text:
Keep Calm and Carry On
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Keep Calm" redirects here. For the novel, see Keep Calm (novel).
This article is about the poster. For the Stereophonics album, see Keep Calm and Carry On (album). For the TV series episode, see Keep Calm and Carry On (Supernatural).
The original 1939 Keep Calm and Carry On poster
Keep Calm and Carry On was a motivational poster produced by the British government in 1939 in preparation for World War II. The poster was intended to raise the morale of the British public, threatened with widely predicted mass air attacks on major cities.[1][2] Although 2.45 million copies were printed, and although the Blitz did in fact take place, the poster was hardly ever publicly displayed and was little known until a copy was rediscovered in 2000 at Barter Books, a bookshop in Alnwick. It has since been re-issued by a number of private companies, and has been used as the decorative theme for a range of products.[3]
Evocative of the Victorian belief in British stoicism – the "stiff upper lip", self-discipline, fortitude, and remaining calm in adversity – the poster has become recognised around the world.[4] It was thought that only two original copies survived until a collection of approximately 15 was brought in to the Antiques Roadshow in 2012 by the daughter of an ex-Royal Observer Corps member.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Design and production
1.2 Later developments
1.3 Rediscovery and commercialisation
1.4 Trademark claims
2 Imitations
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links
History[edit]
Design and production[edit]
"Freedom Is in Peril"
"Your Courage"
The Keep Calm and Carry On poster was designed by the Ministry of Information during the period of 27 June to 6 July 1939.[6] It was produced as part of a series of three "Home Publicity" posters (the others read "Your Courage, Your Cheerfulness, Your Resolution Will Bring Us Victory" and "Freedom Is in Peril / Defend It With All Your Might"). Each poster showed the slogan under a representation of a "Tudor Crown" (a symbol of the state). They were intended to be distributed to strengthen morale in the event of a wartime disaster, such as mass bombing of major cities using high explosives and poison gas, which was widely expected within hours of an outbreak of war.[2]
A career civil servant named A. P. Waterfield came up with "Your Courage" as "a rallying war-cry that will bring out the best in everyone of us and put us in an offensive mood at once".[2] Others involved in the planning of the early posters included: John Hilton, Professor of Industrial Relations at Cambridge University, responsible overall as Director of Home Publicity; William Surrey Dane, managing director at Odhams Press; Gervas Huxley, former head of publicity for the Empire Marketing Board; William Codling, controller of HMSO; Harold Nicolson, MP (often misspelled as "Nicholson" in paperwork); W. G. V. Vaughan, who became Director of the General Production Division (GPD); H. V. Rhodes, who later wrote an occasional paper on setting up a new government department; Ivison Macadam; "Mr Cruthley"; and "Mr Francis". Ernest Wallcousins was the artist tasked with creating the poster designs.[7]
Detailed planning for the posters had started in April 1939 and the eventual designs were prepared after meetings between officials from the Ministry of Information and HM Treasury on 26 June 1939 and between officials from the Ministry of Information and HMSO on 27 June 1939.[6] Roughs of the poster were completed on 6 July 1939, and the final designs were agreed by the Home Secretary Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood on 4 August 1939. Printing began on 23 August 1939, the day that Nazi Germany and the USSR signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, and the posters were ready to be placed up within 24 hours of the outbreak of war.[6]
Almost 2,500,000 copies of Keep Calm and Carry On were printed between 23 August 1939 and 3 September 1939 but the poster was not sanctioned for immediate public display. It was instead decided that copies of the poster should remain in "cold storage" for use after serious air raids (with resources transferred to Your Courage and Freedom is in Peril). Copies of Keep Calm and Carry On were retained until April 1940, but stocks were then pulped as part of the wider Paper Salvage campaign.[6] An October 1940 edition of the Yorkshire Post records the poster being hung in a shop in Leeds.[8]
The remainder of the Ministry of Information publicity campaign was cancelled in October 1939 following criticism of its cost and impact. Many people claimed not to have seen the posters; while those who did see them regarded them as patronising and divisive.[9] Design historian Susannah Walker regards the campaign as "a resounding failure" and reflective of a misjudgement by upper-class civil servants of the mood of the people.[10]
The typeface is often assumed to be Gill Sans,[11] which is very close though not exact (see the terminals of the 'C', for example). The lettering was likely hand drawn by a now-unknown designer.[12]
Later developments[edit]
In late May and early June 1941, 14,000,000 copies of a leaflet entitled "Beating the Invader" were distributed with a message from Prime Minister Winston Churchill. The leaflet begins "If invasion comes..." and exhorts the populace to "Stand Firm" and "Carry On". The two phrases do not appear in one sentence, as they applied to different segments of the population depending on their circumstances, with those civilians finding themselves in areas of fighting ordered to stand firm (i.e., stay put) and those not in areas of fighting ordered to carry on (i.e., continue vital war work). Each mandate is identified as a "great order and duty" should invasion come. The leaflet then lists 14 questions and answers on practical measures to be taken.[13]
Rediscovery and commercialisation[edit]
Shop display of "Keep Calm" merchandise, including the original slogan and variants such as "Keep Calm and Drink Tea".
