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Wreck-It Ralph
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Wreck-It Ralph
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Rich Moore
Produced by
Clark Spencer
Screenplay by
Phil Johnston[1]
Jennifer Lee[1]
Story by
Rich Moore
Phil Johnston
Jim Reardon
Starring
John C. Reilly
Sarah Silverman
Jack McBrayer
Jane Lynch
Music by
Henry Jackman
Cinematography
Rob Dressel
Edited by
Tim Mertens
Production
company
Walt Disney Pictures
Walt Disney Animation Studios
Distributed by
Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures
Release date
October 29, 2012 (2012-10-29) (El Capitan Theatre)
November 2, 2012 (2012-11-02) (United States)
Running time
101 minutes[2]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$165 million[3]
Box office
$471.2 million[3]
Wreck-It Ralph is a 2012 American 3D computer-animated comedy film[4] produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures.[5] It is the 52nd[6][7][8] Disney animated feature film. The film was directed by Rich Moore, who has directed episodes of The Simpsons and Futurama, and the screenplay was written by Phil Johnston and Jennifer Lee from a story by Moore, Johnston, and Jim Reardon. John Lasseter served as the executive producer. The film features the voices of John C. Reilly, Sarah Silverman, Jack McBrayer, and Jane Lynch, and tells the story of the eponymous arcade game villain who rebels against his "bad-guy" role and dreams of becoming a hero.
Wreck-It Ralph premiered at the El Capitan Theatre on October 29, 2012,[9] and went into general release on November 2. The film was a critical and commercial success, grossing $471 million worldwide against a $165 million budget and winning the Annie Award for Best Animated Feature, as well as receiving nominations for the Golden Globe and Academy Award for Best Animated Feature.[10][11][12] The film was released on Blu-ray and DVD on March 5, 2013.
A sequel titled Ralph Breaks the Internet: Wreck-It Ralph 2 is scheduled for release on November 21, 2018.[13]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Voice cast
3 Video game cameos and references
4 Production
5 Release
5.1 Marketing
5.2 Home media
6 Reception
6.1 Box office
6.2 Critical response
6.3 Accolades
7 Soundtrack
8 Video games
9 Sequel
10 References
11 External links
Plot[edit]
When Litwak's Family Fun Center & Arcade closes at night, the various video game characters leave their normal in-game roles and socialize in a hub. Wreck-It Ralph, the antagonist of the game Fix-It Felix Jr., is ostracized by its other characters for just doing his job, while the titular hero Felix is praised. Tired of being mistreated, Ralph announces at the game's thirtieth anniversary party that he will earn his neighbors' respect by winning a medal.
Ralph learns he can obtain a medal from the first-person shooter, Hero's Duty. After disrupting a game session, Ralph scales the game's central beacon and obtains a medal, only to hatch a Cy-Bug, one of the game's monsters, which can adapt to and devour other environments. Ralph and the Cy-Bug stumble into an escape pod, which is launched out of the game, and crash land in Sugar Rush, a candy-themed kart racing game.
Meanwhile, with Ralph missing, his game is labelled as malfunctioning and faces being unplugged. Felix, upon learning from Q*Bert that Ralph has "gone Turbo" (alluding to a rogue character of the same name who abandoned his own game and destroyed another out of jealousy, resulting in both being unplugged), ventures to Hero's Duty, teaming up with the game's heroine, Sergeant Calhoun, to retrieve Ralph and the Cy-Bug. In Sugar Rush, Ralph's medal is stolen by a little girl, Vanellope Von Schweetz, to buy her way into the daily races to determine who players can choose as their avatar. King Candy, the ruler of Sugar Rush, forbids her from racing because she has glitches. Ralph and Vanellope agree to work together by building a race kart for Vanellope to win a race and retrieve the medal. With the kart, they flee to Diet Cola Mountain, an unfinished race track. As Vanellope cannot drive, Ralph helps her learn. King Candy hacks the game's code, obtaining Ralph's medal, which he offers to him in exchange for preventing Vanellope from racing. He explains that if Vanellope wins and becomes playable, her glitches would be brought to the attention of players, their game would be unplugged and Vanellope would die, unable to leave the game because she is a glitch. Ralph reluctantly agrees, trashing Vanellope's kart. Returning to his own game he finds that it has been evacuated with Felix still missing, and also notices Vanellope's image on the side of the Sugar Rush cabinet, and realizes she was meant to be a playable character.
Elsewhere, Felix and Calhoun search Sugar Rush for Ralph. Felix falls in love with Calhoun after they escape a pit of Nesquik-Sand, but she abandons him when he reminds her of her late fiancé, who was eaten by Cy-Bugs on their wedding day as part of her pre-programmed backstory. Felix is later imprisoned in King Candy's castle, but Ralph frees him and Vanellope, and Felix rebuilds the kart. Calhoun discovers a swarm of Cy-Bug eggs underground, which hatch and start devouring the game.
Vanellope participates in the race, but is attacked by King Candy. Vanellope's glitch reveals he is actually Turbo, who took over Sugar Rush, displacing Vanellope as the main character. Ralph, Felix, and Calhoun evacuate the game, but Vanellope cannot leave due to her glitch. When Calhoun points out the Cy-Bugs can be destroyed by a beacon of light as per Hero's Duty, Ralph decides to make Diet Cola Mountain erupt to replicate it. Ralph is confronted by Turbo, now fused with a Cy-Bug that devoured him, and Turbo carries him away. Ralph breaks free, hits the mountain, and causes it to erupt, but Vanellope saves him using her glitch. The volcanic beacon destroys the Cy-Bugs and Turbo.
Vanellope crosses the finish line, rebooting Sugar Rush and restoring her status and memory as Princess Vanellope, the main character of the game, but she still uses her glitching ability to her advantage. Ralph and Felix return home, allowing their game to be spared. Felix and Calhoun marry, while a content Ralph gains respect from his fellow characters.
Voice cast[edit]
Sarah Silverman and John C. Reilly promoting Wreck-It Ralph at the 2012 San Diego Comic-Con International
John C. Reilly as Wreck-It Ralph, a gigantic but soft-hearted man who is the villain of the fictional arcade game Fix-It Felix Jr.[5]
Sarah Silverman as Vanellope von Schweetz, a racer/glitch in Sugar Rush.[5]
Jack McBrayer as Fix-It Felix Jr., a repairman who is the hero of Fix-It Felix Jr.[5][14]
Jane Lynch as Sergeant Tamora Jean Calhoun, the lead character of Hero's Duty.[5]
Alan Tudyk as King Candy, the ruler of Sugar Rush. King Candy's vocal stylings are based on comedian Ed Wynn, and his physical mannerisms are modeled from Wynn's Mad Hatter character in Alice in Wonderland.[15]
Mindy Kaling as Taffyta Muttonfudge, a racer in Sugar Rush.[16]
Joe Lo Truglio as Markowski, a soldier from Hero's Duty that Ralph meets in Tapper.
