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Legends and myths regarding RMS Titanic
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The sinking of the Titanic has inspired many urban legends
There have been several legends and myths surrounding the RMS Titanic over the years. These have ranged from the myth about the ship being unsinkable, to the myth concerning the final song of the ship's orchestra.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Unsinkable
2 David Sarnoff, wireless reports and the use of SOS
3 Titanic's band
4 The stories of W.T. Stead
5 Mystery ship
6 The Titanic curse
7 Jessie's premonition
8 Literary foreshadowing of the disaster
9 See also
10 References
Unsinkable[edit]
Contrary to popular mythology, Titanic was never described as "unsinkable", without qualification, until after she sank.[2][3] Three trade publications (one of which was probably never published) described Titanic as practically unsinkable prior to her sinking. Many survivors recalled in video interviews as well as in testimony that they had considered the ship "unsinkable." Harland and Wolff did not claim she was unsinkable, but a promotional item from the White Star Line stressed the safety of Olympic and Titanic, claiming that "as far as it is possible to do so, these two wonderful vessels are designed to be unsinkable".[4] Claims by trade publications that vessels were unsinkable or being practically unsinkable were not unique to the Olympic class liners or other White Star ships. Similar claims were made about the Cunarders Lusitania and Mauretania, and German liners Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse and Kaiser Wilhelm II. Advanced safety features on these liners were heavily publicized, de-emphasizing the likelihood of these ships' sinking in a serious accident.
General arrangement of the 16 main compartments of Titanic. The double bottom was 7 feet high and divided into 44 watertight compartments. There were additional 13 small compartments above the tank top, e.g., for the shaft tunnels.[5]
The Titanic was designed to comply with the Grade 1 subdivision proposed by the 1891 Bulkhead Committee, meaning that it could stay afloat with any 2 adjoining out of its 16 main compartments open to the sea. The height of the bulkhead deck above the water line in flooded condition was well above the requirements, and the vessel would have been able to float with 3 adjoining compartments flooded in 11 of 14 possible combinations.[6] The subdivisions could be sealed from communication with each other with cast iron watertight doors. To somewhat lower the chance of a sailor's being caught in them, a geared system dropped the doors gradually, over 25 to 30 seconds, by sliding them vertically on hydraulic cataract cylinders.[7]
The first unqualified assertion of Titanic's unsinkability appeared in The New York Times on 16 April 1912, a day after the tragedy. Philip A. S. Franklin, vice president of the International Mercantile Marine Company (White Star Line's holding company) stated after being told of the sinking, "I thought her unsinkable, and I based my opinion on the best expert advice available. I do not understand it."[8] This comment was seized upon by the press, and the idea that the White Star Line had previously declared Titanic unsinkable (without qualification) gained immediate and widespread currency.[9]
David Sarnoff, wireless reports and the use of SOS[edit]
An often-quoted story that has been blurred between fact and fiction states that the first person to receive news of the sinking was David Sarnoff, who would later lead media giant RCA. In modified versions of this legend, Sarnoff was not the first to hear the news (though Sarnoff willingly promoted this notion), but he and others did staff the Marconi wireless station (telegraph) atop the Wanamaker Department Store in New York City, and for three days, relayed news of the disaster and names of survivors to people waiting outside. However, even this version lacks support in contemporary accounts. No newspapers of the time, for example, mention Sarnoff. Given the absence of primary evidence, the story of Sarnoff should be properly regarded as a legend.[10][11][12][13][14]
Despite popular belief, the sinking of Titanic was not the first time the internationally recognised Morse code distress signal "SOS" was used. The SOS signal was first proposed at the International Conference on Wireless Communication at Sea in Berlin in 1906. It was ratified by the international community in 1908 and had been in widespread use since then. The SOS signal was, however, rarely used by British wireless operators, who preferred the older CQD code. First Wireless Operator Jack Phillips began transmitting CQD until Second Wireless Operator Harold Bride half jokingly suggested, "Send SOS; it's the new call, and this may be your last chance to send it." Phillips then began to intersperse SOS with the traditional CQD call.[15]
There are reports that, in 1936, a ham radio operator named Gordon Cosgrave claimed to be receiving long delayed echo SOS messages from the Carpathia and Titanic 24 years after their transmission.[16][17]
Titanic's band[edit]
Main article: Musicians of the RMS Titanic
The eight members of Titanic's band.
One of the most famous stories of Titanic is of the ship's band. On 15 April the eight-member band, led by Wallace Hartley, had assembled in the first-class lounge in an effort to keep passengers calm and upbeat. Later they moved on to the forward half of the boat deck. The band continued playing, even when it became apparent the ship was going to sink, and all members perished.[18]
