text:
Broadcast domain
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A broadcast domain is a logical division of a computer network, in which all nodes can reach each other by broadcast at the data link layer. A broadcast domain can be within the same LAN segment or it can be bridged to other LAN segments.
In terms of current popular technologies, any computer connected to the same Ethernet repeater or switch is a member of the same broadcast domain. Further, any computer connected to the same set of inter-connected switches/repeaters is a member of the same broadcast domain. Routers and other higher-layer devices form boundaries between broadcast domains.
This is as compared to a collision domain, which would be all nodes on the same set of inter-connected repeaters, divided by switches and learning bridges. Collision domains are generally smaller than, and contained within, broadcast domains.
While some layer two network devices are able to divide the collision domains, broadcast domains are only divided by layer 3 network devices such as routers or layer 3 switches. Separating VLANs divides broadcast domains as well.
Contents
[hide]
1 Further explanation
2 Broadcast domain control
3 See also
4 References
Further explanation[edit]
The distinction between broadcast and collision domains comes about because simple Ethernet and similar systems use a shared transmission system. In simple Ethernet (without switches or bridges), data frames are transmitted to all other nodes on a network. Each receiving node checks the destination address of each frame, and simply ignores any frame not addressed to its own MAC address or the broadcast address.
Switches act as buffers, receiving and analyzing the frames from each connected network segment. Frames destined for nodes connected to the originating segment are not forwarded by the switch. Frames destined for a specific node on a different segment are sent only to that segment. Only broadcast frames are forwarded to all other segments. This reduces unnecessary traffic and collisions.
In such a switched network, transmitted frames may not be received by all other reachable nodes. Nominally, only broadcast frames will be received by all other nodes. Collisions are localized to the network segment they occur on. Thus, the broadcast domain is the entire inter-connected layer two network, and the segments connected to each switch/bridge port are each a collision domain.
Not all network systems or media feature broadcast/collision domains. For example, PPP links.
Broadcast domain control[edit]
With a sufficiently sophisticated switch, it is possible to create a network in which the normal notion of a broadcast domain is strictly controlled. One implementation of this concept is termed a "private VLAN". Another implementation is possible with Linux and iptables. One helpful analogy is that by creating multiple VLANs, the number of broadcast domains increases, but the size of each broadcast domain decreases. This is because a virtual LAN (or VLAN) is technically a broadcast domain.
This is achieved by designating one or more "server" or "provider" nodes, either by MAC address or switch port. Broadcast frames are allowed to originate from these sources, and are sent to all other nodes. Broadcast frames from all other sources are directed only to the server/provider nodes. Traffic from other sources not destined to the server/provider nodes ("peer-to-peer" traffic) is blocked.
The result is a network based on a nominally shared transmission system; like Ethernet, but in which "client" nodes cannot communicate with each other, only with the server/provider. A common application is Internet providers. Allowing direct data link layer communication between customer nodes exposes the network to various security attacks, such as ARP spoofing. Controlling the broadcast domain in this fashion provides many of the advantages of a point-to-point network, using commodity broadcast-based hardware.
See also[edit]
Network layer
Collision domain
References[edit]
Collision & broadcast domain, Study CCNA
Collision Domains vs. Broadcast Domains, ciscoskills.net
Broadcast Domain Explained
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Broadcast_domain&oldid=836712853"
Categories:
Network architecture
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
Français
Italiano
עברית
Magyar
Polski
Português
Русский
Türkçe
中文
4 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 16 April 2018, at 12:32.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value:
/wiki/Broadcasting_(computing)
mw-redirect
Broadcasting (computing)

value:
/wiki/Data_Link_Layer
mw-redirect
Data Link Layer

value:
/wiki/Network_bridge
mw-redirect
Network bridge

value:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Broadcast_domain
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: مجال البث – Arabic

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

value: מתחם שידור – Hebrew

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

value: Широковещательный домен – Russian

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Broadcast_domain rootpage-Broadcast_domain skin-vector action-view


text:
Blighted ovum
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Anembryonic gestation
Transvaginal ultrasonography showing a gestational sac with a diameter of 28 mm, corresponding to a gestational age of approximately 7 weeks and 5 days. It contains a yolk sac (protruding from its lower part) but no embryo, even after scanning across all planes of the gestational sac, thus being diagnostic of an anembryonic gestation.
Classification and external resources
Specialty
obstetrics
ICD-10
O02.0
ICD-9-CM
631
[edit on Wikidata]
A blighted ovum or anembryonic gestation (anembryonic pregnancy) is a pregnancy in which the embryo never develops or develops and is reabsorbed.[1] It typically results in a miscarriage. In a normal pregnancy, an embryo would be visible on an ultrasound by six weeks after the woman's last menstrual period. Anembryonic gestation is one of the causes of miscarriage of a pregnancy.[2][3][4]
A blighted ovum or anembryonic gestation is characterized by a normal-appearing gestational sac, but the absence of an embryo. It likely occurs as a result of early embryonic death with continued development of the trophoblast. When small, the sac cannot be distinguished from the early normal pregnancy, as there may be a yolk sac, though a fetal pole is not seen. For diagnosis, the sac must be of sufficient size that the absence of normal embryonic elements is established. The criteria depends on the type of ultrasound exam performed. A pregnancy is anembryonic if a transvaginal ultrasound reveals a sac with a mean gestational sac diameter (MGD) greater than 25 mm and no yolk sac, or an MGD >25 mm with no embryo. Transabdominal imaging without transvaginal scanning may be sufficient for diagnosing early pregnancy failure when an embryo whose crown–rump length is 15 mm or more has no visible cardiac activity.[5]
See also[edit]
Ovum
Products of conception
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kim Mackenzie-Morris. "What is a blighted ovum?". Babycentre.co.uk. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Blighted Ovum: Symptoms, Causes and Prevention". American Pregnancy Association. 2012-04-26. Retrieved 2017-09-09.
Jump up ^ "Blighted ovum: What causes it?". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2017-09-09.
Jump up ^ Hoffman, Barbara (2012). Williams gynecology. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 171. ISBN 9780071716727.
Jump up ^ Campion, Edward W.; Doubilet, Peter M.; Benson, Carol B.; Bourne, Tom; Blaivas, Michael (10 October 2013). "Diagnostic Criteria for Nonviable Pregnancy Early in the First Trimester". New England Journal of Medicine. 369 (15): 1443–1451. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1302417. PMID 24106937.
External links[edit]
Blighted Ovum on WebMD
Anembryonic pregnancy on Radiopaedia.org
Johnson, MR; Riddle, AF; Sharma, V; Collins, WP; Nicolaides, KH; Grudzinskas, JG (January 1993). "Placental and ovarian hormones in anembryonic pregnancy". Human reproduction (Oxford, England). 8 (1): 112–5. PMID 8458911.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blighted_ovum&oldid=805649389"
Categories:
Human pregnancy
Health issues in pregnancy
Hidden categories:
Infobox medical condition
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Deutsch
Español
Français
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
Nederlands
Polski
Edit links
This page was last edited on 16 October 2017, at 19:20.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