In 2000, Stuart Manley, co-owner with his wife Mary of Barter Books Ltd. in Alnwick, Northumberland, was sorting through a box of used books bought at auction when he uncovered one of the original "Keep Calm and Carry On" posters. The couple framed it and hung it up by the cash register; it attracted so much interest that Manley began to produce and sell copies.[14] Other companies followed suit, and the design rapidly began to be used as the theme for a wide range of products.[15] Mary Manley later commented, "I didn't want it trivialised; but of course now it's been trivialised beyond belief."[15]
In early 2012, Barter Books debuted an informational short film, The Story of Keep Calm and Carry On, providing visual insight into the modernisation and commercialisation of the design and the phrase.[16]
The poster has become an evocation of British stoicism: the "stiff upper lip", self-discipline, fortitude and remaining calm in adversity. Susannah Walker comments that it is now seen "not only as a distillation of a crucial moment in Britishness, but also as an inspiring message from the past to the present in a time of crisis".[17] She goes on to point out, however, that such an interpretation overlooks the circumstances of its production, and the relative failure of the campaign of which it formed a part.[17]
Trademark claims[edit]
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2015)
In August 2011, it was reported that a UK-based company called Keep Calm and Carry On Ltd[18] had registered the slogan as a community trade mark in the EU, CTM No: 009455619 and also in the United States No: 4066622.[19][20] after failing to obtain registration of the slogan as a trademark in the United Kingdom.[21] They issued a take-down request against a seller of Keep Calm and Carry On products.[22][23] Questions have been raised as to whether the registration could be challenged, as the slogan had been widely used before registration and is not recognisable as indicating trade origin.[20] An application has been submitted by British intellectual property advisor and UK trademarking service Trade Mark Direct, to cancel the registration on the grounds that the words are too widely used for one person to own the exclusive rights,[24] but the request for cancellation was rejected and the trade mark is still protected in all EU countries. The company subsequently tried to register the slogan as its trademark in both the United States[25] and Canada.[21][26]
A 2009 parody of the poster
"Keep Calm and Candy On" painted on boards covering smashed windows of a sweet shop in Birmingham during the 2011 England riots
Imitations[edit]
As the popularity of the poster in various media has grown, innumerable parodies, imitations and co-optations have also appeared, making it a notable meme. Messages range from the cute to the overtly political, typically with references to other aspects of popular culture ranging from the royal wedding of Kate Middleton and Prince William to the Super Mario video games. Examples have included "Now Panic and Freak Out" (with an upside-down crown), "Get Excited and Make Things" (with a crown incorporating spanners), "Keep Calm and Have a Cupcake" (with a cupcake icon), "Don't Panic and Fake a British Accent", "Keep Calm and Hate Apple" (with the Windows logo), "Keep Calm and Hate Microsoft" (with the Apple logo), "Keep Clam and Gary On" (a SpongeBob SquarePants-themed parody), "Keep Calm and Call Batman" (with the Batman logo),[27] "Keep Calm and Switch to Linux" (with Tux)[28] and "Keep Spending and Carry On Shopping".[29] In March–April 2012, the British pop-rock band McFly undertook a theatre tour entitled "The Keep Calm and Play Louder Tour", promoted with a poster closely based on that of 1939. In late 2012 and early 2013, the "Save Lewisham Hospital" campaign (a protest against proposed cuts in services at University Hospital Lewisham) made widespread use of a poster with the slogan "Don't Keep Calm Get Angry and Save Lewisham A&E".[30][31] Shepherd Neame Brewery put the slogan "Keep Calm and Celebrate" on the bottles of their Spitfire ale, which was designed to commemorate the Battle of Britain. The historic railroad town of Helper, Utah, uses the theme, "Keep Calm and Visit Helper," as part of its arts renaissance promotion.
