text:
United States presidential election, 1824
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
United States presidential election, 1824
← 1820 October 26 – December 2, 1824 1828 →
All 261 electoral votes of the Electoral College
131 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout
26.9%[1] 16.8 pp
Nominee
John Q. Adams Andrew Jackson
Party
Democratic-Republican Democratic-Republican
Home state
Massachusetts Tennessee
Running mate
John C. Calhoun John C. Calhoun
Electoral vote
84 99
States carried
7 (in EC)
13 (in HR) 11 (in EC)
7 (in HR)
Popular vote
113,122[a] 151,271[a]
Percentage
30.9% 41.4%
Nominee
William H. Crawford Henry Clay
Party
Democratic-Republican Democratic-Republican
Home state
Georgia Kentucky
Running mate
Nathaniel Macon
(replacing Albert Gallatin) Nathan Sanford
Electoral vote
41 37
States carried
3 (in EC)
4 (in HR) 3 (in EC)
Popular vote
40,856[a] 47,531[a]
Percentage
11.2% 13.0%
Presidential election results map. Blue denotes states won by Jackson, orange denotes those won by Crawford, green denotes those won by Adams, light yellow denotes those won by Clay. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
President before election
James Monroe
Democratic-Republican
Elected President
John Quincy Adams
Democratic-Republican
The United States presidential election of 1824 was the tenth quadrennial presidential election, held from Tuesday, October 26, to Thursday, December 2, 1824. In an election contested by four members of the Democratic-Republican Party, no candidate won a majority of the electoral vote, necessitating a contingent election in the House of Representatives under the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution. On February 9, 1825, the House of Representatives elected John Quincy Adams as president. The 1824 presidential election was the first election in which the winner of the election lost the popular vote.
Prior to the election, the Democratic-Republican Party had won six consecutive presidential elections, and by 1824 the opposition Federalist Party had collapsed as a national party. Secretary of State Adams, General Andrew Jackson, Secretary of the Treasury William H. Crawford, and Speaker of the House Henry Clay all sought the presidency as members of the Democratic-Republican Party. A fifth candidate, John C. Calhoun, also sought the presidency before dropping out to successfully run for vice president. The 1824 Democratic-Republican congressional nominating caucus nominated Crawford for president, but the other candidates disregarded this nomination and continued to seek the presidency.
In the election, Adams won New England, Jackson and Adams split the mid-Atlantic states, Jackson and Clay split the Western states, and Jackson and Crawford split the Southern states. Jackson finished with a plurality of the electoral and popular vote, while the other three candidates each finished with a significant share of the electoral and popular vote. As no one had won a majority of the electoral vote, the 1824 election became the first (and, so far, only) election to be decided in the House of Representatives under the terms of the 12th Amendment. The 12th Amendment specified that only the three top finishers in the electoral vote were eligible to be selected by the House, thus eliminating Clay, who was influential within that chamber. In the contingent election, Clay threw his support behind Adams, who shared many of his positions on the major issues. With Clay's backing, Adams won the contingent election on the first ballot.
After Adams took office, he appointed Clay as Secretary of State, and supporters of Jackson accused Clay and Adams of having agreed to a "corrupt bargain" in which Clay supported Adams in return for his appointment to the most prestigious Cabinet position. Later, the faction led by Jackson would evolve into the modern Democratic Party, while supporters of Adams and Henry Clay would form the National Republican Party and then the Whig Party. Adams's 1824 election victory thus represents the last of seven consecutive wins by the Democratic-Republican Party.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 General election
2.1 Campaign
2.2 Candidates
2.3 Candidates who withdrew before election
3 Nomination process
3.1 Results
4 Results by state
4.1 Breakdown by ticket
5 1825 contingent election
5.1 Results by state in House of Representatives
6 Electoral College selection
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
9.1 Sources
10 Further reading
11 External links
Background[edit]
The Era of Good Feelings, closely associated with the administration of President James Monroe (1817–1825), was characterized by the dissolution of national political identities.[2] With the discredited Federalists in decline nationally, the "amalgamated" or hybridized Republicans adopted key Federalist economic programs and institutions, further erasing party identities and consolidating their victory.[3][4] The economic nationalism of the Era of Good Feelings that would authorize the Tariff of 1816 and incorporate the Second Bank of the United States portended an abandonment of the Jeffersonian political formula for strict construction of the constitution, limited central government and commitments to the primacy of Southern agrarian interests.[5][6][7]
The end of opposition parties also meant the end of party discipline and the means to suppress internecine factional animosities. Rather than produce political harmony, as President James Monroe had hoped, amalgamation had led to intense rivalries among Republicans.[8] Bereft of any party apparatus to contain these outbursts, Monroe attempted to enlist the leading statesmen of his day into his cabinet so as to commit them to advancing his policies. Of the five politicians who would run for president in 1824, three were in Monroe's cabinet: Secretary of State John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts, Secretary of the Treasury William H. Crawford of Georgia, and Secretary of War John C. Calhoun of South Carolina. General Andrew Jackson of Tennessee, a commander in the regular US Army, was tapped for high-profile military assignments. Only Speaker of the House of Representatives Henry Clay of Kentucky held political power independent of the Monroe administration. Monroe’s efforts to bring Clay into his cabinet failed, and the Speaker remained a persistent critic of the Monroe administration.
Amid these reconfigured political landscapes arose two pivotal events: the Panic of 1819 and the Missouri crisis of 1820.[9] Both the alarming economic disaster, which fell heavily upon both agrarian and industrial workers, and the distressing sectional disputes over slavery expansion, produced widespread social unrest and calls for increased democratic control over the future of the American republic.[10] From these disaffected social groups would be assembled the popular base on which political parties would be revived, though these were only beginning to take shape at the time of the 1824 presidential election.[11]
General election[edit]
Campaign[edit]
The previous competition between the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party collapsed after the War of 1812 due to the disintegration of the Federalists' popular appeal, and U.S. President James Monroe of the Democratic-Republican Party was able to run without opposition in the election of 1820. Like previous presidents who had been elected to two terms, James Monroe declined to seek re-nomination for a third term.[12]
Monroe's vice president, Daniel D. Tompkins, was considered unelectable due to his overwhelming unpopularity and major health problems (Tompkins died in June 1825, a little over three months after he left office). The presidential nomination was thus left wide open within the Democratic-Republican Party, the only major national political entity remaining in the United States.
Candidates[edit]
Secretary of State John Quincy Adams
House Speaker Henry Clay from Kentucky
Senator Andrew Jackson from Tennessee
Secretary of the Treasury William H. Crawford
Andrew Jackson was recruited to run for the office of the president by the state legislature of Tennessee. Jackson did not seek the task of running for president. Instead, he wished to retire to his estate on the outskirts of Nashville called the Hermitage. However, Andrew Jackson was not one to decline such request.[13]
Candidates who withdrew before election[edit]
Secretary of War John C. Calhoun
Secretary of the Navy Smith Thompson
Nomination process[edit]
Congressional caucus balloting
Presidential candidate
Ballot
Vice Presidential candidate
Ballot
William H. Crawford 64 Albert Gallatin 57
Henry Clay 2 Erastus Root 2
John Quincy Adams 2 John Quincy Adams 1
Andrew Jackson 1 William Eustis 1
William Rufus King 1
William Lowndes 1
Richard Rush 1
Samuel Smith 1
John Tod 1
The traditional Congressional caucus nominated Crawford for president and Albert Gallatin for vice-president, but it was sparsely attended and was widely attacked as undemocratic. With the breakdown of the congressional nominating caucus, legislatures convened state caucuses to nominate candidates.[14] Gallatin later withdrew from the contest for the vice presidency, after quickly becoming disillusioned by repeated attacks on his credibility made by the other candidates. He was replaced by North Carolina senator Nathaniel Macon. A serious impediment to Crawford's candidacy was created by the effects of a stroke he suffered in 1823. Among other candidates, John Quincy Adams had more support than Henry Clay because of his huge popularity among the old Federalist voters in New England. By this time, even the traditionally Federalist Adams family had come to terms with the Democratic-Republican Party.
The election was as much a contest of favorite sons as it was a conflict over policy, although positions on tariffs and internal improvements did create some significant disagreements. In general, the candidates were favored by different sections of the country: Adams was strong in the Northeast; Jackson in the South, West and mid-Atlantic; Clay in parts of the West; and Crawford in parts of the South.
Secretary of War John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, who was a fifth candidate in the early stages of consideration, declined to run for president, but did decide to seek the vice presidency. For president, he backed Jackson, whose political beliefs he considered more compatible with those of most voters in the southern states. Both Adams and Jackson supporters backed Calhoun's candidacy as vice president; thus, he easily secured the majority of electoral votes he needed to secure that office. In reality, Calhoun was vehemently opposed to nearly all of Adams's policies, but he did nothing to dissuade Adams supporters from voting for him for vice president.
Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage of the winning candidate in each county. Shades of blue are for Jackson (Democratic-Republican), shades of red are for Adams (Democratic-Republican), shades of yellow are for Clay (Democratic-Republican), and shades of green are for Crawford (Democratic-Republican).
The campaigning for presidential election of 1824 took many forms. Contrafacta, or well known songs and tunes whose lyrics have been altered, were used to promote political agendas and presidential candidates. Below can be found a sound clip featuring "Hunters of Kentucky", a tune written by Samuel Woodsworth in 1815 under the title "The Unfortunate Miss Bailey". Contrafacta such as this one, which promoted Andrew Jackson as a national hero, have been a long-standing tradition in presidential elections. Another form of campaigning during this election was through newsprint. Political cartoons and partisan writings were best circulated among the voting public through newspapers. Presidential candidate John C. Calhoun was one of the candidates most directly involved through his participation in the publishing of the newspaper The Patriot as a member of the editorial staff. This was a sure way to promote his own political agendas and campaign. In contrast, most candidates involved in early 19th century elections did not run their own political campaigns. Instead it was left to volunteer citizens and partisans to speak on their behalf.[15][16][17][18]
