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The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (film)
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The League of
Extraordinary Gentlemen
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Stephen Norrington
Produced by
Trevor Albert
Rick Benattar
Sean Connery
Mark Gordon
Don Murphy
Michael Nelson
Screenplay by
James Dale Robinson
Based on
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen by
Alan Moore
Kevin O'Neill
Starring
Sean Connery
Shane West
Stuart Townsend
Peta Wilson
Jason Flemyng
Music by
Trevor Jones
Cinematography
Dan Laustsen
Edited by
Paul Rubell
Production
companies
20th Century Fox
Angry Films
International Production Company
JD Productions
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Release date
July 11, 2003 (2003-07-11)
Running time
110 minutes[1]
Country
United Kingdom
Germany
Czech Republic
United States[2]
Language
English
Budget
$78 million[3]
Box office
$179.3 million[3]
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, also promoted as LXG, is a 2003 steampunk-dieselpunk superhero action film loosely based on the first volume of the comic book series of the same name by Alan Moore and Kevin O'Neill. It was released on July 11, 2003, in the United States, and distributed by 20th Century Fox. It was directed by Stephen Norrington and starred Sean Connery, Naseeruddin Shah, Peta Wilson, Tony Curran, Stuart Townsend, Shane West, Jason Flemyng, and Richard Roxburgh.
As with the comic book source material, the film features prominent pastiche and crossover themes[4] set in the late 19th century, featuring an assortment of fictional literary characters appropriate to the period, who act as Victorian Era superheroes. It draws on the works of Jules Verne, H. G. Wells, Bram Stoker, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, H. Rider Haggard, Ian Fleming, Herman Melville, Oscar Wilde, Robert Louis Stevenson, Edgar Allan Poe, Gaston Leroux, and Mark Twain, albeit all adapted for the film.
The film grossed over $175 million worldwide at the box office, rental revenue of $48.6 million, and DVD sales as of 2003 at $36.4 million.[5] It was intended to spawn a film franchise based on further titles in the original comic book series but there was little enthusiasm for a sequel. The film marked Sean Connery's last on-screen film appearance before his retirement.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Writing
3.2 Casting
3.3 Filming
4 Lawsuit
5 Reception
5.1 Box office
5.2 Critical response
5.3 Creators' response
6 In other media
7 Reboot
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Plot[edit]
In 1899, a terrorist group led by the Fantom cause international tension, breaking into the Bank of England to steal Leonardo da Vinci's blueprints of Venice's foundations, and then kidnap German scientists. The British Empire sends Sanderson Reed to Kenya to recruit adventurer and hunter Allan Quatermain. Quatermain, retired following the death of his son, at first refuses until a group of assassins are sent to kill him. In London, Quatermain meets "M", who is forming the latest generation of the League of Extraordinary Gentlemen. He reveals the Fantom plans to start a world war by bombing a secret meeting of world leaders in Venice. The new League consists of Quatermain, Captain Nemo, vampiric chemist Mina Harker, and invisible thief Rodney Skinner.
The League travel to the London docks to recruit Dorian Gray, Mina's former lover who is kept immortal thanks to a missing portrait. The Fantom's assassins attack, but the League fend them off, aided by U.S. Secret Service Agent Tom Sawyer. Dorian and Sawyer join the League. They then capture Edward Hyde in Paris and he joins the League after being offered amnesty, transforming back into his alter ego Dr. Jekyll. The League travel for Venice in Nemo's submarine, the Nautilus, but it soon becomes clear there may be a mole on board: A camera's flash powder residue is found in the wheelhouse, and one of Jekyll's transformation formulas disappears. Suspicion falls on the missing Skinner.
The Nautilus arrives in Venice just as the bombs go off, causing the city to start collapsing in a domino effect. Sawyer uses Nemo's automobile to stop the destruction, while Quatermain confronts the Fantom, who is unmasked as M. Dorian is also revealed to be the traitor, murders Nemo's first mate Ishmael, and steals the Nautilus' exploration pod. M and Dorian leave a phonograph recording for the League, revealing that their true goal is to ignite the world war and Dorian has been collecting physical elements of the League to create superhuman formulas and sell them off to the highest bidder. The Nautilus is damaged by bombs hidden on board, but Hyde saves it by draining the flooded engine rooms. Skinner sends a message to the League, revealing he has sneaked aboard the exploration pod and telling them to follow his heading.
The League reach northern Mongolia, reuniting with Skinner, where they plot to destroy M's factory with explosives. Nemo and Hyde rescue the scientists, Skinner sets the explosive charges, while Mina battles Dorian, killing him by exposing him to his portrait. Quatermain and Sawyer confront M, identifying him as Professor James Moriarty, who took on a new alias after his alleged death at the Reichenbach Falls. Sawyer is taken hostage by an invisible Reed; Quatermain shoots the latter, only for Moriarty to fatally stab him. Moriarty flees outside, but Sawyer successfully shoots him, and the formulas sink into the icy water. Quatermain then dies.
Quatermain is buried beside his son in Kenya. The surviving League members recall how a witch doctor had blessed Quatermain for saving his village, promising that Africa would never let him die. The remaining League members depart agreeing to continue using their powers for good in the new century. Then the witch doctor arrives, performing a ritual that summons an unnatural storm, with a bolt of lightning ambiguously striking the rifle Sawyer left on Quatermain's grave.