Ed O'Neill as Mr. Stan Litwak, owner of Litwak's Family Fun Center & Arcade.[16]
Dennis Haysbert as General Hologram, a holographic general in Hero's Duty.
Adam Carolla as Wynnchel, a Long John who is a member of the Sugar Rush police department.[16]
Horatio Sanz as Duncan, a doughnut who is a member of the Sugar Rush police department.[16]
Rich Moore as Sour Bill, King Candy's sour ball henchman.[17][18]
The cast also includes the Fix-It Felix Jr. Nicelanders, Edie McClurg as Mary,[16] Raymond S. Persi as Mayor Gene,[19] Jess Harnell as Don, Rachael Harris as Deanna,[16] and Skylar Astin as Roy; Katie Lowes as Candlehead, Jamie Elman as Rancis Fluggerbutter, Josie Trinidad as Jubileena Bing-Bing, and Cymbre Walk as Crumbelina DiCaramello, racers in Sugar Rush; Phil Johnston as Surge Protector, Game Central Station security;[20] Stefanie Scott as Moppet Girl, a young arcade-game player;[16] John DiMaggio as Beard Papa, the security guard at the Sugar Rush candy-kart factory; Raymond Persi as a Zombie, Brian Kesinger as a Cyborg (based on Kano from Mortal Kombat) and Martin Jarvis as Saitine, a devil-like villain, who attends the Bad-Anon support group; Tucker Gilmore as the Sugar Rush Announcer; Brandon Scott as Kohut, a soldier in Hero's Duty; and Tim Mertens as Dr. Brad Scott, a scientist and Sgt. Calhoun's deceased fiancé in Hero's Duty (voiced by Nick Grimshaw in the UK version but not in the UK home release).[21]
The film features several cameos from real-world video game characters including: Root Beer Tapper (Maurice LaMarche), the bartender from Tapper;[22] Sonic the Hedgehog (Roger Craig Smith);[16][20] Ryu (Kyle Hebert), Ken Masters (Reuben Langdon), M. Bison (Gerald C. Rivers), and Zangief (Rich Moore) from Street Fighter II;[1][16][23] Clyde (Kevin Deters) from Pac-Man;[24] and Yuni Verse (Jamie Sparer Roberts) from Dance Dance Revolution.[25]
A character modeled after dubstep musician Skrillex makes an appearance in the fictional Fix-It Felix Jr. as the DJ at the anniversary party of the game.[26]
Video game cameos and references[edit]
The "Bad-Anon" villain meeting features various well-known video game characters, including Bowser, Clyde, Doctor Eggman, M. Bison, Neff, and Zangief.
In addition to the spoken roles, Wreck-It Ralph contains a number of other video game references, including characters and visual gags. The video game villains at the support meeting, in addition to those mentioned above, include Bowser from the Mario franchise,[1][14][23] Doctor Eggman from Sonic the Hedgehog,[1][23] and Neff from Altered Beast.[27] Additionally, the game cabinet of the fictional Fix It Felix Jr. arcade game is stylized to strongly resemble the cabinet of the original Nintendo Donkey Kong arcade game,[28] with Ralph and Felix taking similar poses as Donkey Kong and Mario, respectively. The Hero's Duty game is a reference to the hugely successful first-person shooter games Halo and Call of Duty. Characters from Q*bert, including Q*bert, Coily, Slick, Sam, and Ugg, are shown as "homeless" characters and later taken in by Ralph and Felix into their game (Q*bert also speaks to Felix at one point using the signature synthesized gibberish and word-balloon symbols from his game, called Q*bert-ese).[22][29] Scenes in Game Central Station and Tapper's bar include Chun-Li, Cammy and Blanka from Street Fighter,[23][30] Pac-Man, Blinky, Pinky, and Inky from Pac-Man,[22][31] the Paperboy from Paperboy,[27][32] the two paddles and the ball from Pong,[33] Dig Dug, a Pooka, and a Fygar from Dig Dug,[33] The Qix from Qix,[31] Frogger from Frogger, and Peter Pepper from BurgerTime.[34] Lara Croft and Mario are also mentioned.[35]
Additional references are based on sight gags. The residents of Niceland and the bartender from Tapper are animated using a jerky motion that spoofs the limited animation cycles of the sprites of many eight- and sixteen-bit arcade games.[36] King Candy uses the Konami Code on an NES controller to access the programming of Sugar Rush.[37] Throughout Game Central Station is graffiti that includes "Aerith lives" (referencing the character of Aerith Gainsborough from Final Fantasy VII),[32][38] "All your base are belong to us" (an Engrish phrase popularized from the game Zero Wing), "Sheng Long Was Here" (referencing an April Fool's joke around a made-up character Sheng Long from Street Fighter), and "Jenkins" (a nod to the popular Leeroy Jenkins meme from World of Warcraft).[39] There is also a reference to the Metal Gear series when Ralph is searching for a medal in Tapper's Lost and found, finding first a Super Mushroom from the Mario franchise, and then Metal Gear Solid's "Exclamation point" (with the corresponding sound effect from the game).[36] Mr. Litwak wears a black and white striped referee's shirt, a nod to the iconic outfit of Twin Galaxies founder Walter Day.[36] One of the songs in the credits is an original work from Buckner and Garcia, previously famous for writing video game-themed songs in the 1980s.[36] The Walt Disney Animation Studios opening logo is animated in an 8-bit pixelated fashion,[40] whereas the Walt Disney Pictures closing production logo appears in a glitched state, a reference to the kill screen from many early arcade games such as Pac-Man.[39]
Production[edit]
The concept of Wreck-It Ralph was first developed at Disney in the late 1980s, under the working title High Score. Since then, it was redeveloped and reconsidered several times: In the late 1990s, it took on the working title Joe Jump, then in the mid-2000s as Reboot Ralph.[41][42]
Director Rich Moore at the 2012 San Diego Comic-Con International