Calgary (Alberta, Canada) Mayor Naheed Nenshi's efforts to encourage and motivate his citizens in the wake of the 2013 Alberta floods have made his name the subject of parody "Keep Calm and Nenshi On" fundraising T-shirts.[32]
See also[edit]
British propaganda during World War II
We Can Do It!, an American World War II poster which also became popular decades later
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Richard Slocombe, British Posters of the Second World War (London: Imperial War Museum, 2012), p. 6
^ Jump up to: a b c Lewis, Rebecca, PhD (5 April 2009). "1939: The Three Posters (PhD Extract)". Keep Calm and Carry on and other Second World War Posters: British Home Front Propaganda Posters of the Second World War.
Jump up ^ Hughes, Stuart (4 February 2009). "The Greatest Motivational Poster Ever?". BBC News.
Jump up ^ "Keep calm and carry on … bidding for rare poster". The Guardian. 2 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Slack, Chris (23 February 2012). "Keep Calm and Carry On... to the bank: Original wartime poster shows up on Antiques Roadshow". Daily Mail. London. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Irving, Henry (27 June 2014). "Keep Calm and Carry On – The Compromise Behind the Slogan". History of Government Blog. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Lewis 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ban on Silk Stockings: Should They Have Been Rationed?". Yorkshire Post and Leeds Mercury. 22 October 1940. p. 4. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Rees, Nigel (20 July 2011). "Cheer up, the worst is yet to come". Today programme. BBC Radio 4.
Jump up ^ Walker 2012, pp.6–7.
Jump up ^ "Keep Calm and Carry On: Fonts". K-Type. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Kominek, Lex. "KEEP CALM AND CARRY ON - WWII Posters". Typophile. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "IF INVASION COMES. MR. CHURCHILL'S ORDERS. "Stand Firm and Carry On."". The West Australian. Perth, WA, Australia. 26 May 1941. p. 6.
Jump up ^ "About Keep Calm and Carry On".
^ Jump up to: a b "Keep Calm and carry on ... into a feud". The Sydney Morning Herald. 4 May 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Story of Keep Calm and Carry On" on YouTube
^ Jump up to: a b Walker 2012, p. 45.
Jump up ^ "Keep Calm and Carry On Ltd". Keepcalmandcarryon.com. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Bustillos, Maria (5 October 2011). "The Vicious Trademark Battle Over 'Keep Calm and Carry On'". The Awl. Archived from the original on 1 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Phillips, Jeremy (22 August 2011). "Monday miscellany". IPKitten blog.
^ Jump up to: a b Rayner, Gordon (24 September 2011). "Battle rages over 'Keep Calm and Carry On' souvenirs". The Daily Telegraph. London.
Jump up ^ "Battle over trademark of 'keep calm' phrase". BBC News Online. 22 September 2010. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Keep calm and carry on items removed from my ebay account". justanswer.com. August 2011.
Jump up ^ "IP group aims to reclaim 'Keep Calm & Carry On'". freelanceuk.com.
Jump up ^ "Serial Number: 85297485 Keep Calm and Carry On USA Trademark". Official Gazette. USPTO. 20 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Canadian Trade-mark Data". IC.GC.CA. 13 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Chris Begley (July 9, 2013). "New Batman Easter egg from 'Man of Steel' revealed". batman-news.com. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Keep calm and switch to Linux".
Jump up ^ Walker, Rob (5 July 2009). "Remixed Messages". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Little, Mandy (21 December 2012). "Protestors show unity". South London Press. London. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Save Lewisham Hospital!". Save Lewisham Hospital campaign. 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Dean Bennett (28 June 2013). "Mayor Nenshi has captured Calgary's heart, but the worst, at least politically, is yet to come". Toronto: The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
Further reading[edit]
Clampin, David (2009). ""To Guide, Help and Hearten Millions": the place of commercial advertising in wartime Britain, 1939–1945". Journal of Macromarketing. 29 (1): 58–73. doi:10.1177/0276146708328054.
Inkster, Nigel; Nicoll, Alexander (2010). "Keep Calm and Carry On". Survival: Global Politics and Strategy. 52: 249–256. doi:10.1080/00396331003764777.
Lewis, Bex (2012). "The Renaissance of 'Keep Calm and Carry On'". The Poster. 2: 7–23. doi:10.1386/post.2.1.7_1.
Lewis, Bex (2017). Keep Calm and Carry on The Truth Behind the Poster. London: Imperial War Museum. ISBN 1904897347. OCLC 979568000.
Walker, Susannah (2012). Home Front Posters of the Second World War. Oxford: Shire. ISBN 9780747811428.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Keep calm and carry on.
