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Flag of India
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"Tiranga" redirects here. For the Bollywood film, see Tirangaa.
India
Name
Tiraṅgā (meaning "Tricolour")
Use
National flag
Proportion
2:3
Adopted
22 July 1947; 70 years ago (1947-07-22)
Design
A horizontal triband of India saffron, white, and India green; charged with a navy blue wheel with 24 spokes in the centre
Designed by
Pingali Venkayya[N 1]
The National Flag of India is a horizontal rectangular tricolour of India saffron, white and India green; with the Ashoka Chakra, a 24-spoke wheel, in navy blue at its centre. It was adopted in its present form during a meeting of the Constituent Assembly held on 22 July 1947, and it became the official flag of the Dominion of India on 15 August 1947. The flag was subsequently retained as that of the Republic of India. In India, the term "tricolour" (Hindi: तिरंगा, translit. Tiraṅgā) almost always refers to the Indian national flag. The flag is based on the Swaraj flag, a flag of the Indian National Congress designed by Pingali Venkayya.[N 1]
By law, the flag is to be made of khadi, a special type of hand-spun cloth or silk, made popular by Mahatma Gandhi. The manufacturing process and specifications for the flag are laid out by the Bureau of Indian Standards. The right to manufacture the flag is held by the Khadi Development and Village Industries Commission, who allocates it to regional groups. As of 2009, the Karnataka Khadi Gramodyoga Samyukta Sangha has been the sole manufacturer of the flag.
Usage of the flag is governed by the Flag Code of India and other laws relating to the national emblems. The original code prohibited use of the flag by private citizens except on national days such as the Independence day and the Republic Day. In 2002, on hearing an appeal from a private citizen, Naveen Jindal, the Supreme Court of India directed the Government of India to amend the code to allow flag usage by private citizens. Subsequently, the Union Cabinet of India amended the code to allow limited usage. The code was amended once more in 2005 to allow some additional use including adaptations on certain forms of clothing. The flag code also governs the protocol of flying the flag and its use in conjunction with other national and non-national flags.
Contents
[hide]
1 Design and construction details
2 Symbolism
3 History
4 Manufacturing process
5 Protocol
5.1 Display
5.2 Half-mast
6 See also
7 Footnotes
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
Design and construction details
Sizes of the National Flag
Flag size[1][2]
Length and width (mm)
Size of Ashoka Chakra (mm)[3]
1 6300 × 4200 1295
2 3600 × 2400 740
3 2700 × 1800 555
4 1800 × 1200 370
5 1350 × 900 280
6 900 × 600 185
7 450 × 300 90[4]
8 225 × 150 40
9 150 × 100 25[4]
According to the Flag code of India, the Indian flag has a ratio of two by three (where the length of the flag is 1.5 times that of the width). All three stripes of the flag (saffron, white and green) are to be equal in width and length. The size of the Ashoka Chakra is not specified in the Flag code, but it has twenty-four spokes that are evenly spaced.[5] In section 4.3.1 of "IS1: Manufacturing standards for the Indian Flag", there is a chart that details the size of the Ashoka Chakra on the nine specific sizes of the national flag.[3] In both the Flag code and IS1, they call for the Ashoka Chakra to be printed or painted on both sides of the flag in navy blue.[3][5] Below is the list of specified shades for all colours used on the national flag, with the exception of Navy Blue, from "IS1: Manufacturing standards for the Indian Flag" as defined in the 1931 CIE Colour Specifications with illuminant C.[3] The navy blue colour can be found in the standard IS:1803-1973.[3]
Materials 3.1.2.2: Colours[3]
Colour
X
Y
Z
Brightness
India saffron (Kesari) 0.538 0.360 0.102 21.5
White 0.313 0.319 0.368 72.6
India green 0.288 0.395 0.317 8.9
Note that the values given in the table correspond to CIE 1931 color space. Approximate RGB values for use may be taken to be: India saffron #FF9933, white #FFFFFF, India green #138808, navy blue #000080.[6] Pantone values closest to this are 130 U, White, 2258 C and 2735 C.
