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Period (periodic table)
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In the periodic table of the elements, each numbered row is a period.
A period in the periodic table is one of the horizontal rows, all of those elements have the same number of electron shells. Going across a period, each element has one more proton and is less metallic than its predecessor. Arranged this way, groups of elements in the same column have similar chemical and physical properties, reflecting the periodic law. For example, the alkali metals lie in the first column (group 1) and share similar properties, such as high reactivity and the tendency to lose one electron to arrive at a noble-gas electronic configuration. As of 2016 a total of 118 elements have been discovered and confirmed.
The Madelung energy ordering rule describes the order in which orbitals are arranged by increasing energy according to the Madelung rule. Each diagonal corresponds to a different value of n + l.
Modern quantum mechanics explains these periodic trends in properties in terms of electron shells. As atomic number increases, shells fill with electrons in approximately the order shown at right. The filling of each shell corresponds to a row in the table.
In the s-block and p-block of the periodic table, elements within the same period generally do not exhibit trends and similarities in properties (vertical trends down groups are more significant). However, in the d-block, trends across periods become significant, and in the f-block elements show a high degree of similarity across periods.
Contents
[hide]
1 Periods
1.1 Period 1
1.2 Period 2
1.3 Period 3
1.4 Period 4
1.5 Period 5
1.6 Period 6
1.7 Period 7
1.8 Period 8
2 References
Periods[edit]
Seven periods of elements occur naturally on Earth. For period 8, which includes elements which may be synthesized after 2016, see the extended periodic table.
A group in chemistry means a family of objects with similarities like different families. There are 7 periods, going horizontally across the periodic table.
Period 1[edit]
Group
1
18
Atomic #
Name
1
H 2
He
The first period contains fewer elements than any other, with only two, hydrogen and helium. They therefore do not follow the octet rule. Chemically, helium behaves as a noble gas, and thus is taken to be part of the group 18 elements. However, in terms of its nuclear structure it belongs to the s block, and is therefore sometimes classified as a group 2 element, or simultaneously both 2 and 18. Hydrogen readily loses and gains an electron, and so behaves chemically as both a group 1 and a group 17 element.
Hydrogen (H) is the most abundant of the chemical elements, constituting roughly 75% of the universe's elemental mass.[1] Ionized hydrogen is just a proton. Stars in the main sequence are mainly composed of hydrogen in its plasma state. Elemental hydrogen is relatively rare on Earth, and is industrially produced from hydrocarbons such as methane. Hydrogen can form compounds with most elements and is present in water and most organic compounds.[2]
Helium (He) exists only as a gas except in extreme conditions.[3] It is the second lightest element and is the second most abundant in the universe.[4] Most helium was formed during the Big Bang, but new helium is created through nuclear fusion of hydrogen in stars.[5] On Earth, helium is relatively rare, only occurring as a byproduct of the natural decay of some radioactive elements.[6] Such 'radiogenic' helium is trapped within natural gas in concentrations of up to seven percent by volume.[7]
Period 2[edit]
Group
1
2
13
14
15
16
17
18
Atomic #
Name
3
Li 4
Be 5
B 6
C 7
N 8
O 9
F 10
Ne
Period 2 elements involve the 2s and 2p orbitals. They include the biologically most essential elements besides hydrogen: carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen.
Lithium (Li) is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element.[8] In its non-ionized state it is one of the most reactive elements, and so is only ever found naturally in compounds. It is the heaviest primordial element forged in large quantities during the Big Bang.
Beryllium (Be) has one of the highest melting points of all the light metals. Small amounts of beryllium were synthesised during the Big Bang, although most of it decayed or reacted further within stars to create larger nuclei, like carbon, nitrogen or oxygen. Beryllium is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as a group 1 carcinogen.[9] Between 1% and 15% of people are sensitive to beryllium and may develop an inflammatory reaction in their respiratory system and skin, called chronic beryllium disease.[10]
Boron (B) does not occur naturally as a free element, but in compounds such as borates. It is an essential plant micronutrient, required for cell wall strength and development, cell division, seed and fruit development, sugar transport and hormone development,[11][12] though high levels are toxic.
Carbon (C) is the fourth most abundant element in the universe by mass after hydrogen, helium and oxygen[13] and is the second most abundant element in the human body by mass after oxygen,[14] the third most abundant by number of atoms.[15] There are an almost infinite number of compounds that contain carbon due to carbon's ability to form long stable chains of C—C bonds.[16][17] All organic compounds, those essential for life, contain at least one atom of carbon;[16][17] combined with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, carbon is the basis of every important biological compound.[17]
Nitrogen (N) is found mainly as mostly inert diatomic gas, N2, which makes up 78% of the Earth's atmosphere by volume. It is an essential component of proteins and therefore of life.
Oxygen (O) comprising 21% of the atmosphere by volume and is required for respiration by all (or nearly all) animals, as well as being the principal component of water. Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe, and oxygen compounds dominate the Earth's crust.
Fluorine (F) is the most reactive element in its non-ionized state, and so is never found that way in nature.
Neon (Ne) is a noble gas used in neon lighting.
Period 3[edit]
Group
1
2
13
14
15
16
17
18
Atomic #
Name
11
Na 12
Mg 13
Al 14
Si 15
P 16
S 17
Cl 18
Ar
All period three elements occur in nature and have at least one stable isotope. All but the noble gas argon are essential to basic geology and biology.
Sodium (Na) is an alkali metal. It is present in Earth's oceans in large quantities in the form of sodium chloride (table salt).
Magnesium (Mg) is an alkaline earth metal. Magnesium ions are found in chlorophyll.
Aluminium (Al) is a post-transition metal. It is the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust.
Silicon (Si) is a metalloid. It is a semiconductor, making it the principal component in many integrated circuits. Silicon dioxide is the principal constituent of sand. As Carbon is to Biology, Silicon is to Geology.
Phosphorus (P) is a nonmetal essential to DNA. It is highly reactive, and as such is never found in nature as a free element.
Sulfur (S) is a nonmetal. It is found in two amino acids: cysteine and methionine.
Chlorine (Cl) is a halogen. It is used as a disinfectant, especially in swimming pools.
Argon (Ar) is a noble gas, making it almost entirely nonreactive. Incandescent lamps are often filled with noble gases such as argon in order to preserve the filaments at high temperatures.
Period 4[edit]
Group
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Atomic #
Name
19
K 20
Ca 21
Sc 22
Ti 23
V 24
Cr 25
Mn 26
Fe 27
Co 28
Ni 29
Cu 30
Zn 31
Ga 32
Ge 33
As 34
Se 35
Br 36
Kr
From left to right: aqueous solutions of: Co(NO3)2 (red); K2Cr2O7 (orange); K2CrO4 (yellow); NiCl2 (green); CuSO4 (blue); KMnO4 (purple).
Period 4 includes the biologically essential elements potassium and calcium, and is the first period in the d-block with the lighter transition metals. These include iron, the heaviest element forged in main-sequence stars and a principal component of the earth, as well as other important metals such as cobalt, nickel, and copper. Almost all have biological roles.