Photographs displaying examples of the poster's popularity, as printed in The Guardian
Photo of the original poster on the Barter Books website
First person: 'I am the Keep Calm and Carry On man'
Dr Bex Lewis, Original history of the poster, and blog tracing its 21st Century renaissance
Video explaining the basic history of the poster
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keep_Calm_and_Carry_On&oldid=835535042"
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Domain (biology)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Domain (disambiguation).
The three-domain system is made up of
Eukaryota (represented by the Australian green tree frog, left),
Bacteria (represented by Staphylococcus aureus, middle) and
Archaea (represented by Sulfolobus, right).
The hierarchy of biological classification's eight major taxonomic ranks. Life is divided into domains, which are subdivided into further groups. Intermediate minor rankings are not shown.
In biological taxonomy, a domain (Latin: regio[1]), also superkingdom or empire,[2] is the highest taxonomic rank of organisms in the three-domain system of taxonomy designed by Carl Woese, an American microbiologist and biophysicist. According to the Woese system, introduced in 1990, the tree of life consists of three domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.[1] The first two are all prokaryotic microorganisms, or single-celled organisms whose cells have no nucleus. All life that has a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, and multicellular organisms, is included in the Eukarya. Stefan Luketa in 2012 proposed a five "dominion" system, adding two more to the above.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Domain or dominion
2 Characteristics of the three domains of life
2.1 Archaea
2.2 Bacteria
2.3 Eukarya
3 Exclusion of viruses
4 Alternative classifications
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Domain or dominion[edit]
The term "domain" is proposed by Woese et al. (1990) in his three-domain system. This term represents a synonym for the category of dominion (lat. dominium), introduced by Moore in 1974.[4] However, only Stefan Luketa uses the term "dominion".[3] He placed Prion and Virus under two "dominions" separately.
Characteristics of the three domains of life[edit]
A speculatively rooted tree for RNA genes, showing major branches Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota
The three-domains tree and the Eocyte hypothesis (Two domains tree), 2008.[5]
Phylogenetic tree showing the relationship between the eukaryotes and other forms of life, 2006[6] Eukaryotes are colored red, archaea green and bacteria blue.
Each of these three domains of life recognized by biologists today contain unique rRNA. This fact in itself forms the basis of the three-domain system. While the presence of a nuclear membrane differentiates the Eukarya domain from the Archaea and Bacteria domains, both of which lack a nuclear membrane, distinct biochemical and RNA markers differentiate the Archaea and Bacteria domains from each other.
Archaea[edit]
Further information: Archaea
Archaea are prokaryotic cells, typically characterized by membrane lipids that are branched hydrocarbon chains attached to glycerol by ether linkages. The presence of these ether linkages in Archaea adds to their ability to withstand extreme temperatures and highly acidic conditions, but many archea live in mild environments. Halophiles, organisms that thrive in highly salty environments, and hyperthermophiles, organisms that thrive in extremely hot environments, are examples of Archaea. Archaea evolved many cell sizes, but all are relatively small. Their size ranges from 0.1μm to 15 μm diameter and up to 200 μm long. They are about the size of bacteria or similar to the size of a mitochondrion in a eukaryotic cell. Members of the genus Thermoplasma are the smallest of the archaea.
Bacteria[edit]
Further information: Bacteria
Even though bacteria are prokaryotic cells just like Archaea, their membranes are made of unbranched fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ester linkages. Cyanobacteria and mycoplasmas are two examples of bacteria. They characteristically do not have ether linkages like Archaea, and they are grouped into a different category—and hence a different domain. There is a great deal of diversity in this domain, and between that and horizontal gene transfer, it is next to impossible to determine how many species of bacteria exist on the planet.
Eukarya[edit]
Further information: Eukaryote
Members of the domain Eukarya—called eukaryotes—have membrane-bound organelles (including a nucleus containing genetic material) and are represented by four kingdoms: Plantae, Protista, Animalia, and Fungi.