There has been much speculation about what their last song was.[19] A first-class Canadian passenger, Mrs. Vera Dick, and several other passengers, alleged that the final tune played was that of the hymn "Nearer, My God, to Thee".[20] Hartley reportedly once said to a friend if he were on a sinking ship, "Nearer, My God, to Thee" would be one of the songs he would play.[21] But Walter Lord's book A Night to Remember popularised wireless operator Harold Bride's 1912 account (New York Times) that he heard the song "Autumn" before the ship sank.[22] It is considered Bride either meant the hymn tune known as "Autumn" or the tune of the then-popular waltz "Songe d'Automne" but neither was in the White Star Line songbook for the band.[21] Bride is one of only two witnesses who were close enough to the band, as he floated off the deck before the ship went down. Some consider his statement to be reliable. Mrs. Dick had left by lifeboat an hour and 20 minutes earlier and could not possibly have heard the band's final moments. The notion that the band played "Nearer, My God, to Thee" as a swan song is possibly a myth originating from the wrecking of SS Valencia, which had received wide press coverage in Canada in 1906 and so may have influenced Mrs. Dick's recollection.[2]
There are three, very different versions of the hymn using the lyrics of "Nearer, My God, to Thee": Horbury, written in 1861 by the Rev John Dykes was popular in Britain, and another, Bethany, written in 1856 by Dr Lowell Mason was popular in the U.S. The third tune associated with the hymn was Propior Deo, was written by Sir Arthur Sullivan and was also popular in Britain.[23] Additionally, the British melody might sound like the other hymn ("Autumn").[21] On 24 May 1912, the seven chief London orchestras performed at a memorial for the musicians who perished, as they played Horbury, two Titanic survivors in the audience became emotional and stated that this was the tune they heard while they were in their lifeboat. The film A Night to Remember (1958) uses the tune Horbury; while the 1953 film Titanic, with Clifton Webb, uses the tune Bethany as does James Cameron's 1997 Titanic. To further complicate things, Horbury was the Anglican version of the hymn, while Propior Deo was the Methodist version. The Titanic's bandmaster, Wallace Hartley was a devout Methodist and son of a Methodist choirmaster leading a band containing several devout Methodists. Propior Deo was not only sung at Hartley's funeral but was also carved into his headstone.[23] Recently, another possibility has been raised. Among items left behind by Hartley's fiancée, Maria Robinson, was the sheet music of a third tune to the hymn written by Lewis Carey in 1902 and made popular by the Australian contralto Ada Crossley. As Crossley performed in both Britain and America, it is possible that this may have been a tune known to passengers on both sides of the Atlantic.[24]
Colonel Archibald Gracie, an amateur historian who was aboard the ship until the final moments, and was later rescued on a capsized collapsible lifeboat, wrote his account immediately after the sinking but died from his injuries eight months later. According to Gracie, the tunes played by the band were "cheerful" but that he didn't recognise any of them, claiming that if they had played "Nearer, My God, to Thee" as claimed in the newspaper, "I assuredly should have noticed it and regarded it as a tactless warning of immediate death to us all and one likely to create panic."[25]
The stories of W.T. Stead[edit]
Main article: William Thomas Stead
Another oft-cited Titanic legend concerns perished first-class passenger William Thomas Stead. According to this folklore, Stead had, through precognitive insight, foreseen his own death on the Titanic. This is apparently suggested in two fictional sinking stories, which he penned decades earlier. The first, "How the Mail Steamer Went Down in Mid-Atlantic, by a Survivor" (1886), tells of a mail steamer's collision with another ship, resulting in high loss of life due to lack of lifeboats.[26] The second, "From the Old World to the New" (1892) features a White Star Line vessel, Majestic, that rescues survivors of another ship that had collided with an iceberg.[27]
Mystery ship[edit]
Some believe that there was another ship, the Norwegian sealer Samson, in the vicinity of Titanic when she sank. There is also speculation that this was the ship Titanic saw in the distance instead of the Californian. If correct, the coordinates of Samson place her within 10 miles of Titanic's position as the ship was sinking. The story of crewmate Hendrik Bergethon Naess suggests that when Titanic set off her distress rockets, Samson did not come to the rescue because she was illegally hunting seals, and instead thought that the rockets being fired off was a signal to other ships in regard to Samson being there. His statement allegedly states that they sailed north to avoid detection after seeing the rockets.[28] However, research of Lloyd's List records suggests that Samson was in port in Iceland for engine repairs on the date of the Titanic's sinking, making her presence near the incident on the night of April 14 impossible.[29][30] Another possible candidate is the SS Mount Temple.[citation needed][clarification needed]
The Titanic curse[edit]
When Titanic sank, claims were made that a curse existed on the ship. The press quickly linked the "Titanic curse" with the White Star Line practice of not christening their ships.[2]
One of the most widely spread legends linked directly into the sectarianism of the city of Belfast, where the ship was built. It was suggested that the ship was given the number 390904 which, when reflected, resembles the letters "NOPOPE", a sectarian slogan attacking Roman Catholics, widely used by extreme Protestants in Northern Ireland, where the ship was built. In the extreme sectarianism of the region at the time, the ship's sinking was alleged to be on account of anti-Catholicism by her manufacturers, the Harland and Wolff company, which had an almost exclusively Protestant workforce and an alleged record of hostility towards Catholics (Harland and Wolff did have a record of hiring few Catholics; whether that was through policy or because the company's shipyard in Belfast's bay was located in almost exclusively Protestant East Belfast—through which few Catholics would travel—or a mixture of both, is a matter of dispute). In fact, RMS Olympic and Titanic were assigned the yard numbers 400 and 401 respectively.[31][32]