Hunters of Kentucky
Jackson supporters used this Battle of New Orleans anthem as their campaign song.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Results[edit]
The 1824 presidential election marked the final collapse of the Republican-Federalist political framework. Considering the large numbers of candidates and strong regional preferences, it is not surprising that the results of the election of 1824 were inconclusive. The electoral map confirmed the candidates' sectional support, with Adams winning outright in the New England states, Jackson gleaning success in states throughout the nation, Clay attracting votes from the West, and Crawford attracting votes from the eastern South. Andrew Jackson received more electoral and popular votes than any other candidate, but not the majority of 131 electoral votes needed to win the election. Since no candidate received the required majority of electoral votes, the presidential election was decided by the House of Representatives (see "Contingent election" below). Meanwhile, John C. Calhoun easily defeated his rivals in the race for the vice presidency, as the support of both the Adams and Jackson camps quickly gave him an unassailable lead over the other candidates. This means that 1824 marks the only election in U.S. history where only the vice presidential candidate had been successfully elected to an executive office by Electoral College. Despite Clay himself finishing last in the electoral college, his running-mate, Nathan Sanford actually finished second behind Calhoun in the vice presidential vote, mostly because nearly half of the electors pledged to Crawford voted for candidates other than his designated running-mate, Nathaniel Macon, with New York senator Martin Van Buren being the main beneficiary.
Presidential candidate
Party
Home state
Popular vote[a]
Electoral vote
Count
Percentage
Andrew Jackson[b] Democratic-Republican Tennessee 151,271 41.4% 99
John Quincy Adams[c] Democratic-Republican Massachusetts 113,122 30.9% 84
William Harris Crawford[d] Democratic-Republican Georgia 40,856 11.2% 41
Henry Clay[e] Democratic-Republican Kentucky 47,531 13.0% 37
(Massachusetts unpledged electors) None Massachusetts 6,616 1.8% 0
Other 6,437 1.8% 0
Total 365,833 100.0% 261
Needed to win 131
Vice Presidential candidate
Party
State
Electoral vote[20]
John C. Calhoun Democratic-Republican South Carolina 182
Nathan Sanford Democratic-Republican New York 30
Nathaniel Macon Democratic-Republican North Carolina 24
Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican Tennessee 13
Martin Van Buren Democratic-Republican New York 9
Henry Clay Democratic-Republican Kentucky 2
Total 260
Needed to win 131
Results by state[edit]
Andrew Jackson
Democratic-Republican
John Quincy Adams
Democratic-Republican
Henry Clay
Democratic-Republican
William Crawford
Democratic-Republican
State total
State
electoral
votes
#
%
electoral
votes
#
%
electoral
votes
#
%
electoral
votes
#
%
electoral
votes
#
Alabama
5
000136189,429 69.32 5 000136182,422 17.80 - 0004866996 0.71 - 000486691,656 12.17 - 13,603
AL
Connecticut
8
no ballots 7,494 70.39 8 no ballots 1,965 18.46 - 10,647
CT
Delaware
3
no popular vote no popular vote 1 no popular vote no popular vote 2 -
DE
Georgia
9
no popular vote no popular vote no popular vote no popular vote 9 -
GA
Illinois
3
1,272 27.23 2 1,516 32.46 1 1,036 22.18 - 847 18.13 - 4,671
IL
Indiana
5
7,343 46.61 5 3,095 19.65 - 5,315 33.74 - no ballots 15,753
IN
Kentucky
14
6,356 27.23 - no ballots 16,982 72.77 14 no ballots 23,338
KY
Louisiana
5
no popular vote 3 no popular vote 2 no popular vote no popular vote -
LA
Maine
9
no ballots 10,289 81.50 9 no ballots 2,336 18.50 - 12,625
ME
Maryland
11
14,523 43.73 7 14,632 44.05 3 695 2.09 - 3,364 10.13 1 33,214
MD
Massachusetts
15
no ballots 30,687 72.97 15 no ballots no ballots 42,056
MA
Mississippi
3
3,121 63.77 3 1,654 33.80 - no ballots 119 2.43 - 4,894
MS
Missouri
3
1,166 33.97 - 159 4.63 - 2,042 59.50 3 32 0.93 - 3,432
MO
New Hampshire
8
no ballots 9,389 93.59 8 no ballots 643 6.41 - 10,032
NH
New Jersey
8
10,332 52.08 8 8,309 41.89 - no ballots 1,196 6.03 - 19,837
NJ
New York
36
no popular vote 1 no popular vote 26 no popular vote 4 no popular vote 5 -
NY
North Carolina
15
20,231 56.03 15 no ballots no ballots 15,622 43.26 - 36,109
NC
Ohio
16
18,489 36.96 - 12,280 24.55 - 19,255 38.49 16 no ballots 50,024
OH
Pennsylvania
28
35,929 76.04 28 5,436 11.50 - 1,705 3.61 - 4,182 8.85 - 47,252
PA
Rhode Island
4
no ballots 2,145 91.47 4 no ballots 200 8.53 - 2,345
RI
South Carolina
11
no popular vote 11 no popular vote no popular vote no popular vote -
SC
Tennessee
11
20,197 97.45 11 216 1.04 - no ballots 312 1.51 - 20,725
TN
Vermont
7
no popular vote no popular vote 7 no popular vote no popular vote 35,031
VT
Virginia
24
2,975 19.35 - 3,419 22.24 - 419 2.73 - 8,558 55.68 24 15,371
VA
TOTALS:
261
151,363
41.36
99
113,142
30.92
84
47,545
12.99
37
41,032
11.21
41
365,928
US
TO WIN:
131
Breakdown by ticket[edit]
Total
Andrew
Jackson
John Q.
Adams
William H.
Crawford
Henry
Clay
Electoral votes for President: 261 99 84 40 38
For Vice President, John C. Calhoun 182 99 74 2 7
For Vice President, Nathan Sanford 30 2 28
For Vice President, Nathaniel Macon 24 24
For Vice President, Andrew Jackson 13 9 1 3
For Vice President, Martin Van Buren 9 9
For Vice President, Henry Clay 2 2
(No vote for Vice President) 1 1
1825 contingent election[edit]
The voting by state in the House of Representatives. States in orange voted for Adams, states in green for Crawford, and states in blue for Jackson.
Since no candidate received a majority of the electoral votes, the presidential election was thrown into a contingent election in the U.S. House of Representatives. Following the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment, only the top three candidates in the electoral vote were admitted as candidates in the House: Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and William Harris Crawford. Henry Clay, who happened to be Speaker of the House at the time, was left out. Clay detested Jackson and had said of him, "I cannot believe that killing 2,500 Englishmen at New Orleans qualifies for the various, difficult, and complicated duties of the Chief Magistracy."[21] Moreover, Clay's American System was far closer to Adams' position on tariffs and internal improvements than Jackson's or Crawford's, so Clay threw his support to Adams. Thus Adams was elected President on February 9, 1825, on the first ballot,[22][23] with 13 states, followed by Jackson with 7, and Crawford with 4.
Adams' victory shocked Jackson, who, as the winner of a plurality of both the popular and electoral votes, expected to be elected president. Not long before the results of the House election, an anonymous statement appeared in a Philadelphia paper, called the Columbian Observer. The statement, said to be from a member of Congress, essentially accused Clay of selling Adams his support for the office of Secretary of State. No formal investigation was conducted, so the matter was neither confirmed nor denied. When Clay was indeed offered the position after Adams was victorious, he opted to accept and continue to support the administration he voted for, knowing that declining the position would not have helped to dispel the rumors brought against him.[24] By appointing Clay his Secretary of State, President Adams essentially declared him heir to the Presidency, as Adams and his three predecessors had all served as Secretary of State. Jackson and his followers accused Adams and Clay of striking a "corrupt bargain". The Jacksonians would campaign on this claim for the next four years, ultimately attaining Jackson's victory in the Adams-Jackson rematch in 1828.
Results by state in House of Representatives[edit]
Delegation winner
Adams vote
Jackson vote
Crawford vote
Maine Adams 7 0 0
New Hampshire Adams 6 0 0
Vermont Adams 5 0 0
Massachusetts Adams 12 1 0
Rhode Island Adams 2 0 0
Connecticut Adams 6 0 0
New York Adams 18 2 14
New Jersey Jackson 1 5 0
Pennsylvania Jackson 1 25 0
Delaware Crawford 0 0 1
Maryland Adams 5 3 1
Virginia Crawford 1 1 19
North Carolina Crawford 1 2 10
South Carolina Jackson 0 9 0
Georgia Crawford 0 0 7
Alabama Jackson 0 3 0
Mississippi Jackson 0 1 0
Louisiana Adams 2 1 0
Kentucky Adams 8 4 0
Tennessee Jackson 0 9 0
Missouri Adams 1 0 0
Ohio Adams 10 2 2
Indiana Jackson 0 3 0
Illinois Adams 1 0 0
Total votes[25] Adams 87 (41%) 71 (33%) 54 (25%)
Votes by state Adams 13 (54%) 7 (29%) 4 (17%)
Electoral College selection[edit]
Caucus curs in full yell, by James Akin, 1824 (critique of "the press's treatment of Andrew Jackson, and on the practice of nominating candidates by caucus").[26]
Method of choosing electors
State(s)
Each Elector chosen by voters statewide
Alabama
Connecticut
Indiana
Massachusetts
Mississippi
New Hampshire
New Jersey
North Carolina
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
Virginia
Each Elector appointed by state legislature
Delaware
Georgia
Louisiana
New York
South Carolina
Vermont
State is divided into electoral districts, with one Elector chosen per district by the voters of that district
Illinois
Kentucky
Maryland
Missouri
Tennessee
Two Electors chosen by voters statewide
One Elector chosen per Congressional district by the voters of that district
Maine
See also[edit]
Corrupt bargain
Electoral college
History of the United States (1789–1849)
Inauguration of John Quincy Adams
Realigning election
Second Party System
Smoke-filled room
United States House elections, 1824
United States Senate elections, 1824
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e The popular vote figures exclude Delaware, Georgia, Louisiana, New York, South Carolina, and Vermont. In all of these states, the Electors were chosen by the state legislatures rather than by popular vote.[19]
Jump up ^ Jackson was nominated by the Tennessee state legislature and by the Democratic Party of Pennsylvania.
Jump up ^ Adams was nominated by the Massachusetts state legislature.
Jump up ^ Crawford was nominated by a caucus of 66 congressmen that called itself the "Democratic members of Congress".
Jump up ^ Clay was nominated by the Kentucky state legislature.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789-Present". United States Election Project. CQ Press.
Jump up ^ Ammon, 1958, p. 4: "The phrase 'Era of Good Feelings", so inextricably associated with the administration of James Monroe ..."
Jump up ^ Ammon, 1958, p. 5: "Most Republicans like former President [James] Madison readily acknowledged the shift that had taken place within the Republican party towards Federalist principles and viewed the process without qualms." And p. 4: "The Republicans had taken over (as they saw it) that which was of permanent value in the Federal program." And p. 10: "Federalists had vanished" from national politics.
Jump up ^ Brown, 1966, p. 23: "a new theory of party amalgamation preached the doctrine that party division was bad and that a one-party system best served the national interest" and "After 1815, stirred by the nationalism of the post-war era, and with the Federalists in decline, the Republicans took up the Federalist positions on a number of the great public issues of the day, sweeping all before them as they did. The Federalists gave up the ghost."
