zoombie arguments, we can't arbitrate the physicalism/dualism question a priori.[14]
Stephen Yablo's (1998) response is to provide an error theory to account for the intuition that zombies are possible. Notions of what counts as physical and as physically possible change over time so conceptual analysis is not reliable here. Yablo says he is "braced for the information that is going to make zombies inconceivable, even though I have no real idea what form the information is going to take."[15]
The zombie argument is difficult to assess because it brings to light fundamental disagreements about the method and scope of philosophy itself and the nature and abilities of conceptual analysis. Proponents of the zombie argument may think that conceptual analysis is a central part of (if not the only part of) philosophy and that it certainly can do a great deal of philosophical work. However others, such as Dennett, Paul Churchland and W.V.O. Quine, have fundamentally different views. For this reason, discussion of the zombie argument remains vigorous in philosophy.
Some accept modal reasoning in general but deny it in the zombie case. Christopher S. Hill and Brian P. Mclaughlin suggest that the zombie thought experiment combines imagination of a "sympathetic" nature (putting oneself in a phenomenal state) and a "perceptual" nature (imagining becoming aware of something in the outside world). Each type of imagination may work on its own, but they're not guaranteed to work when both used at the same time. Hence Chalmers's argument needn't go through.[16]:448 Moreover, while Chalmers defuses criticisms of the view that conceivability can tell us about possibility, he provides no positive defense of the principle. As an analogy, the generalized continuum hypothesis has no known counterexamples, but this doesn't mean we must accept it. And indeed, the fact that Chalmers concludes we have epiphenomenal mental states that don't cause our physical behavior seems one reason to reject his principle.[16]:449–51
Another way to construe the zombie hypothesis is epistemically – as a problem of causal explanation, rather than as a problem of logical or metaphysical possibility. The "explanatory gap" – also called the "hard problem of consciousness" – is the claim that (to date) no one has provided a convincing causal explanation of how and why we are conscious. It is a manifestation of the very same gap that (to date) no one has provided a convincing causal explanation of how and why we are not zombies.[17]
Related thought-experiments[edit]
Frank Jackson's Mary's room argument is based around a hypothetical scientist, Mary, who is forced to view the world through a black-and-white television screen in a black and white room. Mary is a brilliant scientist who knows everything about the neurobiology of vision. Even though Mary knows everything about color and its perception (e.g. what combination of wavelengths makes the sky seem blue), she has never seen color. If Mary were released from this room and were to experience color for the first time, would she learn anything new? Jackson initially believed this supported epiphenomenalism (mental phenomena are the effects, but not the causes, of physical phenomena) but later changed his views to physicalism, suggesting that Mary is simply discovering a new way for her brain to represent qualities that exist in the world.
Swampman is an imaginary character introduced by Donald Davidson. If Davidson goes hiking in a swamp and is struck and killed by a lightning bolt while nearby another lightning bolt spontaneously rearranges a bunch of molecules so that, entirely by coincidence, they take on exactly the same form that Davidson's body had at the moment of his untimely death then this being, 'Swampman', has a brain structurally identical to that which Davidson had and will thus presumably behave exactly like Davidson. He will return to Davidson's office and write the same essays he would have written, recognize all of his friends and family and so forth.
John Searle's Chinese room argument deals with the nature of artificial intelligence: it imagines a room in which a conversation is held by means of written Chinese characters that the subject cannot actually read, but is able to manipulate meaningfully using a set of algorithms. Searle holds that a program cannot give a computer a "mind" or "understanding", regardless of how intelligently it may make it behave. Stevan Harnad argues that Searle's critique is really meant to target functionalism and computationalism, and to establish neuroscience as the only correct way to understand the mind.[18]
See also[edit]
Philosophy portal
Blindsight
Causality
Consciousness
Explanatory gap
Functionalism (philosophy of mind)
Hard problem of consciousness
Inverted spectrum
Map–territory relation
Mind
Mind-body problem
No true Scotsman
Philosophy of mind
Problem of other minds
Reverse engineering
Sentience
Solipsism
Turing test
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Kirk, Robert. "Zombies". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2009 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
Jump up ^ Chalmers, D. (1996): The Conscious Mind, Oxford University Press, New York.
^ Jump up to: a b Dennett, Daniel C. (1991). Consciousness Explained. Boston, Toronto, London: Little, Brown and Co. ISBN 0-316-18065-3.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Dennett, Daniel C. (1995). Darwin's Dangerous Idea. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 322. ISBN 0-684-82471-X.