tag: div

attr: id class

value: mw-page-base noprint

key: html

type: local

value: mw-head-base noprint

tag: a

attr: id class lang

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

tag: th

attr: colspan style

tag: tr

tag: img

attr: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attr: href class

tag: td

attr: href class title

value:
/wiki/Transvaginal_ultrasonography
mw-redirect
Transvaginal ultrasonography

attr: href title

value: International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMra1302417

value:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24106937

value:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8458911

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Blighted_ovum
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

value:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortivei
Abortivei – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Blighted_ovum rootpage-Blighted_ovum skin-vector action-view


text:
List of Academy Award winners and nominees from India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This is the list of Indians and persons of Indian origin who are Academy Award (informally known as Oscar) winners and nominees. As of 2016, eleven Indians have been nominated for a total of fourteen Oscars, five Indians of whom have won a total of six Oscars. Three Indian films have been nominated in the Best Foreign Language Film category.
Satyajit Ray is the only Indian who has received an Honorary Academy Award, and A.R.Rahman is the only Indian who has won more than one Academy Award in 2009. In 1982, The National Film Development Corporation of India was instrumental in co-producing Richard Attenborough's Academy Award for Best Picture winning film Gandhi.[1][2]
Bhanu Athaiya became the first Indian to win an Academy Award in 1983, for designing the costumes for Richard Attenborough's Gandhi.
Satyajit Ray became the first Indian to receive an Honorary Academy Award in 1992.
Gulzar became the first Indian lyricist to receive an Academy Award for penning Jai Ho. He has also been awarded with India's highest film honor Dadasaheb Phalke award.
Contents
[hide]
1 Winners and nominees
2 See also
3 Notes
4 References
Winners and nominees[edit]
List of the Indian Oscar nominee(s)/recipient(s), also showing the year, film, category, and result
Year
Nominee(s)/recipient(s)
Film
Category/Honorary Award
Result/received
Ref.
1958
(30th) Mehboob Khan Mother India Best Foreign Language Film Nominated[N 1] [3]
1961
(33rd) Ismail Merchant The Creation of Woman Best Short Subject (Live Action) Nominated [5]
1979
(51st) Vidhu Vinod Chopra and K.K.Kapil An Encounter with Faces Best Documentary (Short Subject) Nominated [6]
1983
(55th) Bhanu Athaiya Gandhi Best Costume Design Won [7]
Ravi Shankar Best Original Score Nominated
1987
(59th) Ismail Merchant A Room with a View Best Picture Nominated [8]
1989
(61st) Mira Nair Salaam Bombay! Best Foreign Language Film Nominated [9]
1992
(64th) Satyajit Ray Pather Pachali Honorary Award[N 2] Received [12]
1993
(65th) Ismail Merchant Howards End Best Picture Nominated [13]
1994
(66th) Ismail Merchant The Remains of the Day Best Picture Nominated [14]
2002
(74th) Ashutosh Gowarikar Lagaan Best Foreign Language Film Nominated [15]
2005
(77th) Ashvin Kumar Little Terrorist Best Short Subject (Live Action) Nominated [16]
2007
(79th) Deepa Mehta Water Best Foreign Language Film[N 3] Nominated [17]
2009
(81st) Resul Pookutty Slumdog Millionaire Best Sound Mixing Won [18]
A.R.Rahman Best Original Score Won
A.R.Rahman and Gulzar Best Original Song Won
2011
(83rd) A.R.Rahman 127 Hours Best Original Score Nominated [19]
A.R.Rahman Best Original Song Nominated
2013
(85th) Bombay Jayashri Life of Pi Best Original Song Nominated [20]
2016 Rahul Thakkar n/a Sci-Tech Award Received [21][22]
2016 Cottalango Leon n/a Sci-Tech Award Received [23][24]
2018 Vikas Sathaye n/a Sci-Tech Award Received [25][26]
See also[edit]
List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Mother India lost to Nights of Cabiria by one vote.[3][4]
Jump up ^ "In recognition of his rare mastery of the art of motion pictures, and of his profound humanitarian outlook, which has had an indelible influence on filmmakers and audiences throughout the world."[10][11]
Jump up ^ Water was nominated from Canada.[17]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Wakeman, John. World Film Directors, Volume 2. The H. W. Wilson Company. 1988. 82.
Jump up ^ Special Correspondent. "Film producer D.V.S. Raju passes away". The Hindu.
^ Jump up to: a b "The 30th Academy Awards (1958) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
Jump up ^ Iyer, Sandhiya (25 March 2002). "Lost, in No Man's Land". The Times of India. Lagaan.com. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "The 33rd Academy Awards (1961) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "The 51st Academy Awards (1979) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "The 55th Academy Awards (1983) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "The 59th Academy Awards (1987) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "The 61st Academy Awards (1989) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Acceptance Speeches: Satyajit Ray". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