Symbolism
Flag of India, New Delhi
Gandhi first proposed a flag to the Indian National Congress in 1921. The flag was designed by Pingali Venkayya. In the centre was a traditional spinning wheel, symbolising Gandhi's goal of making Indians self-reliant by fabricating their own clothing. The design was then modified to include a white stripe in the centre for other religious communities, and provide a background for the spinning wheel. Subsequently, to avoid sectarian associations with the colour scheme, saffron, white and green were chosen for the three bands, representing courage and sacrifice, peace and truth, and faith and chivalry respectively.[7]
A few days before India became independent on 15 August 1947, the specially constituted Constituent Assembly decided that the flag of India must be acceptable to all parties and communities.[8] A modified version of the Swaraj flag was chosen; the tricolour remained the same saffron, white and green. However, the charkha was replaced by the Ashoka Chakra representing the eternal wheel of law. The philosopher Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, who later became India's first Vice President and second President, clarified the adopted flag and described its significance as follows:
“ Bhagwa or the Saffron denotes renunciation or disinterestedness. Our leaders must be indifferent to material gains and dedicate themselves to their work. The white in the centre is light, the path of truth to guide our conduct. The green shows our relation to (the) soil, our relation to the plant life here, on which all other life depends. The "Ashoka Chakra" in the centre of the white is the wheel of the law of dharma. Truth or satya, dharma or virtue ought to be the controlling principle of those who work under this flag. Again, the wheel denotes motion. There is death in stagnation. There is life in movement. India should no more resist change, it must move and go forward. The wheel represents the dynamism of a peaceful change.[9] ”
History
A number of flags with varying designs were used in the period preceding the Indian Independence Movement by the rulers of different princely states; the idea of a single Indian flag was first raised by the British rulers of India after the rebellion of 1857, which resulted in the establishment of direct imperial rule. The first flag, whose design was based on western heraldic standards, were similar to the flags of other British colonies, including Canada and Australia; its blue field included the Union Flag in the upper-left quadrant and a Star of India capped by the royal crown in the middle of the right half. To address the question of how the star conveyed "Indianness", Queen Victoria created the Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India to honour services to the empire by her Indian subjects. Subsequently, all the Indian princely states received flags with symbols based on the heraldic criteria of Europe including the right to fly defaced British red ensigns.[10][11][12]
Flag of British India, 1880–1947
In the early twentieth century, around the coronation of Edward VII, a discussion started on the need for a heraldic symbol that was representative of the Indian empire. William Coldstream, a British member of the Indian Civil Service, campaigned the government to change the heraldic symbol from a star, which he considered to be a common choice, to something more appropriate. His proposal was not well received by the government; Lord Curzon rejected it for practical reasons including the multiplication of flags.[13] Around this time, nationalist opinion within the realm was leading to a representation through religious tradition. The symbols that were in vogue included the Ganesha, advocated by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and Kali, advocated by Aurobindo Ghosh and Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. Another symbol was the cow, or Gau Mata (cow mother). However, all these symbols were Hindu-centric and did not suggest unity with India's Muslim population.[14]
Based on the Calcutta Flag, design of the "Flag of Indian Independence" raised by Bhikaji Cama on 22 August 1907, at the International Socialist Conference in Stuttgart, Germany.
The partition of Bengal (1905) resulted in the introduction of a new flag representing the Indian independence movement that sought to unite the multitude of castes and races within the country. The Vande Mataram flag, part of the Swadeshi movement against the British, comprised Indian religious symbols represented in western heraldic fashion. The tricolour flag included eight white lotuses on the upper green band representing the eight provinces, a sun and a crescent on the bottom red band, and the Vande Mataram slogan in Hindi on the central yellow band. The flag was launched in Calcutta bereft of any ceremony and the launch was only briefly covered by newspapers. The flag was not covered in contemporary governmental or political reports either, but was used at the annual session of the Indian National Congress. A slightly modified version was subsequently used by Madam Bhikaji Cama at the second International Socialist Congress in Stuttgart in 1907. Despite the multiple uses of the flag, it failed to generate enthusiasm amongst Indian nationalists.[15]
Around the same time, another proposal for the flag was initiated by Sister Nivedita, a Hindu reformist and disciple of Swami Vivekananda. The flag consisted of a thunderbolt in the centre and a hundred and eight oil lamps for the border, with the Vande Mataram caption split around the thunderbolt. It was also presented at the Indian National Congress meeting in 1906.[16] Soon, many other proposals were initiated, but none of them gained attention from the nationalist movement.