Jump up ^ Harnad, Stevan (2000). "Minds, Machines, and Turing: The Indistinguishability of Indistinguishables". 9 (4). Journal of Logic, Language, and Information: 425–445.
Jump up ^ Robinson, Howard. "Dualism". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2009 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
Jump up ^ Kripke, Saul. Naming and Necessity (1972)
^ Jump up to: a b Chalmers, 2003, p. 5.
Jump up ^ Chalmers, 2010, p. 106-109
Jump up ^ Chalmers, 1996, p. 96.
Jump up ^ Chalmers, 1996, pp. 67–68.
Jump up ^ Dennett 1995; 1999
Jump up ^ "Edge: CONSCIOUSNESS IS A BIG SUITCASE - A Talk with Marvin Minsky [page 2]". edge.com.
Jump up ^ Brown, Richard (2010). "Deprioritizing the A Priori Arguments Against Physicalism" (PDF). Journal of Consciousness Studies. 17 (3-4): 47–69.
Jump up ^ Yablo, 2000, §XV.
^ Jump up to: a b Christopher S. Hill; Brian P. Mclaughlin (Jun 1999). "There are Fewer Things in Reality Than are Dreamt of in Chalmers's Philosophy". Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. 59 (2): 445–454. doi:10.2307/2653682.
Jump up ^ Harnad, Stevan (1995) "Why and How We Are Not Zombies. Journal of Consciousness Studies 1:164–167
Jump up ^ Harnad, Stevan (2001), "What's Wrong and Right About Searle's Chinese Room Argument", in M.; Preston, J., Essays on Searle's Chinese Room Argument, Oxford University Press.
Bibliography[edit]
Chalmers, David. 1995. "Facing Up to the Problem of Consciousness", Journal of Consciousness Studies, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 200–219. Online PDF
Chalmers, David. 1996. The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory, New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hardcover: ISBN 0-19-511789-1, paperback: ISBN 0-19-510553-2
Chalmers, David. 2003. "Consciousness and its Place in Nature", in the Blackwell Guide to the Philosophy of Mind, S. Stich and F. Warfield (eds.), Blackwell. Also in Philosophy of Mind: Classical and Contemporary Readings, D. Chalmers (ed.), Oxford, 2002. ISBN 0-19-514581-X, Online PDF
Chalmers, David. 2004. "Imagination, Indexicality, and Intensions", Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, vol. 68, no. 1. Online text doi:10.1111/j.1933-1592.2004.tb00334.x
Chalmers, David. 2010. "the character of consciousness", OUP
Dennett, Daniel. 1995. "The Unimagined Preposterousness of Zombies", Journal of Consciousness Studies, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 322–326. Online abstract
Dennett, Daniel. 1999. "The Zombic Hunch: Extinction of an Intuition?", Royal Institute of Philosophy Millennial Lecture. Online text
Kirk, Robert. 1974. "Sentience and Behaviour", Mind, vol. 83, pp. 43–60. JSTOR 2252795
Kripke, Saul. 1972. "Naming and Necessity", in Semantics of Natural Language, ed. by D. Davidson and G. Harman, Dordrecht, Holland: Reidel, pp. 253–355. (Published as a book in 1980, Harvard University Press.)
Nagel, Thomas. 1970. "Armstrong on the Mind", Philosophical Review, vol. 79, pp. 394–403. JSTOR 2183935
Nagel, Thomas. 1974. "What Is it Like to Be a Bat?" Philosophical Review, vol. 83, pp. 435–450. JSTOR 2183914
Thomas, N.J.T. 1998. "Zombie Killer", in S.R. Hameroff, A.W. Kaszniak, & A.C. Scott (eds.), Toward a Science of Consciousness II: The Second Tucson Discussions and Debates (pp. 171–177), Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Online
Yablo, Stephen. 2000. "Textbook Kripkeanism and the Open Texture of Concepts", Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, vol. 81, pp. 98–122. Online text doi:10.1111/1468-0114.00097
External links[edit]
Online papers on philosophical zombies, by various authors, compiled by David Chalmers.
