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Biceps
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For other uses, see Biceps (disambiguation).
Biceps
The biceps is a two-headed muscle and is one of the chief flexors of the forearm. Here is the left side, seen from the front.
Details
Origin
Short head: coracoid process of the scapula.
Long head: supraglenoid tubercle
Insertion
Radial tuberosity and bicipital aponeurosis into deep fascia on medial part of forearm
Artery
Brachial artery
Nerve
Musculocutaneous nerve (C5–C7)[1]
Actions
Flexes elbow[1]
flexes and abducts shoulder [1]
supinates radioulnar joint in the forearm[1]
Antagonist
Triceps brachii muscle
Identifiers
Latin
musculus biceps brachii
Dorlands
/Elsevier
m_22/12548475
TA
A04.6.02.013
FMA
37670
Anatomical terms of muscle
[edit on Wikidata]
In human anatomy, the biceps, also biceps brachii (/ˈbaɪsɛps ˈbreɪki.aɪ/), is a two-headed muscle that lies on the upper arm between the shoulder and the elbow. Both heads arise on the scapula and join to form a single muscle belly which is attached to the upper forearm. While the biceps crosses both the shoulder and elbow joints, its main function is at the elbow where it flexes the forearm and supinates the forearm. Both these movements are used when opening a bottle with a corkscrew: first biceps unscrews the cork (supination), then it pulls the cork out (flexion).[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Variation
1.2 Nerve supply
2 Function
3 Clinical significance
4 Society and culture
4.1 Etymology and grammar
4.2 Training
5 History
6 Other species
6.1 Neanderthals
6.2 Horses
7 Additional images
8 References
9 External links
Structure[edit]
Location of biceps. Two different colors represent two different bundles which compose biceps.
Short head
Long head
The biceps is one of three muscles in the anterior compartment of the upper arm, along with the brachialis muscle and the coracobrachialis muscle, with which the biceps shares a nerve supply.[1] The biceps muscle has two heads, the short head and the long head, distinguished according to their origin at the coracoid process and supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, respectively.[1] From its origin on the glenoid, the long head remains tendinous as it passes through the shoulder joint and through the intertubercular groove of the humerus.[2] Extending from its origin on the coracoid, the tendon of the short head runs adjacent to the tendon of the coracobrachialis as the conjoint tendon. Unlike the other muscles in the anterior compartment of the arm, the biceps muscle crosses two joints, the shoulder joint and the elbow joint.
Both heads of the biceps join in the middle upper arm to form a single muscle mass usually near the insertion of the deltoid to form a common muscle belly, although several anatomic studies have demonstrated that the muscle bellies remain distinct structures without confluent fibers.[3][4] As the muscle extends distally, the two heads rotate 90 degrees externally before inserting onto the radial tuberosity. The short head inserts distally on the tuberosity while the long head inserts proximally closer to the apex of the tuberosity.[3] The bicipital aponeurosis, also called the lacertus fibrosis, is a thick fascial band that organizes close to the musculotendinous junction of the biceps and radiates over and inserts onto the ulnar part of the antebrachial fascia.[5]
The tendon that attaches to the radial tuberosity is partially or completely surrounded by a bursa; the bicipitoradial bursa, which ensures frictionless motion between the biceps tendon and the proximal radius during pronation and supination of the forearm.[6]
Two muscles lie underneath the biceps brachii. These are the coracobrachialis muscle, which like the biceps attaches to the coracoid process of the scapula, and the brachialis muscle which connects to the ulna and along the mid-shaft of the humerus. Besides those, the brachioradialis muscle is adjacent to the biceps and also inserts on the radius bone, though more distally.
Variation[edit]
Traditionally described as a two-headed muscle, biceps brachii is one of the most variable muscles of the human body and has a third head arising from the humerus in 10% of cases (normal variation) — most commonly originating near the insertion of the coracobrachialis and joining the short head — but four, five, and even seven supernumerary heads have been reported in rare cases. [7]
The distal biceps tendons are completely separated in 40% and bifurcated in 25% of cases. [8][4]
Nerve supply[edit]
See also: Biceps reflex
The biceps shares its nerve supply with the other two muscles of the anterior compartment. The muscles are supplied by the musculocutaneous nerve. Fibers of the fifth, sixth and seventh cervical nerves make up the components of the musculocutaneous nerve which supply the biceps.[1]
Function[edit]
Flexed arm in the pronated position (left); with the biceps partially contracted and in a supinated position with the biceps more fully contracted, approaching minimum length (right.)
