text:
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 9 January 2018.
Jump to: navigation, search
Internet protocol suite
Application layer
BGP
DHCP
DNS
FTP
HTTP
IMAP
LDAP
MGCP
MQTT
NNTP
NTP
POP
ONC/RPC
RTP
RTSP
RIP
SIP
SMTP
SNMP
SSH
Telnet
TLS/SSL
XMPP
more...
Transport layer
TCP
UDP
DCCP
SCTP
RSVP
more...
Internet layer
IP
IPv4
IPv6
ICMP
ICMPv6
ECN
IGMP
IPsec
more...
Link layer
ARP
NDP
OSPF
Tunnels
L2TP
PPP
MAC
Ethernet
DSL
ISDN
FDDI
more...
v
t
e
The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application protocol for distributed, collaborative, and hypermedia information systems.[1] HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web.
Hypertext is structured text that uses logical links (hyperlinks) between nodes containing text. HTTP is the protocol to exchange or transfer hypertext.
Development of HTTP was initiated by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN in 1989. Standards development of HTTP was coordinated by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), culminating in the publication of a series of Requests for Comments (RFCs). The first definition of HTTP/1.1, the version of HTTP in common use, occurred in RFC 2068 in 1997, although this was obsoleted by RFC 2616 in 1999 and then again by the RFC 7230 family of RFCs in 2014.
A later version, the successor HTTP/2, was standardized in 2015, and is now supported by major web servers and browsers over TLS using ALPN extension[2] where TLS 1.2 or newer is required.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Technical overview
2 History
3 HTTP session
4 HTTP authentication
4.1 Authentication realms
5 Request methods
5.1 Safe methods
5.2 Idempotent methods and web applications
5.3 Security
5.4 Summary table
6 Status codes
7 Persistent connections
8 HTTP session state
9 Encrypted connections
10 Message format
10.1 Request message
10.2 Response message
10.3 Example session
10.3.1 Client request
10.3.2 Server response
11 Similar protocols
12 See also
13 Notes
14 References
15 External links
Technical overview[edit]
URL beginning with the HTTP scheme and the WWW domain name label.
HTTP functions as a request–response protocol in the client–server computing model. A web browser, for example, may be the client and an application running on a computer hosting a website may be the server. The client submits an HTTP request message to the server. The server, which provides resources such as HTML files and other content, or performs other functions on behalf of the client, returns a response message to the client. The response contains completion status information about the request and may also contain requested content in its message body.
A web browser is an example of a user agent (UA). Other types of user agent include the indexing software used by search providers (web crawlers), voice browsers, mobile apps, and other software that accesses, consumes, or displays web content.
HTTP is designed to permit intermediate network elements to improve or enable communications between clients and servers. High-traffic websites often benefit from web cache servers that deliver content on behalf of upstream servers to improve response time. Web browsers cache previously accessed web resources and reuse them when possible to reduce network traffic. HTTP proxy servers at private network boundaries can facilitate communication for clients without a globally routable address, by relaying messages with external servers.
HTTP is an application layer protocol designed within the framework of the Internet protocol suite. Its definition presumes an underlying and reliable transport layer protocol,[4] and Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is commonly used. However HTTP can be adapted to use unreliable protocols such as the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), for example in HTTPU and Simple Service Discovery Protocol (SSDP).
HTTP resources are identified and located on the network by Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), using the Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI's) schemes http and https. URIs and hyperlinks in HTML documents form inter-linked hypertext documents.
HTTP/1.1 is a revision of the original HTTP (HTTP/1.0). In HTTP/1.0 a separate connection to the same server is made for every resource request. HTTP/1.1 can reuse a connection multiple times to download images, scripts, stylesheets, etc after the page has been delivered. HTTP/1.1 communications therefore experience less latency as the establishment of TCP connections presents considerable overhead.
History[edit]
Tim Berners-Lee
The term hypertext was coined by Ted Nelson in 1965 in the Xanadu Project, which was in turn inspired by Vannevar Bush's 1930s vision of the microfilm-based information retrieval and management "memex" system described in his 1945 essay "As We May Think". Tim Berners-Lee and his team at CERN are credited with inventing the original HTTP along with HTML and the associated technology for a web server and a text-based web browser. Berners-Lee first proposed the "WorldWideWeb" project in 1989—now known as the World Wide Web. The first version of the protocol had only one method, namely GET, which would request a page from a server.[5] The response from the server was always an HTML page.[6]
The first documented version of HTTP was HTTP V0.9 (1991). Dave Raggett led the HTTP Working Group (HTTP WG) in 1995 and wanted to expand the protocol with extended operations, extended negotiation, richer meta-information, tied with a security protocol which became more efficient by adding additional methods and header fields.[7][8] RFC 1945 officially introduced and recognized HTTP V1.0 in 1996.
The HTTP WG planned to publish new standards in December 1995[9] and the support for pre-standard HTTP/1.1 based on the then developing RFC 2068 (called HTTP-NG) was rapidly adopted by the major browser developers in early 1996. By March 1996, pre-standard HTTP/1.1 was supported in Arena,[10] Netscape 2.0,[10] Netscape Navigator Gold 2.01,[10] Mosaic 2.7,[citation needed] Lynx 2.5,[citation needed] and in Internet Explorer 2.0.[citation needed] End-user adoption of the new browsers was rapid. In March 1996, one web hosting company reported that over 40% of browsers in use on the Internet were HTTP 1.1 compliant.[citation needed] That same web hosting company reported that by June 1996, 65% of all browsers accessing their servers were HTTP/1.1 compliant.[11] The HTTP/1.1 standard as defined in RFC 2068 was officially released in January 1997. Improvements and updates to the HTTP/1.1 standard were released under RFC 2616 in June 1999.
In 2007, the HTTPbis Working Group was formed, in part, to revise and clarify the HTTP/1.1 specification. In June 2014, the WG released an updated six-part specification obsoleting RFC 2616:
RFC 7230, HTTP/1.1: Message Syntax and Routing
RFC 7231, HTTP/1.1: Semantics and Content
RFC 7232, HTTP/1.1: Conditional Requests
RFC 7233, HTTP/1.1: Range Requests
RFC 7234, HTTP/1.1: Caching
RFC 7235, HTTP/1.1: Authentication
HTTP/2 was published as RFC 7540 in May 2015.
Year
HTTP Version
1991 0.9
1996 1.0
1997 1.1
2015 2.0
HTTP session[edit]
An HTTP session is a sequence of network request-response transactions. An HTTP client initiates a request by establishing a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) connection to a particular port on a server (typically port 80, occasionally port 8080; see List of TCP and UDP port numbers). An HTTP server listening on that port waits for a client's request message. Upon receiving the request, the server sends back a status line, such as "HTTP/1.1 200 OK", and a message of its own. The body of this message is typically the requested resource, although an error message or other information may also be returned.[1]
HTTP authentication[edit]
HTTP provides multiple authentication schemes such as basic access authentication and digest access authentication which operate via a challenge-response mechanism whereby the server identifies and issues a challenge before serving the requested content.
HTTP provides a general framework for access control and authentication, via an extensible set of challenge-response authentication schemes, which can be used by a server to challenge a client request and by a client to provide authentication information.[12]
Authentication realms[edit]
The HTTP Authentication specification also provides an arbitrary, implementation specific construct for further dividing resources common to a given root URI. The realm value string, if present, is combined with the canonical root URI to form the protection space component of the challenge. This in effect allows the server to define separate authentication scopes under one root URI[12]
Request methods[edit]
An HTTP 1.1 request made using telnet. The request message, response header section, and response body are highlighted.
HTTP defines methods (sometimes referred to as verbs) to indicate the desired action to be performed on the identified resource. What this resource represents, whether pre-existing data or data that is generated dynamically, depends on the implementation of the server. Often, the resource corresponds to a file or the output of an executable residing on the server. The HTTP/1.0 specification[13] defined the GET, POST and HEAD methods and the HTTP/1.1 specification[14] added 5 new methods: OPTIONS, PUT, DELETE, TRACE and CONNECT. By being specified in these documents their semantics are well known and can be depended on. Any client can use any method and the server can be configured to support any combination of methods. If a method is unknown to an intermediate it will be treated as an unsafe and non-idempotent method. There is no limit to the number of methods that can be defined and this allows for future methods to be specified without breaking existing infrastructure. For example, WebDAV defined 7 new methods and RFC 5789 specified the PATCH method.
Main article: List of HTTP header fields
GET
The GET method requests a representation of the specified resource. Requests using GET should only retrieve data and should have no other effect. (This is also true of some other HTTP methods.)[1] The W3C has published guidance principles on this distinction, saying, "Web application design should be informed by the above principles, but also by the relevant limitations."[15] See safe methods below.
HEAD
The HEAD method asks for a response identical to that of a GET request, but without the response body. This is useful for retrieving meta-information written in response headers, without having to transport the entire content.
POST
The POST method requests that the server accept the entity enclosed in the request as a new subordinate of the web resource identified by the URI. The data POSTed might be, for example, an annotation for existing resources; a message for a bulletin board, newsgroup, mailing list, or comment thread; a block of data that is the result of submitting a web form to a data-handling process; or an item to add to a database.[16]
PUT
The PUT method requests that the enclosed entity be stored under the supplied URI. If the URI refers to an already existing resource, it is modified; if the URI does not point to an existing resource, then the server can create the resource with that URI.[17]
DELETE
The DELETE method deletes the specified resource.
TRACE
The TRACE method echoes the received request so that a client can see what (if any) changes or additions have been made by intermediate servers.
OPTIONS
The OPTIONS method returns the HTTP methods that the server supports for the specified URL. This can be used to check the functionality of a web server by requesting '*' instead of a specific resource.
CONNECT
[18] The CONNECT method converts the request connection to a transparent TCP/IP tunnel, usually to facilitate SSL-encrypted communication (HTTPS) through an unencrypted HTTP proxy.[19][20] See HTTP CONNECT tunneling.
PATCH
The PATCH method applies partial modifications to a resource.[21]
All general-purpose HTTP servers are required to implement at least the GET and HEAD methods,[22] and, whenever possible, also the OPTIONS method.[citation needed]
Safe methods[edit]
Some of the methods (for example, HEAD, GET, OPTIONS and TRACE) are, by convention, defined as safe, which means they are intended only for information retrieval and should not change the state of the server. In other words, they should not have side effects, beyond relatively harmless effects such as logging, caching, the serving of banner advertisements or incrementing a web counter. Making arbitrary GET requests without regard to the context of the application's state should therefore be considered safe. However, this is not mandated by the standard, and it is explicitly acknowledged that it cannot be guaranteed.
By contrast, methods such as POST, PUT, DELETE and PATCH are intended for actions that may cause side effects either on the server, or external side effects such as financial transactions or transmission of email. Such methods are therefore not usually used by conforming web robots or web crawlers; some that do not conform tend to make requests without regard to context or consequences.
Despite the prescribed safety of GET requests, in practice their handling by the server is not technically limited in any way. Therefore, careless or deliberate programming can cause non-trivial changes on the server. This is discouraged, because it can cause problems for web caching, search engines and other automated agents, which can make unintended changes on the server. For example, a website might allow deletion of a resource through a URL such as http://example.com/article/1234/delete, which, if arbitrarily fetched, even using GET, would simply delete the article.[23]
One example of this occurring in practice was during the short-lived Google Web Accelerator beta, which prefetched arbitrary URLs on the page a user was viewing, causing records to be automatically altered or deleted en masse. The beta was suspended only weeks after its first release, following widespread criticism.[24][23]
Idempotent methods and web applications[edit]
Methods PUT and DELETE are defined to be idempotent, meaning that multiple identical requests should have the same effect as a single request (note that idempotence refers to the state of the system after the request has completed, so while the action the server takes (e.g. deleting a record) or the response code it returns may be different on subsequent requests, the system state will be the same every time[citation needed]). Methods GET, HEAD, OPTIONS and TRACE, being prescribed as safe, should also be idempotent, as HTTP is a stateless protocol.[1]
In contrast, the POST method is not necessarily idempotent, and therefore sending an identical POST request multiple times may further affect state or cause further side effects (such as financial transactions). In some cases this may be desirable, but in other cases this could be due to an accident, such as when a user does not realize that their action will result in sending another request, or they did not receive adequate feedback that their first request was successful. While web browsers may show alert dialog boxes to warn users in some cases where reloading a page may re-submit a POST request, it is generally up to the web application to handle cases where a POST request should not be submitted more than once.
Note that whether a method is idempotent is not enforced by the protocol or web server. It is perfectly possible to write a web application in which (for example) a database insert or other non-idempotent action is triggered by a GET or other request. Ignoring this recommendation, however, may result in undesirable consequences, if a user agent assumes that repeating the same request is safe when it isn't.
Security[edit]
The TRACE method can be used as part of a class of attacks known as cross-site tracing; for that reason, common security advice is for it to be disabled in the server configuration.[25] Microsoft IIS supports a proprietary "TRACK" method, which behaves similarly, and which is likewise recommended to be disabled.[25]
Summary table[edit]
HTTP Method
RFC
Request Has Body
Response Has Body
Safe
Idempotent
Cacheable
GET RFC 7231 Optional Yes Yes Yes Yes
HEAD RFC 7231 No No Yes Yes Yes
POST RFC 7231 Yes Yes No No Yes
PUT RFC 7231 Yes Yes No Yes No
DELETE RFC 7231 No Yes No Yes No
CONNECT RFC 7231 Yes Yes No No No
OPTIONS RFC 7231 Optional Yes Yes Yes No
TRACE RFC 7231 No Yes Yes Yes No
PATCH RFC 5789 Yes Yes No No No
Status codes[edit]
See also: List of HTTP status codes
In HTTP/1.0 and since, the first line of the HTTP response is called the status line and includes a numeric status code (such as "404") and a textual reason phrase (such as "Not Found"). The way the user agent handles the response primarily depends on the code and secondarily on the other response header fields. Custom status codes can be used since, if the user agent encounters a code it does not recognize, it can use the first digit of the code to determine the general class of the response.[26]
