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Daylight saving time in the United States
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Ohio Clock in the U.S. Capitol being turned forward for the country's first daylight saving time in 1918
Daylight saving time in the United States is the practice of setting the clock forward by one hour during the warmer part of the year, so that evenings have more daylight and mornings have less. Most areas of the United States observe daylight saving time (DST), the exceptions being Arizona (except for the Navajo, who do observe daylight saving time on tribal lands),[1] Hawaii,[2] and the overseas territories of American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the United States Virgin Islands. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 established the system of uniform Daylight Saving Time throughout the US.
In the U.S., daylight saving time starts on the second Sunday in March and ends on the first Sunday in November, with the time changes taking place at 2:00 a.m. local time. With a mnemonic word play referring to seasons, clocks "spring forward, fall back"—that is, in springtime the clocks are moved forward from 2:00 a.m. to 3:00 a.m. and in fall they are moved back from 2:00 a.m. to 1:00 a.m. Daylight saving time lasts for a total of 34 weeks (238 days) every year, about 65% of the entire year.
The following table lists recent past and near future starting and ending dates of daylight saving time in the United States:
Year
Start
End
2015 March 8 November 1
2016 March 13 November 6
2017 March 12 November 5
2018 March 11 November 4
2019 March 10 November 3
2020 March 8 November 1
2021 March 14 November 7
2022 March 13 November 6
2023 March 12 November 5
2024 March 10 November 3
Contents
[hide]
1 History of DST in the United States
1.1 1916–1966: Early, inconsistent use
1.2 1966–1972: Federal standard established
1.3 1973–1975: Year-round experiment
1.4 1975–1986: Extension of daylight saving time
1.5 2005–2009: Second extension
2 Procedure for modifications
2.1 Changing an area's time zone
2.2 Moving an area on or off DST
3 Local DST observance
3.1 Alaska
3.2 Arizona
3.2.1 Reservations in Arizona
3.3 California
3.4 Florida
3.5 Hawaii
3.6 Indiana
3.7 Michigan
3.8 Nevada
3.9 Washington
3.10 Other U.S. locations
4 Time zones
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History of DST in the United States[edit]
Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. His essay, “An Economical Project for Diminishing the Cost of Light”, written to the editor of The Journal of Paris, observed that Parisians could save on candles by getting out of bed earlier in the morning, making use of the natural morning light instead. Franklin's suggestion seems to have been more of a joke than a real proposal, and nothing came of it.[3]
1916–1966: Early, inconsistent use[edit]
During World War I, in an effort to conserve fuel, Germany began observing DST on May 1, 1916. The rest of Europe soon followed. The plan was not adopted in the United States until the Standard Time Act of March 19, 1918, which confirmed the existing standard time zone system and set summer DST to begin on March 31, 1918 (reverting October 27).[4] The idea was unpopular and Congress abolished DST after the war, overriding President Woodrow Wilson's veto.[5] DST became a local option and was observed in some states until World War II, when President Franklin Roosevelt instituted year-round DST, called "War Time", on February 9, 1942.[6] It lasted until the last Sunday (the 30th) in September 1945. After 1945 many states and cities east of the Mississippi River (and mostly north of the Ohio and Potomac rivers) adopted summer DST.[7]
From 1945 to 1966 there was no federal law on daylight saving time, so localities could choose when it began and ended or drop it entirely. As of 1954, only California and Nevada had statewide DST west of the Mississippi, and only a few cities between Nevada and St. Louis. In the 1964 Official Railway Guide, 21 of the 48 contiguous states had no DST anywhere.
1966–1972: Federal standard established[edit]
By 1962, the transportation industry found the lack of consistency confusing enough to push for federal regulation. The result was the Uniform Time Act of 1966 (P.L. 89-387). Beginning in 1967, the act mandated standard time within the established time zones and provided for advanced time: clocks would be advanced one hour beginning at 2:00 a.m. on the last Sunday in April and turned back one hour at 2:00 a.m. on the last Sunday in October. States were allowed to exempt themselves from DST as long as the entire state did so. If a state chose to observe DST, the time changes were required to begin and end on the established dates. In 1967, Arizona and Michigan became the first states to exempt themselves from DST (Michigan would begin observing DST in 1972). In 1972, the act was amended (P.L. 92-267), allowing those states split between time zones to exempt either the entire state or that part of the state lying within a different time zone. The newly created Department of Transportation (DOT) was given power to enforce the law. As of 2014, the following states and territories are not observing DST: Arizona, Hawaii, American Samoa, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands.[7]
1973–1975: Year-round experiment[edit]
During the 1973 oil embargo by the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC), in an effort to conserve fuel, Congress enacted a trial period of year-round DST (P.L. 93-182), beginning January 6, 1974, and ending April 27, 1975.[8] The trial was hotly debated. Those in favor pointed to increased daylight hours in the summer evening: more time for recreation, reduced lighting and heating demands, reduced crime, and reduced automobile accidents. The opposition was concerned about children leaving for school in the dark. The act was amended in October 1974 (P.L. 93-434) to return to standard time for the period beginning October 27, 1974, and ending February 23, 1975, when DST resumed. When the trial ended in 1975, the country returned to observing summer DST (with the aforementioned exceptions).[7]
1975–1986: Extension of daylight saving time[edit]
The DOT, evaluating the plan of extending DST into March, reported in 1975 that "modest overall benefits might be realized by a shift from the historic six-month DST (May through October) in areas of energy conservation, overall traffic safety and reduced violent crime." However, DOT also reported that these benefits were minimal and difficult to distinguish from seasonal variations and fluctuations in energy prices.[7]
Congress then asked the National Bureau of Standards (NBS, today NIST) to evaluate the DOT report. Its report, "Review and Technical Evaluation of the DOT Daylight Saving Time Study" (April 1976), found no significant energy savings or differences in traffic fatalities.[9] It did find statistically significant evidence of increased fatalities among school-age children in the mornings during the four-month period January–April 1974 as compared with the same period (non-DST) of 1973. NBS stated that it was impossible to determine, what, if any, of this increase was due to DST. When this data was compared between 1973 and 1974 for the months of March and April, no significant difference was found in fatalities among school-age children in the mornings.[7]
In 1986 Congress enacted P.L. 99-359, amending the Uniform Time Act by changing the beginning of DST to the first Sunday in April and having the end remain the last Sunday in October.[7] These start and end dates were in effect from 1987 to 2006. The time was adjusted at 2:00 a.m. local time.