The biceps works across three joints.[9] The most important of these functions is to supinate the forearm and flex the elbow. In more detail, the actions are, by joint:[10]
Proximal radioulnar joint (upper forearm) – Contrary to popular belief, the biceps brachii is not the most powerful flexor of the forearm, a role which actually belongs to the deeper brachialis muscle. The biceps brachii functions primarily as a powerful supinator of the forearm (turns the palm upwards). This action, which is aided by the supinator muscle, requires the elbow to be at least partially flexed. If the elbow, or humeroulnar joint, is fully extended, supination is then primarily carried out by the supinator muscle. The biceps is a particularly powerful supinator of the forearm due to the distal attachment of the muscle at the radial tuberosity, on the opposite side of the bone from the supinator muscle. When flexed, the biceps effectively pulls the radius back into its neutral supinated position in concert with the supinator muscle.[11]
Elbow (Humeroulnar joint) – The biceps brachii also functions as an important flexor of the forearm, particularly when the forearm is supinated.[1] Functionally, this action is performed when lifting an object, such as a bag of groceries or when performing a biceps curl. When the forearm is in pronation (the palm faces the ground), the brachialis, brachioradialis, and supinator function to flex the forearm, with minimal contribution from the biceps brachii. It is also important to note that regardless of forearm position, (supinated, pronated, or neutral,) the force exerted by the biceps brachii remains the same; however, the brachioradialis has a much greater change in exertion depending on position than the biceps during concentric contractions. That is, the biceps can only exert so much force, and as forearm position changes, other muscles must compensate.[12]
Shoulder (Glenohumeral joint) (shoulder) – Several weaker functions occur at the glenohumeral, or shoulder, joint. The biceps brachii weakly assists in forward flexion of the shoulder joint (bringing the arm forward and upwards). It may also contribute to abduction (bringing the arm out to the side) when the arm is externally (or laterally) rotated. The short head of the biceps brachii also assists with horizontal adduction (bringing the arm across the body) when the arm is internally (or medially) rotated. Finally, the short head of the biceps brachii, due to its attachment to the scapula (or shoulder blade), assists with stabilization of the shoulder joint when a heavy weight is carried in the arm. The tendon of the long head of the biceps also assists in holding the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity.[13]
Clinical significance[edit]
The proximal tendons of the biceps brachii are commonly involved in pathological processes and are a frequent cause of anterior shoulder pain.[14] Disorders of the distal biceps brachii tendon include insertional tendonitis and partial or complete tears of the tendon. Partial tears are usually characterized by pain and enlargement and abnormal contour of the tendon.[15] Complete tears occur as avulsion of the tendinous portion of the biceps away from its insertion on the tuberosity of the radius, and is often accompanied by a palpable, audible "pop" and immediate pain and soft tissue swelling.[16] A soft-tissue mass is sometimes encountered in the anterior aspect of the arm, the so-called Reverse Popeye deformity, which paradoxically leads to a decreased strength during flexion of the elbow and supination of the forearm.[17] Tears of the biceps brachii may occur during athletic activities, however avulsion injuries of the distal biceps tendon are frequently occupational in nature and sustained during forceful, eccentric contraction of the biceps muscle while lifting.[16] Acute rupture of the distal biceps tendon can be treated nonoperatively with acceptable results,[18] but because the injury can lead to 30% loss of elbow flexion strength and 30-50% loss of forearm supination strength, surgical repair is generally recommended.[19][20][21] Complete distal biceps tears are commonly treated with re-attachment of the biceps tendon to its native insertion on the tuberosity of the radius using bone tunnels, suture buttons, or suture anchors.[22][19][23] Proximal ruptures of the long head of the biceps tendon can be surgically addressed by two different techniques. Biceps tenodesis includes release of the long head of the biceps tendon off of its insertion on the glenoid and re-attachment by screw or suture anchor fixation to the humerus. Biceps tenotomy consists of simple release of the long head of the biceps without reattachment to the humerus, allowing the tendon to retract into the soft tissues of the proximal upper arm.[16] Degeneration of the tendon can cause partial tears and are rarely associated with a traumatic event. Treatment of a biceps tear depends on the severity of the injury. In most cases, the muscle will heal over time with no corrective surgery. Applying cold pressure and using anti-inflammatory medications will ease pain and reduce swelling. More severe injuries require surgery and post-op physical therapy to regain strength and functionality in the muscle. Corrective surgeries of this nature are typically reserved for elite athletes who rely on a complete recovery.[24]
Society and culture[edit]
The biceps are usually attributed as representative of strength within a variety of worldwide cultures.
Etymology and grammar[edit]
The biceps brachii muscle is the one that gave all muscles their name: it comes from the Latin musculus, "little mouse", because the appearance of the flexed biceps resembles the back of a mouse. The same phenomenon occurred in Greek, in which μῦς, mȳs, means both "mouse" and "muscle".
The term biceps brachii is a Latin phrase meaning "two-headed [muscle] of the arm", in reference to the fact that the muscle consists of two bundles of muscle, each with its own origin, sharing a common insertion point near the elbow joint. The proper plural form of the Latin adjective biceps is bicipites, a form not in general English use. Instead, biceps is used in both singular and plural (i.e., when referring to both arms).
The English form bicep [sic], attested from 1939, is a back formation derived from interpreting the s of biceps as the English plural marker -s.[25][26] While common even in professional contexts, it is often considered incorrect.[27]
Training[edit]
The Preacher curl, also known as the Scott Curl, is a popular exercise for biceps
The biceps can be strengthened using weight and resistance training. Examples of well known biceps exercises are the chin-up and biceps curl.
To isolate the biceps brachii in elbow flexion, place the shoulder in hyperextension.
The split between the short head (front) and the long head (back) of the biceps muscle, resulted from special trainings
In training the biceps brachii, it is important to distinguish between the long head and the short head of the biceps. The long head is the outer portion of the muscle. The short head is the inner portion of the muscle.
There is much debate over the best biceps workouts for targeting each of these heads.
The first theory for targeting is based on the proximity of the arms in relation to the body. It is said that when the elbows are pulled back behind the body, this targets the long head more. To target the short head, the elbows should be in front of the body.
