text:
George II of Great Britain
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
George II
Portrait by Thomas Hudson, 1744
King of Great Britain and Ireland
Elector of Hanover (more...)
Reign
11/22O.S./N.S. June 1727 –
25 October 1760
Coronation
11/22O.S./N.S. October 1727
Predecessor
George I
Successor
George III
Prime Ministers
See list[show]
Robert Walpole
Lord Wilmington
Henry Pelham
The Duke of Newcastle
The Duke of Devonshire
Born
30 October / 9 November 1683O.S./N.S.
Herrenhausen Palace,[1] or Leine Palace,[2] Hanover
Died
25 October 1760(1760-10-25) (aged 76)
Kensington Palace, London
Burial
11 November 1760
Westminster Abbey, London
Spouse
Caroline of Ansbach
(m. 1705; d. 1737)
Issue
Detail
Frederick, Prince of Wales
Anne, Princess of Orange
Princess Amelia
Princess Caroline
Prince George William
William, Duke of Cumberland
Mary, Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel
Louisa, Queen of Denmark and Norway
Full name
George Augustus
German: Georg August
House
Hanover
Father
George I of Great Britain
Mother
Sophia Dorothea of Celle
Religion
Protestant
Signature
George II (George Augustus; German: Georg II. August; 30 October / 9 November 1683O.S./N.S. – 25 October 1760) was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hanover) and Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 11 June 1727 (O.S.) until his death.
George was the last British monarch born outside Great Britain: he was born and brought up in northern Germany. His grandmother, Sophia of Hanover, became second in line to the British throne after about fifty Catholics higher in line were excluded by the Act of Settlement 1701 and the Acts of Union 1707, which restricted the succession to Protestants. After the deaths of Sophia and Anne, Queen of Great Britain, in 1714, his father George I, Elector of Hanover, inherited the British throne. In the first years of his father's reign as king, George was associated with opposition politicians, until they rejoined the governing party in 1720.
As king from 1727, George exercised little control over British domestic policy, which was largely controlled by the Parliament of Great Britain. As elector, he spent twelve summers in Hanover, where he had more direct control over government policy. He had a difficult relationship with his eldest son, Frederick, who supported the parliamentary opposition. During the War of the Austrian Succession, George participated at the Battle of Dettingen in 1743, and thus became the last British monarch to lead an army in battle. In 1745, supporters of the Catholic claimant to the British throne, James Francis Edward Stuart ("The Old Pretender"), led by James's son Charles Edward Stuart ("The Young Pretender" or "Bonnie Prince Charlie"), attempted and failed to depose George in the last of the Jacobite rebellions. Frederick died unexpectedly in 1751, nine years before his father, and so George II was ultimately succeeded by his grandson, George III.
For two centuries after George II's death, history tended to view him with disdain, concentrating on his mistresses, short temper and boorishness. Since then, most scholars have reassessed his legacy and conclude that he held and exercised influence in foreign policy and military appointments.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Marriage
3 Prince of Wales
3.1 Quarrel with the king
3.2 Political opposition
4 Early reign
5 Family problems
6 War and rebellion
7 Later life
7.1 Seven Years' War
7.2 Death
8 Legacy
9 Titles, styles and arms
9.1 Titles and styles
9.2 Arms
10 Issue
11 Ancestry
12 Notes
13 Sources
14 Bibliography
15 Further reading
16 External links
Early life[edit]
George as a young boy with his mother, Sophia Dorothea of Celle, and his sister, Sophia Dorothea of Hanover
George was born in the city of Hanover in Germany, and was the son of George Louis, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick-Lüneburg (later King George I of Great Britain), and his wife, Sophia Dorothea of Celle. His sister, Sophia Dorothea, was born when he was three years old. Both of George's parents committed adultery, and in 1694 their marriage was dissolved on the pretext that Sophia had abandoned her husband.[3] She was confined to Ahlden House and denied access to her two children, who probably never saw their mother again.[4]
George spoke only French, the language of diplomacy and the court, until the age of four, after which he was taught German by one of his tutors, Johann Hilmar Holstein.[5] In addition to French and German, he was also schooled in English and Italian, and studied genealogy, military history and battle tactics with particular diligence.[6]
George's second cousin once removed, Queen Anne, ascended the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland in 1702. She had no surviving children, and by the Act of Settlement 1701 the English Parliament designated Anne's closest Protestant blood relations, George's grandmother Sophia and her descendants, as Anne's heirs in England and Ireland. Consequently, after his grandmother and father, George was third in line to succeed Anne in two of her three realms. He was naturalized as an English subject in 1705 by the Sophia Naturalization Act, and in 1706 he was made a Knight of the Garter and created Duke and Marquess of Cambridge, Earl of Milford Haven, Viscount Northallerton and Baron Tewkesbury in the Peerage of England.[7] England and Scotland united in 1707 to form the Kingdom of Great Britain, and jointly accepted the succession as laid down by the English Act of Settlement.[8]
Marriage[edit]
Caroline of Ansbach by Godfrey Kneller, 1716
George's father did not want his son to enter into a loveless arranged marriage as he had, and wanted him to have the opportunity of meeting his bride before any formal arrangements were made.[9] Negotiations from 1702 for the hand of Princess Hedvig Sophia of Sweden, Dowager Duchess and regent of Holstein-Gottorp, came to nothing.[10] In June 1705, under the false name of "Monsieur de Busch", George visited the Ansbach court at their summer residence in Triesdorf to investigate incognito a marriage prospect: Caroline of Ansbach, the former ward of his aunt Queen Sophia Charlotte of Prussia. The English envoy to Hanover, Edmund Poley, reported that George was so taken by "the good character he had of her that he would not think of anybody else".[11] A marriage contract was concluded by the end of July.[12] On 22 August / 2 September 1705O.S./N.S. Caroline arrived in Hanover for her wedding, which was held the same evening in the chapel at Herrenhausen.[9]
George was keen to participate in the war against France in Flanders, but his father refused permission for him to join the army in an active role until he had a son and heir.[13] In early 1707, George's hopes were fulfilled when Caroline gave birth to a son, Frederick.[14] In July, Caroline fell seriously ill with smallpox, and George caught the infection after staying by her side devotedly during her illness.[15] They both recovered. In 1708, George participated in the Battle of Oudenarde in the vanguard of the Hanoverian cavalry; his horse and a colonel immediately beside him were killed, but George survived unharmed.[16] The British commander, Marlborough, wrote that George "distinguished himself extremely, charging at the head of and animating by his example [the Hanoverian] troops, who played a good part in this happy victory".[17] Between 1709 and 1713, George and Caroline had three more children, all girls: Anne, Amelia, and Caroline.[18]
By 1714, Queen Anne's health had declined, and British Whigs, politicians who supported the Hanoverian succession, thought it prudent for one of the Hanoverians to live in England, to safeguard the Protestant succession on Anne's death. As George was a peer of the realm (as Duke of Cambridge), it was suggested that he be summoned to Parliament to sit in the House of Lords. Both Anne and George's father refused to support the plan, although George, Caroline and Sophia were all in favour.[19] George did not go. Within the year, both Sophia and Anne were dead, and George's father was king.[20]
Prince of Wales[edit]
Quarrel with the king[edit]
London, c. 1710
Portrait by Kneller, 1716
George and his father sailed for England from The Hague on 16/27 September 1714 and arrived at Greenwich two days later.[21] The following day, they formally entered London in a ceremonial procession.[22] George was given the title of Prince of Wales. Caroline followed her husband to Britain in October with their daughters, while Frederick remained in Hanover to be brought up by private tutors.[23] London was like nothing George had seen before: it was 50 times larger than Hanover,A and the crowd was estimated at up to one and a half million spectators.[24] George courted popularity with voluble expressions of praise for the English, and claimed that he had no drop of blood that was not English.[25]
In July 1716, the king returned to Hanover for six months, and George was given limited powers, as "Guardian and Lieutenant of the Realm", to govern in his father's absence.[26] He made a royal progress through Chichester, Havant, Portsmouth and Guildford in southern England.[27] Spectators were allowed to see him dine in public at Hampton Court Palace.[28] An attempt on his life at Drury Lane Theatre, in which one person was shot dead before the assailant was brought under control, boosted his high public profile.[29]
His father distrusted or was jealous of George's popularity, which contributed to the development of a poor relationship between them.[30] The birth in 1717 of George's second son, Prince George William, proved to be a catalyst for a family quarrel; the king, supposedly following custom, appointed the Lord Chamberlain, the Duke of Newcastle, as one of the baptismal sponsors of the child. The king was angered when George, who disliked Newcastle, verbally insulted the duke at the christening, which the duke misunderstood as a challenge to a duel.B George and Caroline were temporarily confined to their apartments on the order of the king, who subsequently banished his son from St James's Palace, the king's residence.[31] The Prince and Princess of Wales left court, but their children remained in the care of the king.[32]
George and Caroline missed their children, and were desperate to see them. On one occasion they secretly visited the palace without the approval of the king; Caroline fainted and George "cried like a child".[33] The king partially relented and permitted them to visit once a week, though he later allowed Caroline unconditional access.[34] The following February, George William died, with his father by his side.[35]
Political opposition[edit]
Banned from the palace and shunned by his own father, the Prince of Wales was identified for the next several years with opposition to George I's policies,[36] which included measures designed to increase religious freedom in Great Britain and expand Hanover's German territories at the expense of Sweden.[37] His new London residence, Leicester House, became a frequent meeting place for his father's political opponents, including Sir Robert Walpole and Viscount Townshend, who had left the government in 1717.[38]