2005–2009: Second extension[edit]
By the Energy Policy Act of 2005, daylight saving time (DST) was extended in the United States beginning in 2007.[10] As from that year, DST begins on the second Sunday of March and ends on the first Sunday of November. In years when April 1 falls on Monday through Wednesday, these changes result in a DST period that is five weeks longer; in all other years the DST period is instead four weeks longer.[11] In 2008 daylight saving time ended at 2:00 a.m. DST (0200) (1:00 a.m. ST) on Sunday, November 2, and in 2009 it began at 2:00 a.m. (3:00 a.m. DST) on Sunday, March 8.[12]
Under Section 110 of the Act, the U.S. Department of Energy was required to study the impact of the 2007 DST extension no later than nine months after the change took effect. The report, released in October 2008, reported a nationwide electricity savings of 0.03% for the year of 2007.[13]
An October 2008 study conducted by the University of California at Santa Barbara for the National Bureau of Economic Research found that the 2006 DST adoption in Indiana increased energy consumption in Indiana by an average of 1%. Although consumption for lighting dropped as a result of the DST adoption, consumption for heating and cooling increased by 2% to 4%. The cost to the average Indiana household of the DST adoption was determined to be $3.29 per year, for an aggregate cost of $1.7 million to $5.5 million per year.[14]
The United States Chamber of Commerce has praised the extension of daylight's saving under the 2005 law, which increased the amount of shopping and commerce from after work in evenings. In the golf industry, the group has noted exceptional increase in revenue of "$200 million in additional sales of golf clubs and greens fees".[15] The extension of Daylight's Saving has also had a notable impact on Halloween and candy sales.[16] Wyoming Senator Michael Enzi and Michigan Representative Fred Upton advocated the extension from October into November especially to allow children to go trick-or-treating in more daylight.[17] In some areas, the extension of daylight saving time in March and November has pushed back sunrise to as late as 8:30 am.[16]
Procedure for modifications[edit]
Changing an area's time zone[edit]
Under the Standard Time Act of 1918, as amended by the Uniform Time Act of 1966, moving a state or an area within a state from one time zone to another requires a regulation issued by DOT. The governor or state legislature may initiate a request for the state or any part of the state; the highest elected officials in the county may make a request for that county. The standard in the statute for such decisions is the convenience of commerce in that area. The convenience of commerce is defined broadly to consider such circumstances as the shipment of goods within the community; the origin of television and radio broadcasts; the areas where most residents work, attend school, worship, or receive health care; the location of airports, railway, and bus stations; and the major elements of the community's economy.[7]
After receiving a request for altering a time zone, DOT determines whether it meets the requirement of minimum statutory criteria before issuing a notice of proposed rulemaking, soliciting public comment and scheduling a public hearing. Usually the hearing is held in the area requesting the change so that all affected parties can be represented. After the close of the comment period, the comments are reviewed and appropriate final action taken. If the Secretary agrees that the statutory requirement has been met, the change is instituted, usually at the next changeover to or from DST.[7]
Moving an area on or off DST[edit]
Under the Uniform Time Act, moving an area on or off DST is accomplished through legal action at the state level. Some states require legislation while others require executive action such as a governor's executive order. Information on procedures required in a specific state may be obtained from that state's legislature or governor's office. Although it may exempt itself, if a state decides to observe DST, the dates of observance must comply with federal legislation.[7]
Local DST observance[edit]
Alaska[edit]
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2017)
Alaska observes DST. Due to its high latitude, Alaska has nearly round-the-clock daylight during summer, and DST is seen by some Alaskans as unnecessary and a nuisance. Another issue is that the Alaskan mainland's single time zone, which approximates solar time in the capital, Juneau, leads to a large disparity between civil time and solar time for much of the state, with solar noon occurring as late as 2:10 p.m. in the population centers of Anchorage and Fairbanks, and as late as 3:23 p.m. in places such as Nome. In Fairbanks, for example, sunset occurs well after civil midnight in the summer. Others argue that ending daylight saving time will place Alaska as much as five hours from Eastern Daylight Time, making coordination of travel and phone conversations more difficult.
In March 2015 the Alaska Senate passed a bill, introduced by state senator Anna MacKinnon, to end daylight saving time. The Alaska House formed a sub-committee that was due to look into the issue during the 2016 legislative session.[18]
Arizona[edit]
Arizona observed DST in 1967 under the Uniform Time Act because the state legislature did not enact an exemption statute that year. In March 1968 the DST exemption statute was enacted and the state of Arizona has not observed DST since 1967. This is in large part due to an effort to conserve energy. Phoenix and Tucson are among the hottest U.S. metropolitan areas during the summer, resulting in more power usage from air conditioning units and evaporative coolers in homes and businesses. An extra hour of sunlight while people are active would cause people to run their cooling systems longer, thereby using more energy.[19]
Reservations in Arizona[edit]
The Navajo Indian Reservation extends into Utah and New Mexico and does observe daylight saving time.[20] The Hopi Reservation is entirely within the state of Arizona and is an enclave within the Navajo Indian Reservation, but does not observe DST.[21]
California[edit]
California voters passed Proposition 12[22] in 1949, approving DST in the state.[23] In February 2017, California Assembly member Kansen Chu introduced A.B. 807,[24] proposing to enable the legislature to eliminate DST in the state, or, if federal law allows, to adopt DST for the entire year.[25] However, Chu later shelved his bill in September 2017.[26]
Florida[edit]
Daylight saving time is less useful in Florida compared to other states because its southern location leads to less variations in day length between winter and summer. Without DST, Miami, for instance, would experience similar sunrise and sunset times throughout the year to cities including Honolulu or Hong Kong, which have both abandoned DST for decades. There is opposition to DST in Florida.[27] State senator Bill Posey introduced a bill in March 2008 to abolish daylight time in the state and keep Florida on year-round standard time.[28] Because Florida straddles two time zones, the Florida legislature has the option of returning all or part of the state to standard time along time zone boundaries (i.e. placing the portion of the state in the Eastern time zone on standard time, while leaving the portion in the Central time zone on DST, so that the whole state had a common time). There are currently no states that keep daylight saving time year round.
