text:
Tennessee in the American Civil War
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
State of Tennessee
Nickname(s): The Volunteer State
Flag
Great Seal
Map of the United States with Tennessee highlighted.
Capital
Nashville
Largest City
Memphis
Admission to confederacy
July 2, 1861 (11th)
Population
1,109,801 total
• 834,802 free
• 275,719 slave
Forces supplied
total
• 135,812 Confederate soldiers, 31,092 Union white soldiers, and 6,777 Union black[1] soldiers
Governor
Isham G. Harris (1861–1862)
Senators
Landon Carter Haynes
Gustavus Adolphus Henry
Representatives
List
Restored to the Union
July 24, 1866
History of Tennessee
By year
Pre-statehood
U.S. Civil War
Since 1900
Topics: African-Americans - Cities - Military - Politics
Tennessee portal
v
t
e
Confederate States
in the
American Civil War
South Carolina
Mississippi
Florida
Alabama
Georgia
Louisiana
Texas
Virginia
Arkansas
North Carolina
Tennessee
Border states
Delaware
Maryland
West Virginia
Kentucky
Missouri
Dual governments
Missouri
Kentucky
West Virginia
Virginia
Tennessee
Territories
Indian Territory
Arizona
v
t
e
To a large extent, the American Civil War was fought in cities and farms of Tennessee, as only Virginia saw more battles. However, Tennessee is the only state to have major battles or skirmishes fought in every single county.[dubious – discuss] Tennessee was the last of the Southern states to declare secession from the Union as a substantial portion of the population were against secession, but saw more than its share of the devastation resulting from years of warring armies criss-crossing the state. Its rivers were key arteries to the Deep South, and, from the early days of the war, Union efforts focused on securing control of those transportation routes, as well as major roads and mountain passes such as the Cumberland Gap. Tennessee was also considered "the Bread Basket" of the Confederacy, for its rich farmland that fed both armies during the war.
A large number of important battles occurred in Tennessee, including the vicious fighting at the Battle of Shiloh, which at the time was the deadliest battle in American history (it was later surpassed by a number of other engagements). Other large battles in Tennessee included Stones River, Chattanooga, Nashville, and Franklin.
Tennessee was one of the most divided states in the country at the outset of the war. Before the bombardment of Fort Sumter, Tennessee was actually staunchly pro-Union, though there were still a few secessionist hot beds in the western portion of the state. The situation changed when Fort Sumter was bombarded and Lincoln made the call for 75,000 volunteers to suppress the rebellion. Tennesseans saw this as a threat to their "southern brethren," and the only real pockets of pro-Unionism came from the eastern portion of the state. In fact, Tennessee would furnish more troops for the Union than any other Confederate state, combined. However, over three times that number volunteered for the Confederacy. Interestingly, notable general Nathan Bedford Forrest voted against secession, but later fought for his state when it seceded.
Contents
[hide]
1 Secession
1.1 Pro-Union and anti-Republican sentiment before the attack on Fort Sumter
1.2 Reaction to the attack on Fort Sumter
1.3 Tennessee secedes
2 East Tennessee
3 Battles
3.1 Twin Rivers Campaign of 1862
3.2 Capture of Memphis
3.3 1863
3.4 1864
4 Economy and society
5 Wartime politics
6 Memory
6.1 List
7 Notable Confederate Civil War leaders from Tennessee
8 Notable Union Civil War leaders from Tennessee
9 Reconstruction
10 See also
11 References
12 Further reading
12.1 Military studies
12.2 Primary sources
13 External links
Secession[edit]
Pro-Union and anti-Republican sentiment before the attack on Fort Sumter[edit]
John Bell.
Initially, most Tennesseans showed little enthusiasm for breaking away from a nation whose struggles it had shared for so long. In 1860, they had voted by a slim margin for the Constitutional Unionist John Bell, a native son and moderate who continued to search for a way out of the crisis.
A vocal minority of Tennesseans spoke critically of the Northern states and the Lincoln presidency. "The people of the South are preparing for their next highest duty– resistance to coercion or invasion," wrote the Nashville Daily Gazette on January 5, 1861. The newspaper expressed the view that Florida, Georgia, and Alabama were exercising the highest right of all by taking control of all forts and other military establishments within the area– the right to self-defense.[2] A pro-secessionist proposal was made in the Memphis Appeal to build a fort at Randolph, Tennessee, on the Mississippi River.[3]
Governor Isham G. Harris convened an emergency session of the Tennessee General Assembly in January 1861. During his speech before the legislative body on January 7, he described the secession of the Southern states as a crisis caused by "long continued agitation of the slavery question" and "actual and threatened aggressions of the Northern States ... upon the well-defined constitutions rights of the Southern citizen." He also expressed alarm at the growth of the "purely sectional" Republican Party, which he stated was bound together by the "uncompromising hostility to the rights and institutions of the fifteen Southern states." He identified numerous grievances with the Republican Party, blaming them for inducing slaves to run off by means of the Underground Railroad, John Brown's raids, and high taxes on slave labor.[4]
Harris agreed with the idea of popular sovereignty, that only the people within a state can determine whether or not slavery could exist within the boundaries of that state. Furthermore, he regarded laws passed by Congress that made U.S. territories non-slave states as taking territories away from the American people and making them solely for the North, territories from which "Southern men unable to live under a government which may by law recognize the free negro as his equal" were excluded. Governor Harris proposed holding a State Convention. A series of resolutions were presented in the Tennessee House of Representatives by William H. Wisener against the proposal. He declared passing any law reorganizing and arming the state militia to be inexpedient.
The centrality of the question of slavery to the secession movement was not doubted by people at the time of the Civil War, nor was it ignored by the contemporary press. Especially in the case of the pro-slavery papers, this question of the possibility of the eventual granting of equal rights for people of color was not couched in diplomatic phraseology:
The election, be it remembered, takes place on the 9th, and the Delegates meet in Convention on the 25th instant. If you desire to wait until you are tied hand and foot then vote for the men who advocate the 'watch and wait' policy. If you think you have rights and are the superiors of the black man then vote for the men who will not sell you out, body and soul to the Yankee Republicans - for men who would rather see Tennessee independent out of the Union, then in the Union subjugated. [emphasis in original][5]
On February 3, 1861, the pro-Union Knoxville Whig published a "Secret Circular" that had mistakenly been sent by its authors to a pro-Union Tennessee U.S. Postmaster. In it was revealed a comprehensive plan by pro-slavery Tennesseeans and others to launch a propaganda campaign to convince Tennesseans that the strength of the pro-secessionist movement was overwhelming:
Dear Sir — Our earnest solicitude for the success of the Great Southern Rights movement to secure an immediate release from the overwhelming dangers that imperil our political and social safety, will we trust, be a sufficient apology for the results which we beg to impose on you. The sentiment of the Southern heart is overwhelming in favor of the movement. Light only is wanted that men many see their way clearly and the prayer of every true patriot will eventually be realized. Tennessee will be a unit. Although the time be so very short, this object may yet be accomplished, if a few men only, (the more the better, however) in each county, will devote their entire energies to it during the canvass for Delegates. We earnestly beg your attention, therefore, to the following suggestions:
Be sure to have your best men in the field, WITHOUT REGARD TO PAST POLITICAL OPINIONS.
Be sure that no submissionist, under whatever pretext of compromising our rights, or of waiting beyond the 4th of March for new guarantees, impose himself on you. Our only hope of peace and safety consists in decided action before the inauguration of Mr. Lincoln.
Do not wait for general meetings of citizens, but get together immediately a few active, intelligent, discreet but thoroughgoing, uncompromising, true-hearted, "Southern-Rights Anti-Coercion" friends and appoint Committees and Canvassers, who are willing to devote themselves entirely and unceasingly to the great and perilous work, from this hour up to the close of the election.
Appoint Committees, also, for each Civil District, of men known to coincide with you and ourselves in sentiment.
Organize, forthwith, Southern Rights Anti-Coercion Societies.
We will send during the canvass, the UNION AND AMERICAN and GAZETTE, to supply your County. These we confidently trust you will send immediately to the District Committees, who on the hour of delivery, start out on the work of distribution, and this though there be but half a dozen copies for each district. Do not, we beg of you, wait for persons to call for documents, of papers to read and CIRCULATE.
Write as many letters to your friends [as] possible, and urge them by every consideration of patriotism, to work, work, work.
[...] We can, we must, carry our State. Our hearts would link within us, at the bare thought of the degradations and infamy of abandoning our more Southern brethren united to us by all the views so sympathy and interest, and of being chained to the car of Black Republican States, who would themselves despise us for our submission; and worse than all, by moral influences alone, if not by force of legal enactment destroy our entire social fabric, and all real independence of thought and action. Your own good judgment will suggest many things we can not now allude to. [emphasis added]
Very Respectfully,
[Signed]Wm. Williams, Chm'n./S. C. Goethall [?], Sec'y,/Andrew Cheatham/J. R. Baus [?]/R. H. Williamson/G. W. Cunningham/H. M. Cheatham, W. S. Peppin