Exclusion of viruses[edit]
Main article: Virus
None of the three systems currently include non-cellular life. As of 2011 there is talk about Nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses possibly being a fourth branch domain of life, a view supported by researchers in 2012.[7]
Stefan Luketa in 2012 proposed a five-domain system, adding Prionobiota (acellular and without nucleic acid) and Virusobiota (acellular but with nucleic acid) to the traditional three domains.[3]
Alternative classifications[edit]
Alternative classifications of life so far proposed include:
The two-empire system or superdomain system, with top-level groupings of Prokaryota (or Monera) and Eukaryota.[8][9]
The eocyte hypothesis, first proposed by James A. Lake et al. in 1984, which posits two domains (Bacteria and Archaea, with Eukaryota included in Archaea).[10][11][12]
See also[edit]
Biological dark matter
Human timeline
Life timeline
Nature timeline
Neomura, which is the two domains of life of Archaea and Eukaryota
Phylogenetics
Protein structure
Systematics
Three-domain system
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Woese C, Kandler O, Wheelis M (1990). "Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 87 (12): 4576–9. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87.4576W. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576. PMC 54159  . PMID 2112744. Retrieved 11 February 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Scientific Taxonomy and Classification of all Creatures". Retrieved 19 October 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Luketa S. (2012). "New views on the megaclassification of life" (PDF). Protistology. 7 (4): 218–237.
Jump up ^ Moore R.T. (1974). "Proposal for the recognition of super ranks" (PDF). Taxon. 23 (4): 650–652. doi:10.2307/1218807.
Jump up ^ {{cite journal |author1=Cox, C. J. |author2=Foster, P. G. |author3=Hirt, R. P. |author4=Harris, S. R. |author5=Embley, T. M. | year = 2008 | title = The archaebacterial origin of eukaryotes | journal = Proc Natl Acad Sci USA | volume = 105 | issue = 51 | pages = 20356–61 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0810647105 | pmid = 19073919 | pmc = 2629343|bibcode = 2008PNAS..10520356C }}
Jump up ^ Ciccarelli FD, Doerks T, von Mering C, Creevey CJ, Snel B, Bork P (2006). "Toward automatic reconstruction of a highly resolved tree of life" (PDF). Science. 311 (5765): 1283–7. Bibcode:2006Sci...311.1283C. doi:10.1126/science.1123061. PMID 16513982.
Jump up ^ Nasir, A; Kim, KM; Caetano-Anolles, G (2012). "Giant viruses coexisted with the cellular ancestors and represent a distinct supergroup along with superkingdoms Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya". BMC Evol. Biol. 12: 156. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-12-156. PMC 3570343  . PMID 22920653.
Jump up ^ Mayr, Ernst (1998). "Two empires or three?". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95 (17): 9720–9723. Bibcode:1998PNAS...95.9720M. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.17.9720. PMC 33883  . PMID 9707542. Retrieved 5 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Cavalier-Smith, T. (2004). "Only six kingdoms of life" (PDF). Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 271 (1545): 1251–62. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2705. PMC 1691724  . PMID 15306349. Retrieved 2010-04-29
Jump up ^ Archibald, John M. (23 December 2008). "The eocyte hypothesis and the origin of eukaryotic cells". PNAS. 105 (51): 20049–20050. doi:10.1073/pnas.0811118106.
Jump up ^ Lake, James A.; Henderson, Eric; Oakes, Melanie; Clark, Michael W. (June 1984). "Eocytes: A new ribosome structure indicates a kingdom with a close relationship to eukaryotes". PNAS. 81 (12): 3786–3790. doi:10.1073/pnas.81.12.3786. PMC 345305  . PMID 6587394.
Jump up ^ Williams, Tom A.; Foster, Peter G.; Cox, Cymon J.; Embley, T. Martin (December 2013). "An archaeal origin of eukaryotes supports only two primary domains of life". Nature. 504 (7479): 231–236. doi:10.1038/nature12779. PMID 24336283.
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NFL Game Pass
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
NFL Game Pass is a subscription based audio and video service which allows users to hear and watch live and archived National Football League (NFL) games via a Internet connection. For users in North America, only out-of-market preseason games can be viewed live; full replays of all the games become available on demand after their original live broadcasts end. Live preseason, regular season, and postseason games are available to international users.
The NFL originally offered different subscription packages. NFL Audio Pass, formerly NFL Field Pass, was an Internet radio out-of-market sports package that provided live and archived audio broadcasts of NFL games. NFL Game Rewind provided archived games for users in North America to watch. And the original NFL Game Pass package offered live and archived preseason, regular season, and postseason games to international users. All of these packages were integrated into a single NFL Game Pass platform prior to the 2015 season.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 NFL Audio Pass
2.1 Free previews
2.2 Broadcast availability
3 Developments
4 External links
Background[edit]
Prior to 2002, NFL.com offered free broadcasts of its NFL games by special agreement with approximately 20 of its member teams. However, about the same time as the first Internet radio bust, the NFL decided to join the RealOne SuperPass system, a subscription multimedia service that provided various channels from major broadcast providers for a fee (hence the word "Pass" in the name). RealNetworks no longer manages NFL Audio Pass.