Jump up ^ Gargan, Edward (16 February 1992). "FILM; Satyajit Ray Honored, Without Profit in His Land". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "The 64th Academy Awards (1992)". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "The 65th Academy Awards (1993) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "The 66th Academy Awards (1994) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "The 74th Academy Awards (2002) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "The 77th Academy Awards (2005) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "The 79th Academy Awards (2007) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "Nominees and Winners for the 81st Academy Awards". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Winners and Nominees for the 83rd Academy Awards". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Nominees for the 85th Academy Awards BLA BLA". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Mumbai varsity graduate wins Oscar for design". Retrieved 22 January 2016.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (8 January 2016). "Academy Honors 33 Individuals With Scientific and Technical Awards". Retrieved 20 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Techie, born in T.N., wins Academy Award". Retrieved 8 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "11 SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL ACHIEVEMENTS TO BE HONORED WITH ACADEMY AWARDS®". 8 January 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Techie, born in Maharashtra, wins Academy Award". Retrieved 4 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "10 SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL ACHIEVEMENTS TO BE HONORED WITH ACADEMY AWARDS". 4 January 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
[show]
v
t
e
Academy Awards lists
Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS)
Records
Oscar season
Oscar speech
History of film
Most wins per ceremony
Combined major Oscars
Superlatives
Big Five
All four acting categories
Combined major awards
Academy, Emmy, Grammy, and Tony Award careers
Acting
All nominees
Best Actor (by age)
Best Actress (by age)
Best Supporting Actor (by age)
Best Supporting Actress (by age)
Acting noms in foreign language
Actor multi-nom years
Multi-Best Picture acting careers
Multi-win Actors
Multi-nom Actors
Love curse
Directing
Best Director (by age)
Film
Films
Foreign-language wins
Foreign-language nominees
Foreign-language noms in other categories
Foreign-language: count by country
Animated feature noms in other categories
Ethnicity
African
Argentine
Asian
Australian
Black
Brazilian
British
Canadian
Chilean
Colombian
Cuban
French
German-speaking
Greek
Hispanic-American (U.S.)
Indian
Iranian
Italian
Jewish
Latin American
Mexican
New Zealand
Nordic
Pakistani
Polish
Puerto Rican
Spanish
Uruguayan
Other
Ceremonies
Families
Fictitious
LGBT
Multi-win years
Posthumous
Best Picture Presenters
Trophy displays
Oldest & Youngest
Awards for Walt Disney
Women in Non-gendered Categories
Book
Category
Portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Academy_Award_winners_and_nominees_from_India&oldid=832920511"
Categories:
Academy Award winners and nominees by nationality or region
Indian Academy Award winners
Hidden categories:
Use dmy dates from May 2017
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Français
Bahasa Indonesia
Edit links
This page was last edited on 28 March 2018, at 18:01.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value:
/wiki/Indian_People
mw-redirect
Indian People

value:
/wiki/Persons_of_Indian_origin
mw-redirect
Persons of Indian origin

value:
/wiki/Academy_Award
mw-redirect
Academy Award

value:
/wiki/Indian_films
mw-redirect
Indian films

value: Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film

tag: p

value:
/wiki/Honorary_Academy_Award
mw-redirect
Honorary Academy Award

value: National Film Development Corporation of India

tag: sup

attr: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value:
col
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

value: background: #FDD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

value: Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film

value: Academy Award for Documentary Short Subject

value: background: #99FF99; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

value:
/wiki/A_Room_with_a_View_(1986_film)
mw-redirect
A Room with a View (1986 film)

value:
/wiki/Pather_Pachali
mw-redirect
Pather Pachali

value:
/wiki/Ashutosh_Gowarikar
mw-redirect
Ashutosh Gowarikar

value: wikitable plainrowheaders sortable jquery-tablesorter

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value: Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences

value: List of films with the most Oscars per ceremony

value: List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees

value: List of Big Five Academy Award winners and nominees

value: List of films with all four Academy Award acting nominations

value: List of people who have won Academy, Emmy, Grammy, and Tony Awards

value: List of actors with Academy Award nominations

value: List of Academy Award Best Actor winners by age

value: List of Academy Award Best Actress winners by age

value: List of Best Supporting Actor winners by age

value: Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress

value: List of Best Supporting Actress winners by age

value: List of actors nominated for Academy Awards for foreign language performances

value: List of actors nominated for two Academy Awards in the same year

value: List of actors who have appeared in multiple Best Picture Academy Award winners

value: List of actors with two or more Academy Awards in acting categories

value: List of actors with two or more Academy Award nominations in acting categories

value: List of Academy Award for Best Director winners by age

value: List of Academy Award-winning foreign-language films

value: List of Academy Award winners and nominees for Best Foreign Language Film

value: List of foreign-language films nominated for Academy Awards

value: List of countries by number of Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film

