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List of Suits episodes
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Suits is an American television drama series created by Aaron Korsh, which premiered on June 23, 2011 on the USA Network. It revolves around Mike Ross (Patrick J. Adams) and Harvey Specter (Gabriel Macht), two lawyers at a high-profile New York corporate law firm. Harvey is one of the city's top attorneys. He chooses to take on Mike as his associate, although Mike never attended Harvard—the only school from which the firm hires—or indeed any law school at all. Ross relies on his photographic memory and intelligence to succeed.
The series was renewed for a 16-episode seventh season, which began on July 12, 2017.[1] As of September 13, 2017,[update] 102 episodes of Suits have aired.
Contents
[hide]
1 Series overview
2 Episodes
2.1 Season 1 (2011)
2.2 Season 2 (2012–13)
2.3 Season 3 (2013–14)
2.4 Season 4 (2014–15)
2.5 Season 5 (2015–16)
2.6 Season 6 (2016–17)
2.7 Season 7 (2017)
3 Ratings
4 Home video releases
5 References
6 External links
Series overview[edit]
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 12 June 23, 2011 (2011-06-23) September 8, 2011 (2011-09-08)
2 16 June 14, 2012 (2012-06-14) February 21, 2013 (2013-02-21)
3 16 July 16, 2013 (2013-07-16) April 10, 2014 (2014-04-10)
4 16 June 11, 2014 (2014-06-11) March 4, 2015 (2015-03-04)
5 16 June 24, 2015 (2015-06-24) March 2, 2016 (2016-03-02)
6 16 July 13, 2016 (2016-07-13) March 1, 2017 (2017-03-01)
7 16[2] July 12, 2017 (2017-07-12) TBA
Episodes[edit]
Season 1 (2011)[edit]
Main article: Suits (season 1)
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
1
1 "Pilot" Kevin Bray Aaron Korsh June 23, 2011 (2011-06-23) 4.64[3]
2
2 "Errors and Omissions" John Scott Sean Jablonski June 30, 2011 (2011-06-30) 3.89[4]
3
3 "Inside Track" Kevin Bray Aaron Korsh July 7, 2011 (2011-07-07) 4.53[5]
4
4 "Dirty Little Secrets" Dennie Gordon Jon Cowan July 14, 2011 (2011-07-14) 4.38[6]
5
5 "Bail Out" Kate Woods Ethan Drogin July 21, 2011 (2011-07-21) 4.38[7]
6
6 "Tricks of the Trade" Terry McDonough Rick Muirragui July 28, 2011 (2011-07-28) 4.44[8]
7
7 "Play the Man" Tim Matheson Erica Lipez August 4, 2011 (2011-08-04) 4.03[9]
8
8 "Identity Crisis" Norberto Barba Ethan Drogin August 11, 2011 (2011-08-11) 3.96[10]
9
9 "Undefeated" Felix Alcala Rick Muirragui August 18, 2011 (2011-08-18) 4.45[11]
10
10 "Shelf Life" Jennifer Getzinger Sean Jablonski August 25, 2011 (2011-08-25) 3.82[12]
11
11 "Rules of the Game" Mike Smith Jon Cowan September 1, 2011 (2011-09-01) 3.96[13]
12
12 "Dog Fight" Kevin Bray Aaron Korsh September 8, 2011 (2011-09-08) 3.47[14]
Season 2 (2012–13)[edit]
Main article: Suits (season 2)
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
13
1 "She Knows" Michael Smith Aaron Korsh June 14, 2012 (2012-06-14) 3.47[15]
14
2 "The Choice" Kevin Bray Jon Cowan June 21, 2012 (2012-06-21) 3.80[16]
15
3 "Meet the New Boss" Michael Smith Erica Lipez June 28, 2012 (2012-06-28) 3.88[17]
16
4 "Discovery" Kevin Bray Daniel Arkin July 12, 2012 (2012-07-12) 3.70[18]
17
5 "Break Point" Christopher Misiano Ethan Drogin July 19, 2012 (2012-07-19) 3.72[19]
18
6 "All In" John Scott Karla Nappi July 26, 2012 (2012-07-26) 3.89[20]
19
7 "Sucker Punch" Adam Davidson Genevieve Sparling August 2, 2012 (2012-08-02) 3.41[21]
20
8 "Rewind" Félix Alcalá Rick Muirragui August 9, 2012 (2012-08-09) 3.42[22]
21
9 "Asterisk" Jennifer Getzinger Justin Peacock August 16, 2012 (2012-08-16) 4.00[23]
22
10 "High Noon" Kevin Bray Erica Lipez August 23, 2012 (2012-08-23) 4.48[24]
23
11 "Blind-Sided" David Platt Ethan Drogin January 17, 2013 (2013-01-17) 3.57[25]
24
12 "Blood in the Water" Roger Kumble Genevieve Sparling January 24, 2013 (2013-01-24) 3.75[26]
25
13 "Zane vs. Zane" Nicole Kassell Rick Muirragui January 31, 2013 (2013-01-31) 3.36[27]
26
14 "He's Back" Kevin Bray Daniel Arkin February 7, 2013 (2013-02-07) 3.07[28]
27
15 "Normandy" Terry McDonough Jon Cowan February 14, 2013 (2013-02-14) 2.90[29]
28
16 "War" John Scott Aaron Korsh February 21, 2013 (2013-02-21) 3.20[30]
Season 3 (2013–14)[edit]
Main article: Suits (season 3)
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
29
1 "The Arrangement" Christopher Misiano Aaron Korsh July 16, 2013 (2013-07-16) 2.93[31]
30
2 "I Want You to Want Me" Roger Kumble Jon Cowan July 23, 2013 (2013-07-23) 2.88[32]
31
3 "Unfinished Business" Anton Cropper Ethan Drogin July 30, 2013 (2013-07-30) 2.47[33]
32
4 "Conflict of Interest" Michael Smith Daniel Arkin August 6, 2013 (2013-08-06) 2.99[34]
33
5 "Shadow of a Doubt" Félix Alcalá Genevieve Sparling August 13, 2013 (2013-08-13) 2.79[35]
34
6 "The Other Time" John Scott Rick Muirragui August 20, 2013 (2013-08-20) 2.76[36]
35
7 "She's Mine" Anton Cropper Paul Redford August 27, 2013 (2013-08-27) 2.79[37]
36
8 "Endgame" Michael Smith Justin Peacock September 3, 2013 (2013-09-03) 3.52[38]
37
9 "Bad Faith" Christopher Misiano Ethan Drogin September 10, 2013 (2013-09-10) 2.95[39]
38
10 "Stay" Kevin Bray Rick Muirragui September 17, 2013 (2013-09-17) 3.16[40]
39
11 "Buried Secrets" Cherie Nowlan Erica Lipez March 6, 2014 (2014-03-06) 2.27[41]
40
12 "Yesterday's Gone" Anton Cropper Genevieve Sparling March 13, 2014 (2014-03-13) 2.27[42]
41
13 "Moot Point" Kevin Bray Daniel Arkin March 20, 2014 (2014-03-20) 2.35[43]
42
14 "Heartburn" James Whitmore, Jr. Aaron Korsh & Erica Lipez March 27, 2014 (2014-03-27) 2.53[44]
43
15 "Know When to Fold 'Em" Anton Cropper Jon Cowan April 3, 2014 (2014-04-03) 2.50[45]
44
16 "No Way Out" Michael Smith Aaron Korsh & Daniel Arkin April 10, 2014 (2014-04-10) 2.40[46]
Season 4 (2014–15)[edit]
Main article: Suits (season 4)
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
45
1 "One-Two-Three Go..." Anton Cropper Aaron Korsh June 11, 2014 (2014-06-11) 2.50[47]
46
2 "Breakfast, Lunch and Dinner" Roger Kumble Genevieve Sparling June 18, 2014 (2014-06-18) 2.65[48]
47
3 "Two in the Knees" Anton Cropper Chris Downey June 25, 2014 (2014-06-25) 2.76[49]
48
4 "Leveraged" Kevin Bray Nora Zuckerman & Lilla Zuckerman July 9, 2014 (2014-07-09) 2.42[50]
49
5 "Pound of Flesh" Christopher Misiano Daniel Arkin July 16, 2014 (2014-07-16) 2.33[51]
50
6 "Litt the Hell Up" Silver Tree Rick Muirragui July 23, 2014 (2014-07-23) 2.70[52]
51
7 "We're Done" Cherie Nowlan Aaron Korsh & Daniel Arkin & Genevieve Sparling July 30, 2014 (2014-07-30) 2.81[53]
52
8 "Exposure" John Scott Justin Peacock August 6, 2014 (2014-08-06) 2.59[54]
53
9 "Gone" James Whitmore, Jr. Kyle Long August 13, 2014 (2014-08-13) 2.59[55]
54
10 "This Is Rome" Roger Kumble Chris Downey August 20, 2014 (2014-08-20) 2.76[56]
55
11 "Enough Is Enough" Gabriel Macht Nora Zuckerman & Lilla Zuckerman January 28, 2015 (2015-01-28) 1.87[57]
56
12 "Respect" Anton Cropper Genevieve Sparling February 4, 2015 (2015-02-04) 1.67[58]
57