In 1909, Lord Ampthill, former Governor of the Madras Presidency, wrote to The Times of London in the run up to Empire Day pointing out that there existed "no flag representative of India as a whole or any Indian province ... Surely this is strange, seeing that but for India there would be no Empire."[17]
In 1916, Pingali Venkayya submitted thirty new designs, in the form of a booklet funded by members of the High Court of Madras. These many proposals and recommendations did little more than keep the flag movement alive. The same year, Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak adopted a new flag as part of the Home Rule Movement. The flag included the Union Jack in the upper left corner, a star and crescent in the upper right, and seven stars displayed diagonally from the lower right, on a background of five red and four green alternating bands. The flag resulted in the first governmental initiative against any nationalistic flag, as a magistrate in Coimbatore banned its use. The ban was followed by a public debate on the function and importance of a national flag.[18]
In the early 1920s, national flag discussions gained prominence across most British dominions following the peace treaty between Britain and Ireland. In November 1920, the Indian delegation to the League of Nations wanted to use an Indian flag, and this prompted the British Indian government to place renewed emphasis on the flag as a national symbol.
Gandhi's Flag, introduced at the Congress meeting in 1921[19]
In April 1921, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi wrote in his journal Young India about the need for an Indian flag, proposing a flag with the charkha or spinning wheel at the centre.[20] The idea of the spinning wheel was put forth by Lala Hansraj, and Gandhi commissioned Pingali Venkayya to design a flag with the spinning wheel on a red and green banner, the red colour signifying Hindus and the green standing for Muslims. Gandhi wanted the flag to be presented at the Congress session of 1921, but it was not delivered on time, and another flag was proposed at the session. Gandhi later wrote that the delay was fortuitous since it allowed him to realise that other religions were not represented; he then added white to the banner colours, to represent all the other religions. Finally, owing to the religious-political sensibilities, in 1929, Gandhi moved towards a more secular interpretation of the flag colours, stating that red stood for the sacrifices of the people, white for purity, and green for hope.[21]
On 13 April 1923, during a procession by local Congress volunteers in Nagpur commemorating the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, the Swaraj flag with the spinning wheel, designed by Pingali Venkayya, was hoisted. This event resulted in a confrontation between the Congressmen and the police, after which five people were imprisoned. Over a hundred other protesters continued the flag procession after a meeting. Subsequently, on the first of May, Jamnalal Bajaj, the secretary of the Nagpur Congress Committee, started the Flag Satyagraha, gaining national attention and marking a significant point in the flag movement. The satyagraha, promoted nationally by the Congress, started creating cracks within the organisation in which the Gandhians were highly enthused while the other group, the Swarajists, called it inconsequential.
Finally, at the All India Congress Committee meeting in July, 1923, at the insistence of Jawaharlal Nehru and Sarojini Naidu, Congress closed ranks and the flag movement was endorsed. The flag movement was managed by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel with the idea of public processions and flag displays by common people. By the end of the movement, over 1500 people had been arrested across all of British India. The Bombay Chronicle reported that the movement drew from diverse groups of society including farmers, students, merchants, labourers and "national servants". While Muslim participation was moderate, the movement enthused women, who had hitherto rarely participated in the independence movement.[22]
While the flag agitation got its impetus from Gandhi's writings and discourses, the movement received political acceptance following the Nagpur incident. News reports, editorials and letters to editors published in various journals and newspapers of the time attest to the subsequent development of a bond between the flag and the nation. Soon, the concept of preserving the honour of the national flag became an integral component of the independence struggle. While Muslims were still wary of the Swaraj flag, it gained acceptance among Muslim leaders of the Congress and the Khilafat Movement as the national flag.