Cast[edit]
Sean Connery as Allan Quatermain
Naseeruddin Shah as Captain Nemo
Shane West as Tom Sawyer
Stuart Townsend as Dorian Gray
Peta Wilson as Wilhelmina "Mina" Harker
Jason Flemyng as Dr. Henry Jekyll/Edward Hyde
Tony Curran as Rodney Skinner/The Invisible Man II
Richard Roxburgh as Professor James Moriarty/Fantom/M
David Hemmings as Nigel
Max Ryan as Dante
Tom Goodman-Hill as Sanderson Reed
Terry O'Neill as Ishmael
Production[edit]
Writing[edit]
For the script, the character "The Invisible Man" was changed to "An Invisible Man" since Fox was unable to obtain the rights to the title character of H. G. Wells' The Invisible Man, and his name was changed from "Hawley Griffin" to "Rodney Skinner". The Fu Manchu character was also dropped from the script. At Fox's request, the character of Tom Sawyer was added for American audiences and to give the movie some "youth appeal". Producer Don Murphy, who described the request as a "stupid studio note", later said that the move to add Sawyer was "brilliant".[6]
Casting[edit]
Connery was paid USD$17 million for his role, which left the filmmakers little money to attract other big-name stars for the ensemble cast.[6]
A character named Eva Draper (Winter Ave Zoli), the daughter of German scientist Karl Draper, was removed during editing but remained in some of the promotional material. Eva had appeared in two scenes: one ended up on the cutting room floor, and she was digitally replaced with a different character in the other. A brief fight scene featuring Tom Sawyer and the replacement character was rotoscoped into the film. The deleted scenes which feature Draper appear on the DVD.
Filming[edit]
Principal photography took place in Hungary,[7] Malta, and the Czech Republic.[8]
Connery reportedly had many disputes with director Stephen Norrington.[9] Norrington did not attend the opening party, and when was asked where the director could be, Connery is said to have replied, "Check the local asylum." Norrington reportedly did not like the studio supervision and was "uncomfortable" with large crews.[6]
The studio put pressure on the filmmakers for a summer release. Some staff at Fox wanted it to be released in the fall, but according to the Los Angeles Times, Fox already had Master and Commander lined up for the fall. The production ran into trouble when a special effects set did not pan out as intended, forcing the filmmakers to have to quickly look for another effects shop.[6]
Lawsuit[edit]
In 2003, Larry Cohen and Martin Poll filed a lawsuit against 20th Century Fox, claiming the company had intentionally plagiarized their script Cast of Characters. According to the BBC, the lawsuit alleged "that Mr Cohen and Mr Poll pitched the idea to Fox several times between 1993 and 1996, under the name Cast of Characters,"[10][11][12] and that Fox had solicited the comics series The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen as a smoke screen.[10][11][12] It noted that the films shared public domain characters who did not appear in the comic book series.[13] Although Fox denied the allegations as "absurd nonsense",[12] the case was settled out of court, a decision Alan Moore, according to The New York Times "took ... as an especially bitter blow, believing that [he] had been denied the chance to exonerate [himself]."[14]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
The film opened at #2 behind Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl.[15] The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen grossed an estimated $66,465,204 in Canada and the United States, $12,603,037 in the United Kingdom, and $12,033,033 in Spain. Worldwide, the film took $179,265,204.[16]
Critical response[edit]
Critical reaction to the film was generally unfavorable, with Empire magazine giving it two stars out of five while criticizing the film's exposition and lack of character depth, saying it 'flirts dangerously close with one-star ignominy'.[17] A 30/100 approval rating on Metacritic is based on 36 reviews.[18] Rotten Tomatoes reports 17% of 177 reviews being positive, with an average rating of 4/10.[19] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film one star out of a possible four stating "The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen assembles a splendid team of heroes to battle a plan for world domination, and then, just when it seems about to become a real corker of an adventure movie, plunges into ... inexplicable motivations, causes without effects, effects without causes, and general lunacy."[20]
Creators' response[edit]
In an interview with The Times, Kevin O'Neill, illustrator of the comics, said he believed the film failed because it was not respectful of the source material. He did not recognize the characters when reading the screenplay and claimed that Norrington and Connery did not cooperate. Finally, O'Neill said that the comic book version of Allan Quatermain was a lot better than the movie version and that marginalising Mina Murray as a vampire "changed the whole balance".[21] The author of the comics Alan Moore was cynical of the film from early in its development, seeing that the two works bore little resemblance, distancing himself from the film altogether. "As long as I could distance myself by not seeing them," he said, he could profit from the films while leaving the original comics untouched, "assured no one would confuse the two. This was probably naïve on my part."[22]
In other media[edit]
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen earned a total of $48,640,000 in rentals with $14,810,000 from video rentals and $33,830,000 from DVD rentals.[23] DVD sales meanwhile gathered revenue of $36,400,000.[23]
A novelization of the movie was written by Kevin J. Anderson and released shortly before the movie.
The soundtrack album was also released internationally but not in the United States.[citation needed]
Reboot[edit]
The Tracking Board reported on May 26, 2015, that 20th Century Fox and Davis Entertainment had agreed to develop a reboot with hopes of launching a franchise. The report stated that a search was underway for a director who could help "continue to develop the reboot."[24] John Davis told Collider in an interview that the reboot will be a female centric film[25].
See also[edit]
Penny Dreadful - a Showtime series involving famous figures from literary horror.
Anno Dracula - a mashup novel by Kim Newman
Bungou Stray Dogs - a Japanese manga with a similar premise.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "THE LEAGUE OF EXTRAORDINARY GENTLEMEN (12A)". British Board of Film Classification. July 11, 2003. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen". British Film Institute. London. Retrieved November 10, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) – Box Office Mojo". boxofficemojo.com.
Jump up ^ Tobey, Matthew. "The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen". Allmovie. Retrieved November 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Numbers: Box Office Data". Retrieved October 4, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d John Horn. "Heroic effort?; Audiences are the last hurdle for a beleaguered 'League'". July 14, 2003, Los Angeles Times, Page E1.