John Lasseter, the head of Walt Disney Animation Studios and executive producer of the film, describes Wreck-It Ralph as "an 8-bit video-game bad guy who travels the length of the arcade to prove that he's a good guy."[29] In a manner similar to Who Framed Roger Rabbit and the Toy Story films, Wreck-It Ralph featured cameo appearances by a number of licensed video-game characters.[29] For example, one scene from the film shows Ralph attending a support group for the arcade's various villain characters, including Clyde from Pac-Man, Doctor Eggman from Sonic the Hedgehog, and Bowser from Super Mario Bros.[29] Rich Moore, the film's director, had determined that for a film about a video-game world to feel authentic, "it had to have real characters from real games in it."[43] Moore aimed to add licensed characters in a similar manner as cultural references in Looney Tunes shorts, but considered "having the right balance so a portion of the audience didn't feel they were being neglected or talked down to."[44] However, Moore avoided creating the movie around existing characters, feeling that "there's so much mythology and baggage attached to pre-existing titles that I feel someone would be disappointed," and considered this to be a reason why movies based on video game franchises typically fail.[44] Instead, for Ralph, the development of new characters representative of the 8-bit video game was "almost like virgin snow," giving them the freedom to take these characters in new directions.[44]
Before production, the existing characters were added to the story either in places they would make sense to appear or as cameos from a list of characters suggested by the film's creative team, without consideration if they would legally be able to use the characters.[43] The company then sought out the copyright holders' permissions to use the characters, as well as working with these companies to assure their characters were being represented authentically.[43] In the case of Nintendo, the writers had early on envisioned the Bad-anon meeting with Bowser as a major character within the scene; according to Moore, Nintendo was very positive towards this use, stating in Moore's own words, "If there is a group that is dedicated to helping the bad guy characters in video games then Bowser must be in that group!"[32] Nintendo had asked that the producers try to devise a scene that would be similarly appropriate for Mario for his inclusion in the film. Despite knowing they would be able to use the character, the producers could not find an appropriate scene that would let Mario be a significant character without taking away the spotlight from the main story and opted to not include the character.[32][45] Moore debunked a rumor that Mario and his brother character Luigi were not included due to Nintendo requesting too high a licensing fee, stating that the rumor grew out of a joke John C. Reilly made at Comic-Con.[35] Dr. Wily from Mega Man was going to appear but was cut from the final version of the film.[46] Overall, there are about 188 individual character models in the movie as a result of these cameo inclusions.[43]
An earlier draft of the screenplay had Ralph and Vanellope spending time going around the game world to collect the pieces for her kart for Sugar Rush, and at times included Felix traveling with the pair. During these scenes, Ralph would have lied to Felix regarding his budding relationship with Calhoun, leading eventually to Ralph becoming depressed and abandoning his quest to get his medal back. At this point, a fourth game world, Extreme Easy Living 2, would have been introduced and was considered a "hedonistic place" between the social nature of The Sims and the open-world objective-less aspects of Grand Theft Auto, according to Moore.[47] Ralph would go there too, wallowing in his depression, and would find happiness by gaining "Like It" buttons for doing acceptable actions in the party-like nature of the place. Moore stated that while it was difficult to consider dropping this new game world, they found that its introduction in the second half of the film would be too difficult a concept for the viewer to grasp.[47] They further had trouble working out how a social game would be part of an arcade, and though they considered having the game be running on Litwak's laptop, they ultimately realized that justifying the concept would be too convoluted. Line art sketches and voice-over readings of the scene were included on the home media release of the film.[47]
The film introduced Disney's new bidirectional reflectance distribution functions, with more realistic reflections on surfaces, and new virtual cinematography Camera Capture system, which makes it possible to go through scenes in real-time.[48] To research the Sugar Rush segment of the film, the visual development group traveled to trade fair ISM Cologne, a See's Candy factory, and other manufacturing facilities. The group also brought in food photographers, to demonstrate techniques to make food appear appealing. Special effects, including from "smoke or dust," looks distinct in each of the segments.[49]
Release[edit]
Disney promoted the film at the 2012 E3 convention using a mock arcade cabinet.
The film was originally scheduled for a release on March 22, 2013, but it was later changed to November 2, 2012, due to it being ahead of schedule.[50][51] The theatrical release was accompanied by Disney's animated short film, Paperman.[52][53]
Marketing[edit]
The first trailer for Wreck-It Ralph was released on June 6, 2012, debuting with Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted and Rock of Ages.[54] This also coincided with the 2012 Electronic Entertainment Expo, for which Disney constructed a mock aged arcade cabinet for the fictional Fix-It Felix Jr. game on display on the show floor.[55] Disney also released a browser-based Flash-based version of the Fix-It Felix Jr. game as well as iOS, Android, and Windows Phone versions, with online Unity-based versions of Sugar Rush and Hero's Duty.[56] A second trailer for the film was released on September 12, 2012, coinciding with Finding Nemo 3D and Frankenweenie.
To promote the home media release of Wreck-It Ralph, director Rich Moore produced a short film titled Garlan Hulse: Where Potential Lives. Set within the movie's universe, the mockumentary film was designed as a parody of The King of Kong.[57]
Home media[edit]
Wreck-It Ralph was released on Blu-ray Disc (2D and 3D) and DVD in North America on March 5, 2013, from Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment.[58] The film was made available for digital download in selected regions on February 12, 2013.[59] Wreck-It Ralph debuted at #1 in Blu-ray and DVD sales in the United States.[60]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
Wreck-It Ralph grossed $189.4 million in North America and $281.8 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $471.2 million.[3] It was the 14th-highest-grossing film of 2012,[61] and the fourth-highest-grossing 2012 animated film.