Jessie's premonition[edit]
On the night of the sinking, a young girl by the name of Jessie Sayre lay dying in the town of Kirkudbright, Scotland. In her delirious state she described seeing a large ship sinking and a man named Wally (a nickname for Wallace) playing a fiddle. Just hours after her death, Wallace Hartley continued to play his violin with the rest of his band as Titanic went down.[33]
Literary foreshadowing of the disaster[edit]
At the time the Titanic sank, the 1 May 1912 issue of The Popular Magazine, an American pulp magazine, was on the news stands. It contained the short story "The White Ghost of Disaster," which described the collision of an ocean liner with an iceberg in the Atlantic Ocean, the sinking of the vessel, and the fate of the passengers. The story, by Mayn Clew Garnett (the pseudonym of sea-story author T. Jenkins Hains), created a minor sensation.[34][35] In 1898, fourteen years prior to the Titanic disaster, Morgan Robertson wrote a book called Futility, or the Wreck of the Titan. This story features an enormous British passenger liner called the Titan, which, deemed to be unsinkable, carries insufficient lifeboats. On a voyage in the month of April, the Titan hits an iceberg and sinks in the North Atlantic with the loss of almost everyone on board. There are some similarities between the fictional sinking of the Titan and the real-life sinking of the RMS Titanic.[36]
In 1912, the German Berliner Tageblatt newspaper published a book in serial form that ran from January 9 until April 24.[37][38] This work of fiction was written by Gerhard Hauptmann, who would receive the Nobel Prize in Literature later that year.[39] One month before the fateful April maiden voyage of the RMS Titanic, the story was published by S. Fischer Verlag as the novel Atlantis. Atlantis is a romantic tale set aboard the fictitious ocean liner Roland, which is coincidentally doomed to a fate very similar to that of the RMS Titanic. This perceived anticipation of the Titanic disaster received considerable attention at the time.[40] A Danish silent film also titled Atlantis was produced by Nordisk Film based on the novel. The film was released less than a year following the actual tragic event. The association became evident, and it was banned in Norway, perceived as being in "bad taste".[41]
See also[edit]
United Kingdom portal
Nautical portal
RMS Titanic alternative theories
RMS Titanic in popular culture
List of films about the RMS Titanic
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Five Titanic myths spread by films". BBC News. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Richard Howells The Myth of the Titanic, ISBN 0-333-72597-2
Jump up ^ Staff (19 April 1912). "Lead Article". The Engineer. The phrase 'unsinkable ships' is certainly not one that has originated from the builders
Jump up ^ The Titanic – Why Did People Believe Titanic Was Unsinkable? (especially inset: "designed to be unsinkable"). History on the Net. Accessed 2011.04.15.
Jump up ^ "Testimony of Edward Wilding". British Wreck Commissioner's Inquiry. 30 July 1912. Retrieved 4 November 2008.
Jump up ^ Hacket C. and Bedford, J.G. (1996). The Sinking of the S.S. Titanic – Investigated by Modern Techniques. pp. 167–171, 212.
Jump up ^ Beveridge, Bruce; Andrews, Scott; Hall, Steve; Klistorner, Daniel (2009). "Chapter 6: Watertight Bulkheads, Doors, and Coal Bunkers". In Braunschweiger, Art. Titanic: The Ship Magnificent. I. Gloucestershire, United Kingdom: History Press. ISBN 9780752446066. Retrieved 25 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Staff (16 April 1912). "Titanic sinks four hours after hitting iceberg". The New York Times. pp. 1–2. Retrieved 19 December 2008.
Jump up ^ Leavy (2007: 39)
Jump up ^ "More About Sarnoff, Part One". PBS.
Jump up ^ Bruce M. Owen (1999). "The Evolution of Broadcast Radio". The Internet Challenge to Television. Harvard University Press. p. 55. ISBN 0-674-00389-6.
Jump up ^ Albert Abramson (1995). "An Invitation from Westinghouse". Zworykin, Pioneer of Television. University of Illinois Press. p. 41. ISBN 0-252-02104-5.
Jump up ^ Harold Evans (2006). They Made America: From the Steam Engine to the Search Engine. Little Brown And Company. p. 337. ISBN 0-316-27766-5.
Jump up ^ Huntington Williams (1989). Beyond Control: ABC and the Fate of the Networks. Atheneum. p. 26. ISBN 0-689-11818-X.
Jump up ^ Campbell (2008: 1911)
Jump up ^ Macklin, John (May 3, 2009). "Time Out: Save our souls: Distress call from a ship of ghosts" (PDF). Gulf Times. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Spencer, John (July 28, 1992). The Paranormal: A Modern Perspective on the Forces Within, Without & Beyond. Crescent. p. 150. ISBN 978-0517073322.
Jump up ^ Joey Butler. "Did faith drive Titanic musicians?". The United Methodist Church. Archived from the original on 20 April 2011. Retrieved 2 December 2010.
Jump up ^ Barczewski (2006: 132)
Jump up ^ "Titanic Conspiracies". Titanic Conspiracies | Stuff They Don't Want You to Know. 2017-10-06. Retrieved 2017-10-09.
^ Jump up to: a b c Barczewski (2006: 133–134)
Jump up ^ Joey Butler. "Did faith drive Titanic musicians?". The United Methodist Church. Archived from the original on 20 April 2011. Retrieved 2 December 2010. “It’s more likely that they played a French waltz called ‘Songe d’Automne.’ The most reliable accounts I’ve heard mention that song,” Gowan said. “Wallace Hartley once told a friend that if he was on a ship going down, the best thing he could do would be to play a hymn like 'Nearer, My God, to Thee,’” Turner said. “One of the most convincing accounts I read, by one of the sailors, was that at the end, there was a lone violinist playing ‘Nearer, My God, to Thee.’ I suspect that was Wallace Hartley.”