The standard reason phrases are only recommendations and can be replaced with "local equivalents" at the web developer's discretion. If the status code indicated a problem, the user agent might display the reason phrase to the user to provide further information about the nature of the problem. The standard also allows the user agent to attempt to interpret the reason phrase, though this might be unwise since the standard explicitly specifies that status codes are machine-readable and reason phrases are human-readable. HTTP status code is primarily divided into five groups for better explanation of request and responses between client and server as named: Informational 1XX, Successful 2XX, Redirection 3XX, Client Error 4XX and Server Error 5XX.
Persistent connections[edit]
Main article: HTTP persistent connection
In HTTP/0.9 and 1.0, the connection is closed after a single request/response pair. In HTTP/1.1 a keep-alive-mechanism was introduced, where a connection could be reused for more than one request. Such persistent connections reduce request latency perceptibly, because the client does not need to re-negotiate the TCP 3-Way-Handshake connection after the first request has been sent. Another positive side effect is that in general the connection becomes faster with time due to TCP's slow-start-mechanism.
Version 1.1 of the protocol also made bandwidth optimization improvements to HTTP/1.0. For example, HTTP/1.1 introduced chunked transfer encoding to allow content on persistent connections to be streamed rather than buffered. HTTP pipelining further reduces lag time, allowing clients to send multiple requests before waiting for each response. Another addition to the protocol was byte serving, where a server transmits just the portion of a resource explicitly requested by a client.
HTTP session state[edit]
HTTP is a stateless protocol. A stateless protocol does not require the HTTP server to retain information or status about each user for the duration of multiple requests. However, some web applications implement states or server side sessions using for instance HTTP cookies or hidden variables within web forms.
Encrypted connections[edit]
The most popular way of establishing an encrypted HTTP connection is HTTP Secure.[27] Two other methods for establishing an encrypted HTTP connection also exist: Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol, and using the HTTP/1.1 Upgrade header to specify an upgrade to TLS. Browser support for these two is, however, nearly non-existent.[28][29][30]
Message format[edit]
The client and server communicate by sending plain-text (ASCII) messages. The client sends requests to the server and the server sends responses.
Request message[edit]
The request message consists of the following:
A request line (e.g., GET /images/logo.png HTTP/1.1, which requests a resource called /images/logo.png from the server).
Request header fields (e.g., Accept-Language: en).
An empty line.
An optional message body.
The request line and other header fields must each end with <CR><LF> (that is, a carriage return character followed by a line feed character). The empty line must consist of only <CR><LF> and no other whitespace.[31] In the HTTP/1.1 protocol, all header fields except Host are optional.
A request line containing only the path name is accepted by servers to maintain compatibility with HTTP clients before the HTTP/1.0 specification in RFC 1945.[32]
Response message[edit]
The response message consists of the following:
A status line which includes the status code and reason message (e.g., HTTP/1.1 200 OK, which indicates that the client's request succeeded).
Response header fields (e.g., Content-Type: text/html).
An empty line.
An optional message body.
The status line and other header fields must all end with <CR><LF>. The empty line must consist of only <CR><LF> and no other whitespace.[31] This strict requirement for <CR><LF> is relaxed somewhat within message bodies for consistent use of other system linebreaks such as <CR> or <LF> alone.[33]
Example session[edit]
Below is a sample conversation between an HTTP client and an HTTP server running on www.example.com, port 80. As mentioned in the previous sections, all the data is sent in a plain-text (ASCII) encoding, using a two-byte CR LF ('\r\n') line ending at the end of each line.
Client request[edit]
GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example.com
A client request (consisting in this case of the request line and only one header field) is followed by a blank line, so that the request ends with a double newline, each in the form of a carriage return followed by a line feed. The "Host" field distinguishes between various DNS names sharing a single IP address, allowing name-based virtual hosting. While optional in HTTP/1.0, it is mandatory in HTTP/1.1.
Server response[edit]
HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Mon, 23 May 2005 22:38:34 GMT Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8 Content-Encoding: UTF-8 Content-Length: 138 Last-Modified: Wed, 08 Jan 2003 23:11:55 GMT Server: Apache/1.3.3.7 (Unix) (Red-Hat/Linux) ETag: "3f80f-1b6-3e1cb03b" Accept-Ranges: bytes Connection: close <html> <head> <title>An Example Page</title> </head> <body> Hello World, this is a very simple HTML document. </body> </html>
The ETag (entity tag) header field is used to determine if a cached version of the requested resource is identical to the current version of the resource on the server. Content-Type specifies the Internet media type of the data conveyed by the HTTP message, while Content-Length indicates its length in bytes. The HTTP/1.1 webserver publishes its ability to respond to requests for certain byte ranges of the document by setting the field Accept-Ranges: bytes. This is useful, if the client needs to have only certain portions[34] of a resource sent by the server, which is called byte serving. When Connection: close is sent, it means that the web server will close the TCP connection immediately after the transfer of this response.
Most of the header lines are optional. When Content-Length is missing the length is determined in other ways. Chunked transfer encoding uses a chunk size of 0 to mark the end of the content. Identity encoding without Content-Length reads content until the socket is closed.
A Content-Encoding like gzip can be used to compress the transmitted data.
Similar protocols[edit]
The Gopher protocol was a content delivery protocol that was displaced by HTTP in the early 1990s. The SPDY protocol is an alternative to HTTP developed at Google, it is superseded by the new HTTP protocol, HTTP/2.
See also[edit]
HTTP
Persistence
Compression
HTTPS
Request methods
OPTIONS
GET
HEAD
POST
PUT
DELETE
TRACE
CONNECT
PATCH
Header fields
Cookie
ETag
Location
HTTP referer
DNT
X-Forwarded-For
Status codes
301 Moved Permanently
302 Found
303 See Other
403 Forbidden
404 Not Found
451 Unavailable For Legal Reasons
v
t
e
Basic access authentication
Constrained Application Protocol – A semantically similar protocol to HTTP but used UDP or UDP-like messages targeted for devices with limited processing capability. Re-uses HTTP and other internet concepts like Internet media type and web linking (RFC 5988)[35]
Content negotiation
Curl-loader – HTTP/S loading and testing open-source software
Digest access authentication
Fiddler (software)
HTTP compression
HTTP/2 – developed by the IETF's Hypertext Transfer Protocol Bis (httpbis) working group.[36]
HTTP-MPLEX – A backwards compatible enhancement to HTTP to improve page and web object retrieval time in congested networks proposed by Robert Mattson
HTTPS
List of file transfer protocols
List of HTTP header fields
List of HTTP status codes
Representational state transfer (REST)
Variant object
Waka (protocol) – An HTTP replacement proposed by Roy Fielding
Web cache
WebSocket
Wireshark
YXORP, a reverse proxy for the HTTP protocol
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Fielding, Roy T.; Gettys, James; Mogul, Jeffrey C.; Nielsen, Henrik Frystyk; Masinter, Larry; Leach, Paul J.; Berners-Lee, Tim (June 1999). Hypertext Transfer Protocol – HTTP/1.1. IETF. RFC 2616. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616.
Jump up ^ "RFC 7301 - Transport Layer Security (TLS) Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation Extension". IETF. July 2014.
Jump up ^ Belshe, M.; Peon, R.; Thomson, M. "Hypertext Transfer Protocol Version 2, Use of TLS Features". Retrieved 2015-02-10.
Jump up ^ "Overall Operation". p. 12. sec. 1.4. RFC 2616. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616#section-1.4.
Jump up ^ Berners-Lee, Tim. "HyperText Transfer Protocol". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Tim Berners-Lee. "The Original HTTP as defined in 1991". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Raggett, Dave. "Dave Raggett's Bio". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 11 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Raggett, Dave; Berners-Lee, Tim. "Hypertext Transfer Protocol Working Group". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Raggett, Dave. "HTTP WG Plans". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Simon Spero. "Progress on HTTP-NG". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 11 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "HTTP/1.1". Webcom.com Glossary entry. Archived from the original on 2001-11-21. Retrieved 2009-05-29.
^ Jump up to: a b Fielding, Roy T.; Reschke, Julian F. (June 2014). Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Authentication. IETF. RFC 7235. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7235.
Jump up ^ Berners-Lee, Tim; Fielding, Roy T.; Nielsen, Henrik Frystyk. "Method Definitions". Hypertext Transfer Protocol – HTTP/1.0. IETF. pp. 30–32. sec. 8. RFC 1945. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1945#section-8.
Jump up ^ "Method Definitions". pp. 51–57. sec. 9. RFC 2616. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616#section-9.
Jump up ^ Jacobs, Ian (2004). "URIs, Addressability, and the use of HTTP GET and POST". Technical Architecture Group finding. W3C. Retrieved 26 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "POST". p. 54. sec. 9.5. RFC 2616. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616#section-9.5.
Jump up ^ "PUT". p. 55. sec. 9.6. RFC 2616. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616#section-9.6.
Jump up ^ "CONNECT". Hypertext Transfer Protocol – HTTP/1.1. IETF. June 1999. p. 57. sec. 9.9. RFC 2616. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616#section-9.9. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Khare, Rohit; Lawrence, Scott (May 2000). Upgrading to TLS Within HTTP/1.1. IETF. RFC 2817. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2817.
Jump up ^ "Vulnerability Note VU#150227: HTTP proxy default configurations allow arbitrary TCP connections". US-CERT. 2002-05-17. Retrieved 2007-05-10.
Jump up ^ Dusseault, Lisa; Snell, James M. (March 2010). PATCH Method for HTTP. IETF. RFC 5789. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5789.
Jump up ^ "Method". p. 36. sec. 5.1.1. RFC 2616. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616#section-5.1.1.
^ Jump up to: a b Ediger, Brad (2007-12-21). Advanced Rails: Building Industrial-Strength Web Apps in Record Time. O'Reilly Media, Inc. p. 188. ISBN 0596519729. A common mistake is to use GET for an action that updates a resource. [...] This problem came into the Rails public eye in 2005, when the Google Web Accelerator was released.
Jump up ^ Cantrell, Christian (2005-06-01). "What Have We Learned From the Google Web Accelerator?". Adobe Blogs. Adobe. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
^ Jump up to: a b "Cross Site Tracing". OWASP. Retrieved 2016-06-22.
Jump up ^ "Status-Line". p. 39. sec. 6.1. RFC 2616. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616#section-6.1.
Jump up ^ Canavan, John (2001). Fundamentals of Networking Security. Norwood, MA: Artech House. pp. 82–83. ISBN 9781580531764.
Jump up ^ Zalewski, Michal. "Browser Security Handbook". Retrieved 30 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Chromium Issue 4527: implement RFC 2817: Upgrading to TLS Within HTTP/1.1". Retrieved 30 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Mozilla Bug 276813 – [RFE] Support RFC 2817 / TLS Upgrade for HTTP 1.1". Retrieved 30 April 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "HTTP Message". p. 31. sec. 4. RFC 2616. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616#section-4.
Jump up ^ "Apache Week. HTTP/1.1". 090502 apacheweek.com
Jump up ^ "Canonicalization and Text Defaults". sec. 3.7.1. RFC 2616. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616#section-3.7.1.
Jump up ^ Luotonen, Ari; Franks, John (February 22, 1996). Byte Range Retrieval Extension to HTTP. IETF. I-D draft-ietf-http-range-retrieval-00. https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-http-range-retrieval-00.
Jump up ^ Nottingham, Mark (October 2010). Web Linking. IETF. RFC 5988. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5988.
Jump up ^ "Hypertext Transfer Protocol Bis (httpbis) – Charter". IETF. 2012.
References[edit]
HTTP 0.9 – As Implemented in 1991
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to HTTP.
"Change History for HTTP". W3.org. Retrieved 2010-08-01. A detailed technical history of HTTP.
"Design Issues for HTTP". W3.org. Retrieved 2010-08-01. Design Issues by Berners-Lee when he was designing the protocol.
"Classic HTTP Documents". W3.org. 1998-05-14. Retrieved 2010-08-01. list of other classic documents recounting the early protocol history
HTTP/2 Website Online Tester
[show]
v
t
e
Semantic Web
Background
Databases
Hypertext
Internet
Ontologies
Semantic networks
World Wide Web
Sub-topics
Data Web
Dataspaces
Hyperdata
Linked data
Rule-based systems
Applications
Semantic analytics
Semantic broker
Semantic computing
Semantic mapper
Semantic matching
Semantic publishing
Semantic reasoner
Semantic search
Semantic service-oriented architecture
Semantic wiki
Related topics
Collective intelligence
Description logic
Folksonomy
Geotagging
Information architecture
Knowledge extraction
Knowledge management
Knowledge representation and reasoning
Library 2.0
Metadata
Mind mapping
ODBC
References
Topic map
Web 2.0
Web engineering
Web Science Trust
Standards
Syntax and supporting technologies
HTTP
IRI
URI
RDF
triples
RDF/XML
JSON-LD
Turtle
TriG
Notation3
N-Triples
TriX (no W3C standard)
RRID
SPARQL
XML
Schemas, ontologies and rules
Common Logic
OWL
RDFS
Rule Interchange Format
Semantic Web Rule Language
ALPS
Semantic annotation
eRDF
GRDDL
Microdata
Microformats
RDFa
SAWSDL
Facebook Platform
Common vocabularies
DOAP
Dublin Core
FOAF
Schema.org
SIOC
SKOS
Microformat vocabularies
hAtom
hCalendar
hCard
hProduct
hRecipe
hResume
hReview
[show]
v
t
e
Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) schemes
Official
about
acct
crid
data
file
geo
gopher
http
https
info
ldap
mailto
sip / sips
tag
tel
urn
view-source
wais
ws / wss
Unofficial
coffee
ed2k
feed
irc / irc6 / ircs
ldaps
magnet
ymsgr
Protocol list
[show]
v
t
e
Web interfaces
Server-side
Protocols
HTTP
CGI
SCGI
FCGI
AJP
WSRP
WebSocket
Server APIs
C NSAPI
C ASAPI
C ISAPI
COM ASP
Java servlet
container
CLI OWIN
ASP.NET Handler
Python WSGI
Ruby Rack
JavaScript JSGI
Perl PSGI
Lua WSAPI
Portlet
container
Apache modules
mod_jk
mod_lisp
mod_mono
mod_parrot
mod_perl
mod_php
mod_proxy
mod_python
mod_wsgi
mod_ruby
Phusion Passenger
Topics
Web resource vs. Web service
Open API
Webhook
Application server
comparison
Scripting
Client-side
Browser APIs
C NPAPI
LiveConnect
XPConnect
C NPRuntime
C PPAPI
NaCl
ActiveX
BHO
XBAP
WebAssembly
Web APIs
W3C
Audio
Canvas
CORS
DOM
DOM events
EME
File
Geolocation
IndexedDB
MSE
SSE
SVG
Video
WebRTC
WebSocket
Web messaging
Web storage
Web worker
XMLHttpRequest
Khronos
WebCL
WebGL
Others
Gears
Web SQL Database (formerly W3C)
Topics
Ajax vs. DHTML
Mashup
Web IDL
Scripting
Topics
Dynamic web page
Open Web Platform
Rich Internet application
Web application
Authority control
LCCN: sh97000529
GND: 4479982-2
BNF: cb12556450f (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol&oldid=819450409"
Categories:
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
Application layer protocols
Internet protocols
Network protocols
World Wide Web
World Wide Web Consortium standards
Computer-related introductions in 1991
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia pending changes protected pages
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2008
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Pages using RFC magic links
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikibooks
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
Azərbaycanca
تۆرکجه
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Føroyskt
Français
Gaeilge
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Қазақша
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
Bahasa Melayu
Монгол
Nederlands
नेपाल भाषा
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Олык марий
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Shqip
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
తెలుగు
ไทย
Тоҷикӣ
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
Võro
Winaray
Yorùbá
粵語
Zazaki
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 9 January 2018, at 12:50.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

