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Vikings (season 5)
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Vikings (season 5)
DVD cover art for the season's first half
Country of origin
Canada / Ireland
No. of episodes
10
Release
Original network
History
Original release
Part 1: November 29, 2017 (2017-11-29) – January 24, 2018 (2018-01-24)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 4
List of Vikings episodes
The fifth season of the historical drama television series Vikings premiered on November 29, 2017 on History in Canada.[1] The series broadly follows the exploits of the legendary Viking chieftain Ragnar Lothbrok and his crew, and later those of his sons. The first season of the series begins at the start of the Viking Age, marked by the Lindisfarne raid in 793.
The fifth season consists of a double order of twenty episodes, split into two parts of ten episodes; the second half will premiere in 2018.[2] The premise of the fifth season differs from the previous four after the departure of Travis Fimmel as Ragnar, and it now follows the adventures of his sons. Jonathan Rhys Meyers is introduced as a major character, after his initial appearance in the fourth season's finale.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast
1.1 Main
1.2 Recurring
1.3 Guest
2 Episodes
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Casting
3.3 Music
4 Reception
4.1 Critical response
5 Historical inaccuracies
6 References
7 External links
Cast[edit]
Main article: List of Vikings characters
Main[edit]
Katheryn Winnick as Queen Lagertha, a shieldmaiden and Ragnar's ex-wife; she is the queen of Kattegat.
Gustaf Skarsgård as Floki, a gifted shipbuilder
Alexander Ludwig as Bjorn Ironside, Ragnar and Lagertha's son and Torvi's husband
John Kavanagh as The Seer, the seiðrmann of Kattegat
Peter Franzén as King Harald Finehair, a Viking ambitious to become the first King of Norway
Jasper Pääkkönen as Halfdan the Black, Harald's violent younger brother
Moe Dunford as King Aethelwulf of Wessex
Alex Høgh as Ivar the Boneless, fourth son of Ragnar and Aslaug
Marco Ilsø as Hvitserk, second son of Ragnar and Aslaug
Jordan Patrick Smith as Ubbe, eldest son of Ragnar and Aslaug
Jonathan Rhys Meyers as Bishop Heahmund, a very religious warrior priest[4]
Main characters Sigurd, King Ecbert and Athelstan, who all died in previous seasons, briefly appear in "The Departed" played by body doubles.[5][6] Additionally, George Blagden's voice as Athelstan is heard in "Full Moon", although the actor is uncredited.
Recurring[edit]
Josefin Asplund as Queen Astrid, Lagertha's lover and, later, King Harald's wife
Ida Marie Nielsen as Margrethe, wife of Ubbe
Ferdia Walsh-Peelo as Prince/King Alfred, Queen Judith and Athelstan's son
Georgia Hirst as Torvi, wife of Bjorn and Lagertha's advisor
Jennie Jacques as Queen Judith of Northumbria, daughter of King Aelle, wedded to King Aethelwulf
Jonathan Delaney Tynan as Lord Cuthred, a nobleman in service of King Aethelwulf and Bishop Heahmund
Keith McErlean as Lord Denewulf, a nobleman in service of Bishop Heahmund
Darren Cahill as Prince Aethelred, Queen Judith and King Aethelwulf's son
Ben Roe as Guthrum, Jarl Borg and Torvi's son
Kieran O'Reilly as "White Hair", Ivar's bodyguard
Frankie McCafferty as Sindric, a polyglot drifter
Albano Jerónimo as Euphemius, a Byzantine commander
Karima McAdams as Kassia, a Byzantine abbess
Paul Reid as Mannel, Queen Judith's cousin
Khaled Abol Naga as Emir Ziyadat Allah, an Arab ruler
Adam Copeland as Kjetill Flatnose (/ʃjetil/), a violent and bold warrior who joins Floki's expedition to set up a colony
Kris Holden-Ried as Eyvind (/eɪvɪnd/), a Viking of Kattegat who also joins Floki's expedition
Leah McNamara as Aud the Deep-Minded (/eɪθ/), Kjetill Flatnose and Ingvild's daughter
Jack McEvoy as Helgi the Lean, Eyvind and Rafarta's son, who also joins Floki's expedition
Mei Bignall as Thorunn, Kjetill Flatnose and Ingvild's daughter and Helgi's wife, who also joins Floki's expedition
Kelly Campbell as Ingvild, Kjetill Flatnose's wife, who also joins Floki's expedition
James Craze as Bul, Eyvind and Rafarta's son, who also joins Floki's expedition
Elijah Rowen as Asbjorn, who also joins Floki's expedition
Donna Dent as Rafarta, Eyvind's wife, who also joins Floki's expedition
Rob Malone as Thorgrim, Kjetill Flatnose and Ingvild's son, who also joins Floki's expedition
Scott Graham as Frodi, who also joins Floki's expedition
Tallulah Belle Earley as Jorunn, Kjetill Flatnose and Ingvild's daughter, who also joins Floki's expedition
Ryan Henson as Hali, who also joins Floki's expedition
Svea Killoran as Asa, who also joins Floki's expedition
Anthony Brophy as King Svase, a Sami chief and an ally of Lagertha
Dagny Backer Johnsen as Princess Snaefrid, Svase's daughter
Guest[edit]
India Mullen as Aethegyth, a noblewoman from Wessex
Frank Prendergast as Bishop Cynebert of York
Laurence O'Fuarain as Hakon, a whale hunter of Vestfold
Bosco Hogan as Lord Abbot of Lindisfarne
Mabel Hurley as young Lagertha, appearing in a flashback
Ross Matthew Anderson as Lagertha's father, appearing in a flashback
Clive Standen as Duke Rollo, a warrior and Ragnar's brother; he was granted the title of Duke of Normandy by Emperor Charles.