States Central Southern Rights Anti-Coercion Committee[6]
Slave % of total population in each region of Tennessee
In Memphis, Unionists held two torchlight processions to honor their cause. The secessionists replied with their own demonstrations and a celebratory ball.[7][8] That week, on February 9, the state of Tennessee was to vote on whether or not to send delegates to a State Convention that would decide on secession.[9] The General Assembly convened by Governor Isham Harris did not believe it had the authority to call a State Convention without a vote of the people.[10]
In February 1861, 54 percent of the state's voters voted against sending delegates to a secession convention, defeating the proposal for a State Convention by a vote of 69,675 to 57,798. If a State Convention had been held, it would have been very heavily pro-Union. 88,803 votes were cast for Unionist candidates and 22,749 votes were cast for Secession candidates.[11] That day the American flag was displayed in "every section of the city," with zeal equal to that which existed during the late 1860 presidential campaign, wrote the Nashville Daily Gazette. The proponents of the slavocracy were embarrassed, demoralized and politically disoriented but not willing to admit defeat: "Whatever may be the result of the difficulties which at present agitate our country - whether we are to be united in our common destiny or whether two Republics shall take the place of that which has stood for nearly a century, the admired of all nations we will still bow with reverence to the sight of the stars and stripes, and recognize it as the standard around which the sons of liberty can rally [...]. And if the remonstrances of the people of the South-pleading and begging for redress for years-does not in this critical moment, arouse her brethren of the North to a sense of justice and right, and honor demands a separation, we would still have the same claims upon the 'colors of Washington, great son of the South, and of Virginia, mother of the States.' Let us not abandon the stars and stripes under which Southern men have so often been led to victory."[12] "On the corner across from the newspaper office, a crowd had gathered around a bagpipe player playing Yankee Doodle, after which ex-mayor John Hugh Smith gave a speech that was received with loud cheers.[13]
In a letter to Democratic senator Andrew Johnson, the publisher of the Clarksville (TN) Jeffersonian, C.O. Faxon,[14] surmised that the margin by which the "No Convention" vote won would have been even greater, had Union men not been afraid that if a State Convention were not called then, then Isham Harris would have again called for a State Convention when more state legislators were "infected with the secession epidemic" [...] " Gov Harris is Check mated [sic]. The Union maj[ority] in the State will almost defy computation [.] So far as heard from the disunionist have carried by a single precinct. The Union and American [Nashville, TN pro-secessionist paper[15]] Stands rebuked and damned before the people of the State"[16]
On March 7, the Memphis Daily Appeal wrote that the abolitionists were attempting to deprive the South of territories won during the U.S.-Mexican War. It pointed out that the slave states had furnished twice as many volunteers as the free states and territories, though it did not note that slave states were the ones who most supported the war.[17]
On March 19, the editors of the Clarksville Chronicle endorsed a pro-Union candidate for state senator in Robertson, Montgomery, and Stewart counties.[18]
On April 2, the Memphis Daily Appeal ran a satirical obituary for Uncle Sam, proclaiming him to have died of "irrepressible conflict disease," after having met Abraham Lincoln.[19] One Robertson County slave owner complained that she could not rent her slaves out for "half [of what] they were worth" because "the negros think when Lincoln takes his last, they will all be free."[20]
Reaction to the attack on Fort Sumter[edit]
With the attack on Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861, followed by President Abraham Lincoln's April 15 call for 75,000 volunteers to put the seceded states back into line, public sentiment turned dramatically against the Union.
Historian Daniel Crofts thus reports:
Unionists of all descriptions, both those who became Confederates and those who did not, considered the proclamation calling for seventy-five thousand troops "disastrous." Having consulted personally with Lincoln in March, Congressman Horace Maynard, the unconditional Unionist and future Republican from East Tennessee, felt assured that the administration would pursue a peaceful policy. Soon after April 15, a dismayed Maynard reported that "the President's extraordinary proclamation" had unleashed "a tornado of excitement that seems likely to sweep us all away." Men who had "heretofore been cool, firm and Union loving" had become "perfectly wild" and were "aroused to a frenzy of passion." For what purpose, they asked, could such an army be wanted "but to invade, overrun and subjugate the Southern states." The growing war spirit in the North further convinced southerners that they would have to "fight for our hearthstones and the security of home." [21]
Governor Isham Harris began military mobilization, submitted an ordinance of secession to the General Assembly, and made direct overtures to the Confederate government.
Tennessee secedes[edit]
In the June 8, 1861 referendum, East Tennessee held firm against separation, while West Tennessee returned an equally heavy majority in favor. The deciding vote came in Middle Tennessee, which went from 51 percent against secession in February to 88 percent in favor in June.
Having ratified by popular vote its connection with the fledgling Confederacy, Tennessee became the last state to declare formally its withdrawal from the Union.
East Tennessee[edit]
East Tennessee was a stronghold of Unionism; most slaves were house servants—luxuries—rather than the base of plantation operations. The dominant mood strongly opposed secession.[22] Tennesseans representing twenty-six East Tennessee counties met twice in Greeneville and Knoxville and agreed to secede from Tennessee (see East Tennessee Convention of 1861.) They petitioned the state legislature in Nashville, which denied their request to secede and sent Confederate troops under Felix Zollicoffer to occupy East Tennessee and prevent secession.
East Tennessee thus came under Confederate control from 1861 to 1863. Nevertheless East Tennessee supplied significant numbers of troops to the Federal army. (See also Nickajack). Many East Tennesseans engaged in guerrilla warfare against state authorities by burning bridges, cutting telegraph wires, and spying for the North.[23] East Tennessee became an early base for the Republican Party in the South. Strong support for the Union challenged the Confederate commanders who controlled East Tennessee for most of the war. Generals Felix K. Zollicoffer, Edmund Kirby Smith, and Sam Jones oscillated between harsh measures and conciliatory gestures to gain support, but had little success whether they arrested hundreds of Unionist leaders or allowed men to escape the Confederate draft. Union forces finally captured the region in 1863.[24]
General William Sherman's famous March to the Sea saw him personally escorted by the 1st Alabama Cavalry Regiment, which consisted entirely of Unionist southerners. Despite its name, the regiment consisted largely of men from Tennessee.
Battles[edit]
The Third Battle of Chattanooga was fought November 23–25, 1863.
Many battles were fought in the state, most of them victories by the larger Union forces.
Twin Rivers Campaign of 1862[edit]
Control of the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers was important in gaining control of Tennessee during the age of steamboats. Tennessee relied on northbound riverboats to receive staple commodities from the Cumberland and Tennessee valleys.[25] The idea of using the rivers to breach the Confederate defense line in the West was well known by the end of 1861; Union gunboats had been scanning Confederate fort-building on the twin rivers for months before the campaign.[26] Ulysses S. Grant and the United States Navy captured control of the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers in February 1862 and held off the Confederate counterattack at Shiloh in April of the same year.
Capture of Memphis[edit]
Capture of Memphis and Nashville gave the Union control of the Western and Middle sections. Control was confirmed at the battle of Murfreesboro in early January 1863.
After Nashville was captured (the first Confederate state capital to fall) Andrew Johnson, an East Tennessean from Greeneville, was appointed military governor of the state by Lincoln. During this time, the military government abolished slavery (but with questionable legality).
The Confederates continued to hold East Tennessee despite the strength of Unionist sentiment there, with the exception of strongly pro-Confederate Sullivan and Rhea Counties.
1863[edit]
After winning a decisive victory at Chickamauga in September 1863, the Confederates besieged Chattanooga but were finally driven off by Grant in November. Many of the Confederate defeats can be attributed to the poor leadership of General Braxton Bragg, who led the Army of Tennessee from Shiloh to the Confederate defeat at Chattanooga. Historian Thomas Connelly concludes that although Bragg was an able planner and a skillful organizer, he failed repeatedly in operations, in part because he was unable to collaborate effectively with his subordinates.[27]
1864[edit]
The last major battles came when the General John Bell Hood led the Confederates north in November 1864. He was checked at Franklin, and his army was virtually destroyed by George Thomas's greatly superior forces at Nashville in December.
Economy and society[edit]
Refugees poured into Nashville during the war, because jobs were plentiful in the depots, warehouses and hospitals serving the war effort, and furthermore the city was much safer place than the countryside. Unionists and Confederate sympathizers both flooded in, as did free blacks and escaped slaves, and businessmen from the North.[28]
There was little heavy industry in the South but the Western Iron District in Middle Tennessee was the largest iron producer in the Confederacy in 1861. One of the largest operations was the Cumberland Iron Works, which the Confederate War Department tried and failed to protect.[29]