The second theory uses grip placement and angle as the primary factor in targeting each head. For instance, to target the long head when using dumbbells or cables, the grip should be semi-supinated (hammer) grip where the palms face each other. If using a barbell (EZ grip or straight), the grip should be inside of shoulder width. To target the short head when using dumbbells or cables, grip should be supinated, where the palms are facing up completely. If using a barbell (EZ grip or straight), grip should be outside of shoulder width.[28]
History[edit]
Leonardo da Vinci expressed the original idea of the biceps acting as a supinator in a series of annotated drawings made between 1505 and 1510; in which the principle of the biceps as a supinator, as well as its role as a flexor to the elbow were devised. However, this function remained undiscovered by the medical community as da Vinci was not regarded as a teacher of anatomy, nor were his results publicly released. It was not until 1713 that this movement was re-discovered by William Cheselden and subsequently recorded for the medical community. It was rewritten several times by different authors wishing to present information to different audiences. The most notable recent expansion upon Cheselden's recordings was written by Guillaume Duchenne in 1867, in a journal named Physiology of Motion. To this day it remains one of the major references on supination action of the biceps brachii.[citation needed]
Other species[edit]
Neanderthals[edit]
See also: Neanderthal anatomy
In Neanderthals, the radial bicipital tuberosities were larger than in modern humans, which suggests they were probably able to use their biceps for supination over a wider range of pronation-supination. It is possible that they relied more on their biceps for forceful supination without the assistance of the supinator muscle like in modern humans, and thus that they used a different movement when throwing.[29]
Horses[edit]
See also: Equine anatomy
In the horse, the biceps' function is to extend the shoulder and flex the elbow. It is composed of two short-fibred heads separated longitudinally by a thick internal tendon which stretches from the origin on the supraglenoid tubercle to the insertion on the medial radial tuberosity. This tendon can withstand very large forces when the biceps is stretched. From this internal tendon a strip of tendon, the lacertus fibrosus, connects the muscle with the extensor carpi radialis -- an important feature in the horse's stay apparatus (through which the horse can rest and sleep whilst standing.) [30]
Additional images[edit]
Biceps and triceps.
Movement of biceps and triceps when arm is flexing
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Ort, Bruce Ian Bogart, Victoria (2007). Elsevier's integrated anatomy and embryology. Philadelphia, Pa.: Elsevier Saunders. pp. 262–267. ISBN 978-1-4160-3165-9.
^ Jump up to: a b Lippert, Lynn S. (2006). Clinical kinesiology and anatomy (4th ed.). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company. pp. 126–7. ISBN 978-0-8036-1243-3.
^ Jump up to: a b Athwal, George S.; Steinmann, Scott P.; Rispoli, Damian M. (October 2007). "The distal biceps tendon: footprint and relevant clinical anatomy". The Journal of Hand Surgery. 32 (8): 1225–1229. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2007.05.027. ISSN 0363-5023. PMID 17923307.
^ Jump up to: a b Eames, M. H. A.; Bain, G. I.; Fogg, Q. A.; van Riet, R. P. (May 2007). "Distal biceps tendon anatomy: a cadaveric study". The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 89 (5): 1044–1049. doi:10.2106/JBJS.D.02992. ISSN 0021-9355. PMID 17473142.
Jump up ^ Platzer, Werner (2004). Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 1: Locomotor System (5th ed.). Thieme. p. 154. ISBN 1-58890-159-9.
Jump up ^ Kegels, Lore; Van Oyen, Jan; Siemons; Verdonk, René (2006). "Bicipitoradial bursitis A case report" (PDF). Acta Orthopædica Belgica. 72: 362–365. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Poudel, PP; Bhattarai, C (2009). "Study on the supernumerary heads of biceps brachii muscle in Nepalese" (PDF). Nepal Med Coll J. 11 (2): 96–98. PMID 19968147. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Dirim, Berna; Brouha, Sharon Sudarshan; Pretterklieber, Michael L; Wolff, Klaus S; Frank, Andreas; Pathria, Mini N; Chung, Christine B (2008). "Terminal Bifurcation of the Biceps Brachii Muscle and Tendon: Anatomic Considerations and Clinical Implications". American Journal of Roentgenology. 191 (6): W248–55. doi:10.2214/AJR.08.1048. PMID 19020211.
Jump up ^ "Biceps Brachii". ExRx.net. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Simons David G.; Travell Janet G.; Simons Lois S. (1999). "30: Biceps Brachii Muscle". In Eric Johnson. Travell & Simons' Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction (2nd ed.). Baltimore, Maryland: Williams and Wilkins. pp. 648–659. ISBN 0-683-08363-5.
Jump up ^ Saladin, Kenneth (2015). Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121: McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 346–347. ISBN 978-0-07-340371-7.
Jump up ^ Kleiber, Tim; Kunz, Leo; Disselhorst-Klug, Catherine (2015-01-01). "Muscular coordination of biceps brachii and brachioradialis in elbow flexion with respect to hand position". Integrative Physiology. 6: 215. doi:10.3389/fphys.2015.00215. PMC 4526813  . PMID 26300781.
Jump up ^ Saladin, Kenneth (2015). Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York NY 10121: McGraw-Hill Education. p. 295. ISBN 978-0-07-340371-7.
Jump up ^ Frost A, Zafar MS, Maffulli N (April 2009). "Tenotomy versus tenodesis in the management of pathologic lesions of the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii". The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 37 (4): 828–33. doi:10.1177/0363546508322179. PMID 18762669.
Jump up ^ Chew ML, Giuffrè BM (2005). "Disorders of the distal biceps brachii tendon". Radiographics. 25 (5): 1227–37. doi:10.1148/rg.255045160. PMID 16160108.
^ Jump up to: a b c DeLee & Drez's orthopaedic sports medicine : principles and practice. Miller, Mark D.,, Thompson, Stephen R.,, Drez, David. (Fourth ed.). Philadelphia, PA. ISBN 9781455743766. OCLC 880421005.
Jump up ^ Arend CF. Ultrasound of the Shoulder. Master Medical Books, 2013. Free chapter on ultrasound evaluation of biceps tendon tears available at ShoulderUS.com
Jump up ^ Freeman, Carl R; McCormick, Kelly R; Mahoney, Donna; Baratz, Mark; Lubahn, John D. "Nonoperative Treatment of Distal Biceps Tendon Ruptures Compared with a Historical Control Group". The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 91 (10): 2329–2334. doi:10.2106/jbjs.h.01150.