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of Vikings episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Part 1
50
51
1
2 "The Departed"[a] David Wellington Michael Hirst November 29, 2017 (2017-11-29)
After Sigurd's death, Ubbe, Ivar and Hvitserk rule jointly over their newly acquired land in East Anglia. Bjorn and Halfdan sail back to the Mediterranean Sea; Floki sets sail for the unknown; King Harald heads back to Kattegat. Meanwhile, Bishop Heahmund arrives at King Ecbert's villa, celebrates the late sovereign's funeral, and begins rebuilding the place. Aethelwulf and Judith are in exile with princes Aethelred and Alfred, the latter struck by sickness. Ivar persuades his brothers to go north and conquer the city of York. In Kattegat, Lagertha suggests that Harald was expecting to find Egil in her place, so he could take over the kingdom. Harald confesses and dares that she kill him.
After days at sea, Floki finally reaches land, which he believes to be Asgard, the land of the Gods. In Kattegat, Harald is held prisoner by Lagertha. He proposes an alliance with her through marriage, but she refuses and has sex with him while he remained tied up. Harald's men free him and capture Astrid; they leave Kattegat and Harald offers Astrid the same proposition that he had to Lagertha. Prince Alfred has a vision in which Athelstan tells him the Vikings are in York, so King Aethelwulf joins forces with Bishop Heahmund. In York, Ivar shows his brothers that he can now stand and walk on his own feet with the help of new leg braces and a crutch.
52
3 "Homeland" Steve Saint Leger Michael Hirst December 6, 2017 (2017-12-06)
Floki explores the new land he has encountered. In Norway, Astrid tempts Harald with the possibility of her alliance, whilst resisting his sexual advances. In the Mediterranean, Sindric advises Bjorn to arrive as a trader, with a few ships, and not as a warrior in command of an entire fleet. In England, the Saxons led by King Aethelwulf and Bishop Heahmund attack York, but are led into a trap. Aethelwulf's son Aethelred is wounded and the Saxons are forced to retreat. Ubbe and Hvitserk propose a peace, but Ivar wants to continue the war. Aethelwulf seemingly accepts their offer, but Heahmund arranges to have the brothers humiliated. With Ubbe having lost face, Ivar secures his position as the leader of the Great Army. Ubbe and Hvitserk prepare to leave for Kattegat with their few followers; however, at the last minute, Hvitserk defects to join Ivar.
53
4 "The Plan" Steve Saint Leger Michael Hirst December 13, 2017 (2017-12-13)
Bjorn reaches Sicily, and agrees to act as bodyguard to its commander Euphemius. However, Sindric discovers that Euphemius is merely a client of the Arab Emir Ziyadat Allah, and Bjorn asks to visit him. Euphemius refuses but is persuaded to agree by Kassia, a famous nun, and they set sail for Kairouan in Africa. Meanwhile, in Kattegat, Ubbe agrees to ally with Lagertha against both Ivar and Harald. In Vestfold, Astrid finally agrees to Harald's proposal, and they are married. Floki asks the gods for permission to bring settlers to his new land and prepares to sail. Outside York, the Saxons are joined by Judith's cousin Mannel and his men from Northumbria. Heahmund persuades Aethelwulf to lay siege, and attack only when the Vikings are starving. Inside York, the Vikings pretend to burn bodies, and Ivar humiliates Hvitserk by not sharing his plan. Aethelwulf and Heahmund see the smoke from the fires and enter the apparently deserted city; Heahmund is concerned that there are rats above ground.
54
5 "The Prisoner" Ciarán Donnelly Michael Hirst December 20, 2017 (2017-12-20)
In York, Saxon celebrations are cut short when Vikings appear from the sewers and engage in battle. Heahmund is surrounded, but spared by Ivar, and captured. The Vikings retake and garrison the city, as the Saxons retreat. Ivar and Hvitserk sail for Kattegat, taking Heahmund with them. In Africa, Bjorn travels by caravan across the desert to meet Emir Ziyadat Allah, who welcomes him and offers to trade. Euphemius disappears and, at a banquet, the Emir explains that he had defected to support the Emperor and has now been captured and executed. The Vikings realise that Euphemius is the meal they are eating and that Kassia is more powerful than she seems. Bjorn, Halfdan and Sindric are arrested and are about to be executed as a sandstorm approaches. Meanwhile, Floki returns to Kattegat with tales of his fabulous new land and recruits settlers to return, despite Lagertha forbidding him from taking her warriors away.