On March 6, 2018, the Florida Senate approved the “Sunshine Protection Act” which would put Florida on permanent Daylight Saving Time year round, and Governor Rick Scott signed it March 23. Congress would need to amend the existing 1966 federal law to allow the change.[15][29]
Hawaii[edit]
Hawaii has never observed daylight saving time under the Uniform Time Act, having opted out of the Act's provisions in 1967.[30]
Because of Hawaii's tropical latitude, there is not a large variation in daylight length between winter and summer. Advancing the clock in Hawaii would make sunrise times close to 7:00 a.m. even in June.[31] Most of the inhabited islands are located close to the west end of the Hawaii-Aleutian time zone, but Oahu, Kauai, and Niihau are located more than 7 degrees west of the Hawaii-Aleutian time zone's meridian and should, theoretically, be located in the next time zone to the west. (Until about 1946 Hawaiian standard time was based on longitude 157.5 degrees west rather than 150 degrees.)
On April 26, 1933, the Territorial Legislature enacted a bill placing Hawaii on daylight saving time from the last Sunday in April (April 30 in that year) to the last Sunday in September, but the law was repealed three weeks later on May 21, 1933.[32] During World War II between February 9, 1942 and September 30, 1945, Hawaiian Standard Time was advanced one hour to so-called "Hawaiian War Time," effectively placing the territory on year-round daylight saving time.[33]
Indiana[edit]
See also: Time in Indiana
From 1970 until 2006, most of Indiana in the Eastern Time Zone did not observe daylight saving time, but the entire state started to do so in April 2006 after eight counties in western Indiana were shifted from the Central Time Zone to the Eastern Time Zone.[34] One goal for observing DST was to get more Indiana counties observing the same time zone; formerly, 77 counties observed EST, 5 observed EST/EDT (the EDT usage being unofficial only), and 10 observed CST/CDT. As of 2016[update], Indiana has 12 counties observing Central Daylight Time while the remaining 80 counties observe Eastern Daylight Time. Those counties observing CST are in two groups: one near or in the Chicago metropolitan area, and the other around Evansville in the southwest corner of the state.
Michigan[edit]
In 1967, the Michigan Legislature adopted a statute, Act 6 of the Public Acts of 1967, exempting the state from the observance of DST. The exemption statute was suspended on June 14, 1967, however, when the referendum was invoked. From June 14, 1967 until the last Sunday in October 1967, Michigan observed DST, and did so in 1968 as well. The exemption statute was submitted to the voters at the General Election held in November 1968, and, in a close vote, the exemption statute was sustained. As a result, Michigan did not observe DST in 1969, 1970, 1971, or 1972. (Radio station CKLW in Windsor, Ontario, just across the river from Detroit, was popular on both sides of the border and would often give both times on the air, e.g. "It's 4:30 in Detroit and 5:30 in Windsor!") In November 1972, an initiative measure, repealing the exemption statute, was approved by the voters. Michigan again observed DST in 1973, and has continued to do so since then.
The vast majority of Michigan is in the Eastern Time Zone. Only the Upper Peninsula counties that border Wisconsin (Gogebic, Iron, Dickinson, and Menominee) are in the Central Time Zone.
Nevada[edit]
In 2015, the Nevada Senate passed Nevada Assembly Joint Resolution 4[35], which urged Congress to enact legislation allowing individual states to establish daylight saving time as the standard time in their respective states throughout the calendar year. This would mean that Nevada is on the same time as Arizona all year, but would be an hour ahead of California in the winter.[36] The United States Congress has not yet enacted any enabling legislation in this regard.
Washington[edit]
In 2015, Rep. Elizabeth Scott (R-Monroe) filed a House bill to end DST in Washington, and a companion bill was filed in the Senate.[37] She told a House committee that the semiannual time switches are not only inconvenient but lead to health problems and accidents due to lost sleep.[38] She added that the bill to drop daylight saving time would reduce heart attacks, car wrecks, and work accidents found to increase with the sleep-schedule disruptions.[37] A different Senate Bill would petition the federal government for year-round DST.[37] The bills were defeated.[39]
Other U.S. locations[edit]
All U.S. insular territories with civilian government (American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands) lie in the tropics and do not observe DST.
While neighboring Samoa began observing DST in September 2010, the smaller American Samoa cannot legally follow because of the DST observation period mandated by the Uniform Time Act. This period is actually wintertime in this Southern Hemisphere territory.
Time zones[edit]
Many computer operating systems (such as Microsoft Windows, Linux, UNIX, and macOS) and programming languages (such as Java, perl, and most shell languages) allow a local time zone setting in the format of (standard time zone abbreviation)(UTC hour difference)(daylight saving time zone abbreviation). This allows programs and programming languages that must do calculations based on local time to more easily calculate differences between local time and UTC, as well as knowing whether calculations should be changed during daylight saving time. For example, a time zone setting of EST5EDT indicates that local time on the computer is 5 hours behind UTC and should be adjusted for daylight saving time.