Memphis and Nashville, with very large transient populations, had flourishing red light districts. Union wartime regulations forced prostitutes to purchase licenses and pass medical exams, primarily to protect soldiers from venereal disease. Their trade was deregulated once military control ended.[30]
Wartime politics[edit]
Fear of subversion was widespread throughout the state. In West and Middle Tennessee it was fear of pro-Union activism, which was countered proactively by numerous local Committees of Safety and Vigilance from 1860 to 1862. They emerged as early as the 1860 Presidential election, and when the war began activists developed an aggressive program to detect and suppress Unionists. The committees set up a spy system, intercepted mail, inspected luggage, forced the enlistment of men into the Confederate Army, confiscated private property, and whenever it seemed necessary lynched enemies of the Confederacy. The committees were disbanded by the Union Army when it took control in 1862.[31]
Memory[edit]
Tennessee has strong Confederate memories (based in West Tennessee and Middle Tennessee), which focused on the Lost Cause theme of heroic defense of traditional liberties. To a lesser extent Tennesseans celebrate Unionist memories based in East Tennessee and among blacks.[32]
List[edit]
Bean's Station
Blountville
Blue Springs
Brentwood
Bull's Gap
Campbell's Station
First Battle of Chattanooga
Second Battle of Chattanooga
Third Battle of Chattanooga
Collierville
Columbia
Danbridge
Dover
Fair Garden
Fort Donelson
Fort Henry
Fort Pillow
Fort Sanders (a.k.a. Fort Loudon)
First Battle of Franklin
Second Battle of Franklin
Hartsville
Hatchie's Bridge (a.k.a. Davis Bridge or Matamoro)
Hoover's Gap
Island Number Ten
Jackson
Johnsonville
First Battle of Memphis
Second Battle of Memphis
Mossy Creek
First Battle of Murfreesboro
Third Battle of Murfreesboro
Nashville
Parker's Cross Roads
Battle of Rogersville (a.k.a. Big Creek)
Shiloh
Spring Hill
Stones River
Thompson's Station
Vaught's Hill (a.k.a. Milton)
Wauhatchie (a.k.a. Brown's Berry)
Notable Confederate Civil War leaders from Tennessee[edit]
Lt. Gen.
Nathan Bedford Forrest
Lt. Gen.
Leonidas Polk
Lt. Gen.
Benjamin F. Cheatham
Lt. Gen.
Alexander P. Stewart
Maj. Gen.
William B. Bate
Maj. Gen.
John C. Brown
Sen.
Henry S. Foote
Gov.
Isham G. Harris
TN House of Rep. & Brig. Gen.
Robert H. Hatton
Brigadier General
John C. Moore
Brigadier General
William H. Carroll
Brigadier General
George Maney
Brigadier General
Charles M. Shelley
Brigadier General
William Read Scurry
Brigadier General
Gideon J. Pillow
Brigadier General
Robert V. Richardson
Brigadier General
James A. Smith
Brigadier General
Preston Smith
Brigadier General
Thomas B. Smith
Brigadier General
John C. Vaughn
Brigadier General
Lucius M. Walker
Brigadier General
Marcus J. Wright
Brigadier General
Felix Zollicoffer
Brigadier General
Joseph B. Palmer
Brigadier General
William H. Jackson
Brigadier General
Samuel Benton
Brigadier General
Henry B. Davidson
Brigadier General
William P. Hardeman
Brigadier General
Benjamin McCulloch
Brigadier General
James C. Tappan
Notable Union Civil War leaders from Tennessee[edit]
Vice President
Andrew Johnson
Rear Adm. & Brig. Gen.
Samuel P. Carter
Brigadier General
James G. Spears
Brigadier General
William B. Campbell
Brigadier General
Alvan C. Gillem
Capt. & Guerrilla
Daniel Ellis
U.S. House of Rep. & Lt. Col.
Isaac R. Hawkins
Rear Admiral
David G. Farragut
Reconstruction[edit]
After the war, Tennessee adopted a constitutional amendment forbidding human property on February 22, 1865;[33][34] ratified the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution on July 18, 1866; and was the first state readmitted to the Union on July 24, 1866.
Because it ratified the Fourteenth Amendment, Tennessee was the only state that seceded from the Union that did not have a military governor during Reconstruction. This did not placate those unhappy with the Confederate defeat. Many white Tennesseans resisted efforts to expand suffrage and other civil rights to the freedmen. For generations white Tennesseans had been raised to believe that slavery was justified. Some could not accept that their former slaves were now equal under the law.
When the state Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of African American suffrage in 1867, the reaction became stronger. The Nashville Republican Banner on January 4, 1868, published an editorial calling for a revolutionary movement of white Southerners to unseat the one-party state rule imposed by the Republican Party and restore the legal inferiority of the region's black population.
"In this State, reconstruction has perfected itself and done its worst. It has organized a government which is as complete a closed corporation as may be found; it has placed the black man over the white as the agent and prime-move of domination; it has constructed a system of machinery by which all free guarantees, privileges and opportunities are removed from the people.... The impossibility of casting a free vote in Tennessee short of a revolutionary movement ... is an undoubted fact."
The Banner urged its readers to ignore the presidential election and direct their energy into building "a local movement here at home" to end Republican rule.[35]
According to the 1860 census, African Americans made up only 25% of Tennessee's population, which meant they could not dominate politics. Only a few African Americans served in the Tennessee legislature during Reconstruction, and not many more as state and city officers. However, the Nashville Banner may have been reacting to increased participation by African Americans on that city's council, where they held about one-third of the seats.[36]
See also[edit]
Confederate States of America - animated map of state secession and confederacy
List of Tennessee Confederate Civil War units
List of Tennessee Union Civil War units
Nashville in the Civil War
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.civilwardata.com/dbstatus.html
Jump up ^ "The Effect" (PDF). Nashville Daily Gazette. 5 January 1861. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Pro-secessionist proposal to construct a fort at Randolph, Tennessee, on the Mississippi River" (PDF). Memphis Appeal. 20 January 1861. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
Jump up ^ White, Robert D. "Messages of the Governors of Tennessee, , 1859-1869, Vol. 5, pp.255-269; Excerpts from Governor Isham G. Harris' Legislative Message" (PDF). Retrieved 17 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Tennessee Convention." (PDF). Nashville Daily Gazette. 2 February 1861. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Read the Treasonous Circular!" (PDF). Knoxville Whig. 3 February 1861. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Another Political Demonstration—Minute Men Torchlight Procession." (PDF). Memphis "Daily Argus". 8 February 1861. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Secession Demonstration and Ball in Memphis" (PDF). Memphis "Appeal". 9 February 1861. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "TENNESSEANS, DECIDE FOR TENNESSEE." (PDF). Memphis Daily Argus. 8 February 1861. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "THE CONVENTION." (PDF). Memphis Daily Argus. 9 February 1861. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
Jump up ^ White, Robert D. "Messages of the Governors of Tennessee, op cit. p.272: The vote against secession, and against 'Convention' or 'No Convention'" (PDF). Retrieved 17 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Display of Flags" (PDF). Nashville Daily Gazette. 9 February 1861. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Jovial" (PDF). Nashville Daily Gazette. 10 February 1861. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "About Clarksville Jeffersonian. (Clarksville, Tenn.) 1861-186?". Chronicling America - Historic American Newspapers. Library of Congress. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Vote early for CONVENTION and for Anti-Coercion men.; The Crisis". Chronicling America. Gallatin (TN) Examiner, republished in Nashville Union and Examiner. 8 February 1861. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Faxon, C.O. (11 February 1861). "The Papers of Andrew Johnson, Vol. 4, p. 274: The great news from Tennessee..." (PDF). Tennessee Civil War Sourcebook. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Abolitionist attempts to divest the South of the territory acquired by the Mexican War" (PDF). Tennessee Civil War Sourcebook. Memphis Daily Appeal. 7 March 1861. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Pro-Union candidate for State Senate endorsed for Robertson, Stewart and Montgomery counties" (PDF). Tennessee Civil War Sourcebook. Letter to Editor, signed "UNION NOW AND FOREVER"; Clarksville Chronicle. 22 March 1861. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Gaznog (2 April 1861). "Obituary for Uncle Sam; a pro-secession argument in Memphis" (PDF). Tennessee Civil War Sourcebook. Memphis Daily Appeal. Retrieved 17 February 2014. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
Jump up ^ "'The negros think when Old Lincoln takes his last they will all be free.' The letter of Martha Gilbert of Robertson County to Cave Johnson Couts" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 29, 2008. Retrieved September 8, 2007.
Jump up ^ Daniel W. Crofts, Reluctant Confederates: Upper South Unionists in the Secession Crisis (1989), p.334.
Jump up ^ Thomas B. Alexander, "Whiggery and Reconstruction in Tennessee," The Journal of Southern History, Vol. 16, No. 3 (August, 1950), pp. 291-305 in JSTOR
Jump up ^ Carroll Van West, ed., Tennessee History: the Land, the People, and the Culture. James McDonough "Tennessee in the Civil War" 1998. p 155
Jump up ^ Noel Fisher, "'The leniency shown them has been unavailing': The Confederate occupation of East Tennessee," Civil War History, Dec 1994, Vol. 40 Issue 4, pp 275-91
Jump up ^ Cooling, Benjamin (1987). Forts Henry and Donelson: The Key to the Confederate Heartland. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press. p. 1. ISBN 0-87049-538-0.
Jump up ^ Cooling, Benjamin (1987). Forts Henry and Donelson: The Key to the Confederate Heartland. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press. pp. 65, 66. ISBN 0-87049-538-0.