tag: div

attr: id class

value: mw-page-base noprint

key: html

type: local

value: mw-head-base noprint

tag: a

tag: img

attr: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: Page protected with pending changes level 1

attr: href title

value: All edits by unregistered and new users are subject to review prior to becoming visible to unregistered users

attr: class id

attr: id class lang

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

attr: class src alt title

value: Changes must be reviewed before being displayed on this page.

attr: id class src style alt

attr: class href

tag: i

attr: id style class

value: flaggedrevs_short flaggedrevs_stable_synced plainlinks noprint nomobile

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

tag: th

tag: tr

value: Open Network Computing Remote Procedure Call

value:
/wiki/Media_access_control
mw-redirect
Media access control

value: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

value:
/wiki/Application_protocol
mw-redirect
Application protocol

value:
/wiki/Requests_for_Comments
mw-redirect
Requests for Comments

value:
/wiki/Request_for_Comments_(identifier)
mw-redirect
Request for Comments (identifier)

value:
nofollow
external text
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2068

value:
nofollow
external text
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616

value:
nofollow
external text
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7230

attr: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value:
/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator
mw-redirect
Uniform Resource Locator

value:
/wiki/Client-side_scripting
mw-redirect
Client-side scripting

value:
/wiki/Xanadu_Project
mw-redirect
Xanadu Project

value:
external mw-magiclink-rfc
nofollow
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1945

value:
external mw-magiclink-rfc
nofollow
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2068

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2010)

value:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2010)

value:
external mw-magiclink-rfc
nofollow
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616

value:
external mw-magiclink-rfc
nofollow
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7230

value:
external mw-magiclink-rfc
nofollow
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231

value:
external mw-magiclink-rfc
nofollow
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7232

value:
external mw-magiclink-rfc
nofollow
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7233

value:
external mw-magiclink-rfc
nofollow
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7234

value:
external mw-magiclink-rfc
nofollow
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7235

value:
external mw-magiclink-rfc
nofollow
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7540

value:
/wiki/TCP_and_UDP_port
mw-redirect
TCP and UDP port

value:
/wiki/HTTP_request
mw-redirect
HTTP request

value:
/wiki/HTTP_response
mw-redirect
HTTP response

value:
external mw-magiclink-rfc
nofollow
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5789

value:
/wiki/HTTP_Secure
mw-redirect
HTTP Secure

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2008)

value:
/wiki/Web_caching
mw-redirect
Web caching

value:
/wiki/Search_engines
mw-redirect
Search engines

value:
nofollow
external free
http://example.com/article/1234/delete

value: Edit section: Idempotent methods and web applications

value: padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:#595959; border:1px solid #DDD;