Time Zone
Standard Time
Daylight Saving Time
TZ
Atlantic Time Zone AST (UTC-4) ADT (UTC-3) AST4ADT
Eastern Time Zone EST (UTC-5) EDT (UTC-4) EST5EDT
Central Time Zone CST (UTC-6) CDT (UTC-5) CST6CDT
Mountain Time Zone MST (UTC-7) MDT (UTC-6) MST7MDT
Pacific Time Zone PST (UTC-8) PDT (UTC-7) PST8PDT
Alaska Time Zone AKST (UTC-9) AKDT (UTC-8) AKST9AKDT
Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone HAST (UTC-10) HADT (UTC-9)
Aleutian Islands only HAST10HADT
See also[edit]
General topic
Daylight saving time
Daylight saving time by country
CHU distributes official time in Canada
History of time in the United States includes a list of historical daylight saving dates back to 1918
Official civil time distribution
WWV and WWVH (NIST Shortwave)
WWVB (NIST Longwave)
Quasi-governmental time distribution systems
CDMA cellphone stratum 2 time distribution system
GNSS global navigation stratum 1 time distribution system
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Most of Exempt from Daylight Saving Time", timeanddate.com. Retrieved February 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Daylight Time". United States Naval Observatory. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ History of Daylight Saving Time, timeanddate.com; accesses 2017.03.05.
Jump up ^ Editors (25 October 1918). "Clocks Change Tomorrow" (PDF). The New York Times Company. The New York Times. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
Jump up ^ 66th U.S. Congress. "CHAP. 51. An Act For the repeal of the daylight-saving law" (pdf). Legis Works. Retrieved November 3, 2013. (Pub.L. 66–40, 41 Stat. 280, enacted August 20, 1919)
Jump up ^ 77th U.S. Congress. "AN ACT To promote the national security and defense by establishing daylight saving time" (pdf). Legis Works. Retrieved November 3, 2013. (Pub.L. 77–403, 56 Stat. 9, enacted January 20, 1942)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Source: CRS Report to Congress s:Congressional Research Service Report RS22284 Daylight Saving Time
Jump up ^ 93rd U.S. Congress. "AN ACT To provide for daylight saving time on a year-round basis for a two-year trial period, ..." (pdf). United States Government Printing Office. Retrieved 2 November 2013. (Pub.L. 93–182, 87 Stat. 707, enacted December 15, 1973)
Jump up ^ Dunning, Brian. "Skeptoid #172: Daylight Saving Time Myths". Skeptoid. Retrieved June 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ 109th U.S. Congress. "Sec. 110. Daylight Savings" (PDF). An Act To ensure jobs for our future with secure, affordable, and reliable energy. United States Government Printing Office. Retrieved November 3, 2013. (Pub.L. 109–58, 119 Stat. 594, enacted August 8, 2005)
Jump up ^ Douma, Michael (2008). "Daylight Saving Time — When do we change our clocks?". Institute for Dynamic Educational Advancement. Retrieved March 8, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Time and Frequency Division FAQ". National Institute of Standards and Technology.
Jump up ^ Belzer, David B. (October 2008). "Impact of Extended Daylight Saving Time on National Energy Consumption" (PDF). U.S. Department of Energy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-18.
Jump up ^ Lotchen, Matthew (October 2008). "Does Daylight Saving Time Save Energy? Evidence from a Natural Experiment in Indiana" (PDF). National Bureau of Economic Research.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sunshine daydream: Florida bill would make daylight saving time year-round". Retrieved 2018-03-12.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Reasoning Behind Changing Daylight-Saving". NPR.org. Retrieved 2018-03-12.
Jump up ^ Ast, William F. III (October 30, 2009). "Time shifts backward early Sunday morning". The Herald-Palladium. Retrieved October 30, 2009.
Jump up ^ Moritz, Katie (April 10, 2015). "Clock Stopped on Daylight Saving Time Repeal – For Now". Juneau Empire. Retrieved May 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Shimoda, Yoshiyuki; Asahi, Takahiro; Taniguchi, Ayako; Mizuno, Minoru (2007). "Evaluation of city-scale impact of residential energy conservation measures using the detailed end-use simulation model". Energy. 32 (9): 1617. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2007.01.007.
Jump up ^ "Navajo Nation". Wwp.greenwichmeantime.com. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Strange 100-Year History of Daylight Saving Time". 2018-03-09. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
Jump up ^ "Proposition 12: Daylight Saving Time". UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. University of California Hastings. 1949. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "California Wants To Ban Daylight Saving Time". The Huffington Post. March 11, 2016. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ A.B. 807, 2017–2018 Reg. Sess. (Cal. 2017). An act to add Section 6808 to the Government Code, and to repeal Sections 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 of the Daylight Saving Time Act, an initiative measure approved at the November 8, 1949, special election, relating to daylight saving time.
Jump up ^ Murphy, Katy (March 10, 2017). "California debates daylight saving time — again". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Alexei, Koseff (September 13, 2017). "Daylight saving time survives another year in the California Legislature". Sacramento Bee. Retrieved March 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ "HB 701 – Daylight Saving Time". Retrieved May 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ Colavecchio-Van Sickler, Shannon (March 27, 2008). "Posey's daylight savings bill moves". Tampa Bay Times.
Jump up ^ "Florida Gov. says yes to daylight saving time year-round". The Charlotte Observer. Associated Press. 2018-03-23. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
Jump up ^ "Hawaii Revised Statutes, § 1-31". Capitol.hawaii.gov. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Astronomical Data Applications". U.S. Naval Meteorology & Oceanography Command. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ Session Laws of Hawaii, 933, enacted by Act 90 (approved April 26, 1933) and repealed by Act 163 (approved May 21, 1933). Cited in Schmitt, Robert; Cox, Doak (1992). "Hawaiian Time". The Hawaiian Journal of History. 26: 220. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013. Retrieved November 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ Schmitt and Cox, p. 221.
Jump up ^ Standard Time Zone Boundary in the State of Indiana (a 139 KB PDF file)
Jump up ^ Assembly Joint Resolution No. 4 (PDF) (Report). Nevada Legislature. 2015-05-25.