The king visited Hanover again from May to November 1719. Instead of appointing George to the guardianship, he established a regency council.[39] In 1720, Walpole encouraged the king and his son to reconcile, for the sake of public unity, which they did half-heartedly.[40] Walpole and Townshend returned to political office, and rejoined the ministry.[41] George was soon disillusioned with the terms of the reconciliation; his three daughters who were in the care of the king were not returned and he was still barred from becoming regent during the king's absences.[42] He came to believe that Walpole had tricked him into the rapprochement as part of a scheme to regain power. Over the next few years, he and Caroline lived quietly, avoiding overt political activity. They had three more children: William, Mary and Louisa, who were brought up at Leicester House and Richmond Lodge, George's summer residence.[43]
In 1721, the economic disaster of the South Sea Bubble allowed Walpole to rise to the pinnacle of government.[44] Walpole and his Whig Party were dominant in politics, as the king feared that the Tories would not support the succession laid down in the Act of Settlement.[45] The power of the Whigs was so great that the Tories would not come to hold power for another half-century.[46]
Early reign[edit]
Portrait by Charles Jervas, c. 1727
George I died on 11/22 June 1727 during one of his visits to Hanover, and George II succeeded him as king and elector at the age of 43. The new king decided not to travel to Germany for his father's funeral, which far from bringing criticism led to praise from the English who considered it proof of his fondness for England.[47] He suppressed his father's will because it attempted to split the Hanoverian succession between George II's future grandsons rather than vest all the domains (both in Britain and Hanover) in a single person. Both British and Hanoverian ministers considered the will unlawful, as George I did not have the legal power to determine the succession personally.[48] Critics supposed that George II hid the will to avoid paying out his father's legacies.[49]
George II was crowned at Westminster Abbey on 11/22 October 1727.[47] The composer George Frideric Handel was commissioned to write four new anthems for the coronation, including Zadok the Priest.[50]
It was widely believed that George would dismiss Walpole, who had distressed him by joining his father's government, and replace him with Sir Spencer Compton.[51] George asked Compton, rather than Walpole, to write his first speech as king for him, but Compton asked Walpole to draft it. Caroline advised George to retain Walpole, who continued to gain royal favour by securing a generous civil list (a fixed annual amount set by Parliament for the king's official expenditure) of £800,000.[52] Walpole commanded a substantial majority in Parliament and George had little choice but to retain him or risk ministerial instability.[53] Compton was ennobled as Lord Wilmington the following year.[54]
Portrait by Enoch Seeman, c. 1730
Walpole directed domestic policy, and after the resignation of his brother-in-law Townshend in 1730 also controlled George's foreign policy.[55] Historians generally believe that George played an honorific role in Britain, and closely followed the advice of Walpole and senior ministers who made the major decisions.[56] Although the king was eager for war in Europe, his ministers were more cautious.[57] The Anglo-Spanish War was brought to an end, and George unsuccessfully pressed Walpole to join the War of the Polish Succession on the side of the German states.[58] In April 1733, Walpole withdrew an unpopular excise bill that had gathered strong opposition, including from within his own party. George lent support to Walpole by dismissing the bill's opponents from their court offices.[59]
Family problems[edit]
George II's relationship with his son and heir apparent, Frederick, Prince of Wales, worsened during the 1730s. Frederick had been left behind in Germany when his parents came to England, and they had not met for 14 years. In 1728, he was brought to England, and swiftly became a figurehead of the political opposition.[60] When George visited Hanover in the summers of 1729, 1732 and 1735, he left his wife to chair the regency council in Britain rather than his son.[61] Meanwhile, rivalry between George II and his brother-in-law and first cousin Frederick William I of Prussia led to tension along the Prussian–Hanoverian border, which eventually culminated in the mobilization of troops in the border zone and suggestions of a duel between the two kings. Negotiations for a marriage between the Prince of Wales and Frederick William's daughter Wilhelmine dragged on for years but neither side would make the concessions demanded by the other, and the idea was shelved.[62] Instead, the prince married Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha in April 1736.[63]
In May 1736, George returned to Hanover, which resulted in unpopularity in England; a satirical notice was even pinned to the gates of St James's Palace decrying his absence. "Lost or strayed out of this house", it read, "a man who has left a wife and six children on the parish."[64] The king made plans to return in the face of inclement December weather; when his ship was caught in a storm, gossip swept London that he had drowned. Eventually, in January 1737, he arrived back in England.[65] Immediately he fell ill, with piles and a fever, and withdrew to his bed. The Prince of Wales put it about that the king was dying, with the result that George insisted on getting up and attending a social event to disprove the gossip-mongers.[66]
When the Prince of Wales applied to Parliament for an increase in his allowance, an open quarrel broke out. The king, who had a reputation for meanness,[67] offered a private settlement, which Frederick rejected. Parliament voted against the measure, but George reluctantly increased his son's allowance on the advice of Walpole.[68] Further friction between them followed when Frederick excluded the king and queen from the birth of his daughter in July 1737 by bundling his wife, who was in labour, into a coach and driving off in the middle of the night.[69] George banished him and his family from the royal court, much like the punishment his own father had brought upon him with the exception that he allowed Frederick to retain custody of his children.[70]
Soon afterwards, George's wife Caroline died on 20 November 1737 (O.S.). He was deeply affected by her death, and to the surprise of many displayed "a tenderness of which the world thought him before utterly incapable".[71] On her deathbed she told her sobbing husband to remarry, to which he replied, "Non, j'aurai des maîtresses!" (French for "No, I shall have mistresses!").[72] It was common knowledge that George had already had mistresses during his marriage, and he had kept Caroline informed about them.[73] Henrietta Howard, later Countess of Suffolk, had moved to Hanover with her husband during the reign of Queen Anne,[74] and she had been one of Caroline's women of the bedchamber. She was his mistress from before the accession of George I until November 1734. She was followed by Amalie von Wallmoden, later Countess of Yarmouth, whose son, Johann Ludwig von Wallmoden, may have been fathered by George. Johann Ludwig was born while Amalie was still married to her husband, and George did not acknowledge him publicly as his own son.[75]
War and rebellion[edit]
Against Walpole's wishes, but to George's delight, Britain reopened hostilities with Spain in 1739.[76] Britain's conflict with Spain, the War of Jenkins' Ear, became part of the War of the Austrian Succession when a major European dispute broke out upon the death of Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI in 1740. At issue was the right of Charles's daughter, Maria Theresa, to succeed to his Austrian dominions.[77] George spent the summers of 1740 and 1741 in Hanover, where he was more able to intervene directly in European diplomatic affairs in his capacity as elector.[78]
Prince Frederick campaigned actively for the opposition in the British general election of 1741, and Walpole was unable to secure a stable majority. Walpole attempted to buy off the prince with the promise of an increased allowance and offered to pay off his debts, but Frederick refused.[79] With his support eroded, Walpole retired in 1742 after over 20 years in office. He was replaced by Spencer Compton, Lord Wilmington, whom George had originally considered for the premiership in 1727. Lord Wilmington, however, was a figurehead;[80] actual power was held by others, such as Lord Carteret, George's favourite minister after Walpole.[1] When Wilmington died in 1743, Henry Pelham took his place at the head of the government.[81]
George II envisioned at the Battle of Dettingen in 1743 by John Wootton
Half-Crown of George II, 1746. The inscription reads GEORGIUS II DEI GRATIA (George II by the Grace of God). The word LIMA under the king's head signifies that the coin was struck from silver seized from the Spanish treasure fleet off Lima, Peru, during the War of the Austrian Succession.[82]
The pro-war faction was led by Carteret, who claimed that French power would increase if Maria Theresa failed to succeed to the Austrian throne. George agreed to send 12,000 hired Hessian and Danish mercenaries to Europe, ostensibly to support Maria Theresa. Without conferring with his British ministers, George stationed them in Hanover to prevent enemy French troops from marching into the electorate.[83] The British army had not fought in a major European war in over 20 years, and the government had badly neglected its upkeep.[84] George had pushed for greater professionalism in the ranks, and promotion by merit rather than by sale of commissions, but without much success.[85] An allied force of Austrian, British, Dutch, Hanoverian and Hessian troops engaged the French at the Battle of Dettingen on 16/27 June 1743. George personally accompanied them, leading them to victory, thus becoming the last British monarch to lead troops into battle.[86] Though his actions in the battle were admired, the war became unpopular with the British public, who felt that the king and Carteret were subordinating British interests to Hanoverian ones.[87] Carteret lost support, and to George's dismay resigned in 1744.[88]
Tension grew between the Pelham ministry and George, as he continued to take advice from Carteret and rejected pressure from his other ministers to include William Pitt the Elder in the Cabinet, which would have broadened the government's support base.[89] The king disliked Pitt because he had previously opposed government policy and attacked measures seen as pro-Hanoverian.[90] In February 1746, Pelham and his followers resigned. George asked Lord Bath and Carteret to form an administration, but after less than 48 hours they returned the seals of office, unable to secure sufficient parliamentary support. Pelham returned to office triumphant, and George was forced to appoint Pitt to the ministry.[91]