^ Jump up to: a b Richards, Jeffrey (2001). Imperialism and Music: Britain, 1876–1953. Manchester University Press. pp. 395–398. ISBN 9780719061431.
Jump up ^ Steve Turner, The Band That Played On Thomas Nelson, 2011.
Jump up ^ Gracie, Archibald (2009). Titanic: A Survivor's Story. The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7509-4702-2.
Jump up ^ W.T. Stead (22 March 1886). "How the Mail Steamer Went Down in Mid-Atlantic, by a Survivor". Pall Mall Gazette. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
Jump up ^ W.T. Stead (December 1892). "From the Old World to the New". The Review of Reviews. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
Jump up ^ http://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/ship/195/
Jump up ^ Reade, Leslie (September 1993). The Ship That Stood Still: The Californian and Her Mysterious Role in the Titanic Disaster. W W Norton & Co Inc. ISBN 978-0-393-03537-7.
Jump up ^ Lee, Paul (June 27, 2009). The Titanic and the Indifferent Stranger. Dr Paul Lee. p. 237. ISBN 978-0-9563015-0-5.
Jump up ^ Eaton: Haas (1996: 56)
Jump up ^ Mark Chirnside (5 May 2008). "The mystery of Titanic's central propeller". Retrieved 8 January 2009.
Jump up ^ poep://www.jamesmdeem.com/stories.esp3.html
Jump up ^ The Ocean: 100th Anniversary Collection, Off-Trail Publications, 2008.
Jump up ^ Gardner, Martin. When You Were a Tadpole and I Was a Fish, Hill and Wang, 2009. See Chapter 8. Was the Sinking if the Titanic Foretold?
Jump up ^ Hayes, Paul et alia (1986). The Hayes book of mysteries: the strange, the bizarre, and the unexplained . Penworthy Pub. Co., p. 13. ISBN 0-87617-024-6
Jump up ^ Hoefert, Sigfrid (1996). Gerhart Hauptmann und der Film (in German). Erich Schmidt Verlag. p. 10.
Jump up ^ Hauptmann, Gerhart (1994). Gespräche und Interviews mit Gerhart Hauptmann (in German). Erich Schmidt Verlag. p. 51.
Jump up ^ Hauptmann, Gerhart. "The Nobel Prize in Literature 1912". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Maurer, Warren (October 1992). Understanding Gerhart Hauptmann. University of South Carolina Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-87249-823-5.
Jump up ^ Pedersen, Sune Christian, The Titanic Myth Archived 9 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine., Post & Tele Museum of Denmark, 3rd quarterly, (2001)
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Crew members
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Frank John William Goldsmith
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Popular culture
Books
Futility, or the Wreck of the Titan (1898)
A Night to Remember (book)
Polar the Titanic Bear
Films
Saved from the Titanic (1912)
In Nacht und Eis (1912)
Atlantic (1929)
Titanic (1943)
Titanic (1953)
A Night to Remember (1958)
The Unsinkable Molly Brown (1964)
Raise the Titanic (1980)
Secrets of the Titanic (1986)
Titanica (1992)
Titanic (1997)
The Legend of the Titanic (1999)
Titanic: The Legend Goes On (2000)
Ghosts of the Abyss (2003)
Tentacolino (2004)
Titanic II (2010)
Television
S.O.S. Titanic (1979)
Titanic: The Complete Story (1994)
Titanic (1996)
No Greater Love (1996)
"A Flight to Remember" (Futurama) (1999)
Titanic (2012)
Titanic: Blood and Steel (2012)
Saving the Titanic (2012)
Music
"The Titanic (It Was Sad When That Great Ship Went Down)" (folk song)
The Sinking of the Titanic (music composition)
Titanic (musical)
The Unsinkable Molly Brown (musical)
"My Heart Will Go On" (Celine Dion song)
"Nearer, My God, to Thee" (song)
Video games
Titanic: Adventure Out of Time (1996)
Titanic: Honor and Glory (TBA)
Museums
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SeaCity Museum (Southampton)
Titanic Museum (Branson, Missouri)
Titanic Museum (Pigeon Forge, Tennessee)
Maritime Museum of the Atlantic (Halifax)
Titanic Belfast
Places
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Related
Ships
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CS Mackay-Bennett
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Replica Titanic
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Encyclopedia Titanica
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Wheel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Wheel (disambiguation) and Wheels (disambiguation).
This article contains special characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.
Three wheels on an antique tricycle
The earliest wheels were made of a solid piece of wood.
A wheel is a circular component that is intended to rotate on an axle bearing. The wheel is one of the key components of the wheel and axle which is one of the six simple machines. Wheels, in conjunction with axles, allow heavy objects to be moved easily facilitating movement or transportation while supporting a load, or performing labor in machines. Wheels are also used for other purposes, such as a ship's wheel, steering wheel, potter's wheel and flywheel.
Common examples are found in transport applications. A wheel greatly reduces friction by facilitating motion by rolling together with the use of axles. In order for wheels to rotate, a moment needs to be applied to the wheel about its axis, either by way of gravity or by the application of another external force or torque. Using the wheel, Sumerians invented a contraption that spins clay as a potter shapes it into the desired object.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
3 Mechanics and function
4 Construction
4.1 Rim
4.2 Hub
4.3 Spokes
4.3.1 Wire
4.4 Tire/Tyre
4.5 Trywheel
5 Patenting the wheel
6 Alternatives
7 Symbolism