Completing the fourth period are the post-transition metals zinc and gallium, the metalloids germanium and arsenic, and the nonmetals selenium, bromine, and krypton.
Period 5[edit]
Group
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Atomic #
Name
37
Rb 38
Sr 39
Y 40
Zr 41
Nb 42
Mo 43
Tc 44
Ru 45
Rh 46
Pd 47
Ag 48
Cd 49
In 50
Sn 51
Sb 52
Te 53
I 54
Xe
Period 5 has the same number of elements as period 4 and follows the same general structure but with one more post transition metal and one fewer nonmetal. Of the three heaviest elements with biological roles, two (molybdenum and iodine) are in this period; tungsten, in period 6, is heavier, along with several of the early lanthanides. Period 5 also includes technetium, the lightest exclusively radioactive element.
Period 6[edit]
Group
1
2
3 (Lanthanides)
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Atomic #
Name
55
Cs 56
Ba 57
La 58
Ce 59
Pr 60
Nd 61
Pm 62
Sm 63
Eu 64
Gd 65
Tb 66
Dy 67
Ho 68
Er 69
Tm 70
Yb 71
Lu 72
Hf 73
Ta 74
W 75
Re 76
Os 77
Ir 78
Pt 79
Au 80
Hg 81
Tl 82
Pb 83
Bi 84
Po 85
At 86
Rn
Period 6 is the first period to include the f-block, with the lanthanides (also known as the rare earth elements), and includes the heaviest stable elements. Many of these heavy metals are toxic and some are radioactive, but platinum and gold are largely inert.
Period 7[edit]
Group
1
2
3 (Actinides)
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Atomic #
Name
87
Fr 88
Ra 89
Ac 90
Th 91
Pa 92
U 93
Np 94
Pu 95
Am 96
Cm 97
Bk 98
Cf 99
Es 100
Fm 101
Md 102
No 103
Lr 104
Rf 105
Db 106
Sg 107
Bh 108
Hs 109
Mt 110
Ds 111
Rg 112
Cn 113
Nh 114
Fl 115
Mc 116
Lv 117
Ts 118
Og
All elements of period 7 are radioactive. This period contains the heaviest element which occurs naturally on earth, plutonium. All of the subsequent elements in the period have been synthesized artificially. Whilst five of these (from americium to einsteinium) are now available in macroscopic quantities, most are extremely rare, having only been prepared in microgram amounts or less. Some of the later elements have only ever been identified in laboratories in quantities of a few atoms at a time.
Although the rarity of many of these elements means that experimental results are not very extensive, periodic and group trends in behaviour appear to be less well defined for period 7 than for other periods. Whilst francium and radium do show typical properties of groups 1 and 2 respectively, the actinides display a much greater variety of behaviour and oxidation states than the lanthanides. These peculiarities of period 7 may be due to a variety of factors, including a large degree of spin-orbit coupling and relativistic effects, ultimately caused by the very high positive electrical charge from their massive atomic nuclei.
Period 8[edit]
Main article: Extended periodic table
No element of the eighth period has yet been synthesized. A g-block is predicted. It is not clear if all elements predicted for the eighth period are in fact physically possible. There may therefore be no eighth period.
Legend for the background color
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Background color shows subcategory in the metal–metalloid–nonmetal trend:
Metal Metalloid Nonmetal Unknown
chemical
properties
Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post-transition metal Polyatomic nonmetal Diatomic nonmetal Noble gas
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References[edit]
Jump up ^ Palmer, David (November 13, 1997). "Hydrogen in the Universe". NASA. Retrieved 2008-02-05.
Jump up ^ "hydrogen". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
Jump up ^ "Helium: physical properties". WebElements. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
Jump up ^ "Helium: geological information". WebElements. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
Jump up ^ Cox, Tony (1990-02-03). "Origin of the chemical elements". New Scientist. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
Jump up ^ "Helium supply deflated: production shortages mean some industries and partygoers must squeak by". Houston Chronicle. 2006-11-05.
Jump up ^ Brown, David (2008-02-02). "Helium a New Target in New Mexico". American Association of Petroleum Geologists. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
Jump up ^ Lithium at WebElements.
Jump up ^ "IARC Monograph, Volume 58". International Agency for Research on Cancer. 1993. Retrieved 2008-09-18.
Jump up ^ Information about chronic beryllium disease.
Jump up ^ "Functions of Boron in Plant Nutrition" (PDF). U.S. Borax Inc.
Jump up ^ Blevins, Dale G.; Lukaszewski, Krystyna M. (1998). "Functions of Boron in Plant Nutrition". Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology. 49: 481–500. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.49.1.481. PMID 15012243.
Jump up ^ Ten most abundant elements in the universe, taken from The Top 10 of Everything, 2006, Russell Ash, page 10. Retrieved October 15, 2008.
Jump up ^ Chang, Raymond (2007). Chemistry, Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill. p. 52. ISBN 0-07-110595-6.
Jump up ^ Freitas Jr., Robert A. (1999). Nanomedicine. Landes Bioscience. Tables 3-1 & 3-2. ISBN 1-57059-680-8.
^ Jump up to: a b "Structure and Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons". Purdue University. Retrieved 2008-03-23.
^ Jump up to: a b c Alberts, Bruce; Alexander Johnson; Julian Lewis; Martin Raff; Keith Roberts; Peter Walter. Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland Science.
[show]
v
t
e
Periodic table
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table
forms
Standard
18-column
18-column, large cells
32-column, large cells
Alternative
Alternatives
Chemical Galaxy
Janet's left step table
Extended
Extension beyond the 7th period
Fricke model
large cells
Pyykkö model
Sets of
elements
By
periodic
table
structure
Groups
1 (Alkali metals)
2 (Alkaline earth metals)
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15 (Pnictogens)
16 (Chalcogens)
17 (Halogens)
18 (Noble gases)
Periods
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8+
Aufbau
Fricke
Pyykkö
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s-block
p-block
d-block
f-block
g-block
Aufbau principle
By
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Alkaline earth metals
Lanthanides
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Dividing line
Nonmetals
Polyatomic nonmetals
Diatomic nonmetals
Noble gases
Other
sets
Nutritional elements
Platinum-group metals (PGM)
Rare-earth elements
Refractory metals
Precious metals
Coinage metals
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Heavy metals
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Elements
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Atomic properties
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Properties
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Pauling
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Maximum valence
Data
pages
Abundance
Atomic radius
Boiling point
Critical point
Density
Elasticity
Electrical resistivity
Electron affinity
Electron configuration
Electronegativity
Hardness
Heat capacity
Heat of fusion
Heat of vaporization
Ionization energy
Melting point
Oxidation state
Speed of sound
Thermal conductivity
Thermal expansion coefficient
Vapor pressure
History
Element discoveries
Mendeleev's predictions
Naming
Etymology
controversies
places
scientists
in East Asia
See also
IUPAC
nomenclature
systematic element name
Trivial name
Dmitri Mendeleev
Book
Category
Chemistry Portal
[hide]
v
t
e
Periodic table
(Large cells)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
1
H He
2
Li Be B C N O F Ne
3
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
4
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
5
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
6
Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
7
Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post-transition metal Metalloid Polyatomic nonmetal Diatomic nonmetal Noble gas Unknown
chemical
properties
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Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain
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Part of a series on
The Ten Commandments
Moses receiving the Ten commandments,
folio 422v of the Paris Psalter
I am the LORD thy God
No other gods before me
No graven images or likenesses
Not take the LORD's name in vain
Remember the sabbath day
Honour thy father and thy mother
Thou shalt not kill
Thou shalt not commit adultery
Thou shalt not steal
Thou shalt not bear false witness
Thou shalt not covet
Related articles
Tablets of Stone
Ritual Decalogue
Catholic theology
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"Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain" (KJV; also "You shall not make wrongful use of the name of the Lord your God" (NRSV) and variants) is one of the Ten Commandments.