55
6 "The Message" Ciarán Donnelly Michael Hirst December 27, 2017 (2017-12-27)
Floki and the settlers prepare for their voyage but are betrayed to Lagertha, who is angry but lets them sail. On reaching the new land, the settlers discover that it is not as fertile as Floki had told them. Margrethe is vexed with Lagertha's poor leadership; the Queen threatens to enslave her again if she continues to plot against her. In England, the Saxons have retreated; Alfred swears at Ecbert's grave to pursue the former King's vision of uniting the country. After collapsing during mass, Alfred recovers and decides to make a pilgrimage to Lindisfarne. Ivar returns to meet Harald, and makes an alliance with him; they plan to attack Kattegat in two months' time. Ivar threatens and persuades Heahmund to fight with them. Astrid betrays Harald by bribing Hakon, a fisherman, to warn Lagertha. She is blackmailed and raped by the crew, spied by a young boy. Hakon delivers the warning. Meanwhile, in Africa, Bjorn manages to escape during the sandstorm. With Halfdan and Sindric, he sails back to Kattegat.
56
7 "Full Moon" Jeff Woolnough Michael Hirst January 3, 2018 (2018-01-03)
Alfred reaches Lindisfarne, in search of the memory of his father, and hears his voice as he prays. Floki and the settlers begin creating a settlement near hot springs in their new land. Floki proposes a co-operative, democratic approach, but Eyvind does not trust him and accuses Floki of wanting to be King. Astrid tells Harald that she is pregnant, while Ivar and Heahmund discuss their plan of attack. Bjorn returns to Kattegat, where Lagertha has allied with King Svase of the Sami. Bjorn rejects Torvi and proposes to marry Snaefrid, Svase's daughter. Lagertha and her allies discuss how to respond to Ivar's attack, and decide to meet him in battle on land, assuming that he will not attack the town from the sea. Margrethe continues to urge Ubbe to betray Lagertha, so that when she is defeated, he can become King.
57
8 "The Joke" Jeff Woolnough Michael Hirst January 10, 2018 (2018-01-10)
Alfred returns from Lindisfarne, and argues that the Saxons must build a navy as the only way to stop further Viking incursions. In the new land, Floki proposes building a temple to Thor, but is opposed by Eyvind who warns that they all will starve come winter. Meanwhile, the armies of Lagertha, Bjorn and Ubbe, and of Harald, Ivar and Hvitserk, meet above Kattegat. Lagertha proposes peace talks, but Harald, then Ivar, reject a settlement. Before battle, Ivar takes Astrid and a third of their army towards shore, to protect their fleet. Hvitserk and his group try to flank, but are ambushed in the forest by the Sami. Battle begins, and Bjorn and Lagertha gain the upper hand, as Harald's forces are outflanked. Ivar hears the fighting, but says it is too late to help. Heahmund is wounded, and Harald retreats. Lagertha refuses to kill Heahmund and orders that his life be saved.
58
9 "A Simple Story" Daniel Grou Michael Hirst January 17, 2018 (2018-01-17)
In the aftermath of the battle, Heahmund recovers, makes advances and pledges loyalty to Lagertha. Hvitserk secures reinforcements from Rollo, on condition that Bjorn's life is spared. Bjorn seeks peace with Ivar and Harald, but is rejected; Ivar moves to have him killed but is stopped by Harald. Ubbe, regretting marrying Margrethe, seeks solace with Torvi and the two have an affair. In Wessex, Aethelwulf dies and Judith persuades Aethelred to reject the throne and instead propose to the Witan that Alfred become king. In Floki's colony, Thor's temple is completed, but set afire and destroyed. Thorgrim, Kjetill's son, accuses Bul, Eyvind's son, of the arson. In the ensuing struggle, Thorgrim stabs Bul to death.
59
10 "Moments of Vision" Daniel Grou Michael Hirst January 24, 2018 (2018-01-24)
In Floki's colony, Floki urges Eyvind to not seek revenge for Bul's death, offering to make him lawgiver, in exchange for not starting a blood feud. When Thorgrim is found dead, Floki proposes that he be sacrificed to the gods. In Kattegat, Margrethe meets the Seer and reveals her ambitions to become queen. The Seer calls her mad and predicts that she will never be queen of Kattegat. The army of Lagertha faces those of Ivar and Harald. As they do battle, Hvitserk remembers Ivar accusing him of regret for his defection. Hvitserk faces Ubbe on the battlefield, but Ubbe is unable to hurt his brother. Hvitserk kills Guthrum, while Svase and Snaefrid are killed by Harald's warriors. Astrid finds Lagertha and asks her to kill her, fearing her pregnancy. Lagertha reluctantly complies. Harald kills his brother Halfdan. As Ivar orders the Frankish reserves onto the field, Lagertha and Bjorn retreat. As Bjorn prepares to leave Kattegat, he finds Lagertha broken with her hair turned white. Across the fjord, Rollo arrives.
