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National Lottery (United Kingdom)
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National Lottery
National Lottery logo (2015–present)
Region
United Kingdom
Isle of Man
First draw
19 November 1994 (1994-11-19)
Operator
Camelot Group
Regulated By
National Lottery Commission
Highest Jackpot
£161,653,000[1]
Odds of winning jackpot
45,057,474 to 1 (Lotto)
8,060,597 to 1 (Thunderball)
139,838,160 to 1 (EuroMillions)
Number of Games
6
Shown on
BBC (1994–2017)
ITV (2018–)
Website
www.national-lottery.co.uk
The National Lottery is the state-franchised national lottery in the United Kingdom.
It is operated by Camelot Group, to whom the licence was granted in 1994, 2001 and again in 2007. The lottery is regulated by the National Lottery Commission, and was established by the government of John Major in 1994.
All prizes are paid as a lump sum and are tax-free. Of all money spent on National Lottery games, around 53% goes to the prize fund and 25% to "good causes"[2] as set out by Parliament (though some of this is considered by some to be a form of "stealth tax"[3] levied to support the Big Lottery Fund, a fund constituted to support public spending).[4] 12% goes to the UK Government as lottery duty, 4% to retailers as commission, and a total of 5% to operator Camelot,[2] with 4% to cover operating costs and 1% as profit.[5] Lottery tickets and scratch cards (introduced in 1995) may be bought only by people of at least 16 years of age.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Background
1.2 20th century
1.3 21st century
2 Eligibility
3 Games
3.1 Current games
3.1.1 Lotto
3.1.1.1 October 2013 changes
3.1.1.2 October 2015 changes
3.1.2 Lotto Hotpicks
3.1.3 Thunderball
3.1.4 EuroMillions
3.1.5 Scratchcards
3.1.6 Online Instant Wins
3.1.7 UK Millionaire Maker
3.1.8 Millionaire Raffle
3.2 Discontinued games
3.2.1 Lotto Extra
3.2.2 Dream Number
3.2.3 Daily Play
3.2.4 Lotto Plus 5
3.2.5 Vernons Easy Play
3.2.6 Big Draw 2000 / Big Draw 2003
4 Other ways to play
4.1 Online
4.2 Text
4.3 Sky Active
4.4 Barclays Pingit
5 Olympic Lottery
6 On television
6.1 National Lottery Xtra
7 Good causes
8 Percentage return
9 Unclaimed prizes
10 Regulation
11 Machine appearances
12 Game shows
13 See also
14 References
15 External links
History[edit]
Background[edit]
A statute of 1698 provided that in England lotteries were by default illegal unless specifically authorised by statute. Early English state lotteries included the Million Lottery (1694) and the Malt Lottery (1697). These Lotteries were part of a series of financial experiments by the English government including recoinage and the foundation of the Bank of England to raise the capital available to the state.
A 1934 Act, further liberalised in 1956 and 1976, legalised small lotteries.
20th century[edit]
The UK's state-franchised lottery was set up under government licence by the government of John Major in 1993.[6] The National Lottery is franchised to a private operator; the Camelot Group was awarded the franchise on 25 May 1994.[7]
The first draw took place on 19 November 1994 with a television programme presented by Noel Edmonds. The first numbers drawn were 30, 3, 5, 44, 14 and 22, the bonus was 10, and seven jackpot winners shared a prize of £5,874,778.[8]
Tickets became available on the Isle of Man on 2 December 1999 at the request of Tynwald.
21st century[edit]
The National Lottery undertook a major rebranding programme in late 2002 designed to combat falling sales. The main game was renamed Lotto, and the National Lottery Extra became Lotto Extra. The stylised crossed-fingers logo was modified.[9] However, the games as a collective are still known as the National Lottery. It is one of the most popular forms of gambling in the United Kingdom.
In November 2009 Camelot replaced its older Lotto draw machines. The new machines are named Arthur, Guinevere, Lancelot and Merlin, reusing the names of older machines. At the same time, new machines for the Thunderball game were introduced. The new Lotto machines are the Magnum II model, manufactured by Smartplay International Inc., and the new Thunderball machines are the Smartplay Halogen II model.[10][11]
On 16 March 2018, Camelot warned more than 10 million players with online accounts to change their passwords because of a "low-level" cyber attack that affected 150 customer accounts. They claim that no money was taken from customers. Camelot claimed the hackers used a method called credential stuffing and said the attack appeared to have begun on 7 March. [12][13]
Eligibility[edit]
As of December 2016[update], the eligibility requirements include:
Players must be at least 16 years old to buy scratchcards or to play Lotto, Thunderball or Euromillions
Tickets may be bought in person at approved premises in the UK, or online over the Internet
Online purchase of tickets from the National Lottery website is restricted to people who have a UK bank account (for debit card or direct debit purposes), and are resident in the UK or Isle of Man, and are physically present in the UK or Isle of Man when making the ticket purchase.
The ticket purchaser for a syndicate, typically its manager, must meet the eligibility criteria for ticket purchase. Syndicate members must be aged 16 or over
Lottery tickets are not transferable, so commercial syndicates (i.e. where extra charges are levied over and above the total face value of the tickets purchased) are not permitted
Games[edit]
2 of the old Lottery Ticket stands in a supermarket
Several games operate under the National Lottery brand:
Current games[edit]
As of December 2016[update], the current games include:
Lotto[edit]
Players buy tickets with their choice of six different numbers between 1 and 59; there is provision for random numbers to be generated automatically for those who do not wish to choose, known as 'Lucky Dip'. The entry fee to the Lotto draw was set at £1 per board from its introduction.
The draw is conducted twice a week on Wednesdays and Saturdays, except that a draw on Christmas Day is moved to Christmas Eve. Saturday draws started on 19 November 1994, under the name 'National Lottery'; the first Wednesday draw was on 5 February 1997. All of the draws are shown live on the official website at 20:30.
Lotto was originally called The National Lottery, but was renamed Lotto in an update in 2002 after ticket sales decreased. Lotto is by far the most popular draw, with around 15 to 45 million tickets sold each draw. The most winners for a single jackpot was 133 in January 1995, each player winning £122,510.
In the draw, six numbered balls are drawn without replacement from a set of 59 balls numbered from 1 to 59 (formerly 1 to 49 until October 2015). A further Bonus Ball is also drawn, which affects only players who match five numbers.
Prizes are awarded to players who match at least three of the six drawn numbers, with prizes increasing for matching more of the drawn numbers. The players who match all six drawn numbers win equal shares of the jackpot; the chance of doing so is 1 in 45,057,474. Similarly, if four or five balls are matched, the relevant prize is divided equally between all who match that many balls. If no player matches all six numbers, the jackpot is added to that of the next Lotto draw—a rollover. This accumulation was limited to three consecutive draws until 10 February 2011, when it was increased to four. Rollovers are frequent, with for example 20 Wednesday (39%) and 13 Saturday rollovers (25%) in 2011 (fewer tickets are sold on Wednesdays than Saturdays, increasing the probability of a rollover). "Treble rollovers"—two consecutive rollovers—are much less common. The first quadruple rollover draw occurred on Saturday 29 September 2012 with a jackpot of £19.5 million.[14] In the event of a quadruple rollover, if no tickets match all six main numbers, the jackpot will be shared between the tickets that match five numbers and the bonus ball.