Field Guide to the Philosophy of Mind
Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). "Zombies". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Skepdic entry on p-zombies
A Chaospet comic on the subject of philosophical zombies
On The Conceivability of Zombies Paper argues that Philosophical Zombies are not conceivable
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Claims adjuster
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This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Reads like it was written a decade ago by one person who is writing in a textbook with different style guidelines than Wikipedia's and which lacks a neutrality policy entirely. Please help improve this article if you can. (April 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Claims adjuster (claim adjuster), or claims handler (claim handler), investigates insurance claims by interviewing the claimant and witnesses, consulting police and hospital records, and inspecting property damage to determine the extent of the company's liability.[1] In the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, South Africa, the Caribbean and New Zealand the term loss adjuster is used. Other claims adjusters who represent policyholders may aid in the preparation of an insurance claim.
In the United States, a claims adjuster's duties typically extend to include the following elements:
Verify an insurance policy exists for the insured person and/or property. In general, these are written by the policy-holding insurance company.
Risk(s) of loss(es), or damages to property, culminating in the loss of property and or bodily injury.
After completing the above investigations, evaluate the covered injuries and/or damages that have been determined according to the coverage grants.
Negotiate a settlement according to the applicable law(s), and identify coverages for which the insured is covered, following best insurance practices.
A Claims adjuster or Public Adjuster does not, and should not, engage in the practice of law. While adjusting the claim does mean applying the loss circumstances to the insured's policy, it does not account for if and when there becomes an issue of coverage, which is a matter and practice of Law, and should only be engaged by a properly licensed attorney.
In casualty insurance the main type of coverages include but may not be limited to the followings:
First party auto and other than auto coverages (sometimes referred to collision and comprehensive coverages) there are numerous types of first party insurance coverages for any kind of risk of loss or damages.
Third party liability for property damage of others property and bodily injury. (in law terms these are "tort" claims)
Contents
[hide]
1 Classes
2 Education
2.1 Working conditions
3 References
Classes[edit]
Claim service representatives (employed by the insurance company, or an independent adjusting company).
In the two first instances, and the fourth, the adjuster operates on behalf of the insurer.
Adjusters may handle "property claims" involving damage to buildings and structures, or "liability claims" involving personal injuries or third-person property damage from liability situations, such as motor vehicle accidents, slip and falls, dog bites, or alleged negligent behavior. Some adjusters handle both types of claims and are known as "Multi-Line" adjusters. Also "All Lines Adjusters" may handle "any" type of claim already identified and also include professional liability, Hospital Professional Liability, Excess Liability, Physicians and Surgeons Liability, Aircraft Liability/Hull, Inland Marine, Ocean Marine, Boiler and Machinery, as well as various types of Bond Losses.
For a percentage of the settlement amount, Public adjusters work exclusively for the policyholder. This means there should be no inherent conflict of interest when it comes to advocating on the policyholder's behalf to the insurance company.
An independent adjuster could be working for multiple insurance companies or self-insured entities. If licensed by state authority they represent pinnacle of property loss knowledge in their field; whether it be residential, vehicular, marine, etc.[citation needed]
An adjuster will frequently verify that coverage applies through an insurance policy, investigate liability for the damages caused, and make compensation to the injured person based on their emotional or physical property damages.
Specific duties include:
Notifying the insurer of a covered loss as defined under the policy of insurance
Responding to claims in a timely manner
Filing paperwork
Communicating with policy holders
Investigate liability
Assess damages
Research, detail and substantiate each aspect of the claim, including building damage, contents, and extra living expense claims.
Prepare a detailed damages report based on monthly updated insurance cost software for the purpose of making an offer of settlement to the insured.
If needed for specialty cost coding, negotiate with product/service providers on time and cost of repairs for the purpose of making an offer of settlement to the insured.
Ensuring accurate procedures
Protect the interest of the insurance company the adjuster represents, when dealing with claimants.
Computer skills with a high degree of proficiency.
Some states now require adjusters disclose to claimants whose interest specifically independent, staff and public adjuster represent, before they proceed with the policyholder.
Always check your local chapter of Licensed Public insurance adjusters, or state agency, in order qualify an adjuster is properly licensed and in good standing. Some of the state chapters are AAPIA and NAPIA. In Florida, the chapter is FAPIA.
IEA conducts certified online classes for people. The Insurance Institute of America also provides training leading to professional designations. Some states accept the Associate of Claims designation, and will waive the licensing examination, and grant a license by the state insurance commission. Some insurance carriers, and independent adjusting companies provide in house training certified by the state insurance commission. They must be pre-approved by the licensing division. An adjuster license is issued to those that pass the requirements.