In North America, the film debuted with $13.5 million, an above-average opening-day gross for an animated film released in November.[62] During its opening weekend, the film topped the box office with $49 million, making it the largest opening for a Walt Disney Animation Studios film at the time.[63][64]
Outside North America, Wreck-It Ralph earned $12 million on its opening weekend from six markets.[65] Among all markets, its three largest openings were recorded in the UK, Ireland and Malta ($7.15 million), Brazil ($5.32 million with weekday previews), and Russia and the CIS ($5.27 million).[66] In total grosses, the three largest markets were the UK, Ireland and Malta ($36.2 million), Japan ($29.6 million), and Australia ($24.0 million).[66]
Critical response[edit]
The review-aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 87% of critics have given the film a positive review, based on 171 reviews with an average score of 7.5/10. The site's consensus reads: "Equally entertaining for both kids and parents old enough to catch the references, Wreck-It Ralph is a clever, colorful adventure built on familiar themes and joyful nostalgia."[67] At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating from mainstream critics, calculated a score of 72 out of 100, based on 36 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[68] The film earned an "A" from audiences polled by CinemaScore.[69]
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and wrote, "More than in most animated films, the art design and color palette of Wreck-It Ralph permit unlimited sets, costumes, and rules, giving the movie tireless originality and different behavior in every different cyber world."[70] A.O. Scott of The New York Times wrote, "The movie invites a measure of cynicism – which it proceeds to obliterate with a 93-minute blast of color, noise, ingenuity and fun."[71] Peter Debruge of Variety stated, "With plenty to appeal to boys and girls, old and young, Walt Disney Animation Studios has a high-scoring hit on its hands in this brilliantly conceived, gorgeously executed toon, earning bonus points for backing nostalgia with genuine emotion."[2] Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times said, "The movie's subversive sensibility and old-school/new-school feel are a total kick,"[72] while Justin Lowe of The Hollywood Reporter wrote, "With a mix of retro eye-candy for grown-ups and a thrilling, approachable storyline for the tykes, the film casts a wide and beguiling net."[73] Conversely, Christopher Orr of The Atlantic found it "overplotted and underdeveloped."[74]
Accolades[edit]
List of awards and nominations
Award
Category
Recipients and nominees
Result
Academy Awards[12] Best Animated Feature Rich Moore Nominated
Annie Awards[75][10] Best Animated Feature Won
Animated Effects in an Animated Production Brett Albert Nominated
Character Design in an Animated Feature Production Bill Schwab, Lorelay Bove, Cory Loftis, Minkyu Lee Nominated
Directing in an Animated Feature Production Rich Moore Won
Music in an Animated Feature Production Henry Jackman, Skrillex, Adam Young, Matthew Thiessen, Jamie Houston, Yasushi Akimoto Won
Storyboarding in an Animated Feature Production Leo Matsuda Nominated
Lissa Treiman Nominated
Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production Alan Tudyk Won
Writing in an Animated Feature Production Phil Johnston, Jennifer Lee Won
Editorial in an Animated Feature Production Tim Mertens Nominated
Chicago Film Critics Association Best Animated Feature Nominated
Critics' Choice Movie Awards[76] Best Animated Feature Won
Golden Globe Awards[77] Best Animated Feature Film Nominated
Golden Reel Awards[78] Best Sound Editing: Sound Effects, Foley, Dialogue and ADR in an Animation Feature Film Won
Golden Trailer Awards[79] Best Animation/Family "Dreams" Won
IGN's Best of 2012 Awards Best Movie Nominated
Best Animated Movie Won
IGN People's Choice Award for Best Animated Movie Won
Best 3D Movie Nominated
Best Movie Poster Nominated
National Board of Review Awards[80] Best Animated Feature Won
Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards Favorite Animated Movie Won
Online Film Critics Society Award Best Animated Feature Nominated
Producers Guild of America Award Best Animated Motion Picture Clark Spencer Won
Satellite Awards[81] Best Animated or Mixed Media Feature Rich Moore Nominated
Saturn Awards[82] Best Animated Film Rich Moore Nominated
Visual Effects Society[83][84] Outstanding Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture Sean Jenkins, Scott Kersavage, Rich Moore, Clark Spencer Nominated
Outstanding Animated Character in an Animated Feature Motion Picture John Kahwaty, Suzan Kim, Michelle Robinson, Tony Smeed (for Vanellope) Nominated
Soundtrack[edit]
The film's score was composed by Henry Jackman. The soundtrack also features original songs by Owl City, AKB48, Skrillex, and Buckner & Garcia.[85][86] Early in the development process, Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez wrote an original song for the film; it was later cut out.[87]
Wreck-It Ralph: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Soundtrack album by Various artists
Released
October 30, 2012
Recorded
2012
Studio
Sony Scoring Stage (Score)
Length
70:36
Label
Walt Disney
Producer
Chris Montan
Tom MacDougall
Walt Disney Animation Studios chronology
Winnie the Pooh
(2011) Winnie the Pooh2011 Wreck-It Ralph
(2012) Wreck-It Ralph2012 Frozen
(2013) Frozen2013
Henry Jackman chronology
Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter
(2012) Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter2012 Wreck-It Ralph
(2012) Wreck-It Ralph2012 G.I. Joe: Retaliation
(2013) G.I. Joe: Retaliation2013
Singles from Wreck-It Ralph
"When Can I See You Again?"
Released: 2012
All music composed by Henry Jackman (except 1–6)[88].
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Artist
Length
1. "When Can I See You Again?"
Adam Young
Matt Thiessen
Brian Lee
Owl City 3:38
2. "Wreck-It, Wreck-It Ralph" Jamie Houston Buckner & Garcia 2:59
3. "Celebration"
Ronald Bell
Claydes Smith
George Melvin Brown
James "J.T." Taylor
Robert Mickens
Earl Eugene Toon Jr.
Dennis Ronald Thomas
Robert Bell
Eumir Deodato
Kool & the Gang 3:40
4. "Sugar Rush"
Yasushi Akimoto
Jamie Houston
AKB48 3:14
5. "Bug Hunt (Noisia Remix)" (featuring John C. Reilly) Skrillex Skrillex 7:04
6. "Shut Up and Drive"
Evan Rogers
Carl Sturken
Stephen Morris
Peter Hook
Bernard Sumner
Gillian Gilbert
Rihanna 3:32
7. "Wreck-It Ralph" 1:33
8. "Life in the Arcade" 0:43
9. "Jumping Ship" 1:06
10. "Rocket Fiasco" 5:48
11. "Vanellope von Schweetz" 2:57
12. "Royal Raceway" 3:23
13. "Cupcake Breakout" 1:12
14. "Candy Vandals" 1:39
15. "Turbo Flashback" 1:42
16. "Laffy Taffies" 1:35
17. "One Minute to Win It" 1:17
18. "Vanellope's Hideout" 2:33
19. "Messing with the Program" 1:20
20. "King Candy" 2:11
21. "Broken-Karted" 2:49
22. "Out of the Penthouse, Off to the Race" 2:51
23. "Sugar Rush Showdown" 4:15
24. "You're My Hero" 4:16
25. "Arcade Finale" 3:19
Total length: 70:36
Video games[edit]
In addition to the Flash version of the Fix-It Felix Jr. game, Disney released a tie-in side-scrolling platform game called Wreck-It Ralph for the Wii, Nintendo 3DS, and Nintendo DS, to mostly negative reviews.[89][90] The arcade style side-scrolling game was produced in collaboration between Disney Interactive and Activision and serves as a "story extension" to the film. Taking place following the events of the film, players may play as Wreck-It Ralph or Fix-It Felix, causing or repairing damage, respectively, following another Cy-Bug incident. Game levels are based on the locations in the film like the Fix-It Felix Jr., Hero's Duty, and Sugar Rush games as well as Game Central Station. It was released in conjunction with the film's release, in November 2012.[91]