Jump up ^ Brown, 1966, p. 23: The amalgamated Republicans, "as a party of the whole nation ... ceased to be responsive to any particular elements in its constituency. It ceased to be responsive to the South." And "The insistence that slavery was uniquely a Southern concern, not to be touched by outsiders, had been from the outset a sine qua non for Southern participation in national politics. It underlay the Constitution and its creation of a government of limited powers ..."
Jump up ^ Brown, 1966, p. 24: "Not only did the Missouri crisis make these matters clear [the need to revive strict constructionist principles and quiet anti-slavery agitation], but 'it gave marked impetus to a reaction against nationalism and amalgamation of postwar Republicanism'" and the rise of the Old Republicans.
Jump up ^ Ammon, 1971 (James Monroe bio) p. 463: "The problems presented by the [consequences of promoting Federalist economic nationalism] gave an opportunity to the older, more conservative [Old] Republicans to reassert themselves by attributing the economic dislocation to a departure from the principles of the Jeffersonian era."
Jump up ^ Parsons, 2009, p. 56: "Animosity between Federalists and Republicans had been replaced by animosity between Republicans themselves, often over the same issues that had once separated them from the Federalists."
Jump up ^ Wilentz, 2008, p. 251–252: "The panic ... was pivotal ... the hard times of 1819 and early 1820s revive[d] ... fundamental questions about the nationalist economic policies of the new-style Republicans under Madison and Monroe, and focused inchoate popular resentments on the banks, especially the Second BUS." p. 252: "The Missouri controversy ... proved for more important than the [incidental] outbursts."
Jump up ^ Wilentz, 2008, p. 252: "Both the panic and the Missouri debates underscored in different ways the overriding question of democracy as Americans perceived it. In economic matters, the questions arose primarily as a matter of privilege. Should unelected private interests, well connected to government, be permitted to control, to their own benefit, the economic destiny of the entire nation?"
Jump up ^ Hofstadter, 1947, p. 51: The "general mass of the disaffection to the Government was not sufficiently concentrated to prevent re-election, unopposed, of President Monroe in 1820 in the absence of a national opposition party; but it soon transformed politics in many states. Debtors rushed into politics to defend themselves, and secured moratoriums and relief laws from the legislatures of several Western states ... A popular demand arose for laws to prevent imprisonment for debt, for a national bankruptcy law, and for a new tariff and public land policies. For the first time Americans thought of politics as having an intimate relation to their welfare."
Jump up ^ Ratcliffe, Donald (2015). The One-Party Presidential Contest: Adams, Jackson, and 1824's Five-Horse Race. [full citation needed]
Jump up ^ Bradley, Harold. "Andrew Jackson". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica, inc. Retrieved September 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Patrick, John J.; Pious, Richard M.; Ritchie, Donald A. (2001). The Oxford Guide to the United States Government. Oxford University Press. p. 93.
Jump up ^ Hansen, Liane (October 5, 2008). "Songs Along The Campaign Trail". Election 2008: On The Campaign Trail (Radio series episode). National Public Radio.
Jump up ^ Hay, Thomas R. (October 1934). "John C. Calhoun and the Presidential Campaign of 1824, Some Unpublished Calhoun Letters". The American Historical Review. 40 (1). doi:10.1086/ahr/40.1.82. JSTOR 1838676.
Jump up ^ McNamara, R. (September 2007). "The Election of 1824 Was Decided in the House of Representatives". About.com. Retrieved October 27, 2008.
Jump up ^ Schimler, Stuart (February 12, 2002). "Singing to the Oval Office: A Written History of the Political Campaign Song". President Elect Articles. Retrieved October 28, 2008.
Jump up ^ Leip, David. "1824 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved July 26, 2005.
Jump up ^ "Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved July 30, 2005.
Jump up ^ Henry Clay to Francis Preston Blair, January 29, 1825.[full citation needed]
Jump up ^ Adams, John Quincy; Adams, Charles Francis (1874). Memoirs of John Quincy Adams: Comprising Portions of His Diary from 1795 to 1848. J.B. Lippincott & Co. pp. 501–505. ISBN 0-8369-5021-6. Retrieved August 2, 2006 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ United States Congress (1825). House Journal. 18th Congress, 2nd Session, February 9. pp. 219–222. Retrieved August 2, 2006.
Jump up ^ Schlesinger, Arthur Meier; Israel, Fred L. (1971). History of American Presidential Elections, 1789–1968, Volume I, 1789–1844. New York: Chelsea House. pp. 379–381. ISBN 0070797862. Retrieved November 19, 2008 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ McMaster, J. B. (1900). History of the People of the United States... vol. V. New York: D. Appleton and Company. p. 81. Reprinted in Bemis, Samuel Flagg (1965). John Quincy Adams and the Union. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 54.
Jump up ^ Akin (1824). "Caucus curs in full yell, or a war whoop, to saddle on the people, a pappoose president / J[ames] Akin, Aquafortis". Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. Retrieved April 24, 2012.
Sources[edit]
Ammons, Harry. 1959. "James Monroe and the Era of Good Feelings". Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, LXVI, No. 4 (October 1958), pp. 387–398, in Essays on Jacksonian America, Ed. Frank Otto Gatell. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970.
Brown, Richard H. 1966. "The Missouri Crisis, Slavery, and the Politics of Jacksonianism". South Atlantic Quarterly, pp. 55–72, in Essays on Jacksonian America, Ed. Frank Otto Gatell. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970.
Dangerfield, George. 1965. The Awakening of American Nationalism: 1815-1828. New York: Harper & Row.
Wilentz, Sean. 2008. The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln. New York: Horton.
Further reading[edit]
Brown, Everett S. (1925). "The Presidential Election of 1824–1825". Political Science Quarterly: 384–403. JSTOR 2142211.
Kolodny, Robin (1996). "The Several Elections of 1824". Congress & the Presidency: A Journal of Capital Studies. 23 (2).
Nagel, Paul C. (1960). "The Election of 1824: A Reconsideration Based on Newspaper Opinion". Journal of Southern History: 315–329. JSTOR 2204522.
Ratcliffe, Donald J. The One-Party Presidential Contest: Adams, Jackson, and 1824's Five-Horse Race (University Press of Kansas, 2015) xiv, 354 pp.
Murphy, Sharon Ann. "A Not-So-Corrupt Bargain". Review of The One-Party Presidential Contest: Adams, Jackson and 1824's Five-Horse Race by Donald Ratcliffe. Common-place, Vol. 16, No. 4.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States presidential election, 1824.
United States presidential election of 1824 at Encyclopædia Britannica
"A Historical Analysis of the Electoral College". The Green Papers. Retrieved March 20, 2005.
Presidential Election of 1824: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress
Election of 1824 in Counting the Votes
[show]
v
t
e
John Quincy Adams
United States House of Representatives, 1831–1848
6th President of the United States, 1825–1829
8th U.S. Secretary of State, 1817–1825
U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom, 1814–1817
1st U.S. Minister to Russia, 1809–1814
Massachusetts State Senate, 1803–1808
U.S. Minister to Prussia, 1797–1801
U.S. Ambassador to the Netherlands, 1794–1797
Presidency
Inauguration
American System
Internal improvements
Tariff of 1828
First Treaty of Prairie du Chien
Treaty of Fond du Lac
Treaty of Limits
United States Naval Observatory
Abdulrahman Ibrahim Ibn Sori
State of the Union Address, 1825
1827
1828
Federal judiciary appointments
Other
events
Monroe Doctrine, author
Treaty of Ghent
Adams–Onís Treaty
Treaty of 1818
Smithsonian Institution
United States v. The Amistad
Mendi Bible
President, American Academy of Arts and Sciences
President, Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences
Writings
Lifelong diary
Massachusetts Historical Society holdings
Adams Papers Editorial Project
Life and
homes
Early life
Abigail Adams Cairn
John Quincy Adams and abolitionism
Adams National Historical Park
Birthplace and family home
Peacefield
Presidential Library
United First Parish Church and gravesite
Elections
United States presidential election, 1824
Corrupt Bargain
United States presidential election, 1828
Legacy
Adams Memorial
Adams House at Harvard University
U.S. Postage stamps
Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar
Popular
culture
Profiles in Courage (1957 book
1965 television series)
The Adams Chronicles (1976 miniseries)
Mutiny on the Amistad (1987 book)
Amistad (1997 film)
John Adams (2001 book
2008 miniseries)
Adams family
Quincy family
Louisa Adams (wife)
George W. Adams (son)
Charles Adams Sr. (son)
John Adams II (son)
Henry Adams (grandson)
Brooks Adams (grandson)
John Quincy Adams II (grandson)
John Adams
father
presidency
Abigail Adams
mother
First Lady
Quincy family
Abigail Adams Smith (sister)
Charles Adams (brother)
Thomas Boylston Adams (brother)
John Adams Sr. (paternal grandfather)
Susanna Boylston (paternal grandmother)
Elihu Adams (paternal uncle)
John Quincy (great-grandfather)
Related
National Republican Party
Republicanism
Quincy Patriot
← James Monroe
Andrew Jackson →
Category
[show]
v
t
e
United States presidential elections
Elections by year
1788–89
1792
1796
1800
1804
1808
1812
1816
1820
1824
1828
1832
1836
1840
1844
1848
1852
1856
1860
1864
1868
1872
1876
1880
1884
1888
1892
1896
1900
1904
1908
1912
1916
1920
1924
1928
1932
1936
1940
1944
1948
1952
1956
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000
2004
2008
2012
2016
2020
Elections by state
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
Washington, D.C.
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Primaries and caucuses
Iowa caucuses
New Hampshire primary
South Carolina primary
Super Tuesday
Nominating conventions
Brokered convention
Convention bounce
Superdelegate
Electoral College
and Popular vote
Results
Summary
Elections in which the winner lost the popular vote
Electoral College margins
Electoral College results by state
Electoral vote changes between elections
Electoral vote recipients
Popular vote margins
Contingent election
Faithless elector
Unpledged elector
Voter turnout
Related topics
Campaign slogans
Historical election polling
Election Day
Major party tickets
Major party losers
Presidential debates
October surprise
Red states and blue states
Swing state
Election recount
House elections
Senate elections
Gubernatorial elections
[show]
v
t
e
State Results of the 1824 U.S. presidential election
Candidates
John Quincy Adams
Andrew Jackson
William H. Crawford
Henry Clay
General
articles
Election timeline
Local
results
Alabama
Connecticut
Delaware
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Mississippi
Missouri
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
Tennessee
Vermont
Virginia
Other 1824
elections
House
Senate
Gubernatorial
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election,_1824&oldid=837956018"
Categories:
History of the United States (1789–1849)
United States presidential election, 1824
Presidency of John Quincy Adams
Andrew Jackson
Henry Clay
Elections not won by the popular vote winner
Hidden categories:
Articles needing more detailed references
Use mdy dates from November 2013
Pages using deprecated image syntax
Elections using electoral votes
Articles with hAudio microformats
Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Español
Français
한국어
Italiano
עברית
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Simple English
Svenska
Українська
中文
9 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 24 April 2018, at 01:30.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