It is a prohibition of blasphemy, specifically, the misuse or "taking in vain" of the name of the God of Israel, or using His name to commit evil. Exodus 20:7 reads:
"Thou shalt not take the name of the LORD thy God in vain; for the LORD will not hold him guiltless that taketh his name in vain." (KJV).[1]
Based on this commandment, Second Temple Judaism by the Hellenistic period developed a taboo of pronouncing the name of God at all, resulting in the replacement of the Tetragrammaton by "Adonai" (literally "my lords" – see Adonai) in pronunciation.
In the Hebrew Bible itself, the commandment is directed against abuse of the name of God, not against any use; there are numerous examples in the Hebrew Bible and a few in the New Testament where God's name is called upon in oaths to tell the truth or to support the truth of the statement being sworn to, and the books of Daniel and Revelation include instances where an angel sent by God invokes the name of God to support the truth of apocalyptic revelations.[2] God himself is presented as swearing by his own name ("As surely as I live …") to guarantee the certainty of various events foretold through the prophets.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Hebrew Bible
2 In Judaism
3 In the New Testament
4 In the Catholic Church
5 In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
6 Reformation and post-Reformation doctrines
6.1 Winwood Reade's doctrine
7 References
8 External links
Hebrew Bible[edit]
The Hebrew לא תשא לשוא is translated as "thou shalt not take in vain". The word here translated as "in vain" is שוא shav' "emptiness, vanity; emptiness of speech, lying", while "take" is נשא nasa' "to lift, carry, bear, take, take away" (appearing in the second person as תשא). The expression "to take in vain" is also translated less literally as "to misuse" or variants.[4] Some have interpreted the commandment to be against perjury,[5] since invoking God's name in an oath was considered a guarantee of the truth of a statement or promise. Other scholars believe the original intent was to prohibit using the name in the magical practice of conjuration.[6]
Hebrew Bible passages also refer to God's name being profaned by hypocritical behavior of people and false representation of God's words or character.[7] Many scholars also believe the commandment applies to the casual use of God's name in interjections and curses (blasphemy).
The object of the command "thou shalt not take in vain" is את־שם־יהוה אלהיך at-shem-YHWH elohik "this-same name of YHWH, thy elohim", making explicit that the commandment is against the misuse of the proper name Yahweh specifically.
In the Hebrew Bible, as well as in the Ancient Near East and throughout classical antiquity more generally, an oath is a conditional self-curse invoking deities that are asked to inflict punishment on the oath-breaker. There are numerous examples in the Book of Samuel of people strengthening their statements or promises with the phrase, "As surely as Yahweh lives …" [8] and such statements are referred to in Jeremiah as well. The value of invoking punishment from God was based on the belief that God cannot be deceived or evaded. For example, a narrative in the Book of Numbers describes how such an oath is to be administered by a priest to a woman suspected of adultery, with the expectation that the accompanying curse will have no effect on an innocent person.[9]
Such oaths may have been used in civil claims, regarding supposed theft, for example, and the commandment is repeated in the context of honest dealings between people in Leviticus 19:12. At one point of the account of the dedication of the Temple of Solomon, Solomon prays to Yahweh, asking him to hear and act upon curses uttered in a dispute that are then brought before his altar, to distinguish between the person in the right and the one in the wrong.[10]
The prophet Isaiah rebuked Israel as the Babylonian Captivity drew near, pointing out that they bore the name of God, and swore by him, but their swearing was hypocritical since they had forsaken the exclusive worship of Yahweh for the worship of idols.[11] The Israelites had been told in Leviticus that sacrificing their children to idols and then coming to worship God caused God's name to be profaned, thus breaking the commandment.[12] According to the Book of Jeremiah, Yahweh told him to look around Jerusalem, asserting that he would not be able to find an honest man – "Even when they say, As Yahweh lives,' they are sure to be swearing falsely."[13] Jeremiah refers to a situation in which Israelites repented and took oaths in God's name – only to renege by reclaiming as slaves persons they had freed as part of their repentance. This hypocritical act was also considered profaning God's name.[14] In Jeremiah 12, an opportunity is also described for Israel's neighbors to avoid destruction and prosper if they stop swearing by their idol and swear only by the name of Yahweh.[15]
In Judaism[edit]
To avoid coming under guilt by accidentally misusing God's name, Jewish scholars do not write or pronounce the proper name in most circumstances, but use substitutes such as "Adonai (the Lord)," or "HaShem (the Name)."[16] In English translations of the Bible, the name Adonai is often translated "Lord," while the proper name Yahweh represented by the tetragrammaton is often indicated by the use of capital and small capital letters, Lᴏʀᴅ.[17]
Joseph Telushkin, a Modern Orthodox rabbi, wrote that the commandment is much more than a prohibition against casual interjections using God's name. He pointed out that the more literal translation of Lo tissa is "you shall not carry" rather than "you shall not take", and that understanding this helps one understand why the commandment ranks with such as "You shall not murder" and "You shall not commit adultery".[18]
One of the first commandments listed by Maimonides in the Mishneh Torah is the responsibility to sanctify God's name.[19] Maimonides thought the commandment should be taken as generally as possible, and therefore he considered it forbidden to mention God's name unnecessarily at any time. Jewish scholars referred to this as "motzi shem shamayim lavatalah", "uttering the Name of Heaven uselessly."[20] To avoid guilt associated with accidentally breaking the commandment, Jewish scholars applied the prohibition to all seven biblical titles of God in addition to the proper name, and established the safeguard of circumlocution when referring to the Name of God.[21] In writing names of God, a common practice includes substituting letters or syllables so that the written word is not exactly the name, or writing the name in an abbreviated manner. Orthodox Jews will not even pronounce a name of God unless it is said in prayer or religious study. The Sacred Name (Tetragrammaton), is never pronounced by these Jews but always read as "Adonai (the Lord)," "HaShem (the Name)," or sometimes "AdoShem".[22]
May His great Name be blessed forever and ever.
—  from the Kaddish[23]
The Kaddish is an important prayer in a Jewish prayer service whose central theme is the magnification and sanctification of God's name.[24] Along with the Shema and Amidah, it is one of the most important and central prayers of Jewish liturgy.