^ Jump up to: a b Morrey, B. F.; Askew, L. J.; An, K. N.; Dobyns, J. H. (March 1985). "Rupture of the distal tendon of the biceps brachii. A biomechanical study". The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 67 (3): 418–421. ISSN 0021-9355. PMID 3972866.
Jump up ^ Baker, B. E.; Bierwagen, D. (March 1985). "Rupture of the distal tendon of the biceps brachii. Operative versus non-operative treatment". The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 67 (3): 414–417. ISSN 0021-9355. PMID 3972865.
Jump up ^ Nesterenko, Sergiy; Domire, Zachary J.; Morrey, Bernard F.; Sanchez-Sotelo, Joaquin (March 2010). "Elbow strength and endurance in patients with a ruptured distal biceps tendon". Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 19 (2): 184–189. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2009.06.001. ISSN 1532-6500. PMID 19664936.
Jump up ^ Sotereanos, D. G.; Pierce, T. D.; Varitimidis, S. E. (May 2000). "A simplified method for repair of distal biceps tendon ruptures". Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 9 (3): 227–233. ISSN 1058-2746. PMID 10888168.
Jump up ^ Bain, G. I.; Prem, H.; Heptinstall, R. J.; Verhellen, R.; Paix, D. (March 2000). "Repair of distal biceps tendon rupture: a new technique using the Endobutton". Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 9 (2): 120–126. ISSN 1058-2746. PMID 10810691.
Jump up ^ "Bicep tear - Muscular Injuries". Sports Medicine Information.
Jump up ^ "Bicep". Dictionary and Thesaurus — Merriam-Webster Online. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ Arnold Zwicky (July 30, 2008). "The dangers of satire". Language Log. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ Tangled Passages, Corbett, Philip B., February 9, 2010, The New York Times
Jump up ^ "Biceps Workouts".
Jump up ^ Churchill, SE; Rhodes, JA (2009). "Fossil Evidence for Projectile Weaponry". In Hublin, Jean-Jacques. The evolution of hominin diets: integrating approaches to the study of Palaeolithic subsistence. Springer. p. 208. ISBN 978-1-4020-9698-3.
Jump up ^ Watson, JC; Wilson, AM (January 2007). "Muscle architecture of biceps brachii, triceps brachii and supraspinatus in the horse". J. Anat. 210 (1): 32–40. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00669.x. PMC 2100266  . PMID 17229281.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Biceps brachii muscle.
Look up biceps in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Anatomy photo:06:05-0102 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center
"Bicep Exercises". Elite Men's Guide Health.
[hide]
v
t
e
Muscles of the arm
Shoulder
deltoid
rotator cuff
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis
teres major
fascia:
deltoid fascia
supraspinous fascia
infraspinous fascia
Arm
(compartments)
anterior
coracobrachialis
biceps
brachialis
posterior
triceps brachii
anconeus
articularis cubiti
fascia
axillary sheath
axillary fascia
brachial fascia
intermuscular septa
lateral
medial
other
spaces
quadrangular space
triangular space
triangular interval
Forearm
anterior
superficial:
pronator teres
palmaris longus
flexor carpi radialis
flexor carpi ulnaris
flexor digitorum superficialis
deep:
pronator quadratus
flexor digitorum profundus
flexor pollicis longus
posterior
superficial:
mobile wad
brachioradialis
extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis
extensor digitorum
extensor digiti minimi
extensor carpi ulnaris
deep:
supinator
anatomical snuff box
abductor pollicis longus
extensor pollicis brevis
extensor pollicis longus
extensor indicis
fascia
bicipital aponeurosis
common tendons
extensor
flexor
antebrachial fascia
other
cubital tunnel
Hand
lateral volar
thenar
opponens pollicis
flexor pollicis brevis
abductor pollicis brevis
adductor pollicis
medial volar
hypothenar
opponens digiti minimi
flexor digiti minimi brevis
abductor digiti minimi
palmaris brevis
intermediate
lumbrical
interossei
dorsal
palmar
fascia
posterior:
extensor retinaculum
extensor expansion
anterior:
flexor retinaculum
palmar aponeurosis
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text:
Driver's licenses in Trinidad and Tobago
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Motor vehicles in Trinidad
In Trinidad and Tobago, you could obtain a learner's permit at your 17th birthday. Licenses to drive are commonly referred to in Trinidad and Tobago as Driver's Permits. Driver's Permits are issued by the Licensing Authority, which is governed by the Ministry of Works and Transport.[1] In order to legally operate any motor vehicle in Trinidad and Tobago, whether it is on or off public-owned-roads, the operator of the motor vehicle must be in possession of a valid Driver's Permit on their person and is legally endorsed for that class of vehicle.[2] Contravention to the aforementioned could warrant a fine of up to TT$1500[3] and imprisonment.
Contents
[hide]
1 Features
2 History
3 Obtaining a driver's permit
3.1 First issue
3.2 Renewal
3.3 Endorsements
3.4 Lost/ Stolen
4 Endorsements/ Vehicle Classes
4.1 Legend
5 Public Service Vehicles
5.1 Omnibuses
5.2 Taxi
5.3 School Bus
5.4 Maxi Taxi
6 Disqualification and suspension
7 Demerit Points System
7.1 Main conditions
7.2 Disqualification
8 Technology
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Features[edit]
The Driver's Permit in Trinidad and Tobago features personal information about holder and it is widely accepted as a form of legal photo identification.[4]
It features:
Holder's Name- Full legal name of the Driver's Permit holder e.g. John Staffon Smith
Current Driver's Permit for Trinidad and Tobago
Full Address- Mailing address of the Driver's Permit holder e.g. #79 Palm Beach Avenue, Woodbrook, Port of Spain.