George's French opponents encouraged rebellion by the Jacobites, the supporters of the Roman Catholic claimant to the British throne, James Francis Edward Stuart, often known as the Old Pretender. Stuart was the son of James II, who had been deposed in 1688 and replaced by his Protestant relations. Two prior rebellions in 1715 and 1719 had failed. In July 1745, the Old Pretender's son, Charles Edward Stuart, popularly known as Bonnie Prince Charlie or the Young Pretender, landed in Scotland, where support for his cause was highest. George, who was summering in Hanover, returned to London at the end of August.[92] The Jacobites defeated British forces in September at the Battle of Prestonpans, and then moved south into England. The Jacobites failed to gain further support, and the French reneged on a promise of help. Losing morale, the Jacobites retreated back into Scotland.[93] On 16/27 April 1746, Charles faced George's military-minded son Prince William, Duke of Cumberland, in the Battle of Culloden, the last pitched battle fought on British soil. The ravaged Jacobite troops were routed by the government army. Charles escaped to France, but many of his supporters were caught and executed. Jacobitism was all but crushed; no further serious attempt was made at restoring the House of Stuart.[94] The War of the Austrian Succession continued until 1748, when Maria Theresa was recognized as Archduchess of Austria. The peace was celebrated by a fête in Green Park, London, for which Handel composed Music for the Royal Fireworks.[95]
Later life[edit]
Portrait by John Shackleton, in or after 1755
In the general election of 1747, the Prince of Wales again campaigned actively for the opposition but Pelham's party won easily.[96] Like his father before him, the Prince entertained opposition figures at his house in Leicester Square.[97] When the Prince of Wales died suddenly in 1751, his eldest son, Prince George, became heir apparent. The king commiserated with the Dowager Princess of Wales and wept with her.[98] As her son would not reach the age of majority until 1756, a new British Regency Act was passed to make her regent, assisted by a council led by the Duke of Cumberland, in case of George II's death.[99] The king also made a new will, which provided for Cumberland to be sole regent in Hanover.[100] After the death of his daughter Louisa at the end of the year, George lamented, "This has been a fatal year for my family. I lost my eldest son – but I am glad of it ... Now [Louisa] is gone. I know I did not love my children when they were young: I hated to have them running into my room; but now I love them as well as most fathers."[101]
Seven Years' War[edit]
In 1754, Pelham died, to be succeeded by his elder brother, the Duke of Newcastle. Hostility between France and Britain, particularly over the colonization of North America, continued.[102] Fearing a French invasion of Hanover, George aligned himself with Prussia (ruled by his nephew, Frederick the Great), the enemy of Austria. Russia and France allied with their former enemy Austria. A French invasion of the British-held island of Minorca led to the outbreak of the Seven Years' War in 1756. Public disquiet over British failures at the start of the conflict led to the resignation of Newcastle and the appointment of the Duke of Devonshire as prime minister and William Pitt the Elder as Secretary of State for the Southern Department.[103] In April the following year, George dismissed Pitt, in an attempt to construct an administration more to his liking. Over the succeeding three months attempts to form another stable ministerial combination failed. In June, James Waldegrave, 2nd Earl Waldegrave, held the seals of office for only four days. By the start of July, Pitt was recalled, and the Duke of Newcastle returned as prime minister. As Secretary of State, Pitt guided policy relating to the war. Great Britain, Hanover and Prussia and their allies Hesse-Kassel and Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel were pitted against other European powers, including France, Austria, Russia, Sweden and Saxony. The war involved multiple theatres from Europe to North America and India, where British dominance increased with the victories of Robert Clive over French forces and their allies at the Battle of Arcot and the Battle of Plassey.[104]
George said his son Prince William, Duke of Cumberland (pictured), had "ruined me and disgraced himself" at the Convention of Klosterzeven, 1757.
George's son, the Duke of Cumberland, commanded the king's troops in northern Germany. In 1757, Hanover was invaded and George gave Cumberland full powers to conclude a separate peace.[105] By September, however, he was furious at Cumberland's negotiated settlement, which he felt greatly favoured the French.[106] George said his son had "ruined me and disgraced himself".[107] Cumberland, by his own choice, resigned his military offices,[108] and George revoked the peace deal on the grounds that the French had infringed it by disarming Hessian troops after the ceasefire.[109]
In the annus mirabilis of 1759 British forces captured Quebec and Guadeloupe. A French plan to invade Britain was defeated following naval battles at Lagos and Quiberon Bay,[110] and a resumed French advance on Hanover was halted by a joint British–Hanoverian force at the Battle of Minden.[111]
Death[edit]
By October 1760, George II was blind in one eye, and hard of hearing.[112] On the morning of 25 October, he rose as usual at 6:00 am, drank a cup of hot chocolate, and went to his close stool, alone. After a few minutes, his valet heard a loud crash. He entered the room to find the king on the floor.[113] The king was lifted into his bed, and Princess Amelia was sent for, but before she reached him, he was dead. At the age of nearly 77, he had lived longer than any of his English or British predecessors.[114] A post-mortem revealed that the right ventricle of the king's heart had ruptured as the result of an incipient aortic aneurysm.[115]
George II was succeeded by his grandson George III, and was buried on 11 November in Westminster Abbey. He left instructions for the sides of his and his wife's coffins to be removed so that their remains could mingle.[116] He is the most recent monarch to be buried in Westminster Abbey.
Legacy[edit]
Statue by John Van Nost erected in 1753 in Golden Square, London[117]
George donated the royal library to the British Museum in 1757, four years after the museum's foundation.[118] He had no interest in reading,[119] or in the arts and sciences, and preferred to spend his leisure hours stag-hunting on horseback or playing cards.[120] In 1737, he founded the Georg August University of Göttingen, the first university in the Electorate of Hanover, and visited it in 1748.[121] The asteroid 359 Georgia was named in his honour at the University in 1902. He served as the Chancellor of Trinity College, Dublin, between 1716 and 1727, and in 1754 issued the charter for King's College in New York City, which later became Columbia University. The province of Georgia, founded by royal charter in 1732, was named after him.[122]
During George II's reign British interests expanded throughout the world, the Jacobite challenge to the Hanoverian dynasty was extinguished, and the power of ministers and Parliament in Britain became well-established. Nevertheless, in the memoirs of contemporaries such as Lord Hervey and Horace Walpole, George is depicted as a weak buffoon, governed by his wife and ministers.[123] Biographies of George written during the nineteenth and first part of the twentieth century relied on these biased accounts.[124] Since the last quarter of the twentieth century, scholarly analysis of surviving correspondence has indicated that George was not as ineffective as previously thought.[125] Letters from ministers are annotated by George with pertinent remarks and demonstrate that he had a grasp of and interest in foreign policy in particular.[126] He was often able to prevent the appointment of ministers or commanders he disliked, or sideline them into lesser offices.[127] This academic reassessment of George II, however, has not totally eliminated the popular perception of him as a "faintly ludicrous king".[128] His parsimony, for example, may have opened him to ridicule, but his biographers observe that parsimony is preferable to extravagance.[129] Lord Charlemont excused George's short temper by explaining that sincerity of feeling is better than deception, "His temper was warm and impetuous, but he was good-natured and sincere. Unskilled in the royal talent of dissimulation, he always was what he appeared to be. He might offend, but he never deceived."[130] Lord Waldegrave wrote, "I am thoroughly convinced that hereafter, when time shall have wore away those specks and blemishes which sully the brightest characters, and from which no man is totally exempt, he will be numbered amongst those patriot kings, under whose government the people have enjoyed the greatest happiness".[131] George may not have played a strong role in history, but he was influential at times and he upheld constitutional government.[132] Elizabeth Montagu said of him, "With him our laws and liberties were safe, he possessed in a great degree the confidence of his people and the respect of foreign governments; and a certain steadiness of character made him of great consequence in these unsettled times ... His character would not afford subject for epic poetry, but will look well in the sober page of history."[133]
Titles, styles and arms[edit]
Titles and styles[edit]
In Britain:
From 9 November 1706 (O.S.): Duke and Marquess of Cambridge, Earl of Milford Haven, Viscount Northallerton and Baron of Tewkesbury.[134]
1 August 1714 (O.S.) – 27 September 1714 (O.S.): His Royal Highness George Augustus, Prince of Great Britain, Electoral Prince of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay, etc.[135]
27 September 1714 (O.S.) – 11/22 June 1727: His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales, etc.
11/22 June 1727 – 25 October 1760: His Majesty The King.
George II's full style was "George the Second, by the Grace of God, King of Great Britain, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Archtreasurer and Prince-Elector of the Holy Roman Empire".[136]
Arms[edit]
When George became Prince of Wales in 1714, he was granted the royal arms with an inescutcheon of gules plain in the Hanoverian quarter differenced overall by a label of three points argent. The crest included the single arched coronet of his rank. As king, he used the royal arms as used by his father undifferenced.[137]
Coat of Arms as the Prince of Wales 1714–1727 Coat of Arms of George II as King of Great Britain 1727–1760
Issue[edit]
Caroline's ten pregnancies resulted in eight live births. One of their children died in infancy, and seven lived to adulthood.[138]
Name
Birth
Death
Notes
Frederick, Prince of Wales 000000001707-02-01-00001 February 1707 000000001751-03-31-000031 March 1751 married 1736, Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha; had issue, including the future George III
Anne, Princess Royal 000000001709-11-02-00002 November 1709 000000001759-01-12-000012 January 1759 married 1734, William IV, Prince of Orange; had issue
Princess Amelia 000000001711-06-10-000010 June 1711 000000001786-10-31-000031 October 1786 never married, no issue
Princess Caroline 000000001713-06-10-000010 June 1713 000000001757-12-28-000028 December 1757 never married, no issue