October 2013 changes[edit]
Camelot announced that the price was to double to £2 from 3 October 2013, with prizes restructured.[15][16] The announcement was followed by news that large bonuses were to be set aside for management pay, which drew criticism.[17]
The arrival of the "New Lotto" means bigger jackpots with an estimated average of £1.1 million extra for Saturday's draw and £400,000 on Wednesday. Players matching three numbers receive an extra £15, up from £10 before and an extra £40 for matching 4 numbers. Those matching five numbers receive £500 less, and £50,000 less when matching five numbers + the bonus ball, compared to the former system.[18]
As part of the refresh, a new Lotto Raffle was introduced, with at least 50 winners of £20,000 per draw.[19] The announcement and launch of the refreshed Lotto game caused controversy due to the price increase (dubbed as a "tax on the poor") and a drop in some of the prizes.[20] The new game launched with a £10,000,000 jackpot and 1,000 Lotto Raffle winners of £20,000.[21]
October 2015 changes[edit]
From 10 October 2015, Camelot announced further changes to the Lotto game which increased the pool of numbers from 49 to 59. Rollovers are no longer limited in number, instead the size of the jackpot is capped; the cap is reached after about 14 rollovers. When the jackpot gets to £50 million, if no-one matches all six main numbers the jackpot will rollover to the following draw. In the event nobody matches all six numbers on that draw the jackpot "rolls down" and is combined with the prize fund for the next prize category where there is at least one winner. Since August 2016, if nobody wins the jackpot when it is £22 million or more, it will roll to the next draw one final time. Then, the jackpot must be won: if no-one matches all six main numbers, the prize will be shared by the players with the most winning numbers.
Since the rule changes in October 2015 there is also a "match 2" prize of a free lucky dip ticket for another draw, with odds of doing so at 1 in 10. This created much criticism as the breakdown of prizes announced by Camelot includes the value of these prizes (£2 each winner) within the draw's prize fund even though each match 2 prize winner doesn't see any monetary value unless their ticket matches three main numbers or more in the following draw. Included with each Lotto ticket is the Millionaire Lotto Raffle where 20 players win £20,000 each and one player wins £1 million per draw.
Division of 17.82% of the sales = X
Matching numbers
% of X
Odds of winning
4 numbers 12.9% 2,179 to 1
5 numbers 2.0% 144,414 to 1
5 numbers and bonus ball 1.9% 7,509,578 to 1
6 numbers 83.2% 45,057,474 to 1
The overall odds of winning any prize are 9.3 to 1.
From October 2015 the total prize fund is 47.50% of draw sales in a normal week, including the raffle. The three-ball prize winners, with odds of 96 to 1,[22] receive £25 each; the two-ball prize winners receive a free £2 entry. 17.82% of the sales are divided as shown in the table and split equally with the number of winners for each selection:
Lotto Hotpicks[edit]
Lotto Hotpicks odds and payouts from October 2015
Match
Prize
Odds of winning
1 number £6 1 in 10
2 numbers £60 1 in 115
3 numbers £800 1 in 1,626
4 numbers £13,000 1 in 30,342
5 numbers £350,000 1 in 834,398
Lotto Hotpicks uses the main Lotto draw for its numbers but is a different game. The player chooses both the numbers and the number of draw balls they want to try to match, up to a maximum of five. However, if the player does not match all the numbers chosen, they are not a winner. The National Lottery describes Hotpicks as "five games in one", because the player has a choice of five ways of playing the game, each offering different odds and payouts.
The entry fee to the Lotto Hotpicks draw is £1 per board.
Thunderball[edit]
The Thunderball jackpot draw requires players to pick five main numbers from 1 to 39 and one 'Thunderball' number from 1 to 14 for an entry fee of £1 per board. Prizes may be won by matching the main numbers, with matches of the Thunderball number winning higher prizes. The top prize of the game, now £500,000, is won by matching all five main numbers as well as the Thunderball. There is also a £3 prize for matching the Thunderball alone. Draws take place four times a week on Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Fridays and Saturdays and are shown live on the official website at 20:00.
The first Thunderball draw was held on 12 June 1999 and the draw was originally only held on Saturdays. The rules of Thunderball changed substantially on 9 May 2010. Before this date, Thunderball matches were drawn from numbers 1 to 34; there was no prize for matching the Thunderball number alone, and the top prize (for matching 5 main numbers and the Thunderball) was half the current jackpot at £250,000. After this date, the Friday draw was introduced in addition to the Wednesday and Saturday draws. Following the change of rules, while the chance of winning anything on Thunderball more than doubled, the chance of winning the top prizes more than halved. The Tuesday draw was added on 30 January 2018.
The odds and payouts are as follows:
Old (1999–2010)
Current (from May 2010)[23]
Match
Prize
Odds of winning
Prize
Odds of winning
Thunderball only - - £3 1 in 29
1 + Thunderball £5 1 in 33 £5 1 in 35
2 + Thunderball £10 1 in 107 £10 1 in 135
3 numbers £10 1 in 74 £10 1 in 111
3 + Thunderball £20 1 in 960 £20 1 in 1,437
4 numbers £100 1 in 2,067 £100 1 in 3,647
4 + Thunderball £250 1 in 26,866 £250 1 in 47,415
5 numbers £5,000 1 in 299,661 £5,000 1 in 620,046
5 + Thunderball £250,000 1 in 3,895,584 £500,000 1 in 8,060,598
EuroMillions[edit]
Further information: EuroMillions
On Saturday 7 February 2004 the lottery operator Camelot launched a pan-European lottery: EuroMillions. The first draw took place on Friday 13 February 2004 in Paris. The UK, France and Spain were involved initially. Lotteries from Austria, Belgium, Ireland, Luxembourg, Portugal and Switzerland joined the draw on 8 October 2004. The draws are currently made in Paris and shown recorded in the UK on the official website twice a week on Tuesdays and Fridays, approximately three hours after the draw has taken place. The entry fee to the EuroMillions draw is £2.50 per board. The odds of winning the jackpot are 139,838,160 to 1.
Scratchcards[edit]
As well as tickets for the draw games, the National Lottery also sells scratchcards. Introduced in 1995, they are small pieces of card where an area has been covered by a thin layer of opaque latex that can be scratched off. Under this are concealed the items/pictures that must be found in order to win. Scratchcards can be purchased in most newsagents and supermarkets; they can cost £1, £2, £3, £5 or £10 and come in many different forms, with a variety of prizes and ways to win.