Jump up ^ Chereb, Sandra (2015-05-18). "Nevada lawmakers urge Congress to allow state to stay on daylight savings time". Las Vegas Review-Journal.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Bill would end daylight saving time in Washington state". The Oregonian. AP. February 3, 2015. Retrieved November 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Nunnally, Derrick (February 3, 2015). "Lawmakers want to end Daylight Saving Time in Washington". AP. Retrieved November 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Senate bill to end Daylight Saving Time in Washington dies". Retrieved February 12, 2018.
External links[edit]
Washington Post: Overview of anti-DST initiatives by states in 2015
Steverman, Ben (March 10, 2017). "Proof daylight saving time is dumb, dangerous, and costly". Boston Globe. Bloomberg News. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
[hide]
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Daylight saving time in the Americas
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Dependencies and
other territories
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Law of attraction (New Thought)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Law of attraction.
New Thought
Divinity
Omnipresent God
Ultimate Spirit
Higher consciousness
Beliefs
Law of attraction
Life force ("energy")
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In the New Thought philosophy , the law of attraction is the belief that by focusing on positive or negative thoughts people can bring positive or negative experiences into their life.[1][2] The belief is based on the idea that people and their thoughts are both made from "pure energy", and that through the process of "like energy attracting like energy" a person can improve their own health, wealth and personal relationships.
Advocates of this mind-power paradigm generally combine cognitive reframing techniques with affirmations and creative visualization to replace limiting or self-destructive ("negative") thoughts with more empowered, adaptive ("positive") thoughts. A key component of the philosophy is that in order to effectively change one's negative thinking patterns, one must also "feel" (through creative visualization) that the desired changes have already occurred. This combination of positive thought and positive emotion is believed to allow one to "attract" positive experiences and opportunities by achieving resonance with the proposed energetic "Law."[3]
The law of attraction has no scientific basis[4] and has been dubbed a pseudoscience.[5] A number of researchers have criticized the misuse of scientific concepts by its proponents.[4][6][7][8]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Descriptions
3 Claims of its effects
3.1 Health
3.2 Financial
3.3 Relationships
3.4 Ambitions
4 Philosophical and religious basis
5 Criticism
6 Prominent supporters
7 See also
8 Notes
9 Sources
10 External links
History[edit]
The New Thought movement grew out of the teachings of Phineas Quimby in the early 19th century. Early in his life, Quimby was diagnosed with tuberculosis. Unfortunately, medicinal treatment wasn't working, so he began carriage riding through his hometown, Lebanon, New Hampshire. He then regained his health and recovered, and event that prompted his study of "mind over body".[9] Although he never used the words 'law of attraction' his basic premise was similar, although restricted only to the field of health:
the trouble is in the mind, for the body is only the house for the mind to dwell in, and we put a value on it according to its worth. Therefore if your mind has been deceived by some invisible enemy into a belief, you have put it into the form of a disease, with or without your knowledge. By my theory or truth I come in contact with your enemy, and restore you to your health and happiness. This I do partly mentally and partly by talking till I correct the wrong impressions and establish the Truth, and the Truth is the cure.[10]
In 1877, the term 'law of attraction' appeared in print for the first time in a book written by the Russian occultist Helena Blavatsky.[11] Her book Isis Unveiled discusses esoteric mysteries of ancient theosophy. [12][13] By the end of the 19th century the term was being used by New Thought authors such as Prentice Mulford and Ralph Waldo Trine, but for them the law of attraction concerned not only health, but every aspect of life.[14][15]
The 20th century saw a surge in interest in the subject with many books being written about it, amongst which are two of the best-selling books of all time; Think and Grow Rich (1937) by Napoleon Hill and You Can Heal Your Life (1984) by Louise Hay.
Even if the New Age movement adopted many New Thought ideas, including that of the law of attraction, the law of attraction remains a new thought philosophical concept.[16]
In 2006, the concept of the law of attraction gained a lot of renewed exposure with the release of the film The Secret (2006) which was then developed into a book of the same title in 2007. The movie and book gained widespread attention in the media.[1][17][18] Rhonda Byrne's book also has influenced the creation of an untitled fiction film based on The Secret, starring Katie Holmes.[19]
Descriptions[edit]
New Thought authors believe that the Law Of Attraction is always in operation and that it brings to each person the conditions and experiences that they predominantly think about, or which they desire or expect.
Charles Haanel wrote in The Master Key System (1912):
The law of attraction will certainly and unerringly bring to you the conditions, environment and experiences in life, corresponding with your habitual, characteristic, predominant mental attitude.[20]
Ralph Trine wrote in In Tune With The Infinite (1897):
The law of attraction works universally on every plane of action, and we attract whatever we desire or expect. If we desire one thing and expect another, we become like houses divided against themselves, which are quickly brought to desolation. Determine resolutely to expect only what you desire, then you will attract only what you wish for.[21]
Rhonda Byrne published in 2006 the film The Secret wherein she emphasized thinking about what each person wants to obtain, but also to infuse the thought with the maximum possible amount of emotion. She claims the combination of thought and feeling is what attracts the desire.[22] The Secret says your subconscious mind can control everything that happens around you, including both positive experiences, like having someone call you from miles away, and negative experiences, like death. The Byrne underlines the power of the subconscious mind by asking the reader to take full control of these thoughts, in order to achieve things in life, with the mind, as much as with action. Another similar book, is James Redfield's The Celestine Prophecy, which says reality can be manifested by man.[23] Man and the universe have a force of attraction between them similar to a magnetic attraction. The Power of Your Subconscious Mind by Joseph Murphy, says readers can achieve seemingly impossible goals by learning how to bring the mind itself under control. The Power by Rhonda Byrne, The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho, and The Power of Now by Eckhart Tolle are similar. While personal testimonies claim the secret and the law to have worked for them, a number of skeptics have criticized Rhonda Byrne's film and book. One New York Times book review calls the secret pseudoscience and an "illusion of knowledge".[24]
Claims of its effects[edit]
Health[edit]