tag: div

attr: id class

value: mw-page-base noprint

key: html

type: local

value: mw-head-base noprint

tag: a

attr: id class lang

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

tag: caption

attr: class style

value:
summary
font-size: 125%;

tag: img

attr: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attr: href title

tag: span

tag: hr

tag: th

attr: colspan style

tag: tr

value: United States presidential election, 1820

tag: td

attr: style class

value: text-align:left; vertical-align:middle; padding:0 0.5em 0 0;width:15%;

tag: b

value: text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; padding:0 1px;width:70%;

value: United States presidential election, 1828

value: text-align:right; vertical-align:middle; padding:0 0 0 0.5em;width:15%;

tag: tbody

tag: table

attr: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attr: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: text-align:center;border-bottom: 6px solid #68C468

value: text-align:center;border-bottom: 6px solid #698DC5

value: text-align:center;border-bottom: 6px solid #FF9955

value: text-align:center;border-bottom: 6px solid #E8EE73

value: Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution

value: United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote

value:
/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_states
mw-redirect
Mid-Atlantic states

value: National Republican Party (United States)

value:
/wiki/Strict_constructionist
mw-redirect
Strict constructionist

value:
/wiki/John_Caldwell_Calhoun
mw-redirect
John Caldwell Calhoun

value: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives

value: Edit section: Candidates who withdrew before election

value:
/wiki/William_Rufus_King
mw-redirect
William Rufus King

value: position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 110px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; height: 0px; width: 0px;

value: left: 50%; top: 50%; margin-left: -35px; margin-top: -27.5px;

value: width:220px width: 220px; position: relative;