In the New Testament[edit]
In his Sermon on the Mount, Jesus taught that a person's word should be reliable and one should not swear by God or his creation.[25] In his letter, the Apostle James reiterates the instruction to just say 'yes' or 'no' and keep your word, "so that you may not fall into condemnation."[26]
According to David Cook, appeals to authorities to validate the truth of a promise had expanded in Jesus' day, which was not in line with the original commandment.[27] Jesus is quoted as warning that they were blind and foolish who gave credibility to such arguments.[28]
According to the Gospel of John, Jesus made appeals to the power of the name of God[29] and also claimed the name of God as his own, which constituted blasphemy if it were not true. The Gospel of John relates an incident where a group attempts to stone Jesus after he speaks God's name.[30] Jesus says that he is the Messiah, and makes parallels between himself and the "Son of Man" referred to by the prophet Daniel, which evokes an emphatic response that he has blasphemed (broken the commandment) and deserves death.[31]
Jesus came to them and said, "All authority in heaven and on earth has been given to me. Therefore go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit."
—  Matthew 28:18–19 (NIV)
The Apostle Paul occasionally invokes God's name in his letters, calling God as witness to the purity of his motives and honesty of his dealings with the churches to whom he ministered.[32]
The author of Hebrews reviewed God's promise to Abraham as assurance that outstanding promises will yet be fulfilled. "Human beings, of course, swear by someone greater than themselves, and an oath given as confirmation puts an end to all dispute." [33] In the case of the promise of God to Abraham, God swore by his own name to guarantee the promise, since there was nothing greater for him to swear by.[34] Philo pointed out that it is natural that God would swear by himself, even though this is "a thing impossible for anyone else."[35]
Similar to the events described in the Book of Daniel, the Book of Revelation includes a description of an angel who swears by God to the truth of the end-time events being revealed to John.[36]
In the Catholic Church[edit]
O Lord, our Lord, how majestic is your name in all the earth!
—  Psalm 8:1, Catechism of the Catholic Church 2160
The Catholic Church teaches that the Lord's name is holy and should be introduced into one's speech only to bless, praise or glorify that name.[37] The name should be used respectfully, with an awareness of the presence of God.[38] It must not be abused by careless speech, false oaths, or words of hatred, reproach or defiance toward God, or used in magic.[39] Since Jesus Christ is believed to be the Messiah, and "the image of the invisible God,"[40] this commandment is applied to the name of Jesus Christ as well.
The sentiment behind this commandment is expressed in the Lord's Prayer, which begins, "Our Father who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name." According to Pope Benedict XVI, when God revealed his name to Moses he established a relationship with mankind; Benedict stated that the Incarnation was the culmination of a process that "had begun with the giving of the divine name."[41] Benedict elaborated that this means the divine name could be misused and that Jesus' inclusion of "hallowed be thy name" is a plea for the sanctification of God's name, to "protect the wonderful mystery of his accessibility to us, and constantly assert his true identity as opposed to our distortion of it."
Taking an oath or swearing is to take God as witness to what one affirms. It is to invoke the divine truthfulness as a pledge of one's own truthfulness.[42]
Promises made to others in God's name engage the divine honor, fidelity, truthfulness, and authority. They must be respected in justice. To be unfaithful to them is to misuse God's name and in some way to make God out to be a liar. (1 John 1:10)
—  Catechism of the Catholic Church 2147
For the same reason, the Catholic Catechism teaches that it is a duty to reject false oaths that others might try to impose; an oath may be made false because it attests to a lie, because an illegitimate authority is requiring it, or because the purpose of the oath is contrary to God's law or human dignity.[43]
In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints[edit]
Members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believe in this commandment as written in Exodus 20. This commandment has been repeated in the LDS Scriptures such as the Book of Mormon and in Doctrine and Covenants.
Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain; for the Lord will not hold him guiltless that taketh his name in vain.
—  Mosiah 13:15[44]
Keep yourselves from evil to take the name of the Lord in vain, for I am the Lord your God, even the God of your fathers, the God of Abraham and of Isaac and of Jacob.
—  Doctrine and Covenants 136:21[45]]
And again, the Lord God hath commanded that men should not murder; that they should not lie; that they should not steal; that they should not take the name of the Lord their God in vain; that they should not envy; that they should not have malice; that they should not contend one with another; that they should not commit whoredoms; and that they should do none of these things; for whoso doeth them shall perish.
—  2 Nephi 26:32[46]
Former prophet and president of the Church, Spencer W. Kimball told the following story to inspire believers: President Kimball underwent surgery many years ago, he was wheeled from the operating room to the intensive care room. The attendant who pushed the gurney which carried him stumbled and let out an oath using the name of the Lord. President Kimball, who was barely conscious, said weakly, "Please! Please! That is my Lord whose names you revile." There was a deathly silence; then the young man whispered with a subdued voice, "I am sorry." [47]
Reformation and post-Reformation doctrines[edit]
Matthew Henry described five categories of actions that constitute taking God's name in vain: 1) hypocrisy – making a profession of God's name, but not living up to that profession; 2) covenant breaking – if one makes promises to God yet does not carry out the promised actions; 3) rash swearing; 4) false swearing; and 5) using the name of God lightly and carelessly, for charms or spells, jest or sport. He pointed out that though a person may hold himself guiltless in one of these matters, the commandment specifically states that God will not.[48]
The Lutheran Witness, a doctrinal document representing the Lutheran faith, supports the view that oaths should not generally be taken at all, except "for the glory of God and the welfare of our neighbor." Specifically, it states that proper use of God's name includes administration of oaths in court, and in swearing-in a spiritual or political leader to their respective offices, which include responsibilities toward God and fellow human beings.[49]
In his Institutes of the Christian Religion, John Calvin sets the stage for discussing this commandment by noting that an oath is calling God to witness that what we say is true, and that an appropriate oath is a kind of worship of God in that it implies a profession of faith. When human testimony fails, people appeal to God as witness, as the only one able to bring hidden things to light and know what is in the heart. False swearing robs God of his truth (to the observer), and therefore it is a serious matter. With regard to the casual use of God's name, Calvin summarized, "remember that an oath is not appointed or allowed for passion or pleasure, but for necessity." He wrote that the frequency of casual use of the name of God has dulled the public conscience but that the commandment, with its penalty, still stands.[50]
Winwood Reade's doctrine[edit]
Historian Winwood Reade has a different interpretation of the third commandment: "Invention of the Oath: But the chief benefit which religion ever conferred upon mankind, whether in ancient or in modern times, was undoubtedly the oath. The priests taught that if a promise was made in the name of the gods, and that promise was broken, the gods would kill those who took their name in vain. Such is the true meaning of the third commandment. Before that time treaties of peace and contracts of every kind in which mutual confidence was required could only be effected by the interchange of hostages. But now by means of this purely theological device a verbal form became itself a sacred pledge: men could at all times confide in one another; and foreign tribes met freely together beneath the shelter of this useful superstition which yet survives in our courts of law."[51]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ translating Biblical Hebrew לא תשא את־שם־יהוה אלהיך לשוא כי לא ינקה יהוה את אשר־ישא את־שמו לשוא׃
Jump up ^ Oath, in The Zondervan Topical Bible, Viening, E., ed., Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1978, ISBN 0-310-33710-0, pp. 719–720
Jump up ^ Live, in Carpenter, E.E. and Comfort, P.W., Holman Treasury of Key Bible Words: 200 Greek and 200 Hebrew words defined and explained, Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2000, ISBN 978-0-8054-9352-8, p. 117; Bruce, F.F., The Epistle to the Hebrews, The New International Commentary on the New Testament, Wm. B. Eardman's Publishing Company, 1990, ISBN 0-8028-2514-1, p. 154
Jump up ^ Telushkin, J., Jewish Literacy: The most important things to know about the Jewish religion, its people and its history. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1991, ISBN 0-688-08506-7, p. 56
Jump up ^ Ten Commandments, Illustrated Dictionary & Concordance of the Bible, Wigoder, G., general editor, et al., G.G. The Jerusalem Publishing House, Ltd., ISBN 0-89577-407-0, p.980
Jump up ^ en Commandments, HarperCollins Bible Dictionary, 1996, Achtemeier Paul J., ed., New York:HarperCollins Publishers, ISBN 0-06-060037-3, p.1109; Names of God in the OT: Attenuation of the Divine Name, in The Anchor Bible Dictionary, Freedman, D.N., editor-in-chief, New York: Doubleday, 1992, ISBN 0-385-19362-9, p. 1010
Jump up ^ See for examples Leviticus 18:21, 20:3, 21:6; Isaiah 48:1–2; Jeremiah 5:1–2, 7:9–15; Matthew Henry's Commentary on the Whole Bible, Vol. 1 Commentary on Exodus 20:7
Jump up ^ See, for examples, 1 Samuel 14:39, 45, 17:55, 20:3, 20:21, 25:26, 25:34, 26:10, 26:16, etc.