Jump up ^ "Movies; Hungary plans huge studio, luring film world :[HOME EDITION]. " Los Angeles Times [Los Angeles, Calif.] June 4, 2004, E.13. Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Bill Desowitz. "Movies; Bonds, James Bonds; Sean Connery, George Lazenby, Roger Moore, Timothy Dalton and Pierce Brosnan: 007s who've saved the world in her majesty's service :[HOME EDITION]. " Los Angeles Times. November 17, 2002,E.6. Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Cameron, Stuart (30 September 2004). "Has Sean Made His Last Movie?: Mystery as 007 Legend Quits Film Role", Daily Mirror (SCOTS Edition), London (UK), Page 9.
^ Jump up to: a b "Gentlemen lands Fox in $100m lawsuit", Saturday, September 27, 2003. Calcutta Telegraph.
^ Jump up to: a b "Producer and Writer File $100 Million Lawsuit Against 20th Century-Fox", September 25, 2003. Business Wire. Archived on 2008-05-28.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Studio sued over superhero movie". BBC. September 26, 2003. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved May 16, 2008. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) on 2008-05-16.
Jump up ^ Barber, Nicholas, "Notices: Cinema opening this week". The Independent on Sunday (London); October 26, 2003; p. 39
Jump up ^ Itzkoff, David (March 12, 2006). "The Vendetta Behind 'V for Vendetta'". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-05-16.
Jump up ^ "The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
Jump up ^ "The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen – Foreign Gross". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
Jump up ^ "The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen". Empire magazine. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
Jump up ^ "The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen". Metacritic. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
Jump up ^ "The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
Jump up ^ "The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2011-05-17.
Jump up ^ Vaughan, Owen (February 25, 2009). "Interview: Kevin O'Neill reveals the secrets of the League of Extraordinary Gentlemen and Marshal Law". Times Online. Times Newspapers Limited. They changed the whole balance by marginalising Mina and making her a vampire. (registration required)
Jump up ^ Johnston, Rich (May 23, 2005). "Lying in the Gutters". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved January 7, 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b "The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen – Box Office Data, Movie News, Cast Information". The Numbers. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
Jump up ^ "{TB EXCLUSIVE} Fox Enters Development on "The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen" Reboot – The Tracking Board". The Tracking Board.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Matt (August 13, 2015). "'League of Extraordinary Gentlemen' Reboot to Be Female-Centric". Collider.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (film).
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen on IMDb
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen at Box Office Mojo
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen at Rotten Tomatoes
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen at Metacritic
Article at FilmForce about the film
"Early review of the "LXG" script". Archived from the original on December 14, 2000.
Stax's review at IGN of a revised version of the script
Internet Movie Firearms Database: Description of firearms used in The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen
Zone Troopers: Website about the different Allan Quatermain and King Solomon's Mine films
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Jekyll and Hyde... Together Again (1982)
Edge of Sanity (1989)
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Dracula: Pages from a Virgin's Diary (2002)
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The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003)
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Van Helsing: The London Assignment (2004)
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Bram Stoker's Dracula's Guest (2008)
The Librarian: Curse of the Judas Chalice (2008)
House of the Wolf Man (2009)
Young Dracula (2011)
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Van Helsing (2004)
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[show]
v
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H. Rider Haggard's King Solomon's Mines
Characters
Allan Quatermain
Sir Henry Curtis
Sequels & prequels
Allan Quatermain (1887)
Maiwa's Revenge (1888)
Allan's Wife (1889)
Marie (1912)
Child of Storm (1913)
The Holy Flower (1915)
The Ivory Child (1916)
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Something New (How I Met Your Mother)
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This article's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. (December 2015)
"Something New"
How I Met Your Mother episode
The Mother (Cristin Milioti) is finally seen in this episode.
Episode no.
Season 8
Episode 24
Original air date
May 13, 2013 (2013-05-13)
Guest appearance(s)
Cristin Milioti (The Girl with the Yellow Umbrella / The Mother)
Casey Wilson (Krirsten)
Keegan-Michael Key (Calvin)
Suzie Plakson (Judy Eriksen)
Marshall Manesh (Ranjit)
Joe Nieves (Carl)
Ned Rolsma (Marcus Eriksen)
Brian Huskey (Rand)
Lyndsy Fonseca (Daughter)
David Henrie (Son)
Cherub Moore (Hostess)
Episode chronology
← Previous
"Something Old" Next →
"The Locket"
"Something New" is the 24th and final episode of the eighth season of the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother, and the 184th episode overall.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Production
3 Reception
3.1 Ratings
3.2 Critical reception
4 References
5 External links
Plot[edit]
This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Future Ted tells his kids that, during the spring of 2013, he was making the final adjustments to the house he bought, while Barney and Robin were preparing for their wedding. As Lily and Marshall pack their things to go to Italy, Marshall's mother calls them and Lily slips the fact that they are moving. To compensate, Marshall promises her that he and his son will visit her for a week. A free Lily visits Ted in MacLaren's and he shows her his finished house.
Meanwhile, Barney and Robin sit in a bar and an obnoxious couple starts bothering them - not letting them look at their cigars and stealing their reserved table. Barney and Robin start planning to break them up, so Robin puts her engagement ring in one of their champagne glasses. When Krirsten, the couple's woman, finds the ring, she excitedly responds that she will marry her boyfriend, Calvin, but he has no intentions of doing so. After their break-up, Robin and Barney smoke happily in a park when the couple finds them. The couple say that after the fight, they agreed to get married. Barney and Robin feel proud after seeing them happy.
When Lily and Ted reach his house, Lily realizes that Marshall's mother is trying to convince Marshall to not go to Italy, after seeing some Facebook photos. When Lily sees a "For Sale" sign, Ted reveals that he's moving to Chicago because he cannot be around Robin after the wedding. Marshall calls Lily for a final time, saying that no matter what happens, he will move to Italy with her. After this, Marshall receives a call, saying that his application to be a judge has been granted. Marshall realizes then that he can't join Lily in Italy.