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help
mw-redirect
Wikipedia:Media help

value:
/wiki/Unpledged_electors
mw-redirect
Unpledged electors

value:
center
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

value:
text-align:center; font-size: 60%
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

value:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

value: United States presidential election in Alabama, 1824

value: United States presidential election in Connecticut, 1824

value: United States presidential election in Delaware, 1824

value: United States presidential election in Georgia, 1824

value: United States presidential election in Illinois, 1824

value: United States presidential election in Indiana, 1824

value: United States presidential election in Kentucky, 1824

value: United States presidential election in Louisiana, 1824

value: United States presidential election in Maine, 1824

value: United States presidential election in Maryland, 1824

value: United States presidential election in Massachusetts, 1824

value: United States presidential election in Mississippi, 1824

value: United States presidential election in Missouri, 1824

value: United States presidential election in New Hampshire, 1824

value: United States presidential election in New Jersey, 1824

value: United States presidential election in New York, 1824

value: United States presidential election in North Carolina, 1824

value: United States presidential election in Ohio, 1824

value: United States presidential election in Pennsylvania, 1824

value: United States presidential election in Rhode Island, 1824

value: United States presidential election in South Carolina, 1824

value: United States presidential election in Tennessee, 1824

value: United States presidential election in Vermont, 1824

value: United States presidential election in Virginia, 1824

value:
wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter
text-align:right

value:
/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1828
mw-redirect
U.S. presidential election, 1828

value: Edit section: Results by state in House of Representatives

value: Edit section: Electoral College selection

value:
/wiki/James_Akin_(artist)
mw-redirect
James Akin (artist)

value: History of the United States (1789–1849)

value:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: lower-alpha;

value: A more detailed citation is required. (February 2016)

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1086%2Fahr%2F40.1.82

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/1838676

value: National Archives and Records Administration

value: A more detailed citation is required. (February 2015)

value:
/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams,_Sr.
mw-redirect
Charles Francis Adams, Sr.

value:
/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/2142211

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/2204522

value: commons:Special:Search/United States presidential election, 1824

value:
nofollow
http://www.countingthevotes.com/1824/
external text

value: List of United States Secretaries of State

value: United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom

value:
/wiki/United_States_Minister_to_Russia
mw-redirect
United States Minister to Russia

value:
/wiki/Massachusetts_State_Senate
mw-redirect
Massachusetts State Senate

value:
/wiki/United_States_Minister_to_Prussia
mw-redirect
United States Minister to Prussia

value: United States Ambassador to the Netherlands

value:
/wiki/Tariff_of_1828
mw-redirect
Tariff of 1828

value: List of federal judges appointed by John Quincy Adams

value: United First Parish Church (Quincy, Massachusetts)

value:
/wiki/Corrupt_Bargain#1824_election
mw-redirect
Corrupt Bargain

value:
/wiki/Adams_House_(Harvard_University)
mw-redirect
Adams House (Harvard University)

value: Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps

value:
/wiki/First_Ladies_of_the_United_States
mw-redirect
First Ladies of the United States

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: Template:United States presidential elections

value: Template talk:United States presidential elections

value: United States presidential election, 1788–89

value: United States presidential election, 1792

value: United States presidential election, 1796

value: United States presidential election, 1800

value: United States presidential election, 1804

value: United States presidential election, 1808

value: United States presidential election, 1812

value: United States presidential election, 1816

value: United States presidential election, 1832

value: United States presidential election, 1836

value: United States presidential election, 1840

value: United States presidential election, 1844

value: United States presidential election, 1848

value: United States presidential election, 1852

value: United States presidential election, 1856

value: United States presidential election, 1860

value: United States presidential election, 1864

value: United States presidential election, 1868

value: United States presidential election, 1872

value: United States presidential election, 1876

value: United States presidential election, 1880

value: United States presidential election, 1884

value: United States presidential election, 1888

value: United States presidential election, 1892

value: United States presidential election, 1896

value: United States presidential election, 1900

value: United States presidential election, 1904

value: United States presidential election, 1908

value: United States presidential election, 1912

value: United States presidential election, 1916

value: United States presidential election, 1920

value: United States presidential election, 1924

value: United States presidential election, 1928

value: United States presidential election, 1932

value: United States presidential election, 1936

value: United States presidential election, 1940

value: United States presidential election, 1944

value: United States presidential election, 1948

value: United States presidential election, 1952

value: United States presidential election, 1956

value: United States presidential election, 1960

value: United States presidential election, 1964

value: United States presidential election, 1968

value: United States presidential election, 1972

value: United States presidential election, 1976

value: United States presidential election, 1980

value: United States presidential election, 1984

value: United States presidential election, 1988

value: United States presidential election, 1992

value: United States presidential election, 1996

value: United States presidential election, 2000

value: United States presidential election, 2004

value: United States presidential election, 2008

value: United States presidential election, 2012

value: United States presidential election, 2016

value: United States presidential election, 2020

value: United States presidential elections in Alabama

value: United States presidential elections in Alaska

value: United States presidential elections in Arizona

value: United States presidential elections in Arkansas

value: United States presidential elections in California

value: United States presidential elections in Colorado

value: United States presidential elections in Connecticut

value: United States presidential elections in Delaware

value: United States presidential elections in Florida

value: United States presidential elections in Georgia

value: United States presidential elections in Hawaii

value: United States presidential elections in Idaho

value: United States presidential elections in Illinois

value: United States presidential elections in Indiana

value: United States presidential elections in Iowa

value: United States presidential elections in Kansas

value: United States presidential elections in Kentucky

value: United States presidential elections in Louisiana

value: United States presidential elections in Maine

value: United States presidential elections in Maryland

value: United States presidential elections in Massachusetts

value: United States presidential elections in Michigan

value: United States presidential elections in Minnesota

value: United States presidential elections in Mississippi

value: United States presidential elections in Missouri

value: United States presidential elections in Montana

value: United States presidential elections in Nebraska

value: United States presidential elections in Nevada

value: United States presidential elections in New Hampshire

value: United States presidential elections in New Jersey

value: United States presidential elections in New Mexico

value: United States presidential elections in New York

value: United States presidential elections in North Carolina

value: United States presidential elections in North Dakota

value: United States presidential elections in Ohio

value: United States presidential elections in Oklahoma

value: United States presidential elections in Oregon

value: List of United States presidential elections in Pennsylvania

value: United States presidential elections in Rhode Island

value: United States presidential elections in South Carolina

value: United States presidential elections in South Dakota

value: United States presidential elections in Tennessee

value: United States presidential elections in Texas

value: United States presidential elections in Utah

value: United States presidential elections in Vermont

value: United States presidential elections in Virginia

value: United States presidential elections in Washington

value: United States presidential elections in Washington, D.C.

value: United States presidential elections in West Virginia

value: United States presidential elections in Wisconsin

value: United States presidential elections in Wyoming

value: United States presidential nominating convention

value: United States presidential election summary

value: List of United States presidential elections by Electoral College margin

value: List of United States presidential election results by state

value: Electoral vote changes between United States presidential elections

value: List of people who received an electoral vote in the United States Electoral College

value: List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin

value: Voter turnout in the United States presidential elections

value: List of U.S. presidential campaign slogans

value: Historical polling for U.S. Presidential elections

value: List of United States major party presidential tickets

value: List of unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States

value: Template:United States House of Representatives elections

value: Template:United States gubernatorial elections

value: Template:State Results of the 1824 U.S. presidential election

value: Template talk:State Results of the 1824 U.S. presidential election

value:
/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1824.svg
image
Electoral map, 1824 election

value:
navbox-image
4
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

value: United States presidential election, 1824 timeline (page does not exist)

value: United States gubernatorial elections, 1824 (page does not exist)

value: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: Category:History of the United States (1789–1849)

value: Category:United States presidential election, 1824

value: Category:Presidency of John Quincy Adams

value: Category:Elections not won by the popular vote winner

value: Category:Articles needing more detailed references

value: Category:Use mdy dates from November 2013

value: Category:Pages using deprecated image syntax

value: Category:Elections using electoral votes

value: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

value: Category:Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

value: Präsidentschaftswahl in den Vereinigten Staaten 1824 – German

value: 1824. aasta Ameerika Ühendriikide presidendivalimised – Estonian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

value: Elecciones presidenciales de Estados Unidos de 1824 – Spanish

value: Élection présidentielle américaine de 1824 – French

value: Elezioni presidenziali negli Stati Uniti d'America del 1824 – Italian

value: הבחירות לנשיאות ארצות הברית 1824 – Hebrew

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

value: Amerikaanse presidentsverkiezingen 1824 – Dutch

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

value: 1824年アメリカ合衆国大統領選挙 – Japanese

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

value: Wybory prezydenckie w Stanach Zjednoczonych w 1824 roku – Polish

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

value: Eleição presidencial nos Estados Unidos em 1824 – Portuguese

value: Президентские выборы в США (1824) – Russian

value: United States presidential election, 1824 – Simple English

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

value: Президентські вибори у США 1824 – Ukrainian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

value: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-United_States_presidential_election_1824 rootpage-United_States_presidential_election_1824 skin-vector action-view