value: List of animated feature films nominated for Academy Awards

value: List of African Academy Award winners and nominees

value: List of Argentine Academy Award winners and nominees

value: List of Asian Academy Award winners and nominees

value: List of Australian Academy Award winners and nominees

value: List of black Academy Award winners and nominees

value: List of Brazilian Academy Award winners and nominees

value: List of British Academy Award nominees and winners

value: List of Canadian Academy Award winners and nominees

value: List of Chilean Academy Award winners and nominees

value: List of Colombian Academy Award winners and nominees

value: List of Cuban Academy Award winners and nominees

value: List of French Academy Award winners and nominees

value: List of German-speaking Academy Award winners and nominees

value: List of Greek Academy Award winners and nominees

value: List of Hispanic-American (U.S.) Academy Award winners and nominees

value: List of Iranian Academy Award winners and nominees

value: List of Italian Academy Award winners and nominees

value: List of Jewish Academy Award winners and nominees

value: List of Latin American Academy Award winners and nominees

value: List of Mexican Academy Award winners and nominees

value: List of New Zealand Academy Award winners and nominees

value: List of Nordic Academy Award winners and nominees

value: List of Academy Award winners and nominees from Pakistan

value: List of Polish Academy Award winners and nominees

value: List of Puerto Rican Academy Award winners and nominees

value: List of Spanish Academy Award winners and nominees

value: List of Uruguayan Academy Award winners and nominees

value: List of fictitious Academy Award winners and nominees

value: List of LGBT Academy Award winners and nominees

value: List of people who have won multiple Academy Awards in a single year

value: List of posthumous Academy Award winners and nominees

value: List of presenters of Best Picture Academy Award

value: List of Academy Award trophies on public display

value: List of oldest and youngest Academy Award winners and nominees

value: List of Female Academy Award winners and nominees for non-gendered categories

attr: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

value: Category:Academy Award winners and nominees by nationality or region

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: Liste des lauréats et nommés indiens aux Oscars – French

value: Daftar pemenang dan nominasi Penghargaan Akademi dari India – Indonesian

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-List_of_Academy_Award_winners_and_nominees_from_India rootpage-List_of_Academy_Award_winners_and_nominees_from_India skin-vector action-view