In October 2012, Disney released fully playable browser-based versions of the Hero's Duty and Sugar Rush games on the new official film site.[92] A mobile game titled Wreck-it Ralph was released in November 2012 for iOS and Android systems,[93] with a Windows Phone 8 version following almost a year later.[94] Initially, the game consisted of three mini-games, Fix-it Felix Jr., Hero's Duty and Sweet Climber, which were later joined by Turbo Time and Hero's Duty: Flight Command.[95][96] The game was retired on August 29, 2014.[97]
Ralph also appears in Sega's Sonic & All-Stars Racing Transformed as a playable guest character.[98]
Ralph and Vanellope appear as playable characters in Disney Infinity as well (voiced by Brian T. Delaney and Sarah Silverman, respectively); the Disney Store released their individual figures on January 7, 2014.[99][100][101] A combo "toy box pack" of the two figures with Sugar Rush customization discs was released April 1, 2014, from the Disney Store.[102]
Wreck-It Ralph is a playable world on the mobile game Disney Crossy Road.[citation needed]
Sequel[edit]
Main article: Ralph Breaks the Internet: Wreck-It Ralph 2
In an interview on October 25, 2012, director Rich Moore said that he and Disney have ideas about a sequel that would bring the characters up to date and explore online gaming and console gaming.[103] Moore stated that many of the crew and voice cast are open to the sequel, believing that they have "barely scratched the surface" of the video game world they envisioned.[32] He also stated that he plans to include Mario and Tron in the sequel.[104][105] In a 2014 interview, the film's composer Henry Jackman said that a story for the sequel is being written.[106] In July 2015, John C. Reilly said he had signed on to reprise his role of Ralph in a projected sequel.[107]
On March 24, 2016, Rich Moore stated that a sequel is still being planned. Moore also hopes to specifically include an appearance from Mario, citing a "good relationship with Nintendo".[108] On June 30, 2016, Walt Disney Animation Studios announced that the sequel would be released on March 9, 2018, with John C. Reilly, Rich Moore, and writer Phil Johnston attached. John C. Reilly and Sarah Silverman will reprise their roles as Wreck-It Ralph and Vanellope von Schweetz, respectively. The plot will focus on "Ralph leaving the arcade and wrecking the Internet".[109][110] In April 2017, the sequel was pushed to November 21, 2018.[13]
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b c "Wreck-It Ralph (2012)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ Buchanan, Jason. "Wreck-It Ralph". Allmovie.com. Retrieved Nov 19, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Disney Announces CG Comedy Adventure Wreck-It Ralph" (Press release). Walt Disney Animation Studios via ComingSoon.net. Jun 13, 2011. Archived from the original on December 29, 2012. Retrieved Jun 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ "'Wreck-It Ralph' Inspires Technological Innovations at Walt Disney Animation Studios". The Walt Disney Company. November 1, 2012. Retrieved December 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ Wloszczyna, Susan (June 4, 2012). "'Wreck-It Ralph' powers up with John C. Reilly". USA Today. Retrieved December 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ Crook, Simon (June 13, 2011). "Wreck-It Ralph Review". Empire. Retrieved December 20, 2016.
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^ Jump up to: a b King, Susan (Feb 2, 2013). "40th Annie Award nominees and winners list". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved Feb 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ Globe, Golden (Dec 13, 2012). "Golden Globes 2013: full list of nominations". guardian.co.uk. London. Retrieved Jan 3, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "'2013 Oscar Nominees". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Jan 10, 2013. Archived from the original on January 10, 2013. Retrieved Feb 3, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Khatchatourian, Maane (April 25, 2017). "Disney Dates 'Lion King,' 'Frozen 2,' Pushes Fifth 'Indiana Jones' Film to 2020". Variety. Retrieved April 25, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Eisenberg, Eric (Aug 21, 2011). "'Wreck-It Ralph' Footage from D23 Features 8-Bit Action, Plenty of Cameos". CinemaBlend.com. Archived from the original on December 29, 2012. Retrieved Aug 30, 2011.
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^ Jump up to: a b c "Wreck-It Ralph Trailer #2". Walt Disney Animation Studios via YouTube. Sep 12, 2012. Retrieved Sep 12, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Breznican, Anthony (Apr 25, 2012). "CinemaCon 2012: Classic video game characters to cameo in Disney's 'Wreck-It Ralph'". Entertainment Weekly. Time Warner. Retrieved Apr 25, 2012.
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Jump up ^ "Wreck-It Ralph "Game Changer" TV Spot". Walt Disney Animation Studios via YouTube. Sep 24, 2012. Retrieved Oct 15, 2012.
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^ Jump up to: a b Schedeen, Jesse (Jun 8, 2012). "The Familiar Faces of Wreck-It Ralph". IGN. Retrieved Jun 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ Kohler, Chris (Jun 11, 2012). "Disney Builds Amazing Fake Wreck-It Ralph Arcade Machine". Wired. Retrieved Jul 8, 2015. ...a non-working arcade cabinet clearly modeled on Nintendo's design for Donkey Kong,..
^ Jump up to: a b c d Breznican, Anthony (Aug 20, 2011). "Disney's D23: Secret lives of video game characters revealed in 'Wreck-It Ralph'". Entertainment Weekly. Time Warner. Retrieved Feb 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ Connelly, Brendon (Feb 16, 2012). "Chun-Li, Q-Bert and Plenty of Video Game Gags in Superb New Image from 'Wreck-It Ralph'". Bleeding Cool. Retrieved Jun 5, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Cooper, Hollander; Gilbert, Henry (Oct 19, 2012). "Wreck-it Ralph – 9 amazing things you couldn't possibly know about the movie". Games Radar. Retrieved Oct 23, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Hillard, Kyle (Feb 11, 2013). "Wreck-It Ralph's Director Answers Our Questions". Game Informer. Retrieved Feb 11, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Patches, Matt. "How 'Wreck-It Ralph' Unlocked Its Unbelievable Cast of Video Game Legends". Hollywood.com. Retrieved Nov 24, 2012.
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^ Jump up to: a b Pearson, Ben (Oct 30, 2012). "Video Interview: 'Wreck-It Ralph' Director Rich Moore on Mario & More". FirstShowing.net.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Orland, Kyle (Nov 5, 2012). "From Zangief to Hero's Duty: A gamer's guide to Wreck-It Ralph". Ars Technica. Retrieved Dec 16, 2012.
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^ Jump up to: a b McKinney, Luke (Nov 12, 2012). "Leeroy Jenkins Lives! The 6 Best Video Game References In 'Wreck-It Ralph'". MovieLine. Retrieved Jan 10, 2013.
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^ Jump up to: a b c Langsworthy, Billy (Feb 8, 2013). "INTERVIEW: Wreck-It Ralph director talks bringing games to film". MCV. Retrieved Feb 10, 2013.
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Jump up ^ "70th Golden Globe Awards Nominations". Deadline.com. Dec 13, 2012. Retrieved Dec 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ "2013 Golden Reel Award Winners & Nominees: Feature Films". Motion Picture Sound Editors. Archived from the original on February 25, 2013. Retrieved Feb 27, 2013.
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Jump up ^ "VES Awards: 'Life Of Pi' Wins 4 Including Feature, 'Brave', 'Game Of Thrones' Other Big Winners". Deadline. Feb 5, 2013. Retrieved Feb 7, 2013.
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Jump up ^ "Play Disney's Wreck-It Ralph's Fix-It Felix Jr and other Games from the New Animated Film!". Beyond the Marquee. October 29, 2012. Retrieved November 17, 2013.