text:
Education of the British royal family
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
[show]Royal family of
the United Kingdom and the
other Commonwealth realms
HM The Queen
HRH The Duke of Edinburgh
HRH The Prince of Wales
HRH The Duchess of Cornwall
HRH The Duke of Cambridge
HRH The Duchess of Cambridge
HRH Prince George of Cambridge
HRH Princess Charlotte of Cambridge
HRH Prince Louis of Cambridge
HRH Prince Henry of Wales
HRH The Princess Royal
HRH The Duke of York
HRH Princess Beatrice of York
HRH Princess Eugenie of York
HRH The Earl of Wessex
HRH The Countess of Wessex
HRH The Duke of Gloucester
HRH The Duchess of Gloucester
HRH The Duke of Kent
HRH The Duchess of Kent
HRH Princess Alexandra
HRH Prince Michael of Kent
HRH Princess Michael of Kent
v
t
e
The education of the British royal family has changed over time, reflecting shifting ideas about education of the aristocracy and the role of the monarchy in the United Kingdom. Traditionally, heirs to the throne and other royal children were educated privately by tutors. In the Tudor era, ideas of Renaissance humanism—emphasising the liberal arts and sciences and the classics—influenced royal education. Elizabeth I of England, for example, was multi-lingual and wrote a number of translations.
Later, in the Georgian and Victorian eras, royal education followed the French model, with governors overseeing the child's discipline and moral development, and preceptors conducting academic instruction. In the modern era, members of the House of Windsor have had varying degrees of education. The first heir to the British throne to receive a university degree is the current one, Charles, Prince of Wales. Since the later 20th century, members of the royal family have been educated in public schools, universities and military institutes.
Contents
[hide]
1 Tudor and Elizabethan eras
2 Stuart era
3 Georgian, Victorian, and Edwardian eras
4 Modern era
4.1 Elizabeth II's generation
4.2 Elizabeth and Philip's children and their spouses
4.3 Charles's children
4.4 Prince Andrew's children
5 See also
6 References
7 Bibliography
Tudor and Elizabethan eras[edit]
The scholar John Cheke, depicted here in an engraving by Joseph Nutting, was tutor to Edward VI of England.
The scholar Erasmus and his fellow humanists, who promoted the liberal arts and sciences over military training for princes, had an influence on the curriculum studied by Henry VIII's children, and later the Stuart princes.[1]
Henry VIII established an elite palace school for his son Prince Edward, selecting fourteen sons of prominent aristocrats to be educated alongside him.[2] Biographer Alison Weir writes: "The men who were given responsibility for the Prince's education were among the most brilliant scholars of their day".[2] Edward was taught by Dr. Richard Cox, a clergyman who later become provost of Eton College and bishop of Ely, as well as John Cheke, the first Regius Professor of Greek at Cambridge University.[2] Elizabeth I was well-educated, receiving lessons alongside her brother Edward and later being tutored by William Grindal and Roger Ascham.[3][4] Elizabeth was proficient in French, Italian and Latin, using these foreign-language skills to interact with foreign diplomats and to create a "sizeable body of translations" over the course of her life.[4] Battista Castiglione served as Elizabeth's formal tutor in Italian.[5]
Historian Aysha Pollnitz writes: "While Erasmus never managed to deter English or Scottish royal boys from military training, he did succeed in tipping the scales in letters' favour: between 1534 in England, 1566 in Scotland and the outbreak of the Bishops' Wars in 1639, princes male and female spent more time learning to wield pens than swords or guns".[6] During this period, "British princes were notably bookish" in comparison to the Spanish Hapsburgs (who emphasized "bureaucratic skills, handling weapons, and orthodox piety").[6] While royal females in early modern Britain were not raised in preparation to rule and received liberal educations that were constrained in comparison to their male relatives, Mary I, Elizabeth I, Lady Jane Grey, Mary, Queen of Scots, and Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia all wrote letters generally praised by scholars.[7] Lady Jane Grey was tutored by clergyman John Aylmer, her family's chaplain, and "distinguished herself in her studies beyond her parents' wishes, since they were more interested in preparing her for the stylish life of court" than for serious academic learning.[3]
Stuart era[edit]
The education of Charles I of England was overseen by Sir Thomas Murray, who taught Charles "the usual subjects: the Classics, French, Italian, arithmetic and theology" and supervised other tutors to the future king—Charles Guerolt, who taught fencing; John Beauchesne (who taught fine penmanship), and John Norton (who oversaw the library).[8] Charles's education "has been praised and blamed for forming his personality and political conduct" in the lead-up to the English Civil War.[9] Samuel Rawson Gardiner and Conrad Russell believed that Charles's education had not taught him empathy or the ability "to identify both sides of a political or religious question, a skill that may have taught him to appreciate both his opponents' perspectives or at least to anticipate their arguments and negotiate with them effectively".[9]
In 1635, Brian Duppa—dean of Christ Church and a chaplain to Charles I—was appointed tutor to the future Charles II.[10] Duppa was well-suited to the position and had a close relationship with Charles for the rest of his life.[10] Other tutors were brought in as well - including Peter Massonnet, who taught the prince Latin, Spanish, Italian, and most importantly French; Henry Gregory, who taught the prince to write; and Guilaume le Pierrie, a Frenchman hired when Charles was six years old to teach him dancing.[11] In 1638, William Cavendish, Earl of Newcastle was placed in overall charge of the prince (then seven years old) as his governor.[10][12]
Georgian, Victorian, and Edwardian eras[edit]
In the 18th century, George III had his two eldest sons—his heir Prince George of Wales (later George IV), and Prince Frederick (later the Duke of York and Albany)—educated in emulation of French royal custom.[13] A governor and sub-governor were appointed for the child's discipline and morals, and the preceptor and sub-preceptor for lessons concerning academic subjects.[13]
The role and public perceptions of the monarchy have changed over time,[14] raising "interesting questions about the ideal upbringing and preparation of future constitutional kings and queens, including their formal education".[15] Walter Bagehot, in his book The British Constitution, concluded that a prince's education "can be but a poor education and that a royal family will generally have less ability than other families".[16]
Edward VII was described as having a "lack of power to grasp almost anything put before him" by one of his tutors.
Historians have "assessed how well royal education has prepared monarchs for their political and ceremonial role" in British society.[17] Peter Gordon and Dennis Lawton rated the education of Queen Victoria as good, "yet in contrast no subsequent monarch (or current heir) has been anywhere near adequately educated".[17] Ross McKibbin argues that the educations of George V, Edward VIII, and George VI were "aimless" and "narrow," leaving them with the equivalent to the educations of "landed gentry with military connections".[17]
Although phrenology was largely discredited by the mid-19th century,[18] Queen Victoria and Prince Albert had their children evaluated by a phrenologist. He described her eldest son Edward VII (Queen Elizabeth II's great-grandfather) as having a skull that was "feeble and abnormal".[19] Throughout her life, Victoria believed Edward to have a "small, empty brain".[19]
Edward briefly attended the universities at Edinburgh, Oxford, and Cambridge, but did not graduate from any of them.[20] Dennis Judd, professor of British history at London Metropolitan University has opined that "there is no evidence" Edward's brief time at these universities "did much good" and William Ewart Gladstone said of the king that he "knew everything except what is in books".[20] John Neale Dalton, one of Edward's tutors, said that the future king had a "weakness of brain, this feebleness and lack of power to grasp almost anything put before him"; another tutor, J. K. Stephen, determined there was no use for Edward to attend university at all since he was unable to understand the words he was reading.[21] As a "tribute to his birth, rather than his intellect" he was granted an honorary LL.D.[21] Edward VII, however, had great social gifts; his popularity is believed to have helped the United Kingdom create alliances in Europe in the early 20th century.[22]
Victoria's youngest son, Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany, enrolled at Christ Church, Oxford, in November 1872. He had been diagnosed about 1859 with haemophilia,[23] having shown symptoms from a young age. It is now known to be haemophilia B and believed to have resulted from a gene mutation in Victoria.[24] The family tried to take measures through Leopold's youth to protect his health; the disease was not well understood at the time. He studied science, art and the modern languages at Oxford but did not receive a university degree; he was granted an honorary doctorate from Oxford University in 1876.[25][26] He also was believed to suffer from epilepsy,[27] and died young in 1884.[25] His death is attributed to haemophilia.[28] (Note: Victoria's daughters Alice and Beatrice inherited the gene for haemophilia and passed it to their descendants in the Russian and Spanish royal families.[28])
George VI, the current Queen's father, attended the Royal Naval College, Osborne, which was then a junior officer training facility for students of secondary-school age; he finished at the bottom of his class. George studied for one year at the University of Cambridge, but did not complete an undergraduate degree.[29]
Modern era[edit]
According to journalist Katy Guest, commenting in 2008, "the royal family is not known for its intellectualism".[30]
Elizabeth II's generation[edit]
The reigning queen, Elizabeth II, and her sister Margaret were the last members of the royal family to be educated at home by tutors in the traditional manner.[31] Elizabeth and Margaret were home-schooled by their governess Marion Crawford. Private tutors of Elizabeth included the provost of Eton, Henry Marten, who instructed her in constitutional history.[32][33] Elizabeth speaks French fluently,[30] learning from a succession of governesses who were native speakers.[34] During World War II, then-Princess Elizabeth joined the Auxiliary Territorial Service and participated in a Vehicle Maintenance Course at Aldershot; the length of the course is variously reported as six weeks[35] and three weeks.[36]
Historian David Starkey described Elizabeth II in his 2007 television documentary series Monarchy as poorly learned, comparing her to a "housewife" in terms of cultural refinement and intellectual curiosity.[37][38] According to The Telegraph, his comments prompted rebuttals from several sources. Royal biographer Penny Junor said: "The Queen is certainly cultured even if not that moved by the arts. The Prince of Wales has a great sense of history and a lot of that comes from his mother".[38] Marco Houston, editor of Royalty Monthly, said Elizabeth "may not have had the best formal education, but she has had the best education at the university of life".[39]
Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester, Elizabeth's cousin, studied architecture at Magdalene College, Cambridge. Richard graduated in 1966 after completing three years of a five-year architectural course; after a practical year at an office in the Ministry of Public Building and Works, Richard returned to Cambridge and in June 1969 passed both parts of a diploma in architecture.[40] Richard went on to work as an architect.[40]
Elizabeth and Philip's children and their spouses[edit]
After being tutored as a child, Prince Charles briefly attended Hill House School before entering Cheam School at age eight.[41] Charles spent five years at Cheam, from ages eight to thirteen.[41] Charles was then sent—over the objections of Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother[42]—to Gordonstoun, a Scottish public school, becoming the first heir to the throne to sit for public examinations when he took his GCE O-levels at age sixteen, passing six.[41][43] Charles strongly disliked Gordonstoun, describing the school as "Colditz in kilts"[44][45] and his time there as a "disastrous" one.[43] Prince Charles entered Trinity College, Cambridge in 1967, where he read history, archaeology and anthropology and graduated with a 2:2 degree in 1970.[41][43] This was the first time in history that a British monarch or heir to the throne had completed a university degree.[41]
Diana, Princess of Wales, failed her O-level exams before dropping out of finishing school.
Novelist Monica Ali described Charles's first wife, Diana, Princess of Wales, as being able to engage with the public on issues such as mental health in spite of her being "uneducated and intellectually insecure".[46] Princess Michael of Kent has said that Diana struggled with praise on account of her difficult upbringing and because she "did not have much education".[47] According to tapes released in 2004, Diana had said that her immediate family members told her she was "the thick one".[48] Diana failed her O-level examinations (equivalent of a high school diploma in the United States[49]) and later dropped out of finishing school.[50] Journalist John Lanchester said that, while failure on Diana's scale would normally mean one was "astoundingly stupid", Diana had intentionally avoided academic pursuits as part of a master plan not to "put a royal suitor off".[51]