Stillborn son 000000001716-11-20-000020 November 1716 000000001716-11-20-000020 November 1716
Prince George William 000000001717-11-13-000013 November 1717 000000001718-02-17-000017 February 1718 died in infancy
Miscarriage 000000001718-01-01-00001718 000000001718-01-01-00001718
Prince William, Duke of Cumberland 000000001721-04-26-000026 April 1721 000000001765-10-31-000031 October 1765 never married, no issue
Princess Mary 000000001723-03-05-00005 March 1723 000000001772-01-14-000014 January 1772 married 1740, Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel; had issue
Princess Louisa 000000001724-12-18-000018 December 1724 000000001751-12-19-000019 December 1751 married 1743, Frederick V, King of Denmark and Norway; had issue
Dates in this table are New Style
Ancestry[edit]
[show]Ancestors of George II of Great Britain
8. George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (=12)[139]
4. Ernest Augustus, Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg
9. Anne Eleonore of Hesse-Darmstadt (=13)[139]
2. George I of Great Britain
10. Frederick V, Elector Palatine[139]
5. Sophia, Princess Palatine of the Rhine
11. Elizabeth Stuart[139]
1. George II of Great Britain
12. George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (=8)[139]
6. George William, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
13. Anne Eleonore of Hesse-Darmstadt (=9)[139]
3. Sophia Dorothea of Celle
14. Alexandre II Desmier, Seigneur d'Olbreuse[140]
7. Éléonore Desmier d'Olbreuse, Countess of Wilhelmsburg
15. Jacquette Poussard de Vandré[140]
Notes[edit]
^O.S./N.S. Over the course of George's life, two calendars were used: the Old Style Julian calendar and the New Style Gregorian calendar. Before 1700, the two calendars were 10 days apart. Hanover switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 19 February (O.S.) / 1 March (N.S.) 1700. Great Britain switched on 3/14 September 1752. George was born on 30 October Old Style, which was 9 November New Style, but because the calendar shifted forward a further day in 1700, the date is occasionally miscalculated as 10 November.[141] In this article, individual dates before September 1752 are indicated as either O.S. or N.S. or both. All dates after September 1752 are N.S. only. All years are assumed to start from 1 January and not 25 March, which was the English New Year.
^A Hanover had about 1,800 houses, whereas London had 100,000.[142]
^B George shook his fist at Newcastle and said "You are a rascal; I shall find you out!", which the duke apparently misheard as "You are a rascal; I shall fight you!"[143]
Sources[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Cannon.
Jump up ^ Thompson, p. 10.
Jump up ^ Van der Kiste, p. 6.
Jump up ^ Black, George II, pp. 35–36; Thompson, p. 19; Van der Kiste, p. 7.
Jump up ^ Thompson, p. 16.
Jump up ^ Trench, p. 7; Van der Kiste, p. 9.
Jump up ^ Thompson, pp. 35–36.
Jump up ^ Union with Scotland Act 1706 and Union with England Act 1707, The National Archives, retrieved 20 September 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Van der Kiste, p. 17.
Jump up ^ Thompson, p. 28.
Jump up ^ Van der Kiste, p. 15.
Jump up ^ Thompson, p. 30; Van der Kiste, p. 16.
Jump up ^ Thompson, p. 31; Van der Kiste, p. 18.
Jump up ^ Van der Kiste, p. 19.
Jump up ^ Van der Kiste, p. 21.
Jump up ^ Thompson, p. 32; Trench, p. 18; Van der Kiste, p. 22.
Jump up ^ Van der Kiste, p. 23.
Jump up ^ Thompson, p. 37.
Jump up ^ Van der Kiste, p. 30.
Jump up ^ Thompson, p. 38.
Jump up ^ Van der Kiste, p. 36.
Jump up ^ Trench, p. 38; Van der Kiste, p. 37.
Jump up ^ Thompson, pp. 39–40; Trench, p. 39.
Jump up ^ Van der Kiste, p. 37.
Jump up ^ Trench, p. 55; Van der Kiste, p. 44.
Jump up ^ Trench, pp. 63–65; Van der Kiste, p. 55.
Jump up ^ Van der Kiste, p. 59.
Jump up ^ Black, George II, p. 45; Thompson, p. 47.
Jump up ^ Van der Kiste, p. 61.
Jump up ^ Trench, p. 75; Van der Kiste, p. 61.
Jump up ^ Trench, p. 77.
Jump up ^ Black, George II, p. 46; Thompson, p. 53; Trench, p. 78.
Jump up ^ Van der Kiste, p. 66.
Jump up ^ Van der Kiste, pp. 66–67.
Jump up ^ Trench, p. 80.
Jump up ^ Trench, pp. 67, 87.
Jump up ^ Thompson, pp. 48–50, 55.
Jump up ^ Trench, pp. 79, 82.
Jump up ^ Van der Kiste, p. 71.
Jump up ^ Thompson, p. 57; Trench, pp. 88–90; Van der Kiste, pp. 72–74.
Jump up ^ Black, George II, p. 52; Thompson, p. 58; Trench, p. 89.
Jump up ^ Trench, pp. 88–89.
Jump up ^ Black, George II, p. 54; Thompson, pp. 58–59.
Jump up ^ Trench, pp. 104–105.
Jump up ^ Trench, pp. 106–107.
Jump up ^ Thompson, p. 45; Trench, p. 107.
^ Jump up to: a b Van der Kiste, p. 97.
Jump up ^ Trench, pp. 130–131.
Jump up ^ Black, George II, p. 88; Cannon; Trench, pp. 130–131.
Jump up ^ Black, George II, p. 77.
Jump up ^ Black, George II, p. 80; Trench, p. 132.
Jump up ^ Trench, pp. 132–133.
Jump up ^ Black, George II, pp. 81–84; Black, Walpole in Power, pp. 29–31, 53, 61.
Jump up ^ Van der Kiste, p. 95.
Jump up ^ Trench, p. 149.
Jump up ^ Thompson, p. 92.
Jump up ^ Black, George II, p. 95.
Jump up ^ Trench, pp. 173–174; Van der Kiste, p. 138.
Jump up ^ Black, George II, pp. 141–143; Thompson, pp. 102–103; Trench, pp. 166–167.
Jump up ^ Trench, pp. 141–142; Van der Kiste, pp. 115–116.
Jump up ^ Thompson, pp. 85–86; Van der Kiste, pp. 118, 126, 139.
Jump up ^ Van der Kiste, p. 118.
Jump up ^ Trench, p. 179.
Jump up ^ Trench, pp. 182–184; Van der Kiste, pp. 149–150.
Jump up ^ Trench, p. 185–187; Van der Kiste, p. 152.
Jump up ^ Van der Kiste, p. 153.
Jump up ^ Black, George II, p. 136; Thompson, pp. 7, 64; Trench, p. 150.
Jump up ^ Trench, pp. 189–190; Van der Kiste, pp. 153–154.
Jump up ^ Thompson, p. 120; Trench, p. 192; Van der Kiste, pp. 155–157.
Jump up ^ Trench, p. 196; Van der Kiste, p. 158.
Jump up ^ Hervey's Memoirs, vol. III, p. 916, quoted in Thompson, p. 124, and Van der Kiste, p. 165.
Jump up ^ Thompson, p. 124; Trench, p. 199.
Jump up ^ Thompson, p. 92; Trench, pp. 175, 181.
Jump up ^ Van der Kiste, pp. 25, 137.
Jump up ^ Black, George II, p. 157; Kilburn; Weir, p. 284.
Jump up ^ Trench, pp. 205–206.
Jump up ^ Trench, p. 210.
Jump up ^ Thompson, pp. 133, 139.
Jump up ^ Black, George II, p. 174; Trench, p. 212.
Jump up ^ Black, George II, p. 86.
Jump up ^ Thompson, p. 150.
Jump up ^ "Silver 'Lima' crown (5 shillings) of George II", British Museum, retrieved 26 August 2011 Archive at the Wayback Machine (archived 29 April 2011)
Jump up ^ Trench, pp. 211–212.
Jump up ^ Trench, pp. 206–209.
Jump up ^ Black, George II, p. 111; Trench, pp. 136, 208; Van der Kiste, p. 173.
Jump up ^ Thompson, p. 148; Trench, pp. 217–223.
Jump up ^ Black, George II, pp. 181–184; Van der Kiste, pp. 179–180.
Jump up ^ Black, George II, pp. 185–186; Thompson, p. 160; Van der Kiste, p. 181.
Jump up ^ Black, George II, pp. 190–193; Thompson, pp. 162, 169; Trench, pp. 234–235.
Jump up ^ Black, George II, pp. 164, 184, 195.
Jump up ^ Black, George II, pp. 190–193; Cannon; Trench, pp. 234–235.
Jump up ^ Van der Kiste, p. 184.
Jump up ^ Black, George II, pp. 190–191.
Jump up ^ Van der Kiste, pp. 186–187.
Jump up ^ Thompson, pp. 187–189.
Jump up ^ Black, George II, p. 199; Trench, p. 243; Van der Kiste, p. 188.
Jump up ^ Van der Kiste, p. 189.
Jump up ^ Thompson, p. 208; Trench, p. 247.
Jump up ^ Black, George II, pp. 207–211; Thompson, p. 209; Trench, p. 249; Van der Kiste, p. 195.
Jump up ^ Thompson, p. 211.
Jump up ^ Horace Walpole's memoirs, vol. I, p. 152, quoted in Thompson, p. 213 and Trench, p. 250.
Jump up ^ Thompson, pp. 233–238.
Jump up ^ Black, George II, pp. 231–232; Thompson, p. 252; Trench, pp. 271–274.
Jump up ^ Ashley, p. 677.
Jump up ^ Thompson, pp. 265–266; Trench, p. 283.
Jump up ^ Thompson, p. 268; Trench, p. 284.
Jump up ^ Horace Walpole's memoirs, vol. III, p. 61, quoted in Trench, p. 286.
Jump up ^ Thompson, p. 276; Trench, p. 286.
Jump up ^ Thompson, p. 270; Trench, p. 287.
Jump up ^ Trench, pp. 293–296.
Jump up ^ Thompson, pp. 282–283.
Jump up ^ Thompson, p. 275; Trench, p. 292; Van der Kiste, p. 212.
Jump up ^ Thompson, pp. 289–290; Van der Kiste, p. 213.
Jump up ^ Van der Kiste, p. 213.
Jump up ^ Nicholls, Frank (1761) "Observations concerning the body of His Late Majesty", Philos Trans Lond 52: 265–274.
Jump up ^ Black, George II, p. 253; Thompson, p. 290.
Jump up ^ Van der Kiste, between pp. 150 and 151.
Jump up ^ Black, George II, pp. 68, 127.
Jump up ^ Black, George II, p. 127; Thompson, pp. 97–98; Trench, p. 153.
Jump up ^ Black, George II, p. 128; Trench, pp. 140, 152.
Jump up ^ Black, George II, p. 128.
Jump up ^ Thompson, p. 96.
Jump up ^ Black, George II, pp. 255–257.
Jump up ^ Black, George II, pp. 257–258.
Jump up ^ Black, George II, pp. 258–259.
Jump up ^ Black, George II, pp. 144–146; Cannon; Trench, pp. 135–136.
Jump up ^ Black, George II, p. 195.
Jump up ^ Best, p. 71.
Jump up ^ Black, George II, p. 82; Trench, p. 300; Lord Waldegrave's Memoirs quoted in Trench, p. 270.
Jump up ^ Charlemont quoted in Cannon and Trench, p. 299.
Jump up ^ Quoted in Trench, p. 270.
Jump up ^ Black, George II, p. 138; Cannon; Trench, p. 300.
Jump up ^ Quoted in Black, George II, p. 254.
Jump up ^ Weir, p. 277.
Jump up ^ e.g. "No. 5264". The London Gazette. 28 September 1714. p. 1.
Jump up ^ e.g. A Lima half-crown (MEC1598), National Maritime Museum, retrieved 7 September 2011
Jump up ^ Pinches and Pinches, p. 206.
Jump up ^ Weir, pp. 277–285.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Weir, pp. 272–275.
^ Jump up to: a b Haag et al., pp. 347–349.
Jump up ^ Huberty et al., p. 108
Jump up ^ Van der Kiste, p. 39.
Jump up ^ Van der Kiste, p. 63.
Bibliography[edit]
Ashley, Mike (1998) The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens. London: Robinson. ISBN 1-84119-096-9
Best, Nicholas (1995) The Kings and Queens of England. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-83487-8
Black, Jeremy (2001) Walpole in Power. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-2523-X
Black, Jeremy (2007) George II: Puppet of the Politicians? Exeter: University of Exeter Press. ISBN 978-0-85989-807-2
Cannon, John (2004) "George II (1683–1760)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, retrieved 16 August 2011 doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/10539 (subscription or UK public library membership required)
Haag, Eugène; Haag, Émile; Bordier, Henri Léonard (1877) La France Protestante. Paris: Sandoz et Fischbacher (in French) online edition
Huberty, Michel; Giraud, Alain; Magdelaine, F. et B. (1981) L'Allemagne Dynastique. Volume 3: Brunswick-Nassau-Schwarzbourg. Le Perreux-sur-Marne: Giraud. ISBN 2-901138-03-9
Kilburn, Matthew (2004) "Wallmoden, Amalie Sophie Marianne von, suo jure countess of Yarmouth (1704–1765)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, retrieved 30 November 2012 doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/28579 (subscription or UK public library membership required)
Pinches, John Harvey; Pinches, Rosemary (1974) The Royal Heraldry of England. Slough, Buckinghamshire: Hollen Street Press. ISBN 0-900455-25-X
Thompson, Andrew C. (2011) George II: King and Elector. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11892-6
Trench, Charles Chevenix (1975) George II. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 0-7139-0481-X
Van der Kiste, John (1997) George II and Queen Caroline. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-1321-5