Jump up ^ Thomas Connelly, Autumn of Glory: The Army of Tennessee, 1862–1865 (1971)
Jump up ^ Durham, 1985; Durham 1987
Jump up ^ Michael Thomas Gavin, "War Comes to Iron Country: Middle Tennessee's Defense Industry during the Civil War," West Tennessee Historical Society Papers, 2009, Vol. 63, pp 82-108
Jump up ^ Jeannine Cole, "'Upon the Stage of Disorder:' Legalized Prostitution in Memphis and Nashville, 1863–1865," Tennessee Historical Quarterly, Spring 2009, Vol. 68 Issue 1, pp 40-65
Jump up ^ James B. Jones, Jr., "'The Reign of Terror of the Safety Committee Has Passed Away Forever': A History of Committees of Safety and Vigilance in West and Middle Tennessee, 1860–1862," West Tennessee Historical Society Papers, 2009, Vol. 63, pp 1-28
Jump up ^ James B. Williams, "The Tennessee Civil War Centennial Commission: Looking to the Past as Tennessee Plans for the Future," Tennessee Historical Quarterly, Winter 2008, Vol. 67 Issue 4, pp 270-345
Jump up ^ Freedmen and Southern Society Project: Chronology of Emancipation
Jump up ^ TSLA::This Honorable Body: African American Legislators in 19th Century Tennessee
Jump up ^ cited in Harcourt 2005.
Jump up ^ W.E.B. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction in America, 1860–1880, New York: Oxford University Press, 1935; reprint New York: Free Press,1998, p.575.
Further reading[edit]
Alexander, Thomas B. Political Reconstruction in Tennessee (1968)
Ash, Stephen V. Middle Tennessee society transformed, 1860–1870: war and peace in the Upper South (2006)
Cooling, Benjamin Franklin. Fort Donelson's Legacy: War and Society in Kentucky and Tennessee, 1862–1863 (1997)
Cottrell, Steve. Civil War in Tennessee (2001) 142pp
Durham, Walter T. Nashville: The Occupied City, 1862–1863 (1985)
Durham, Walter T. Reluctant Partners: Nashville and the Union, 1863–1865 (1987)
Fisher, Noel C. War at Every Door: Partisan Politics and Guerrilla Violence in East Tennessee, 1860–1869 (2000) excerpt and text search
McKenzie, Robert Tracy. Lincolnites and Rebels: A Divided Town in the American Civil War (2009) on Knoxville excerpt and text search
McKenzie, Robert Tracy. One South or Many? Plantation Belt and Upcountry in Civil War-Era Tennessee (1994) uses longitudinal census data to demonstrate similar economic and social trends among Tennessee's three regions excerpt and text search
Temple, Oliver P. East Tennessee and the civil war (1899) 588pp online edition
Military studies[edit]
Connelly, Thomas L. Civil War Tennessee: battles and leaders (1979) 106pp
Connelly, Thomas L. Army of the Heartland: The Army of Tennessee, 1861–1862 (2 vol 1967–70); a Confederate army
Daniel, Larry J. Shiloh: The Battle That Changed the Civil War (1998) excerpt and text search
Engle, Stephen D. Don Carlos Buell: Most Promising of All (1999)
Engle, Stephen D. Struggle for the Heartland: The Campaigns from Fort Henry to Corinth (2001)
Frisby, Derek W. Campaigns in Mississippi and Tennessee, February-December 1864 Center of Military History (2014) 67pp
Groom, Winston. Shiloh, 1862: The First Great and Terrible Battle of the Civil War (2011)
Lepa, Jack H. The Civil War in Tennessee, 1862–1863 (2007)
Woodworth, Stephen E. Jefferson Davis and His Generals: The Failure of Confederate Command in the West (1990)
Woodworth, Stephen E. Decision in the Heartland: The Civil War in the West (2011)
Woodworth, Stephen E. Six Armies in Tennessee: The Chickamauga and Chattanooga Campaigns (1998) excerpt and text search
Primary sources[edit]
Jones, James B., ed. Tennessee in the Civil War: Selected Contemporary Accounts (2011) 286 pp
McCaslin, Richard B., ed. Portraits of Conflict: A Photographic History of Tennessee in the Civil War (2006)
External links[edit]
Follow day-by-day events during Tennessee's Civil War sesquicentennial (2011–2015)
The Battle of Franklin, November 30, 1864 (extensive site)
National Park Service map showing Civil War Sites in Tennessee
The McGavock Confederate Cemetery at Franklin
[hide]
v
t
e
American Civil War
[show]
Origins
Origins
Issues
Timeline leading to the War
Antebellum era
Bleeding Kansas
Border states
Compromise of 1850
Dred Scott v. Sandford
Lincoln-Douglas debates
Missouri Compromise
Popular sovereignty
Secession
States' rights
President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers
Slavery
African Americans
Cornerstone Speech
Emancipation Proclamation
Fugitive slave laws
Plantations in the American South
Slave Power
Slavery in the United States
Treatment of slaves in the United States
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Abolitionism
Susan B. Anthony
John Brown
Frederick Douglass
William Lloyd Garrison
Elijah Parish Lovejoy
J. Sella Martin
Lysander Spooner
George Luther Stearns
Thaddeus Stevens
Charles Sumner
Harriet Tubman
Underground Railroad
[show]
Combatants
Theaters
Campaigns
Battles
States
Combatants
Union (USA)
Army
Navy
Marine Corps
Revenue Cutter Service
Confederacy (CSA)
Army
Navy
Marine Corps
Theaters
Eastern
Western
Lower Seaboard
Trans-Mississippi
Pacific Coast
Union naval blockade
Major Campaigns
Anaconda Plan
Blockade runners
New Mexico
Jackson's Valley
Peninsula
Northern Virginia
Maryland
Stones River
Vicksburg
Tullahoma
Gettysburg
Morgan's Raid
Bristoe
Knoxville
Red River
Overland
Atlanta
Valley 1864
Bermuda Hundred
Richmond-Petersburg
Franklin–Nashville
Price's Raid
Sherman's March
Carolinas
Appomattox
Major battles
Fort Sumter
1st Bull Run
Wilson's Creek
Fort Donelson
Pea Ridge
Hampton Roads
Shiloh
New Orleans
Corinth
Seven Pines
Seven Days
2nd Bull Run
Antietam
Perryville
Fredericksburg
Stones River
Chancellorsville
Gettysburg
Vicksburg
Chickamauga
Chattanooga
Wilderness
Spotsylvania
Cold Harbor
Atlanta
Mobile Bay
Franklin
Nashville
Five Forks
Involvement (by
state or territory)
AL
AK
AR
AZ
CA
CO
CT
DC
DE
FL
GA
HI
ID
IL
IN
IA
KS
KY
LA
ME
MD
MA
MI
MN
MS
MO
MT
NE
NV
NH
NJ
NM
NY
NC
ND
OH
OK
OR
PA
RI
SC
SD
TN
TX
UT
VT
VA
WA
WV
WI
WY
[show]
Leaders
Confederate
Military
R. H. Anderson
Beauregard
Bragg
Buchanan
Cooper
Early
Ewell
Forrest
Gorgas
Hill
Hood
Jackson
A. S. Johnston
J. E. Johnston
Lee
Longstreet
Morgan
Mosby
Price
Semmes
E. K. Smith
Stuart
Taylor
Wheeler
Civilian
Benjamin
Bocock
Breckinridge
Davis
Hunter
Mallory
Memminger
Seddon
Stephens
Union
Military
Anderson
Buell
Burnside
Butler
Du Pont
Farragut
Foote
Frémont
Grant
Halleck
Hooker
Hunt
McClellan
McDowell
Meade
Meigs
Ord
Pope
D. D. Porter
Rosecrans
Scott
Sheridan
Sherman
Thomas
Civilian
Adams
Chase
Ericsson
Hamlin
Lincoln
Pinkerton
Seward
Stanton
Stevens
Wade
Welles
[show]
Aftermath
U.S. Constitution
Reconstruction amendments
13th Amendment
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Reconstruction
Alabama Claims
Brooks–Baxter War
Carpetbaggers
Colfax Riot of 1873
Eufaula Riot of 1874
Freedmen's Bureau
Freedman's Savings Bank
Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
Kirk-Holden War
Knights of the White Camelia
Ku Klux Klan
Memphis Riot of 1866
Meridian Riot of 1871
New Orleans Riot of 1866
Pulaski (Tennessee) Riot of 1867
Reconstruction acts
Habeas Corpus Act 1867
Enforcement Act of 1870
Enforcement Act of February 1871
Enforcement Act of April 1871
Reconstruction treaties
Indian Council at Fort Smith
Red Shirts
Redeemers
Confederate refugees
Confederados
Scalawags
South Carolina riots of 1876
Southern Claims Commission
Homestead acts
Southern Homestead Act of 1866
Timber Culture Act of 1873
White League
post-Reconstruction
Commemoration
Centennial
Civil War Discovery Trail
Civil War Roundtables
Civil War Trails Program
Civil War Trust
Confederate History Month
Confederate monuments and memorials
Historical reenactment
Robert E. Lee Day
Disenfranchisement
Black Codes
Jim Crow
Lost Cause mythology
Modern display of the Confederate flag
Sons of Confederate Veterans
Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War
Southern Historical Society
United Daughters of the Confederacy
Monuments and memorials
Union
List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials
List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic
Memorials to Abraham Lincoln
Confederate
List of Confederate monuments and memorials
Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials
List of memorials to Robert E. Lee
List of memorials to Jefferson Davis
Annapolis
Roger B. Taney Monument
Baltimore
Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument
Confederate Women's Monument
Roger B. Taney Monument
Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson Monument
Durham, North Carolina
Robert E. Lee Monument
New Orleans
Battle of Liberty Place Monument
Jefferson Davis Monument
General Beauregard Equestrian Statue
Robert E. Lee Monument
Cemeteries
Confederate Memorial Day
Ladies' memorial associations
U.S. Memorial Day
U.S. national cemeteries
Veterans
1913 Gettysburg Reunion
Confederate Veteran
Grand Army of the Republic
Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S.
Old soldiers' homes
Southern Cross of Honor
United Confederate Veterans
[show]
Related topics
Related topics
Military
Arms
Campaign Medal
Cavalry
Confederate Home Guard
Confederate railroads
Confederate Revolving Cannon
Field artillery
Medal of Honor recipients
Medicine
Leadership
Naval battles
Official Records
Partisan rangers
POW camps
Rations
Signal Corps
Turning point
Union corps badges
U.S. Balloon Corps
U.S. Home Guard
U.S. Military Railroad
Political
Committee on the Conduct of the War
Confederate States Presidential Election of 1861
Confiscation Act of 1861
Confiscation Act of 1862
Copperheads
Emancipation Proclamation
Habeas Corpus Act of 1863
Hampton Roads Conference
National Union Party
Radical Republicans
Trent Affair
Union leagues
U.S. Presidential Election of 1864
War Democrats
Other topics
Bibliography
Confederate war finance
Confederate States dollar
Espionage
Confederate Secret Service
Great Revival of 1863
Music
Naming the war
Native Americans
Cherokee
Choctaw
New York City Gold Hoax of 1864
New York City Riot of 1863
Photographers
Richmond Riot of 1863
Sexuality
Supreme Court cases
Tokens
U.S. Sanitary Commission
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War&oldid=805545159"
Categories:
Tennessee in the American Civil War
1860s in Tennessee
Confederate States of America
Military history of Tennessee
Hidden categories:
CS1 errors: missing author or editor
All accuracy disputes
Articles with disputed statements from April 2017
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 16 October 2017, at 02:22.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