Anne, Princess Royal was tutored at home as a child by her governess Catherine Peebles, who had also taught Charles. At the age of 13, Anne was sent to Benenden School, a boarding school.[52] In 1968 she graduated with six GCE O-Levels and two A-Levels.[52]
Prince Andrew, Duke of York attended Gordonstoun.[53] He had no formal education beyond that, but completed a Royal Navy commissioning course at Britannia Royal Naval College and other courses during a military career.[54] Andrew's election to the Royal Society in 2013 prompted "Britain's leading scientists" to "revolt" due to Andrew's lack of scientific background, with some noting he had only a high-school level education.[55] In an op-ed in The Sunday Times, Humboldt Prize recipient David Colquhoun opined, in references to Andrew's qualifications, that "if I wanted a tip for the winner of the 14.30 at Newmarket, I'd ask a royal. For most other questions, I wouldn't".[55][56]
Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex, born in 1964, also went to private schools. In 1982, he left Gordonstoun with several A-levels. He enrolled for two terms at the Wanganui Collegiate School in Wanganui, New Zealand. There he also served as a house tutor and oversaw drama classes. In 1986, he received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Jesus College, Cambridge.[57]
Charles's children[edit]
Prince William of Wales, Charles's eldest son and next in line to the throne, entered Eton College in 1995, becoming the first senior member of the royal family to attend Eton.[58] William graduated with A-levels in geography, biology and history of art as well as 12 GCSEs.[59] Following a gap year, William enrolled at St Andrews University in Fife, Scotland, where he graduated in 2005 with a 2:1 degree in geography.[59][60]
To prepare for eventually inheriting and taking over management of the Duchy of Cornwall estate (a "£760 million (about $1.25 billion) entity established in 1337 to provide a private income for use by the reigning monarch's eldest son") when his father becomes king, William enrolled in 2014 in a 10-week, vocational agriculture-management course through the Cambridge Programme for Sustainability Leadership (CPSL), whose patron is the Prince of Wales.[61][62] William's admission to the program prompted some criticism from commentators who believed William had an unfair advantage, but criticism receded after observers noted that the program was a short, non-degree-granting executive education-type course that was customarily open to anyone willing to pay for it, without regard to past grades or academic records.[62][63][64]
William's younger brother Prince Harry also graduated from Eton; Harry does not have a university degree but completed ten months of officer commissioning training at Royal Military Academy Sandhurst.[65][66][67]
In 2005 Sarah Forsyth, one of Harry's former teachers at Eton, said that Harry was a "weak student" and alleged that fellow staff had conspired to help him cheat on examinations. Her statement was related to a wrongful dismissal suit Forsyth filed alleging she had been fired for refusing to participate in the alleged cheating scheme.[68][69] Both Eton and Harry denied the claims.[68][69] While a tribunal made no ruling on the cheating claim, it "accepted the prince had received help in preparing his A-level 'expressive' project, which he needed to pass to secure his place at Sandhurst".[69] Eton paid £45,000 in damages to Forsyth over her dismissal.[70]
Prince Andrew's children[edit]
His daughters, Eugenie and Beatrice, were noted in 2008 as having earned the best grades so far in the royal family in their A-levels, better than their father and uncle, and than their older cousins William and Harry.[30] Eugenie ranked first with her two As and a B in art, English literature, and history of art from Marlborough College.[30] Beatrice, who is dyslexic,[71] studied at Goldsmiths, University of London, graduating in 2011 with a 2:1 degree in history and the history of ideas.[72] Eugenie studied at Newcastle University, graduating in 2012 with a 2:1 degree in English and history of art.[73]
See also[edit]
History of education in England
Education in the United Kingdom
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Pollnitz, pp. 9–10.
^ Jump up to: a b c Weir, p. 466.
^ Jump up to: a b Hulse, p. 14.
^ Jump up to: a b Mueller; Scodel, pp. 1–2.
Jump up ^ Mueller; Scodel, p. 2.
^ Jump up to: a b Pollnitz, p. 10.
Jump up ^ Pollnitz, pp. 199–202.
Jump up ^ Christopher Durston (1995). Charles I: The Personal Monarch (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-415-12565-9.
^ Jump up to: a b Pollnitz, p. 315.
^ Jump up to: a b c Keay, p. 20.
Jump up ^ Keay, p. 21.
Jump up ^ Susan James, ed. (2003). Margaret Cavendish: Political Writings. Cambridge University Press. p. xxxi. ISBN 978-0-521-63350-5.
^ Jump up to: a b Clarke, p. 73.
Jump up ^ Gordon; Lawton, pp. 12–13.
Jump up ^ Gordon; Lawton, p. 15.
Jump up ^ Gordon; Lawton, p. 174.
^ Jump up to: a b c Andrzej Olechnowicz (2007). The Monarchy and the British Nation, 1780 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. pp. 19–20. ISBN 978-0-521-84461-1.
Jump up ^ Parssinen, T. M. (Autumn 1974). "Popular Science and Society: The Phrenology Movement in Early Victorian Britain". Journal of Social History. 8 (1). JSTOR 3786523.
^ Jump up to: a b John Sutherland (27 November 2013). "Always an England: 'The Heir Apparent' by Jane Ridley". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Denis Judd (2012). George VI. I.B.Tauris. pp. 46–47. ISBN 978-1-78076-071-1.
^ Jump up to: a b Christopher Hibbert (2007). Edward VII: The Last Victorian King. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-61075-0. [page needed]
Jump up ^ Keith Middlemas (1972). The Life and Times of Edward VII. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-29799-426-8.
Jump up ^ Zeepvat, pp. 13–16.
Jump up ^ Evgeny I. Rogaev; et al. (6 November 2009). "Genotype Analysis Identifies the Cause of the "Royal Disease"". Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 326 (5954): 817. doi:10.1126/science.1180660. PMID 19815722. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Albany, Dukes of: IV. Leopold George Duncan Albert, Encyclopædia Britannica (1911).
Jump up ^ Zeepvat, p. 118.
Jump up ^ Zeepvat, pp. 47–48.
^ Jump up to: a b F. R. Rosendaal; et al. Annals of Hematology 61, 6, (1991)
Jump up ^ Sarah Bradford (1989). George VI. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-79667-1. [page needed]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Katy Guest (23 August 2008). "Top marks for Eugenie as her exam results break all royal records". The Independent. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Clarke, pp. 85–87.
Jump up ^ James Panton (2011). Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy. Scarecrow Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-8108-7497-8.
Jump up ^ Andrew Roberts (2000). Antonia Fraser, ed. The House of Windsor. University of California Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-520-22803-0.
Jump up ^ Royal Household. "Her Majesty The Queen: Early life and education". Royal Family website. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Philip Eade (2011). Prince Philip: The Turbulent Early Life of the Man Who Married Queen Elizabeth II. Henry Holt and Company. p. 171. ISBN 978-1-4299-6168-4.
Jump up ^ Robert Lacey (2008). Monarch: The Life and Reign of Elizabeth II. Simon and Schuster. p. 141. ISBN 978-1-4391-0839-0.
Jump up ^ Aida Edemariam (22 December 2007). "Queen is poorly educated and philistine, says Starkey". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Patrick Sawer (23 December 2007). "Historian David Starkey criticises the Queen". The Telegraph. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Senay Boztas (22 December 2007). "Starkey dubs YouTube Queen an uneducated housewife". The Independent. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "HRH Prince Richard The Duke of Gloucester". University of Worcester. 2008. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Education". Prince of Wales website. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Simon Johnson (27 January 2013). "Queen Mother pleaded for Charles not to be schooled in Scotland". The Telegraph. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Profile: Prince Charles". BBC History. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Eleanor Doughty (14 November 2016). "Gordonstoun's headmaster: 'Colditz in kilts?' Not any more'". The Telegraph. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Piers Brendon (2012). Eminent Elizabethans: Rupert Murdoch, Prince Charles, Margaret Thatcher & Mick Jagger. Random House. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-4090-4108-5.
Jump up ^ Monica Ali (30 March 2011). "Royal rebel: the legacy of Diana". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Priay Joshi (26 January 2014). "Princess Michael of Kent: Princess Diana was 'uneducated' and older royals 'boring'". Yahoo. International Business Times. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Diana was insecure about her intelligence". Herald Tribune. Associated Press. 2 December 2004. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Equivalent Degrees". Indiana University. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Famous high school dropouts". WLWT-TV. 18 September 2013. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016.
Jump up ^ John Lanchester (25 June 2007). "The naked and the dead: The very public life of Princess Diana". The New Yorker. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Royal Household. "HRH The Princess Royal: Early life and education". British Monarchy website. Archived from the original on 22 October 2008.
Jump up ^ "Gordonstoun turns back clock to a golden age of cold showers (but would Prince Charles agree?)". The Scotsman. 28 April 2009. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Naval career". Duke of York website. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Jonathan Leake (5 May 2013). "Royal Society bust-up over Andrew". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
Jump up ^ David Colquohon (5 May 2013). "Dukes of York don't belong in our Royal Society". The Independent. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Edward, Earl of Wessex". Biography. A&E Television Networks. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Proud parents: Charles, Diana said delighted by son's Eton acceptance". Toledo Blade. Reuters. 15 June 1995.
^ Jump up to: a b "Profile: Prince William, the Duke of Cambridge". BBC News. 12 September 2013. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "William graduates from St Andrews". BBC News. 23 June 2005.
Jump up ^ Maria Puente (3 January 2014). "Are Prince William's grades good enough for Cambridge?". USA Today. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Victoria Arbiter (8 January 2014). "Opinion: Why Prince William is right to go back to school". CNN. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Cambridge student newspaper backtracks on Prince William criticism". ITV News. 7 January 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Ann Tatko-Peterson (3 January 2013). "Prince William not smart enough for Cambridge University?". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "No. 58667". The London Gazette (Supplement). 15 April 2008. p. 5736.
Jump up ^ Alan Cowell (7 September 2003). "Britain's upper crust still soldiers on". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Harry begins Sandhurst training". BBC News. 8 May 2005. Retrieved 16 October 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Tom Sykes (15 March 2016). "Harry at Yale studying law? Not likely, your honor". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Steven Morris (10 May 2005). "Prince Harry, a weak student who was helped to cheat in exam, says ex-teacher". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Jacqueline Maley (14 February 2006). "£45,000 damages for teacher who accused Prince Harry of cheating". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Princess Beatrice". Duke of York website. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Princess Beatrice graduates from Goldsmiths College". BBC News. 9 September 2011. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Craig Thompson (16 October 2015). "Newcastle University welcomes back former student, HRH Princess Eugenie". ChronicleLive. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
Bibliography[edit]
Clarke, M.J. (1978). "The Education of Royalty in the Eighteenth Century: George IV and William IV". British Journal of Educational Studies. 26 (1): 73. doi:10.2307/3120477. JSTOR 3120477.
Gordon, Peter; Lawton, Denis (2003). Royal Education: Past, Present, and Future. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-7146-8386-7.
Hulse, Clark (2003). Elizabeth I: Ruler and Legend. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-07161-4.
Keay, Anna (2008). The Magnificent Monarch: Charles II and the Ceremonies of Power. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-84725-225-8.
Mueller, Janel; Scodel, Joshia, eds. (2009). Elizabeth I: Translations, 1544-1589. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-20133-7.
Pollnitz, Aysha (2015). Princely Education in Early Modern Britain. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03952-0.
Weir, Alison (2008). Henry VIII: King and Court. Vintage. ISBN 978-0-09-953242-2.
Zeepvat, Charlotte (1998). Prince Leopold: The Untold Story of Queen Victoria's Youngest Son. Sutton. ISBN 978-0-7509-1308-9.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_of_the_British_royal_family&oldid=834265685"
Categories:
British monarchy
British royal family
Education in the United Kingdom
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2016
Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y
Use dmy dates from April 2017
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 4 April 2018, at 19:58.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attr: id href style