Weir, Alison (1996) Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy. London: Random House. ISBN 0-7126-7448-9
Further reading[edit]
Bultmann, William A. (1966) "Early Hanoverian England (1714–1760): Some Recent Writings" in Elizabeth Chapin Furber, ed. Changing views on British history: essays on historical writing since 1939. Harvard University Press, pp. 181–205
Dickinson, Harry T.; introduced by A. L. Rowse (1973) Walpole and the Whig Supremacy. London: The English Universities Press. ISBN 0-340-11515-7
Hervey, John Hervey Baron (1931) Some materials towards memoirs of the reign of King George II. Eyre & Spottiswoode
Marshall, Dorothy (1962) Eighteenth Century England 1714–1784
Robertson, Charles Grant (1911) England under the Hanoverians. London: Methuen
Smith, Hannah (2005) "The Court in England, 1714–1760: A Declining Political Institution?" History 90 (297): 23–41
Smith, Hannah (2006) Georgian Monarchy: Politics and Culture, 1714–1760. Cambridge University Press
Williams, Basil; revized by C. H. Stuart (1962) The Whig Supremacy 1714–1760. Second edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to George II of Great Britain.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: George II of Great Britain
George II at BBC History
George II at the official website of the British monarchy
"Archival material relating to George II of Great Britain". UK National Archives.
Portraits of King George II at the National Portrait Gallery, London
George II of Great Britain
House of Hanover
Cadet branch of the House of Welf
Born: 9 November 1683 Died: 25 October 1760
Regnal titles
Preceded by
George I King of Great Britain and Ireland,
Elector of Hanover
11/22 June 1727 – 25 October 1760 Succeeded by
George III
British royalty
Vacant
Title last held by
James Prince of Wales
Duke of Cornwall
Duke of Rothesay
1714–1727 Succeeded by
Frederick
Academic offices
Preceded by
The Duke of Ormonde Chancellor of the University of Dublin
1715–1727 Succeeded by
HRH Frederick, Prince of Wales
[show]
v
t
e
English, Scottish and British monarchs
Monarchs of England before 1603 Monarchs of Scotland before 1603
Æthelstan
Edmund I
Eadred
Eadwig
Edgar the Peaceful
Edward the Martyr
Æthelred the Unready
Sweyn
Edmund II
Cnut
Harold I
Harthacnut
Edward the Confessor
Harold II
Edgar Ætheling
William I
William II
Henry I
Stephen
Matilda
Henry II
Henry the Young King
Richard I
John
Henry III
Edward I
Edward II
Edward III
Richard II
Henry IV
Henry V
Henry VI
Edward IV
Edward V
Richard III
Henry VII
Henry VIII
Edward VI
Jane
Mary I and Philip
Elizabeth I
Kenneth I MacAlpin
Donald I
Constantine I
Áed
Giric
Eochaid
Donald II
Constantine II
Malcolm I
Indulf
Dub
Cuilén
Amlaíb
Kenneth II
Constantine III
Kenneth III
Malcolm II
Duncan I
Macbeth
Lulach
Malcolm III
Donald III
Duncan II
Donald III
Edgar
Alexander I
David I
Malcolm IV
William I
Alexander II
Alexander III
Margaret of Norway
First Interregnum
John Balliol
Second Interregnum
Robert I
David II
Edward Balliol
Robert II
Robert III
James I
James II
James III
James IV
James V
Mary I
James VI
Monarchs of England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns in 1603
James I & VI
Charles I
Commonwealth
Charles II
James II & VII
William III & II and Mary II
Anne
British monarchs after the Acts of Union 1707
Anne
George I
George II
George III
George IV
William IV
Victoria
Edward VII
George V
Edward VIII
George VI
Elizabeth II
Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics.
[show]
v
t
e
Kingdom of Great Britain
History
Union of 1707
Great Britain in the Seven Years' War
Jacobitism
Jacobite risings
War of Jenkins' Ear
French and Indian War
Boston Massacre
American Revolutionary War
Anglo-Dutch War (1780–1784)
French Revolutionary Wars
Union of 1801
Royal Houses
Stuart
Anne
Hanover
George I
George II
George III
Politics
Parliament
House of Lords
House of Commons
List of Parliaments
Acts of Parliament:
1707–1719
1720–1739
1740–1759
1760–1779
1780–1800
Elections:
1708
1710
1713
1715
1722
1727
1734
1741
1747
1754
1761
1768
1774
1780
1784
1790
1796
Monarchy
Peers
Privy Council
Prime Minister
List
Whigs
Tories
Whig Junto
Patriot Whigs
Kit-Cat Club
Geography
Great Britain
Architecture
Queen Anne
Georgian
Other
East India Company
British Empire
Longitude prize
Window tax
Proclamation of Rebellion
South Sea Company
Speenhamland system
Symbols
Flag
Coat of arms
History of Great Britain category
[show]
v
t
e
British princes
The generations indicate descent from George I, who formalised the use of the titles prince and princess for members of the British royal family.
1st generation
King George II
2nd generation
Frederick, Prince of Wales
Prince George William
Prince William, Duke of Cumberland
3rd generation
King George III
Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany
Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh
Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn
Prince Frederick
4th generation
King George IV
Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany
King William IV
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn
King Ernest Augustus of Hanover
Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex
Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge
Prince Octavius
Prince Alfred
Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh
5th generation
Albert, Prince Consort1
King George V of Hanover
Prince George, Duke of Cambridge
6th generation
King Edward VII
Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh and Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn
Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany
Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover
7th generation
Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale
King George V
Prince Alexander John of Wales
Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Prince Arthur of Connaught
Prince Charles Edward, Duke of Albany and of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Prince George William of Hanover
Prince Christian of Hanover
Prince Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick
8th generation
King Edward VIII
King George VI
Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester
Prince George, Duke of Kent
Prince John
Alastair, 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn
Johann Leopold, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Prince Hubertus of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover
Prince George William of Hanover
9th generation
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh2
Prince William of Gloucester
Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent
Prince Michael of Kent
10th generation
Charles, Prince of Wales
Prince Andrew, Duke of York
Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex
11th generation
Prince William, Duke of Cambridge
Prince Henry of Wales
James, Viscount Severn3
12th generation
Prince George of Cambridge
1 Not a British prince by birth, but created Prince Consort. 2 Not a British prince by birth, but created a Prince of the United Kingdom. 3 Status debatable; see his article.
[show]
v
t
e
Princes of Wales
Edward (1301–1307)
Edward (1343–1376)
Richard (1376–1377)
Henry (1399–1413)
Edward (1454–1471)
Richard (1460; disputed)
Edward (1471–1483)
Edward (1483–1484)
Arthur (1489–1502)
Henry (1504–1509)
Edward (1537–1547)
Henry (1610–1612)
Charles (1616–1625)
Charles (1641–1649)
James (1688)
George (1714–1727)
Frederick (1729–1751)
George (1751–1760)
George (1762–1820)
Albert Edward (1841–1901)
George (1901–1910)
Edward (1910–1936)
Charles (1958–present)
See also: Principality of Wales
[show]
v
t
e
Dukes of Cornwall
Edward (1337–1376)
Richard (1376–1377)
Henry (1399–1413)
Henry (1421–1422)
Edward (1453–1471)
Richard (1460; disputed)
Edward (1470–1483)
Edward (1483–1484)
Arthur (1486–1502)
Henry (1502–1509)
Henry (1511)
Henry (1513)
Henry (1515)
Edward (1537–1547)
Henry Frederick (1603–1612)
Charles (1612–1625)
Charles (1630–1649)
James (1688–1701/2)
George (1714–1727)
Frederick (1727–1751)
George (1762–1820)
Albert Edward (1841–1901)
George (1901–1910)
Edward (1910–1936)
Charles (1952–present)
Cornwall Portal
[show]
v
t
e
Dukes of Rothesay
David (1398–1402)
James (1402–1406)
Alexander (1430)
James (1430–1437)
James (1452–1460)
James (1473–1488)
James (1507–1508)
Arthur (1509–1510)
James (1512–1513)
James (1540–1541)
James (1566–1567)
Henry Frederick (1603–1612)
Charles (1612–1625)
Charles James (1629)
Charles (1630–1649)
James (1688–1689)
George (1714–1727)
Frederick (1727–1751)
George (1762–1820)
Albert Edward (1841–1901)
George (1901–1910)
Edward (1910–1936)
Charles (1952–present)
[show]
v
t
e
Dukes of Cambridge
Charles (1660–1661; only styled)
James (1664–1667)
Edgar (1667–1671)
Charles (1677–1677; only styled)
George (1706–1727)
Adolphus (1801–1850)
George (1850–1904)
William (2011–present)
[show]
v
t
e
Rulers of Hanover
Electors of Hanover
Ernest Augustus (Elector-designate)
George I Louis*
George II*
George III*
Kings of Hanover
George III*
George IV*
William IV*
Ernest Augustus
George V
* also British monarch
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 150145970160432251322
LCCN: n83041856
ISNI: 0000 0001 2101 109X
GND: 118538543
SELIBR: 209669
SUDOC: 035427655
BNF: cb131888654 (data)
BIBSYS: 6081415
ULAN: 500353655
IATH: w6cr5v3d
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_II_of_Great_Britain&oldid=819359740"
Categories:
George II of Great Britain
1683 births
1760 deaths
17th-century German people
18th-century German people
18th-century British people
Burials at Westminster Abbey
Chancellors of the University of Dublin
Deaths from aortic dissection
Dukes of Bremen and Verden
Dukes of Cambridge
Dukes of Cornwall
Dukes of Rothesay
Dukes of Saxe-Lauenburg
Electoral Princes of Hanover
Electors of Hanover
English pretenders to the French throne
German people of Huguenot descent
House of Hanover
Knights of the Garter
Members of the Privy Council of Great Britain
Monarchs of Great Britain
People from Hanover
People related to the history of the Georgia Salzburgers
Princes of Great Britain
Princes of Wales
Protestant monarchs
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Use British English Oxford spelling from October 2012
Use dmy dates from October 2014
Articles containing German-language text
Articles with French-language external links
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers
Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers
Featured articles
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Wikisource
Languages
Afrikaans
Alemannisch
العربية
Беларуская
Български
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
Gàidhlig
Galego
客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî
한국어
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Қазақша
Latina
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Magyar
मराठी
مصرى
مازِرونی
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Nouormand
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Gagana Samoa
संस्कृतम्
Scots
Simple English
Slovenčina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
吴语
粵語
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 8 January 2018, at 23:11.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: This is a featured article. Click here for more information.