NFL Audio Pass[edit]
NFL Audio Pass provided audio feeds from the flagship English-language radio stations of all 32 NFL teams, broadcasting every preseason, regular season, and postseason game. To direct listeners to the service, the NFL had banned local affiliates from streaming NFL games on the Internet, although several stations still broadcast the games anyway and enforcement of this ban is inconsistent.
NFL Audio Pass coverage of the Super Bowl was unique. Because the NFL only allows one station to air a local broadcast for each team in the contest, NFL Audio Pass and Sirius Satellite Radio were the only options for those who want to listen to their home team but live outside of the flagship station's listening range. In addition to the team broadcasts, the NFL Audio Pass Super Bowl package included various foreign language broadcasts, live feeds from the stadium PA announcer, archives, and "press box" stat play-by-play.
Free previews[edit]
In the past, from spring until August 1, NFL Field Pass opened up its archives to "free preview." All games from the past years were available for free during this window, as is live coverage of the NFL Draft and other live multimedia. This was not the case in 2009, though the free preview returned in 2010. Until its demise in 2007, NFL Europe live video broadcasts were also available on the service.
Broadcast availability[edit]
Prior to 2009, the national radio broadcasts on the Westwood One network (including the Pro Bowl, a Westwood One exclusive) were not available on NFL Field Pass. As part of a renegotiation of the broadcast contract, national Westwood One games, including all prime-time games, the Pro Bowl, and all playoff games, became available on Field Pass beginning in the 2009 NFL season. (Westwood One's Sunday afternoon doubleheader broadcasts, which are negotiated with individual teams separately from the national package, remain unavailable on NFL Audio Pass, as do those of the rival Sports USA Radio Network and Compass Media Networks.) Spanish-language broadcasts from Univision Radio and United Stations Radio Networks are also now available on NFL Audio Pass, although they are available for free on the Univision-NFL joint project, NFLatino.com.
Developments[edit]
An Internet television spinoff service, NFL Game Pass, debuted in 2008 for online users outside of North America.
NFL Field Pass and Game Pass during the 2009 season had a major outage on the season's opening Sunday (September 13) which left its subscribers without access to the service.
NFL Field Pass was renamed NFL Audio Pass prior to the 2010 season.
Starting with the 2015 season, Game Pass became available in North America, replacing the similar NFL Game Rewind service. At the same time, NFL Audio Pass was also integrated into Game Pass.
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Perry (surname)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the surname Perry. For other uses, see Perry (disambiguation).
Perry
Origin
Region of origin
England
Language(s)
Old English
Meaning
One who dwells by a pear tree (Geographical); quarryman
Perry is a surname with several distinct origins. In England deriving from the Old English pyrige (pear tree), referring to one who dwells by a pear tree,[1] while in Wales Perry, along with Parry, arose as patronymics, via a shortening of "ap Harry" (son of Harry). There are some variants in the Romance or Romantic languages (derived from the Latin): Pereira, Pereyra, Pereyro, Pereiro, Pereiros Pereire, Perera, Perer, Perero, Pereros;[2] the Norman French perrieur (quarry), possibly referring to a quarryman.[2] Perry was recorded as a surname from the late 16th century in villages near Colchester, Essex, East England, such as Lexden and Copford.[3] Perry has some resemblance with the Portuguese common surname Pereira, which means pear tree in Portuguese language. Because of that, many Portuguese immigrants to the USA (especially Massachusetts) chose to "Americanize" their Pereira surname to Perry. The Italian surname, Perri, related to "Peter", is also often Americanized to Perry.