text:
Hector (ship)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Hector
Location
Pictou, Nova Scotia, Canada.
Type
Museum ship
Website
shiphector.com
Part of a series on the
History of Nova Scotia
Bluenose
Events
Port Royal established 1605
Conquest of Acadia 1710
Halifax established 1749
Bay of Fundy Campaign 1755
Fall of Louisbourg 1758
Representative Government established 1758
Halifax Treaties 1760-61
First significant Scottish immigration 1773
Battle of Fort Cumberland 1776
Birchtown established 1783
Capture of USS Chesapeake 1813
Freedom of the Press 1835
First Acadian MLA elected 1837
Responsible Government established 1848
Chesapeake Affair 1861
Co Op Movement begins 1861
Anti-Confederation Party elected 1867
Saxby Gale 1869
Launch of William D. Lawrence 1873
First airplane in the British Commonwealth 1909
Halifax Explosion 1917
Nova Scotia [Women’s] Franchise Act 1918
Launch of Bluenose 1922
Coal Miners' Memorial Day 1925
Pugwash Conferences established 1957
Springhill mining disaster 1958
NS Human Rights Commission established 1967
Acadian Federation of Nova Scotia established 1968
First 'Treaty Day' 1986
Westray Mine explosion 1992
First Black MLA elected 1993
Mi'kmaq-Nova Scotia-Canada Tripartite Forum 1997
Viola Desmond Apology 2010
Other
Military history of Nova Scotia
Military history of the Acadians
Military history of the Mi’kmaq people
History of Halifax
Black Nova Scotians
Nova Scotia portal
History of Canada portal
v
t
e
Hector was a ship famous for having been part of the first significant migration of Scottish settlers to Nova Scotia in 1773. The replica of the original ship is located at the Hector Heritage Quay, a heritage center run by local volunteers, in Pictou.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Replica
3 Specifications
4 Bibliography
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
Hector at Heritage Quay, 2012
Hector Pioneer Monument, Pictou, Nova Scotia by internationally renowned Nova Scotian sculptor John Wilson.
A full rigged Fluyt, Hector (built in the Netherlands before 1750)[2] was employed in local trade in waters off the British Isles as well as the immigrant trade to North America, having made at least one trip c. 1770 carrying Scottish emigrants to Boston, Massachusetts.
In 1762 the earliest of the Fuadaich nan Gàidheal (Scottish Highland Clearances) forced many Gaelic families off their ancestral lands. The first ship loaded with Hebridean colonists arrived on "St.-John's Island" (Prince Edward Island) in 1770, with later ships following in 1772, and 1774.[3] In 1773 a ship named The Hector landed in Pictou, Nova Scotia, with 189 settlers, mostly originating from Lochbroom.[4] In 1784 the last barrier to Scottish settlement – a law restricting land-ownership on Cape Breton Island – was repealed, and soon both PEI and Nova Scotia were predominantly Gaelic-speaking.[5] It is estimated more than 50,000 Gaelic settlers emigrated to Nova Scotia and Cape Breton Island between 1815 and 1870.[3]
Her famous voyage took place in 1773 with a departure date around the second week of July, carrying 189 Highlanders who were immigrating to Nova Scotia. The vessel's owner, Mr. John Pagan,[6] along with Dr. John Witherspoon, purchased three shares of land near Pictou, Nova Scotia. Pagan and Witherspoon hired John Ross as a recruiting agent for settlers willing to emigrate to Pictou with an offer of free passage, 1 year of free provisions, and a farm. The settlers (23 families, 25 single men) were recruited at Greenock Renfrewshire and at Lochbroom (Ross-shire) with the majority being from Lochbroom. The settlers that boarded Hector were poor, "obscure, illiterate crofters and artisans from Northern [Scotland], who spoke Gaelic."[7] The school teacher, William McKenzie was one of the few passengers on the Hector to speak both Gaelic and English.[8]
Hector was an old ship and in poor condition when she left Europe.[2] The arduous voyage to Pictou took 11 weeks, with a gale off Newfoundland causing a 14-day delay. Dysentery[9] and smallpox claimed 18 lives amongst the passengers.[10] The vessel arrived in Pictou Harbour on September 15, landing at Brown's Point, immediately west of the present-day town of Pictou.
The year's free provisions never materialized for the passengers of Hector.[11] They had to hurry to build shelter without those provisions before winter set in and starved them.
Replica[edit]
During the late 1980s and early 1990s, heritage officials in Nova Scotia sought to commemorate the Hector's contribution to Nova Scotia's Scottish history. In 1992, the Ship Hector Foundation was formed from a group of volunteers in Pictou County and elsewhere who began to raise funds for the construction, maintenance and operation of a replica of Hector.
The Hector Heritage Quay, along with the Ship Hector Company Store were opened on the Pictou waterfront in the ensuing years. The marine architect firm J.B. McGuire Marine Associates Ltd. was commissioned to research the particulars of the original Hector and to develop blueprints for an accurate replica. Scotia Trawlers of Lunenburg, Nova Scotia were commissioned to complete phase one and two of the construction at the Hector Heritage Quay, which allowed visitors to the Pictou waterfront to observe the ship's progress, making it an important local attraction. After several years of construction, the replica Hector was launched with great fanfare and media coverage on September 17, 2000. The date had been delayed due to poor weather on the 16th.
The Quay, opened May to October, offers a three story interpretive centre, along with blacksmith, carpentry, and rigger shops.
Specifications[edit]
Year built: before 1750
Location: Netherlands
Deck length overall: 25.9 m (85 ft)
Beam: 6.7 m (22 ft)
Gross tonnage: 200
Number of masts: 3
Owner: Mr. John Pagan, a merchant in Greenock, Renfrewshire, Scotland
Bibliography[edit]
Boudreau, Michael. "A 'Rare and Unusual Treat of Historical Significance': The 1923 Hector Celebration and the Political Economy of the Past." Journal of Canadian Studies 28 (4) (1993): 28-48.
Bumsted, J.M. (1981). Scottish Emigration to the Maritimes, 1770-1815: A New Look at an Old Theme. 10. pp. 65–85.
Campey, Lucille H. "After the Hector" Toronto: Natural Heritage/Natural History Inc., 2004
MacKay, Donald. Scotland Farewell: The People of the Hector. Toronto: Natural Heritage/Natural History Inc., 2001.
Reid, Leonard M. Sons of the Hector. New Glasgow, Nova Scotia: Hector Publishing Co., 1973.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Historian Ian McKay and Robin Bates note that there were many Scots already in Nova Scotia prior to the arrival of the Hector (See In the Province of History. McGill-Queens. 2010. p. 271-272
^ Jump up to: a b Leonard M. Reid, Sons of the Hector (New Glasgow, Nova Scotia: Hector Publishing Co., 1973), 9.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Case of Gaelic (selection from The Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples/Scots/J.m. Bumsted)". Archived from the original on December 26, 2012. Retrieved August 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ unknown (2005). "Hector Festival". DeCoste Centre. Archived from the original on February 21, 2009. Retrieved November 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kennedy, Michael (2002). "Gaelic Economic-impact Study" (PDF). Nova Scotia Museum. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-08-28. Retrieved 2006-08-30.
Jump up ^ Ron Wallis, "History of Pictou", Town of Pictou Nova Scotia, accessed November 2, 2008.
Jump up ^ Donald MacKay, Scotland Farewell: The People of the Hector (Toronto: Natural Heritage/Natural History Inc, 2001), vii.
Jump up ^ Leonard M. Reid, Sons of the Hector (New Glasgow, Nova Scotia: Hector Publishing Co., 1973), 13
Jump up ^ Randal W. Oulton and Penelope Chrisholm, "The Hector Passenger List, Arrived in Pictou 1773", Pictou County Nova Scotia GenWeb, accessed November 2, 2008.
Jump up ^ "The Hector Story", Town of Pictou Nova Scotia, accessed November 2, 2008.
Jump up ^ Leonard M. Reid, Sons of the Hector (New Glasgow, Nova Scotia: Hector Publishing Co., 1973), 18.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Hector (ship) (category)
Hector Heritage Quay - official website
Hector passenger list
Coordinates: 45°40′29″N 62°42′37″W / 45.67465°N 62.71022°W / 45.67465; -62.71022
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hector_(ship)&oldid=821259872"
Categories:
History museums in Nova Scotia
History of Scotland
Ships of Scotland
Museum ships in Nova Scotia
Ships built in Nova Scotia
Tourist attractions in Pictou County, Nova Scotia
Age of Sail merchant ships
Individual sailing vessels
Immigration to Canada
Museums in Pictou County, Nova Scotia
Replica ships
Hidden categories:
Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia
Coordinates on Wikidata
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 19 January 2018, at 10:30.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