A core claim by New Thought authors is that our thoughts directly influence our health, and that this is due to the Law Of Attraction. They believe that worry,[25] fear, stress or other negative thoughts make people sick, while positive thoughts of wellness or love can keep people healthy and even cure illnesses.[26][27] Proponents also claim that an important part of maintaining health and of curing illness is to be able to visualize yourself as being healthy.[27][28]
Financial[edit]
It is claimed that if someone consistently thinks prosperous thoughts then irrespective of their actual situation they will experience prosperity in the future because 'like attracts like'. Conversely if a person consistently thinks that they are poor then that will be their future experience.[29][30] One example used by Lisa Nichols in the film The Secret is as follows now: "Every time you look inside your mail expecting to see a bill, guess what? It'll be there. Each day you go out dreading the bill, you're never expecting anything great, you're thinking about debt, you're expecting debt. So debt must show up.....it showed up, because the law of attraction is always being obedient to your thoughts".[31] Feeling happy and grateful for the money you already have, is claimed to be the fastest way to bring more money into your life.[32]
Relationships[edit]
Law of attraction proponents claim that it affects our relationships because whatever we focus on we experience more of; if an individual focuses on another person's good qualities, for example, those positive qualities will be magnified, and vice-versa.[33] They also claim that by visualizing that a certain person is treating you in a positive manner, then you will attract experiences that match those visualizations.[34] It also claims that a person can attract a romantic relationship with a person who has the characteristics wished for, by creating a mental image of the ideal person and by visualizing the imagined scenes as being real.[35] Similarly, the idea that improving one's self-confidence, charisma and overall subconscious willingness to receive love can attract a partner. These areas can be improved with the help of visualization exercises and manifestation techniques.[36]
Ambitions[edit]
It is claimed that when someone visualizes clearly and in detail what they want to achieve, and focuses upon that image, that they set in motion through the law of attraction a chain of events that eventually culminates in the materialization of that vision. Charles Haanel says in The Master Key System, "You must see the picture more and more complete, see the detail, and, as the details begin to unfold the ways and means for bringing it into manifestation[37] will develop. One thing will lead to another. Thought will lead to action, action will develop methods, methods will develop friends, and friends will bring about circumstances, and, finally, the third step, or Materialization, will have been accomplished."[38]
Philosophical and religious basis[edit]
The New Thought concept of the law of attraction is rooted in ideas that come from various philosophical and religious traditions. In particular it has been inspired by Hermeticism, New England transcendentalism, specific verses from the Bible, and Hinduism, [39][40][41][42][43][44]
Hermeticism influenced the development of European thought in the renaissance. Its ideas were transmitted partly through alchemy. In the 18th century Franz Mesmer studied the works of alchemists such as Paracelsus[45] and van Helmont.[46] Van Helmont was a 17th-century Flemish physician who proclaimed the curative powers of the imagination.[46][47][48] This lead Mesmer to develop his ideas about Animal magnetism which Phineas Quimby, the founder of New Thought, studied.[46][49]
The Transcendentalist movement developed in the United States immediately before the emergence of New Thought and is thought to have had a great influence on it. George Ripley, an important figure in that movement, stated that its leading idea was "the supremacy of mind over matter".[46][50]
New Thought authors often quote certain verses from the Bible in the context of the law of attraction. An example is Mark 11:24: "Therefore I tell you, whatever you ask in prayer, believe that you have received it, and it will be yours."[51][52][53]
In the late 19th century Swami Vivekananda traveled to the United States and gave lectures on Hinduism. These talks greatly influenced the New Thought movement, and in particular William Walker Atkinson who was one of New Thought's pioneers.[54][55]
Criticism[edit]
Skeptical Inquirer magazine criticized the lack of falsifiability and testability of these claims.[56] Critics have asserted that the evidence provided is usually anecdotal and that, because of the self-selecting nature of the positive reports, as well as the subjective nature of any results, these reports are susceptible to confirmation bias and selection bias.[57] Physicist Ali Alousi, for instance, criticized it as unmeasurable and questioned the likelihood that thoughts can affect anything outside the head.[1]
The Law of Attraction has been popularized in the early 21st century by books and films such as The Secret. This 2006 film and the subsequent book[58] use interviews with New Thought authors and speakers to explain the principles of the proposed metaphysical law that one can attract anything that one thinks about consistently. Writing for the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, Mary Carmichael and Ben Radford wrote that "neither the film nor the book has any basis in scientific reality", and that its premise contains "an ugly flipside: if you have an accident or disease, it's your fault".[56]
Others have questioned the references to modern scientific theory, and have maintained, for example, that the law of attraction misrepresents the electrical activity of brainwaves.[59] Victor Stenger and Leon Lederman are critical of attempts to use quantum mysticism to bridge any unexplained or seemingly implausible effects, believing these to be traits of modern pseudoscience.[60][7][8]
Prominent supporters[edit]
Prentice Mulford, a Californian author and humorist, used the term law of Attraction in his essays Some Laws of Health and Beauty and Good And Ill Effects of Thought, written in 1891.
Ralph Waldo Trine published his book In Tune with the Infinite in 1897. In the second paragraph of chapter 9 he says "The Law of Attraction works unceasingly throughout the universe, and the one great and never changing fact in connection with it is, as we have found, that like attracts like."[61]
Thomas Troward, who was a strong influence in the New Thought Movement, claimed in a 1904 lecture that thought precedes physical form and "the action of Mind plants that nucleus which, if allowed to grow undisturbed, will eventually attract to itself all the conditions necessary for its manifestation in outward visible form."[62]
James Allen, an English New Thought writer, wrote a series of books and articles between 1901 and 1912, after which his wife Lily continued his work. Allen is best known for writing As a Man Thinketh in 1902.
Emmet Fox wrote about metaphysics and the power of prayer in his numerous essays and books. His teachings are founded in Christianity and the stories in the bible, he cites Jesus Christ as being the greatest teacher of metaphysics who ever lived, and explains that our thoughts are our most important emanation, more important even that what we say or what we do. In his books Power Through Constructive Thinking and Find and Use your Inner Power Fox speaks about "building the mental equivalents of what you want and to expunge those that you don't".