Contents
[hide]
1 Geographical distribution
1.1 United Kingdom, Empire, and Dependencies
1.2 United States and Territories
2 People
3 See also
4 References
Geographical distribution[edit]
United Kingdom, Empire, and Dependencies[edit]
At the time of the United Kingdom Census of 1881, the frequency of the surname Perry was highest in the following counties:[4]
1. Somerset (1: 312)
2. Essex (1: 347)
3. Staffordshire (1: 396)
4. Rutland (1: 405)
5. Worcestershire (1: 458)
6. Hertfordshire (1: 576)
7. Bedfordshire (1: 676)
8. Shropshire (1: 698)
9. Cornwall (1: 699)
10. Devon (1: 746)
As of 2014, the frequency of the surname was highest in the following countries and territories:[4]
1. Guernsey (1: 1,147)
2. French Polynesia (1: 1,231)
3. Wales (1: 1,277)
4. United States (1: 1,332)
5. Bermuda (1: 1,367)
6. Jamaica (1: 1,538)
7. Isle of Man (1: 1,564)
8. Israel (1: 1,572)
9. New Zealand (1: 1,588)
10. Liberia (1: 1,597)
United States and Territories[edit]
As of 2014, 67.0% of all known bearers of the surname Perry were residents of the United States. The frequency of the surname was higher than national average in the following U.S. states:
1. Rhode Island (1: 563)
2. Maine (1: 652)
3. Vermont (1: 658)
4. West Virginia (1: 660)
5. North Carolina (1: 699)
6. Tennessee (1: 715)
7. Kentucky (1: 797)
8. Massachusetts (1: 801)
9. New Hampshire (1: 828)
10. Alabama (1: 857)
11. Mississippi (1: 961)
12. South Carolina (1: 1,003)
13. Arkansas (1: 1,025)
14. Virginia (1: 1,040)
15. Louisiana (1: 1,076)
16. Oklahoma (1: 1,081)
17. Utah (1: 1,107)
18. D.C. (1: 1,116)
19. Georgia (1: 1,153)
20. Indiana (1: 1,169)
21. Ohio (1: 1,190)
22. Michigan (1: 1,215)
23. Connecticut (1: 1,235)
24. Maryland (1: 1,243)
25. Idaho (1: 1,302)
26. Alabama (1: 1,321)
The frequency of the surname was highest (over 10 times the national average) in the following U.S. counties:
1. McCreary County, Ky. (1: 49)
2. Slope County, N.D. (1: 59)
3. Bertie County, N.C. (1: 61)
4. Franklin County, N.C. (1: 88)
5. Chowan County, N.C. (1: 102)
6. Daggett County, Utah (1: 105)
7. Warren County, N.C. (1: 106)
8. Morgan County, Ky. (1: 112)
9. Wheatland County, Mont. (1: 112)
10. Vance County, N.C. (1: 115)
11. Wolfe County, Ky. (1: 119)
12. Nash County, N.C. (1: 124)
13. Hertford County, N.C. (1: 129)
14. Brown County, Ill. (1: 129)
15. Washington County, Colo. (1: 130)
People[edit]
Adam Perry (disambiguation), multiple people
Adam Perry (drummer) (born 1969), English drummer
Adam Perry (rugby league) (born 1979), Australian rugby player
Alf Perry, English golfer
Alfred Perry, co-founder of the Douglas Hospital in Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Andre Perry, member of the American rock band The Lonelyhearts
Andrew Perry (disambiguation), multiple people
Anne Perry (born 1938), English author
Antoinette Perry (1888–1946), American actress and director; founder American Theatre Wing, annual Antoinette Perry Awards, Tony Awards
Aylesworth Perry (1860–1956), the sixth and longest-serving Commissioner of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police
Bob J. Perry (1932–2013), American homebuilder and major political contributor
Bradley Steven Perry, American actor known for playing Gabe Duncan on the Disney Channel Original Series Good Luck Charlie
Brianna Perry, American female rapper
Caitríona Perry, Irish television journalist and newsreader
Catherine D. Perry (born 1952) U.S. judge
Catherine Joy Perry (born 1985), professional name Lana (wrestling), American model and professional wrestling valet
Charles Perry (Texas politician), CPA and Texas state legislator
Charlie Perry (English footballer) (1866–1927), English footballer
Charlie Perry (Australian rules footballer) (1888—1961) South Australian footballer and Methodist minister, son of Isaiah Perry
Chris Perry (disambiguation), multiple people
Clark M. Perry, American politician
Corey Perry, Canadian hockey player
Dave Perry, English game show co-commentator
David Perry (disambiguation), multiple people
Dewayne E. Perry, American engineer
Edmund Perry, 1985 murder victim
Edward Perry (industrialist) (1800–1869), English tinplate works master and twice Mayor of Wolverhampton
Edward A. Perry, governor of Florida
Eleanor Perry (née Rosenfeld, 1914 – 1981), screenwriter and author.