The generic scratchcard requires the player to match three of the same prize amounts. If this is accomplished, they win that amount; the highest possible currently being £4,000,000 on a £10 scratchcard.[24] Other scratchcards involve matching symbols, pictures or words. The highest possible prize currently for a £1 scratchcard is £100,000.
Initially, all scratchcards were sold for £1. Over the years, scratchcards that range in price from £2 to £10 have become available. More expensive scratchcards are larger and offer more games with higher-value prizes. Some scratchcards have jackpots other than one-off payments, such as a yearly sum or a car. Odds for winning a top prize on a scratchcard depend greatly on how many have been sold and whether there is any top prize scratchcards in circulation at time of purchase. Generally, the odds of winning a top prize are around 1 in 3,500,000 on most scratchcards.
Online Instant Wins[edit]
Instant Win games are online games where the player can win prizes instantly. Some games are similar in format to scratchcards, with others involving more interactive play such as dice-rolling or matching special symbols. It is made clear that the Instant Win games are solely based on luck and that no skill or judgement is involved. Players must be registered in order to buy or try an Instant Win. "Try" games are free of charge and no payouts are made in respect of any prizes. As with scratchcards, there are a wide variety of Instant Win games available with different odds of winning prizes. The cost to play varies from 25p to £10. The current highest prize is £4 million on a £10 game. Odds of winning a top prize vary on each Instant Win game, and may be higher or lower than their scratchcard counterpart.
UK Millionaire Maker[edit]
Each EuroMillions ticket purchased in the UK contains a unique "UK Millionaire Maker" code, consisting of four letters and five numbers. There are two winners per draw (with the exception of a special draw), with each winner receiving a fixed £1,000,000.[25] Odds of winning depend on the number of tickets sold for that particular draw in the UK, but are generally 1 in 1,900,000 on Tuesdays and 1 in 2,950,000 on Fridays.[26]
Millionaire Raffle[edit]
Following the changes to the Lotto game, Camelot introduced the Millionaire Raffle (known previously as Lotto Raffle). A raffle number is included automatically with each line of Lotto numbers bought. Each raffle number consists of a colour and eight numbers (e.g. AQUA 4579 2965). Each winning raffle number wins a fixed amount of £20,000. Before Oct 2015, 50 raffle numbers were drawn with each Lotto draw and the number of raffle winners increased by 50 each time the Lotto jackpot rolled over, with as many as 250 raffle winners in the event of a quadruple rollover.
From 10 October 2015, the prize structure was changed, with 20 prizes of £20,000 and one prize of £1,000,000 with each Lotto draw.
Discontinued games[edit]
Lotto Extra[edit]
Lotto Extra odds and payouts
Match
Prize
Odds of winning
6 numbers Jackpot 1 in 13,983,815
The maximum jackpot was £50m
Lotto Extra was introduced on 13 November 2000 and was originally called The National Lottery Extra but renamed Lotto Extra in 2002. It was an add on from the main draw where a player could select "Lotto Extra same numbers" or a lucky dip. Players would pick six numbers from 49 and there were no lower tier prizes so a perfect match was required. The last draw was on 8 July 2006 and it was replaced by Dream Number.
Dream Number[edit]
Dream Number
Match
Prize
Odds of winning
1st number only £2 1 in 11.2
1st 2 numbers £10 1 in 111.2
1st 3 numbers £100 1 in 1,111.2
1st 4 numbers £500 1 in 11,112
1st 5 numbers £5,000 1 in 111,112
1st 6 numbers £50,000 1 in 1,111,112
all 7 numbers £500,000 1 in 10,000,000
The overall odds of winning any prize were 1 in 10.
Source: National Lottery Players Guide
Dream Number was launched on 15 July 2006. It involved a random seven digit number generated for entry into the main draw. It was played independently of Lotto, or if played with Lotto one Dream Number was generated per ticket, not per Lotto entry. The cost of entry was £1. A dream number was printed on every Lotto ticket bought, whether the player had chosen to enter it into the draw or not. Unlike other Lotto games, it was not possible to choose the number entered, and the order that the numbers were drawn was significant, as the numbers had to be matched in the same order for the player to win. Players had to match with the first number in order to start winning prizes (ranging from £2 to £500,000), which meant that 90% of players lost as soon as the first ball was drawn. Draws took place on Wednesdays and Saturdays, but only the Saturday draw was televised. The Wednesday draw took place prior to the live TV show and the winning dream number was announced during the show. All money raised for good causes from Dream Number went towards the 2012 Summer Olympics and 2012 Summer Paralympics in London. The National Lottery closed the Dream Number game on Wednesday 9 February 2011, which was also the date of the last Dream Number draw. It was then replaced by Lotto Plus 5.
Daily Play[edit]
Daily Play
Match
Prize
Odds of winning
0 numbers £1 Daily Play
Lucky Dip Ticket 1 in 11.5
4 numbers £5 1 in 22.3
5 numbers £30 1 in 222.6
6 numbers £300 1 in 6,343.1
7 numbers £30,000 1 in 888,030
The overall odds of winning a prize were 1 in 7.4
Source: National Lottery Daily Play Game Rules & Procedures
The Daily Play draw started on Monday 22 September 2003 and could be played every day except Sunday and Christmas Day. By selecting seven numbers between 1 and 27, players could win anything from a free lucky dip to £30,000. The draw gave its players the chance to win a free daily play lucky-dip for not matching any numbers in the draw. The entry fee to the Daily Play draw was £1 per board.
Daily Play draws were broadcast via a webcast. In addition, from March 2005 to October 2005, the Daily Play draw was broadcast live on Challenge TV in the Glory Ball show, hosted by Jean Anderson, James McCourt, Jayne Sharp and Nikki Cowan.[27]
The National Lottery Daily Play Draw ended on Friday, 6 May 2011.[28]
Lotto Plus 5[edit]
Lotto Plus 5
Matching Numbers
Prize
Odds of winning
3 numbers £2.50 56.65592 to 1
4 numbers £25 1,032.397 to 1
5 numbers £250 55,491.33 to 1
5 numbers and bonus ball £25,000 2,330,636 to 1
6 numbers £250,000 13,983,815 to 1
The overall odds of winning any prize is 52.65514 to 1 per draw.
The overall odds of winning any prize is 10.13855 to 1 per Plus 5 draw week.
Lotto Plus 5 was introduced in 2011[29] to plug the gaps between the Wednesday and Saturday Lotto draws, meaning it takes place on Mondays, Tuesdays, Thursdays, Fridays and Sundays. Players can enter by paying an extra £1 when buying their Lotto ticket, which enters the same ticket numbers into five separate draws. Each draw offers fixed prizes for matching 3, 4, 5 and 6 numbers, with the jackpot being worth £250,000. It has been estimated that the game produces an extra 500,000 Lotto winners every week. Due to the changes to the main Lotto game (most notably the introduction of the Lotto raffle), Plus 5 was discontinued; The last Plus 5 draw was played on 1 October 2013, with the last date to buy a ticket being 23 September 2013.