Notes
Jump up ^ The first two episodes aired together on History as a two-hour premiere, "The Departed", but were released separately on streaming services and in digital stores, with the first part titled "The Fisher King" and the second "The Departed".[7][8]
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
An Irish-Canadian co-production presented by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, the fifth season of Vikings was developed and produced by TM Productions and Take 5 Productions. Morgan O'Sullivan, Sheila Hockin, Sherry Marsh, Alan Gasmer, James Flynn, John Weber, and Michael Hirst are credited as executive producers. This season was produced by Keith Thompson for the first four episodes, and Liz Gill for the fifth to tenth episodes. Bill Goddard and Séamus McInerney act as co-producers.[9]
The production team for this season includes casting directors Frank and Nuala Moiselle, costume designer Susan O'Connor Cave, visual effects supervisor Dominic Remane, stunt action designer Richard Ryan, composer Trevor Morris, production designer Mark Geraghty, editors Aaron Marshall for the first, third, fifth and tenth episodes, Tad Seaborn for the second, fourth, sixth and eighth episodes, and Michele Conroy for the seventh and ninth episodes, and cinematographers Pj Dillon for the first and second episodes, Peter Robertson for the third, fourth, seventh, eighth, ninth and tenth episodes, and Suzie Lavelle for the fifth and sixth episodes.[9]
Casting[edit]
At the same time that the series was renewed for a fifth season, it was announced that Irish actor Jonathan Rhys Meyers would be joining the cast, as Heahmund, a "warrior bishop". Vikings creator Michael Hirst, explained: "I was looking at the history books, and I came across these warrior bishops. The antecedents of the Knights Templar: these are people who were absolutely religious, yet they put on armor and they fought. Don't let their priestly status fool you, either. They were crazy! They believed totally in Christianity and the message, and yet, on the battlefield, they were totally berserk."[3]
Former WWE star Adam Copeland was cast in a recurring role for the fifth season, as Kjetill Flatnose, a violent and bold warrior. He is chosen by Floki to join an expedition to set up a colony in a new land.[10] Irish actor Darren Cahill will play the role of Aethelred in the fifth season.[11] Nigerian actor Stanley Amuzie told local media he had landed a small role in the fifth season.[12] The fifth season will also include Irish actor, musician and real-life police detective, Kieran O'Reilly, who will play the role of "White Hair".[13] In April 2017 it was announced that Danish actor Erik Madsen will join the cast for the fifth season, as King Hemmig.[14] He spent several months of 2016 on the set of The Last Kingdom, portraying a Viking.[15]
Music[edit]
The musical score for the fifth season was composed by Trevor Morris in collaboration with Einar Selvik. The opening sequence is again accompanied by the song "If I Had a Heart" by Fever Ray.
Additional non-original music by Norwegian music group Wardruna is featured in the episodes "The Plan" and "A Simple Story". The featured tracks are "MannaR - Drivande", "Løyndomsriss", and "Heimta Thurs". The episode "Homeland" also features an original song titled "Skidarima", written and performed by Einar Selvik.[9]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100% approval rating, with an average rating of 8.12/10 based on nine reviews.[16] IGN awarded episode 10, Moments of Vision, with a rating of 9 out of 10.[17] Entertainent Weekly gave the episode an "A".[18]
Historical inaccuracies[edit]
In "A Simple Story", Aethelred is portrayed rejecting the throne in favour of his younger brother Alfred. In history, after the death of Aethelwulf three of Alfred's elder brothers ruled, for two, five and six years respectively, all dying before Alfred took the throne in 871. Writing in Forbes Magazine, Erik Kain described the storyline as "just a huge unforced error".[19]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Greg Evans (July 22, 2017). "'Vikings' Gets Trailer & Season Premiere Date – Comic-Con". Deadline. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "History(R) Orders 20 Episode Sixth Season of Hit Drama Series "Vikings"". The Futon Critic. September 12, 2017. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Vikings' Creator Talks Jonathan Rhys Meyers' New Character". 26 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Tsoumbakos, Rachel (January 10, 2017). "'VIKINGS,' SEASON 5: JONATHAN RHYS MEYERS ROLE IS FINALLY REVEALED". Inquisitr.com. Retrieved January 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Departed (Part 1)". Vikings. Season 5. Episode 1. 29 November 2017. Event occurs at 1:05 and 8:05. History.
Jump up ^ "The Departed (Part 2)". Vikings. Season 5. Episode 2. 29 November 2017. Event occurs at 19:05. History.
Jump up ^ "Vikings: Season 5 - Part 1 on Amazon". Retrieved December 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Vikings, Season 5 on iTunes". Retrieved December 2, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Vikings. Season 5. November 2017. Event occurs at 2:00 approximately. History.
Jump up ^ "WWE Hall of Famer Adam Copeland on the Edge of TV Stardom".
Jump up ^ "'Red Rock' actor Darren Cahill joins 'Vikings' Season 5". The Irish Film & Television Network.
Jump up ^ Izuzu, Chidumga. "Stanley Aguzie: Nollywood actor lands role in "Vikings"". Pulse.ng.
Jump up ^ "How do we pitch Ireland as a movie location to Hollywood?". Irish Independent. 17 November 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (12 April 2017). "'UnReal' Casts Tracie Thoms; Erik Madsen Joins 'Vikings'".
Jump up ^ NRK. "Erik Madsen i ny høvdingrolle i "Vikings"".
Jump up ^ "Vikings: Season 5". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.ign.com/articles/2018/01/25/vikings-moments-of-vision-review
Jump up ^ http://ew.com/recap/vikings-season-5-episode-10/
Jump up ^ Kain, Erik. "'Vikings' Season 5, Episode 9 Review: 'A Simple (Convoluted) Story'". Forbes Magazine. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
External links[edit]
Official website
Vikings on IMDb
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Connective tissue
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Connective tissue
Section of epididymis. Connective tissue (blue) is seen supporting the epithelium (purple)
Identifiers
MeSH
D003238
FMA
9640
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
Connective tissue (CT) is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. It develops from the mesoderm. Connective tissue is found in between other tissues everywhere in the body, including the nervous system. In the central nervous system, the three outer membranes (the meninges) that envelop the brain and spinal cord are composed of connective tissue. They support and protect the body. All connective tissue consists of three main components: fibers (elastic and collagenous fibers),[1] ground substance and cells. Not all authorities include blood[2] or lymph as connective tissue because they lack the fiber component. All are immersed in the body water.