tag: th

attr: colspan class style

attr: colspan style

attr: href class title

value:
/wiki/File:Tennessee_1861_proposed.svg
image
Flag of Tennessee

tag: br

value:
/wiki/File:Tennesseeseal.png
image
State seal of Tennessee

value:
/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_Henry
mw-redirect
Gustavus Adolphus Henry

value: Confederate States congressional delegations from Tennessee

value: Category:Pre-statehood history of Tennessee

value: Category:African-American history of Tennessee

value: Category:Histories of cities in Tennessee

value: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;

value: Seal of the Confederate States of America

value: South Carolina in the American Civil War

value: North Carolina in the American Civil War

value:
/wiki/East_Tennessee_Convention_of_1861
mw-redirect
East Tennessee Convention of 1861

value: Indian Territory in the American Civil War

value: Template:Confederate states in the American Civil War

value: Template talk:Confederate states in the American Civil War

value: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;width: auto; font-size: 100%;

value: The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (April 2017)

value: Talk:Tennessee in the American Civil War

value:
/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Chattanooga
mw-redirect
Third Battle of Chattanooga

value:
/wiki/Battle_of_Franklin
mw-redirect
Battle of Franklin

value: Edit section: Pro-Union and anti-Republican sentiment before the attack on Fort Sumter

value: Constitutional Union Party (United States)

value:
/wiki/U.S.-Mexican_War
mw-redirect
U.S.-Mexican War

value: Edit section: Reaction to the attack on Fort Sumter

value:
/wiki/Isham_Harris
mw-redirect
Isham Harris

value:
/wiki/East_Tennessee_Bridge_Burnings
mw-redirect
East Tennessee Bridge Burnings