The Swaraj Flag, officially adopted by the Indian National Congress in 1931[23]
Detractors of the flag movement, including Motilal Nehru, soon hailed the Swaraj flag as a symbol of national unity. Thus, the flag became a significant structural component of the institution of India. In contrast to the subdued responses of the past, the British Indian government took greater cognisance of the new flag, and began to define a policy of response. The British parliament discussed public use of the flag, and based on directives from England, the British Indian government threatened to withdraw funds from municipalities and local governments that did not prevent the display of the Swaraj flag.[24] The Swaraj flag became the official flag of Congress at the 1931 meeting. However, by then, the flag had already become the symbol of the independence movement.[25]
A few days before India gained its independence in August 1947, the Constituent Assembly was formed. To select a flag for independent India, on 23 June 1947, the assembly set up an ad hoc committee headed by Rajendra Prasad and including Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Sarojini Naidu, C. Rajagopalachari, K. M. Munshi and B. R. Ambedkar as its members.
Indian Flag, the first stamp of independent India, released on 21 Nov 1947, was meant for foreign correspondence.[26][27]
On 14 July 1947, the committee recommended that the flag of the Indian National Congress be adopted as the National Flag of India with suitable modifications, so as to make it acceptable to all parties and communities. It was also resolved that the flag should not have any communal undertones.[5] The spinning wheel of the Congress flag was replaced by the Chakra (wheel) from the Lion Capital of Ashoka. According to Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, the chakra was chosen as it was representative of dharma and law. However, Jawaharlal Nehru explained that the change was more practical in nature, as unlike the flag with the spinning wheel, this design would appear symmetrical. Gandhi was not very pleased by the change, but eventually came around to accepting it.
The flag was proposed by Nehru at the Constituent Assembly on 22 July 1947 as a horizontal tricolour of deep saffron, white and dark green in equal proportions, with the Ashoka wheel in blue in the centre of the white band. Nehru also presented two flags, one in Khadi-silk and the other in Khadi-cotton, to the assembly. The resolution was approved unanimously.[28] It served as the national flag of the Dominion of India between 15 August 1947 and 26 January 1950, and has served as the flag of the Republic of India since then.[8]
Manufacturing process
A header of an Indian flag (size 6, date 2007/2008) certified by the ISI
The design and manufacturing process for the national flag is regulated by three documents issued by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). All of the flags are made out of khadi cloth of silk or cotton. The standards were created in 1968 and were updated in 2008.[29] Nine standard sizes of the flag are specified by law.[1]
In 1951, after India became a republic, the Indian Standards Institute (now the BIS) brought out the first official specifications for the flag. These were revised in 1964 to conform to the metric system which was adopted in India. The specifications were further amended on 17 August 1968.[5] The specifications cover all the essential requirements of the manufacture of the Indian flag including sizes, dye colour, chromatic values, brightness, thread count and hemp cordage. The guidelines are covered under civil and criminal laws and defects in the manufacturing process can result in punishments that include fines or jail terms.[30][31]
Khadi or hand-spun cloth is the only material allowed to be used for the flag, and flying a flag made of any other material is punishable by law with imprisonment up to three years, besides a fine. Raw materials for khadi are restricted to cotton, silk and wool. There are two kinds of khadi used: The first is the khadi-bunting which makes up the body of the flag, and the second is the khadi-duck, which is a beige-coloured cloth that holds the flag to the pole. The khadi-duck is an unconventional type of weave that meshes three threads into a weave, compared to the two threads used in conventional weaving. This type of weaving is extremely rare, and there are fewer than twenty weavers in India professing this skill. The guidelines also state that there should be exactly 150 threads per square centimetre, four threads per stitch, and one square foot should weigh exactly 205 grams (7.2 oz).[5][30][31][32]
There are four places in the country licensed to make the cloth for the national flag, they are in Karnataka, Marathwada, Barabanki in UP, and Banetha in Rajasthan.[33] The woven khadi is obtained from two handloom units in the Dharwad and Bagalkot districts of northern Karnataka. Currently, Karnataka Khadi Gramodyoga Samyukta Sangha based in Hubli is the only licensed flag production and supply unit in India.[31] Permission for setting up flag manufacturing units in India is allotted by the Khadi Development and Village Industries Commission, though the BIS has the power to cancel the licences of units that flout guidelines.[5] The hand-woven khadi for the National Flag was initially manufactured at Garag, a small village in the Dharwad district. A Centre was established at Garag in 1954 by a few freedom fighters under the banner of Dharwad Taluk Kshetriya Seva Sangh and obtained the Centre's licence to make flags.[5]