The cells of connective tissue include fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, mast cells and leucocytes.
Contents
[hide]
1 Types
1.1 Characteristics
2 Function
2.1 Aging
3 Clinical significance
4 Staining of connective tissue
5 See also
6 Notes and references
7 External links
Types[edit]
Connective tissue can be broadly subdivided into connective tissue proper, and special connective tissue.[3][4] Connective tissue proper consists of loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue (which is further subdivided into dense regular and dense irregular connective tissues.)[5] Loose and dense connective tissue are distinguished by the ratio of ground substance to fibrous tissue. Loose connective tissue has much more ground substance and a relative lack of fibrous tissue, while the reverse is true of dense connective tissue. Dense regular connective tissue, found in structures such as tendons and ligaments, is characterized by collagen fibers arranged in an orderly parallel fashion, giving it tensile strength in one direction. Dense irregular connective tissue provides strength in multiple directions by its dense bundles of fibers arranged in all directions.
Special connective tissue consists of reticular connective tissue, adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood.[6] Other kinds of connective tissues include fibrous, elastic, and lymphoid connective tissues.[7] New vascularised connective tissue that forms in the process of wound healing is termed granulation tissue.[8] Fibroblasts are the cells responsible for the production of some CT.
Type I collagen is present in many forms of connective tissue, and makes up about 25% of the total protein content of the mammalian body.[9]
Characteristics[edit]
Characteristics of CT:
Cells are spread through an extracellular fluid.
Ground substance - A clear, colorless, and viscous fluid containing glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans to fix the body water and the collagen fibers in the intercellular spaces. Ground substance slows the spread of pathogens.
Fibers. Not all types of CT are fibrous. Examples of non-fibrous CT include adipose tissue and blood. Adipose tissue gives "mechanical cushioning" to the body, among other functions.[10][11] Although there is no dense collagen network in adipose tissue, groups of adipose cells are kept together by collagen fibers and collagen sheets in order to keep fat tissue under compression in place (for example, the sole of the foot). The matrix of blood is plasma.
Both the ground substance and proteins (fibers) create the matrix for CT. Connective tissues are derived from the mesenchyme.
Types of fibers:
Tissue
Purpose
Components
Location
Collagenous fibers Bind bones and other tissues to each other Alpha polypeptide chains tendon, ligament, skin, cornea, cartilage, bone, blood vessels, gut, and intervertebral disc.
Elastic fibers Allow organs like arteries and lungs to recoil Elastic microfibril and elastin extracellular matrix
Reticular fibers Form a scaffolding for other cells Type III collagen liver, bone marrow, and lymphatic organs
Function[edit]
Connective tissue has a wide variety of functions that depend on the types of cells and the different classes of fibers involved. Loose and dense irregular connective tissue, formed mainly by fibroblasts and collagen fibers, have an important role in providing a medium for oxygen and nutrients to diffuse from capillaries to cells, and carbon dioxide and waste substances to diffuse from cells back into circulation. They also allow organs to resist stretching and tearing forces. Dense regular connective tissue, which forms organized structures, is a major functional component of tendons, ligaments and aponeuroses, and is also found in highly specialized organs such as the cornea.[12]:161 Elastic fibers, made from elastin and fibrillin, also provide resistance to stretch forces.[12]:171 They are found in the walls of large blood vessels and in certain ligaments, particularly in the ligamenta flava.[12]:173
In hematopoietic and lymphatic tissues, reticular fibers made by reticular cells provide the stroma—or structural support—for the parenchyma—or functional part—of the organ.[12]:171
Mesenchyme is a type of connective tissue found in developing organs of embryos that is capable of differentiation into all types of mature connective tissue.[13] Another type of relatively undifferentiated connective tissue is mucous connective tissue, found inside the umbilical cord.[12]:160
Various types of specialized tissues and cells are classified under the spectrum of connective tissue, and are as diverse as brown and white adipose tissue, blood, cartilage and bone.[12]:158 Cells of the immune system, such as macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells and eosinophils are found scattered in loose connective tissue, providing the ground for starting inflammatory and immune responses upon the detection of antigens.[12]:161
Aging[edit]
Aging-related disorders in connective tissue-rich organs are common and cause major disabilities in the elderly. The production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species appears to be a major determinant of aging (see Free radical theory of aging). Ordinarily mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD2) protects against oxidative stress. Mutant mice with a connective tissue conditional deficiency for (SOD2) have an accelerated aging phenotype.[14] This aging phenotype includes weight loss, skin atrophy, kyphosis (curvature of the spine), osteoporosis, muscle degeneration and reduced life span.
Clinical significance[edit]
Main article: Connective tissue disease
There are many types of connective tissue disorders, such as:
Connective tissue neoplasms including sarcomas such as hemangiopericytoma and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor in nervous tissue.
Congenital diseases include Marfan syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome.
Myxomatous degeneration – a pathological weakening of connective tissue.
Mixed connective tissue disease – a disease of the autoimmune system, also undifferentiated connective tissue disease.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) – a major autoimmune disease of connective tissue
Scurvy, caused by a deficiency of vitamin C which is necessary for the synthesis of collagen.