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Jump up ^ "Vanellope Figure — Disney Infinity". Disney Store. Archived from the original on January 16, 2014. Retrieved January 13, 2014.
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Jump up ^ "Disney Infinity Wreck-It Ralph Toy Box Pack — Wreck-It Ralph and Vanellope -- Pre-Order". Disney Store. Archived from the original on January 16, 2014. Retrieved January 13, 2014. We expect this item to be available by 04/01/2014.
Jump up ^ Disney Wreck-It Ralph Director Rich Moore Is a Huge Gamer. GamerHub Videos. Oct 25, 2012. Event occurs at 4:22. Retrieved Oct 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ Dekel-Daks, Tal (Feb 8, 2013). "'Wreck-It Ralph' director Rich Moore wants Nintendo's Mario for sequel". Digital Spy. Retrieved Sep 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ Vejvoda, Jim (Feb 4, 2013). "Wreck-It Ralph Director Wants Tron in the Sequel". IGN. Retrieved Sep 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ Roberts, Sheila (Apr 1, 2014). "Composer Henry Jackman Talks Captain America: The Winter Soldier, His Influences, Wreck-It Ralph 2, The Interview, and More". Collider.com. Retrieved Apr 3, 2014. I can't tell you more, not because I'm being coy, but I believe that it is officially on the cards. I don't know any more other than a story is indeed being written.
Jump up ^ Otterson, Joe. "John C. Reilly Says He Will Star in 'Wreck-It Ralph' Sequel". TheWrap. Retrieved Jul 13, 2015.
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Jump up ^ Moore, Rich; Johnston, Phil; Reilly, John C. (June 30, 2016). "Breaking news live from Walt Disney Animation Studios!". Disney verified Facebook page. Retrieved June 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Snetiker, Marc (June 30, 2016). "Wreck-It Ralph 2 officially announced at Disney". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved June 30, 2016.
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Make Mine Music (1946)
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Alice in Wonderland (1951)
Peter Pan (1953)
Lady and the Tramp (1955)
Sleeping Beauty (1959)
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The Sword in the Stone (1963)
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Home and Family
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Home and Family
Genre
Talk
Presented by
Chuck Woolery
Cristina Ferrare
Michael Burger
Paige Davis
Mark Steines
Debbie Matenopoulos
Country of origin
United States
No. of seasons
6
Production
Running time
104–108 minutes
Release
Original network
The Family Channel (1996–98)
Hallmark Channel (2012–present)
Original release
April 1, 1996 (1996-04-01) – August 14, 1998 (1998-08-14) (original run)
October 1, 2012 (2012-10-01) – present (current run)
External links
Website
Home and Family (formerly The Home and Family Show) is an American morning talk show originally hosted by Cristina Ferrare and Chuck Woolery. The show premiered on April 1, 1996, on The Family Channel and ran until August 14, 1998, featuring numerous recurring and regular personalities known as "the family"[1] who share tips on beauty, crafts, cooking, and the like. Originally among the family were Jamie Gwen (chef); Candace Garvey (lifestyles); Mayita Dinos (gardening); Bob Golic (variety of topics); and The Carey Brothers (carpentry and home repairs).
The show was revived in 2012 and remains unique in that the daily guest star is asked to remain for the entire two hours. This provides a much broader view of the personality and interests of the star. Crew members are often seen, as well.
It currently airs on the Hallmark Channel with hosts Mark Steines and Debbie Matenopoulos at 10:00 a.m. (EST).
Contents
[hide]
1 Concept
2 Hosts
2.1 Current hosts
2.2 Former hosts
3 Current "family"
4 References
5 External links
Concept[edit]
Home and Family is a two-hour daily Hallmark series, recorded one day prior, in Los Angeles, California. Steines said that the decision for that was made to encourage actors to be on the show, without having to wake at 4:00 a.m. The focus of the show is simply entertainment and tips within a "wholesome image".[2] They refrain from discussions on current events or politics as well as censor themselves in speech, such as the word "breast" is not allowed to be used.[2]
The series originally aired on The Family Channel but ended in 1998. Its revival began on October 1, 2012, and moved to its current home, the Hallmark Channel. Mark Steines and Paige Davis co-hosted the show but Davis left after six weeks on November 16, 2012, with her final episode being taped the day before she was replaced by Cristina Ferrare,[3][4] who in turn was replaced by Debbie Matenopoulos.
Ferrare's departure was abrupt and the audience was not given any explanation nor any notice prior to her departure. On June 21, 2016, Hallmark Channel confirmed that Ferrare would no longer co-host the show with Steines; former co-host of The View Debbie Matenopoulos was named as her replacement. In a statement via-Facebook, Ferrare addressed her exit: "It's really very simple, Home and Family will have a season 5 which I am so happy for and the Network decided that they want a new co-host and that will be Debbie. She will do a great job!"[5]
The show continued on to season two where it premiered on September 30, 2013. Then on April 30, 2014, Home and Family was renewed for a third season, which premiered on September 15 of that same year. It was announced on April 14, 2015, that season four was approved and along with that notice they announced that the show would air new episodes weekly throughout the entire year.
Hosts[edit]
Current hosts[edit]
Mark Steines (2012–present)
Debbie Matenopoulos (2016–present)
Former hosts[edit]
Chuck Woolery (1996)
Michael Burger (1996–1998)
Cristina Ferrare (1996–1998, 2012–2016)
Paige Davis (2012)
Current "family"[edit]
Kym Douglas (lifestyle)
Orly Shani (sewing, crafts, and style)
Ken Wingard (decor, DIY)
Paige Hemmis (DIY expert)
Shirley Bovshow (gardening)
Lawrence Zarian (fashion)
Ali Fedotowsky
Larissa Wohl (Pet adoption expert)
Maria Provenzano (DIY Expert)
[6]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Shirley Bovshow. "Video tour of the "Home and Family" show taped at Universal Studios!". EdenMakersBlog.com. Retrieved 2017-02-20.
^ Jump up to: a b Sean Daly. "'Home & Family': What You Can't Say On Hallmark Channel Show…And Why". TheTVPage.com. Retrieved 2017-02-20.
Jump up ^ Alex Weperin. "Hallmark Channel Charts Post-Martha Stewart Plan with Marie Osmond, Home and Family". MediaBistro.com. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 2017-02-20.
Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva. "Paige Davis Exits As Co-Host Of Hallmark's 'Home & Family', Christina Ferrare To Fill In". Deadline.com. Retrieved 2017-02-20.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie; Evans, Greg (June 21, 2016). "Cristina Ferrare Out, Replaced By Debbie Matenopoulos As Co-Host Of Hallmark Channel's Home & Family". Deadline.com. United States: Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved June 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Family Members". hallmarkchannel.com. Hallmark Channel. Retrieved November 7, 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website
The Home and Family Show on IMDb
The Home and Family Show at TV.com
[show]
v
t
e
Freeform original programming
History
History of Freeform
Christian Broadcasting Network
ABC Family Worldwide Inc.