Education[edit]
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Many insurance companies prefer their claims adjusters to have a 4-year college degree preferably in business related fields. In the past, high school graduates have become claims adjusters by promotion from within the claims department. Since there are no college majors for claims adjusters, many states require a state certification in order to practice as an adjuster. States also require that a certain number of continuing education credits for claims adjusters are earned each year in order to maintain their license. This continuing education is achieved by attending seminars and online training from different claim adjuster educational resources. There are also professional designations that have become prevalent among claims adjusters; for example, The American Institute for Chartered Property Casualty Underwriters awards the Chartered Property and Casualty Underwriter (CPCU) designation to experienced underwriters.
Florida is one of the few states in the United States that has created specific designations for the licensing of insurance claims adjusters. The Accredited Claims Adjuster Designation, created by statute in coordination with Polk State College in 2002, allows an individual to obtain the Florida All Lines Independent or Company license, without taking the state licensing exam.
In some instances, such as with collapse insurance, courts have been involved in order to predicate a reasonable understanding of the guidelines of the policy in question. The meaning of terms such as "collapse" have undergone rigorous constitutional assessment.[2] This leads to some ambiguity between what the law says and what is enforceable by modern mandates. The idea of "Structural Integrity" may not always be a universally understood term, but several articles have been published on the topic[3] which suggests the field is evolving toward a continuity in terminology. For those interested in the claims adjustment field, in-depth study of legal principle is a necessity.
Most states require licensed adjusters to continue their education through a "continuing education" requirement.[4] Florida requires 24 hours of CE every two years.[5]
Working conditions[edit]
Claims adjusters work long hours including work nights and weekends. Their work is appointment based and must revolve around the needs of clients.[6]
Staff adjusters are those who work for a specific insurance company and may either have a company office provided from which to work or, if they are a resident adjuster, work out of their home. Independent and public claims adjusters often work from home. They receive their work assignments daily by fax machine, email, or by checking into a designated website. Staff adjusters receive their assignments when they arrive at the office first thing in the morning. In the case of a severe natural disaster such as floods or tornadoes, or other catastrophe, independent and public adjusters travel to the area to supplement local adjusters. Often this requires the incoming adjuster's presence in the field for days to weeks at a time.
Catastrophe adjusters may spend days to weeks in a hotel or RV near the field of operations. Husband and wife teams often enjoy this type of work as it allows them to work and travel together to different parts of the country. Adjusters should become familiar with the reimbursement rules for each company with whom they work and track all expenses used in the line of work.
Computer skills are essential, including keyboard skills. Most insurance companies store all documentation digitally. A digital camera is highly useful in documenting claims visually. Estimates, including auto and property losses, are prepared on computers connected to a corporate network. Laptop computers, pad, and other technologies make claims adjusting easier and consume less time. However, claims adjusting also requires a level of physical strength and stamina.
Property adjusters, for example, are often required to operate a 50-pound ladder and must stand, walk, kneel, crawl, and perform other physical demands as they investigate damaged property.[6]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ US Dept of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2008-09 Edition, Claims Adjusters, Appraisers, Examiners, and Investigators
Jump up ^ What Constitutes a Collapse Under A Property Insurance Policy? The Brief. Vol. 29, No. 2 (Winter 2000). American Bar Association. Robins, Kaplan, Miller & Ciresi, LLP
Jump up ^ "Insurance Coverage For Collapse - How It Has Changed and Why". Adjusters International. Retrieved 2010-08-11.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-01-25. Retrieved 2010-01-23.
Jump up ^ "Florida Public Adjuster Continuing Education Update". FAPIA. Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2009-09-28.
^ Jump up to: a b "Claims Adjusters, Appraisers, Examiners, and Investigators". Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2008-09 Edition. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. 2007-12-12. Retrieved 2008-06-19.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claims_adjuster&oldid=819785940"
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So... How's Your Girl?
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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So... How's Your Girl?
Studio album by Handsome Boy Modeling School
Released
October 19, 1999 (1999-10-19)
Genre
Hip hop, trip hop[1][2]
Length
60:30
Label
Tommy Boy, Warner Bros. Records
Producer
Dan the Automator, Prince Paul
Handsome Boy Modeling School chronology
So... How's Your Girl?