Staining of connective tissue[edit]
For microscopic viewing, most of the connective tissue staining-techniques, colour tissue fibers in contrasting shades. Collagen may be differentially stained by any of the following:
Van Gieson's stain
Masson's trichrome stain
Mallory's trichrome stain
Aniline blue stain
Eosin
Reticulin stain
See also[edit]
Endometrium
Fascia
Parametrium
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ "Connective Tissue Study Guide". 2 January 2013. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Dorland, W. A. Newman (2012). Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary (32nd ed.). Elsevier. p. 1931. ISBN 978-1-4160-6257-8.
Jump up ^ Shostak, Stanley. "Connective Tissues". Retrieved 9 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Carol Mattson Porth; Glenn Matfin (1 October 2010). Essentials of Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 24–. ISBN 978-1-58255-724-3. Retrieved 11 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Potter, Hugh. "The Connective Tissues". Retrieved 9 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Caceci, Thomas. "Connective Tisues". Retrieved 9 December 2012.
Jump up ^ King, David. "Histology Intro". Retrieved 9 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Granulation Tissue Definition". Memidex. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Di Lullo; G. A. (2002). "Mapping the Ligand-binding Sites and Disease-associated Mutations on the Most Abundant Protein in the Human, Type I Collagen". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (6): 4223–31. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110709200. PMID 11704682.
Jump up ^ Xu, H.; et al. (2008). "Monitoring Tissue Engineering Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging". Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering. 106 (6): 515–527. doi:10.1263/jbb.106.515. PMID 19134545.
Jump up ^ Laclaustra, M.; et al. (2007). "Metabolic syndrome pathophysiology: The role of adiposetissue". Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases. 17 (2): 125–139. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2006.10.005. PMID 17270403.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Ross M, Pawlina W (2011). Histology: A Text and Atlas (6th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 158–197. ISBN 978-0-7817-7200-6.
Jump up ^ Young B, Woodford P, O'Dowd G (2013). Wheater's Functional Histology: A Text and Colour Atlas (6th ed.). Elsevier. p. 65. ISBN 978-0702047473.
Jump up ^ Treiber N, Maity P, Singh K, Kohn M, Keist AF, Ferchiu F, Sante L, Frese S, Bloch W, Kreppel F, Kochanek S, Sindrilaru A, Iben S, Högel J, Ohnmacht M, Claes LE, Ignatius A, Chung JH, Lee MJ, Kamenisch Y, Berneburg M, Nikolaus T, Braunstein K, Sperfeld AD, Ludolph AC, Briviba K, Wlaschek M, Florin L, Angel P, Scharffetter-Kochanek K (April 2011). "Accelerated aging phenotype in mice with conditional deficiency for mitochondrial superoxide dismutase in the connective tissue". Aging Cell. 10 (2): 239–54. doi:10.1111/j.1474-9726.2010.00658.x. PMID 21108731.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Connective tissues.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Connective Tissue
Overview at kumc.edu
UIUC Histology Subject 230
Connective tissue atlas at uiowa.edu
Questions and Answers about Heritable Disorders of Connective Tissue - US National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
Connective Tissue Photomicrographs
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Crisis of the Late Middle Ages
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Citizens of Tournai (Belgium) bury plague victims.
Ruins of Beckov Castle in Slovakia
The crisis of the Late Middle Ages refers to a series of events in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries that brought centuries of European prosperity and growth to a halt.[1] Three major crises led to radical changes in all areas of society: demographic collapse, political instabilities and religious upheavals.[2]
A series of famines and plagues, beginning with the Great Famine of 1315–17 and especially the Black Death of 1348, reduced the population perhaps by half or more as the Medieval Warm Period came to a close and the first century of the Little Ice Age began. It took 150 years for the European population to regain the levels of 1300.[3]
Popular revolts in late-medieval Europe and civil wars between nobles within countries such as the Wars of the Roses were common—with France fighting internally nine times—and there were international conflicts between kings such as France and England in the Hundred Years' War. The unity of the Roman Catholic Church was shattered by the Western Schism. The Holy Roman Empire was also in decline; in the aftermath of the Great Interregnum (1247–1273), the Empire lost cohesion and politically the separate dynasties of the various German states became more important than their common empire.
Contents
[hide]
1 Demography
2 Climate Change and the Great Famine
3 Climate Change and Plague Epidemic Correlation
4 Popular revolt
5 Political and religious
5.1 Civil wars
5.2 International wars
6 Malthusian hypothesis
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Demography[edit]
Main article: Medieval demography
Some scholars contend that at the beginning of the 14th century, Europe had become overpopulated.[4][5] By the 14th century frontiers had ceased to expand and internal colonization was coming to an end, but population levels remained high.