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)

value:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

value:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

value: background: #ddffdd; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

value: text-align: center; width: auto; table-layout: fixed;

value:
/wiki/HTTP_response_header_field
mw-redirect
HTTP response header field

value:
/wiki/HTTP_server
mw-redirect
HTTP server

value:
/wiki/HTTP_request_header_field
mw-redirect
HTTP request header field

value:
/wiki/Whitespace_(computer_science)
mw-redirect
Whitespace (computer science)

value:
/wiki/Internet_media_type
mw-redirect
Internet media type

value:
/wiki/PATCH_(HTTP)
mw-redirect
PATCH (HTTP)

value:
/wiki/Waka_(protocol)
mw-redirect
Waka (protocol)

value:
nofollow
external free
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616

value:
nofollow
external text
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7301

value:
nofollow
external text
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7235

value:
nofollow
external free
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7235

value:
nofollow
external text
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1945

value:
nofollow
external text
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2817

value:
nofollow
external free
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2817

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/150227

value:
nofollow
external text
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5789

value:
nofollow
external free
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5789

value:
nofollow
external text
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5988

value:
nofollow
external free
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5988

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value:
nofollow
external text
//ncomputers.org/h2test

value:
/wiki/Research_resource_identifier
mw-redirect
Research resource identifier

value: Application-Level Profile Semantics (ALPS)

value: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value:
/wiki/Uniform_resource_name
mw-redirect
Uniform resource name

value:
/wiki/Communications_protocol
mw-redirect
Communications protocol

value: Server Application Programming Interface

value: Netscape Server Application Programming Interface

value: Internet Server Application Programming Interface

value:
/wiki/Comparison_of_application_servers
mw-redirect
Comparison of application servers

value:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4479982-2

value: Category:World Wide Web Consortium standards

value: Category:Computer-related introductions in 1991

value: Category:Wikipedia pending changes protected pages

value: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2008

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

value:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP
HTTP – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

value: بروتوكول نقل النص الفائق – Arabic

value:
https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP
HTTP – Azerbaijani
az
az
interlanguage-link-target

value: হাইপার টেক্সট ট্রান্সফার প্রোটোকল – Bangla

value:
https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP
HTTP – Belarusian
be
be
interlanguage-link-target

value: HTTP – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

value:
https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP
HTTP – Bulgarian
bg
bg
interlanguage-link-target

value: Protocol de transferència d'hipertext – Catalan

value:
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP
HTTP – Welsh
cy
cy
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP
HTTP – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

value: Πρωτόκολλο Μεταφοράς Υπερκειμένου – Greek

value: Protocolo de transferencia de hipertexto – Spanish

value: Hiperteksto-Transiga Protokolo – Esperanto

value:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP
HTTP – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

value: پروتکل انتقال ابرمتن – Persian

value:
https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Http
Http – Faroese
fo
fo
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP
HTTP – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP
HTTP – Korean
ko
ko
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP
HTTP – Armenian
hy
hy
interlanguage-link-target

value: हाइपरटेक्स्ट ट्रांसफर प्रोटोकॉल – Hindi

value:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP
HTTP – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

value: Protokol Transfer Hiperteks – Indonesian

value:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP
HTTP – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

value: Hypertext Transfer Protocol – Luxembourgish

value:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP
HTTP – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP
HTTP – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

value: Протокол за пренос на хипертекст – Macedonian

value: ഹൈപ്പർ ടെക്സ്റ്റ് ട്രാൻസ്ഫർ പ്രോട്ടോകോൾ – Malayalam

value: एच टी टी पी – Newari

value:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP
HTTP – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

value: Hypertext Transfer Protocol – Norwegian Nynorsk

value:
https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP
HTTP – Eastern Mari
mhr
mhr
interlanguage-link-target

value: ਹਾਇਪਰਟੈਕਸਟ ਟ੍ਰਾਂਸਫਰ ਪਰੋਟੋਕਾਲ – Punjabi

value: Hypertext Transfer Protocol – Portuguese

value:
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP
HTTP – Russian
ru
ru
interlanguage-link-target

value: Hypertext Transfer Protocol – Simple English

value: Hypertextový prenosový protokol – Slovak

value:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP
HTTP – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP
HTTP – Serbian
sr
sr
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP
HTTP – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP
HTTP – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP
HTTP – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

value: மீயுரை பரிமாற்ற நெறிமுறை – Tamil

value: เอชทีทีพี – Thai

value:
https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP
HTTP – Tajik
tg
tg
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP
HTTP – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP
HTTP – Ukrainian
uk
uk
interlanguage-link-target

value: Hypertext Transfer Protocol – Vietnamese

value:
https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP
HTTP – Võro
fiu-vro
fiu-vro
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP
HTTP – Cantonese
zh-yue
zh-yue
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP
HTTP – Zazaki
diq
diq
interlanguage-link-target

value: 超文本传输协议 – Chinese

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol rootpage-Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol skin-vector action-view