Vernons Easy Play[edit]
The National Lottery teamed up with Vernons to create a football pools type lottery. Players marked a playslip to state how many lines they wanted to play.
The lottery terminal allocated 10 football fixtures on the players ticket who then attempted to match these fixtures that resulted in a score draw. (1-1, 2-2, 3-3)
To win players needed to match at least 5 fixtures which resulted in a score draw which always won £5. Matching 6 won between £6 and £530 depending on how many total score draws there were in total over all the fixtures played. Matching 7 score draws won between £27 and £67,000 depending on total score draws. And matching 8 won from £1850 to £667,000.
Basically, the more score draws there are, the easier it is to win. This resulted in the payouts being fixed entirely on how many score draws there were.
This was a really difficult game to understand and at one point Vernons and Camelot were ready to discontinue the game after just 3 months, however the game went on to survive one full football season only in the mid 1990s.
Tickets were £1 per entry.
Big Draw 2000 / Big Draw 2003[edit]
Originally, this special one-off draw was made to commemorate the arrival of the new Millennium, but another attempt was made in 2002 to celebrate the new year of 2003.
Players would choose 5 years from 1900 to 1999 (in the 2003 version this was altered to 1901 to 2000) or a lucky dip on their Big Draw ticket for the first game, and if they matched all 5 main years, they win the jackpot (lower prize tiers were also available for matching 2 to 4 main years or matching 4 main years + bonus year if the player doesn't match all 5 main years). Two years; one from the old Millennium and one from the new Millennium were also printed at the bottom of the ticket (old Millennium having anything from 1000 to 1999, and new Millennium having anything from 2000 to 2999) for the second game, and if the player matched both years on their Big Draw ticket, they would win the jackpot.
Five years and a bonus year would be drawn at random from the machine for the first game, but for the second game, two pairs of machines were used: for the ones for the old Millennium; the left machine would have the numbers from 10 to 19, and the right machine having the numbers 00 to 99. For the ones for the new Millennium; the left machine would have the numbers 20 to 29, and the right machine having the numbers from 00 to 99. One number was drawn at random from each of those machines; each pair creating a year.
Other ways to play[edit]
As well as by purchasing a ticket at a shop, tickets can be purchased other ways.
Online[edit]
All National Lottery games can be played online after registering. There are two ways of playing the lotto online.
Direct Debit. Players can sign up by registering their bank account details and their saved numbers will be automatically entered. The National Lottery notifies winners by email if they have won, although this will not be on the evening of the draw; notification is usually by 12 noon the following day. This method is only available for the main Lotto and Thunderball games.
Loaded Account. Funds are loaded into a player's account and are played as required. The National Lottery notifies winners by email if they have won on the draw games, or in the case of the lower prize Instant Wins, transfer the winnings to their account. The current minimum loading amount is £10.
Text[edit]
The Play By Text service closed on 30 June 2013. Before then, players had been able to play the Lotto, Thunderball, EuroMillions and Lotto HotPicks by text after registering their mobile phone number. The discontinued games Dream Number and Daily Play also allowed text entry.
Sky Active[edit]
Lotto and EuroMillions were once available for play through Sky Active; however, this service was discontinued in September 2009. Prior to its discontinuation, players could purchase up to eight weeks worth of tickets at a time.[30]
Barclays Pingit[edit]
From July 2015 Barclays included a function in their Pingit app to allow the purchase of tickets for the National Lottery and Euromillions. Only lucky dip lottery tickets can be purchased currently. Small winnings are paid directly into the Pingit account within one day.[31]
Olympic Lottery[edit]
Following the success of London's bid to host the 2012 Summer Olympics, Olympic Lottery Scratchcards were launched on 27 July 2005 under the brand name "Go for Gold". 28% of the price of £1 went to the Olympic Lottery Distribution Fund, and the scratchcards were intended to raise £750,000,000 towards the cost of staging the games.[32]
On television[edit]
Main article: The National Lottery Draws
The majority of National Lottery draws take place on live television. The first National Lottery show (entitled The National Lottery Live: The First Draw) was at 7 pm on Saturday 19 November 1994. Presented by Noel Edmonds, this was an hour long special, in which 49 contestants competed to become the first person to start the draw, the winner being 18-year-old Deborah Walsh. The first number to be drawn was 30. For its first few years, the TV show took the title The National Lottery Live, and was presented mainly by Anthea Turner or Bob Monkhouse. Other notable presenters during this period included Dale Winton, Carol Smillie, Terry Wogan and Ulrika Jonsson. On 30 November 1996, live on BBC One, the draw machine failed to start.[33]
During the 2000 Today broadcast on 31 December 1999, a special Big Draw 2000 drawing was held to ring in the new millennium. This returned on 31 December 2002 as Big Draw 2003.
On 20 May 2006, during the draw on The National Lottery Jet Set that took place minutes before the Eurovision Song Contest 2006, several members of the group Fathers 4 Justice protested on the set causing the show to be taken off air for several minutes while the protesters were removed from the studio.[34][35]
On 7 November 2015, live on BBC One, the Lotto draw machine failed to release all the balls, causing the draw to be postponed. The draw later took place off air, and the results were posted on the website.
Originally, the draws would take place in the BBC studio during the game show on Saturdays (and sometimes Wednesdays). However, in more recent years the channel airing the lottery draw has pre-recorded the non-draw parts of the show and then switched to National Lottery HQ for the live draws.
Wednesday draws at first had a 10-minute slot on BBC One, in the same set as the game show in the BBC studio, and presented by the same host. In later years the broadcast was hosted by various presenters in the National Lottery HQ studio; presenters included Gethin Jones, Christopher Biggins, John Barrowman, OJ Borg, Matt Johnson and Jenni Falconer. It is Alan Dedicoat who provides the voice-over announcing the balls drawn, sometimes interacting with the presenter; he is known as The Voice Of the Balls. Charles Nove is the relief announcer.
As of 7 January 2012, there had been 1678 draws – 784 Wednesday draws and 894 Saturday draws. In an initiative to spread BBC productions across the United Kingdom, all lottery shows were be relocated to BBC Scotland.
From January 2013, the Tuesday, Wednesday and Friday draws were no longer broadcast, but could be viewed at the National Lottery's website; there was still a results update on BBC One at 10:35 pm. On 24 November 2016, it was announced that the televised draws would be axed and moved to BBC iPlayer in January 2017.[36] The last broadcast was on 31 December 2016.
On 12 April 2018, it was announced that the televised Saturday night draw would be aired on ITV in a 90-second slot with Stephen Mulhern as the new host.[37]
National Lottery Xtra[edit]
Between 10 March 2008 and 1 February 2010, the "National Lottery Xtra" channel was broadcast on Freeview channel 45 for one hour a day. Programming included content from winners of the jackpot and National Lottery Good Causes projects, as well as behind-the-scenes footage on how the National Lottery was operated.