Date of Birth (Date that the holder was born DD/MM/YYYY) - e.g. 12/23/1982
To verify the three aforementioned, the applicant would bring along their National Identification Card and Birth Certificate.
Issue Date (Date that the holder first received driving privileges DD/MM/YYYY)- e.g. 23/12/1995
Expiry Date (Date that the holder has to renew the permit DD/MM/YYYY) - e.g. 23/12/2018
Sex (The Gender of the holder M Male or F, Female)- e.g. F
TR (Code of the last transaction that was done A- First Issue, B- Renewal, C-Duplicate, D- Endorsement) e.g.- B
(See section below on Obtaining a driver's permit)
Class (The class of vehicle that the holder is legally permitted to drive) e.g. 3
Permit Number (The unique permit ID of the holder) e.g. 542418 B
Date of Payment (Date that the holder paid/received the permit) e.g. 23/12/2013
Signature of Holder
Signature of Licensing Officer
History[edit]
Driver's Permits in Trinidad and Tobago first came as a book in the 1950s but then progressed to a laminated card then finally to a digital printed card with holograms and scanning technology.[5][6]
Obtaining a driver's permit[edit]
First issue[edit]
A potential applicant must first have attained the age of 17 years, then will visit their nearest Licensing Office. Applications for driver's permits shall be made to the Transport Officer on the approved form and shall be officially accepted by the applicant.[7] The applicant would then be issued a learner's permit that is usually valid for (1) one year. The applicant would then also receive a date for the first exam that they would have to undergo, which is commonly called "Driving Regulations", which comprises excerpts from both the Highway Code and the Motor Vehicle and Road Traffic Act Chapter 48:50.
Once the applicant was successful in the written exam, the applicant would then receive a date for the practical exam. The practical exam consists of a series of driving maneuvers and a road test that must be completed thoroughly.
Once satisfying the aforementioned conditions, the Transport Officer would issue the applicant with a Driver's Permit.
Transaction Code: A
Renewal[edit]
Driver's permits can be valid for five (5) - ten (10) years depending on which is requested by the applicant. For five (5) year permits, the cost is TT$500, and the cost for a ten (10) year permit is TT$1000. These two permits are only distributed to citizens who are under the age of sixty (60) years and are deemed medically fit by a licensed medical practitioner. For those sixty (60) years of age and over, their Driver's permits are issued free of charge. Applicants over sixty (60) years of age but less than sixty-five (65) years of age, three (3) year permits are issued. Finally, for those over sixty-five (65) years of age, two (2) year permits are issued. All applicants over 60 years of age require a medical endorsement from a licensed medical practitioner.
Transaction Code: B
Endorsements[edit]
(See Section Below on Endorsements/Vehicle Classes)
In order for an individual to operate any vehicle in Trinidad and Tobago they must be endorsed by the Licensing Authority to drive that particular class. With that being said most persons in Trinidad and Tobago are holders of Class 3 (Light Motor vehicles). In order for the aforementioned holder to drive any other classes the procedure is as follows.
The applicant would visit the nearest Licensing Authority office and submit an application for the endorsement. Provided that the applicant does not contravene the rules below, they would be given a learner's permit valid for a period of (1) year. The applicant would then go through the same process as the First Issue with the difference being the exams would now be centered around the class of vehicle that applicant is applying to operate.
Rules:
In order for the Holder of a Class 3 (Light Motor vehicles) to obtain a Class 4 (Heavy motor vehicles) or a Public Service Permit. He/ she must have attained the age of twenty-one years (21) and have held the Class 3 permit for at least one (1) year.
In order for a Class 4 to obtain a Class 5 (Extra Heavy Motor Vehicles) he/she must have held the Class 4 permit for at least one (1) year.
In order for a holder to obtain a Class 6 Omni-bus he/she must apply through the Public Transport Service Corporation.
Transaction Code: D
Lost/ Stolen[edit]
Immediately after noticing the permit's disappearance, the holder must go to the nearest Police station and make a report indicating the particulars of the incident. Then the Police would supply a receipt of the report which would then be taken to the Licensing Authority where they would reissue the holder a new permit at a small fee.
Transaction Code: C
Endorsements/ Vehicle Classes[edit]
Motor Vehicles in Trinidad and Tobago are classified under law as following:
Class 1: Motorcycles
Class 2: Wheel tractors
Class 3: Light motor vehicles
Class 4: Heavy motor vehicles
Class 5: Extra heavy motor vehicles
Class 6: Motor omnibuses
Class 7: Motor vehicles not specified in Classes 1 to 6.[8]
When the applicant is issued his/her driver's permit, the coloured background of their photo would be determined by the highest class of vehicle that they are legally allowed to drive. The background colours are as follows:[7]
Legend[edit]
Class
Type of Vehicle
Photo Background Colour
1 Motorcycles White
2 Wheel Tractors Brown
3 Light Motor Vehicles Red
4 Heavy Motor Vehicles Yellow
5 Extra Heavy Motor Vehicles Orange
6 Omnibus Blue
7 Other Pink[9]
Public Service Vehicles[edit]
In Trinidad and Tobago a Public Service vehicle is defined as a vehicle that's intended purpose is to operate in a public capacity for hire or reward[10] such as Omni Buses, Taxi and Maxi taxis.