William Walker Atkinson used the phrase in his New Thought Movement book Thought Vibration or the Law of Attraction in the Thought World (1906), stating that "like attracts like".[63]
Bruce MacLelland's prosperity theology book Prosperity Through Thought Force (1907) summarized the principle as "You are what you think, not what you think you are." It was published by Elizabeth Towne, the editor of The Nautilus Magazine, a Journal of New Thought.[64]
Wallace D. Wattles wrote The Science of Getting Rich (1910) which espouses similar principles — that simply believing in the object of your desire and focusing on it will lead to that object or goal being realized on the material plane (Wattles claims in the Preface and later chapters of this book that his premise stems from the monistic Hindu view that God provides everything and can deliver what we focus on). The book also claims that negative thinking will manifest negative results.[65]
William Quan Judge a theosophical author used the phrase in his book The Ocean of Theosophy (1915).[66]
Annie Besant, another theosophical author, discussed the 'law of attraction' in 1919.[67] Besant compared her version of it to gravitation, and said that the law represented a form of karma.[68]
Napoleon Hill published two books on the theme. The first was The Law of Success in 16 Lessons (1928), which directly and repeatedly referenced the law of attraction and proposed that it operates by use of radio waves transmitted by the brain. Then in 1937, he published Think and Grow Rich, which went on to become one of the best selling books of all time, selling over 60 million copies. In this book, Hill insisted on the importance of controlling one's own thoughts in order to achieve success, as well as the energy that thoughts have and their ability to attract other thoughts. In the beginning of the book, Hill mentions a "secret" to success and promises to indirectly describe it at least once in every chapter of the book. It is never named directly, for he says that discovering it on one's own is far more beneficial. Many people have argued over what the secret[69] actually is, some claiming that it is the law of attraction. Hill states the "secret" to which he refers is mentioned no fewer than a hundred times, yet reference to "attract" is used less than 30 times in the text. Hill claims in his book that people can obtain what they desire through thought of definite purpose.[70]
Israel Regardie published many books with the Law of Attraction theme as one of his prevailing Universal Laws. His book, The Art of True Healing: A Treatise on the Mechanism of Prayer and the Operation of the Law of Attraction in Nature (1937), taught a focused meditation technique to help the mind to learn to heal itself on both a physical and spiritual level. Regardie claimed further that the Law of Attraction was not only a valid method for attracting good physical health but for improvement in any other aspect of one's life.[citation needed]
W. Clement Stone and Napoleon Hill wrote Success Through a Positive Mental Attitude (1960).
Richard Weiss states in his book, The American Myth of Success (1988), that the principle of "non-resistance" is a popular concept of the New Thought movement and is taught in conjunction with the law of attraction.[71]
Esther and Jerry Hicks' book Money and the Law of Attraction: Learning to Attract Health, Wealth & Happiness (2008) appeared on the New York Times Best Seller list.[72] Hicks have been publishing books about the law of attraction since 1995.
Yousef Erakat (FouseyTube) Throughout his Vlogs on his second YouTube channel, Dose of Fousey, he often explains how the Law of Attraction impacts his life.
Conor McGregor has claimed, he uses the Law of Attraction. He said, "This is what I dreamed into reality", upon winning his second UFC championship title belt after defeating Eddie Alvarez at UFC 205.
See also[edit]
Conversations with God
Cosmic ordering
Efficacy of prayer
Homophily
Internal locus of control
Kybalion
Law of contagion
Magical thinking
Medical students' disease
Mind over matter
Positive mental attitude
Priming (psychology)
Pygmalion effect
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Sympathetic magic
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Whittaker, S. Secret attraction Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine., The Montreal Gazette, May 12, 2007.
Jump up ^ Redden, Guy, "Magic Happens: A New Age Metaphysical Mystery Tour", Journal of Australian Studies: 101
Jump up ^ Hurst, Katherine. "What Is The Law Of Attraction". The Law Of Attraction.
^ Jump up to: a b Shermer, Michael (1 June 2007). "The (Other) Secret". Scientific American. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Radford, Benjamin (3 February 2009). "The Pseudoscience of 'The Secret'". Live Science. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Stenger, Victor J. "Cosmic Mind" (PDF). University of Colorado. pp. 8–19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24.
^ Jump up to: a b Leon Lederman; Dick Teresi (1993). The God Particle: If the Universe is the Answer, What is the Question. Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. 189–198.
^ Jump up to: a b Non-science posing as science; Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Jump up ^ Hughes, Ron. "Phineas Parkhurst Quimby". Retrieved 5 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Quimby Manuscripts". New Thought library. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Isis Unveiled". Theosophical University Press, page 340. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Blavatsky, Helena. "Isis Unveiled".
Jump up ^ Sancheti, Ankur. "What is Law of Attraction History?". Wordpress. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "In Tune With The Infinite". New Thought Library. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "THE GOD IN YOU". Cornerstone Publishing, 2001. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "A Company Aims to Put Good Karma and Energy Close at Hand". The New York Times, 28 March 2014. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Law of Attraction: Real-Life Stories - Oprah.com". oprah.com. Retrieved November 8, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Go Beyond 'The Secret' - Oprah.com". oprah.com. Retrieved November 8, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Secret Movie (2018) Based on The Secret by Rhonda Byrne". The Law Of Attraction. 2017-09-08. Retrieved 2017-09-18.
Jump up ^ "The Master Key System. Chapter 8, part 18" (PDF). New Thought Library. Retrieved 25 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "In Tune With The Infinite, by Ralph Trine". New Thought Library. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Henry, Juliette. "How can it possibly be that the law of attraction works?". www.tameyourmind.org. Transformation guide. Retrieved 3 Dec 2016.
Jump up ^ Redfield, James (1993). The Celestine Prophecy: An Adventure. New York: Warner Books.
Jump up ^ Chabris, Christopher F.; Simons, Daniel J. (24 September 2010). "The Pseudoscience of 'The Secret' and 'The Power'". The New York Times. Retrieved 2017-08-13.