Original
programming
1990s debuts
Amateur Hour (revival) (1992)
Big Brother Jake (1990–1994)
Donkey Kong Country (1997–2000)
Great Pretenders (1999–2002)
Home and Family (1996–1998)
Maniac Mansion (1990–1993)
Monster Farm (1998–1999)
Ohh Nooo! Mr. Bill Presents (1998–1999)
2000s debuts
10 Things I Hate About You (2009–2010)
Beautiful People (2005–2006)
Brat Camp (2005–2007)
Da Möb (2001–2002)
Greek (2007–2011)
Knock First (2003–2004)
Kyle XY (2006–2009)
Las Vegas Garden of Love (2005)
Lincoln Heights (2007–2009)
Make It or Break It (2009–2012)
The Middleman (2008)
Power Rangers Dino Thunder (2004)
Power Rangers Ninja Storm (2003)
Power Rangers S.P.D.(2005)
Power Rangers Wild Force (2002)
Roommates (2009)
Ruby & The Rockits (2009)
Scariest Places On Earth (2000–2006)
The Secret Life of the American Teenager (2008–2013)
Slacker Cats (2007–2009)
So Little Time (2001–2002)
State of Grace (2001–2002)
Switched! (2003–2004)
Three Moons Over Milford (2006)
Wildfire (2005–2008)
2010s debuts
Baby Daddy (2012–2017)
Becoming Us (2015)
Ben and Lauren: Happily Ever After? (2016)
Beverly Hills Nannies (2012)
Bunheads (2012–2013)
Chasing Life (2014–2015)
Dead of Summer (2016)
Freak Out (2014–2015)
Guilt (2016)
Huge (2010)
Jane by Design (2012)
Job or No Job (2015)
Kevin from Work (2015)
The Lying Game (2011–2013)
Melissa & Joey (2010–2015)
Mystery Girls (2014)
Next Step Realty: NYC (2015)
The Nine Lives of Chloe King (2011)
Pretty Little Liars (2010–2017)
Ravenswood (2013–2014)
Recovery Road (2016)
Spell-Mageddon (2013)
Startup U (2015)
State of Georgia (2011)
Stitchers (2015–2017)
Switched at Birth (2011–2017)
Twisted (2013–2014)
The Vineyard (2013)
Monica the Medium (2015–2016)
Current
Alone Together (since 2018)
Beyond (since 2017)
The Bold Type (since 2017)
Famous in Love (since 2017)
The Fosters (since 2013)
Grown-ish (since 2018)
Shadowhunters (since 2016)
Truth & Iliza (since 2017)
The Twins: Happily Ever After? (since 2017)
Young & Hungry (since 2014)
Upcoming
Cloak & Dagger (2018)
The Perfectionists (TBA)
Siren (2018)
Related
13 Nights of Halloween
Freeform's 25 Days of Christmas
ABC Spark
Jetix
List of ABC Family original films
[hide]
v
t
e
Hallmark Channel original programming
Original
programming
Former
Cedar Cove (2013–2015)
Signed, Sealed, Delivered (2014)
Current
Home and Family (since 2012)
When Calls the Heart (since 2014)
Good Witch (since 2015)
Chesapeake Shores (since 2016)
Related
List of Hallmark Channel Original Movies
Hallmark Hall of Fame
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_and_Family&oldid=820812584"
Categories:
American reality television series
1990s American television series
1996 American television series debuts
1998 American television series endings
The Family Channel shows
English-language television programs
2012 American television series debuts
2010s American television series
Hallmark Channel shows
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This page was last edited on 16 January 2018, at 19:23.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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Degrees of freedom (mechanics)
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This article is about mechanics. For other fields, see Degrees of freedom.
In physics, the degree of freedom (DOF) of a mechanical system is the number of independent parameters that define its configuration. It is the number of parameters that determine the state of a physical system and is important to the analysis of systems of bodies in mechanical engineering, aeronautical engineering, robotics, and structural engineering..
The position of a single railcar (engine) moving along a track has one degree of freedom because the position of the car is defined by the distance along the track. A train of rigid cars connected by hinges to an engine still has only one degree of freedom because the positions of the cars behind the engine are constrained by the shape of the track.
An automobile with highly stiff suspension can be considered to be a rigid body traveling on a plane (a flat, two-dimensional space). This body has three independent degrees of freedom consisting of two components of translation and one angle of rotation. Skidding or drifting is a good example of an automobile's three independent degrees of freedom.
The position and orientation of a rigid body in space is defined by three components of translation and three components of rotation, which means that it has six degrees of freedom.
The exact constraint mechanical design method manages the degrees of freedom to neither underconstrain nor overconstrain a device.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Motions and dimensions
2 Six degrees of freedom (6 DoF)
3 Mobility formula
3.1 Planar and spherical movement
3.2 Systems of bodies
4 Electrical engineering
5 See also
6 References
Motions and dimensions[edit]
The position of an n-dimensional rigid body is defined by the rigid transformation, [T] = [A, d], where d is an n-dimensional translation and A is an n × n rotation matrix, which has n translational degrees of freedom and n(n − 1)/2 rotational degrees of freedom. The number of rotational degrees of freedom comes from the dimension of the rotation group SO(n).
A non-rigid or deformable body may be thought of as a collection of many minute particles (infinite number of DOFs), this is often approximated by a finite DOF system. When motion involving large displacements is the main objective of study (e.g. for analyzing the motion of satellites), a deformable body may be approximated as a rigid body (or even a particle) in order to simplify the analysis.
The degree of freedom of a system can be viewed as the minimum number of coordinates required to specify a configuration. Applying this definition, we have:
For a single particle in a plane two coordinates define its location so it has two degrees of freedom;
A single particle in space requires three coordinates so it has three degrees of freedom;
Two particles in space have a combined six degrees of freedom;
If two particles in space are constrained to maintain a constant distance from each other, such as in the case of a diatomic molecule, then the six coordinates must satisfy a single constraint equation defined by the distance formula. This reduces the degree of freedom of the system to five, because the distance formula can be used to solve for the remaining coordinate once the other five are specified.
Six degrees of freedom (6 DoF)[edit]
The six degrees of freedom of movement of a ship
Attitude degrees of freedom for an airplane
Main article: Six degrees of freedom
The motion of a ship at sea has the six degrees of freedom of a rigid body, and is described as:[2]
Translation and rotation:
Moving up and down (elevating/heaving);
Moving left and right (strafing/swaying);
Moving forward and backward (walking/surging);
Swivels left and right (yawing);
Tilts forward and backward (pitching);
Pivots side to side (rolling).