value: History of the Republican Party (United States)

value:
/wiki/Felix_K._Zollicoffer
mw-redirect
Felix K. Zollicoffer

value: Edit section: Twin Rivers Campaign of 1862

value:
/wiki/Grand_Divisions_(Tennessee)
mw-redirect
Grand Divisions (Tennessee)

value:
/wiki/Battle_of_Chattanooga_I
mw-redirect
Battle of Chattanooga I

value:
/wiki/Battle_of_Chattanooga_II
mw-redirect
Battle of Chattanooga II

value:
/wiki/Battle_of_Chattanooga_III
mw-redirect
Battle of Chattanooga III

value:
/wiki/Battle_of_Franklin_I
mw-redirect
Battle of Franklin I

value:
/wiki/Battle_of_Franklin_II
mw-redirect
Battle of Franklin II

value:
/wiki/Battle_of_Jackson_(TN)
mw-redirect
Battle of Jackson (TN)

value:
/wiki/Battle_of_Memphis
mw-redirect
Battle of Memphis

value:
/wiki/Battle_of_Memphis_II
mw-redirect
Battle of Memphis II

value:
/wiki/Battle_of_Murfreesboro_I
mw-redirect
Battle of Murfreesboro I

value:
/wiki/Battle_of_Murfreesboro_III
mw-redirect
Battle of Murfreesboro III

value: Edit section: Notable Confederate Civil War leaders from Tennessee

value:
/wiki/William_H._Carroll
mw-redirect
William H. Carroll

value:
/wiki/Gideon_J._Pillow
mw-redirect
Gideon J. Pillow

value:
/wiki/Marcus_J._Wright
mw-redirect
Marcus J. Wright

value: Edit section: Notable Union Civil War leaders from Tennessee

value:
/wiki/Alvan_C._Gillem
mw-redirect
Alvan C. Gillem

value:
/wiki/Isaac_R._Hawkins
mw-redirect
Isaac R. Hawkins

value:
/wiki/David_G._Farragut
mw-redirect
David G. Farragut

value: Nashville Republican Banner (page does not exist)

value: List of Tennessee Confederate Civil War units

value:
/wiki/Nashville_in_the_Civil_War
mw-redirect
Nashville in the Civil War

value:
nofollow
external text
https://www.jstor.org/pss/2197744

value:
nofollow
https://www.amazon.com/dp/0521526116/
external text

value:
nofollow
https://www.amazon.com/dp/0684838575/
external text

value:
nofollow
external text
https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo55664

value:
/wiki/Center_of_Military_History
mw-redirect
Center of Military History

value:
nofollow
https://www.amazon.com/dp/0803298137/
external text

value:
nofollow
external text
http://civilwartn.wordpress.com

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.battleoffranklin.net

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.mcgavockcemetery.net

value: Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War

value: History of the United States (1789–1849)

value:
/wiki/Lincoln-Douglas_debates
mw-redirect
Lincoln-Douglas debates

value: Popular sovereignty in the United States

value: Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War

value: Treatment of slaves in the United States

value: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup

value: Eastern Theater of the American Civil War

value: Western Theater of the American Civil War

value: Lower Seaboard Theater of the American Civil War

value: Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War

value: Pacific Coast Theater of the American Civil War

value: Blockade runners of the American Civil War

value: Territory of Arizona (Confederate States)

value: Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War

value: New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War

value:
/wiki/Benjamin_Butler_(politician)
mw-redirect
Benjamin Butler (politician)

value: Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

value: Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

value: South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876

value: List of Confederate monuments and memorials

value: Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era

value: List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials

value: List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic

value: Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials

value: Roger B. Taney Monument (Annapolis, Maryland)

value: Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument

value: Stonewall Jackson and Robert E. Lee Monument

value: Robert E. Lee Monument (Durham, North Carolina)

value: Robert E. Lee Monument (New Orleans, Louisiana)

value: Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States

value:
Related_topics
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em
hlist hlist-separated