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color: #cbe; font-size: 125%

value: 2 photo text-align:center

value:
/wiki/King_of_Great_Britain
mw-redirect
King of Great Britain

value:
/wiki/List_of_Irish_monarchs
mw-redirect
List of Irish monarchs

value:
/wiki/Elector_of_Hanover
mw-redirect
Elector of Hanover

tag: small

value: font-size: 105%; background: transparent; text-align: left;

value: Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle

value: William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire

value: list-style: none none; margin-left: 0px; text-align: left; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: inherit; display: none;

value:
NavFrame collapsed
border: none; padding: 0;
NavFrame1

value: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George II of Great Britain

value:
/wiki/Anne,_Princess_of_Orange
mw-redirect
Anne, Princess of Orange

value:
/wiki/William,_Duke_of_Cumberland
mw-redirect
William, Duke of Cumberland

value: width:22em;border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none

value:
/wiki/File:Firma_del_Rey_George_II.svg
image
George II's signature

value:
/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover
mw-redirect
Electorate of Hanover

value:
/wiki/Jacobite_rebellions
mw-redirect
Jacobite rebellions

value:
/wiki/Knight_of_the_Garter
mw-redirect
Knight of the Garter

value: Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange

value:
/wiki/British_Whig_Party
mw-redirect
British Whig Party

value:
/wiki/Royal_progress
mw-redirect
Royal progress

value: Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne

value:
/wiki/Sir_Robert_Walpole
mw-redirect
Sir Robert Walpole

value: Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend

value:
/wiki/South_Sea_Bubble
mw-redirect
South Sea Bubble

value: Wilhelmine of Prussia, Margravine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth

value: Amalie von Wallmoden, Countess of Yarmouth

value:
/wiki/Johann_Ludwig_von_Wallmoden
mw-redirect
Johann Ludwig von Wallmoden

value:
/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor_Charles_VI
mw-redirect
Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI

value:
/wiki/Sale_of_commissions
mw-redirect
Sale of commissions

value:
/wiki/Jacobite_Risings
mw-redirect
Jacobite Risings

value:
/wiki/Jacobite_Rising_of_1715
mw-redirect
Jacobite Rising of 1715

value:
/wiki/Green_Park,_London
mw-redirect
Green Park, London

value:
/wiki/Colonization_of_North_America
mw-redirect
Colonization of North America

value: Secretary of State for the Southern Department

value:
/wiki/Battle_of_Arcot
mw-redirect
Battle of Arcot

value: Planned French Invasion of Britain (1759)

value:
/wiki/John_Van_Nost
mw-redirect
John Van Nost

value: Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom

value: Cadency labels of the British royal family

value: Coat of Arms of the Hanoverian Princes of Wales (1714-1760).svg

value: Coat of Arms of Great Britain (1714-1801).svg

value:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

value: padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; width:100%

value: border:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0;;background-color: #bfc;

value: border-left: 1px solid black; border-top: 1px solid black;

value: Ernest Augustus, Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg

value: border:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0;;background-color: #ffc;

value: border-left: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black;

value: border:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0;;background-color: #fb9;

value:
/wiki/Frederick_V,_Elector_Palatine
mw-redirect
Frederick V, Elector Palatine

value: border:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0;;background-color: #fcc;

value: George William, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

value: border-spacing: 0px; font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%;

value: margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:100%; width:100%; font-size:88%; border:1px solid #aaa;

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value: font-size:0.95em; font-size: 90%; color: #555

value: commons:Category:George II of Great Britain

value: q:Special:Search/George II of Great Britain

attr: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;

value:
/wiki/British_monarchy
mw-redirect
British monarchy

value: List of Chancellors of the University of Dublin

value: Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs

value: Template talk:English, Scottish and British monarchs

value: border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em;;;;width:50%;

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value:
navbox-image
7
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

value: List of Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain

value: List of Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain, 1707–1719

value: List of Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain, 1720–1739

value: List of Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain, 1740–1759

value: List of Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain, 1760–1779

value: List of Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain, 1780–1800

value:
/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Great_Britain
mw-redirect
Privy Council of Great Britain

value:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Great_Britain
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Great Britain

value: List of Prime Ministers of Great Britain

value:
/wiki/Longitude_prize
mw-redirect
Longitude prize

value: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

value: Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh

value: Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn

value: Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany

value: Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn

value: Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex

value: Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn

value: Prince Ernest Augustus, 3rd Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale

value: Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale

value:
/wiki/Prince_Alexander_John_of_Wales
mw-redirect
Prince Alexander John of Wales

value: Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

value: Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

value: Prince George William of Hanover (1880–1912)

value: Alastair Windsor, 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn

value: Prince Hubertus of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1909–1943)

value: Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover (1914–1987)

value: Prince George William of Hanover (1915–2006)

value:
/wiki/Prince_Consort
mw-redirect
Prince Consort

value: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value:
navbox-image
1
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

value: Charles Stuart, Duke of Cambridge (born 1660)

value:
/wiki/Edgar_Stuart,_Duke_of_Cambridge
mw-redirect
Edgar Stuart, Duke of Cambridge

value: Charles Stuart, Duke of Cambridge (born 1677)