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Etymology[edit]
The English word wheel comes from the Old English word hweol, hweogol, from Proto-Germanic *hwehwlan, *hwegwlan, from Proto-Indo-European *kwekwlo-,[1] an extended form of the root *kwel- "to revolve, move around". Cognates within Indo-European include Icelandic hjól "wheel, tyre", Greek κύκλος kúklos, and Sanskrit chakra, the latter two both meaning "circle" or "wheel".[2]
History[edit]
The invention of the wheel falls into the late Neolithic, and may be seen in conjunction with other technological advances that gave rise to the early Bronze Age. This implies the passage of several wheel-less millennia even after the invention of agriculture and of pottery, during the Aceramic Neolithic.
4500–3300 BCE: Copper Age, invention of the potter's wheel; earliest wooden wheels (disks with a hole for the axle); earliest wheeled vehicles, domestication of the horse
3300–2200 BCE: Early Bronze Age
2200–1550 BCE: Middle Bronze Age, invention of the spoked wheel and the chariot
A depiction of an onager-drawn cart on the Sumerian "battle standard of Ur" (c. 2500 BC)
The Halaf culture of 6500–5100 BCE is sometimes credited with the earliest depiction of a wheeled vehicle, but this is doubtful as there is no evidence of Halafians using either wheeled vehicles or even pottery wheels.[3]
Precursors of wheels, known as "tournettes" or "slow wheels", were known in the Middle East by the 5th millennium BCE (one of the earliest examples was discovered at Tepe Pardis, Iran, and dated to 5200–4700 BCE). These were made of stone or clay and secured to the ground with a peg in the center, but required significant effort to turn. True (freely-spinning) potter's wheels were apparently in use in Mesopotamia by 3500 BCE and possibly as early as 4000 BCE,[4] and the oldest surviving example, which was found in Ur (modern day Iraq), dates to approximately 3100 BCE.[5]
The first evidence of wheeled vehicles appears in the second half of the 4th millennium BCE, near-simultaneously in Mesopotamia (Sumerian civilization), the Northern Caucasus (Maykop culture) and Eastern Europe (Cucuteni-Trypillian culture), so the question of which culture originally invented the wheeled vehicle is still unsolved.
The earliest well-dated depiction of a wheeled vehicle (here a wagon — four wheels, two axles) is on the Bronocice pot, a c. 3500 – 3350 BCE clay pot excavated in a Funnelbeaker culture settlement in southern Poland.[6]
The oldest securely dated real wheel-axle combination, that from Stare Gmajne near Ljubljana in Slovenia (Ljubljana Marshes Wooden Wheel) is now dated within two standard deviations to 3340–3030 BCE, the axle to 3360–3045 BCE.[7]
Two types of early Neolithic European wheel and axle are known; a circumalpine type of wagon construction (the wheel and axle rotate together, as in Ljubljana Marshes Wheel), and that of the Baden culture in Hungary (axle does not rotate). They both are dated to c. 3200–3000 BCE.[8]
In China, the wheel was certainly present with the adoption of the chariot in c. 1200 BCE,[9] although Barbieri-Low[10] argues for earlier Chinese wheeled vehicles, c. 2000 BC.
In Britain, a large wooden wheel, measuring about 1 m (3.3 ft) in diameter, was uncovered at the Must Farm site in East Anglia in 2016. The specimen, dating from 1,100–800 years BCE, represents the most complete and earliest of its type found in Britain. The wheel's hub is also present. A horse's spine found nearby suggests the wheel may have been part of a horse-drawn cart. The wheel was found in a settlement built on stilts over wetland, indicating that the settlement had some sort of link to dry land.[11]
A figurine featuring the New World's independently invented wheel
Although large-scale use of wheels did not occur in the Americas prior to European contact, numerous small wheeled artifacts, identified as children's toys, have been found in Mexican archeological sites, some dating to about 1500 BC.[12] It is thought that the primary obstacle to large-scale development of the wheel in the Americas was the absence of domesticated large animals which could be used to pull wheeled carriages.[13] The closest relative of cattle present in Americas in pre-Columbian times, the American Bison, is difficult to domesticate and was never domesticated by Native Americans; several horse species existed until about 12,000 years ago, but ultimately became extinct.[14] The only large animal that was domesticated in the Western hemisphere, the llama, did not spread far beyond the Andes by the time of the arrival of Columbus.
Nubians from after about 400 BCE used wheels for spinning pottery and as water wheels.[15] It is thought that Nubian waterwheels may have been ox-driven.[16] It is also known that Nubians used horse-drawn chariots imported from Egypt.[17]
The wheel was barely used, with the exception of Ethiopia and Somalia, in Sub-Saharan Africa well into the 19th century but this changed with the arrival of the Europeans.[18][19]
Solid wheels on a heavy temple car, contrasted with the lighter wire-spoked wheels of the black roadster bicycle in the foreground
Early wheels were simple wooden disks with a hole for the axle. Some of the earliest wheels were made from horizontal slices of tree trunks. Because of the uneven structure of wood, a wheel made from a horizontal slice of a tree trunk will tend to be inferior to one made from rounded pieces of longitudinal boards.