text:
Battle of Badr
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Battle of Badr
Part of the Muslim-Quraish Wars
Scene from Siyer-i Nebi, Hamza and Ali leading the Muslim armies at Badr. The writing is Ottoman Naskh.
Date
13 March 624 CE/17 Ramadan, 2 AH
Location
At the wells of Badr, 70 mi (110 km) southwest of Medina
Result
Decisive Muslim victory
Belligerents
Muslims of Medina Quraish of Mecca
Commanders and leaders
Muhammad
Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib
Ali ibn Abi Talib
Abu-Bakr
Umar ibn Al-Khattab Abu Jahl ⱶ
Utba ibn Rabi'ah ⱶ
Umayyah ibn Khalaf ⱶ
Hind al-Hunnud
Strength
313 infantry and cavalry: 2 horses and 70 camels 950 infantry and cavalry: 100 horses and 170 camels
Casualties and losses
14 killed 70 killed, 70 prisoners[citation needed]
[show]
v
t
e
Campaigns of Muhammad
Ghazwah (expeditions where he took part)
Abwa
Buwat
Safwan
Dul
1st Badr
Kudr
Sawiq
Qaynuqa
Thi
Bahran
Uhud
Asad
Nadir
2nd Nejd
2nd Badr
Jandal
Trench
Qurayza
Lahyan
Mustaliq
Treaty
Khaybar
Fadak
Qura
Dhat
Baqra
Mecca
Hunayn
Autas
Ta'if
Tabouk
The Battle of Badr (Arabic: غزوة بدر), fought on Tuesday, 13 March 624 CE (17 Ramadan, 2 AH in the Islamic calendar) in the Hejaz region of western Arabia (present-day Saudi Arabia), was a key battle in the early days of Islam and a turning point in Muhammad's struggle with his opponents among the Quraish[1] in Mecca. The battle has been passed down in Islamic history as a decisive victory attributable to divine intervention, or by secular sources to the strategic genius of Muhammad. It is one of the few battles specifically mentioned in the Quran. All knowledge of the battle at Badr comes from traditional Islamic accounts, both hadiths and biographies of Muhammad, recorded in written form some time after the battle. There is little evidence outside of these of the battle. There are no descriptions of the battle prior to the 9th Century.[2]
Prior to the battle, the Muslims and the Meccans had fought several smaller skirmishes in late 623 and early 624. Badr, however, was the first large-scale engagement between the two forces. Advancing to a strong defensive position, Muhammad's well-disciplined force broke the Meccan lines, killing several important Quraishi leaders including the Muslims' chief antagonist Abu Jahl.[3] For the early Muslims the battle was the first sign that they might eventually defeat their enemies among the Meccans. Mecca at that time was one of the richest and most powerful cities in Arabia, fielding an army three times larger than that of the Muslims.[4] The Muslim victory also signaled to the other tribes that a new power had arisen in Arabia and strengthened Muhammad's position as leader of the often fractious community in Medina.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Muslim participants of Badr
3 Battle
3.1 March to Badr
3.2 Muslim plan
3.3 Meccan plan
3.4 Day of battle
4 Aftermath
4.1 Prisoners
4.2 Executions
4.3 Muslims killed in the Battle of Badr
4.4 Implications
5 Islamic primary sources
5.1 Badr in the Quran
5.2 Hadith literature
5.3 Biographical literature
6 In modern culture
7 See also
8 Footnotes
9 References
9.1 Books and articles
9.2 Online references
10 External links
Background
Muhammad was born in Mecca around 570 CE into the Quraish tribe. After Muhammad's revelation from Gabriel in 610 until his proclamation of monotheism to the Quraysh,Islam was practiced primarily in secret. The Quraiysh, who traditionally accepted religious practices other than their own, became increasingly more intolerant of the Muslims during the thirteen years of personal attacks against their (the Meccans) religions and gods.[6] In fear for their religion and economic viability, which heavily relied on annual pilgrimages, the Meccans began to mock and disrupt Muhammad's followers. In 622, Muhammad bade many of his followers to migrate from Mecca to the neighboring city of Medina, 320 km (200 mi) north of Mecca. Shortly thereafter, Muhammad himself left for Medina.[7][8] This migration is referred to as the Hijra.[9]
The Quranic Verse 22:39[10] uttered by Muhammad sometime shortly after the migration permitted Muslims, for the first time, to take up arms in defence. During this period Muhammad employed three broad military strategies against the Meccans. Firstly, to establish peace treaties with the tribes surrounding Medina, especially with those from whom the Meccans could derive most advantage against the Muslims. Secondly, to dispatch small groups to obtain intelligence on the Quraish and their allies and also provide, thereby, an opportunity for those Muslims still living in Mecca to leave with them. Thirdly, to intercept the trade caravans of the Meccans that passed close to Medina and to obstruct their trade route.[11][12] In September 623, Muhammad himself led a force of 200 in an unsuccessful raid against a large caravan.[citation needed] Shortly thereafter, the Meccans launched their own raid against Medina led by Kurz bin Jabir and fled with livestock belonging to the Muslims.[13] In January 624, Muhammad dispatched a group of eight men to Nakhlah, on the outskirts of Mecca, led by Abdullah bin Jahsh to obtain intelligence on the Quraysh.[14][15] However, Abdullah bin Jash and his party disguised as Pilgrims with shaved heads, upon being discovered by a Meccan caravan, decided to attack and kill as many of the caravan as possible, resulting in killing one of its men, Amr bin Al-Hadrami, the seizing of its goods and taking two as prisoners.[16] The situation was all the more serious since the killing occurred in the month of Rajab, a truce month sacred to the Meccans in which fighting was prohibited and a clear affront to Arab traditions. Upon their return to Medina, Muhammad initially disapproved of this decision on their part, rebuked them and refused to take any spoil until he claimed to have received revelation (Quran, 2:217) stating that the Meccan persecution was worse than this violation of the sacred month. After his revelation Muhammed took the goods and the prisoners.[17][18][19][20] The Muslims' raids on caravans prompted the Battle of Badr, the first major battle involving a Muslim army. This was the spot where the Meccans had sent their own army to protect their caravans from Muslim raiders.[21][22]
Muslim participants of Badr
Main article: List of participants at the Battle of Badr
Battle
A map of the Badr campaign
March to Badr
Muhammad's forces included Abu Bakr, Umar, Ali, Hamza, Mus`ab ibn `Umair, Az-Zubair bin Al-'Awwam, Ammar ibn Yasir, and Abu Dharr al-Ghifari. The Muslims also brought seventy camels and two horses, meaning that they either had to walk or fit three to four men per camel.[23] The future Caliph Uthman stayed behind to care for his sick wife Ruqayyah, the daughter of Muhammad.[24] Salman the Persian also could not join the battle, as he was still not a free man.[25]
Many of the Quraishi nobles, including Amr ibn Hishām, Walid ibn Utba, Shaiba, and Umayah ibn Khalaf, joined the Meccan army. Their reasons varied: some were out to protect their financial interests in the caravan; others wanted to avenge Ibn al-Hadrami, the guard killed at Nakhlah; finally, a few must have wanted to take part in what was expected to be an easy victory against the Muslims.[26] Amr ibn Hishām is described as shaming at least one noble, Umayah ibn Khalaf, into joining the expedition.[27]
By this time Muhammad's companions were approaching the wells where he planned to either waylay the caravan, or to fight the Meccan army at Badr, along the Syrian trade route where the caravan would be expected to stop or the Meccan army to come for its protection. However, several Muslim scouts were discovered by scouts from the caravan[28] and Abu Sufyan made a hasty turn towards Yanbu.[29]
Muslim plan
This section relies too much on references to primary sources. Please improve this section by adding secondary or tertiary sources. (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
“ Behold! Allah Promised you one of the two (enemy) parties, that it should be yours: Ye wished that the one unarmed should be yours, but Allah Willed to justify the Truth according to His Words and to cut off the roots of the Unbelievers; ”
— Quran: Al-Anfal 8:7
“ Behold! Allah Promised Me that He would definitely help me. I'm taking an oath by Allah's Excellent Name, Here will be the grave of Abu Jahl, and here will lay Utba ibn Rabiah (Prophet mentioned 14 different unbeliever leaders' names and signed they graves before the battle). ”
— Muhammad – Sahih Muslim
When the word reached the Muslim army about the departure of the Meccan army, Muhammad immediately called a council of war, since there was still time to retreat and because many of the fighters there were recent converts (called Ansar or "Helpers" to distinguish them from the Quraishi Muslims), who had only pledged to defend Medina. Under the terms of the Constitution of Medina, they would have been within their rights to refuse to fight and leave the army. However, according to tradition, they pledged to fight as well, with Sa'd ibn Ubadah declaring, "If you [Muhammad] order us to plunge our horses into the sea, we would do so."[30] So, the Muslims continued to march towards Badr.
By 11 March both armies were about a day's march from Badr. Several Muslim warriors (including, according to some sources, Ali) who had ridden ahead of the main column captured two Meccan water carriers at the Badr wells. Expecting them to say they were with the caravan, the Muslims were horrified to hear them say they were with the main Quraishi army.[30]Template:Wrong number in source Some traditions also say that, upon hearing the names of all the Quraishi nobles accompanying the army, Muhammad exclaimed "Mecca hath thrown unto you the best morsels of her liver."[31] The next day Muhammad ordered a forced march to Badr and arrived before the Meccans.[citation needed]
The Badr wells were located on the gentle slope of the eastern side of a valley called "Yalyal". The western side of the valley was hemmed in by a large hill called 'Aqanqal. When the Muslim army arrived from the east, Muhammad initially chose to form his army at the first well he encountered. Hubab ibn al-Mundhir, however, asked him if this choice was divine instruction or Muhammad's own opinion. When Muhammad responded in the latter, Hubab suggested that the Muslims occupy the well closest to the Quraishi army, and block off the other ones. Muhammad accepted this decision and moved right away.[citation needed]
Meccan plan
“ [The] Arabs will hear how we marched forth and of our mighty gathering, and they will stand in awe of us forever. ”
— Abu Jahl
By contrast, while little is known about the progress of the Quraishi army from the time it left Mecca until its arrival just outside Badr, several things are worth noting: although many Arab armies brought their women and children along on campaigns both to motivate and care for the men, the Meccan army did not. Also, the Quraish apparently made little or no effort to contact the many allies they had scattered throughout the Hijaz.[32] Both facts suggest the Quraish lacked the time to prepare for a proper campaign in their haste to protect the caravan. Besides it is believed since they knew they had outnumbered the Muslims by three to one, they expected an easy victory.[citation needed]
When the Quraishi reached Juhfah, just south of Badr, they received a message from Abu Sufyan telling them the caravan was safely behind them, and that they could therefore return to Mecca.[33] At this point, according to Karen Armstrong, a power struggle broke out in the Meccan army. Abu Jahl wanted to continue, but several of the clans present, including Banu Zuhrah and Banu Adi, promptly went home. Armstrong suggests they may have been concerned about the power that Abu Jahl would gain from crushing the Muslims. The Banu Hashim tribe wanted to leave, but was threatened by Abu Jahl to stay.[34] Despite these losses, Abu Jahl was still determined to fight, boasting "We will not go back until we have been to Badr." During this period, Abu Sufyan and several other men from the caravan joined the main army.[35]
Day of battle
Further information: List of participants at the Battle of Badr
At midnight on 13 March, the Quraish broke camp and marched into the valley of Badr. It had rained the previous day and they struggled to move their horses and camels up the hill of 'Aqanqal. After they descended from 'Aqanqal, the Meccans set up another camp inside the valley. While they rested, they sent out a scout, Umayr ibn Wahb to reconnoitre the Muslim lines. Umayr reported that Muhammad's army was small, and that there were no other Muslim reinforcements which might join the battle.[36] However, he also predicted extremely heavy Quraishi casualties in the event of an attack (One hadith refers to him seeing "the camels of [Medina] laden with certain death").[37] This further demoralized the Quraish, as Arab battles were traditionally low-casualty affairs, and set off another round of bickering among the Quraishi leadership. However, according to Arab traditions Amr ibn Hishām quashed the remaining dissent by appealing to the Quraishi's sense of honor and demanding that they fulfill their blood vengeance.[38]
The death of Abu Jahl, and the casting of the Meccan dead into dry wells
The battle began with champions from both armies emerging to engage in combat. Three of the Ansar emerged from the Muslim ranks, only to be shouted back by the Meccans, who were nervous about starting any unnecessary feuds and only wanted to fight the Quraishi Muslims. So Hamza approached forward and called on Ubayda and Ali to join him. The Muslims dispatched the Meccan champions in a three-on-three melee. Hamza killed his opponent Utba ibn Rabi'ah; Ali killed his opponent Walid ibn Utba; Ubayda was wounded by his opponent Shaybah ibn Rabi'ah, but eventually killed him. So this was a victorious traditional 3 on 3 combat for the Muslims.[citation needed]