value:
/wiki/History_of_Hanover
mw-redirect
History of Hanover

value:
navbox-image
2
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

value:
nofollow
external text
http://isni.org/isni/000000012101109X

value:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/118538543

value:
nofollow
external text
https://libris.kb.se/auth/209669

value:
nofollow
external text
https://www.idref.fr/035427655

value: Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities

value: Category:Chancellors of the University of Dublin

value: Category:English pretenders to the French throne

value: Category:German people of Huguenot descent

value: Category:Members of the Privy Council of Great Britain

value: Category:People related to the history of the Georgia Salzburgers

value: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

value: Category:Use British English Oxford spelling from October 2012

value: Category:Use dmy dates from October 2014

value: Category:Articles containing German-language text

value: Category:Articles with French-language external links

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value:
/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value: George II van Groot-Brittanje – Afrikaans

value: Georg II. (Großbritannien) – Alemannisch

value: جورج الثاني ملك بريطانيا العظمى – Arabic

value: interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

value: Георг II (кароль брытанскі) – Belarusian

value: Đorđe II, kralj Velike Britanije – Bosnian

value:
https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_II
George II – Breton
br
br
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_II
George II – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

value: Γεώργιος Β΄ της Μεγάλης Βρετανίας – Greek

value: جرج دوم – Persian

value: George II (roi de Grande-Bretagne) – French

value: Deòrsa II, Rìgh Bhreatainn is Èireann – Scottish Gaelic

value: जॉर्ज द्वितीय, इंगलैंड – Hindi

value: Đuro II., kralj Velike Britanije i Irske – Croatian

value: George II dari Britania Raya – Indonesian

value: ג'ורג' השני, מלך בריטניה – Hebrew

value: II Георг (Ұлыбритания патшасы) – Kazakh

value:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurgis_II
Jurgis II – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

value: दुसरा जॉर्ज, ग्रेट ब्रिटन – Marathi

value: جورج التانى ملك بريطانيا العظمى – Egyptian Arabic

value: جرج دوم (بریتانیا شا) – Mazanderani

value: ジョージ2世 (イギリス王) – Japanese

value: Georg II av Storbritannia – Norwegian Nynorsk

value: interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

value: George al II-lea al Marii Britanii – Romanian

value: Георг II (король Великобритании) – Russian

value:
https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siaosi_II
Siaosi II – Samoan
sm
sm
interlanguage-link-target

value: George II of Great Britain – Simple English

value: George II od Velike Britanije – Serbo-Croatian

value: พระเจ้าจอร์จที่ 2 แห่งบริเตนใหญ่ – Thai

value: Георг II (король Великої Британії) – Ukrainian

value: جارج دوم، برطانیہ عظمی – Urdu

value: George II của Liên hiệp Anh – Vietnamese

value: interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

value: 乔治二世 (大不列颠) – Chinese

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-George_II_of_Great_Britain rootpage-George_II_of_Great_Britain skin-vector action-view