tag: i

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

tag: caption

value:
nofollow
http://shiphector.com/
external text

value: padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;

value:
/wiki/Habitation_at_Port-Royal
mw-redirect
Habitation at Port-Royal

value:
/wiki/History_of_Halifax
mw-redirect
History of Halifax

value: Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs

value: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;border-top: 1px solid #ccc; text-align: center

value: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

value:
/wiki/Pictou,_Nova_Scotia
mw-redirect
Pictou, Nova Scotia

value:
/wiki/John_Wilson_(sculptor)
mw-redirect
John Wilson (sculptor)

value:
/wiki/Full_rigged_ship
mw-redirect
Full rigged ship

value:
/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts
mw-redirect
Boston, Massachusetts

value: Lochbroom, Highland (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/Colony_of_Newfoundland
mw-redirect
Colony of Newfoundland

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.shiphector.com

value: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

value: Category:Tourist attractions in Pictou County, Nova Scotia

value: Category:Museums in Pictou County, Nova Scotia

value: Category:Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Hector_(ship)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Hector_ship rootpage-Hector_ship skin-vector action-view


text:
Necessity and sufficiency
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the formal terminology in logic. For causal meanings of the terms, see Causality. For the concepts in statistics, see Sufficient statistic.
In logic, necessity and sufficiency are implicational relationships between statements.
The assertion that one statement is a necessary and sufficient condition of another means that the former statement is true if and only if the latter is true. That is, the two statements must be either simultaneously true or simultaneously false.[1][2][3]
In ordinary English, "necessary" and "sufficient" indicate relations between conditions or states of affairs, not statements. Being a male sibling is a necessary and sufficient condition for being a brother.
Contents
[hide]
1 Definitions
2 Necessity
3 Sufficiency
4 Relationship between necessity and sufficiency
5 Simultaneous necessity and sufficiency
6 See also
6.1 Argument forms involving necessary and sufficient conditions
6.1.1 Valid forms of argument
6.1.2 Invalid forms of argument (i.e., fallacies)
7 References
8 External links
Definitions[edit]
In the conditional statement, "if S, then N", the expression represented by S is called the antecedent and the expression represented by N is called the consequent. This conditional statement may be written in many equivalent ways, for instance, "N if S", "S implies N", "S only if N", "N is implied by S", S ⇒ N, or "N whenever S".[4]
In the above situation, we also say that N is a necessary condition for S. In common language this is saying that if the conditional statement is a true statement, then the consequent N must be true if S may at all be true (see "truth table" immediately below). Phrased differently, the antecedent S can not be true without N being true. For example, in order for someone to be called Socrates, it is necessary for that someone to be Named.
We also say that S is a sufficient condition for N. Consider the truth table again. If the conditional statement is true, then if S is true, N must be true. In common terms, "S guarantees N". Continuing the example, knowing that someone is called Socrates is sufficient to know that that someone has a Name.
A necessary and sufficient condition requires that both of the implications S ⇒ {\displaystyle \Rightarrow } N and N ⇒ {\displaystyle \Rightarrow } S (which can also be written as S ⇐ {\displaystyle \Leftarrow } N) hold. From the first of these we see that S is a sufficient condition for N, and from the second that S is a necessary condition for N. This is expressed as "S is necessary and sufficient for N ", "S if and only if N ", or S ⇔ {\displaystyle \Leftrightarrow } N.
Truth table
S
N
S ⇒ {\displaystyle \Rightarrow } N
S ⇐ {\displaystyle \Leftarrow } N
S ⇔ {\displaystyle \Leftrightarrow } N
T T T T T
T F F T F
F T T F F
F F T T T
Necessity[edit]
The sun being above the horizon is a necessary condition for direct sunlight; but it is not a sufficient condition, as something else may be casting a shadow, e.g., the moon in the case of an eclipse.
The assertion that Q is necessary for P is colloquially equivalent to "P cannot be true unless Q is true" or "if Q is false, then P is false". By contraposition, this is the same thing as "whenever P is true, so is Q". The logical relation between them is expressed as "if P, then Q" and denoted "P ⇒ Q" (P implies Q). It may also be expressed as any of "P only if Q", "Q, if P", "Q whenever P", and "Q when P". One often finds, in mathematical prose for instance, several necessary conditions that, taken together, constitute a sufficient condition, as shown in Example 5.
Example 1
For it to be true that "John is a bachelor", it is necessary that it be also true that he is
unmarried,
male,
adult,
since to state "John is a bachelor" implies John has each of those three additional predicates.
Example 2
For the whole numbers greater than two, being odd is necessary to being prime, since two is the only whole number that is both even and prime.
Example 3
Consider thunder, the sound caused by lightning. We say that thunder is necessary for lightning, since lightning never occurs without thunder. Whenever there's lightning, there's thunder. The thunder does not cause the lightning (since lightning causes thunder), but because lightning always comes with thunder, we say that thunder is necessary for lightning. (That is, in its formal sense, necessity doesn't imply causality.)
Example 4
Being at least 30 years old is necessary for serving in the U.S. Senate. If you are under 30 years old, then it is impossible for you to be a senator. That is, if you are a senator, it follows that you are at least 30 years old.
Example 5
In algebra, for some set S together with an operation ⋆ {\displaystyle \star } to form a group, it is necessary that ⋆ {\displaystyle \star } be associative. It is also necessary that S include a special element e such that for every x in S it is the case that e ⋆ {\displaystyle \star } x and x ⋆ {\displaystyle \star } e both equal x. It is also necessary that for every x in S there exist a corresponding element x "such that both x ⋆ {\displaystyle \star } x " and x" ⋆ {\displaystyle \star } x equal the special element e. None of these three necessary conditions by itself is sufficient, but the conjunction of the three is.
Sufficiency[edit]
That a train runs on schedule can be a sufficient condition for arriving on time (if one boards the train and it departs on time, then one will arrive on time); but it is not always a necessary condition, since there are other ways to travel (if the train does not run to time, one could still arrive on time through other means of transport).
If P is sufficient for Q, then knowing P to be true is adequate grounds to conclude that Q is true; however, knowing P to be false does not meet a minimal need to conclude that Q is false.
The logical relation is expressed as "if P, then Q" or "P ⇒ Q". This can also be expressed as "P only if Q" or "P implies Q". Several sufficient conditions may, taken together, constitute a single necessary condition, as illustrated in example 5.
Example 1
"John is a king" implies that John is male. So knowing that it is true that John is a king is sufficient to know that he is a male.
Example 2
A number's being divisible by 4 is sufficient (but not necessary) for its being even, but being divisible by 2 is both sufficient and necessary.
Example 3
An occurrence of thunder is a sufficient condition for the occurrence of lightning in the sense that hearing thunder, and unambiguously recognizing it as such, justifies concluding that there has been a lightning bolt.