The spoked wheel was invented more recently, and allowed the construction of lighter and swifter vehicles. In the Harappan civilization of the Indus Valley and Northwestern India, toy-cart wheels made of clay with lines which have been interpreted as spokes painted or in relief[20] as well as a symbol interpreted as a spoked wheel in the script of the seals[21] that date from the second half of the 3rd millennium BCE have been found. The earliest known examples of wooden spoked wheels are in the context of the Andronovo culture, dating to c. 2000 BCE. Soon after this, horse cultures of the Caucasus region used horse-drawn spoked-wheel war chariots for the greater part of three centuries. They moved deep into the Greek peninsula where they joined with the existing Mediterranean peoples to give rise, eventually, to classical Greece after the breaking of Minoan dominance and consolidations led by pre-classical Sparta and Athens. Celtic chariots introduced an iron rim around the wheel in the 1st millennium BCE.
The spoked wheel was in continued use without major modification until the 1870s, when wire-spoked wheels and pneumatic tires were invented.[22] The wire spokes are under tension, not compression, making it possible for the wheel to be both stiff and light. Early radially-spoked wire wheels gave rise to tangentially-spoked wire wheels, which were widely used on cars into the late 20th century. Cast alloy wheels are now more commonly used; forged alloy wheels are used when weight is critical.
The invention of the wheel has also been important for technology in general, important applications including the water wheel, the cogwheel (see also antikythera mechanism), the spinning wheel, and the astrolabe or torquetum. More modern descendants of the wheel include the propeller, the jet engine, the flywheel (gyroscope) and the turbine.
Twentieth-century solid wheel made of wooden boards, bound with a metal wheel rim
Spoked wheels on the ancient Etruscan Monteleone chariot, 2nd quarter of the 6th century B.C.[contradictory]
Spoked wheel with bronze sheeting from Árokalja. 1000 BC.
Radially- (left) and tangentially- (right) wire-spoked wheels, both with pneumatic tires.
Cast alloy wheel on a folding bicycle, with a pneumatic tire.
Mechanics and function[edit]
Main article: wheel and axle
The low resistance to motion (compared to dragging) is explained as follows (refer to friction):
the normal force at the sliding interface is the same.
the sliding distance is reduced for a given distance of travel.
the coefficient of friction at the interface is usually lower.
Bearings are used to help reduce friction at the interface. In the simplest and oldest case the bearing is just a round hole through which the axle passes (a "plain bearing").
Example:
If a 100 kg object is dragged for 10 m along a surface with the coefficient of friction μ = 0.5, the normal force is 981 N and the work done (required energy) is (work=force x distance) 981 × 0.5 × 10 = 4905 joules.
Now give the object 4 wheels. The normal force between the 4 wheels and axles is the same (in total) 981 N. Assume, for wood, μ = 0.25, and say the wheel diameter is 1000 mm and axle diameter is 50 mm. So while the object still moves 10 m the sliding frictional surfaces only slide over each other a distance of 0.5 m. The work done is 981 × 0.25 × 0.5 = 123 joules; the work done has reduced to 1/40 of that of dragging.
Additional energy is lost from the wheel-to-road interface. This is termed rolling resistance which is predominantly a deformation loss. This energy is also lowered by the use of a wheel (in comparison to dragging) because the net force on the contact point between the road and the wheel is almost perpendicular to the ground, and hence, generates an almost zero net work. This depends on the nature of the ground, of the material of the wheel, its inflation in the case of a tire, the net torque exerted by the eventual engine, and many other factors.
A wheel can also offer advantages in traversing irregular surfaces if the wheel radius is sufficiently large compared to the irregularities.
The wheel alone is not a machine, but when attached to an axle in conjunction with bearing, it forms the wheel and axle, one of the simple machines. A driven wheel is an example of a wheel and axle. Wheels pre-date driven wheels by about 6000 years, themselves an evolution of using round logs as rollers to move a heavy load—a practice going back in pre-history so far that it has not been dated.
Construction[edit]
This article is about structure of wheel. For making of wire-spoked wheels, see Wheelbuilding. For making of non-wire spoked wheels, see Wheel construction.
Rim[edit]
Main article: Rim (wheel)
An aluminium alloy wheel
The rim is the "outer edge of a wheel, holding the tire."[23] It makes up the outer circular design of the wheel on which the inside edge of the tire is mounted on vehicles such as automobiles. For example, on a bicycle wheel the rim is a large hoop attached to the outer ends of the spokes of the wheel that holds the tire and tube.
In the 1st millennium BCE an iron rim was introduced around the wooden wheels of chariots.
Hub[edit]
The hub is the center of the wheel, and typically houses a bearing, and is where the spokes meet.
A hubless wheel (also known as a rim-rider or centerless wheel) is a type of wheel with no center hub. More specifically, the hub is actually almost as big as the wheel itself. The axle is hollow, following the wheel at very close tolerances.
Spokes[edit]
Main article: spoke
A spoked wheel on display at The National Museum of Iran, in Tehran. The wheel is dated to the late 2nd millennium BCE and was excavated at Choqa Zanbil.
A spoke is one of some number of rods radiating from the center of a wheel (the hub where the axle connects), connecting the hub with the round traction surface. The term originally referred to portions of a log which had been split lengthwise into four or six sections. The radial members of a wagon wheel were made by carving a spoke (from a log) into their finished shape. A spokeshave is a tool originally developed for this purpose. Eventually, the term spoke was more commonly applied to the finished product of the wheelwright's work, than to the materials used.
Wire[edit]
Main article: wire wheel