Once woven, the material is sent to the BIS laboratories for testing. After quality testing, the material, if approved, is returned to the factory. It is then separated into three lots which are dyed saffron, white and green. The Ashoka Chakra is screen printed, stencilled or suitably embroidered onto each side of the white cloth. Care also has to be taken that the chakra is completely visible and synchronised on both sides. Three pieces of the required dimension, one of each colour, are then stitched together according to specifications and the final product is ironed and packed. The BIS then checks the colours and only then can the flag be sold.[30][31]
Protocol
Main article: Flag Code of India
Correct horizontal and vertical display of the flag
Display and usage of the flag is governed by the Flag Code of India, 2002 (successor to the Flag Code – India, the original flag code); the Emblems and Names (Prevention of Improper Use) Act, 1950; and the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971.[5] Insults to the national flag, including gross affronts or indignities to it, as well as using it in a manner so as to violate the provisions of the Flag Code, are punishable by law with imprisonment up to three years, or a fine, or both.[34]
Official regulation states that the flag must never touch the ground or water, or be used as a drapery in any form.[5] The flag may not be intentionally placed upside down, dipped in anything, or hold any objects other than flower petals before unfurling. No sort of lettering may be inscribed on the flag. When out in the open, the flag should always be flown between sunrise and sunset, irrespective of the weather conditions. Prior to 2009, the flag could be flown on a public building at night under special circumstances; currently, Indian citizens can fly the flag even at night, subject to the restriction that the flag should be hoisted on a tall flagpole and be well-illuminated.[5][35]
The flag should never be depicted, displayed or flown upside down. Tradition also states that when draped vertically, the flag should not merely be rotated 90degrees, but also reversed. One "reads" a flag like the pages of a book, from top to bottom and from left to right, and after rotation the results should be the same. It is considered insulting to display the flag in a frayed or dirty state, and the same rule applies to the flagpoles and halyards used to hoist the flag, which should always be in a proper state of maintenance.[1]
The original flag code of India did not allow private citizens to fly the national flag except on national days such as Independence Day or Republic Day. In 2001, Naveen Jindal, an industrialist used to the more egalitarian use of the flag in the United States where he studied, flew the Indian flag on his office building. The flag was confiscated and he was warned of prosecution. Jindal filed a public interest litigation petition in the High Court of Delhi; he sought to strike down the restriction on the use of the flag by private citizens, arguing that hoisting the national flag with due decorum and honour was his right as a citizen, and a way of expressing his love for the country.[36][37]
At the end of the appeals process, the case was heard by the Supreme Court of India; the court ruled in Jindal's favour, asking the Government of India to consider the matter. The Union Cabinet of India then amended the Indian Flag Code with effect from 26 January 2002, allowing private citizens to hoist the flag on any day of the year, subject to their safeguarding the dignity, honour and respect of the flag.[5] It is also held that the code was not a statute and restrictions under the code ought to be followed; also, the right to fly the flag is a qualified right, unlike the absolute rights guaranteed to citizens, and should be interpreted in the context of Article 19 of the Constitution of India.[5]
The original flag code also forbade use of the flag on uniforms, costumes and other clothing. In July 2005, the Government of India amended the code to allow some forms of usage. The amended code forbids usage in clothing below the waist and on undergarments, and forbids embroidering onto pillowcases, handkerchiefs or other dress material.[38]
Disposal of damaged flags is also covered by the flag code. Damaged or soiled flags may not be cast aside or disrespectfully destroyed; they have to be destroyed as a whole in private, preferably by burning or by any other method consistent with the dignity of the flag.[1]
Display
Placement protocol for the Indian flag with another country's flag