value: List of weapons in the American Civil War

value: Confederate railroads in the American Civil War

value: Field artillery in the American Civil War

value: List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients

value: Military leadership in the American Civil War

value: Official Records of the American Civil War

value: United States Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War

value: Confederate States presidential election, 1861

value: United States presidential election, 1864

value:
/wiki/War_Democrats
mw-redirect
War Democrats

value: Native Americans in the American Civil War

value: Supreme Court cases of the American Civil War

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible expanded navbox-inner

value: Category:Tennessee in the American Civil War

value: Category:CS1 errors: missing author or editor

value: Category:Articles with disputed statements from April 2017

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War rootpage-Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Kaa
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Kaa (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Kaa
The Jungle Book character
Kaa (left), as illustrated in the 1895 edition of The Two Jungle Books
First appearance
"Kaa's Hunting"
Last appearance
"The Spring Running"
Created by
Rudyard Kipling
Information
Species
Indian rock python
Gender
Male
Kaa is a fictional character from The Jungle Book stories written by Rudyard Kipling. Kaa is one of Mowgli's mentors and friends.
Contents
[hide]
1 Kipling's Mowgli Stories
2 Disney films
2.1 Disney animated films
2.2 1994 live-action film
2.3 2016 live-action film
3 Other appearances
4 References
5 See also
6 External links
Kipling's Mowgli Stories[edit]
First introduced in the story "Kaa's Hunting" in The Jungle Book, Kaa is a huge and powerful snake, more than 100 years old and still in his prime. In "Kaa's Hunting", Bagheera and Baloo enlist Kaa's help to rescue Mowgli when the man-cub is kidnapped by Bandar-log (monkeys) and taken to an abandoned human city called the Cold Lairs. Kaa breaks down the wall of the building in which Mowgli is imprisoned in and uses his serpentine hypnosis to draw the monkeys toward his waiting jaws. Bagheera and Baloo are also hypnotized, but Mowgli is immune because he is human and breaks the spell on his friends.
In The Second Jungle Book, Kaa appears in the first half of the story "The King's Ankus". After Kaa and Mowgli spend some time relaxing, bathing and wrestling, Kaa persuades Mowgli to visit a treasure chamber guarded by an old cobra beneath the same Cold Lairs. The cobra tries to kill Mowgli but its poison has dried up. Mowgli takes a jeweled item away as a souvenir, not realizing the trouble it will cause them, and Kaa departs.
In "Red Dog", Mowgli asks Kaa for help when his wolf pack is threatened by rampaging dholes (the red dogs of the title). Kaa goes into a trance so that he can search his century-long memory for a stratagem to defeat the dogs:
“ For a long hour Mowgli lay back among the coils, while Kaa, his head motionless on the ground, thought of all that he had seen and known since the day he came from the egg.
The light seemed to go out of his eyes and leave them like stale opals, and now and again he made little stiff passes with his head, right and left, as though he were hunting in his sleep. Mowgli dozed quietly, for he knew that there is nothing like sleep before hunting, and he was trained to take it at any hour of the day or night. Then he felt Kaa's back grow bigger and broader below him as the huge python puffed himself out, hissing with the noise of a sword drawn from a steel scabbard;
"I have seen all the dead seasons," Kaa said at last, "and the great trees and the old elephants, and the rocks that were bare and sharp-pointed ere the moss grew. Art thou still alive, Manling?"
”
With Kaa's help Mowgli tricks the dholes into attacking prematurely. Kaa takes no part in the resulting battle (obliquely citing his loyalty to the boy rather than to the wolves, who often caused Mowgli grief) but Mowgli and the wolves finally kill all the dholes, though not without grievous losses.
In "The Spring Running", as the teenage Mowgli reluctantly prepares to leave the jungle for the last time, Kaa tells Mowgli that "it is hard to cast the skin," but Mowgli knows he must cast the skin of his old life in order to grow a new one. Kaa, Baloo and Bagheera sing for Mowgli in "The Outsong", a poem and the ending of "The Spring Running".
Disney films[edit]
Disney animated films[edit]
In the 1967 Disney film, Kaa is markedly different from the Kipling character. Rather than being a mentor, he appears as a minor antagonist who twice manages to trap Mowgli in his coils in an attempt to eat him. He does this through the use of hypnotic eyes as opposed to the original version, in which he uses a serpentine dance to control his prey. Both of his attempts to eat Mowgli end in comical failure because he is interrupted right before he can swallow him. Kaa is depicted as cowardly, attempting to curry favor with Shere Khan whenever he is around.
Voice actor Sterling Holloway decided to give Kaa a lisp, a condition that composers the Sherman Brothers brought into the character's song in The Jungle Book, "Trust in Me".[1]
This particular version of Kaa drew inspiration from previous Disney characters that followed a similar trope, such as Tick-Tock the Crocodile from Peter Pan and the Wolf from The Sword in the Stone. Both are fixated on a specific character (namely Captain Hook and Wart, respectively) as food and comically attempt to eat them throughout the film, without success.
In The Jungle Book 2, Kaa - now voiced by Jim Cummings - reappears in a smaller role. He is first seen attempting to eat the man-cub as Baloo and Mowgli reprise "The Bare Necessities", but is thwarted each time. He eventually gives up, swearing he will "never again associate with man-cubs". Kaa then comes across Shanti, who is lost in the jungle in search for Mowgli. He successfully hypnotizes her and attempts to eat her, but is stopped by Ranjan. He is last seen being interrogated by Shere Khan about Mowgli's whereabouts, lying to the tiger that the boy is heading for the swamp.
1994 live-action film[edit]
A far more menacing incarnation of the character appeared in the 1994 live-action adaptation. He was brought to life using an actual anaconda, but the bulk of his appearances were made using a mixture of CGI and animatronics. In the film, Kaa seems to serve King Louie, killing any intruders to the city when Louie summons him. Kaa attacks Mowgli inside the monkey city by tackling him into the moat and attempting to drown him, but Mowgli wounds him with a bejewelled dagger, forcing the python to flee in a pool of his own blood.
By the time Mowgli returns to the city with Captain William Boone (the main villain of the film) and Kitty, Kaa has fully healed from their prior confrontation. After defeating Boone, Mowgli flees with Kitty when he hears King Louie summoning the python. Boone starts gathering as much treasure as he can, but notices that the monkeys have gone silent; Kaa suddenly appears, then scares the injured Boone into the moat, where the heavy load of treasure he is carrying weighs him straight to the bottom. Desperately trying to struggle free, Boone sees the skeletal remains of Kaa's past victims just seconds before the villain finally meets his death by the python.
2016 live-action film[edit]
Kaa appeared in Walt Disney Pictures' live-action adaptation of the animated film, directed by Jon Favreau. This version of Kaa is female and is voiced by Scarlett Johansson. This film's Kaa (like the previous Disney incarnations voiced by Sterling Holloway, Hal Smith, and Jim Cummings) desires to eat Mowgli. Luring him in by promising to keep him safe, she hypnotizes him and reveals that the boy came to live in the jungle when Shere Khan killed his father as they were travelling between villages and Bagheera found him. She also reveals to him the power of the "Red Flower" (fire) and its dangers in her vision. During her storytelling, she attempts to devour him, but Baloo spots and rescues Mowgli, denying her of her meal. She is not seen again for the rest of the film, though during the end credits, she is heard singing "Trust in Me".
In an interview, Johansson elaborated on Kaa, saying that she uses both her voice and hypnotic gaze to entrance Mowgli so that he cannot resist her embrace. She also says Kaa uses her story-telling to seduce and entrap Mowgli and describes Kaa as a "window into Mowgli's past". She notes that the way Kaa moves is "very alluring", describing it as "almost coquettish".[2] Johansson also sings the song "Trust in Me" in the film; she described her thoughts on the song: "It's a strange melody. We wanted it to be a lullaby, but it has a very mysterious sound."[3]
Other appearances[edit]
In the 1967 Adventures of Mowgli Soviet cartoons, Kaa was voiced by Vladimir Ushakov. This version of the serpent, like the cartoons in general, is faithful to the original books.
In the 1989 Japanese anime series Jungle Book Shōnen Mowgli, Kaa's personality is closer to the books than the Disney series.
Kaa appeared in the short-lived 1996 animated TV series Jungle Cubs, this time seen as a friend of the other animals when they were cubs. He was voiced by Jim Cummings, who reprised this role in episodes of the animated television series Disney's House of Mouse, the 2002 direct-to-video animated film Mickey's House of Villains, and The Jungle Book 2.
Kaa also made an appearance as the snake charmer Karait's pet python in the 1997 live-action film The Second Jungle Book: Mowgli & Baloo.
Ubisoft and Disney Interactive Studios released the 2000 video game The Jungle Book Groove Party for the PlayStation and PlayStation 2 video game consoles. The game featured Kaa as a character and also featured Kaa singing "A Mood for Food".
In the 2010 cgi animated television series, Kaa is given a more ferocious personality than in the books, but at the same time he is friends and allies with Mowgli, Bagheera, and Baloo.
A mentor-like and heroic version will be voiced by Cate Blanchett in the upcoming live-action film, Mowgli, directed by Andy Serkis.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Sherman, Robert B. The Jungle Book audio commentary. The Jungle Book - Platinum Edition
Jump up ^ Annika Harris (March 21, 2016). "First Look: Lupita Nyong'o, Idris Elba & Others In 'The Jungle Book'". UPTOWN Magazine.
Jump up ^ "Kaa the Wily Python". The Philadelphia Inquirer. April 3, 2016.
See also[edit]
Children's literature portal
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kaa.
[hide]
v
t
e
Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book
Books
The Jungle Book (1894)
The Second Jungle Book (1895)
All the Mowgli Stories (1933)
Mowgli stories
"Mowgli's Brothers"
"Kaa's Hunting"
"Tiger! Tiger!"
"Letting in the Jungle"
"Red Dog"
Other stories
"Rikki-Tikki-Tavi"
"Toomai of the Elephants"
"The White Seal"
Characters
Mowgli
Baloo
Bagheera
Akela
Raksha
Kaa
Hathi
Shere Khan
Bandar-log
King Louie
Disney franchise
Film
The Jungle Book (1967)
The Jungle Book (1994)
The Jungle Book: Mowgli's Story (1998)
The Jungle Book 2 (2003)
The Jungle Book (2016)
Television
TaleSpin (1990–91)
Jungle Cubs (1996–1998)
Soundtrack
"Colonel Hathi's March"
"The Bare Necessities"
"I Wan'na Be like You"
"Trust in Me"
"That's What Friends Are For"
"My Own Home"
"Jungle Jungle Baat Chali Hai"
Video games
The Jungle Book (1993)
The Jungle Book Groove Party (2000)
Other
The Jungle Book: Alive with Magic
Colonel Hathi's Pizza Outpost
Other adaptations
Film
Elephant Boy (1937)
Jungle Book (1942)
Elephant Boy (1973)
Adventures of Mowgli (1973)
The Second Jungle Book: Mowgli & Baloo (1997)
Mowgli's First Adventure: In Search of the Elephant Eye Diamond (1998)
Mowgli (2018)
Television
Mowgli's Brothers (1976)
Jungle Book Shōnen Mowgli (1989–90)
episodes
Mowgli: The New Adventures of the Jungle Book (1998)
The Jungle Book (2010–)
Other
The Third Jungle Book (1992)
A dzsungel könyve
Djungelboken
Related
Law of the jungle
Mowgli syndrome
The Graveyard Book (2008)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaa&oldid=820536956"
Categories:
Characters in British novels of the 19th century
Fictional characters introduced in 1894
Fictional hypnotists and indoctrinators
Fictional snakes
The Jungle Book characters
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from April 2008
All articles needing additional references
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Français
Italiano
עברית
Nederlands
Русский
Suomi
Svenska
Українська
Edit links
This page was last edited on 15 January 2018, at 05:27.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

tag: div

attr: id class

value: mw-page-base noprint

key: html

type: local

value: mw-head-base noprint

tag: a

attr: id class lang

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value:
/wiki/Kaa_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Kaa (disambiguation)

attr: role class

value:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

tag: img

attr: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attr: href class

tag: td

attr: href title

tag: b

attr: class href

value: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

tag: span

tag: i

tag: small

value: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

value: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background: #006600; color: #FFFFFF;