Jump up ^ Numbers 5:19–24; Isaacs RH, Every Person's Guide to Jewish Sexuality, Jason Aronson Publishers, 2000. ISBN 0-7657-6118-1, pp.74–75
Jump up ^ First Kings 8:31–32; Hooker, Paul, First and Second Chronicles, Westminster John Knox Press, 2001, ISBN 0-664-25591-4, p. 138, 143
Jump up ^ Isaiah 48:1–2; Isaiah 40–66, InterVarsity Press,2007, ISBN 0-8308-1481-7, p. 99
Jump up ^ Leviticus 18:21, 20:3, 21:6;Matthew Henry's Commentary on the Whole Bible, Vol. 1 Commentaries on Leviticus 18:21, 20:3 and 21:6
Jump up ^ Jeremiah 5:1–2; Calvin, J, McGrath A, and Packer, J.I., Crossway Classic Commentaries: Jeremiah and Lamentations, Good News Publishers,2000 ISBN 1-58134-157-1, p. 43
Jump up ^ Jeremiah 34:16; Pixley, J., Jeremiah, Chalice Press, 2004, ISBN 0-8272-0527-9, pp. 109–110
Jump up ^ Jeremiah 12:16–17; McKane, W., A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Jeremiah: Introduction, Continuum International Publishing Group, 1986, ISBN 0-567-05042-4, p. 279
Jump up ^ Lamm, Norman, The Shema: Spirituality and law in Judaism, Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 2000, ISBN 0-8276-0713-X, pp. 23–26
Jump up ^ The Episcopal Church, The Book of Common Prayer and Administration of the Sacraments …, New York: Church Publishing Inc., ISBN 0-89869-060-9, p.583; Barker, Kenneth, The Accuracy of the NIV, Baker Books, 1996, ISBN 0-8010-5639-X, p. 21
Jump up ^ Telushkin, J., Jewish Literacy: The most important things to know about the Jewish religion, its people and its history. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1991, ISBN 0-688-08506-7, pp. 56–57
Jump up ^ The Kaddish Prayer: A new translation with a commentary anthologized from Talmudic, Midrashic and Rabbinic sources. New York: Mesorah Publications, Ltd., 2001, ISBN 0-89906-160-5, p.8
Jump up ^ Terumah 3b
Jump up ^ Hoffman, L.A., My people's prayer book: traditional prayers, modern commentaries, Vol. 1: The Sh'ma and its blessings, Jewish Lights Publishing, 1997, ISBN 1-879045-79-6 p. 36
Jump up ^ Lamm, Norman, The Shema: Spirituality and law in Judaism, Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 2000, ISBN 0-8276-0713-X, p. 23
Jump up ^ The Kaddish Prayer: A new translation with a commentary anthologized from Talmudic, Midrashic and Rabbinic sources. New York: Mesorah Publications, Ltd., 2001, ISBN 0-89906-160-5, p.7
Jump up ^ Donin, Hayim Halevy, To pray as a Jew: a guide to the prayer book and the synagogue service, Jerusalem: Moreshet Publishing Co.,1980, ISBN 0-465-08628-4, p. 216
Jump up ^ Matthew 5:33–37;
Jump up ^ James 5:12
Jump up ^ Hale, T., Thorson, S., Applied New Testament Commentary, Colorado Springs: David C. Cook, ISBN 978-0-7814-4865-9, p. 200
Jump up ^ Matthew 23:18–22; Long, T.G., Matthew, Westminster John Knox Press, 1997, ISBN 0-664-25257-5, p. 261
Jump up ^ Kruse, C., The Gospel According to John: an introduction and commentary, Wm B. Eerdman's Publishing, 2004, ISBN 0-8028-2771-3, p. 342
Jump up ^ John 8:57–59; Stott, J., Warren, R., Basic Christianity, Wm. B. Eerdman's Publishing Co., 2008, ISBN 0-8028-6463-5, p. 37
Jump up ^ Matthew 26:63–66;Levy, L.W., Blasphemy: verbal offense against the sacred, from Moses to Salman Rushdie, UNC Press, 1995, ISBN 0-8078-4515-9, p. 18
Jump up ^ 2 Corinthians 1:23; Galatians 1:20; Best, W.M., Russell, J.A., Morgan A., The Principles of the Law of Evidence: rules for conducting examination and cross-examination of witnesses, Jersey City: Federick D. Linn & Co., 1882, p. 255
Jump up ^ Hebrews 6:16 (NRSV)
Jump up ^ Mitchell, A.C., Harrington, D.J., Hebrews, Liturgical Press, 2007, ISBN 0-8146-5815-6, pp. 131–132
Jump up ^ Bruce, F.F., Epistle to the Hebrews, Wm. B. Eerdman's Publishing, 1990, ISBN 0-8028-2514-1, pp. 153–154
Jump up ^ Revelation 10:5,6; Smith, Robert H., Apocalypse: A commentary on Revelation in words and images, Order of St. Benedict, Inc., 2000, ISBN 0-8146-2707-2, p. 54
Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church 2143
Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church 2144–2145, 2153
Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church 2148–2149
Jump up ^ Luke 15:11–32; Catechism of the Catholic Church 1701
Jump up ^ Benedict XVI, pp. 143–145
Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church 2150
Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church 2151–2153
Jump up ^ http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/mosiah/13.15?lang=eng#14
Jump up ^ http://www.lds.org/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/136.21?lang=eng#20
Jump up ^ http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/2-ne/26.32?lang=eng#31
Jump up ^ The Teachings of Spencer W. Kimball, ed. Edward L. Kimball [1982], 198
Jump up ^ Matthew Henry's Commentary on the Whole Bible, Vol. 1 Commentary on Exodus 20:7
Jump up ^ The Lutheran witness, Volume 11, General English Lutheran Conference of Missouri and Other States, English Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Missouri and Other States, Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Missouri, Ohio, and Other States, Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod, Edited and published under the auspices of the Cleveland District Conference by C.A. Frank, 1892, p. 181
Jump up ^ Calvin, John, (Beveridge, Henry), Institutes of the Christian Religion, Hendrickson Publishers, 2008, ISBN 1-59856-168-5, pp. 246–248
Jump up ^ Winwood Reade "The Matyrdom of Man", Trubner & Co, London 1872.