Good causes[edit]
By 2016, the National Lottery had raised about £35 billion for 'good causes', a programme which distributes money via grants. 25% of lottery revenue goes towards the fund, along with all unclaimed prizes. Additionally, 12% goes to the state. The prize fund is about 53% of revenue, with the remaining 10% going towards running costs and profits for the lottery organisers and ticket sellers.[2]
The distribution of money to 'good causes' is not the responsibility of the operator (Camelot). It is the responsibility of the twelve distributors that make up The National Lottery Distribution Fund (NLDF), administered by the government Department for Culture, Media and Sport. At present, 40% is awarded to health, education, environment and charitable causes, 20% to Sports, 20% to Arts and 20% to Heritage.[38] On 19 November 2014, the National Lottery celebrated 20 years of its Good Causes fund, which as of 2014, has raised £32 billion for charities and projects in the UK. The National Lottery celebrated the 20th anniversary with the, 'Just Imagine' campaign which highlighted how the money has filtered through society to improve UK communities. Notable facts included that Good Causes had funded over 1300 elite athletes including Sir Chris Hoy, invested £43.5 million into the National Cycle Network and funded 12,700 after school clubs.[39]
The Heritage Lottery Fund was set up by the government in 1994 to provide money for "projects involving the local, regional and national heritage". The funds come from the money raised by the National Lottery's 'Good Causes'.[40] Since 1994, the Heritage Lottery Fund has given grants totalling approximately £4 billion to more than 26,000 projects.[40]
In 2004, on the 10th anniversary of the National Lottery, the National Lottery Awards were instituted as an annual event to provide recognition of the work of Lottery funded projects around the UK. Certain projects are selected as the best in particular categories. The trophies were designed and produced by Gaudio Awards.
Percentage return[edit]
The National Lottery is a jackpot system with the majority of winnings going to those few players who pick all six numbers. The average percentage return is the share of the ticket sales devoted to prize funds, about 45% (i.e., 45% of the money spent on tickets would be won in prizes). The spread of returns will be very wide and influenced by several factors that change week-by-week (e.g. the number of tickets sold, the "distinctiveness" and popularity of the winning numbers). Over an extremely long period (tens of millions of draws) the return on investment would approach the average, about 45% (a 55% loss). Over a shorter period there is a very small chance of a big win, but otherwise an average return of less than 45%; a numerical experiment using 10,000 random sets of numbers each week for 3 years found that, had the tickets been bought, the rate of return would have been less than 30%.
In their book "Scenarios for Risk Management and Global Investment Strategies",[41] academics Rachel E S Ziemba and William T Ziemba say with regard to 6/49 lotteries, "Random numbers have an expected loss of about 55%. However, six-tuples of unpopular numbers have an edge with expected returns exceeding their cost by about 65%. The expected value rises and approaches $2.25 per dollar wagered when there are carryovers [UK term: rollovers]. Random numbers, such as those from lucky dip and quick pick, and popular numbers are worth more with carryovers but never have an advantage." They conclude that, due to the time that would be required to achieve success, "except for millionaires and pooled syndicates, it is not possible to use the unpopular numbers in a scientific way to beat the lotto and have high confidence of becoming rich; these aspiring millionaires will also most likely be residing in a cemetery when their distant heirs reach the goal".
Unclaimed prizes[edit]
Winning tickets must be claimed within 180 days of the draw taking place. If a prize is unclaimed within that time, it is distributed through the National Lottery Distribution Fund. For all major prizes (£50,000 and over) approximately two weeks after the draw, if no claim has been received, the area in which the ticket was purchased is released.
The highest unclaimed prize distributed this way to date was a winning ticket worth £63,837,543.60 which was bought in the Stevenage and Hitchin area for the Euromillions draw of 8 June 2012.[42] This was a world record unclaimed prize. All investment income from unclaimed prizes also goes to good causes via the National Lottery Distribution Fund.[43]
Regulation[edit]
The National Lottery is regulated by the Gambling Commission.[44] Previous regulators were the Office of the National Lottery (known by the acronym OFLOT) until 1 April 1999, and the National Lottery Commission – a non-departmental public body reporting to the Department of Culture, Media and Sport – until 1 October 2013.
The Lottery was set up in 1993 under the National Lottery etc. Act 1993[45] and was reformed under the National Lottery Act 1998[46] and the National Lottery Act 2006.[47]
The National Lottery is a member of the World Lottery Association.[48]
Machine appearances[edit]
The National Lottery have a number of different machines and ball sets which are selected by either a celebrity or a member of the general public. This is used to randomise the process and create an independent selection of machinery to reduce the chance of human override. Below is a table of how many times each machine has appeared in the main National Lottery, or Lotto game.
As of Saturday 3 May 2014[49]
Machine
Appearances
Guinevere 1 331
Arthur 1/3/4 340
Lancelot 2/3 297
Merlin 2/4 214
Galahad 52
Vyvyan 48
Amethyst 172
Moonstone 66
Opal 56
Topaz 157
Pearl 32
Garnet 16
Sapphire 135
1Note, on the draw on Saturday 17 September 2011, they announced that Arthur with set of balls 3 was chosen, but they were using Guinevere due to technical difficulties. Arthur wasn't used again until the draw on Saturday 8 October 2011.
2Also note, on the draw on Saturday 14 April 2012, they announced that Merlin with set of balls 5 was chosen, but they were using Lancelot due to technical difficulties. Merlin wasn't used again until the draw on Saturday 8 December 2012.
3Also note, on the draw on Saturday 12 May 2012, they announced that Arthur with set of balls 5 was chosen, but they were using Lancelot due to technical difficulties. Arthur wasn't used again until the draw on Saturday 5 January 2013.
4Also note, on the draw on Saturday 31 August 2013, they announced that Arthur with set of balls 3 was chosen, but they were using Merlin due to technical difficulties. Arthur wasn't used again until the draw on Wednesday 18 September 2013.
Game shows[edit]
Main article: The National Lottery Draws
See also[edit]
Big Lottery Fund
Heritage Lottery Fund
Millennium Commission
National Health Service Lottery
National Lottery (Ireland)
The Health Lottery
List of lotteries
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Press Association (15 July 2011). "EuroMillions £161m win claimed by Scottish couple | UK news | guardian.co.uk". London: Guardian.
^ Jump up to: a b c "About the National Lottery". Gambling Commission. 2016. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Wilson, Jamie (30 January 1999). "New lottery fund 'not a stealth tax'". London: Guardian. Retrieved 20 May 2009.
Jump up ^ The overwhelming case for paying stealth taxes Samuel Brittan, Financial Times 25 October 1999
Jump up ^ "Camelot Group". Camelotfoundation.org.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2009.