Now both armies began showering each other with arrows. A few Muslims and an unknown number of Quraish warriors were killed. Before the battle, Muhammad had given orders for the Muslims to attack first with their ranged weapons and only afterword advance to engage the Quraish with melee weapons. Now he gave the order to charge, throwing a handful of pebbles at the Meccans in what was probably a traditional Arabian gesture while yelling "Defaced be those faces!"[39][40] The Muslim army yelled "Yā manṣūr amit!"[41] "O thou whom God hath made victorious, slay!" and rushed the Quraishi lines. The Meccans, understrength and unenthusiastic about fighting, promptly broke and ran. The battle itself only lasted a few hours and was over by the early afternoon.[39] The Quran describes the force of the Muslim attack in many verses, which refer to thousands of angels descending from Heaven at Badr to terrify the Quraish.[40][42] Muslim sources take this account literally, and there are several hadith where Muhammad discusses the Angel Jibreel and the role he played in the battle.[citation needed]
Aftermath
Prisoners
Part of a series on
Islam
Beliefs[show]
Oneness of God
Prophets
Revealed books
Angels
Predestination
Day of Resurrection
Practices[show]
Profession of faith
Prayer
Fasting
Alms-giving
Pilgrimage
Texts and laws[show]
Quran
Sunnah
Hadith
Sharia (law)
Fiqh (jurisprudence)
Kalam (dialectic)
History[show]
Timeline
Muhammad
Ahl al-Bayt
Sahabah
Rashidun
Imamate
Caliphate
Spread of Islam
Culture and society[show]
Calendar
Festivals
Academics
Art
Moral teachings
Children
Denominations
Feminism
Women
Madrasa
Mosque
Philosophy
Politics
Proselytizing
Animals
LGBT
Science
Demographics
Economics
Finance
Social welfare
Related topics[show]
Criticism of Islam
Islam and other religions
Islamism
Islamophobia
Glossary
Islam portal
v
t
e
After the battle Muhammad returned to Medina. Some seventy prisoners were taken captive and are noted to have been treated humanely including a number of Quraish leaders.[43][44] Most of the prisoners were released upon payment of ransom and those who were literate were released on the condition that they teach ten persons how to read and write and this teaching was to count as their ransom.[45][46]
William Muir wrote of this period:
In pursuance of Mahomet's commands, the citizens of Medîna, and such of the Refugees as possessed houses, received the prisoners, and treated them with much consideration. "Blessings be on the men of Medina!" said one of these prisoners in later days; "they made us ride, while they themselves walked: they gave us wheaten bread to eat when there was little of it, contenting themselves with dates. It is not surprising that when, some time afterwards, their friends came to ransom them, several of the prisoners who had been thus received declared themselves adherents of Islam...Their kindly treatment was thus prolonged, and left a favourable impression on the minds even of those who did not at once go over to Islam"[44]
—  William Muir, The Life of Mahomet
Executions
A painting from Siyer-i Nebi, Ali beheading Nadr ibn al-Harith in the presence of Muhammad and his companions.
Two of the prisoners taken at Badr, namely Nadr ibn al-Harith and ‘Uqbah ibn Abū Mu‘ayṭ are reported to have been executed upon the order of Muhammad. According to Muslim scholar Safiur Rahman al-Mubarakpuri, these two captives were executed by Ali. Mubarakpuri says that this incident is also mentioned in the Sunan Abu Dawud no 2686 and Anwal Ma'bud 3/12[47] However according to numerous accounts deemed reliable, such as a number of narrations in Sahih Bukhari, and Ibn Sa'd's biographical compendium, the Tabaqat Al-Kubra, Uqba was not executed but was killed during fighting in the field of battle at Badr and was among those Quraysh leaders whose corpses were buried in a pit.[48][49][50]
Muslims killed in the Battle of Badr
Fourteen Muslims were killed in that battle.
Haritha bin Suraqa al-Khazraji
Dhush-shimaalayn ibn 'Abdi 'Amr al-Muhajiri
Rafi' bin al-Mu'alla al-Khazraji
Sa'd bin Khaythama al-Awsi
Safwan bin Wahb al-Muhajiri
Aaqil bin al-Bukayr al-Muhajiri
Ubayda bin al-Harith al-Muhajiri
Umayr bin al-Humam al-Khazraji
Umayr bin Abi Waqqas al-Muhajiri
Awf bin al-Harith al-Khazraji
Mubashshir bin 'Abdi'l Mundhir al-Awsi
Mu'awwidh bin al-Harith al-Khazraji
Mihja' bin Salih al-Muhajiri
Yazid bin al-Harith bin Fus.hum al-Khazraji
Implications
The Battle of Badr was extremely influential in the rise of two men who would determine the course of history on the Arabian peninsula for the next century. The first was Muhammad, who was transformed overnight from a Meccan outcast into a major leader. Marshall Hodgson adds that Badr forced the other Arabs to "regard the Muslims as challengers and potential inheritors to the prestige and the political role of the [Quraish]." Shortly thereafter he expelled the Banu Qaynuqa, one of the Jewish tribes at Medina that had been threatening his political position, and who had assaulted a Muslim woman which led to their expulsion for breaking the peace treaty. At the same time Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy, Muhammad's chief opponent in Medina, found his own position seriously weakened. Henceforth, he would only be able to mount limited challenges to Muhammad.[51]
The other major beneficiary of the Battle of Badr was Abu Sufyan. The death of Amr ibn Hashim, as well as many other Quraishi nobles[52] gave Abu Sufyan the opportunity, almost by default, to become chief of the Quraish. As a result, when Muhammad marched into Mecca six years later, it was Abu Sufyan who helped negotiate its peaceful surrender. Abu Sufyan subsequently became a high-ranking official in the Muslim Empire, and his son Muawiya would later go on to found the Umayyad Caliphate.
In later days, the battle of Badr became so significant that Ibn Ishaq included a complete name-by-name roster of the Muslim army in his biography of Muhammad. In many hadiths, veterans who fought at Badr are identified as such as a formality, and they may have even received a stipend in later years.[53] The death of the last of the Badr veterans occurred during the First Islamic civil war.[54]
As Paul K. Davis sums up, "Mohammed's victory confirmed his authority as leader of Islam; by impressing local tribes that joined him, the expansion of Islam began."[55]
Islamic primary sources
The angelic host is sent to assist the Muslims
This section relies too much on references to primary sources. Please improve this section by adding secondary or tertiary sources. (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Badr in the Quran
The Battle of Badr is one of the few battles explicitly discussed in the Quran. It is even mentioned by name as part of a comparison with the Battle of Uhud.
Quran: Al Imran 3:123–125 (Yusuf Ali). "Allah had helped you at Badr, when ye were a contemptible little force; then fear Allah; thus May ye show your gratitude. Remember thou saidst to the Faithful: "Is it not enough for you that Allah should help you with three thousand angels (Specially) sent down? "Yea, – if ye remain firm, and act aright, even if the enemy should rush here on you in hot haste, your Lord would help you with five thousand angels Making a terrific onslaught."
According to Abdullah Yusuf Ali, the term "gratitude" may be a reference to discipline. At Badr, the Muslim forces had allegedly maintained firm discipline, whereas at Uhud they broke ranks to pursue the Meccans, allowing Meccan cavalry to flank and rout their army. The idea of Badr as a furqan, an Islamic miracle, is mentioned again in the same surah.
Quran: Al Imran 3:13 (Yusuf Ali). "There has already been for you a Sign in the two armies that met (in combat): One was fighting in the cause of Allah, the other resisting Allah; these saw with their own eyes Twice their number. But Allah doth support with His aid whom He pleaseth. In this is a warning for such as have eyes to see."
Badr is also the subject of Sura 8: Al-Anfal, which details military conduct and operations. "Al-Anfal" means "the spoils" and is a reference to the post-battle discussion in the Muslim army over how to divide up the plunder from the Quraishi army. Though the Sura does not name Badr, it describes the battle, and several of the verses are commonly thought to have been from or shortly after the battle.
Hadith literature
This battle is also mentioned in the Sunni Hadith collection Sahih al-Bukhari and Sunan Abu Dawud. Sahih al-Bukhari mentions that Uthman did not join the battle:
“ Narrated Ibn 'Umar: 'Uthman did not join the Badr battle because he was married to one of the daughters of Allah's Apostle and she was ill. So, the Prophet said to him. "You will get a reward and a share (from the war booty) similar to the reward and the share of one who has taken part in the Badr battle."
Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:53:359
”
It also mentions the war booty that each fighter who participated in the battle received in Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:357. Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:53:369 also mentions how Abu Jahl was killed:
“ Narrated 'Abdur-Rahman bin 'Auf: While I was standing in the row on the day (of the battle) of Badr, I looked to my right and my left and saw two young Ansari boys, and I wished I had been stronger than they. One of them called my attention saying, "O Uncle! Do you know Abu Jahl?" I said, "Yes, what do you want from him, O my nephew?" He said, "I have been informed that he abuses Allah's Apostle. By Him in Whose Hands my life is, if I should see him, then my body will not leave his body till either of us meet his fate." I was astonished at that talk. Then the other boy called my attention saying the same as the other had said. After a while I saw Abu Jahl walking amongst the people. I said (to the boys), "Look! This is the man you asked me about." So, both of them attacked him with their swords and struck him to death and returned to Allah's Apostle to inform him of that. Allah's Apostle asked, "Which of you has killed him?" Each of them said, "I Have killed him." Allah's Apostle asked, "Have you cleaned your swords?" They said, "No. " He then looked at their swords and said, "No doubt, you both have killed him and the spoils of the deceased will be given to Muadh bin Amr bin Al-Jamuh." The two boys were Muadh bin 'Afra and Muadh bin Amr bin Al-Jamuh.
Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:53:369
”
It is also mentioned in the Sunni hadith collection Sunan Abu Dawood, 14:2716
Biographical literature
The incident is also mentioned in Ibn Ishaq's biography of Muhammad.[56]
In modern culture
"Badr" has become popular among Muslim armies and paramilitary organizations. "Operation Badr" was used to describe Egypt's offensive in the 1973 Yom Kippur War as well as Pakistan's actions in the 1999 Kargil War. Iranian offensive operations against Iraq in the late 1980s were also named after Badr.[57] During the 2011 Libyan civil war, the rebel leadership stated that they selected the date of the assault on Tripoli to be the 20th of Ramadan, marking the anniversary of the Battle of Badr.[58]
The Battle of Badr was featured in the 1976 film The Message, the 2004 animated movie Muhammad: The Last Prophet, and the 2012 TV series Omar.
See also
Book: Military career of Muhammad
Islamic military jurisprudence
Military career of Muhammad
Pre-Islamic Arabia
List of expeditions of Muhammad
Footnotes
Jump up ^ Quraish refers to the tribe in control of Mecca. The plural and adjective are Quraishi. The terms "Quraishi" and "Meccan" are used interchangeably between the Hijra in 622 and the Muslim Conquest of Mecca in 630.
Jump up ^ The development of exegesis in early Islam: the authenticity of Muslim ... By Herbert Berg.
Jump up ^ The Sealed Nectar, p. 274
Jump up ^ Noor Muhammad, Farkhanda. "Islamiat". Fifth Revised Edition, 2008, p. 61
Jump up ^ Dr. Iftikhar ul Haq and Maulvi Jahangir."O' Level Islamiyat [Endorsed by CIE]", Bookland Publishers, 2008, p. 74
Jump up ^ Ibn Ishaq/Hisham 167
Jump up ^ Ibn Ishaq/Hisham (326–328)
Jump up ^ Ibn Ishaq 299–301
Jump up ^ Nigosian, S. A. (2004). Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices. Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 10. ISBN 0-253-21627-3. Retrieved 2016-03-16.
Jump up ^ Quran 22:39
Jump up ^ The Life of Muḥammad: A Translation of ibn Isḥāq's Sīrat Rasul Allāh with introduction & notes by Alfred Guillaume, Oxford University Press, 1955, pp. 281–86
Jump up ^ Mirza Bashir Ahmad. "The Life and Character of the Seal of Prophets", Volume II Islam International Publications, 2013, pp. 89–92
Jump up ^ Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum (The Sealed Nectar) at the Wayback Machine
Jump up ^ Ibn Ishaq/Hisham 425
Jump up ^ Muḥammad ibn Jarīr al-Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-Rusul wa al-Mulūk, volume 3, p. 14, Lebanon, Bihī Dārul-Fikr, 2nd ed., (2002)
Jump up ^ Ibn Ishaq/Hisham 424–425
Jump up ^ Quran 2:217
Jump up ^ The Life of Muḥammad: A Translation of ibn Isḥāq's Sīrat Rasul Allāh with introduction & notes by Alfred Guillaume, Oxford University Press, 1955, pp. 287–88
Jump up ^ Hodgson, pp. 174–75.
Jump up ^ Ibn Ishaq/Hisham 424–426
Jump up ^ Ibn Ishaq/Hisham 428
Jump up ^ Ibn Kathir v. II p. 253
Jump up ^ Lings, pp. 138–39
Jump up ^ "Sahih al-Bukhari: Volume 4, Book 53, Number 359". Usc.edu. Archived from the original on 20 July 2010. Retrieved 16 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Witness-pioneer.org". Witness-pioneer.org. 16 September 2002. Archived from the original on 5 February 2010. Retrieved 19 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Martin Lings, pp. 139–40.