External links[edit]
The Third Commandment in Masoretic Hebrew, Septuagint Greek and several English versions
Aseret Hadiberot on the commandment not to take (or carry) the name of God in vain (emptiness).
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Ten Commandments
Commandments
I am the Lord thy God
Thou shalt have no other gods before me
Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image
Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain
Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy
Honour thy father and thy mother
Thou shalt not kill
Thou shalt not commit adultery
Thou shalt not steal
Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour
Thou shalt not covet
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The Winds of Winter
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the novel. For the episode of the television series, see The Winds of Winter (Game of Thrones).
The Winds of Winter
Author
George R. R. Martin
Country
United States
Language
English
Series
A Song of Ice and Fire
Genre
Fantasy
Publisher
Bantam Spectra/US
Voyager Books/UK
Preceded by
A Dance with Dragons
Followed by
A Dream of Spring
The Winds of Winter is the planned sixth novel in the epic fantasy series A Song of Ice and Fire by George R. R. Martin.
Martin believes the last two volumes of the series will be big books of 1,500+ manuscript pages each.[1] They will take readers farther north than any of the previous books, and the Others will appear in The Winds of Winter.[2]
Martin has refrained from making hard estimates for The Winds of Winter's final release date.[3] In 2014, estimates based on extrapolation of Martin's writing pace predicted the release date sometime between 2015 and 2018.[4][5] In April 2018, Martin revealed that the book would not be published in 2018.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Viewpoint characters
3 Background and publication
3.1 Chapters
3.2 Publication date
4 References
5 External links
Plot[edit]
The Winds of Winter will take readers farther north than any of the previous books, and the Others will appear in the book.[2] The previous installment, A Dance with Dragons, covered less story than Martin intended, excluding at least one planned large battle sequence and leaving several character threads ending in cliffhangers.[3] Martin intends to resolve these storylines "very early" in The Winds of Winter, saying "I'm going to open with the two big battles that I was building up to, the battle in the ice and the battle at Meereen—the battle of Slaver's Bay. And then take it from there."[2] A Victarion Greyjoy chapter will begin five minutes after the end of A Dance with Dragons, taking place on the eve of the Iron Born's arrival in Slaver's Bay.[7] Arianne Martell sample chapters that Martin released on his website showed her heading for Griffin's Roost to see the young man who is calling himself Aegon.[8][9]
Viewpoint characters[edit]
Martin has confirmed that the following characters have point-of-view chapters in The Winds of Winter:
Sansa Stark: One chapter was removed from A Dance with Dragons in June 2010,[10] and one sample chapter titled Alayne appeared on Martin's website in April 2015.[11]
Arya Stark: One chapter was removed from A Dance with Dragons in June 2010,[10] and one sample chapter titled Mercy appeared on Martin's website in March 2014.[12][13]
Arianne Martell: Two chapters were removed from A Dance with Dragons in June 2010.[10] One sample chapter appeared on Martin's website in January 2013,[8] and was read at Harbour Front Literaturfestival in June 2015.[14] Martin read from both chapters at MystiCon in February 2016.[15] In May 2016, Martin replaced the sample Sansa Stark chapter titled Alayne on his website from 2015 with the first Arianne Martell chapter he has read from at MystiCon.[16]
Aeron Greyjoy: One chapter was removed from A Dance with Dragons in July 2010.[17] A chapter titled The Forsaken was read in May 2016 at Balticon. It was written in, or before, 2011 but there was no confirmation that this was the chapter removed from A Dance with Dragons.[18]
Theon Greyjoy: One sample chapter appeared on Martin's website in December 2011.[19][20] It also appears as a teaser chapter at the end of the UK paperback edition of A Dance with Dragons (part two).
Victarion Greyjoy: Portions of one chapter were first read at TIFF Bell Lightbox in March 2012.[7]
Tyrion Lannister: One chapter was read at Eastercon in April 2012,[21] and another one at Worldcon in August 2013,[22] the second of which was later published in the official iOS app on March 20, 2014.[23]
Barristan Selmy: One chapter was released as a teaser at the end of the 2013 U.S. paperback edition of A Dance with Dragons.[24] In 2013 Martin read from 2 chapters at Boskone.[25][better source needed]
Martin confirmed that there are no new viewpoint characters intended for The Winds of Winter.[26] Martin confirmed that Areo Hotah[27] and Melisandre[28] will return as viewpoints but did not state which novel their chapters will appear in, and that Bran Stark[29] will appear in the novel, but did not elaborate if as a viewpoint. In addition, he teased at the 2014 San Diego Comic-Con that Jeyne Westerling, Robb Stark's widow, will appear in the prologue chapter, but did not reveal who will be the POV character.[30]
Background and publication[edit]
Chapters[edit]
The Winds of Winter[10] was originally intended, in the very early stages of the series, to be the final installment of A Song of Ice and Fire (then conceived as a trilogy).[31] Following his expansion of the series, Martin eventually concluded it would be succeeded by one final novel, A Dream of Spring.[32] By June 2010, Martin had finished four chapters for The Winds of Winter from the viewpoints of Sansa Stark, Arya Stark, and Arianne Martell.[10] In July 2010, he added an Aeron Greyjoy chapter that had been moved from A Dance with Dragons to The Winds of Winter, accumulating around 100 completed manuscript pages.[17] Following the publication of A Dance with Dragons in the summer of 2011, Martin announced his return to writing the series in January 2012,[3] having spent the intervening time on his U.S. and overseas book publicity tours and attending various conventions. He continued to work, with his two co-authors Elio Garcia and Linda Antonsson, on the planned illustrated series companion guide The World of Ice & Fire concordance and Westeros history, which at one time he wanted to have completed by the end of 2011. He also worked on a Westeros story, the fourth Tales of Dunk and Egg novella, that will eventually find anthology publication elsewhere. A year after that eventual publication, the story and the three previously published Dunk and Egg tales will be collected and published in the U.S. by Bantam Spectra as a stand-alone fix-up novel.[33]
In December 2011, Martin posted a Theon Greyjoy viewpoint chapter from The Winds of Winter; he also announced that another sample chapter would be included at the end of the North American paperback version of A Dance with Dragons,[2][34] which was originally expected to be released in summer 2012,[2] but was released on October 29, 2013.[35] (International paperback editions of A Dance with Dragons published a year earlier did not include a new, as yet unpublished sample chapter.)[36] In the first quarter of 2012, Martin read new chapters of other characters at public events, including the chapters of Victarion Greyjoy and Tyrion Lannister.[21] Martin continued work editing anthologies and completing a large, highly detailed series atlas The Lands of Ice and Fire, which was published in October 2012.[37][38] Martin published another sample chapter from Arianne Martell's POV on his website in January 2013.[8] On March 27, ten days before the Game of Thrones season four premiere, Martin posted a chapter on his website, titled Mercy. Martin said the new chapter is actually an old one, though never published nor publicly read.[12] In April 2015, Martin posted a Sansa Stark viewpoint chapter from The Winds of Winter titled Alayne.[11] In May 2016, Martin replaced this chapter with an Arianne Martell chapter he had read from at Mysticon,[16] and an Aeron Greyjoy chapter that was removed from A Dance with Dragons was read at Balticon.