text:
Cinque Terre
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Cinque Terre
UNESCO World Heritage Site
A view of the National Park of the Cinque Terre with Riomaggiore, one of the five coastal villages, directly below
Location
Liguria, Italy
Part of
"Cinque Terre and Portovenere" part of Portovenere, Cinque Terre, and the Islands (Palmaria, Tino and Tinetto)
Includes
Monterosso al Mare
Vernazza
Corniglia
Manarola
Riomaggiore
Criteria
Cultural: (ii)(iv)(v)
Reference
826-001
Inscription
1997 (21st Session)
Area
4,511.54 ha (17.4192 sq mi)
Website
www.parconazionale5terre.it/Eindex.php
Coordinates
44°7′10″N 9°43′00″E / 44.11944°N 9.71667°E / 44.11944; 9.71667Coordinates: 44°7′10″N 9°43′00″E / 44.11944°N 9.71667°E / 44.11944; 9.71667
Location of Cinque Terre in Italy.
The Cinque Terre (Italian pronunciation: [ˈtʃiŋkwe ˈtɛrre]; Ligurian: Çinque Tære, meaning "Five Lands") is a rugged portion of coast on the Italian Riviera. It is in the Liguria region of Italy, to the west of the city of La Spezia, and comprises five villages: Monterosso al Mare, Vernazza, Corniglia, Manarola, and Riomaggiore. The coastline, the five villages, and the surrounding hillsides are all part of the Cinque Terre National Park and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Over the centuries, people have carefully built terraces on the rugged, steep landscape right up to the cliffs that overlook the sea. Part of its charm is the lack of visible corporate development. Paths, trains and boats connect the villages, and cars cannot reach them from the outside. The Cinque Terre area is a very popular tourist destination.
The villages of the Cinque Terre were severely affected by torrential rains which caused floods and mudslides on October 25, 2011. Nine people were confirmed killed by the floods, and damage to the villages, particularly Vernazza and Monterosso al Mare, was extensive.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Transport and tourism
3 Culture
3.1 Literature
3.2 Cinema
4 Food and wine
5 Preservation
6 Neighbouring towns
7 Sister cities
8 Gallery
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
History[edit]
The first historical documents on the Cinque Terre date back to the 11th century. Monterosso and Vernazza sprang up first, while the other villages grew later, under military and political supremacy of the Republic of Genoa. In the 16th century to oppose the attacks by the Turks, the inhabitants reinforced the old forts and built new defence towers. From the year 1600, the Cinque Terre experienced a decline which reversed only in the 19th century,[citation needed] thanks to the construction of the Military Arsenal of La Spezia and to the building of the railway line between Genoa and La Spezia. The railway allowed the inhabitants to escape their isolation, but also brought about abandonment of traditional activities. The consequence was an increase in poverty which pushed many to emigrate abroad, at least up to the 1970s, when the development of tourism brought back wealth.
Unlike the common belief that house colors originated to distinguish the fisherman's houses, they were not painted until the late 1970s. The only village that used fishing as its main industry was Monterosso. The locals lived off vineyards and olive cultivation.
Transport and tourism[edit]
There are few roads into the Cinque Terre towns that are accessible by car: the one into Vernazza is open as of June 2012, but very narrow at many places. It leads to a parking area a kilometre from town. It is best to plan not to travel by car at all, but to park at La Spezia, for instance, and take the trains.[2] Another good option is to drive into Levanto or Bonassola, both having well developed tourist facilities, and take the trains from this end of the Cinque Terre.[3]
Local trains from La Spezia to Genoa and the rest of the region's network connect the Cinque Terre. Intercity trains also connect the Cinque Terre to Milan, Rome, Turin and Tuscany. The Cinque Terre tracks run most of the distance in tunnels between Riomaggiore and Monterosso. The Cinque Terre trains connect the La Spezia train station to all five towns. Unlimited day passes are available for tourists, and the trip from one village to another is five minutes or less.[4]
A passenger ferry runs between the five villages, except Corniglia. The ferry enters Cinque Terre from Genoa's Old Harbour and La Spezia, Lerici, or Porto Venere.
A walking trail, known as Sentiero Azzurro ("Azure Trail"), used to connect the five villages but the section from Riomaggiore to Manarola called the Via dell'Amore ("Love Walk") is closed. The stretch from Manarola to Corniglia [5] is the easiest to hike, although the main trail into Corniglia finishes with an ascent of 368 steps. The section from Manarola to Corniglia is currently closed.[6] The section from Riomaggiore to Manarola has been closed since 2011, following the floods and landslides, with repairs delayed due to a dispute between the Riomaggiore town hall and the national park authorities over who will pay for them. In the meantime, it is still possible to walk between these villages although the trail is both steeper and longer than the (closed) path along the waterfront.
Culture[edit]
Literature[edit]
Limoni
The little path that winds down
along the slope plunges through cane-tufts
and opens suddenly into the orchard
among the moss-green trunks
of the lemon trees. [...] [7]
—  Eugenio Montale
From the poem, “The Lemons”, 1921. This is how the Nobel Prize in Literature Eugenio Montale, through his poetry, tells of the beauty of Monterosso and how the Cinque Terre must be discovered.[8]
The Cinque Terre were not only a source of inspiration for Eugenio Montale but for many others as:
Dante Alighieri who compare the Cinque Terre with the rugged cliff of Purgatory in the Divine Comedy.
Boccaccio in the Tenth Day of the second novel in the Decameron:
[...]e allora in una tovagliuola bianchissima gli portò due fette di pane arrostito e un gran bicchiere di vernaccia da Corniglia[...][9]
Gabriele D'Annunzio in his work Faville del Maglio cite the DOC white wine 'Sciachetrà':
...quel fiero Sciacchetrà che si pigia nelle cinque pampinose terre.[10]
Cinema[edit]
In 2013 Cinque Terre was one of the shooting locations of the movie The Wolf of Wall Street by Martin Scorsese[11]
Food and wine[edit]
Main article: Cinque Terre DOC
This section entitled Food and Wine needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Given its location on the Mediterranean, seafood is plentiful in the local cuisine. Anchovies of Monterosso are a local specialty designated with a Protected Designation of Origin status from the European Union. The mountainsides of the Cinque Terre are heavily terraced and are used to cultivate grapes and olives. This area, and the region of Liguria, as a whole, is known for pesto, a sauce made from basil leaves, garlic, salt, olive oil, pine nuts and pecorino cheese. Focaccia is a particularly common locally baked bread product. Farinata, a typical snack found in bakeries and pizzerias, is a savoury and crunchy pancake made from a base of chick pea flour. The town of Corniglia is particularly popular for a gelato made from local honey (miele di Corniglia).[12]
The grapes of the Cinque Terre are used to produce two locally made wines. The eponymous Cinque Terre and the Sciachetrà are both made using Bosco, Albarola, and Vermentino grapes. Both wines are produced by the Cooperative Agricoltura di Cinque Terre, located between Manarola and Volastra. Other DOC producers are Forlini-Capellini, Walter de Batté, Buranco, Arrigoni.
In addition to wines, other popular local drinks include grappa, a brandy made with the pomace left from winemaking, and limoncello, a sweet liqueur flavored with lemons[citation needed].
Preservation[edit]
In 1998, the Italian Ministry for the Environment set up the Protected natural marine area Cinque Terre to protect the natural environment and to promote socio-economic development compatible with the natural landscape of the area.[13] In 1999 the Parco Nazionale delle Cinque Terre was created to conserve the ecological balance, protect the landscape, and safeguard the anthropological values of the location.[14] Nevertheless, dwindling interest in cultivation and maintenance of the terrace walls posed a long-term threat to the site, which was for this reason included in the 2000 and 2002 World Monuments Watch by the World Monuments Fund.[15] The organization secured grants from American Express to support a study of the conservation of Cinque Terre. Following the study, a site management plan was created.
Neighbouring towns[edit]
Bonassola
La Spezia
Lerici
Levanto
Porto Venere
Sarzana
Volastra
Sister cities[edit]
Southland District, New Zealand
Gallery[edit]
Cinque Terre
Monterosso al Mare
Vernazza
Corniglia
Manarola
Riomaggiore
See also[edit]
Liguria wine
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Squires, Nick (26 October 2011). "Villages all but wiped out as storms batter Italy's 'Cinque Terre'". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 6 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Steves, Rick. "Italy's Riviera: Cinque Terre". Rick Steves' Europe. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Vail, Corinne. "10 Tips For Your Trip to Cinque Terre". Reflections Enroute. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
Jump up ^ https://www.walksofitaly.com/blog/cinque-terre/train
Jump up ^ "Situation of the walking paths" (in Italian). Parco Nazionale Cinque Terre. 25 June 2012. Archived from the original on 5 September 2012. Retrieved 6 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "592-2 (SVA2) Manarola - Cornelia" (in Italian). Retrieved 9 September 2016.
Jump up ^ The Lemon Trees - Eugenio Montale
Jump up ^ Eugenio Montale and the Literary Park
Jump up ^ Testo del Decameron - Wikisource
Jump up ^ books.google.com, Introduzione alla Guida gastronomica
Jump up ^ Italy through its film sets
Jump up ^ Rick Steves' Best of Europe
Jump up ^ Istituzione dell'area naturale marina protetta denominata "Cinque Terre" Archived 2008-12-01 at the Wayback Machine. (G.U. della Repubblica Italiana n. 48 del 27 febbraio 1998)
Jump up ^ Istituzione del Parco nazionale delle Cinque Terre Archived 2009-02-27 at the Wayback Machine. (G.U. 17 dicembre 1999, n. 295)
Jump up ^ World Monuments Fund - Cinque Terre
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cinque Terre.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Cinque Terre.
Parco Nazionale delle Cinque Terre official site
Official UNESCO Photo gallery
[show]
v
t
e
World Heritage Sites in Italy
Northwest
Crespi d'Adda
Genoa
Mantua and Sabbioneta
Monte San Giorgio1
Porto Venere, Palmaria, Tino and Tinetto, Cinque Terre
Corniglia
Manarola
Monterosso al Mare
Riomaggiore
Vernazza
Residences of the Royal House of Savoy
Castle of Moncalieri
Castle of Racconigi
Castle of Rivoli
Castello del Valentino
Royal Palace of Turin
Palazzo Carignano
Palazzo Madama, Turin
Palace of Venaria
Palazzina di caccia of Stupinigi
Villa della Regina
Rhaetian Railway in the Albula / Bernina Landscapes1
Rock Drawings in Valcamonica
Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy
Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan
Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont: Langhe-Roero and Monferrato
Northeast
Aquileia
The Dolomites
Ferrara
Modena Cathedral, Torre della Ghirlandina and Piazza Grande, Modena
Orto botanico di Padova
Ravenna
Venice
Verona
City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto
Central
Assisi
Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi
Etruscan Necropolises of Cerveteri and Tarquinia
Florence
Hadrian's Villa
Medici villas
Piazza del Duomo, Pisa
Pienza
Rome2
San Gimignano
Siena
Urbino
Val d'Orcia
Villa d'Este
South
Alberobello
Amalfi Coast
Castel del Monte, Apulia
Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park, Paestum and Velia, Certosa di Padula
Herculaneum
Oplontis and Villa Poppaea
Naples
Palace of Caserta, Aqueduct of Vanvitelli and San Leucio Complex
Pompeii
Sassi di Matera
Islands
Aeolian Islands
Arab-Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of Cefalù and Monreale
Archaeological Area of Agrigento
Barumini nuraghes
Mount Etna
Syracuse and Necropolis of Pantalica
Val di Noto
Caltagirone
Catania
Militello in Val di Catania
Modica
Noto
Palazzolo Acreide
Ragusa
Scicli
Villa Romana del Casale
Countrywide
Longobards in Italy, Places of Power (568–774 A.D.)
Brescia
Cividale del Friuli
Castelseprio
Spoleto
Temple of Clitumnus located at Campello sul Clitunno
Santa Sofia located at Benevento
Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo located at Monte Sant'Angelo
Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps3
Primeval Beech Forests of Europe4
Venetian Works of Defence between 15th and 17th centuries5
Bergamo
Palmanova
Peschiera del Garda
1 Shared with Switzerland
2 Shared with the Holy See
3 Shared with Austria, France, Germany, Slovenia, and Switzerland
4 Shared with Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Germany, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain and Ukraine
5 Shared with Croatia and Montenegro
[show]
v
t
e
Liguria · Comuni of the Province of La Spezia
Ameglia
Arcola
Beverino
Bolano
Bonassola
Borghetto di Vara
Brugnato
Calice al Cornoviglio
Carro
Carrodano
Castelnuovo Magra
Deiva Marina
Follo
Framura
La Spezia
Lerici
Levanto
Luni
Maissana
Monterosso al Mare
Pignone
Porto Venere
Riccò del Golfo di Spezia
Riomaggiore
Rocchetta di Vara
Santo Stefano di Magra
Sarzana
Sesta Godano
Varese Ligure
Vernazza
Vezzano Ligure
Zignago
[show]
v
t
e
Liguria
Provinces
and places
Genoa
Imperia
La Spezia
Savona
Cinque Terre
Riviera di Levante
Riviera di Ponente
History
Ligures
Republic of Genoa
Genoese colonies
Doge of Genoa
Ligurian Republic
Duchy of Genoa
Duke of Genoa
Kingdom of Sardinia
Monarchs of Sardinia
Politics and
government
Elections in Liguria
List of Presidents of Liguria
Education and
culture
Cuisine
Wine
Flag
Categories
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 248605475
GND: 4219199-3
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinque_Terre&oldid=838524640"
Categories:
Coasts of Italy
Italian Riviera
Ligurian Sea
Province of La Spezia
Coastal towns in Liguria
Hiking trails in Italy
Wine regions of Italy
World Heritage Sites in Italy
Tourist attractions in Liguria
Hidden categories:
CS1 Italian-language sources (it)
Webarchive template wayback links
Coordinates on Wikidata
Articles containing Ligurian-language text
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014
Articles containing Italian-language text
Articles needing additional references from March 2010
All articles needing additional references
Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikivoyage
Languages
العربية
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Euskara
Français
한국어
Հայերեն
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Latina
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Ligure
Magyar
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Piemontèis
Polski
Português
Русский
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
29 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 27 April 2018, at 15:30.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

tag: div

attr: id class

value: mw-page-base noprint

key: html

type: local

value: mw-head-base noprint

tag: a

attr: id class lang

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

tag: caption

attr: href title

tag: th

attr: colspan class style

tag: tr

tag: img

attr: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attr: href class

tag: td

attr: colspan style

attr: href class title

value: Table of World Heritage Sites by country

attr: scope style

value:
nofollow
external text
http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/826-001

value: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

attr: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2014)

value:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

value: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

value:
/wiki/Protected_Designation_of_Origin
mw-redirect
Protected Designation of Origin

value: padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:#595959; border:1px solid #DDD;

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)

value:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

value:
gallery mw-gallery-traditional
max-width: 729px;_width: 729px;

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.wmf.org/project/cinque-terre

attr: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: Template talk:World Heritage Sites in Italy

value:
/wiki/Castle_of_Moncalieri
mw-redirect
Castle of Moncalieri

value: The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci in the Church of Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan

value:
/wiki/File:CasertaNorthernAspect.jpg
image
Royal Palace of Caserta

value:
/wiki/File:Chapelle_Palatine2.jpg
image
Arab-Norman Palermo, Palatine Chapel

value:
navbox-image
6
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

value: Parco Nazionale del Cilento, Vallo di Diano e Alburni

value:
/wiki/Palace_of_Caserta
mw-redirect
Palace of Caserta

value: Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps

value: Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe

value: Venetian Works of Defence between 15th and 17th centuries: Stato da Terra – western Stato da Mar

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: Map of region of Liguria, Italy, with provinces-en.svg

value:
navbox-image
4
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

value:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/248605475

value:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4219199-3

value: Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)

value: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

value: Category:Articles containing Ligurian-language text

value: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014

value: Category:Articles containing Italian-language text

value: Category:Articles needing additional references from March 2010

value: Category:All articles needing additional references

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Cinque_Terre
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value: سنك تير – Arabic

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

value: Τσίνκουε Τέρρε – Greek

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

value: Չինկվե-Տերրե – Armenian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

value: צ'ינקווה טרה – Hebrew

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

value: ჩინკვე-ტერე – Georgian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

value: interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

value: チンクエ・テッレ – Japanese

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pms
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

value: Чинкве-Терре – Russian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

value: Чинкве-Терре – Ukrainian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

value: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Cinque_Terre rootpage-Cinque_Terre skin-vector action-view