To operate any one of the aforementioned, by law a Permit or License must be obtained:
Omnibuses[edit]
Omni bus in Trinidad
To apply for a permit to operate an omnibus, the applicant must have driving experience of over 10 years and must be in possession of class 5 for a period of at least three of the aforementioned years. The applicant must also be able to produce a certificate of good character and a certificate of fitness attesting to good medical health. The applicant must then apply to the Public Transport Service Corporation (PTSC) for permission to do so. The applicant would then have to undergo a training course/exercise for a period that is determined by the Transport Officer. Once satisfying all the conditions that were requested in the training exercise and passing the exams, the applicant would be issued an omnibus permit. However, being the holder of an omnibus permit you are required by law to report for service without fail, in any state of emergency, time of crisis or anytime the Government of Trinidad and Tobago sees fit.[11]
Taxi[edit]
Taxi Cabs in Trinidad are not usually yellow. To identify a taxi car, the Number Plate would start with a "H" e.g. HCB 5313.
To operate a taxi in Trinidad and Tobago, the applicant must be over 21 years of age and have driving experience of over 3 years. The applicant must be in possession of a class 3 for a period of at least three years.The applicant must also be able to produce a certificate of good character and a certificate of fitness attesting to good medical health. The applicant must then visit their nearest Licensing Authority and apply for a Taxi-Badge (Similar process to First Issue). Upon successful completion of both written and practical examinations the applicant would then be issued a taxi badge.
School Bus[edit]
To become a School bus operator in Trinidad and Tobago, the applicant must be over 25 years of age and have driving experience of over 3 years. The applicant must be in possession of a class 4.The applicant must also be able to produce a certificate of good character and a certificate of fitness attesting to good medical health.[12] The applicant must then register the school bus and ensure it is painted in bright yellow, with SCHOOL BUS OPERATOR and the identification number on both sides in Black. Contravention to the aforementioned would warrant a fine of up to TT$10,000.
Example of School Bus. Same colour scheme is used in Trinidad and Tobago
Maxi Taxi[edit]
To operate a maxi taxi in Trinidad and Tobago, the applicant must be in possession of a Taxi Badge (as mentioned above) and a class 4 permit. The applicant would then apply to their nearest Licensing Authority and apply for a maxi taxi operator's permit.[13]
Maxi Taxi's From Route 2, Trinidad and Tobago
Disqualification and suspension[edit]
A Driver's Permit Holder may be disqualified for a number of reasons including:
If the Transport Officer is not satisfied that the applicant's vision, hearing, bodily and mental fitness (as shown in a medical certificate) are of a standard that would warrant the issuance of a driving permit and that the applicant is of good character.[14]
If the holder of a driving permit or provisional permit suffers the loss of use of an eye or limb, his permit can be revoked. However, if the holder aforementioned can prove his/her medical fitness by means of a test provided by the Transport Officer, the holder would be issued a permit for one year.
If the holder of a driving permit or provisional permit is advised by a licensed medical practitioner that he is incapable of driving due to a physical or mental incapacity.
Road Traffic Accident
A Magistrate in a court of law can also order that a Driver's Permit be suspended or a person become barred from being issued a Driver's Permit for a stipulated period of time or indefinitely for Traffic related offences including drunk driving, dangerous driving, or driving without a permit.[15][16]
Demerit Points System[edit]
The demerit points system entails that certain traffic offences and traffic violations will also carry predefined demerit points, in addition to the other penalties i.e. Fixed Penalty Tickets and Imprisonment.[17]
This system was designed to work closely connected with the Red Light Camera Enforcement and the Speed Camera Enforcement projects[18] of 2017 where thirty five red light cameras were installed in strategic locations and multiple speed cameras where those infractions usually occurs (i.e. Speeding & Breaking of Traffic Lights) . These systems are totally automated and send the fixed penalty ticket to the registered owner of the vehicle via postage.[19]
The predefined demerit points allotted for each traffic offences and traffic violations are said to be on par with other international countries for similar types of offences. The demerit points system would be ranging from two (2) to maximum fourteen (14) points, which would remain on your record at the Licensing Authority for a period of three (3) years, then it would be expunged. The individual can check their records online at the official page of the Licensing Authority https://apps.mowt.gov.tt/
Main conditions[edit]
Drivers holding a permit for under a year from the date of issue, will get their permit suspended when:
Drivers receive seven or more demerit points within a 12-month period, they shall be disqualified from holding or obtaining a driving permit for a period one year.
Drivers holding a permit for over a year may have their driving license suspended if they receive more than 10 demerit points within a three-year period.[20]
Drivers who receive 10-14 demerits can be disqualified from holding or obtaining a driving permit for a period of six months.
Drivers who receive 14-20 demerits points can be disqualified from holding or obtaining a driving permit for up to one year.
Drivers who receive over 20 demerits points can be disqualified from holding or obtaining a driving permit for up to two years.
When a driver is in contravention of more than one traffic law arising out of one incident. The driver would have recorded in his driving permit record:
Demerit points for the traffic offence that carries the highest number of demerit points.
Demerit points for only one traffic offence in instances where the traffic offense carry an equal number of demerit points.
Disqualification[edit]
When a driver meets the conditions for their driver's permit to be suspended they can file a Notice to Contest within 15 days of receiving the penalties. The driver would then have to appear before magistrate, the decision of the court would be final.
If the driver decides not to contest and accepts the disqualification, they would have to surrender their license to the nearest Licensing Authority. Failure to do so would result in a fine of five thousand dollars ($5000) and further disqualification of up to a year. If the driver decides to apply for a driver's permit while on suspension they would be subjected to a fine of ten thousand dollars ($10,000) dollars.
After the period of disqualification ends, the driver, must reapply to the Licensing Authority for a driver's permit. Attend a driver's rehabilitation programme approved by the Licensing Authority, then start the process aforementioned in the Obtaining a Driver's Permit section on this page.