The rims of wire wheels (or "wire spoked wheels") are connected to their hubs by wire spokes. Although these wires are generally stiffer than a typical wire rope, they function mechanically the same as tensioned flexible wires, keeping the rim true while supporting applied loads.
Wire wheels are used on most bicycles and still used on many motorcycles. They were invented by aeronautical engineer George Cayley and first used in bicycles by James Starley. A process of assembling wire wheels is described as wheelbuilding.
A 1957 MGA automobile with wire wheels
Tire/Tyre[edit]
Main article: tire
Stacked and standing car tires
A tire (in American English and Canadian English) or tyre (in some Commonwealth Nations such as UK, India, South Africa and Australia) is a ring-shaped covering that fits around a wheel rim to protect it and enable better vehicle performance by providing a flexible cushion that absorbs shock while keeping the wheel in close contact with the ground. The word itself may be derived from the word "tie," which refers to the outer steel ring part of a wooden cart wheel that ties the wood segments together (see Etymology below).
The fundamental materials of modern tires are synthetic rubber, natural rubber, fabric and wire, along with other compound chemicals. They consist of a tread and a body. The tread provides traction while the body ensures support. Before rubber was invented, the first versions of tires were simply bands of metal that fitted around wooden wheels to prevent wear and tear. Today, the vast majority of tires are pneumatic inflatable structures, comprising a doughnut-shaped body of cords and wires encased in rubber and generally filled with compressed air to form an inflatable cushion. Pneumatic tires are used on many types of vehicles, such as cars, bicycles, motorcycles, trucks, earthmovers, and aircraft.
Trywheel[edit]
A trywheel is an arrangement of three wheels mounted on a y-shaped frame for the purpose of passing over stairs or rough ground. These may be driven by external force or integral motors.[citation needed]
Patenting the wheel[edit]
To the 21st century observer, a wheel appears to be a fairly simple thing, but there have been many attempts to improve, and patent the wheel.
Inventors include:
Joseph Ledwinka, patent US808765 of 1906[24]
Manuel Herrera de Hora, patent US836578 of 1906[25]
Louis Mékarski, patent GB190702860 of 1907[26]
William Morris, patent US1159786 of 1915[27]
In many cases, the idea was to create a resilient wheel. This function is now provided by what's known as the pneumatic tyre.
Alternatives[edit]
While wheels are very widely used for ground transport, there are alternatives, some of which are suitable for terrain where wheels are ineffective. Alternative methods for ground transport without wheels include:
Electromagnetic maglev trains
Sled or travois
Hovercraft
A walking machine
Caterpillar tracks (although it is still operated by wheels)
Pedrail wheels, using aspects of both wheel and caterpillar track
Spheres, as used by Dyson vacuum cleaners and hamster balls
Screw-propelled vehicle
A recent invention is the so-called Liddiard Wheel, which claims to be a superior omnidirectional wheel.[28][29]
Symbolism[edit]
The wheel has also become a strong cultural and spiritual metaphor for a cycle or regular repetition (see chakra, reincarnation, Yin and Yang among others). As such and because of the difficult terrain, wheeled vehicles were forbidden in old Tibet. The wheel in ancient China is seen as a symbol of health and strength and utilized by some villages as a tool to predict future health and success. The diameter of the wheel is indicator of one's future health.
The winged wheel is a symbol of progress, seen in many contexts including the coat of arms of Panama, the logo of the Ohio State Highway Patrol and the State Railway of Thailand. The wheel is also the prominent figure on the flag of India. The wheel in this case represents law (dharma). It also appears in the flag of the Romani people, hinting to their nomadic history and their Indian origins.
The introduction of spoked (chariot) wheels in the Middle Bronze Age appears to have carried somewhat of a prestige. The sun cross appears to have a significance in Bronze Age religion, replacing the earlier concept of a Solar barge with the more 'modern' and technologically advanced solar chariot. The wheel was also a solar symbol for the Ancient Egyptians.[30]
See also[edit]
Types: Alloy wheel, Artillery wheel, Bicycle wheel, Big wheel, Cartwheel, Caster, Pressed Steel wheel, Driving wheel, Hubless wheel, Mansell wheel, Mecanum wheel, Omni wheel, Tweel, Square wheel, Steering wheel (Ship's wheel), Train wheel, Wire wheels
Components: Axle, Rim, Tire, Snow chains, Wheelset (rail transport), Wagon wheel (transportation)
Inspired technologies and concepts: Compact disc, Breaking wheel, Color wheel, Ferris wheel, Reinventing the wheel, Spindle whorl, Wagon-wheel effect, Wheel of Fortune, Wheelbarrow, Wheel and axle
Alternatives: Magnetic levitation
History: The Horse, The Wheel and Language (book), Rotating locomotion in living systems, Terrestrial locomotion in animals: Rolling
Theory: Rolling resistance, r. friction, r. drag, Simple machine, Wheel sizing
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "wheel". Online Etymology Dictionary.
Jump up ^ "American Heritage Dictionary Entry: wheel". Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.
Jump up ^ V. Gordon Childe (1928). New Light on the Most Ancient East. p. 110.
Jump up ^ D. T. Potts (2012). A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. p. 285.
Jump up ^ Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart (1999) [1994]. Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. p. 146. ISBN 9781575060422.
Jump up ^ Anthony, David A. (2007). The horse, the wheel, and language: how Bronze-Age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. p. 67. ISBN 0-691-05887-3.