Ted reveals to Lily what happened in the previous episode: he found Robin digging her old locket, and when she found the empty box, she grabbed Ted's hand, since she interpreted it as a sign to not marry Barney. Ted left, saying that he would see her at her wedding. He realizes that after all these years, he still feels something for Robin and would do anything to make her smile. Lily admits where the locket is: before Ted almost married Stella, Lily chanced upon Robin drinking away her sorrows at Ted going ahead with his wedding. Both of them went to the park where the locket was buried and Robin found it, taking it to Ted's apartment and putting it in a race-car pencil box which she intended to take to Japan. Ted realizes he still has that box and wants to give her the locket as a wedding gift.
With the wedding scheduled in 56 hours, Ted moves out of his empty apartment and meets up with Lily to go to the wedding. When she asks how he's returning to the city before going to Chicago, Ted says that he'll take the train. Ranjit picks up Robin and Barney at their apartment. Marshall calls Lily and she reminds him that in a week, they'll be living in Italy. When Marshall's brother Marcus reminds him that he hasn't told her about the job, Marshall says that it is "face to face" news.
During a closing montage featuring all of the main characters heading to Farhampton for the wedding, the titular "mother" (Cristin Milioti) is finally revealed to the audience for the first time, as she steps up to a counter at a Long Island Rail Station while carrying her signature yellow umbrella and bass guitar and asks for a ticket to Farhampton (where she will eventually meet Ted).
Production[edit]
Milioti's scene was filmed on March 27, 2013;[1] John Lithgow helped her make the flight to Los Angeles in time for the shoot, not knowing about his role in the show.[citation needed]
Although The Mother only says one line, the scene was filmed in secrecy, with scripts only kept on hardcopy that were destroyed,[2] Milioti being driven to the studio very late at night,[3] and members of the production staff serving as extras during the train station scene. They welcomed Milioti to the stage like "Jesus has risen", show creators Carter Bays and Craig Thomas said,[4] with the latter describing it as "a very surreal moment. It was a moment we pictured for a lot of years".[2]
Reception[edit]
Ratings[edit]
Including DVR viewing, the episode was watched by 10.44 million viewers with an 18–49 rating of 4.5.[5]
Critical reception[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2015)
Something New received acclaim. Donna Bowman of The A.V. Club gave the episode an A−.[6] Max Nicholson of IGN scored the episode 7.5.[7] TV.com's Bill Kuchman described the episode as "monumental" and said that it "did a fantastic job" of keeping the show's future "under wraps", adding that the production team took a risk in casting a relatively unknown actress as the Mother.[8] Alan Sepinwall believed that the show had cast the unknown Milioti[9]
So that we would have no preconceived notions about the Mother. We didn’t spend years watching her on "Scrubs," or "The O.C." or even a few months on "Good Morning, Miami." She is a blank slate, onto whom the show and its audience can project whatever qualities we feel should be in Ted Mosby’s ideal woman, without insisting that Elliott Reed or Summer Roberts or Chris Elliott’s daughter would act that way, play bass that way, etc. She is the Mother; she has put on this world to cross Ted Mosby’s path on the night of his best friend’s wedding and make him forget all about Robin Scherbatzky and a move to Chicago. Earlier knowledge of her is not required and maybe not even preferred.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Michael Ausiello (May 14, 2013). "'How I Met Your Mother' Season 9 Spoilers: Wedding Weekend Cristin Milioti". TVLine. Retrieved August 28, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Stransky, Tanner (2013-05-13). "'How I Met Your Mother': Burning questions about the mother". Entertainment Weekly.
Jump up ^ Entertainment Weekly, 6 September 2013
Jump up ^ Franich, Darren (May 13, 2013). "'How I Met Your Mother': Casting Cristin Milioti as the mother | Inside TV | EW.com". Insidetv.ew.com. Retrieved August 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Live+7 DVR Ratings: The Big Bang Theory Again Leads Adults 18–49 Ratings Increase & Tops Total Viewership Gains; 90210 Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 34 - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. June 3, 2013. Retrieved August 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bowman, Donna (May 13, 2013). "Something New". The A.V. Club. Retrieved May 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ Nicholson, Max (May 13, 2013). "Something New". IGN. Retrieved May 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ TV.com (May 14, 2013). "How I Met Your Mother Season 8 Finale Review: Kids, Here's How WE Met The Mother". TV.com. Retrieved August 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ Sepinwall, Alan (2013-05-13). "Season finale review: 'How I Met Your Mother' – 'Something New'". What's Alan Watching?.
External links[edit]
"Something New" on IMDb
[hide]
v
t
e
How I Met Your Mother episodes
Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Season 8
"Farhampton"
"The Pre-Nup"
"Nannies"
"Who Wants to Be a Godparent?"
"The Autumn of Break-Ups"
"Splitsville"
"The Stamp Tramp"
"Twelve Horny Women"
"Lobster Crawl"
"The Over-Correction"
"The Final Page"
"Band or DJ?"
"Ring Up!"
"P.S. I Love You"
"Bad Crazy"
"The Ashtray"
"Weekend at Barney's"
"The Fortress"
"The Time Travelers"
"Romeward Bound"
"The Bro Mitzvah"
"Something Old"
"Something New"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Something_New_(How_I_Met_Your_Mother)&oldid=829281852"
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Rain shadow
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the Australian television series, see Rain Shadow (TV series).
An example of a rain shadow.