Technology[edit]
On 13 January 2017, the Licensing Authority unveiled it's new drivers permit with the addition of new security features hologram technology. The permits now feature a scannable barcode that can be used to view the holder's driving details and records. This aims to alleviate the problem of counterfeit driving permits that are prevalent in Trinidad and Tobago.[21]
The Authority also announced its proposal to integrate Permit scanners that Police officers can use to scan the permits and be able to view outstanding warrants or offences that the holder may have. This system will also be compatible with the points of merit system that was aforementioned.[22]
See also[edit]
Trinidad and Tobago
Transport in Trinidad and Tobago
Vehicle registration plates of Trinidad and Tobago
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Ministry of Works & Transport". Government of Trinidad and Tobago.
Jump up ^ "Production of driving permit or provisional permit. [8 of 1978 21 of 1978 14 of 1979 25 of 1997]" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "$$ Penalties increased for drunk driving, street racing". Retrieved 2017-01-19.
Jump up ^ "New Driver's Permits for Trinidad and Tobago 2011". Retrieved 2017-01-14 – via http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:HC3x7NesSQoJ:www.trinidadexpress.com/news/New_driver_s_permits__for_2011-113431164.html+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=tt.
Jump up ^ "New Driver's Permits". CNC3 News. Caribbean News Channel. Retrieved 2017-01-14.
Jump up ^ "Deliberate bird design on permit". The Trinidad Guardian Newspaper. Retrieved 2017-01-18.
^ Jump up to: a b Motor Vehicle and Road Traffic Act 48:50
Jump up ^ Motor Vehicle and Road Traffic Act 48:50 Classes of vehicles. [14 of 1979 8 of 1982 6 of 1992 25 of 1997].
Jump up ^ Motor Vehicle and Road Traffic Act 48:50 Colour classification of driving permits and provisional permits. [8 of 1978 14 of 1979 25 of 1997].
Jump up ^ "Public Service Vehicles". www.wexford.ie. Retrieved 2017-01-20.
Jump up ^ "www.ptsc.co.tt/". www.ptsc.co.tt. Retrieved 2017-01-20.
Jump up ^ "Private school transport driving strong in T&T". The Trinidad Guardian Newspaper. Retrieved 2017-01-20.
Jump up ^ "Ministry of Works & Transport - Notices - Requirements for Maxi-Taxi Ownership and Operation". www.mowt.gov.tt. Retrieved 2017-01-20.
Jump up ^ "Certificate of Character, Trinidad and Tobago". TTConnect. TTConnect.
Jump up ^ "REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Act No. 5 of 2010 Dangerous Driving and Suspension of Permits" (PDF). Min of Legal Affairs TT. Government of Trinidad and Tobago. Retrieved 2017-01-14.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "Ministry of Works & Transport - Traffic Laws - Frequently Asked Questions - Demerit Points System". www.mowt.gov.tt. Retrieved 2018-01-13.
Jump up ^ "10 things to know about the Demerit Points System". www.looptt.com. Retrieved 2018-01-13.
Jump up ^ "Vehicle registration plates of Trinidad and Tobago". Wikipedia. 2017-11-13.
Jump up ^ Motor Vehicles and Road Traffic Act, Chap. 48:50 Amendment 2017. Trinidad and Tobago: Government of Trinidad and Tobago. 2017.
Jump up ^ "Oops! Wrong hummingbird on new drivers' permit". Retrieved 2017-01-17.
Jump up ^ "Citizens invited to comment on proposed Demerits Points System". Loop News Trinidad and Tobago. 2016-09-27. Retrieved 2017-01-15.
External links[edit]
Ministry of Legal Affairs, Motor Vehicles and Road Traffic Act of Trinidad and Tobago, Chapter 48: 50. Retrieved from: https://rgd.legalaffairs.gov.tt/laws2/alphabetical_list/lawspdfs/48.50.pdf
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Nonso Anozie
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Nonso Anozie
Nonso Anozie at the Pan film première
Born
(1979-05-28) May 28, 1979 (age 38)[1][2]
London, England
Alma mater
Central School of Speech and Drama
Occupation
Actor
Years active
2002–present
Nonso Anozie is a British actor who has worked on stage, film, and television. He is best known for his role as Tank in RocknRolla, Sergeant Dap in Ender's Game, Abraham Kenyatta in Zoo, Captain of the Guards in Cinderella and Xaro Xhoan Daxos in the HBO television series Game of Thrones.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Filmography
3.1 Films
3.2 Video Games
3.3 Television
4 References
5 External links
Early life[edit]
Anozie was born in London, England, of Igbo Nigerian descent.[3][4][5][6] He graduated from the Central School of Speech and Drama in 2002,[7] and in the summer of the same year he played the title role in William Shakespeare's King Lear, and won the Ian Charleson Award in 2004 for his performance in Othello.[8]
Career[edit]
Anozie was hired in 2006 to provide the voice for the armoured bear Iorek Byrnison in the film adaptation of Philip Pullman's Northern Lights.[9] Anozie was replaced by Ian McKellen two months before the film was set to be released.[10] The film's director, Chris Weitz, told Empire: "It was a studio decision ... You can understand why you would cast Ian McKellen for anything. But letting go of Nonso was one of the most painful experiences on this movie for me. I need to say about Nonso that he is one of the most promising and soulful young actors I have encountered in England and I've worked here for quite a bit now and he's actually in the next Mike Leigh [film] ... But it was, uh, that was kind of a dark day for me. I kinda wanna go out of my way to point out how much I love Nonso's work. And that's that."[11]
Anozie played small roles as Think Tank in Guy Ritchie's film RocknRolla and Frank Mace in Joe Wright's Atonement. He played the lead in Cass a 2008 British crime drama film recreating the life of Cass Pennant. In 2009, he appeared in the supporting cast of the BBC TV three-part 2003 Iraq War drama, Occupation, where he played a US Marine turned private military contractor. In 2011, he played Artus, a Zamoran pirate and close friend of Conan, in Conan the Barbarian. That year, he was also cast to play the role of Xaro Xhoan Daxos in the HBO series Game of Thrones and was cast as Jackson Burke in The Grey.[12] He also plays the role of Samson in the History Channel's television miniseries The Bible. In 2013, Anozie appeared in the film Ender's Game as Sergeant Dap,[13] and from 2013 to 2014 he played the role of Renfield on the NBC series Dracula.[14]
In November 2014, Anozie was cast in the CBS summer drama Zoo, based on the novel by James Patterson and Michael Ledwidge.[15] Zoo premiered on 30 June 2015.