As of June 2016, a total of 11 chapters from The Winds of Winter have been either read publicly or published as a sample chapter. The point of view characters with released material are Victarion, Aeron, Tyrion, Barristan, Arianne, Theon, Mercy (Arya), and Alayne (Sansa).[39] Several websites, including Goodreads, have dedicated entire discussion panels to any material that has been released from The Winds of Winter, including plot twists, theories, and speculations.
At Guadalajara International Book Fair 2016, Martin gave some clues about the dark nature of The Winds of Winter: ... "I’ve been telling you for 20 years that winter was coming. Winter is the time when things die, and cold and ice and darkness fill the world, so this is not going to be the happy feel-good that people may be hoping for. Some of the characters [are] in very dark places. .... Things get worse before they get better, so things are getting worse for a lot of people.”[40]
Publication date[edit]
Martin believes the last two volumes of the series will be massive works of 1,500+ manuscript pages each.[1] He does not intend to separate characters by geography again, as he was forced to do because of the unpublishable length of A Feast for Crows' original manuscript. But, as Martin stated in a 2011 interview, "Three years from now when I'm sitting on 1,800 pages of manuscript with no end in sight, who the hell knows".[41] In April 2011, shortly before the publication of A Dance with Dragons which took him six years to write, Martin hoped that "the last two books will go a little quicker than this one has" and estimated that it would take "three years to finish the next one at a good pace".[42][43] By October 2012, 400 pages of the sixth novel had been written, although Martin considered only the first 200 as "really finished", the rest still needing revisions.[44] In April 2013, Martin estimated that he had a quarter of the book.[45] In the past, Martin has angered some of his fan base for repeatedly estimating his publication dates too optimistically; therefore, he has refrained from making hard estimates for The Winds of Winter's final release date.[3] Ultimately the book "will be done when it's done".[31] In 2012, Martin had acknowledged his concerns about the final novel, A Dream of Spring, not being completed by the time the TV series Game of Thrones catches up in its storyline to the novels.[46]
In January 2014, Martin's UK publisher, Jane Johnson, declared on Twitter that the book would "certainly" not be published before 2015.[47] In September 2014 Johnson stated that the book was "not a 2015 release",[48] a statement she repeated in January 2015.[49][50] In April 2015, Martin commented on his blog that The Winds of Winter will not be eligible for the 2016 Hugo Award which is awarded for science fiction or fantasy works of the previous year[51] but he also said he would like to have it published before the sixth season of the HBO series Game of Thrones (which would cover material from the book) aired in 2016.[52][53] In Autumn 2015, statements made by the Spanish editor and the Polish translator of the novel indicated that it was expected to be published in 2016.[54][55][56][57]
In early January 2016, Martin confirmed on his Live Journal that he had not met an end-of-year deadline that he had established with his publisher for release of the book before the sixth season of the HBO show. He added that there was "a lot still left to write" and that completion of the book was "months away still... if the writing goes well". Martin also revealed there had been a previous deadline of October 2015 that he had considered achievable in May 2015, and that in September 2015 he had still considered the end-of-year deadline achievable. He further confirmed that some of the plot of the book might be revealed in the upcoming season of Game of Thrones[58] but one of the showrunners, David Benioff, claimed that while certain key elements would be the same, the show would diverge from the book in many respects.[59] In February 2016, Martin stated that he had dropped all his editing projects except for Wild Cards, and that he would not be writing any teleplays, screenplays, short stories, introductions or forewords before delivering The Winds of Winter.[60]
In September 2014, Walt Hickey of FiveThirtyEight and Christopher Ingraham of the Washington Post estimated the release date sometime between 2015 and 2018, based on extrapolation of Martin's writing pace.[4][5] In 2017, Goodreads advertised its expected publication in 2020.[61]
On January 10, 2017, Martin announced on his blog in a response to a comment that he believed that The Winds of Winter will be released "this year", referring to 2017. However, he also noted that he had believed the same thing would occur the previous year.[62][63][39] He confirmed on his blog that he was still working on The Winds of Winter as of July 22, 2017, being "still months away" from finishing the book. He also indicated that it may not be published until 2018 or later, with Fire and Blood, the book on the history of House Targaryen, possibly preceding it.[64] In April 2018, Martin confirmed on his blog that Fire and Blood would be published November 20, 2018, and The Winds of Winter would not be published in 2018.[6]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "George R. R. Martin Webchat Transcript". empireonline.com. April 2012. Retrieved April 26, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "George R.R. Martin Talks Season Two, 'The Winds of Winter,' and Real-World Influences for 'A Song of Ice and Fire'". SmarterTravel. March 26, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Hibberd, James (July 22, 2011). "The Fantasy King". ew.com. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Hickey, Walt. "Predicting When 'Game of Thrones' Author George R. R. Martin Will Come Out With His Next Book". Fivethirtyeight.com. Retrieved September 7, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Ingraham, Christopher (June 16, 2014). "Predict when George R.R. Martin will finish 'Game of Thrones', using the magic of geometry". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 7, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "FIRE & BLOOD : On The Way - Not a Blog". georgerrmartin.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Martin, George R. R. (2012). In Conversation With... George R.R. Martin on Game of Thrones Part 3 – TIFF Bell Lightbox. TIFF Bell Lightbox. Event occurs at 30:50 min.
^ Jump up to: a b c Martin, George R. R. (January 27, 2013). "Arianne". George R. R. Martin. Archived from the original on March 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Excerpt from the Winds of Winter - George R.R. Martin".