value: text-align:center;background: #006600; color: #FFFFFF;

value:
/wiki/Indian_rock_python
mw-redirect
Indian rock python

value:
infobox
width:22em;border-spacing: 2px 5px;

value:
/wiki/Cobra_(snake)
mw-redirect
Cobra (snake)

value: width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px 10px;

value: vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;

value: width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px 10px;

value: margin:auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; width: auto;

value:
/wiki/Video_game_consoles
mw-redirect
Video game consoles

value:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

value:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

attr: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value:
/wiki/The_White_Seal
mw-redirect
The White Seal

value: Colonel Hathi's March (The Elephant Song)

value: That's What Friends Are For (The Vulture Song)

value: Elephant Boy (TV series) (page does not exist)

value: Mowgli's First Adventure: In Search of the Elephant Eye Diamond (page does not exist)

value: List of Jungle Book Shōnen Mowgli episodes

value: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: Category:Characters in British novels of the 19th century

value: Category:Fictional characters introduced in 1894

value: Category:Fictional hypnotists and indoctrinators

value: Category:Articles needing additional references from April 2008

value: Category:All articles needing additional references

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value:
/wiki/Kaa
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value:
/w/index.php?title=Kaa&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

value:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaa
Kaa – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaa
Kaa – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

value: Каа (питон) – Russian

value:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaa
Kaa – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaa
Kaa – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

value: Каа (персонаж Кіплінга) – Ukrainian

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Kaa rootpage-Kaa skin-vector action-view


text:
United States Flag Code
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article relies too much on references to primary sources. Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
One means of collecting American flags for disposal. This box is in a public library.
The United States Flag Code establishes advisory rules for display and care of the national flag of the United States of America. It is Chapter 1 of Title 4 of the United States Code (4 U.S.C. § 1 et seq). This is a U.S. federal law, but the penalty described in Title 18 of the United States Code (18 U.S.C. § 700) for failure to comply with it is not enforced. In 1990, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in United States v. Eichman that prohibiting burning of the U.S. flag conflicts with the First Amendment right to freedom of speech and is therefore unconstitutional.[1]
This etiquette is as applied within U.S. jurisdiction. In other countries and places, local etiquette applies.
Contents
[hide]
1 Summary of the Code
2 History
3 Notes and references
4 External links
Summary of the Code[edit]
Marines and a sailor aboard USS Nassau practice folding a flag in 2009.
The proper way to fold a flag
The flag should never be dipped to any person or thing, unless it is the ensign responding to a salute from a ship of a foreign nation. This is sometimes misreported as a tradition that comes from the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, where countries were asked to dip their flag to King Edward VII; American team flag bearer Ralph Rose did not follow this protocol, and teammate Martin Sheridan is often, though apocryphally, quoted as proclaiming that "this flag dips before no earthly king."[2]
When a flag is so tattered that it no longer fits to serve as a symbol of the United States, it should be destroyed in a dignified manner, preferably by burning. The Veterans of Foreign Wars, American Legion, Boy Scouts of America, Girl Scouts of the USA, the military and other organizations regularly conduct dignified flag-burning ceremonies.[3]
No part of the flag should ever be used as a costume or athletic uniform. However, a flag patch may be affixed to the uniform of military personnel, firemen, policemen, and members of patriotic organizations. The flag represents a living country and is itself considered a living thing. Therefore, the lapel flag pin being a replica, should be worn on the left lapel near the heart.[4]
The flag should never touch anything beneath it.
The flag should always be permitted to fall freely. (An exception was made during the Apollo moon landings when the flag hung from a vertical pole designed with an extensible horizontal bar, allowing full display even in the absence of an atmosphere.)[5]
The flag should never be used for advertising purposes in any manner whatsoever. It should not be embroidered on such articles as cushions or handkerchiefs and the like, printed or otherwise impressed on paper napkins or boxes or anything that is designed for temporary use and discard.[6]
History[edit]
Prior to Flag Day, June 14, 1923, neither the federal government nor the states had official guidelines governing the display of the United States' flag. On that date, the National Flag Code was constructed by representatives of over 68 organizations, under the auspices of the National Americanism Commission of the American Legion. The code drafted by that conference was printed by the national organization of the American Legion and given nationwide distribution.
On June 22, 1942, the Code became Public Law 77-623; chapter 435.[7] Little had changed in the code since the Flag Day 1923 Conference. The most notable change was the removal of the Bellamy salute due to its similarities to the Hitler salute.[8]
The Freedom to Display the American Flag Act of 2005 prohibits real estate management organizations from restricting homeowners from displaying the Flag of the United States on their own property.
The Army Specialist Joseph P. Micks Federal Flag Code Amendment Act of 2007 added a provision to fly the flag at half-staff upon the death of a member of the Armed Forces from any State, territory, or possession who died while serving on active duty. It also gave the mayor of the District of Columbia the authority to direct that the flag be flown at half-staff. Federal facilities in the area covered by the governor or mayor of the District of Columbia will also fly the flag at half-staff as directed.[9]
The Duncan Hunter National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2009 (Sec. 595.) allows the military salute for the flag during the national anthem by members of the Armed Forces not in uniform and by veterans.
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ Goldstein, Robert J. (28 June 2006) "Flag-burning overview". firstamendmentcenter.org.
Jump up ^ Mallon, Bill ; Buchanan, Ian "To no earthly king...", Journal of Olympic History - September 1999, pp. 21–28
Jump up ^ Mikkelson, Barbara; Mikkelson, David P. "Flag disposal", www.snopes.com. Retrieved July 20, 2008.
Jump up ^ Military.com "U.S. Flag Code"
Jump up ^ Platoff, Anne M. (1993) "Where No Flag Has Gone Before: Political and Technical Aspects of Placing a Flag on the Moon". NASA. Retrieved: October 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "4 U.S. Code § 8(i)".
Jump up ^ Section 7, Pub.L. 77−623, 56 Stat. 380, Chap. 435, H.J.Res. 303, enacted June 22, 1942. (WITH the Bellamy Salute)
Jump up ^ Section 7, Pub.L. 77−829, 56 Stat. 1074, Chap. 806, H.J.Res. 359, enacted December 22, 1942. (WITHOUT the Bellamy Salute)
Jump up ^ "Army Specialist Joseph P. Micks Federal Flag Code Amendment Act of 2007". Acts of the 110th United States Congress by United States Congress. June 29, 2007. Retrieved September 24, 2009.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
United States Flag Code
Full text of United States Code, Title 4, Chapter 1, available at Cornell University Law School.
TATTERED: Investigation of an American Icon is a documentary photo essay, investigating the principle identity, misuse, commodification and desecration of the American flag in the context of the U.S. Flag Code.
“God for Harry! England and Saint George! The Evolution of the Sacred Flag and the Modern Nation-State" is a study of the flag code as a sacred symbol, special issue of The Flag Bulletin, No.191, Vol.39, No.1 (January–February 2000).
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Flag_Code&oldid=836440905"
Categories:
Flags of the United States
Title 4 of the United States Code
Hidden categories:
Use mdy dates from September 2013
Articles lacking reliable references from September 2017
All articles lacking reliable references
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikisource
Languages
Deutsch
Français
Edit links
This page was last edited on 14 April 2018, at 20:55.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

tag: tr

tag: tbody

value: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources

value: First Amendment to the United States Constitution

attr: alt src width height class data-file-width data-file-height

value: List of flag bearers for the United States at the Olympics

value:
/wiki/Hitler_salute
mw-redirect
Hitler salute

value: s:Duncan Hunter National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2009/Division A/Title V

value:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

value: wikisource:Special:Search/United States Flag Code

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.sethbutler.com/tattered

value: Category:Title 4 of the United States Code

value: Category:Use mdy dates from September 2013

value: Category:Articles lacking reliable references from September 2017

value: Category:All articles lacking reliable references

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/United_States_Flag_Code
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: Flaggengesetz der Vereinigten Staaten – German

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-United_States_Flag_Code rootpage-United_States_Flag_Code skin-vector action-view