Elliott Perry (1884–1972), American philatelist
Ellyse Perry, Australian cricketer and footballer
Enoch Wood Perry, Jr. (1831–1915), American artist
Frank Perry (1930–1995), American film director
Fred Perry (disambiguation), multiple people
Fred Perry (1909–1995), British tennis player
Gaylord Perry (born 1938), American baseball player
Geoffrey Perry (1927–2000), English physics teacher and amateur astronomer
George Perry (disambiguation), multiple people
George Sessions Perry (1910–1956), American novelist
Glenn Perry, Australian writer
Grayson Perry, English artist
Guy Perry, American actor
Hal Perry (basketball) (1933–2009), American basketball player
Hal Perry (politician), Canadian politician
Isaiah Perry (1854–1911) Methodist minister is South Australia, father of engineer Frank Perry and footballer Charlie Perry
Ivor Perry (born 1904), Welsh footballer
James Perry (journalist) (1756–1821), British journalist
Jason Perry (disambiguation), multiple people
Jeff Perry (American actor) (born 1955)
Jim Perry (baseball) (born 1935), American baseball player; brother of Gaylord Perry
Jim Perry (television personality), Canadian-American television personality (stage name)
Jimmy Perry (1923–2016), English scriptwriter
Joe Perry (American football) (born 1927), American footballer
Joe Perry (musician) (born 1950), American guitarist (Americanized form of Pereira)
Joe Perry (snooker player) (born 1974), English snooker player
John Perry (musician) (born 1952), English guitarist and writer
John Bennett Perry (born 1973), American actor and former model
Jonathan Perry (disambiguation), multiple people
Jonathan Perry (Louisiana politician) (born 1973), Attorney and state legislator
Juan Perry, Peruvian congressman
Katherine Perry (1897-1983), American stage and film actress.
Katie Perry (born 1980), Australian fashion designer
Katy Perry (born 1984), originally named Katherine Hudson, American singer
Kenny Perry (born 1960), American golfer
Kimberly Perry (born 1983), American musician, lead vocalist of The Band Perry
Kyle Perry (born 1986), English footballer
L. Glenn Perry (1944–1998), Chief Accountant of the SEC
L. Tom Perry (born 1922-2015), an Apostle in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Lee "Scratch" Perry (born 1936), Jamaican reggae producer
Lincoln Perry, birth name of Stepin Fetchit (1902–1985), American comedian and actor
Linda Perry, American singer, songwriter and record producer (Americanized form of Pereira)
Luke Perry (born 1966), American actor
Madison S. Perry, governor of Florida
Mark Perry (impressionist), British impressionist
Matthew Perry (disambiguation), multiple people
Matthew Perry (born 1969), Canadian-American television and film actor
Matthew C. Perry (1794–1858), American naval officer
Matt Perry (rugby player) (born 1977), English rugby union footballer
Michael Perry (disambiguation), multiple people
Michael Perry (hymnwriter) (1942–1996), English hymnwriter
Michael Perry (footballer) (born 1944), Australian rules footballer
Neil Perry, American musician, member of The Band Perry
Niamh Perry (born 1990), Northern Irish singer
Oliver Hazard Perry (1785–1819), American naval officer
Paul Perry (disambiguation), several people
Phil Perry, musician
Philippa Perry (born 1957), English psychotherapist and author
Ralph Barton Perry (1876–1957), American philosopher and educator
Reid Perry, American musician, member of The Band Perry
Rick Perry (born 1950), U.S. Secretary of Energy (2017-)
Roland Hinton Perry, American artist
Ross Perry, Scottish footballer
S. D. Perry, American novelist
Samuel Augustus Perry (1787–1854) English born soldier and surveyor.
Samuel Marshall Perry (1836–1898), Los Angeles city councilman and county supervisor
Samuel Victor Perry (1918–2009), British biochemist and rugby player
Scott Perry (disambiguation), multiple people
Shane Perry, Australian rugby league player
Shaun Perry, Bristol and England rugby union player
Shenay Perry, American tennis player
Stephen Perry (inventor), British inventor of the rubber band
Steve Perry (author), author
Steve Perry (musician), musician of the band Journey (Americanized form of Pereira)
Steve Perry (Oregon musician), musician, Cherry Poppin' Daddies
Suzi Perry (born 1970), English television presenter
Todd Perry (American football) (born 1970), NFL player
Todd Perry (ice hockey) (born 1986), Canadian ice hockey player
Todd Perry (tennis) (born 1976), Australian tennis player
Tyler Perry (born 1969), American actor, playwright, and director
Whitall Perry (1920–2005), American writer
William Perry (disambiguation), multiple people
See also[edit]
Perry (given name)
Perry (disambiguation)
Pereira (surname)
Perri
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Perry Meaning and Distribution". forebears.co.uk. Retrieved 25 January 2014
^ Jump up to: a b "Genealogy". Retrieved 30 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Select Surnames Website". www.selectsurnames.com. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Perry Surname Meaning, Origins & Distribution". forebears.co.uk. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
Surname list
This page lists people with the surname Perry. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perry_(surname)&oldid=830488721"
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