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Martin, George R. R. (June 27, 2010). "Dancing in Circles". grrm.livejournal.com. Archived from the original on April 4, 2012. Retrieved February 4, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Excerpt from the Winds of Winter - George R.R. Martin". georgerrmartin.com.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Winds Of Winter' Chapter — George RR Martin Releases 'Game Of Thrones' Excerpt - Hollywood Life". Hollywood Life.
Jump up ^ "The Winds of Winter: Mercy". georgerrmartin.com. Archived from the original on March 27, 2014. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ Martin, George R. R. (2015). George R. R. Martin reads TWoW Arianne @ Harbour Front Literaturfestival 2015
Jump up ^ "George R.R. Martin Reads Winds of Winter Chapters At Mysticon". Winter is Coming.
^ Jump up to: a b "A Taste of This, A Taste of That". Archived from the original on May 11, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Martin, George R. R. (July 31, 2010). "Dancing". grrm.livejournal.com. Archived from the original on April 4, 2012. Retrieved February 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ "6 Things We Learned From the New Winds of Winter Chapter".
Jump up ^ "The Winds of Winter: Theon Chapter". georgerrmartin.com. Archived from the original on June 3, 2012. Retrieved January 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ Sacks, Ethan (December 30, 2011). "George R.R. Martin surprises Song of Ice and Fire fans with free chapter of next book". nydailynews.com. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "EasterCon – Eat, Drink and talk SFF!". harpervoyagerbooks.com. April 10, 2012. Archived from the original on April 19, 2012. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ Schwartz, Terry (February 26, 2014). "Winds of Winter: Read a new excerpt from George R.R. Martin's next Game of Thrones novel". Zap2it.com. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ "New Winds of Winter Chapter Coming Out Today". Tor.com. March 20, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ Martin, George R. R. (October 29, 2013). "The Dragons Are Here". grrm.livejournal.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2014. Retrieved November 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ "How Much of George R. R. Martin's The Winds of Winter is Out So Far?". March 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ Martin, George R. R. "A Taste of This, A Taste of That". Not A Blog. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ Martin, George R. R. "A Taste of This, A Taste of That". Not A Blog. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ JUEGOS DE TRONOS de George R.R Martin en la FIL de Guadalajara 2016 Event occurs at 27:22
Jump up ^ "Conventions and Cancellations". GRRM Not A Blog. April 1, 2015. Retrieved January 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "George R.R. Martin teases the prologue and plotlines of 'The Winds of Winter'".
^ Jump up to: a b Brown, Rachael (July 11, 2011). "George R.R. Martin on Sex, Fantasy, and A Dance With Dragons". theatlantic.com. Retrieved February 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ Gevers, Nick (December 2000). "Sunsets of High Renown – An Interview with George R. R. Martin". infinityplus.co.uk. Retrieved January 21, 2012. (Interview approved by GRRM Archived February 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine..)
Jump up ^ Harte, Bryant (July 12, 2011). "An Interview with George R. R. Martin, Part I". indigo.ca. Archived from the original on April 4, 2012. Retrieved February 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ Kepler, Adam W. (January 1, 2012). "'Game of Thrones' Treat". The New York Times. Retrieved January 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "A Dance with Dragons by George R. R. Martin". Random House. Retrieved February 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "A Dance with Dragons: A Song of Ice and Fire: Book Five". amazon.de. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ Martin, George R.R (April 8, 2012). George R.R. Martin Interview. Eastercon. Event occurs at 58:00. Retrieved April 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Lands of Ice and Fire (A Game of Thrones)". randomhouse.ca. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Winds of Winter: release date, news, plot, chapters and returning characters". NME. 2017-01-15. Retrieved 2017-01-17.
Jump up ^ Gettell, Oliver (December 6, 2016). "George RR Martin on Winds of Winter: Things are getting worse". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved December 21, 2016. Watch Martin’s full Q&A above.
Jump up ^ Hibberd, James (July 12, 2011). "EW interview: George R.R. Martin talks A Dance With Dragons". ew.com. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ Flood, Alison (April 13, 2011). "George RR Martin: Barbarians at the gate". guardian.co.uk. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ Miller, Laura (April 11, 2011). "Just Write It! A fantasy author and his impatient fans". newyorker.com. Retrieved April 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ Guxens, Adrià (October 7, 2012). "George R.R. Martin: "Trying to please everyone is a horrible mistake"". adriasnews.com. Retrieved October 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ Game of Thrones - George R. R. Martin Interview. YouTube. April 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ Griffin, Bryant (June 13, 2012). "Martin Talks 'Game Of Thrones,' 'The Winds Of Winter'". Airlock Alpha. Retrieved August 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Jane (January 24, 2014). "Twitter / JaneJohnsonBakr: @bonefish914 Certainly not this year". Twitter. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Jane Johnson on Twitter". Twitter.
Jump up ^ "Jane Johnson on Twitter". Twitter.
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Jump up ^ "Reading for Rockets". Archived from the original on March 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "'Game of Thrones' author George R.R. Martin determined to finish book by 2016 - EW.com". Entertainment Weekly's EW.com.
Jump up ^ "Winds of Winter release date: Book to be out before Game of Thrones Season 6". Retrieved June 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Hooton, Christopher (September 10, 2015). "The Winds of Winter release date 2016: George RR Martin's next book might finally be coming". The Independent. Archived from the original on September 12, 2015. Retrieved January 21, 2017.
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Jump up ^ "'Game of Thrones' showrunners: Season 6 won't spoil the books - EW.com". Entertainment Weekly's EW.com.
Jump up ^ Selcke, Dan (February 17, 2016). "George R.R. Martin: "I am not writing anything until I deliver WINDS OF WINTER"". Winter is Coming. Retrieved February 18, 2016.
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External links[edit]
Official website of author George R. R. Martin
[show]
v
t
e
George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire
A Game of Thrones (1996)
A Clash of Kings (1998)
A Storm of Swords (2000)
A Feast for Crows (2005)
A Dance with Dragons (2011)
The Winds of Winter (TBA)
Franchise media
Novellas
Tales of Dunk and Egg (1998–2010)
The Princess and the Queen (2013)
The Rogue Prince (2014)
The Sons of the Dragon (2017)
TV series
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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Awards
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Music
"Game of Thrones Theme"
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"Light of the Seven"
Catch the Throne
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2
3
4
5
6
7
Title sequence
After the Thrones
Thronecast
Video games
A Game of Thrones: Genesis
Game of Thrones (2012)
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Game of Thrones (2014)
Other media
The World of Ice & Fire (2014)
Board game
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Comic book series
Characters
Petyr Baelish
Joffrey Baratheon
Renly Baratheon
Robert Baratheon
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Khal Drogo
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[show]
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Works by George R. R. Martin
Novels
A Song of Ice and Fire
A Game of Thrones
A Clash of Kings
A Storm of Swords
A Feast for Crows
A Dance with Dragons
The Winds of Winter
Dying of the Light
Windhaven
Fevre Dream
The Armageddon Rag
Hunter's Run
Novellas
A Song for Lya
The Ice Dragon
Sandkings
The Skin Trade
Westeros
The Hedge Knight
The Sworn Sword
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