Jump up ^ "Sahih al-Bukhari: Volume 5, Book 59, Number 286". Usc.edu. Archived from the original on 16 August 2010. Retrieved 16 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Ibn Ishaq says that Abu Sufyan himself rode ahead to reconnoiter the area and discovered the Muslim scouts via the dates left in their camels' droppings
Jump up ^ Martin Lings, p. 140
^ Jump up to: a b "Sahih Muslim: Book 19, Number 4394". Usc.edu. Archived from the original on 20 August 2010. Retrieved 16 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Martin Lings, p. 142
Jump up ^ Lings, p. 154.
Jump up ^ Lings, p. 142.
Jump up ^ Armstrong, p. 174
Jump up ^ Lings, pp. 142–43.
Jump up ^ Lings, pp. 143–44.
Jump up ^ Armstrong, pp. 174–75.
Jump up ^ Lings, pp. 144–146.
^ Jump up to: a b Armstrong, p. 176.
^ Jump up to: a b Lings, p. 148.
Jump up ^ "O thou whom God hath made victorious, slay!"
Jump up ^ Quran: Al-i-Imran 3:123–125 (Yusuf Ali). "Allah had helped you at Badr, when ye were a contemptible little force; then fear Allah; thus May ye show your gratitude. Remember thou saidst to the Faithful: "Is it not enough for you that Allah should help you with three thousand angels (Specially) sent down? "Yea, – if ye remain firm, and act aright, even if the enemy should rush here on you in hot haste, your Lord would help you with five thousand angels Making a terrific onslaught."
Jump up ^ "Sahih Bukhari, Volume 4, Book 52, Number 252". Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 20 September 2015. Narrated Jabir bin 'Abdullah: When it was the day (of the battle) of Badr, prisoners of war were brought including Al-Abbas who was undressed. The Prophet looked for a shirt for him. It was found that the shirt of 'Abdullah bin Ubai would do, so the Prophet let him wear it. That was the reason why the Prophet took off and gave his own shirt to 'Abdullah. (The narrator adds, "He had done the Prophet some favor for which the Prophet liked to reward him.")
^ Jump up to: a b Muir, William (1861). The Life of Mahomet (Volume 3 ed.). London: Smith, Elder and Co. p. 122. Retrieved 26 February 2015.
Jump up ^ William Muir (1861). "The Life of Mahomet: With Introductory Chapters on the Original Sources for the Biography of Mahomet, and on the Pre-Islamite History of Arabia". London: Smith, Elder and Co. p. ix. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
Jump up ^ The Life of Muhammad The Prophet
Jump up ^ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar (Free Version), p. 129
Jump up ^ Sahih Bukhari: Volume 1, Book 4, Number 241
Jump up ^ Sahih Bukhari: Volume 1, Book 9, Number 499
Jump up ^ Al Tabaqat-al-Kubra, Muhammad Ibn Sa'd, Volume 2, p. 260, ghazwatul Badr, Darul Ihya'it-Turathil-'Arabi, Beirut, Lebanon, First Edition, (1996)
Jump up ^ Hodgson, pp. 176–78.
Jump up ^ Including the elderly Abu Lahab, who was not at Badr but died within days of the army's return.
Jump up ^ "Sahih al-Bukhari: Volume 5, Book 59, Number 357". Usc.edu. Archived from the original on 16 August 2010. Retrieved 16 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Sahih Al-Bukhari: Volume 5, Book 59, Number 358 Archived 16 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine..
Jump up ^ Paul K. Davis, 100 Decisive Battles from Ancient Times to the Present: The World's Major Battles and How They Shaped History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 95–96.
Jump up ^ Ibn Hisham; Ibn Ishaq (1998). The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh. Translated by Alfred Guillaume. Oxford University Press. p. 304. Retrieved 2016-03-16.
Jump up ^ Wright, Robin (1989). In the name of God: The Khomeini decade. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 133. ISBN 9780671672355.
Jump up ^ Laub, Karin (21 August 2011). "Libyan Rebels Say They Are Closing In on Tripoli". Associated Press (via The Atlanta Journal-Constitution). Retrieved 21 August 2011.
References
Books and articles
Ali, Abdullah Yusuf (1987). The Holy Qur'an: Text, Translation & Commentary. Tahrike Tarsile Qur'an; Reissue edition. ISBN 0-940368-32-3.
Armstrong, Karen (1992). Muhmmad: Biography of the Prophet. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-250886-5.
Crone, Patricia (1987). Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam. Blackwell.
Hodgson, Marshall (1974). The Venture of Islam: The Classical Age of Islam. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-34683-8.
Lings, Martin (1983). Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources. Inner Traditions International. ISBN 0-89281-170-6.
Mubarakpuri, Safi-ul-Raḥmān (2002). Ar-Raheeq Al Makhtum: The Sealed Nectar. Darussalam. ISBN 9960-899-55-1. Retrieved 2016-03-16.
Nicolle, David (1993). Armies of the Muslim Conquest. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-85532-279-X.
Ramadan, Tariq (2007). In the Footsteps of the Prophet. United States of America: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-530880-8.
Watt, W. Montgomery (1956). Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press.
Online references
"Translation of Malik's Muwatta.". USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts. Archived from the original on 17 October 2010. Retrieved September 2010. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
"Translation of Sahih Muslim.". USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts. Archived from the original on 17 October 2010. Retrieved September 2010. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
"Translation of Sahih al-Bukhari.". USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts. Archived from the original on 17 October 2010. Retrieved September 2010. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
"Partial Translation of Sunan Abu-Dawud.". USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts. Archived from the original on 17 October 2010. Retrieved September 2010. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Battle of Badr
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Badr.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Holy Qur'an/Al-Anfal
Battle of Badr, 17th Ramadan 624 A.D
Badr at IslamAnswers.Net
The first battle of Islam at Badr: Islamic Occasions Network
Tafsir (Sura 8: verse 11 to 18) – Battle of Badr: Analysis of Qur'anic verses by Irshaad Hussain.
[show]
v
t
e
People and things in the Quran
[hide]
Characters
God in Islam (Allah)
Names of God found in the Quran
Angels
Israfil
Izra'il/Azrael (Malak al-Mawt)
Jibra'il/Gabriel (Al-Ruh al-Amin) and Holy Spirit (Al-Ruh al-Qudus) and Al-Ruh (The Spirit)
Maalik
Mika'il
Harut and Marut
Jinns
Iblīs/Devil
Shaitan/Satan
Ifrit (and Marid)
Qareen
In Heaven (Jannah)
Ghilman and Wildan
Houri
In Hell (Jahannam)
Zabaniyya
Zaqqum
Prophets
and apostles
(messengers)
of God
Mentioned
Ādam/Adam
Alyasa'/Elisha
Ayyub/Job
Dawud/David
Dhul-Kifl/Ezekiel?
Harun/Aaron
Hud/Eber?
Ibrahim/Abraham (Khalilullah)
Idris/Enoch?
Ilyas/Elijah
Imran/Joachim (father of Maryam)
Isa/Jesus
Isḥaq/Isaac
Isma'il/Ishmael
Dhabih Ullah
Lut/Lot
Muhammad or Ahmad/Paraclete
Musa/Moses (Kalimullah)
Nuh/Noah
Saleh/Shelah?
Shuaib/Jethro
Sulayman/Solomon
Uzair/Ezra?
Yahya/John the Baptist
Yaqub/Jacob (Israel)
Yunus/Jonah (Dhul-Nun, Sahib al-Hut)
Yūsuf/Joseph
Zakariya/Zechariah
Implied
Ermia/Jeremiah
Samuel
Yusha' ibn Nūn/Joshua
Good people
(before Islam)
Mentioned
Dhul-Qarnayn
Luqman
Maryam/Mary (mother of Isa)
Talut/Saul
Implicitly
mentioned
Asiyah bint Muzahim/Bithiah? (wife of Fir'aun)
Asif ibn Barkhiya
Bilquis (Queen of Saba/Sheba)
Believer of Fir'aun Family (Hizbil/Hizqil ibn Sabura)
Beniamin/Benjamin
Habib the Carpenter (believer of Ya-Sin)
Kaleb/Caleb
Khidr
Magicians of Fir'aun
Simon Cephas/Simon Peter
Other people
(before Islam)
Mentioned
Āzar (uncle of Ibrahim)
Fir'aun/Pharaoh
Haman
Jalut/Goliath
Qarun/Korah
Sāmiri
Implicitly
mentioned
Abraha
Bal'am/Balaam
Barṣīṣā
Nebuchadnezzar II
Nimrod
Potiphar (Al-Aziz)
Shaddad
Simeon (son of Ya'qub)
Slayers of Saleh's she-camel (Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr)
Valid ibn Rayyan (king of Egypt in the account of Yūsuf)
Zuleika (wife of al-Aziz)
Mentioned people
(after inception of Islam)
Abū Lahab
Zayd ibn Harithah
Relatives
of prophets
Specified
good relatives
Daughters of Lut/Lot (Ritha, Za'ura, et al.)
Elizabeth or 'Ishā' (wife of Zakariya)
Habil/Abel (son of Adam)
Hawwa'/Eve (wife of Adam)
Kulthum/Miriam (sister of Musa)
Saffurah/Zipporah (wife of Musa) and Layya (Saffura's sister)
Sarah (wife of Ibrahim, mother of Isḥaq)
Yukabed/Jochebed (mother of Musa)
Non-specified
good relatives
Abiona/Amtelai daughter of Karnebo (mother of Ibrahim)
Bathsheba (wife of Dawud)
Muhammad's wives
Daughters of Muhammad
Hājar/Hagar (wife of Ibrahim, mother of Isma'il)
Hannah/Anne daughter of Faquz (mother of Maryam)
Imran/Amram (father of Musa)
Lamech (father of Nuh)
Rāhil/Rachel (wife of Ya'qub)
Rahma/Dinah (wife of Ayyub)
Shamkha bint Anush/Betenos (mother of Nuh)
Son of Luqman
Other relatives
Brothers of Yūsuf
Children of Ayyub
Dead son of Sulaiman
Qabil/Cain?
Tārah/Terah (father of Ibrahim)
Umm Jamil (wife of Abu Lahab)
Wali'ah or Wa'ilah/Waala? (wife of Nuh)
Walihah or Wahilah (wife of Lut)
Yam or Kan'an (son of Nuh)
[show]
Groups and tribes
Tribes and
ethnicities
Mentioned
'Ād (people of Hud)
Arabs and Ajam
Children of Israel/Israelites
Companions of the Rass
People of Saba'/Sheba
People of Shu'aib (people of Madyan and people of Aykah/Wood)
People of Tubba'
Quraysh
Romans
Thamud (people of Saleh, companions of Hijr)
Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog
Implicitly
mentioned
Ahl al-Bayt
Amalek
Banu Hashim
Banu Nadir
Banu Qaynuqa
Banu Qurayza
Iranian people
Umayyad Dynasty
Groups
Mentioned
Christian apostles
Disciples of Jesus
Companions of Noah's Ark
Companions of Sabbath (Aşḥāb al-Sabt)
Companions of the Cave/Seven Sleepers and Companions of al-Raqaim
Companions of the Elephant
People of al-Ukhdūd
People of the City (People of Ya-Sin)
People of the Burned Garden (Aşḥāb al-Jannah)
Ulu'l azm prophets
Implicitly
mentioned
Ahl al-Suffa (People of the Verandah)
Aus and Khazraj
Copts
Hezbollah
Muhajirun (The emigrants) and Ansar (The helpers)
Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad)
Religious groups
Ahl al-dhimmah (Dhimmi)
Christians (People of Injil)
Jews
Kafir (Infidels)
Majus
Zoroastrians
Munafiq
Hypocrites
Mushrik
Polytheists
Muslims
People of the Book (′Ahl al-Kitāb)
Sabians
Ahbār (Jewish scholars)
Qissis (Christian priest)
Rabbani/Rabbi
Ruhban (Christian monks)
[show]
Locations, entities and events
Locations
Mentioned
Ahqāf
Al-Aqsa Mosque
Arafat and Mash'ar al-Harām
Bābil/Babylon
Badr
Door of Hittah
Hijr/Hegra
Holy Land (Palestine and Levant)
Hunayn
Iram
Ka'bah/Kaaba (Bayt al-Harām/Sacred House, Bayt al-'Atīq/Ancient House)
Madyan/Midian
Madinah/Medina (formerly Yathrib)
Majma' al-Bahrain
Makkah/Mecca (Umm al-Qura, Balad al-Amin, Bakkah)
Maqām Ibrahim
Masjid al-Dirar
Masjid al-Haram
Mount Judi
Mu'tafikat (Sodom)
Rass
Saba'/Sheba
Al-Safa and Al-Marwah
Tur Sinā' /Mount Sinai and Jabal al-Tur
Egypt
Valley of Tuwa
Implicitly
mentioned
Antioch
Antakya
Ayla
Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn
Bayt al-Muqaddas and 'Ariha
Black Stone (Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad) and Al-Hijr of Isma'il
Canaan
Cave of Hira and Cave of Thawr
Cave of Seven Sleepers
Dār al-Nadwa
Hudaybiyyah
Jordan River
Ma'rib Dam
Masjid al-Nabawi (Prophet's Mosque)
Mesopotamia
Nile River
Nineveh
Palestine River
Paradise of Shaddad
Quba Mosque
Sinai Desert and Tīh Desert
Ta'if
Religious locations
Bay'a (Church)
Mihrab
Monastery
Mosque
Salat (Synagogue)
Non-human
physical
entities
Religious texts
Injil/Gospel
Quran
Suhuf-i Ibrahim (Scrolls of Abraham)
Tawrat/Torah, Suhuf-i-Musa (Scrolls of Moses) and Tablets of Stone
Zabur
Related animals
Cow of Israelites and Golden calf
Dog of Seven Sleepers
Fish of Yunis
Hoopoe of Sulayman
She-Camel of Saleh
Related objects
Forbidden fruit of Adam
Heavenly Food of Christian Apostles
Noah's Ark
Staff of Musa
Tabut al-Sakina (Casket of Shekhinah)
Throne of Bilqis
Trumpet of Israfil
Mentioned idols
(cult images)
Baal
Lāt, 'Uzza and Manāt
Wadd, Suwa', Yaghuth, Ya'uq and Nasr
(Jibt and Taghut
Ansāb)
Events
Battle of Badr
Battle of Hunayn
Battle of Khaybar
Battle of Tabouk
Battle of the Trench (Battle of the Confederates)
Battle of Uhud
Conquest of Mecca
Hadith of the pond of Khumm
Incident of Ifk
Layla al-Mabit
Mubahala
The Farewell Pilgrimage (Hujja al-Wada')
Treaty of Hudaybiyyah
Umrah al-Qaza
Yawm al-Dār
Note: The names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)
Coordinates: 23°44′N 38°46′E / 23.733°N 38.767°E / 23.733; 38.767
Authority control
GND: 4428873-6
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Badr&oldid=804866869"
Categories:
624 in Asia
Campaigns led by Muhammad
Battles of Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah
Battle of Badr
Angelic apparitions
Muhammad in Medina
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages
Use dmy dates from March 2012
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016
Articles containing Arabic-language text
Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016
Articles lacking reliable references from March 2016
All articles lacking reliable references
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016
CS1 errors: dates
Coordinates on Wikidata
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Languages
Acèh
العربية
Авар
Azərbaycanca
تۆرکجه
বাংলা
Беларуская
Български
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
한국어
हिन्दी
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
ქართული
Қазақша
Magyar
മലയാളം
مازِرونی
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Нохчийн
Norsk
Occitan
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
پنجابی
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Shqip
Simple English
سنڌي
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
Татарча/tatarça
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
粵語
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 11 October 2017, at 16:28.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attr: class colspan style