Jump up ^ "John Major". www.number10.gov.uk. HM Government. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2013. John Major also established the National Lottery as a personal initiative which has provided billions of pounds for good causes.
Jump up ^ "1994: Camelot wins UK lottery race BBC On This Day". BBC News. Retrieved 2014-06-18.
Jump up ^ "UK National Lottery #1". Lottery.merseyworld.com. Retrieved 2014-06-18.
Jump up ^ 11 April 2002 (2002-04-11). "National Lottery points to Landor | News". Design Week. Retrieved 2014-06-18.
Jump up ^ http://www.smartplay.com/newsletters/2009-11-01-Newsletter.pdf
Jump up ^ "National Lottery Commission - Safeguarding the integrity of Lottery games". Natlotcomm.gov.uk.
Jump up ^ Espiner, Tom (16 March 2018). "Camelot warns of 'low level' National Lottery hack". Retrieved 16 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Ward, Victoria (16 March 2018). "National Lottery hacked: Millions of customers warned to change passwords". Retrieved 16 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "UK News: UK news, latest news UK". WalesOnline. Retrieved 2014-06-18.
Jump up ^ "The National Lottery FAQ". National-lottery.co.uk. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "New Lotto to Launch with Two Unmissable Events". Camelotgroup.co.uk. Archived from the original on 12 July 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Arkell, Harriet (2013-01-21). "Daily Mail online: Jackpot for lottery bosses as £5m is set aside for THEIR bonus pot after cost of ticket doubles, 6 June 2013". Dailymail.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-06-18.
Jump up ^ "New UK Lotto | Lotto Results, Winning Numbers, News & More". Lotto-results-online.com. 2014-02-13. Retrieved 2014-06-18.
Jump up ^ "Lotto | What is new Lotto". The National Lottery. Archived from the original on 29 June 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Lotto ticket price doubles to £2 in 'tax on the poor': Angry players threaten boycott over increase". Daily Mail. London.
Jump up ^ Lotto prize breakdown | Check results | The National Lottery Archived 17 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "14x Lottery Rollover and what the new rules mean". oddsjunkie.com. Retrieved 2016-01-06.
Jump up ^ "Thunderball Online Game Procedures". The National Lottery. Retrieved 2016-02-22.
Jump up ^ "Scratchcards | Help". The National Lottery. Archived from the original on 4 July 2012.
Jump up ^ https://www.national-lottery.co.uk/player/euromillions/results/results.ftl
Jump up ^ "Millionaire Raffle | Help". The National Lottery. Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Glory Ball". UKGameshows. 2014-03-01. Retrieved 2014-06-18.
Jump up ^ "Daily Play Lottery Comes to an End". National-lottery.com. Retrieved 2014-06-18.
Jump up ^ "Playing Lotto Plus 5". lottery.co.uk. 5 November 2010. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "Sky Active service information". The National Lottery. 26 September 2009. Archived from the original on 25 January 2010.
Jump up ^ Press Association (15 July 2011). "EuroMillions £161m win claimed by Scottish couple | UK news | guardian.co.uk". London: Guardian.
Jump up ^ "New Olympic scratch card on sale". Manchester Evening News. 28 July 2005. Retrieved 5 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Video of the Show". YouTube.com. Retrieved 2014-06-18.
Jump up ^ "Lottery show delayed by protest". BBC News. London. 20 July 2006. Retrieved 6 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "Youtube Video of The Protest". YouTube.com. Retrieved 2014-06-18.
Jump up ^ "The National Lottery live draw is dropped from BBC1". Radio Times. 24 November 2016. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "National Lottery results will air on ITV for first time". Digital Spy. 12 April 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
Jump up ^ https://www.national-lottery.co.uk/life-changing/where-the-money-goes
Jump up ^ "Thank you National Lottery".
^ Jump up to: a b "What is the Heritage Lottery Fund?". hlf.org.uk. Archived from the original on 8 February 2008. Retrieved 23 February 2008.
Jump up ^ ISBN 978-0-470-31924-6 (HB) John Wiley & Sons Ltd 2007
Jump up ^ "EuroMillions lottery jackpot of £64m goes unclaimed". BBC News. 6 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Where The Money Goes | Good Causes and winners". The National Lottery. 2013-03-31. Retrieved 2014-06-18.
Jump up ^ Statutory Instrument 2013 No. 2329 The Public Bodies (Merger of the Gambling Commission and the National Lottery Commission) Order 2013
Jump up ^ Text of the National Lottery etc. Act 1993 (c. 39) as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk Last accessed:2011-05-03
Jump up ^ Text of the National Lottery Act 1998 (c. 22) as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk
Jump up ^ Text of the National Lottery Act 2006 (c. 23) as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk Last accessed:2011-05-03
Jump up ^ "World Lottery Association United Kingdom". World-lotteries.org. Retrieved 2014-06-18.
Jump up ^ "Draw Machine Frequencies". 20 February 2012. Archived from the original on 18 April 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
External links[edit]
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National Lottery Commission
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African French
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the French language spoken in Africa. For immigrants to France from Africa, see African immigration to France, Blacks in France, and Arabs in France.
Francophone Africa. The countries coloured dark blue had a population of 410 million in 2017.[1] In 2050 their population is forecast to reach between 848 million[2] and 867 million.[1]
French-language graffiti on Avenue Habib Bourguiba in Tunis, in March 2012. The graffiti says: "LONG LIVE TUNISIA (Vive la Tunisie), free and democratic".
African French (French: français africain) is the generic name of the varieties of French spoken by an estimated 120 million (2010) people in Africa spread across 24 francophone countries.[3] This includes those who speak French as a first or second language in these 31 francophone African countries (dark blue on the map), but it does not include French speakers living in non-francophone African countries. Africa is thus the continent with the most French speakers in the world.[3] French arrived in Africa as a colonial language. These African French speakers are now a large part of the Francophonie.
In Africa, French is often spoken alongside indigenous languages, but in some areas it has become a first language, such as in the region of Abidjan, Ivory Coast[4] or Libreville, Gabon. In some countries it is a first language among some classes of the population, such as in Tunisia, Morocco and Algeria where French is a first language among the upper classes (many people in the upper classes are simultaneous bilinguals in Arabic/French), but only a second language among the general population.
In each of the francophone African countries, French is spoken with local specificities in terms of pronunciation and vocabulary.
Contents
[hide]
1 Varieties
1.1 Français populaire africain
2 Pronunciation
3 Vocabulary
3.1 Abidjan French vocabulary
3.2 Kinshasa French vocabulary
4 See also
5 Notes and references
6 External links
Varieties[edit]
There are many different varieties of African French, but they can be broadly grouped into four categories:
the French spoken by people in West and Central Africa – spoken altogether by about 75 million people as either a first or second language.
the French variety spoken by Maghrebis and Berbers in Northwest Africa (see Maghreb French), which has about 36 million first and second language speakers.
the French variety spoken in Djibouti in the Horn of Africa.
the French variety spoken by Creoles in the Indian Ocean (Réunion, Mauritius and Seychelles), which has around 1.6 million first and second language speakers. The French spoken in this region is not to be confused with the French-based creole languages, which are also spoken in the area.