13 "Fork in the Road" Michael Smith Rick Muirragui February 11, 2015 (2015-02-11) 1.46[59]
58
14 "Derailed" Patrick J. Adams Justin Peacock & Kyle Long February 18, 2015 (2015-02-18) 1.70[60]
59
15 "Intent" Silver Tree Daniel Arkin February 25, 2015 (2015-02-25) 1.80[61]
60
16 "Not Just a Pretty Face" Anton Cropper Aaron Korsh March 4, 2015 (2015-03-04) 1.55[62]
Season 5 (2015–16)[edit]
Main article: Suits (season 5)
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
61
1 "Denial" Anton Cropper Aaron Korsh June 24, 2015 (2015-06-24) 2.13[63]
62
2 "Compensation" Michael Smith Rick Muirragui July 1, 2015 (2015-07-01) 2.27[64]
63
3 "No Refills" Anton Cropper Chris Downey July 8, 2015 (2015-07-08) 2.16[65]
64
4 "No Puedo Hacerlo" Silver Tree Genevieve Sparling July 15, 2015 (2015-07-15) 2.38[66]
65
5 "Toe to Toe" Kevin Bray Nora Zuckerman & Lilla Zuckerman July 22, 2015 (2015-07-22) 2.09[67]
66
6 "Privilege" Michael Smith Kyle Long July 29, 2015 (2015-07-29) 2.16[68]
67
7 "Hitting Home" Roger Kumble Sharyn Rothstein August 5, 2015 (2015-08-05) 2.08[69]
68
8 "Mea Culpa" Kate Dennis Daniel Arkin August 12, 2015 (2015-08-12) 2.31[70]
69
9 "Uninvited Guests" Silver Tree Chris Downey August 19, 2015 (2015-08-19) 2.30[71]
70
10 "Faith" Anton Cropper Genevieve Sparling August 26, 2015 (2015-08-26) 2.34[72]
71
11 "Blowback" Cherie Nowlan Nora Zuckerman & Lilla Zuckerman January 27, 2016 (2016-01-27) 1.74[73]
72
12 "Live to Fight…" Rob Seidenglanz Sharyn Rothstein February 3, 2016 (2016-02-03) 1.51[74]
73
13 "God's Green Earth" Anton Cropper Genevieve Sparling & Sandra Silverstein February 10, 2016 (2016-02-10) 1.71[75]
74
14 "Self Defense" Patrick J. Adams Kyle Long February 17, 2016 (2016-02-17) 1.58[76]
75
15 "Tick Tock" Roger Kumble Daniel Arkin February 24, 2016 (2016-02-24) 1.73[77]
76
16 "25th Hour" Anton Cropper Aaron Korsh March 2, 2016 (2016-03-02) 1.71[78]
Season 6 (2016–17)[edit]
Main article: Suits (season 6)
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
77
1 "To Trouble" Silver Tree Aaron Korsh July 13, 2016 (2016-07-13) 1.85[79]
78
2 "Accounts Payable" Michael Smith Ethan Drogin July 20, 2016 (2016-07-20) 1.65[80]
79
3 "Back on the Map" Cherie Nowlan Rick Muirragui July 27, 2016 (2016-07-27) 1.78[81]
80
4 "Turn" Christopher Misiano Daniel Arkin August 3, 2016 (2016-08-03) 1.81[82]
81
5 "Trust" Kate Dennis Kyle Long August 10, 2016 (2016-08-10) 1.51[83]
82
6 "Spain" Silver Tree Genevieve Sparling August 17, 2016 (2016-08-17) 1.68[84]
83
7 "Shake the Trees" Anton Cropper Rick Muirragui & Sandra Silverstein August 24, 2016 (2016-08-24) 1.83[85]
84
8 "Borrowed Time" Gabriel Macht Sharyn Rothstein August 31, 2016 (2016-08-31) 1.88[86]
85
9 "The Hand That Feeds You" Roger Kumble Daniel Arkin September 7, 2016 (2016-09-07) 1.87[87]
86
10 "P.S.L." Kevin Bray Aaron Korsh & Genevieve Sparling September 14, 2016 (2016-09-14) 1.92[88]
87
11 "She's Gone" Patrick J. Adams Aaron Korsh & Rick Muirragui January 25, 2017 (2017-01-25) 1.37[89]
88
12 "The Painting" Gregor Jordan Sharyn Rothstein & Sandra Silverstein February 1, 2017 (2017-02-01) 1.53[90]
89
13 "Teeth, Nose, Teeth" Silver Tree Kyle Long February 8, 2017 (2017-02-08) 1.28[91]
90
14 "Admission of Guilt" Michael Smith Ethan Drogin February 15, 2017 (2017-02-15) 1.21[92]
91
15 "Quid Pro Quo" Maurice Marable Aaron Korsh & Daniel Arkin February 22, 2017 (2017-02-22) 1.25[93]
92
16 "Character and Fitness" Roger Kumble Genevieve Sparling March 1, 2017 (2017-03-01) 1.13[94]
Season 7 (2017)[edit]
Main article: Suits (season 7)
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
93
1 "Skin in the Game" Silver Tree Aaron Korsh July 12, 2017 (2017-07-12) 1.40[95]
94
2 "The Statue" Michael Smith Genevieve Sparling July 19, 2017 (2017-07-19) 1.36[96]
95
3 "Mudmare" Maurice Marable Sharyn Rothstein July 26, 2017 (2017-07-26) 1.41[97]
96
4 "Divide and Conquer" Anton Cropper Daniel Arkin August 2, 2017 (2017-08-02) 1.41[98]
97
5 "Brooklyn Housing" Roger Kumble Marshall Knight & Rob LaMorgese August 9, 2017 (2017-08-09) 1.29[99]
98
6 "Home to Roost" Valerie Weiss Sandra Silverstein August 16, 2017 (2017-08-16) 1.47[100]
99
7 "Full Disclosure" Cherie Nowlan Ethan Drogin August 23, 2017 (2017-08-23) 1.35[101]
100
8 "100" Patrick J. Adams Rick Muirragui August 30, 2017 (2017-08-30) 1.51[102]
101
9 "Shame" Silver Tree Sharyn Rothstein September 6, 2017 (2017-09-06) 1.64[103]
102
10 "Donna" Michael Smith Genevieve Sparling September 13, 2017 (2017-09-13) 1.68[104]
Ratings[edit]
Suits : U.S. viewers per episode (millions)
Season
Ep. 1
Ep. 2
Ep. 3
Ep. 4
Ep. 5
Ep. 6
Ep. 7
Ep. 8
Ep. 9
Ep. 10
Ep. 11
Ep. 12
Ep. 13
Ep. 14
Ep. 15
Ep. 16
1
4.64 3.89 4.53 4.38 4.38 4.44 4.03 3.96 4.45 3.82 3.96 3.47 N/A
2
3.47 3.80 3.88 3.70 3.72 3.89 3.41 3.42 4.00 4.48 3.57 3.75 3.36 3.07 2.90 3.20
3
2.93 2.89 2.48 2.99 2.79 2.76 2.79 3.52 2.95 3.16 2.28 2.28 2.35 2.53 2.50 2.40
4
2.50 2.65 2.76 2.42 2.33 2.70 2.81 2.59 2.59 2.76 1.87 1.67 1.46 1.70 1.80 1.55
5
2.13 2.27 2.16 2.38 2.10 2.16 2.08 2.31 2.30 2.34 1.74 1.51 1.71 1.58 1.73 1.71
6
1.85 1.65 1.78 1.81 1.51 1.68 1.83 1.88 1.87 1.92 1.37 1.53 1.28 1.21 1.25 1.13
7
1.40 1.36 1.41 1.41 1.29 1.47 1.35 1.51 1.64 1.68 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
Source: Nielsen Media Research[111]
Home video releases[edit]
Season
Episodes
DVD release dates
Region 1
Region 2
Region 4
Discs
1 12 May 1, 2012 (2012-05-01)[112] April 30, 2012 (2012-04-30)[113] June 7, 2012 (2012-06-07)[114] 3
2 16 May 28, 2013 (2013-05-28)[115] May 13, 2013 (2013-05-13)[116] February 13, 2014 (2014-02-13)[117] 4
3 16 May 27, 2014 (2014-05-27)[118] June 9, 2014 (2014-06-09)[119] October 2, 2014 (2014-10-02)[120] 4
4 16 April 28, 2015 (2015-04-28)[121] June 8, 2015 (2015-06-08)[122] August 5, 2015 (2015-08-05) 4
5 16 May 31, 2016 (2016-05-31)[123] N/A N/A 4
6 16 N/A N/A N/A
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Nemetz, Dave (April 11, 2017). "Suits, Playing House, The Sinner Get Summer Premiere Dates at USA". TVLine. Retrieved April 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (August 3, 2016). "‘Suits’ Renewed For Season 7 By USA Network – TCA". Deadline.com. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (June 24, 2011). "Thursday Cable Ratings: Burn Notice, Swamp People, Suits, NBA Draft, Wilfred top Night + Futurama, Louie & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (July 1, 2011). "Thursday Cable Ratings: Pre-Holiday Slump for 'Burn Notice,' 'Suits' But 'Swamp People' Impervious + 'Wilfred,'Futurama,' 'Louie' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (July 8, 2011). "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Burn Notice,' 'Suits' Rise, But 'Swamp People' Still Tops Night + 'Wilfred,' 'Futurama,' 'Louie' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (July 15, 2011). "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Burn Notice,' Rises, Defeats 'Swamp People' + 'Suits,' 'Wilfred,' 'Futurama,' 'Louie' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (July 22, 2011). "Updated: Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Suits' Rises and 'Burn Notice' Steady, But 'Swamp People' Back on Top + 'Wilfred,' 'Futurama,' 'Louie' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (July 29, 2011). "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Suits' Tops Night in Demo + 'Burn Notice,' 'Project Runway,' 'Wilfred,' 'Futurama,' 'Louie' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (August 5, 2011). "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Jersey Shore' Dominates + 'Burn Notice,' 'Suits,' 'Project Runway,' 'Wilfred,' 'Futurama,' 'Louie' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (August 12, 2011). "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Jersey Shore' Down But Dominant + 'Burn Notice,' 'Suits,' 'Project Runway,' 'Wilfred,' 'Futurama,' 'Louie' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Jersey Shore' Rises & 'Burn Notice,' 'Suits,' 'Project Runway' Rise Too + 'Wilfred,' 'Futurama,' 'Louie' & More - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2011-08-19. Retrieved 2012-04-24.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (August 26, 2011). "Thursday Cable: 'Jersey Shore' Gets Bigger + NFL, 'Burn Notice,' 'Suits,' 'Project Runway' and the Weather Channel". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (September 2, 2011). "Thursday Cable: Even 'Jersey Shore' Repeats Can't Be Beaten; 'Burn Notice,' 'Suits,' 'Project Runway' & Lots More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (September 9, 2011). "Thursday Cable: 'Jersey Shore' Takes A Hit, Still Dominates, 'Burn Notice,' 'Suits,' 'Wilfred,' 'Futurama' Finales & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (June 15, 2012). "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Swamp People' Wins Night, 'Burn Notice', 'Suits', 'Men at Work', 'Mountain Men', 'Don't Be Tardy For The Wedding' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (June 22, 2012). "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Swamp People' + 'Suits', 'Burn Notice', 'Snooki & JWOWW', 'Mountain Men', 'Men at Work', & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (June 29, 2012). "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Anger Management' Wins Night, 'Suits', 'Burn Notice', 'Wilfred', 'Awkward', 'Men at Work' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Thursday Cable Ratings: ‘Swamp People’ Wins Night, ‘Suits’, ‘Anger Management’, ‘Burn Notice’, ‘Awkward’, ‘Wilfred’ & More - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. July 13, 2012. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Thursday Cable Ratings: ‘Burn Notice’ Wins Night, + ‘Mountain Men’, ‘Suits’, ‘Anger Management’, ‘Sullivan & Son’ & More - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. July 20, 2012. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (July 27, 2012). "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Burn Notice' Wins Night, + 'Suits', 'Anger Management', 'Sullivan & Son', 'Snooki & JWOWW', 'Awkward', & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (August 3, 2012). "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Burn Notice' Tops 'Suits', + 'Sullivan & Son', 'Snooki & JWOWW', 'Awkward', 'Project Runway', 'Anger Management' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (August 10, 2012). "Thursday Cable Ratings:NFL Pre-Season Football wins Night, 'Burn Notice', 'Suits', 'Awkward', 'Anger Management','Project Runway' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (August 17, 2012). "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Suits' Wins Night + 'Burn Notice', 'Great White Highway', 'Sullivan & Son', 'Anger Management' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (August 24, 2012). "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Suits' Finale Wins Night, 'Burn Notice', 'Awkward', 'Project Runway', 'Anger Management', 'Louie' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda. "Thursday Cable Ratings: NBA Basketball Wins Night + 'Buckwild', 'Suits', 'Oprah's Next Chapter', 'Archer' & More". Retrieved January 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara. "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Buckwild' Wins Night, 'Suits', 'Archer', 'Beyond Scared Straight', 'King of the Nerds' & More". Retrieved January 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Thursday Cable Ratings: ‘Buckwild’ Wins Again, + ‘Archer’, ‘Suits’, ‘The Daily Show’, ‘King of the Nerds’ & More - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. February 1, 2013. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Thursday Cable Ratings:’Buckwild’ Wins Night, ‘Suits’, ‘Archer’, ‘Impractical Jokers’, ‘King of the Nerds’ & More - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. February 8, 2013. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
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Jump up ^ "Thursday Cable Ratings: ‘Swamp People’ Wins Night, ‘Archer’, ‘Suits’, ‘Impractical Jokers’,'King of the Nerds’, ‘Project Runway’ & More - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. February 22, 2013. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Tuesday Cable Ratings: ‘Catfish’ Wins Night + ‘The Game’, ‘Suits’, ‘Rizzoli & Isles’, ‘Covert Affairs,’ ‘Pretty Little Liars’ & More - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. July 17, 2013. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
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Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (August 14, 2013). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'Rizzoli & Isles' & 'Amish Mafia' Win Night, 'Pretty Little Liars', 'The Game', 'Dance Moms', 'Covert Affairs' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (August 21, 2013). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'Rizzoli & Isles', 'Catfish', 'The Game', & 'Amish Mafia' Tie for Top Spot + 'The Legend of Shelby the Swamp Man', 'Suits' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (August 28, 2013). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'Pretty Little Liars' & 'Rizzoli & Isles' Tie for Top Spot + 'The Game', 'Amish Mafia', 'The Legend of Shelby the Swamp Man', 'Suits' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (September 5, 2013). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'The Game' Wins Night, 'Tosh.0', 'Suits', 'Rizolli & Isles', 'Catfish', 'Face Off', & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (September 11, 2013). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'Sons of Anarchy' Rides to First Place + 'Tosh.0', 'Rizzoli & Isles', World Cup Qualifiers, 'Amish Mafia' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (September 18, 2013). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'Sons of Anarchy' Wins Night, 'Tosh.0', 'Suits', 'Amish Mafia', 'Face Off' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (March 7, 2014). "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Pawn Stars' Wins Night, 'Vikings', 'Suits', 'Here Comes Honey Boo Boo', 'Sirens' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (March 14, 2014). "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Vikings' Tops Night + 'Pawn Stars', 'Here Comes Honey Boo Boo', 'Ridiculousness' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (March 21, 2014). "Thursday Cable Ratings: NCAA Tournament & 'Pawn Stars' Win Night, 'Vikings', 'Suits', 'Ridiculousness' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Thursday Cable Ratings: NCAA Basketball Coverage Leads Night + ‘Pawn Stars’, ‘Vikings’, ‘Here Comes Honey Boo Boo’ & More - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (April 4, 2014). "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Vikings' & 'Pawn Stars' Win Night, 'Suits', 'Ridiculousness, 'Sirens' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (April 11, 2014). "Thursday Cable Ratings: 'Vikings' & 'Pawn Stars' Lead Night + 'Greatest Event in TV History', 'Suits' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (June 12, 2014). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Duck Dynasty' Wins Night, Stanley Cup Finals, 'Catfish', 'Suits', 'Graceland' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (June 19, 2014). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Duck Dynasty' Wins Night + World Cup Soccer, 'Catfish', 'Suits', 'Melissa & Joey' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (June 26, 2014). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Duck Dynasty' Wins Night, World Cup Soccer, 'Catfish', 'Suits', 'Young & Hungry' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (July 10, 2014). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: World Cup Soccer Wins Night, 'Duck Dynasty', 'Catfish', 'Suits', 'The Bridge', 'Graceland' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (July 17, 2014). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Duck Dynasty' Tops Night + 'Teen Mom', 'ESPY Awards', 'Suits' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Wednesday Cable Ratings: ‘Teen Mom 2′ Wins Night, ‘Suits’, ‘Bring It’, ‘Graceland’, ‘The Bridge’ & More - Ratings". TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com. July 24, 2014. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (July 31, 2014). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Sharknado 2' Tops Night + 'Duck Dynasty', 'Teen Mom II' 'Suits' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 31, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (August 7, 2014). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Duck Dynasty' Wins Night, 'Teen Mom 2', 'Suits', 'Young & Hunger', 'The Bridge' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (August 14, 2014). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Duck Dynasty' Tops Night + 'Zombie Sharks', 'Spawn of Jaws', 'Teen Mom II' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (August 21, 2014). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Teen Mom 2' & Little League World Series Win Night, 'Suits', 'Franklin & Bash', 'Bring It!', 'The Bridge' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (January 29, 2015). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Duck Dynasty' Tops Night +". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (February 5, 2015). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Duck Dynasty' Wins Night, 'Snooki & J Woww', 'Broad City', 'The Americans' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (February 12, 2015). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Duck Dynasty' Tops Night + 'The Game', 'Wahlburgers' NBA Basketball & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (February 19, 2015). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: College Basketball Wins Night, 'Workaholics', 'Dual Survivor', 'American Pickers', 'Little Women L.A.' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (February 26, 2015). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Catfish' Tops Night + 'Mob Wives', 'The Game', 'House Hunters' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (March 5, 2015). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'The Game' & ' Dual Survival' Win Night, 'Catfish', 'Conan', Mob Wives' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (June 25, 2015). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Duck Dynasty' Wins Night, 'Suits', 'The Game', 'Mr. Robot', 'Baby Daddy' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (July 2, 2015). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Duck Dynasty' Tops Night + FIFA Women's World Cup, 'Suits', 'The Daily Show' 'Mr. Robot' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (July 9, 2015). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: Shark Week Tops Night + 'Duck Dynasty', 'Suits', 'The Game', & 'Mr Robot'". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (July 16, 2015). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Duck Dynasty' Tops Night + 'Suits', Copa Oro, 'Wahlburgers' 'The Game', 'Stephen Universe' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (July 23, 2015). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Sharknado 3' & 'Duck Dynasty' Win Night, 'Suits', 'The Game', 'Catfish' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (July 30, 2015). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Duck Dynasty' Tops Night + 'The Game', 'Catfish', 'American Pickers', 'Suits' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (August 6, 2015). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Duck Dynasty' Wins Night, 'The Game', 'Wahlburgers', 'Suits', 'Mr. Robot', 'Melissa & Joey' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (August 13, 2015). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Duck Dynasty' Tops Night + 'Suits', 'Wahlburgers', 'Camp Cutthroat', 'Catfish' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (August 20, 2015). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Duck Dynasty' Tops Night + 'Suits', 'Wahlburgers', 'Catfish', 'Key & Peele', 'Young & Hungry', & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (August 27, 2015). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'House Hunters' Tops Night + 'Suits', Little League World Series, 'American Pickers' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (January 28, 2016). "Wednesday cable ratings: NBA scores high on ESPN, ‘Duck Dynasty’ falls". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (February 4, 2016). "Wednesday cable ratings: ‘Duck Dynasty’ stays strong, ‘The Challenge: Bloodlines’ rises". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (February 11, 2016). "Wednesday cable ratings: ‘Mob Wives’ rises, ‘Duck Dynasty’ stays steady". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (February 18, 2016). "Wednesday cable ratings: College basketball reigns supreme". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (February 25, 2016). "Wednesday cable ratings: ‘Broad City’ falls, ‘Mob Wives’ stays steady". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Walch, Alex (March 3, 2016). "Wednesday cable ratings: ‘Mob Wives’ falls, ‘Broad City’ stays steady". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (July 14, 2016). "Wednesday cable ratings: ‘Mr. Robot’ returns, ‘Greenleaf’ dips". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (July 21, 2016). "Wednesday cable ratings: ‘Mr. Robot’ dips". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (July 28, 2016). "Wednesday cable ratings: ‘Mr. Robot’ and ‘Greenleaf’ hold steady". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (August 4, 2016). "Wednesday cable ratings: ‘Mr. Robot’ falls". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (August 11, 2016). "Wednesday cable ratings: Rio Olympics land on top". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (August 18, 2016). "Wednesday cable ratings: ‘Greenleaf’ holds steady". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (August 25, 2016). "Wednesday cable ratings: ‘Real Housewives of New York’ ticks up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (September 1, 2016). "Wednesday cable ratings: ‘Greenleaf’ ticks up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Wednesday cable ratings: ‘Queen Sugar’ dips, ‘Harley and the Davidsons’ stays high". ShowBuzzDaily. September 8, 2016. Retrieved September 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (September 15, 2016). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.14.2016". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved September 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (January 25, 2017). "ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Update: 1.25.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (February 3, 2017). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Update: 2.1.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved February 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (February 9, 2017). "Wednesday cable ratings: 'Legion' premiere brings in strong numbers, 'The Magician' holds steady". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-cable-ratings-feb-15-2017/
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (February 23, 2017). "Wednesday cable ratings: 'Alaskan Bush People' ticks up, 'Legion' ticks up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (March 2, 2017). "Wednesday cable ratings: 'Legion' takes a hit, 'Six' holds steady". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (July 13, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finales 7.12.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved July 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (July 20, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finales 7.19.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (July 27, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finales 7.26.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 3, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finales 8.2.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved August 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 10, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finales 8.9.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 17, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finales 8.16.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 24, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finales 8.23.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved August 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (August 31, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finales 8.30.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (September 7, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finales 9.6.2017". ShowBuzzDaily. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (September 15, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 9.13.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved September 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Suits: Season Two Ratings". TV Series Finale. April 12, 2014. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Suits: Season Three Ratings". TV Series Finale. April 12, 2014. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Suits: Season Four Ratings". TV Series Finale. March 6, 2015. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Suits: Season Five Ratings". TV Series Finale. March 3, 2016. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Suits: Season Six Ratings". TV Series Finale. March 2, 2017. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Suits: Season Seven Ratings". TV Series Finale. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ [105][106][107][108][109][110]
Jump up ^ Lambert, David (February 15, 2012). "Suits - Press Release Announcs 'Season 1' DVDs of the USA Network's New Series!". TVShowsOnDVD. Retrieved February 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Suits - Season 1 [DVD]". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Suits: Season 1 (DVD)". EzyDVD. Retrieved March 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ Lambert, David (March 28, 2013). "Suits - Date, Cost, Package Art for 'Season 2' on DVD!". TVShowsOnDVD. Retrieved March 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Suits - Season 2 [DVD] [2012]". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved February 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Suits: Series 2 (DVD)". EzyDVD. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ Lambert, David (March 4, 2014). "Suits - 'Season 3' Announced: Date, Cost, Package and More!". TVShowsOnDVD. Retrieved March 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Suits - Season 3 [DVD]". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved March 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Suits: Series 3 (DVD)". EzyDVD. Retrieved July 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ Lambert, David (February 3, 2015). "Suits - 'Season 4' DVD Set is Announced: Date, Pricing, & Extras!". TVShowsOnDVD. Retrieved February 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Suits - Season 4 [DVD]". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved February 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ Lambert, David (March 9, 2016). "Suits - Release Date, Cover Art Now Available for 'Season 5'". TVShowsOnDVD. Retrieved March 11, 2016.