A rain shadow is a dry area on the leeward side of a mountainous area (away from the wind). The mountains block the passage of rain-producing weather systems and cast a "shadow" of dryness behind them. Wind and moist air is drawn by the prevailing winds towards the top of the mountains, where it condenses and precipitates before it crosses the top. The air, without much moisture left, advances across the mountains creating a drier side called the "rain shadow".
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 Regions of notable rain shadow
2.1 Asia
2.1.1 Middle East
2.2 South America
2.3 North America
2.4 Europe
2.5 Africa
2.6 Oceania
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Description[edit]
The condition exists because warm moist air rises by orographic lifting to the top of a mountain range. As atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing altitude, the air has expanded and adiabatically cooled to the point that the air reaches its adiabatic dew point (which is not the same as its constant pressure dew point commonly reported in weather forecasts). At the adiabatic dew point, moisture condenses onto the mountain and it precipitates on the top and windward sides of the mountain. The air descends on the leeward side, but due to the precipitation it has lost much of its moisture. Typically, descending air also gets warmer because of adiabatic compression (see Foehn winds) down the leeward side of the mountain, which increases the amount of moisture that it can absorb and creates an arid region.[1]
Regions of notable rain shadow[edit]
The Tibetan Plateau (top), perhaps the best example of a rain shadow. Rain does not make it past the Himalayas, leading to an arid climate on the leeward side of the mountain range.
There are regular patterns of prevailing winds found in bands round the Earth's equatorial region. The zone designated the trade winds is the zone between about 30° N and 30° S, blowing predominantly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere. The westerlies are the prevailing winds in the middle latitudes between 30 and 60 degrees latitude, blowing predominantly from the southwest in the Northern Hemisphere and from the northwest in the Southern Hemisphere. The strongest westerly winds in the middle latitudes can come in the Roaring Forties between 30 and 50 degrees latitude.[citation needed]
Examples of notable rain shadowing include:
Asia[edit]
Eastern Side of Sahyadri ranges on Deccane.g. Northern Karnataka & Solapur, Beed,Osmanabad, Vidharba Plateau and eastern side of Kerala (in Tamil Nadu) India.
Gilgit and Chitral: they are located in Pakistan and are rainshadow areas.
The Agasthiyamalai hills cut off Tirunelveli (India) from the monsoons, creating a rainshadow region
The peaks of the Caucasus Mountains to the west and Hindukush and Pamir to the east rain shadow the Karakum and Kyzyl Kum deserts east of the Caspian Sea, as well as the semi-arid Kazakh Steppe.
The Dasht-i-Lut in Iran is in the rain shadow of the Elburz and Zagros Mountains and is one of the most lifeless areas on Earth.
The Himalaya and connecting ranges also contribute to arid conditions in Central Asia including Mongolia's Gobi desert, as well as the semi-arid steppes of Mongolia and north-central to north western China.
The Ordos Desert is rain shadowed by mountain chains including the Kara-naryn-ula, the Sheitenula, and the Yin Mountains, which link on to the south end of the Great Khingan Mountains.
The Thar desert is bounded and rain shadowed by the Aravalli ranges to the south-east, the Himalaya to the northeast, and the Kirthar and Sulaiman ranges to the west.
Eastern Side of Sahyadri ranges on Deccan e.g. Northern Karnataka & Solapur, Beed, Osmanabad, Vidharba Plateau and eastern side of Kerala (in Tamil Nadu) India.
The central region of Myanmar is in the rain shadow of the Arakan Mountains and is almost semi-arid with only 750 millimetres (30 in) of rain as against as much as 5.5 metres (220 in) on the Rakhine State coast.
The Tokyo, Japan plain ("Kanto plain") in the winter months experiences significantly less precipitation than the rest of the country by virtue of surrounding mountain ranges, including the "Japan Alps", blocking prevailing northwesterly winds originating in Siberia.
The Verkhoyansk Range in eastern Siberia is the coldest place in the Northern Hemisphere, because the moist southeasterly winds from the Pacific Ocean lose their moisture over the coastal mountains well before reaching the Lena River valley, due to the intense Siberian High forming around the very cold continental air during the winter. One of the evident effects in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) are the regions of Yakutsk, Verkhoyansk, and Oymyakon, all of which have their average temperature in the coldest month being lower than −38 °C (−36 °F), and have been places of veritable synonyms for extreme severe winter cold.
Middle East[edit]
The High Peaks of Mount Lebanon rain-shadow the northern parts of the Beqaa Valley and Anti-Lebanon mountains.
The Judaean Desert, the Dead Sea and the western slopes of the Moab Mountains on the opposite (Jordanian) side are rain-shadowed by the Judaean Mountains.
South America[edit]
The Atacama Desert in Chile is the driest non-polar desert on Earth because it is blocked from moisture on both sides (the Andes Mountains to the east block moist Amazon basin air and high pressure over the Pacific and cold ocean currents stop rain from coming in from the west).
Cuyo and Eastern Patagonia is rain shadowed from the prevailing westerly winds by the Andes range and is arid. The aridity of the lands next to eastern piedmont of the Andes decreases to the south due to a decrease in the height of the Andes with the consequence that the Patagonian Desert develop more fully at the Atlantic coast contributing to shaping the climatic pattern known as the Arid Diagonal.[2] The Argentinian wine region of Cuyo and Northern Patagonia is almost completely dependent on irrigation, using water drawn from the many rivers that drain glacial ice from the Andes.
The Guajira Peninsula in northern Colombia is in the rain shadow of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and despite its tropical latitude is almost arid, receiving almost no rainfall for seven to eight months of the year and being incapable of cultivation without irrigation.
North America[edit]
On the largest scale, the entirety of the North American Interior Plains are shielded from the prevailing Westerlies carrying moist Pacific weather by the North American Cordillera. More pronounced effects are observed, however, in particular valley regions within the Cordillera, in the direct lee of specific mountain ranges. Most rainshadows in the western United States are due to the Sierra Nevada and Cascades.[3]
Champlain Valley in upstate New York. It is protected by the Adirondack Mountains.