Anozie's radio work includes the role of Joe in the 2011 BBC Radio 4 Classic Serial production of Edna Ferber's Show Boat.
Filmography[edit]
Films[edit]
Year
Title
Role
2007 The Last Legion Batiatus
Atonement Frank Mace
2008 Happy-Go-Lucky Ezra
Cass Cass Pennant
RocknRolla Tank
2010 Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang Sergeant Jeffreys
Brighton Rock Dallow
I Am Slave
2011 Conan the Barbarian Artus
The Grey Jackson Burke
2013 Ender's Game Sergeant Dap
2014 Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit Embee Deng
Get Santa Knuckles
2015 Cinderella Captain of the Guards
Pan Bishop
2018 7 Days in Entebbe Idi Amin
2019 Artemis Fowl Butler
Video Games[edit]
Year
Title
Role
2007 The Golden Compass Ionek
2011 Brink Captain Clinton Mokoena
2013 Remember Me
2015 Dirty Bomb Rhino, Sawbonez
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2007 Prime Suspect 7: The Final Act Robert Episode: "Part 1"
2009 Occupation Erik Lester 3 episodes
2011 Outcasts Elijah 1 episode
Stolen Thomas Ekoku TV Movie
2012 Game of Thrones Xaro Xhoan Daxos 5 episodes
2013 The Bible Samson Episode: "Homeland"
Playhouse Presents Chris Episode: "The Pavement Psychologist"
2013–14 Dracula R.M. Renfield Main Cast; 10 episodes
2015–17 Zoo Abraham Kenyatta Main Cast
2015 Tut General Horemheb Main Cast; 3 episodes
Doctor Who Hydroflax Episode: "The Husbands of River Song"
2016 A Midsummer Night's Dream Oberon TV Movie
References[edit]
Jump up ^ @NonsoAnozie (28 May 2016). "Thank you all so much for the birthday wishes but my birthday is not until November 17th" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Buff, Margot (September 22, 2004). "Interview: Nonso Anozie". Prague.tv. Retrieved October 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Obenson, Tambay A. (10 May 2012). "British-Nigerian Actor Nonso Anozie ("Game of Thrones") Talks To S&A About Stage, TV & Film Career + More..." Shadow and Act. Indiewire.
Jump up ^ Jury, Louise (29 November 2013). "Actor Nonso Anozie: 'I'm playing the original superhero in blockbuster series The Bible'". London Evening Standard. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Nonso Anozie on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 2018-04-04.
Jump up ^ "Nonso Anozie". IMDb. Retrieved 2018-04-04.
Jump up ^ "Nonso Anozie - Biography". IMDb. Retrieved 9 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Obenson, Tembay A. (May 10, 2012). "British-Nigerian Actor Nonso Anozie ("Game Of Thrones") Talks To S&A About Stage, TV & Film Career + More…". Indie Wire. Retrieved October 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Real Iorek". BridgeToTheStars.net. Retrieved 10 November 2007.
Jump up ^ "Ian McKellen Voicing Iorek". BridgeToTheStars.net. Retrieved 10 November 2007.
Jump up ^ "Kristin Scott Thomas in Golden Compass". Empire. Retrieved 10 November 2007.
Jump up ^ "Nonso Anozie cast as Xaro Xhoan Daxos". WinterIsComing.net. Archived from the original on 19 August 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Schaefer, Sandy (21 February 2012). "'Ender's Game' gains three new cast members". The Christian Science Monitor.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (30 January 2013). "NBC's 'Dracula' Series Casts 'Game of Thrones,' 'Merlin' Actors". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (November 26, 2014). "'Game of Thrones' Alum Nabs Key Role in CBS' 'Zoo' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 27, 2014.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nonso Anozie.
Nonso Anozie on IMDb
[hide]
v
t
e
Ian Charleson Award
Ian Hughes (1990)
Joe Dixon (1991)
Tom Hollander (1992)
Emma Fielding (1993)
Toby Stephens (1994)
Lucy Whybrow (1995)
Alexandra Gilbreath (1996)
Mark Bazeley (1997) (tie)
Dominic West (1997) (tie)
Claudie Blakley (1998)
Rupert Penry-Jones (1999)
David Oyelowo (2000)
Claire Price (2001)
Rebecca Hall (2002)
Lisa Dillon (2003)
Nonso Anozie (2004)
Mariah Gale (2005)
Andrea Riseborough (2006)
Rory Kinnear (2007)
Tom Burke (2008)
Ruth Negga (2009)
Gwilym Lee (2010)
Cush Jumbo (2011)
Ashley Zhangazha (2012)
Jack Lowden (2013)
Susannah Fielding (2014)
James McArdle (2015)
Paapa Essiedu (2016)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 19494047
LCCN: no2008096016
GND: 1133576567
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nonso_Anozie&oldid=837629873"
Categories:
1979 births
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21st-century English male actors
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