The Medieval Warm Period ended sometime towards the end of the 13th century, bringing the "Little Ice Age"[6] and harsher winters with reduced harvests. In Northern Europe, new technological innovations such as the heavy plough and the three-field system were not as effective in clearing new fields for harvest as they were in the Mediterranean because the north had poor, clay-like soil.[7] Food shortages and rapidly inflating prices were a fact of life for as much as a century before the plague. Wheat, oats, hay and consequently livestock, were all in short supply.[7]
Their scarcity resulted in malnutrition, which increases susceptibility to infections due to weakened immunity. In the autumn of 1314, heavy rains began to fall, which were the start of several years of cold and wet winters.[7] The already weak harvests of the north suffered and the seven-year famine ensued. In the years 1315 to 1317 a catastrophic famine, known as the Great Famine, struck much of North West Europe. It was arguably the worst in European history, perhaps reducing the population by more than 10%.[7]
Genoese (red) and Venetian (green) maritime trade routes in the Mediterranean and Black Sea
Most governments instituted measures that prohibited exports of foodstuffs, condemned black market speculators, set price controls on grain and outlawed large-scale fishing. At best, they proved mostly unenforceable and at worst they contributed to a continent-wide downward spiral. The hardest hit lands, like England, were unable to buy grain abroad: from France because of the prohibition, and from most of the rest of the grain producers because of crop failures from shortage of labour. Any grain that could be shipped was eventually taken by pirates or looters to be sold on the black market.[7]
Meanwhile, many of the largest countries, most notably England and Scotland, had been at war, using up much of their treasury and exacerbating inflation. In 1337, on the eve of the first wave of the Black Death, England and France went to war in what became known as the Hundred Years' War. This situation was worsened when landowners and monarchs such as Edward III of England (r. 1327–1377) and Philip VI of France (r. 1328–1350), raised the fines and rents of their tenants out of a fear that their comparatively high standard of living would decline.[7]
The European economy entered a vicious circle in which hunger and chronic, low-level debilitating disease reduced the productivity of labourers, and so the grain output was reduced, causing grain prices to increase. Standards of living fell drastically, diets grew more limited, and Europeans as a whole experienced more health problems.
When a typhoid epidemic emerged, many thousands died in populated urban centres, most significantly Ypres (now in Belgium). In 1318 a pestilence of unknown origin, sometimes identified as anthrax, targeted the animals of Europe, notably sheep and cattle, further reducing the food supply and income of the peasantry.
Climate Change and the Great Famine[edit]
As Europe moved out of the Medieval Warm Period and into the Little Ice Age, a decrease in temperature and a great number of devastating floods disrupted harvests and caused mass famine. The cold and the rain proved to be particularly disastrous from 1315 to 1317 in which poor weather interrupted the maturation of many grains and beans and flooding turned fields rocky and barren.[8][9] Scarcity of grain caused price inflation, as described in one account of grain prices in Europe in which the price of wheat doubled from twenty shillings per quarter in 1315 to forty shillings per quarter by June of the following year.[8] Grape harvests also suffered, which reduced wine production throughout Europe. The wine production from the vineyards surrounding the Abbey of Saint-Arnould in France decreased as much as eighty percent by 1317.[9] During this climatic change and subsequent famine, Europe's cattle were struck with Bovine Pestilence, a pathogen of unknown identity (although some modern interpretations cite anthrax, foot-and-mouth disease, or rinderpest).[10] The pathogen began spreading throughout Europe from Eastern Asia in 1315 and reached the British Isles by 1319.[10] Manorial accounts of cattle populations in the year between 1319 and 1320, places a sixty-two percent loss in England and Wales alone.[10] In these countries, some correlation can be found between the places where poor weather reduced crop harvests and places where the bovine population was particularly negatively affected.[10] It is hypothesized that both low temperatures and lack of nutrition lowered the cattle populations immune system and made them vulnerable to disease.[10] The proliferation of dead or unhealthy cattle drastically affected dairy production, and the output did not return to its pre-pestilence amount until 1331.[10] Much of the medieval peasants' protein was obtained from dairy, and milk shortages likely caused nutritional deficiency in the European population. Famine and pestilence, exacerbated with the prevalence of war during this time, lead to the death of an estimated ten to fifteen percent of Europe's population.[9][10]
Climate Change and Plague Epidemic Correlation[edit]
The Black Death was a particularly devastating epidemic in Europe during this time, and is notable due to the number of people who succumbed to the disease within the few years the disease was active. It was fatal to an estimated thirty to sixty percent of the population where the disease was present.[11] While there is some question of whether it was a particularly deadly strain of Yersinia pestis that caused the Black Death, research indicates no significant difference in bacterial phenotype.[12] Thus environmental stressors are considered when hypothesizing the deadliness of the Black Plague, such as crop failures due to changes in weather, the subsequent famine, and an influx of host rats into Europe from China.[13][14] The Black Death was so devastating that a comparable plague in terms of virulence had not been seen since the Justinian plague, prior to the Medieval warm period. This gap in plague activity during the Medieval Warm Period contributes to the hypothesis that climate conditions would have affected Europe's susceptibility to disease when the climate began to cool during the arrival of the Little Ice Age in the 13th century.
Popular revolt[edit]
Richard II of England meets the rebels of the Peasants' Revolt of 1381.
Main article: Popular revolts in late-medieval Europe
Before the 14th century, popular uprisings were not unknown, for example, uprisings at a manor house against an unpleasant overlord, but they were local in scope. This changed in the 14th and 15th centuries when new downward pressures on the poor resulted in mass movements and popular uprisings across Europe. To indicate how common and widespread these movements became, in Germany between 1336 and 1525 there were no less than sixty phases of militant peasant unrest.[15]
Political and religious[edit]
The Battle of Aljubarrota between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Crown of Castile, 1385
The unity of the Roman Catholic Church was shattered by the Western Schism. The Holy Roman Empire was also in decline in the aftermath of the Great Interregnum (1247–1273); the Empire lost cohesion, and politically the separate dynasties of the various German states became more important than their common empire.