External links[edit]
Official website
Suits on IMDb
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King cobra
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the snake. For other uses, see King Cobra (disambiguation).
King cobra
King cobra in Kaeng Krachan National Park
Conservation status
Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Elapidae
Genus: Ophiophagus
Gunther, 1864
Species: O. hannah
Binomial name
Ophiophagus hannah
Cantor, 1836
Native distribution of the king cobra
Synonyms
Genus-level:
Dendroaspis Schlegel, 1837
Hamadryas Cantor, 1838 (non Hübner, 1804: preoccupied)
Naja Elliott, 1840
The king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah), also known as the hamadryad,[1] is a species of venomous snake in the family Elapidae, endemic to forests from India through Southeast Asia. This serpent is the world's longest venomous snake.[2] Adult king cobras are 3.18 to 4 m (10.4 to 13.1 ft) long. The longest known individual measured 5.85 m (19.2 ft).[3] Despite the word "cobra" in its common name, this species does not belong to genus Naja but is the sole member of its own. It preys chiefly on other snakes and occasionally on some other vertebrates, such as lizards and rodents. It is a dangerous snake that has a fearsome reputation in its range,[4][5][6] although it typically avoids confrontation with humans when possible.[4] The king cobra is a prominent symbol in the mythology and folk traditions of Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka and Myanmar.[7][8] It is the national reptile of India.[9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Taxonomy
2 Description
3 Distribution and habitat
4 Behavior
4.1 Feeding ecology
4.2 Defense
4.3 Growling hiss
4.4 Reproduction
5 Venom
6 Conservation
7 Cultural significance
8 References
9 External links
Taxonomy[edit]
The king cobra was first described and drawn by the Danish naturalist Theodore Edward Cantor in 1836, who gave it the scientific name Hamadryas hannah. Cantor had three specimens from the Sundarbans and one caught in the vicinity of Kolkata.[10] It was subordinated to the genus Ophiophagus by Albert Günther in 1864.[11]
Ophiophagus hannah belongs to the monotypic genus Ophiophagus in the family Elapidae, while most other cobras are members of the genus Naja. They can be distinguished from other cobras by size and hood. King cobras are generally larger than other cobras, and the stripe on the neck is a chevron instead of a double or single eye shape that may be seen in most of the other Asian cobras. Moreover, the hood of the king cobra is narrower and longer.[4] A key to identification, clearly visible on the head, is the presence of a pair of large scales known as occipitals, located at the back of the top of the head. These are behind the usual "nine-plate" arrangement typical of colubrids and elapids, and are unique to the king cobra.
Description[edit]
A king cobra showing its chevron pattern on the neck
Scalation of the king cobra
The skin of king cobra is dark olive or brown with black bands and white or yellow crossbands. The head is black with two crossbars near the snout and two behind the eyes. Adult king cobras are 3.18 to 4 m (10.4 to 13.1 ft) long. The longest known individual measured 5.85 m (19.2 ft).[3] Its belly is cream or pale yellow.[12] It has 17 to 19 rows of smooth scales. Ventral scales are uniformly oval shaped. Dorsal scales are placed in an oblique arrangement.[13] Males have 235 to 250 ventral scales, while females have 239 to 265. The subcaudal scales are single or paired in each row, numbering 83 to 96 in males and 77 to 98 in females.[citation needed]
Juveniles are shiny black with narrow yellow bands (can be mistaken for a banded krait, but readily identified with its expandable hood). The head of a mature snake can be quite massive and bulky in appearance, though like all snakes, it can expand its jaws to swallow large prey items. It has proteroglyph dentition, meaning it has two short, fixed fangs in the front of the mouth, which channel venom into the prey like hypodermic needles. The average lifespan of a wild king cobra is about 20 years.[12]
King cobras are sexually dimorphic in size, with males reaching larger sizes than females, which is an unusual trait among snakes whose females are usually larger than males. The length and mass of the snakes highly depend on their localities and some other factors.[citation needed]
The king cobra typically weighs about 6 kg (13 lb). The longest known specimen was a captive one at the London Zoo, and grew to around 18.5 to 18.8 ft (5.6 to 5.7 m) before being euthanised upon the outbreak of World War II. The heaviest wild specimen was caught at Royal Island Club in Singapore in 1951, which weighed 12 kg (26 lb) and measured 4.8 m (16 ft), though an even heavier captive specimen was kept at New York Zoological Park and was measured as 12.7 kg (28 lb) at 4.4 m (14.4 ft) long in 1972.[citation needed] Some viper species, such as the eastern diamondback rattlesnake and the Gaboon viper, often much shorter in length but bulkier in build, rival the king cobra in average weight.[14]
Distribution and habitat[edit]
The king cobra is distributed across the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and the southern areas of East Asia (where it is not common), in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam and southern China.[1] In India it has been recorded from Goa; Western Ghats of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu; east coastline of Andhra Pradesh and Odisha; Sundarban mangroves; Himalayan foothills from Uttrakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, northern parts of West Bengal to most of the north-east region and Andaman Islands. Type locality Sundarbans. [15]It lives in dense highland forests,[2][16] preferring areas dotted with lakes and streams. King cobra populations have dropped in some areas of its range because of the destruction of forests and ongoing collection for the international pet trade. It is listed as an Appendix II animal within CITES.[17]
Behavior[edit]
Captive king cobras with their hoods extended.