See also Euler angles
The trajectory of an airplane in flight has three degrees of freedom and its attitude along the trajectory has three degrees of freedom, for a total of six degrees of freedom.
Mobility formula[edit]
The mobility formula counts the number of parameters that define the configuration of a set of rigid bodies that are constrained by joints connecting these bodies.[3][4]
Consider a system of n rigid bodies moving in space has 6n degrees of freedom measured relative to a fixed frame. In order to count the degrees of freedom of this system, include the fixed body in the count of bodies, so that mobility is independent of the choice of the body that forms the fixed frame. Then the degree-of-freedom of the unconstrained system of N = n + 1 is
M = 6 n = 6 ( N − 1 ) , {\displaystyle M=6n=6(N-1),\!}
because the fixed body has zero degrees of freedom relative to itself.
Joints that connect bodies in this system remove degrees of freedom and reduce mobility. Specifically, hinges and sliders each impose five constraints and therefore remove five degrees of freedom. It is convenient to define the number of constraints c that a joint imposes in terms of the joint's freedom f, where c = 6 − f. In the case of a hinge or slider, which are one degree of freedom joints, have f = 1 and therefore c = 6 − 1 = 5.
The result is that the mobility of a system formed from n moving links and j joints each with freedom fi, i = 1, ..., j, is given by
M = 6 n − ∑ i = 1 j ( 6 − f i ) = 6 ( N − 1 − j ) + ∑ i = 1 j f i {\displaystyle M=6n-\sum _{i=1}^{j}\ (6-f_{i})=6(N-1-j)+\sum _{i=1}^{j}\ f_{i}}
Recall that N includes the fixed link.
There are two important special cases: (i) a simple open chain, and (ii) a simple closed chain. A single open chain consists of n moving links connected end to end by n joints, with one end connected to a ground link. Thus, in this case N = j + 1 and the mobility of the chain is
M = ∑ i = 1 j f i {\displaystyle M=\sum _{i=1}^{j}\ f_{i}}
For a simple closed chain, n moving links are connected end-to-end by n + 1 joints such that the two ends are connected to the ground link forming a loop. In this case, we have N = j and the mobility of the chain is
M = ∑ i = 1 j f i − 6 {\displaystyle M=\sum _{i=1}^{j}\ f_{i}-6}
An example of a simple open chain is a serial robot manipulator. These robotic systems are constructed from a series of links connected by six one degree-of-freedom revolute or prismatic joints, so the system has six degrees of freedom.
An example of a simple closed chain is the RSSR spatial four-bar linkage. The sum of the freedom of these joints is eight, so the mobility of the linkage is two, where one of the degrees of freedom is the rotation of the coupler around the line joining the two S joints.
Planar and spherical movement[edit]
It is common practice to design the linkage system so that the movement of all of the bodies are constrained to lie on parallel planes, to form what is known as a planar linkage. It is also possible to construct the linkage system so that all of the bodies move on concentric spheres, forming a spherical linkage. In both cases, the degrees of freedom of the links in each system is now three rather than six, and the constraints imposed by joints are now c = 3 − f.
In this case, the mobility formula is given by
M = 3 ( N − 1 − j ) + ∑ i = 1 j f i , {\displaystyle M=3(N-1-j)+\sum _{i=1}^{j}\ f_{i},}
and the special cases become
planar or spherical simple open chain,
M = ∑ i = 1 j f i , {\displaystyle M=\sum _{i=1}^{j}\ f_{i},}
planar or spherical simple closed chain,
M = ∑ i = 1 j f i − 3. {\displaystyle M=\sum _{i=1}^{j}\ f_{i}-3.}
An example of a planar simple closed chain is the planar four-bar linkage, which is a four-bar loop with four one degree-of-freedom joints and therefore has mobility M = 1.
Systems of bodies[edit]
An articulated robot with six DOF in a kinematic chain.
A system with several bodies would have a combined DOF that is the sum of the DOFs of the bodies, less the internal constraints they may have on relative motion. A mechanism or linkage containing a number of connected rigid bodies may have more than the degrees of freedom for a single rigid body. Here the term degrees of freedom is used to describe the number of parameters needed to specify the spatial pose of a linkage.
A specific type of linkage is the open kinematic chain, where a set of rigid links are connected at joints; a joint may provide one DOF (hinge/sliding), or two (cylindrical). Such chains occur commonly in robotics, biomechanics, and for satellites and other space structures. A human arm is considered to have seven DOFs. A shoulder gives pitch, yaw, and roll, an elbow allows for pitch, and a wrist allows for pitch,yaw and roll . Only 3 of those movements would be necessary to move the hand to any point in space, but people would lack the ability to grasp things from different angles or directions. A robot (or object) that has mechanisms to control all 6 physical DOF is said to be holonomic. An object with fewer controllable DOFs than total DOFs is said to be non-holonomic, and an object with more controllable DOFs than total DOFs (such as the human arm) is said to be redundant. Although keep in mind that it is not redundant in the human arm because the two DOFs; wrist and shoulder, that represent the same movement; roll, supply each other since they can't do a full 360. The degree of freedom are like different movements that can be made.
In mobile robotics, a car-like robot can reach any position and orientation in 2-D space, so it needs 3 DOFs to describe its pose, but at any point, you can move it only by a forward motion and a steering angle. So it has two control DOFs and three representational DOFs; i.e. it is non-holonomic. A fixed-wing aircraft, with 3–4 control DOFs (forward motion, roll, pitch, and to a limited extent, yaw) in a 3-D space, is also non-holonomic, as it cannot move directly up/down or left/right.
A summary of formulas and methods for computing the degrees-of-freedom in mechanical systems has been given by Pennestri, Cavacece, and Vita.[5]
Electrical engineering[edit]
In electrical engineering degrees of freedom is often used to describe the number of directions in which a phased array antenna can form either beams or nulls. It is equal to one less than the number of elements contained in the array, as one element is used as a reference against which either constructive or destructive interference may be applied using each of the remaining antenna elements. Radar practice and communication link practice, with beam steering being more prevalent for radar applications and null steering being more prevalent for interference suppression in communication links.
See also[edit]
Gimbal lock
Kinematics
Kinematic pair
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mechanical-engineering/2-76-multi-scale-system-design-fall-2004/readings/reading_l3.pdf
Jump up ^ Summary of ship movement Archived November 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ J. J. Uicker, G. R. Pennock, and J. E. Shigley, 2003, Theory of Machines and Mechanisms, Oxford University Press, New York.
Jump up ^ J. M. McCarthy and G. S. Soh, Geometric Design of Linkages, 2nd Edition, Springer 2010
Jump up ^ Pennestri E, Cavacece M, Vita L, On the computation of degrees-of-freedom: A didactic perspective, ASME Paper DETC2005-84109
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