All the African French varieties differ from standard French both in terms of pronunciation and vocabulary, but the formal African French used in education, media and legal documents is based on standard French vocabulary.
In the colonial period, a vernacular form of creole French known as Petit nègre was also present in West Africa. The term has since, however, become a pejorative term for poorly spoken African French.
V.Y. Mudimbe describes African French as possessing "approximate pronunciation, repressed syntax, bloated or tortured vocabulary, intonation, rhythm and accent stuck in the original African language flow; many phonetic, morphologic and lexical africanisms."[5] The differences from European French are due to influence from the mother tongues and the complexity of French grammatical rules, which inhibit its learning by most non-native speakers.
The difficulty linguists have in describing African French comes from variations, such as the "pure" language used by many African intellectuals and writers versus the mixtures between French and African languages. For this, the term "creolization" is used, often in a pejorative way, and especially in the areas where French is on the same level with one or more local languages. According to G. Manessy, "The consequences of this concurrency may vary according to the social status of the speakers, to their occupations, to their degree of acculturation and thus to the level of their French knowledge."[6]
Code-switching, or the alternation of languages within a single conversation, takes place in both Senegal and Congo-Kinshasa, the latter having four "national" languages – Kikongo, Lingala, Ciluba and Swahili – which are in a permanent opposition to French. Code-switching has been studied since colonial times by different institutions of linguistics. One of these, located in Dakar, Senegal, already spoke of the creolization[inconsistent] of French in 1968, naming the result "franlof": a mix of French and Wolof (the language most spoken in Senegal) which spreads by its use in urban areas and through schools, where teachers often speak Wolof in the classroom despite official instructions.[7]
The omnipresence of local languages in francophone African countries – along with insufficiencies in education – has given birth to a new linguistic concept: le petit français.[6] Le petit français is the result of a superposition of the structure of a local language with a narrowed lexical knowledge of French. The specific structures, though very different, are juxtaposed, marking the beginning of the creolization process.
Français populaire africain[edit]
In the urban areas of francophone Africa, another type of French has emerged: Français populaire africain ("Popular African French") or FPA. It is used in the entirety of sub-Saharan Africa, but especially in African cities such as Abidjan, Ivory Coast; Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Dakar, Senegal; Cotonou, Benin; and Lomé, Togo. At its emergence, it was marginalized and associated with the ghetto; Angèle Bassolé-Ouedraogo describes the reaction of the scholars:
“ Administration and professors do not want to hear that funny-sounding and barbarian language that seems to despise articles and distorts the sense of words. They see in it a harmful influence to the mastery of good French.[8] ”
However, FPA has begun to emerge as a second language among the upper class. It has also become a symbol of social acceptance.
FPA can be seen as a progressive evolution of Ivorian French. After diffusing out of Ivory Coast, it became Africanized under the influence of young Africans (often students) and cinema, drama, and dance.
FPA has its own grammatical rules and lexicon. For example, "Il ou elle peut me tuer!" or "Il ou elle peut me dja!" can either mean "This person annoys me very much" or "I'm dying for him/her" depending on the circumstances. "Il ou elle commence à me plaire" signifies a feeling of exasperation (whereupon it actually means "he or she starts to appeal to me"), and friendship can be expressed with "c'est mon môgô sûr" or "c'est mon bramôgo."[8]
FPA is mainly composed of metaphors and images taken from African languages. For example, the upper social class is called "les en-haut d'en-haut" (the above from above) or "les môgôs puissants" (the powerful môgôs).
Pronunciation[edit]
Pronunciation in the many varieties of African French can be quite varied. There are nonetheless some trends among African French speakers; for instance, the letter R tends to be pronounced as an alveolar trill instead of the standard dialect's uvular trill or 'guttural R.' The voiced uvular fricative, the sound represented by ⟨غ⟩ in the Arabic word مغرب Maghrib, is another common alternative. Pronunciation of the letters [d], [t], [l] and [n] may also vary, and intonation may differ from standard French.[citation needed]
Vocabulary[edit]
In terms of vocabulary, there exist three phenomena in African French. First, the presence of words which do not exist in standard French. These words were either coined locally or borrowed from local African languages. As a consequence, each regional variety of African French has its own local words that are not the same as in other varieties of African French, although this local vocabulary only constitutes a small part of the overall vocabulary which for the most part is identical to standard French. When talking to people from other regions or countries, African French speakers often switch to a more standard form of French avoiding this local vocabulary. However, there also exist some African French words that are found across many African countries (see for example chicotter in the Abidjan French vocabulary section below)[citation needed].
A second phenomenon is the use of some words with a meaning different from standard French. For example, the word présentement (which means "at the moment" in standard French) is used a lot in sub-Saharan Africa (but not in the Maghreb) with the meaning of "as a matter of fact", "as it were" and not "at the moment".
A third phenomenon is hypercorrection, which is found especially among the educated and upper classes of sub-Saharan Africa. Educated people there tend to speak a very formal sort of French which may sound a bit old-fashioned and conservative to European and North American French speakers.
The local African French vocabulary not found in standard French ranges from slang frowned upon by educated people, to colloquial usage, to words that have entered the formal usage (such as chicotter). The French spoken in Abidjan, the largest city of Ivory Coast, offers a good example of these contrasting registers.[citation needed]
Abidjan French vocabulary[edit]
Motorway in the centre of Abidjan
French language signs outside a pharmacy in Port-Bouët, Abidjan, in 2009.
According to some estimates, French is spoken by 75 to 99 percent of Abidjan's population,[9] either alone or alongside indigenous African languages. There are three sorts of French spoken in Abidjan. A formal French is spoken by the educated classes. Most of the population, however, speaks a colloquial form of French known as français de Treichville (after a working-class district of Abidjan) or français de Moussa (after a character in chronicles published by the magazine Ivoire Dimanche which are written in this colloquial Abidjan French). Finally, an Abidjan French slang called nouchi is spoken by people in gangs and also by young people copying them. New words usually appear in nouchi and then make their way into colloquial Abidjan French after some time.[10] As of 2012, a crowdsourced dictionary of Nouchi is being written using mobile phones.[11]
Here are some examples of words used in the African French variety spoken in Abidjan (the spelling used here conforms to French orthography, except ô which should be read as -aw in the English word "law"):[12]
une go is a slang word meaning a girl or a girlfriend. It is a loanword either from the Mandinka language or from English ("girl"). It is also French hip-hop slang for a girl.[1]
un maquis is a colloquial word meaning a street-side eatery, a working-class restaurant serving African food. This word exists in standard French, but its meaning is "maquis shrubland", and by extension "guerrilla", see Maquis (World War II). It is not known exactly how this word came to mean street-side restaurant in Ivory Coast.
un bra-môgô is a slang word equivalent to "bloke" or "dude" in English. It is a loanword from the Mandinka language.
chicotter is a word meaning to whip, to beat, or to chastise (children). It is a loanword from Brazilian Portuguese where it meant "to whip (the black slaves)". It has now entered the formal language of the educated classes.
le pia is a slang word meaning money. It comes perhaps from the standard French word pièce ("coin") or pierre ("stone"), or perhaps piastre (dollar, buck).