A king cobra, like other snakes, receives chemical information via its forked tongue, which picks up scent particles and transfers them to a special sensory receptor (Jacobson's organ) located in the roof of its mouth.[2] This is akin to the human sense of smell. When the scent of a meal is detected, the snake flicks its tongue to gauge the prey's location (the twin forks of the tongue acting in stereo); it also uses its keen eyesight; king cobras are able to detect moving prey almost 100 m (330 ft) away. Its intelligence[18] and sensitivity to earth-borne vibration are also used to track its prey.
Following envenomation, the king cobra swallows its struggling prey. King cobras, like all snakes, have flexible jaws. The jaw bones are connected by pliable ligaments, enabling the lower jaw bones to move independently. This allows the king cobra to swallow its prey whole, and swallow prey much larger than its head.[2]
King cobras are able to hunt throughout the day, but are rarely seen at night, leading most herpetologists to classify them as a diurnal species.[2][19]
Feeding ecology[edit]
A king cobra in its defensive posture (mounted specimen at the Royal Ontario Museum)
The king cobra's generic name, Ophiophagus is a Greek-derived word that means "snake-eater". Its diet consists primarily of other snakes, including rat snakes, pythons, and even other venomous snakes such as various members of the true cobras and the krait.[19][20] Its most common prey is the rat snake, and it also hunts Malabar pit viper and hump-nosed pit viper by following the snakes' odour trails.[21]
When food is scarce, it also feeds on other small vertebrates, such as lizards, birds, and rodents. In some cases, the cobra constricts its prey, such as birds and larger rodents, using its muscular body, though this is uncommon.[2][20] After a large meal, the snake lives for many months without another one because of its slow metabolic rate.[2]
Defense[edit]
When confronted, this species quickly attempts to escape and avoid confrontation.[6][22] However, if continuously provoked, the king cobra can be highly aggressive.[6][12]
When alarmed, it rears up the anterior portion (usually one-third) of its body when extending the neck, showing the fangs and hissing loudly.[4][12] It can be easily irritated by closely approaching objects or sudden movements. When raising its body, the king cobra can still move forward to strike with a long distance[12] and people may misjudge the safe zone. This snake may deliver multiple bites in a single attack,[5] but adults are known to bite and hold on. It is secretive and tends to inhabit less-populated forested regions and dense jungle,[4][12] thus many victims bitten by king cobras are actually snake charmers.[4]
Some scientists believe that the temperament of this species has been grossly exaggerated. In most of the local encounters with live, wild king cobras, the snakes appear to be of rather placid disposition, and they usually end up being killed or subdued with hardly any hysterics. These support the view that wild king cobras generally have a mild temperament, and despite their frequent occurrence in disturbed and built-up areas, are adept at avoiding humans. Naturalist Michael Wilmer Forbes Tweedie felt that "this notion is based on the general tendency to dramatise all attributes of snakes with little regard for the truth about them. A moment’s reflection shows that this must be so, for the species is not uncommon, even in populated areas, and consciously or unconsciously, people must encounter king cobras quite frequently. If the snake were really habitually aggressive, records of its bite would be frequent; as it is they are extremely rare."[23][24]
If a king cobra encounters a natural predator, such as the mongoose, which has resistance to the neurotoxins,[25] the snake generally tries to flee. If unable to do so, it forms the distinctive cobra hood and emits a hiss, sometimes with feigned closed-mouth strikes. These efforts usually prove to be very effective, especially since it is much more dangerous than other mongoose prey, as well as being much too large for the small mammal to kill with ease.
King Cobra in Pune
A good defence for anyone who accidentally encounters this snake is to slowly remove a shirt or hat and toss it to the ground while backing away.[26]
Growling hiss[edit]
The hiss of the king cobra is a much lower pitch than many other snakes and many people thus liken its call to a "growl" rather than a hiss. While the hisses of most snakes are of a broad-frequency span ranging from roughly 3,000 to 13,000 Hz with a dominant frequency near 7,500 Hz, king cobra growls consist solely of frequencies below 2,500 Hz, with a dominant frequency near 600 Hz, a much lower-sounding frequency closer to that of a human voice. Comparative anatomical morphometric analysis has led to a discovery of tracheal diverticula that function as low-frequency resonating chambers in king cobra and its prey, the rat snake, both of which can make similar growls.[27]
Reproduction[edit]
A captive juvenile king cobra in its defensive posture
The female is gravid for 50 to 59 days, after which she builds a nest, lays 12 to 51 eggs and guards it during the incubation period of about 51 to 79 days. The hatchlings are 31 to 73 cm (12 to 29 in) long and weigh 18.4 to 40 g (0.65 to 1.41 oz).[3]
The king cobra is unusual among snakes in that the female is a very dedicated parent. For the nest, the female scrapes up leaves and other debris into a mound, and stays in the nest until the young hatch. She guards the mound tenaciously, rearing up into a threat display if any large animal gets too close.[28] Inside the mound, the eggs are incubated at a steady 28 °C (82 °F). When the eggs start to hatch, the female leaves the nest. The baby king cobra's venom is as potent as that of the adults. They may be brightly marked, but these colours often fade as they mature. They are alert and nervous, being highly aggressive if disturbed.[4]
Venom[edit]
King cobra skull, lateral view, showing fangs
The venom of the king cobra consists primarily of neurotoxins, known as the haditoxin,[29] with several other compounds.[19][30] Its murine LD50 toxicity varies from intravenous 1.31 mg/kg[31] and intraperitoneal 1.644 mg/kg[31] to subcutaneous 1.7—1.93 mg/kg.[32][33][34]
This species is capable of delivering a fatal bite and the victim may receive a large quantity of venom with a dose of 200 to 500 mg [4][35][36] up to 7 ml.[12] Engelmann and Obst (1981) list the average venom yield at 420 mg (dry weight).[33] Accordingly, large quantities of antivenom may be needed to reverse the progression of symptoms developed if bitten by a king cobra.[5] The toxins affect the victim's central nervous system, resulting in severe pain, blurred vision, vertigo, drowsiness, and eventually paralysis. If the envenomation is serious, it progresses to cardiovascular collapse, and the victim falls into a coma. Death soon follows due to respiratory failure. Bites from a king cobra may result in a rapid fatality[4][5] which can be as early as 30 minutes after the envenomation.[5][37] The king cobra's envenomation was even recorded to be capable of killing elephants within hours.[38]