Jump up ^ "Hidden Truth Behind Your Worries". Positive Inspiration. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Your Forces and How to Use Them, by Christian LArson, page 113". New Thought Library. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "HEALTH AND LAW OF ATTRACTION!". The Secret to living the law of attraction. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Thoughts are Things, by Prentice Mulford, page 98 (published 1889)". The New Thought Library. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "In Tune With The Infinite, by Ralph Trine, Chapter 9 (published 1897)". New Thought Library. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Secret of the Ages, by Robert Collier, page 307, (published 1926)". The New Thought Library. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Secret - Law Of Attraction (FULL MOVIE)". Youtube. Begins: 32minutes and 20 seconds. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Manifest Money Money Making Guide from Law Of Attraction Guru". Positive Inspiration. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Marci Shimoff". leveragethesecret. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "How To Use The Law Of Attraction In Your Relationship". Attractionguides.com. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Henry, Juliette. "My dear soul mate - where are thou?". www.tameyourmind.org. Transformation guide. Retrieved 3 Dec 2016.
Jump up ^ "How To Manifest Love With A Specific Person". The Law Of Attraction. 2017-08-04. Retrieved 2017-09-18.
Jump up ^ "Law Of Attraction Takes Some Time To Work, Here is Why". Positive Inspiration. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Master Key System, Chapter 7, part 7" (PDF). The New Thought Library. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Melanson, Terry. "Oprah Winfrey, New Thought, "The Secret" and the "New Alchemy"". Conspiracy Archive. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
Jump up ^ D'Aoust, Maja (2012). The Secret Source. Process. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-934170-32-8.
Jump up ^ Zink, Robert (2014). Magical Energy Healing: The Ruach Healing Method. Law of Attraction Solutions, Llc. p. 299. ISBN 978-0990825036. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Donker, Gerald (2008). Exposing the Secret Law of Attraction. Lulu.com. p. 27. ISBN 978-1409236146. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Harrold, Glenn (2011). The Answer: Supercharge the Law of Attraction and Find the Secret of True Happiness. Orion. ISBN 978-1409112716. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
Jump up ^ James, William (1902). The Varieties of Religious Experience. Longmans Green & Co. p. 94. ISBN 978-1439297278. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
Jump up ^ D'Aoust, Maja (2012). The Secret Source. Process. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-934170-32-8.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Braden, Charles S. "A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE NEW THOUGHT MOVEMENT.(1963)" (PDF). surrenderworks.com. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Hedesan, Georgiana D. (July 2014). "Paracelsian Medicine and Theory of Generation in 'Exterior homo', a Manuscript Probably Authored by Jan Baptist Van Helmont (1579–1644), ref 52". Medical History. 58 (03): 375–96. doi:10.1017/mdh.2014.29. PMC 4103403  . PMID 25045180.
Jump up ^ Hedesan, Delia Georgiana (2012). "'Christian Philosophy': Medical Alchemy and Christian Thought in the Work of Jan Baptista Van Helmont (1579-1644)" (PDF): page 31. Retrieved 19 November 2015. CS1 maint: Extra text (link)
Jump up ^ "PHINEAS PARKHURST QUIMBY 1802 - 1866 Father of New Thought". phineasquimby. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Mikics, David (2012). The Annotated Emerson. Belknap Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0674049239. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Mark 11:24". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Master Key System, by Charles Haanel (1912). Chapter 11, section 17" (PDF). The New Thought Library. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Byrne, Rhonda (2006). The Secret. Beyond Words. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-58270-170-7.
Jump up ^ D'Aoust, Maja (2012). The Secret Source. Process. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-934170-32-8.
Jump up ^ Woodroffe, John (1918). Shakti and Shâkta, Chapter 24, 12th paragraph. Luzac & Co. ISBN 978-1595479204. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Mary Carmichael; Ben Radford. "CSI | Secrets and Lies". Csicop.org. Retrieved 2012-05-16.
Jump up ^ Kaptchuk, T., & Eisenberg, D.; Eisenberg (1998). "The Persuasive Appeal of Alternative Medicine". Annals of Internal Medicine. 129 (12): 1061–5. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-129-12-199812150-00011. PMID 9867762. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Byrne, Rhonda (2006). The Secret. Beyond Words Publishing. ISBN 978-1-58270-170-7.
Jump up ^ Shermer, Michael (June 2007). "The (Other) Secret". Scientific American. 296 (6): 39–39. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0607-39.
Jump up ^ Stenger, Victor J. "Cosmic Mind" (PDF). University of Colorado. pp. 8–19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24.
Jump up ^ Trine, Ralph. In Tune With The Infinite. London: G Bell and Sons, LTD. Published 1911. p. 174.
Jump up ^ Judge Thomas Troward, The Edinburgh Lectures on Mental Science, 1904.
Jump up ^ William Walker Atkinson. Thought Vibration or the Law of Attraction. Advanced Thought Publishing. 1906. Out of Copyright version
Jump up ^ MacLelland, Bruce, Prosperity Through Thought Force, Elizabeth Towne, 1907
Jump up ^ "The Science of Getting Rich - Wikisource". En.wikisource.org. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
Jump up ^ Judge, William Quan (1915). The Ocean of Theosophy. United Lodge of Theosophists. p. 103. ISBN 0-7661-0544-X.
Jump up ^ "POPULAR LECTURES ON THEOSOPHY". anandgholap. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Annie Besant (1895). "Karma" (First ed.). Theosophical Publishing House. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Why The Law of Attraction has been a Secret". Positive Inspiration. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Hill 2010, pp. 23-24.
Jump up ^ The American Myth of Success. Illini Books. p. 169.
Jump up ^ "New York Times Bestseller information August 31, 2008". The New York Times. 2008-08-31. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
Sources[edit]
Hill, Napoleon (2010). Think and Grow Rich: Collector's Edition. American Liberty Press. ISBN 978-0-9842784-4-2.
External links[edit]
The dictionary definition of law of attraction (new thought) at Wiktionary
Works related to The Science of Getting Rich at Wikisource
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