The deserts of the Basin and Range Province in the United States and Mexico, which includes the dry areas east of the Cascade Mountains of Oregon and Washington and the Great Basin, which covers almost all of Nevada and parts of Utah are rain shadowed. The Cascades also cause rain shadowed Columbia Basin area of Eastern Washington and valleys in British Columbia, Canada - most notably the Thompson and Nicola Valleys which can receive less than 10 inches of rain in parts, and the Okanagan Valley (particularly the south, nearest to the US border) which receives anywhere from 12-17 inches of rain annually.[4][5]
Hawaii also has rain shadows, with some areas being desert.[6] Orographic lifting produces the world's second-highest annual precipitation record, 12.7 meters (500 inches), on the island of Kauai; the leeward side is understandably rain-shadowed.[1] The entire island of Kahoolawe lies in the rain shadow of Maui's East Maui Volcano.
The east slopes of the Coast Ranges in central and southern California also cut off the southern San Joaquin Valley from enough precipitation to ensure desert-like conditions in areas around Bakersfield.
San Jose, California and adjacent cities are usually drier than the rest of the San Francisco Bay Area because of the rain shadow cast by the highest part of the Santa Cruz Mountains.
The Dungeness Valley around Sequim, Washington lies in the rain shadow of the Olympic Mountains. The area averages 10–15 inches of rain per year, less than half of the amount received in nearby Port Angeles and approximately 10% of that which falls in Forks on the western side of the mountains. To a lesser extent, this rain shadow extends to other parts of the eastern Olympic Peninsula, Whidbey Island, and parts of the San Juan Islands and southeastern Vancouver Island around Victoria, British Columbia.
The Mojave, Black Rock, Sonoran, and Chihuahuan deserts all are in regions which are rain shadowed.
The Owens Valley in the United States, behind the Sierra Nevada range in California.
The aptly named Death Valley in the United States, behind both the Pacific Coast Ranges of California and the Sierra Nevada range, is the driest place in North America and one of the driest places on the planet. This is also due to its location well below sea level which tends to cause high pressure and dry conditions to dominate due to the greater weight of the atmosphere above.
The Colorado Front Range is limited to precipitation that crosses over the Continental Divide. While many locations west of the Divide may receive as much as 40 inches (1,000 mm) of precipitation per year, some places on the eastern side, notably the cities of Denver and Pueblo, Colorado, typically receive only about 12 to 19 inches. Thus, the Continental Divide acts as a barrier for precipitation. This effect applies only to storms traveling west-to-east. When low pressure systems skirt the Rocky Mountains and approach from the south, they can generate high precipitation on the eastern side and little or none on the western slope.
The Shenandoah Valley of Virginia, wedged between the Appalachian Mountains and the Blue Ridge Mountains and partially shielded from moisture from the west and southeast, is much drier than the very humid remainder of Virginia and the American Southeast.[7]
Yellowknife, the capital and most populous city in the Northwest Territories of Canada, is located in the rain shadow of the mountain ranges to the west of the city.
On the islands of Hispaniola, Cuba and Jamaica, the southwestern sides are in the rain shadow of the trade winds and can receive as little as 400 millimetres (16 in) per year as against over 2,000 millimetres (79 in) on the northeastern, windward sides and over 5,000 millimetres (200 in) over some highland areas.
Europe[edit]
The Pennines of Northern England, Welsh mountains, Lake District and Highlands of Scotland create a rain shadow that includes most of the eastern United Kingdom, due to the prevailing south-westerly winds. Manchester and Glasgow, for example, receive around double the rainfall of Sheffield and Edinburgh respectively (although there are no mountains between Edinburgh and Glasgow). The contrast is even stronger further north, where Aberdeen gets around a third of the rainfall of Fort William or Skye. The Fens of East Anglia receive similar rainfall amounts to Seville.[8]
The Cantabrian Mountains form a sharp divide between "Green Spain" to the north and the dry central plateau. The northern-facing slopes receive heavy rainfall from the Bay of Biscay, but the southern slopes are in rain shadow. The most evident effect on the Iberian Peninsula occurs in the Almería, Murcia and Alicante areas, each with an average rainfall of 300 mm, which are the driest spots in Europe (see Cabo de Gata) mostly a result of the mountain range running through their western side, which blocks the westerlies.
Some valleys in the inner Alps are also strongly rainshadowed by the high surrounding mountains: the areas of Gap and Briançon in France, the district of Zernez in Switzerland.
The eastern part of the Pyrenean mountains in the south of France (Cerdagne).
The Plains of Limagne and Forez in the northern Massif Central, France, are also relatively rainshadowed (mostly the plain of Limagne, shadowed by the Chaîne des Puys (up to 2000 mm of rain a year on the summits and below 600mm at Clermont-Ferrand, which is one of the driest places in the country).
The Piedmont wine region of northern Italy is rainshadowed by the mountains that surround it on nearly every side: Asti receives only 527 mm of precipitation per year, making it one of the driest places in mainland Italy.[9]
The valley of the Vardar River and south from Skopje to Athens is in the rain shadow of the Prokletije and Pindus Mountains. On its windward side the Prokletije has the highest rainfall in Europe at around 5,000 millimetres (200 in) with small glaciers even at mean annual temperatures well above 0 °C (32 °F), but the leeward side receives as little as 400 millimetres (16 in).
The Scandinavian Mountains create a rain shadow for lowland areas east of the mountain chain and prevents the Oceanic climate from penetrating further east; thus Bergen, west of the mountains, receives 2,250 mm precipitation annually while Oslo receives only 760 mm, and Skjåk, a municipality situated in a deep valley, receives only 280 mm.