Civil wars[edit]
Wars of the Roses
International wars[edit]
Hundred Years' War
Polish–Teutonic Wars
1383–85 Crisis
Mongol raids against Russia
Burgundian Wars
Byzantine–Ottoman Wars
Ottoman wars in Europe
Malthusian hypothesis[edit]
Scholars such as David Herlihy and Michael Postan use the term Malthusian limit to express and explain some tragedies as resulting from overpopulation. In his 1798 Essay on the Principle of Population, Thomas Malthus asserted that eventually humans would reproduce so greatly that they would go beyond the limits of necessary resources; once they reach this point, catastrophe becomes inevitable. In his book, The Black Death and the Transformation of the West, professor David Herlihy explores this idea of plague as an inevitable crisis imposed on humanity to control the population and human resources. In the book The Black Death; A Turning Point in History? (ed. William M. Bowsky) he "implies that the Black Death's pivotal role in late medieval society ... was now being challenged. Arguing on the basis of a neo-Malthusian economics, revisionist historians recast the Black Death as a necessary and long overdue corrective to an overpopulated Europe."
Herlihy also examined the arguments against the Malthusian crisis, stating "if the Black Death was a response to excessive human numbers it should have arrived several decades earlier"[16] in consequence of the population growth of years before the outbreak of the Black Death. Herlihy also brings up other, biological factors that argue against the plague as a "reckoning" by arguing "the role of famines in affecting population movements is also problematic. The many famines preceding the Black Death, even the 'great hunger' of 1315 to 1317, did not result in any appreciable reduction in population levels".[16] Herlihy concludes the matter stating, "the medieval experience shows us not a Malthusian crisis but a stalemate, in the sense that the community was maintaining at stable levels very large numbers over a lengthy period" and states that the phenomenon should be referred to as more of a deadlock, rather than a crisis, to describe Europe before the epidemics.[16]:34
See also[edit]
Crisis of the Third Century
Renaissance of the 12th century
Renaissance of the 15th century
Medieval demography
Late Middle Ages
History of science in the Middle Ages
A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century
The Waning of the Middle Ages
References[edit]
Jump up ^ James L. Goldsmith (1995), "The Crises of the Late Middle Ages: The Case of France", French History, 9 (4): 417–50, doi:10.1093/fh/9.4.417
Jump up ^ http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/whic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?displayGroupName=Reference&prodId=WHIC&action=e&windowstate=normal&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CCX3426200028&mode=view&userGroupName=holl83564&jsid=33d6ba6bd380219c2073e86fda0b07d0
Jump up ^ http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/whic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?displayGroupName=Reference&prodId=WHIC&action=e&windowstate=normal&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CCX3426200028&mode=view&userGroupName=holl83564&jsid=33d6ba6bd380219c2073e86fda0b07d0
Jump up ^ Perry Anderson (1974) [2006]. Passages from Antiquity to Feudalism. Verso. pp. 186, 199. ISBN 1-85984-107-4.
Jump up ^ Jonathan Maunder (2009-04-07). "Feudalism and the growth of the market". Socialist Worker Online. Retrieved 2009-12-22.
Jump up ^ World Regions in Global Context, Third Edition
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f J. M. Bennett and C. W. Hollister, Medieval Europe: A Short History (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006), p. 326.
^ Jump up to: a b Lucas, Henry S. (1930). "The Great European Famine of 1315, 1316, and 1317". Speculum. 5 (4): 343–377. doi:10.2307/2848143.
^ Jump up to: a b c Jordan, William Chester (1997). The Great Famine : Northern Europe in the Early Fourteenth Century. Princeton University Press.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Slavin, Philip (2012). "The Great Bovine Pestilence and its economic and environmental consequences in England and Wales, 1318—50". The Economic History Review. 65 (4): 1239–1266.
Jump up ^ DeWitte-2015, Sharon (2015). "Setting the Stage for the Medieval Plague: Pre-Black Death Trends in Survival and Mortality". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 158: 441–451.
Jump up ^ Bos, Kirsten I.; Schuenemann, Verena J.; Golding, G. Brian; Burbano, Hernán A.; Waglechner, Nicholas; Coombes, Brian K.; McPhee, Joseph B.; DeWitte, Sharon N.; Meyer, Matthias (October 2011). "A draft genome of Yersinia pestis from victims of the Black Death". Nature. 478 (7370): 506–510. doi:10.1038/nature10549. ISSN 1476-4687.
Jump up ^ Cite error: The named reference DeWitte-2015 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
Jump up ^ Cui, Yujun; Yu, Chang; Yan, Yanfeng; Li, Dongfang; Li, Yanjun; Jombart, Thibaut; Weinert, Lucy A.; Wang, Zuyun; Guo, Zhaobiao (2013). "Historical variations in mutation rate in an epidemic pathogen, Yersinia pestis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (2): 577–582.
Jump up ^ Peter Blickle, Unruhen in der ständischen Gesellschaft 1300–1800, 1988
^ Jump up to: a b c Herlihy, David (1997). The Black Death and the Transformation of the West. Harvard University Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-674-07612-9. Retrieved 2 September 2009.
External links[edit]
"The Waning of the Middle Ages": Crisis and Recovery, 1300-1450
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