When speaking in a formal context, or when meeting French speakers from outside Ivory Coast, Abidjan speakers would replace these local words with the French standard words une fille, un restaurant or une cantine, un copain, battre and l'argent respectively. Note that some local words are used across several African countries. For example, chicotter is attested not only in Ivory Coast but also in Senegal, Mali, Niger, Burkina Faso, Chad, the Central African Republic, Benin, Togo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[10]
As already mentioned, these local words range from slang to formal usage, and their use therefore varies depending on the context. In Abidjan, this is how the sentence "The girl stole my money." is constructed depending on the register:[10]
formal Abidjan French of the educated people: La fille m'a subtilisé mon argent.
colloquial Abidjan French (français de Moussa): Fille-là a prend mon l'argent. (in standard French, the grammatically correct sentence should be "Cette fille (là) m'a pris l'argent.")
Abidjan French slang (nouchi): La go a momo mon pia. (momo is an Abidjan slang word meaning "to steal")
Kinshasa French vocabulary[edit]
Boulevard du 30 Juin in the commercial heart of Kinshasa
Journalists' demonstration in Kinshasa in October 2009. The French banner says: "The DRC must not be turned into a graveyard for journalists."
With more than 8 million inhabitants, Kinshasa is the second largest francophone city in the world after Paris. It is the capital of the most populous francophone country in the world, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where an estimated 24 million people (40% of the total population) can speak French (essentially as a second language).[3] Contrary to Abidjan where French is the first language of a large part of the population, in Kinshasa French is only a second language, and its status of lingua franca is shared with Lingala. Kinshasa French also differs from other African French variants, for it has some Belgian French influences, due to colonisation. People of different African mother tongues living in Kinshasa usually speak Lingala to communicate with each other in the street, but French is the language of businesses, administrations, schools, newspapers and televisions. French is also the predominant written language.
Due to its widespread presence in Kinshasa, French has become a local language with its own pronunciation and some local words borrowed for the most part from Lingala. Depending on their social status, some people may mix French and Lingala, or code switch between the two depending on the context. Here are examples of words particular to Kinshasa French. As in Abidjan, there exist various registers and the most educated people may frown upon the use of slangish/lingala terms.
cadavéré means broken, worn out, exhausted, or dead. It is the local pronunciation of the standard French word cadavre whose meaning in standard French is "corpse". The word cadavéré has now spread to other African countries due to the popularity of Congolese music in Africa.
makasi means strong, resistant. It is a loanword from Lingala.
anti-nuit are sunglasses worn by partiers at night. It is a word coined locally and whose literal meaning in standard French is "anti-night". It is one of the many Kinshasa slang words related to nightlife and partying. A reveler is known locally as un ambianceur, from standard French ambiance which means atmosphere.
casser le bic, literally "to break the Bic", means to stop going to school. "Bic" is colloquially used to refer to a ballpoint pen in Belgian French and Kinshasa French, but not in standard French.
merci mingi means "thank you very much". It comes from standard French merci ("thank you") and Lingala mingi ("a lot").
un zibolateur is a bottle opener. It comes from the Lingala verb kozibola which means "to open something that is blocked up or bottled", to which was added the standard French ending -ateur.
un tétanos is a rickety old taxi. In standard French tétanos means "tetanus".
moyen tê vraiment means "absolutely impossible". It comes from moyen tê ("there's no way"), itself made up of standard French moyen ("way") and Lingala tê ("not", "no"), to which was added standard French vraiment ("really").
See also[edit]
French language and French-speaking world portal
Africa portal
French colonial empire
Romance-speaking African countries
Geographical distribution of French speakers
Camfranglais
List of colonies and possessions of France
Belgian Congo
Maghreb French
Françafrique
Francophonie
French language in Minnesota
French language in Vietnam
French language in Cambodia
French language in Laos
French Polynesia
Notes and references[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Population Reference Bureau. "2017 World Population Data Sheet" (PDF). Retrieved 2017-08-16.
Jump up ^ United Nations. "World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision" (XLSX). Retrieved 2017-08-16.
^ Jump up to: a b c (in French) La Francophonie dans le monde 2006-2007 published by the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie. Nathan, Paris, 2007
Jump up ^ (in French) Le français à Abidjan : Pour une approche syntaxique du non-standard by Katja Ploog, CNRS Editions, Paris, 2002
Jump up ^ Mudimbe, V. Y. Quel enseignement de la littérature et de la culture françaises? (in French). Conseil international de la langue française (Colloque).
^ Jump up to: a b Manessy, G (1978). "Le français d'Afrique noire: français créole ou créole français? [The French of black Africa: French creole or creole French?]". Langue française (in French). 37: 91–105.
Jump up ^ Calvet, M. "Le français au Sénégal: intérférences du wolof dans le français des élèves sénégalais [The French of Senegal: Wolof interference in the French of Senegalese students]". Le français en France et hors de France (in French). 7: 71–91.
^ Jump up to: a b Bassolé-Ouedraogo, A (2007). "Le français et le français populaire africain: partenariat, cohabitation ou défiance? FPA, appartenance sociale, diversité linguistique" (PDF) (in French). Institut d’Études des Femmes, Université d’Ottawa. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-02-27.
Jump up ^ Marita Jabet, Lund University. "La situation multilinguistique d'Abidjan" (PDF) (in French). Retrieved 2007-05-29.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bertin Mel Gnamba and Jérémie Kouadio N'Guessan. "Variétés lexicales du français en Côte d'Ivoire" (PDF) (in French). p. 65. Retrieved 2013-09-30.
Jump up ^ "Languages: Crowd-Sourced Online Nouchi Dictionary". Rising Voices. 2012-07-30. Retrieved 2012-09-02.
Jump up ^ Suzanne Lafage (2002). "Le lexique français de Côte d'Ivoire" (in French). Archived from the original on 4 August 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-01.
External links[edit]
LE FRANÇAIS EN AFRIQUE - Revue du Réseau des Observatoires du Français Contemporain en Afrique
Links for Afrique francophone
Dictionaries of various French-speaking countries
Le Français et le Français populaire Africain: partenariat, cohabitation ou défiance? FPA, appartenance sociale, diversité linguistique
La mondialisation, une chance pour la francophonie
RFI - L’avenir du français passe par l’Afrique
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