Two types of antivenom are made specifically to treat king cobra envenomations. The Red Cross in Thailand manufactures one, and the Central Research Institute in India manufactures the other; however, both are made in small quantities and, while available to order, are not widely stocked.[39] Ohanin, a protein component of the venom, causes hypolocomotion and hyperalgesia in mammals.[40] Other components have cardiotoxic,[41] cytotoxic and neurotoxic effects.[42] In Thailand, a concoction of alcohol and the ground root of turmeric is ingested, which has been clinically shown to create a strong resilience against the venom of the king cobra, and other snakes with neurotoxic venom.[43][44] Proper and immediate treatments are critical to avoid death. Successful precedents include a client who recovered and was discharged in 10 days after being treated by accurate antivenom and inpatient care.[37]
Snakebites from this species are rare, and most victims are snake handlers.[4] Not all king cobra bites result in envenomation, but they are often considered of medical importance.[45] Clinical mortality rates vary between different regions and depend on many factors, such as local medical advancement. A Thai survey reports 10 deaths out of 35 patients received for king cobra bites, whose fatality rate posed (28%) is higher than those of other cobra species.[46] Department of Clinical Toxinology in University of Adelaide gives this serpent a general untreated fatality rate of 50–60%, implying that the snake has about a half chance to deliver bites involving nonfatal quantities of venom.[32]
Conservation[edit]
The species is classified as Vulnerable by the IUCN due to pressure from harvesting for meat, skin and use in traditional medicine, and because of increasing loss of habitat to deforestation.[1] In India, king cobras are placed under Schedule II of Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 (as amended) and a person guilty of killing the snake can be imprisoned for up to 6 years.[47]
Cultural significance[edit]
Cobra stone or gem or pearl
A ritual in Myanmar involves a king cobra and a female snake charmer. The charmer is a priestess who is usually tattooed with three pictograms and kisses the snake on the top of its head at the end of the ritual.[8][20] Members of the Pakokku clan tattoo themselves with ink mixed with cobra venom on their upper bodies in a weekly inoculation that potentially might protect them from the snake, though no scientific evidence supports this.[20][48]
Cobra stones or gems or pearls are believed to develop from the cobra's hood.[49]
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
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Ophiophagus hannah (category)
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Taxon identifiers
Wd: Q48186
ADW: luna Ophiophagus luna
ARKive: ophiophagus-hannah
BioLib: 58766
EoL: 1055746
GBIF: 2469850
iNaturalist: 30472
ITIS: 700646
IUCN: 177540
NCBI: 8665
Species+: 4751
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text:
Cammie King
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Cammie King
As "Bonnie Blue Butler" in
Gone With the Wind (1939)
Born
Eleanore Cammack King
(1934-08-05)August 5, 1934
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Died
September 1, 2010(2010-09-01) (aged 76)
Fort Bragg, California, U.S.
Cause of death
Lung cancer
Resting place
Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City
Occupation
Actress
Years active
1939–1942
Clark Gable and Cammie King in Gone With the Wind (1939)
Eleanore Cammack "Cammie" King (August 5, 1934 – September 1, 2010) was an American child actress. She is best known for her portrayal of "Bonnie Blue Butler" in Gone with the Wind (1939). She also provided the voice for the doe "Faline" as a fawn in the animated Disney film, Bambi (1942).
Contents
[hide]
1 Life and career
2 Filmography
3 References
4 External links
Life and career[edit]
King was born in Los Angeles, California to Winfred Cammack King (1898-1966) and Eleanore "Helen" Brodie (1905-1990).[1] While her acting career only spanned four years during her childhood, she appeared in two of the biggest movies of the era, Gone with the Wind and Bambi.
Her parents divorced a few years after the filming of Gone With the Wind. Her mother, Eleanore, was a columnist for the Los Angeles Examiner. She was the godchild of Herbert Kalmus, co-founder of Technicolor, and became his stepchild in 1949 when he married her mother.[2]
King graduated from USC with a bachelor's degree in communications in 1956 and went to work as a production assistant on Climax!, a CBS-TV anthology series.
She married Walter "Ned" Pollock in 1957. Together they adopted two children, Matthew and Katharine. Pollock died of cancer in 1968. She then married Michael W Conlon in 1971, and he adopted her two children. She and Conlon divorced in 1975.[1][3] Her father-in-law from her second marriage, Judd Conlon, was a musical arranger for many Disney films including Alice in Wonderland (1951) and Peter Pan (1953).[citation needed]
In 1980, she moved to Northern California and had a long public-relations career that included working for the Mendocino Coast Chamber of Commerce.[2] In the early 2000s, King made a guest appearance as a contestant on the TV game show To Tell the Truth, hosted by John O'Hurley. Upon reflecting on her film career, King once joked, "I peaked at 5." She spent 40 years working as a marketing coordinator for the Fort Bragg-Mendocino Coast Chamber of Commerce.[3]
King privately published a small book Bonnie Blue Butler: A Gone With the Wind Memoir in 2009, mainly selling copies directly to fans via personal appearances and the internet. King died on September 1, 2010, at her home in Fort Bragg, California, at age 76, from lung cancer,[4] survived by her two children Matthew Ned Conlon of Chicago and Katie Conlon Byrne of Hawaii.[2]
Filmography[edit]
1939: Blondie Meets the Boss — Millie (uncredited)
1939: Gone with the Wind — Bonnie Butler
1942: Bambi — Young Faline (uncredited)
2010: Change in the Wind — Herself - Narrator (voice) (final film role)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Ancestry.com. Various records on her family and marriages.
^ Jump up to: a b c September 03, 2010|By Valerie J. Nelson, Los Angeles Times
^ Jump up to: a b Boone, Christine (2010-09-02). "Actress who played Rhett and Scarlett's daughter dies". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on 2010-09-07. Retrieved 2010-09-02. Conlon, who married twice and had two children, eventually settled north of San Francisco, working as a marketing coordinator for the Fort Bragg-Mendocino Coast Chamber of Commerce.
Jump up ^ Soares, Andre (2010-09-02). "Cammie King Dies: Played Clark Gable and Vivien Leigh's Daughter in GONE WITH THE WIND". Alt Film Guide. Retrieved 2010-09-02.
External links[edit]
Biography portal
Cammie King on IMDb
Cammie King at Find a Grave
Cammie King Conlon obituary
Obituary: Cammie King Conlon dies at 76; actress played Bonnie Blue Butler in 'Gone With the Wind' - latimes.com
Interview, biography and photos
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 102986670
LCCN: no2009174318
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cammie_King&oldid=809040160"
Categories:
1934 births
2010 deaths
American child actresses
Actresses from Los Angeles
Deaths from lung cancer
Deaths from cancer in California
Burials at Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City
20th-century American actresses
People from Fort Bragg, California
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This page was last edited on 6 November 2017, at 19:47.
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