attr: href class title

value:
/wiki/Quraysh_(tribe)
mw-redirect
Quraysh (tribe)

tag: td

attr: colspan style

value: Siyer-i Nebi - Imam Ali und Hamza bei dem vorgezogenen Einzelkampf in Badr gegen die Götzendiener.jpg

attr: href class

tag: br

value:
/wiki/Ottoman_language
mw-redirect
Ottoman language

value:
/wiki/Badr_(city)
mw-redirect
Badr (city)

value:
/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Abd_al-Muttalib
mw-redirect
Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib

value:
/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib
mw-redirect
Ali ibn Abi Talib

value:
/wiki/Umar_ibn_Al-Khattab
mw-redirect
Umar ibn Al-Khattab

value:
/wiki/Utba_ibn_Rabi%27ah
mw-redirect
Utba ibn Rabi'ah

value:
/wiki/Hind_al-Hunnud
mw-redirect
Hind al-Hunnud

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)

value:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

value: Template:Campaignbox Campaigns of Muhammad

value: Template talk:Campaignbox Campaigns of Muhammad

value:
/wiki/Invasion_of_Dul_Ashir
mw-redirect
Invasion of Dul Ashir

value:
/wiki/Invasion_of_Dhi_Amr
mw-redirect
Invasion of Dhi Amr

value:
/wiki/Invasion_of_Hamra_al-Asad
mw-redirect
Invasion of Hamra al-Asad

value:
/wiki/Invasion_of_Badr
mw-redirect
Invasion of Badr

value:
/wiki/Invasion_of_Dumatul_Jandal
mw-redirect
Invasion of Dumatul Jandal

value:
/wiki/Invasion_of_Banu_Mustaliq
mw-redirect
Invasion of Banu Mustaliq

value: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

value:
/wiki/Arabic_language
mw-redirect
Arabic language

value:
/wiki/Defense_(military)
mw-redirect
Defense (military)

value:
/wiki/Hijra_(Islam)
mw-redirect
Hijra (Islam)

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)

value: List of participants at the Battle of Badr

value:
/wiki/Mus%60ab_ibn_%60Umair
mw-redirect
Mus`ab ibn `Umair

value:
/wiki/Zubair_ibn_al-Awam
mw-redirect
Zubair ibn al-Awam

value:
/wiki/Abu_Dharr_al-Ghifari
mw-redirect
Abu Dharr al-Ghifari

value:
/wiki/Walid_ibn_Utba
mw-redirect
Walid ibn Utba

value:
/wiki/Umayah_ibn_Khalaf
mw-redirect
Umayah ibn Khalaf

value: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources

value: color:#b2b7f2; font-size:3.3em; font-family:'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; padding:4px 2px 2px; width:0.5em; line-height: 1em;

value: color:#b2b7f2; font-size:3.3em; font-family:'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; padding:4px 2px 2px; text-align:right; vertical-align:bottom; width:0.5em; line-height: 1em;

value: padding-top:10px; font-size:smaller; line-height:1em; text-align:right;

value: border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; float:right; margin:0.5em 0.75em; width:33%;

value: Template:Wrong number in source (page does not exist)

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)

value: font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;

value:
/wiki/Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)
mw-redirect
Imamah (Shia doctrine)

value: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5em;

value: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;

value:
/wiki/Safiur_Rahman_al-Mubarakpuri
mw-redirect
Safiur Rahman al-Mubarakpuri

value:
/wiki/Sunan_Abu_Dawud
mw-redirect
Sunan Abu Dawud

value:
/wiki/Sahih_Bukhari
mw-redirect
Sahih Bukhari

value:
/wiki/Ibn_Sa%27d_al-Baghdadi
mw-redirect
Ibn Sa'd al-Baghdadi

value:
/wiki/First_Islamic_civil_war
mw-redirect
First Islamic civil war

value: width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px 10px;

value: vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;

value: width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px 10px;

value: margin:auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: #F0FFF0; width: auto; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;

value:
/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war
mw-redirect
2011 Libyan civil war

value:
/wiki/Mohammad,_Messenger_of_God_(film)
mw-redirect
Mohammad, Messenger of God (film)

value:
/wiki/Phoenix_dactylifera
mw-redirect
Phoenix dactylifera

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value: Muhammad: a Biography of the Prophet (book)

value:
/wiki/Montgomery_Watt
mw-redirect
Montgomery Watt

value:
/wiki/Muhammad_at_Medina_(book)
mw-redirect
Muhammad at Medina (book)

value: Template:Characters and names in the Quran

value: Template talk:Characters and names in the Quran

value: List of characters and names mentioned in the Quran

value:
/wiki/Holy_Spirit_(Islam)
mw-redirect
Holy Spirit (Islam)

value:
/wiki/Asiya,_wife_of_the_Pharaoh
mw-redirect
Asiya, wife of the Pharaoh

value: Believer of Fir'aun Family (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/Pharaoh_of_the_Exodus
mw-redirect
Pharaoh of the Exodus

value:
/wiki/Simeon_(Hebrew_Bible)
mw-redirect
Simeon (Hebrew Bible)

value:
/wiki/Zuleika_(tradition)
mw-redirect
Zuleika (tradition)

value: Amtelai daughter of Karnebo (page does not exist)

value: nowraplinks collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup

value:
/wiki/Apostle_(Christian)
mw-redirect
Apostle (Christian)

value: Companions of Sabbath (page does not exist)

value: People of the Garden (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/Ulu%27l_azm_prophets
mw-redirect
Ulu'l azm prophets

value: People of the Verandah (page does not exist)

value: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup

value:
/wiki/Masjid_al-Haram
mw-redirect
Masjid al-Haram

value:
/wiki/Al-Safa_and_Al-Marwah
mw-redirect
Al-Safa and Al-Marwah

value:
/wiki/Valley_of_Tuwa
mw-redirect
Valley of Tuwa

value:
/wiki/Al-Hijr_of_Ishmael
mw-redirect
Al-Hijr of Ishmael

value:
/wiki/Battle_of_Tabouk
mw-redirect
Battle of Tabouk

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

value: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

value:
nofollow
external text
http://d-nb.info/gnd/4428873-6

value: Category:Battles of Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah

value: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

value: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages

value: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016

value: Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016

value: Category:Articles lacking reliable references from March 2016

value: Category:All articles lacking reliable references

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Battle_of_Badr
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

value: غزوة بدر – Arabic

value: interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

value: Бадруялъул гъазават – Avaric

value: বদরের যুদ্ধ – Bangla

value: Бітва пры Бадры – Belarusian

value: Битка при Бадр – Bulgarian

value: interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

value: غزوه بدر – Persian

value: interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

value: 바드르 전투 – Korean

value: बद्र की लड़ाई – Hindi

value: interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

value: קרב בדר – Hebrew

value: ბადრის ბრძოლა – Georgian

value: Бәдір шайқасы – Kazakh

value: ബദ്ർ യുദ്ധം – Malayalam

value: interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

value: Бадруна гӀазот – Chechen

value: Битва при Бадре – Russian

value: بدر جي جنگ – Sindhi

value: Битка на Бедру – Serbian

value: பதுருப் போர் – Tamil

value: Бәдер сугышы – Tatar

value: interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

value: Битва при Бадрі – Ukrainian

value: غزوہ بدر – Urdu

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Battle_of_Badr rootpage-Battle_of_Badr vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view