Jump up ^ Velušček, A.; Čufar, K. and Zupančič, M. (2009) "Prazgodovinsko leseno kolo z osjo s kolišča Stare gmajne na Ljubljanskem barju", pp. 197–222 in A. Velušček (ed.). Koliščarska naselbina Stare gmajne in njen as. Ljubljansko barje v 2. polovici 4. tisočletja pr. Kr. Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 16. Ljubljana.
Jump up ^ Fowler, Chris; Harding, Jan and Hofmann, Daniela (eds.) (2015). The Oxford Handbook of Neolithic Europe. OUP Oxford. ISBN 0191666882. p. 109.
Jump up ^ Dyer, Gwynne, War: the new edition, p. 159: Vintage Canada Edition, Randomhouse of Canada, Toronto, ON
Jump up ^ Barbieri-Low, Anthony (February 2000) "Wheeled Vehicles in the Chinese Bronze Age (c. 2000-741 B.C.)", Sino-Platonic Papers
Jump up ^ "Bronze Age wheel at 'British Pompeii' Must Farm an 'unprecedented find'". BBC. Retrieved 2016-02-18.
Jump up ^ Ekholm, Gordon F (April 1946). "Wheeled Toys in Mexico". American Antiquity. 11 (4): 222–228. JSTOR 275722.
Jump up ^ Diamond, Jared (1999). Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York: Norton. p. 237. ISBN 978-0-393-31755-8.
Jump up ^ Singer, Ben (May 2005). A brief history of the horse in America. Canadian Geographic Magazine. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "CRAFTS - Uncovering Treasures of Ancient Nubia - NYTimes.com". 27 February 1994.
Jump up ^ "What the Nubians Ate". Discover Magazine.
Jump up ^ Fage, J. D.; Oliver, Roland Anthony (1975). The Cambridge History of Africa. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521215923.
Jump up ^ Chaves, Isaías; Engerman, Stanley L.; Robinson, James A. (2012). Reinventing the Wheel: The Economic Benefits of Wheeled Transportation in Early Colonial British West Africa (PDF). Weatherhead Center for International Affairs. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 5 January 2014. One of the great technological puzzles of Sub-Saharan African economic history is that wheeled transportation was barely used prior to the colonial period. Instead, head porterage was the main method of transportation.
Jump up ^ Law, Robin C. (1980). "Wheeled Transportation in Pre-Colonial West Africa". Africa. 50: 249–62. doi:10.2307/1159117.
Jump up ^ Ghosh, A. (1989). An Encyclopedia of Indian Archaeology. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal. p.337; Rao, L.S. (2005–06). The Harappan Spoked Wheels Rattled Down the Streets of Bhirrana, District Fatehabad, Haryana. “Puratattva” 36. pp.59–67.
Jump up ^ See e.g. Molded tablet and Bull seal, Harappa.
Jump up ^ bookrags.com – Wheel and axle
Jump up ^ Jewel, Elizabeth (2006). The Pocket Oxford Dictionary and Thesaurus. Oxford University Press. p. 722. ISBN 978-0-19-530715-3. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
Jump up ^ "Wheel Structure. Original document: US808765 (A) ― 1906-01-02". Espacenet.
Jump up ^ "Vehicle – Wheel. Original document: US836578 (A) ― 1906-11-20". Espacenet.
Jump up ^ "Improvements in Spring Wheels for Vehicles. Original document: GB190702860 (A) ― 1907-07-18". Espacenet.
Jump up ^ "Resilient Wheel. Original document: US1159786 (A) ― 1915-11-09". Espacenet.
Jump up ^ Kershaw, Jenai (March 29, 2016). "London inventor of new omni-directional wheels says his prototype is better than existing products". London Free Press. Retrieved April 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Hot Wheels". CTV London. Retrieved April 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ Hall, Adelaide S. (2005). A Glossary of Important Symbols in Their Hebrew: Pagan and Christian Forms. p. 56. ISBN 9781596055933.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wheels.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Automobile wheels.
Look up wheel in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel
Wheel – Simple English
simple
simple
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sd
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

value:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolo
Kolo – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

value:
https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaag
Shaag – Somali
so
so
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-so
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

value:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjul
Hjul – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

value:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulong
Gulong – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

value: சில்லு – Tamil

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

value: Тәгәрмәч – Tatar

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tt
display: none;

value: చక్రం – Telugu

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

value:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekerlek
Tekerlek – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

value:
https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rua
Rua – Venetian
vec
vec
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vec
display: none;

value:
https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kezr
Kezr – Veps
vep
vep
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vep
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wa
display: none;

value:
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliding
Kaliding – Waray
war
war
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yi
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg
display: none;

value:
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BC%AA
輪 – Chinese
zh
zh
interlanguage-link-target

value: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

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value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

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