value:
collapseButton0
#
color: rgb(0, 0, 0);

tag: br

value: padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;background: #f0eeff; color: #000000; font-size: 1.15em; padding: 0px 0px 4px 0px; text-align:center; vertical-align:top

attr: href class title

value: padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;background: #f0eeff; padding: 5px 2px

value: Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy

value: padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;background: #faf6ff; border: 1px; text-align: left

value: vertical-navbox nowraplinks collapsible collapsed

value: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

value:
/wiki/Liberal_arts
mw-redirect
Liberal arts

value: Edit section: Tudor and Elizabethan eras

value:
/wiki/Cambridge_University
mw-redirect
Cambridge University

value:
/wiki/Latin_language
mw-redirect
Latin language

value: William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle

value: Edit section: Georgian, Victorian, and Edwardian eras

value:
/wiki/George_III_of_England
mw-redirect
George III of England

value:
/wiki/Heir_to_the_throne
mw-redirect
Heir to the throne

value: Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany

value:
/wiki/French_royalty
mw-redirect
French royalty

value:
/wiki/British_society
mw-redirect
British society

value:
/wiki/Oxford_University
mw-redirect
Oxford University

value: History of the Constitution of the United Kingdom

value:
/wiki/University_of_life
mw-redirect
University of life

value: Edit section: Elizabeth and Philip's children and their spouses

value:
/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth,_the_Queen_Mother
mw-redirect
Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother

value:
/wiki/Colditz_castle
mw-redirect
Colditz castle

value: British undergraduate degree classification

value:
/wiki/Wanganui,_New_Zealand
mw-redirect
Wanganui, New Zealand

value:
/wiki/Prince_William_of_Wales
mw-redirect
Prince William of Wales

value:
/wiki/St_Andrews_University
mw-redirect
St Andrews University

value:
/wiki/Fife,_Scotland
mw-redirect
Fife, Scotland

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/3786523

value: This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2016)

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1180660

value:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19815722

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-11766562

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F3120477

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/3120477

value: Category:Education in the United Kingdom

value: Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2016

value: Category:Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Education_of_the_British_royal_family rootpage-Education_of_the_British_royal_family skin-vector action-view