Example 4
If the U.S. Congress passes a bill, the president's signature of the bill is sufficient to make it law. Note that the case whereby the president did not sign the bill, e.g. through exercising a presidential veto, does not mean that the bill has not become law (it could still have become law through a congressional override).
Example 5
That the center of a playing card should be marked with a single large spade (♠) is sufficient for the card to be an ace. Three other sufficient conditions are that the center of the card be marked with a diamond (♦), heart (♥), or club (♣), respectively. None of these conditions is necessary to the card's being an ace, but their disjunction is, since no card can be an ace without fulfilling at least (in fact, exactly) one of the conditions.
Relationship between necessity and sufficiency[edit]
Being in the purple region is sufficient for being in A, but not necessary. Being in A is necessary for being in the purple region, but not sufficient. Being in A and being in B is necessary and sufficient for being in the purple region.
A condition can be either necessary or sufficient without being the other. For instance, being a mammal (N) is necessary but not sufficient to being human (S), and that a number x {\displaystyle x} is rational (S) is sufficient but not necessary to x {\displaystyle x} being a real number (N) (since there are real numbers that are not rational).
A condition can be both necessary and sufficient. For example, at present, "today is the Fourth of July" is a necessary and sufficient condition for "today is Independence Day in the United States". Similarly, a necessary and sufficient condition for invertibility of a matrix M is that M has a nonzero determinant.
Mathematically speaking, necessity and sufficiency are dual to one another. For any statements S and N, the assertion that "N is necessary for S" is equivalent to the assertion that "S is sufficient for N". Another facet of this duality is that, as illustrated above, conjunctions (using "and") of necessary conditions may achieve sufficiency, while disjunctions (using "or") of sufficient conditions may achieve necessity. For a third facet, identify every mathematical predicate N with the set T(N) of objects, events, or statements for which N holds true; then asserting the necessity of N for S is equivalent to claiming that T(N) is a superset of T(S), while asserting the sufficiency of S for N is equivalent to claiming that T(S) is a subset of T(N).
Simultaneous necessity and sufficiency[edit]
See also: Material equivalence
To say that P is necessary and sufficient for Q is to say two things:
that P is necessary for Q, P ⇐ Q {\displaystyle P\Leftarrow Q} , and that P is sufficient for Q, P ⇒ Q {\displaystyle P\Rightarrow Q} .
equivalently, it may be understood to say that P and Q is necessary for the other, P ⇒ Q ∧ Q ⇒ P {\displaystyle P\Rightarrow Q\land Q\Rightarrow P} , which can also be stated as
each is sufficient for or implies the other.
One may summarize any, and thus all, of these cases by the statement "P if and only if Q", which is denoted by P ⇔ Q {\displaystyle P\Leftrightarrow Q} , whereas cases tell us that P ⇔ Q {\displaystyle P\Leftrightarrow Q} is identical to P ⇒ Q ∧ Q ⇒ P {\displaystyle P\Rightarrow Q\land Q\Rightarrow P} .
For example, in graph theory a graph G is called bipartite if it is possible to assign to each of its vertices the color black or white in such a way that every edge of G has one endpoint of each color. And for any graph to be bipartite, it is a necessary and sufficient condition that it contain no odd-length cycles. Thus, discovering whether a graph has any odd cycles tells one whether it is bipartite and conversely. A philosopher[5] might characterize this state of affairs thus: "Although the concepts of bipartiteness and absence of odd cycles differ in intension, they have identical extension.[6]
In mathematics, theorems are often stated in the form "P is true if and only if Q is true". Their proofs normally first prove sufficiency, e.g. P ⇒ Q {\displaystyle P\Rightarrow Q} . Secondly, the opposite is proven, Q ⇒ P {\displaystyle Q\Rightarrow P}
either directly, assuming Q is true and demonstrating that the Q circle is located within P, or
contrapositively, that is demonstrating that stepping outside circle of P, we fall out the Q: assuming not P, not Q results.
This proves that the circles for Q and P match on the Venn diagrams above.
Because, as explained in previous section, necessity of one for the other is equivalent to sufficiency of the other for the first one, e.g. P ⇐ Q {\displaystyle P\Leftarrow Q} is equivalent to Q ⇒ P {\displaystyle Q\Rightarrow P} , if P is necessary and sufficient for Q, then Q is necessary and sufficient for P. We can write P ⇔ Q ≡ Q ⇔ P {\displaystyle P\Leftrightarrow Q\equiv Q\Leftrightarrow P} and say that the statements "P is true if and only if Q, is true" and "Q is true if and only if P is true" are equivalent.
See also[edit]
Causality
Material implication (disambiguation)
Wason selection task
Closed concept
Argument forms involving necessary and sufficient conditions[edit]
Valid forms of argument[edit]
Modus ponens
Modus tollens
Invalid forms of argument (i.e., fallacies)[edit]
Affirming the consequent
Denying the antecedent
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Betz, Frederick (2011). Managing Science: Methodology and Organization of Research. New York: Springer. p. 247. ISBN 978-1-4419-7487-7.
Jump up ^ Manktelow, K.I. (1999). Reasoning and Thinking. East Sussex, UK: Psychology Press. ISBN 0-86377-708-2.
Jump up ^ Asnina, Erika; Osis, Janis & Jansone, Asnate (2013). "Formal Specification of Topological Relations". Databases and Information Systems VII: 175. doi:10.3233/978-1-61499-161-8-175.
Jump up ^ Devlin, Keith (2004), Sets, Functions and Logic / An Introduction to Abstract Mathematics (3rd ed.), Chapman & Hall, pp. 22–23, ISBN 978-1-58488-449-1
Jump up ^ Stanford University primer, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Meanings, in this sense, are often called intensions, and things designated, extensions. Contexts in which extension is all that matters are, naturally, called extensional, while contexts in which extension is not enough are intensional. Mathematics is typically extensional throughout." Stanford University primer, 2006.
External links[edit]
Critical thinking web tutorial: Necessary and Sufficient Conditions
Simon Fraser University: Concepts with examples
[show]
v
t
e
Logic
Outline
History
Fields
Argumentation theory
Axiology
Critical thinking
Logic in computer science
Mathematical logic
Metalogic
Metamathematics
Non-classical logic
Philosophical logic
Philosophy of logic
Set theory
Foundations
Abduction
Analytic and synthetic propositions
Antinomy
A priori and a posteriori
Deduction
Definition
Description
Induction
Inference
Logical form
Logical consequence
Logical truth
Name
Necessity and sufficiency
Meaning
Paradox
Possible world
Presupposition
Probability
Reason
Reference
Semantics
Statement
Strict implication
Substitution
Syntax
Truth
Validity
Lists
topics
Mathematical logic
Boolean algebra
Set theory
other
Logicians
Rules of inference
Paradoxes
Fallacies
Logic symbols
Portal
Category
WikiProject (talk)
changes
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Necessity_and_sufficiency&oldid=804745773"
Categories:
Concepts in logic
Concepts in metaphysics
Conditionals
Dichotomies
Mathematical terminology
Necessity and sufficiency
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
አማርኛ
العربية
تۆرکجه
Català
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
한국어
Հայերեն
Italiano
עברית
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nederlands
Polski
Português
Русский
Suomi
Svenska
Українська
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 10 October 2017, at 21:49.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attr: role class

value:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

tag: b

value:
/wiki/Implicational
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Implicational

value:
/wiki/Ordinary_English
mw-redirect
Ordinary English

value: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.334ex; height:1.843ex;

value:
wikitable
margin:1em auto; text-align:center;

value: vertical-align: 0.014ex; margin-bottom: -0.185ex; width:1.173ex; height:1.509ex;

value:
/wiki/Conjunction_(logic)
mw-redirect
Conjunction (logic)

value:
/wiki/Veto_override
mw-redirect
Veto override

value: Edit section: Relationship between necessity and sufficiency

value: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.34ex; height:1.676ex;

value:
/wiki/Fourth_of_July
mw-redirect
Fourth of July

value:
/wiki/Inverse_matrix
mw-redirect
Inverse matrix

value:
/wiki/Predicate_(mathematics)
mw-redirect
Predicate (mathematics)

value: Edit section: Simultaneous necessity and sufficiency

value:
/wiki/Material_equivalence
mw-redirect
Material equivalence

value: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.229ex; height:2.509ex;

value: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:17.051ex; height:2.509ex;

value: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:17.567ex; height:2.509ex;

value: Edit section: Argument forms involving necessary and sufficient conditions

value: Edit section: Invalid forms of argument (i.e., fallacies)

value:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

value:
/wiki/Strict_implication
mw-redirect
Strict implication

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

value:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Necessity_and_sufficiency
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: በቂና አስፈላጊ – Amharic

value: شرط ضروري وشرط كاف – Arabic

value: Condició necessària i suficient – Catalan

value: Notwendige und hinreichende Bedingung – German

value: Condición necesaria y suficiente – Spanish

value: Beharrezkotasuna eta nahikotasuna – Basque

value: لازم و کافی – Persian

value: 필요충분조건 – Korean

value: Անհրաժեշտ և բավարար պայմաններ – Armenian

value: Condizione necessaria e sufficiente – Italian

value: תנאי הכרחי – Hebrew

value: ဧကန်မုချဖြစ်ခြင်းနှင့် လုံလောက်ခြင်း – Burmese

value: Noodzakelijke en voldoende voorwaarde – Dutch

value: Condições necessárias e suficientes – Portuguese

value: Необходимое и достаточное условия – Russian

value: Nödvändiga och tillräckliga villkor – Swedish

value: Необхідна і достатня умова – Ukrainian

value: 充分必要条件 – Chinese

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Necessity_and_sufficiency rootpage-Necessity_and_sufficiency vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view