(1999) White People
(2004)White People2004
So... How's Your Girl? is the debut studio album by Handsome Boy Modeling School.[3] It was released on Tommy Boy Records on October 19, 1999.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Reception
2 Track listing
3 References
4 External links
Reception[edit]
Professional ratings
Aggregate scores
Source
Rating
Metacritic 79/100[4]
Review scores
Source
Rating
AllMusic [5]
Christgau's Consumer Guide A[6]
Entertainment Weekly A−[1]
Los Angeles Times [7]
NME 7/10[8]
Pitchfork 5.0/10[9]
Q [10]
Rolling Stone [11]
The Rolling Stone Album Guide [12]
Spin 7/10[13]
At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, So... How's Your Girl? received an average score of 79 out of 100 based on 13 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[4]
It ranked at number 5 on Spin's "Top 20 Albums of the Year" list.[14]
Track listing[edit]
All songs produced by Dan the Automator and Prince Paul, except for "Waterworld" produced by Dan the Automator and "Holy Calamity (Bear Witness II)" produced by Dan the Automator, Prince Paul, and DJ Shadow.
No.
Title
Length
1. "Rock n' Roll (Could Never Hip Hop Like This)" 4:21
2. "Magnetizing" (featuring Del tha Funkee Homosapien) 6:11
3. "Metaphysical" (featuring Miho Hatori and Mike D) 3:24
4. "Look at This Face (Oh My God They're Gorgeous)" 1:59
5. "Waterworld" (featuring Encore) 5:22
6. "Once Again (Here to Kick One for You)" (featuring Grand Puba and Sadat X) 4:01
7. "The Truth" (featuring Róisín Murphy and J-Live) 5:35
8. "Holy Calamity (Bear Witness II)" (featuring DJ Shadow and DJ Quest) 4:01
9. "Calling the Biz" 0:50
10. "The Projects (P Jays)" (featuring Dave and Del tha Funkee Homosapien) 4:28
11. "Sunshine" (featuring Sean Lennon, Money Mark, Father Guido Sarducci, Josh Haden, and Paula Frazer) 4:09
12. "Modeling Sucks" 1:02
13. "Torch Song Trilogy" (featuring Sensational) 3:55
14. "The Runway Song" (featuring Kid Koala) 4:48
15. "Megaton B-Boy 2000" (featuring Alec Empire and El-P) 4:57
16. "Father Speaks" (featuring Father Guido Sarducci) 1:27
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Hermes, Will (October 29, 1999). "So...How's Your Girl?". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ Christgau, Robert (November 16, 1999). "African Connection II". The Village Voice. New York. Retrieved January 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ Diehl, Matt (November 11, 1999). "Handsome Boy Modeling School: Beauty and the Beats". Rolling Stone. Retrieved November 21, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Reviews for So...How's Your Girl? by Handsome Boy Modeling School". Metacritic. Retrieved November 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ Huey, Steve. "So...How's Your Girl? – Handsome Boy Modeling School". AllMusic. Retrieved November 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ Christgau, Robert (2000). "Handsome Boy Modeling School: So... How's Your Girl?". Christgau's Consumer Guide: Albums of the '90s. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-24560-2. Retrieved January 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ Baker, Soren (November 28, 1999). "Handsome Boy Modeling School, 'So . . . How's Your Girl?,' Tommy Boy". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ "So... How's Your Girl?". NME. Archived from the original on August 8, 2016. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ Schreiber, Ryan. "Handsome Boy Modeling School: So... How's Your Girl?". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on November 21, 2001. Retrieved November 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Handsome Boy Modeling School: So... How's Your Girl?". Q (160): 113. January 2000.
Jump up ^ Farr, Kathryn (November 11, 1999). "Handsome Boy Modeling School: So...How's Your Girl?". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on November 11, 2007. Retrieved November 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ Miles, Milo (2004). "Prince Paul". In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian. The New Rolling Stone Album Guide. Simon & Schuster. p. 657. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8.
Jump up ^ Rubin, Mark (November 1999). "Handsome Boy Modeling School: So... How's Your Girl?". Spin. 15 (11): 193–94. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ Wolk, Douglas (January 2000). "The Top 20 Albums of the Year". Spin. 16 (1): 76.
External links[edit]
So... How's Your Girl? at Discogs (list of releases)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=So..._How%27s_Your_Girl%3F&oldid=800192289"
Categories:
1999 debut albums
Prince Paul (producer) albums
Albums produced by Prince Paul (producer)
Albums produced by Dan the Automator
Albums produced by DJ Shadow
Handsome Boy Modeling School albums
Tommy Boy Records albums
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