Africa[edit]
The windward side of the island of Madagascar, which sees easterly on-shore winds, is wet tropical, while the western and southern sides of the island lie in the rain shadow of the central highlands and are home to thorn forests and deserts. The same is true for the island of Réunion. On Tristan da Cunha, Sandy Point on the east coast is warmer and drier than the rainy, windswept settlement of Edinburgh in the west.
In Western Cape Province, the Breede River Valley and the Karoo lie in the rain shadow of the Cape Fold Mountains and are arid; whereas the wettest parts of the Cape Mountains can receive 1,500 millimetres (59 in), Worcester receives only around 200 millimetres (8 in) and is useful only for grazing.
The Sahara Desert is made even drier because of two strong rain shadow effects caused by some major mountains ranges (whose highest points can culminate to more than 4,000 meters high). To the northwest, the Atlas Mountains, covering the Mediterranean coast for Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia as well as to the southeast with the Ethiopian Highlands, located in Ethiopia around the Horn of Africa. On the windward side of the Atlas Mountains, the warm, moist winds blowing from the northwest off the Atlantic Ocean which contain a lot of water vapor are forced to rise, lift up and expand over the mountain range. This causes them to cool down, which causes an excess of moisture to condense into high clouds and results in heavy precipitation over the mountain range. This is known as orographic rainfall and after this process, the air is dry because it has lost most of its moisture over the Atlas Mountains. On the leeward side, the cold, dry air starts to descend and to sink and compress, making the winds warm up. This warming causes the moisture to evaporate, making clouds disappear. This prevents rainfall formation and creates desert conditions in the Sahara. The same phenomenon occurs in the Ethiopian Highlands, but this rain shadow effect is even more pronounced because this mountain range is larger, with the tropical Monsoon of South Asia coming from the Indian Ocean and from the Arabian Sea. These produce clouds and rainfall on the windward side of the mountains, but the leeward side stays rain shadowed and extremely dry. This second extreme rain shadow effect partially explains the extreme aridity of the eastern Sahara Desert, which is the driest and the sunniest place on the planet. Similar levels of aridity and dryness are only seen in the Atacama Desert, located in Chile and Peru.
Desert regions in the Horn of Africa (Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia and Djibouti) such as the Danakil Desert are all influenced by the air heating and drying produced by rain shadow effect of the Ethiopian Highlands, too.
Oceania[edit]
New Caledonia lies astride the Tropic of Capricorn, between 19° and 23° south latitude. The climate of the islands is tropical, and rainfall is brought by trade winds from the east. The western side of the Grande Terre lies in the rain shadow of the central mountains, and rainfall averages are significantly lower.
In the South Island of New Zealand is to be found one of the most remarkable rain shadows anywhere on Earth. The Southern Alps intercept moisture coming off the Tasman Sea, precipitating about 6,300 mm (250 in) to 8,900 mm (350 in) liquid water equivalent per year and creating large glaciers. To the east of the Southern Alps, scarcely 50 km (30 mi) from the snowy peaks, yearly rainfall drops to less than 760 mm (30 in) and some areas less than 380 mm (15 in). (see Nor'west arch for more on this subject).
In Tasmania, one of the states of Australia, the central Midlands region is in a strong rain shadow and receives only about a fifth as much rainfall as the highlands to the west.
In New South Wales and Victoria (both states of Australia), the Monaro is shielded by both the Snowy Mountains to the northwest and coastal ranges to the southeast. Consequently, parts of it are as dry as the wheat-growing lands of those states.
Also in Victoria, the western side of Port Phillip Bay is in the rain shadow of the Otway Ranges. The area between Geelong and Werribee is the driest part of southern Victoria: the crest of the Otway Ranges receives 2,000 millimetres (79 in) of rain per year and has myrtle beech rainforests much further west than anywhere else, whilst the area around Little River receives as little as 425 millimetres (16.7 in) annually, which is as little as Nhill or Longreach and supports only grassland.
Western Australia's Wheatbelt and Great Southern regions are shielded by the Darling Range to the west: Mandurah, near the coast, receives about 700 millimetres (28 in) annually. Dwellingup, 40 km inland and in the heart of the ranges, receives over 1,000 millimetres (39 in) a year while Narrogin, 130 km further east, receives less than 500 millimetres (20 in) a year.
See also[edit]
Orographic precipitation
Foehn wind
Lake-effect snow
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Whiteman, C. David (2000). Mountain Meteorology: Fundamentals and Applications. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513271-8.
Jump up ^ Bruniard, Enrique D. (1982). "La diagonal árida Argentina: un límite climático real". Revista Geográfica (in Spanish): 5–20. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "How mountains influence rainfall patterns". USA Today. 2007-11-01. Retrieved 2008-02-29.
Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology (2009). "Westerlies". American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
Jump up ^ Sue Ferguson (2001-09-07). "Climatology of the Interior Columbia River Basin" (PDF). Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project. Retrieved 2009-09-12.
Jump up ^ Giambelluca, Tom; Sanderson, Marie (1993). Prevailing Trade Winds: Climate and Weather in Hawaií. University of Hawaii Press. p. 62.
Jump up ^ http://www.cocorahs.org/Media/docs/ClimateSum_VA.pdf
Jump up ^ "UK Rainfall averages".
Jump up ^ "Asti weather". weatherbase.com.
External links[edit]
USA Today on rain shadows
Weather pages on rain shadows
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rain_shadow&oldid=818377223"
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text:
Believe It or Not (song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Believe It or Not"
Single by Joey Scarbury
from the album America's Greatest Hero
B-side
"Little Bit of Us"
Released
1981
Format
7"
Length
3:11
Label
Elektra
Songwriter(s)
Mike Post, Stephen Geyer
Producer(s)
Mike Post
Joey Scarbury singles chronology
"Believe It or Not"
(1981) "When She Dances"
(1981)
"Believe It or Not"
(1981) "When She Dances"
(1981)
"Believe It or Not" is a song composed by Mike Post (music) and Stephen Geyer (lyrics) and sung by American singer Joey Scarbury. It serves as the theme song for the television series The Greatest American Hero. The track was later included on Scarbury's 1981 debut album America's Greatest Hero.
The theme song became a popular hit during the run of The Greatest American Hero. "Believe It or Not" debuted in the Top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100 on June 13, 1981, eventually peaking at number 2 during the weeks ending August 15–22, 1981, kept off the top spot by "Endless Love" by Diana Ross and Lionel Richie, and spending a total of 18 weeks in the Top 40. On the Adult Contemporary Chart, "Believe It or Not" went to number 3. [1] It also peaked at the number 1 position on the Record World Chart.[2] It was also used in the 2009 movie "Super Capers".
In popular culture[edit]
George uses a modified version of this song for his answering machine greeting in the Seinfeld episode The Susie. The following is sung by George to the tune of the refrain: "Believe it or not, George isn't at home, please leave a message at the beep. I must be out, or I'd pick up the phone, where could I be? Believe it or not, I'm not home."
In 1982 Glen Campbell covered the song.
The song is featured in the 2005 film The 40-Year-Old Virgin.
A parody of the song was used on an E3 commercial on G4TV in 2005.
The Family Guy episode "Believe It or Not, Joe's Walking on Air" is a play on the song's name. It is also sung by Peter in "The Man with Two Brians."
The episode of The Goldbergs "Snow Day" features the song.
A part of the song is sung by the Dog of Wisdom at the end of the short animated film of the same name.
The song was used as the theme song to The Cinema Snob from 2008–2013.
The song appears in a 2017 TV commercial for State Farm, starring Aaron Rodgers and Clay Matthews.[3]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2002). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961-2001. Record Research. p. 216.
Jump up ^ IMDB Trivia for The Greatest American Hero
Jump up ^ "State Farm TV Commercial, 'Together' Featuring Aaron Rodgers, Clay Matthews". Retrieved September 11, 2017.
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Salaries of members of the United States Congress
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This article is part of a series on the
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This article is part of a series on the
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Historical information on the salaries that members of the United States Congress have been paid. See chart below: [1]
Year
Salary
per diem/annum
Percent
Adjustment
In 2014 dollars
1789 50¢ per diem
1795 $1 per diem only Representatives
$7 per diem only Senators
1796 $6 per diem
1815 $1,500 per annum $19,084
1817 $6 per diem only Representatives
$7 per diem only Senators
1818 $8 per diem
1855 $3,000 per annum $75,109
1865 $5,000 per annum $76,244
1871 $7,500 per annum $146,107
1874 $5,000 per annum $103,183
1907 $7,500 per annum $187,663
1925 $10,000 per annum $133,587
1932 $9,000 per annum $154,137
1933 $8,500 per annum $153,397
1934 (2/1) $9,000 per annum $157,080
1934 (7/1) $9,500 per annum $165,807
1935 $10,000 per annum $170,276
1947 $12,500 per annum $130,741
1955 $22,500 per annum $196,223
1965 $30,000 per annum $222,206
1969 $42,500 per annum $270,697
1975 $44,600 per annum $193,587
1977 $57,500 per annum $221,500
1979 $60,662.50 per annum $194,778
1982 $69,800 per annum only Representatives $168,569
1983 $69,800 per annum only Senators $163,343
1984 $72,600 per annum $162,891
1985 $75,100 per annum $162,645
1987 (1/1) $77,400 per annum $158,784
1987 (2/4) $89,500 per annum $183,606
1990 (2/1) $96,600 per annum only Representatives $172,342
1990 (2/1) $98,400 per annum only Senators $175,553
1991 (1/1) $125,100 per annum only Representatives $214,192
1991 (1/1) $101,900 per annum only Senators $174,470
1991 (8/14) $125,100 per annum only Senators $214,192
1992 $129,500 per annum 3.5% $215,267
1993 $133,600 per annum 3.2% $215,614
1998 $136,700 per annum 2.3% $197,114
2000 $141,300 per annum 3.4% $191,866
2001 $145,100 per annum 2.7% $193,924
2002 $150,000 per annum 3.4% $195,774
2003 $154,700 per annum 3.1% $198,143
2004 $158,100 per annum 2.2% $196,029
2005 $162,100 per annum 2.5% $194,380
2006 $165,200 per annum 1.9% $193,266
2008 $169,300 per annum 2.5% $185,614
2009–2017 $174,000 per annum 2.8% $191,533 – 174,000
Salaries, shown for US Senators and US Representatives. Also shown: salaries adjusted to 2014 US Dollars.
Additional pay schedule for the Senate and House positions:
SCHEDULE 6—VICE PRESIDENT AND MEMBERS OF CONGRESS[2]
Position
Salary
Vice President $233,000
Delegates to the House of Representatives $174,000
Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico $174,000
President pro tempore of the Senate $193,400
Majority leader and minority leader of the Senate $193,400
Majority leader and minority leader of the House of Representatives $193,900
Speaker of the House of Representatives $223,500
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Brudnick, Ida A. (April 11, 2018). Salaries of Members of Congress: Recent Actions and Historical Tables (PDF). Washinton, DC: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Executive Order 13655 of December 23, 2013, Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay. Office of Personnel Management – Pay & Leave – SALARIES & WAGES – Executive Order for 2014 Pay Schedules
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salaries_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress&oldid=837036110"
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