The rules regarding the correct methods to display the flag state that when two flags are fully spread out horizontally on a wall behind a podium, their hoists should be towards each other with the saffron stripes uppermost. If the flag is displayed on a short flagpole, this should be mounted at an angle to the wall with the flag draped tastefully from it. If two national flags are displayed on crossed staffs, the hoists must be towards each other and the flags must be fully spread out. The flag should never be used as a cloth to cover tables, lecterns, podiums or buildings, or be draped from railings.[1]
Whenever the flag is displayed indoors in halls at public meetings or gatherings of any kind, it should always be on the right (observers' left), as this is the position of authority. So when the flag is displayed next to a speaker in the hall or other meeting place, it must be placed on the speaker's right hand. When it is displayed elsewhere in the hall, it should be to the right of the audience. The flag should be displayed completely spread out with the saffron stripe on top. If hung vertically on the wall behind the podium, the saffron stripe should be to the left of the onlookers facing the flag with the hoist cord at the top.[1]
A flag procession
The flag, when carried in a procession or parade or with another flag or flags, should be on the marching right or alone in the centre at the front. The flag may form a distinctive feature of the unveiling of a statue, monument, or plaque, but should never be used as the covering for the object. As a mark of respect to the flag, it should never be dipped to a person or thing, as opposed to regimental colours, organisational or institutional flags, which may be dipped as a mark of honour. During the ceremony of hoisting or lowering the flag, or when the flag is passing in a parade or in a review, all persons present should face the flag and stand at attention. Those present in uniform should render the appropriate salute. When the flag is in a moving column, persons present will stand at attention or salute as the flag passes them. A dignitary may take the salute without a head dress. The flag salutation should be followed by the playing of the national anthem.[1]
Indian Flag at the Red Fort, Delhi
The privilege of flying the national flag on vehicles is restricted to the President, the Vice-President or the Prime Minister, Governors and Lieutenant Governors of states, Chief Ministers, Union Ministers, members of the Parliament of India and state legislatures of the Indian states (Vidhan Sabha and Vidhan Parishad), judges of the Supreme Court of India and High Courts, and flag officers of the Army, Navy and Air Force. The flag has to be flown from a staff affixed firmly either on the middle front or to the front right side of the car. When a foreign dignitary travels in a car provided by government, the flag should be flown on the right side of the car while the flag of the foreign country should be flown on the left side.[5]
The flag should be flown on the aircraft carrying the President, the Vice-President or the Prime Minister on a visit to a foreign country. Alongside the National Flag, the flag of the country visited should also be flown; however, when the aircraft lands in countries en route, the national flags of the respective countries would be flown instead. When carrying the president within India, aircraft display the flag on the side the president embarks or disembarks; the flag is similarly flown on trains, but only when the train is stationary or approaching a railway station.[1]
When the Indian flag is flown on Indian territory along with other national flags, the general rule is that the Indian flag should be the starting point of all flags. When flags are placed in a straight line, the rightmost flag (leftmost to the observer facing the flag) is the Indian flag, followed by other national flags in alphabetical order. When placed in a circle, the Indian flag is the first point and is followed by other flags alphabetically. In such placement, all other flags should be of approximately the same size with no other flag being larger than the Indian flag. Each national flag should also be flown from its own pole and no flag should be placed higher than another. In addition to being the first flag, the Indian flag may also be placed within the row or circle alphabetically. When placed on crossed poles, the Indian flag should be in front of the other flag, and to the right (observer's left) of the other flag. The only exception to the preceding rule is when it is flown along with the flag of the United Nations, which may be placed to the right of the Indian flag.[1]
When the Indian flag is displayed with non-national flags, including corporate flags and advertising banners, the rules state that if the flags are on separate staffs, the flag of India should be in the middle, or the furthest left from the viewpoint of the onlookers, or at least one flag's breadth higher than the other flags in the group. Its flagpole must be in front of the other poles in the group, but if they are on the same staff, it must be the uppermost flag. If the flag is carried in procession with other flags, it must be at the head of the marching procession, or if carried with a row of flags in line abreast, it must be carried to the marching right of the procession.[1]
Half-mast
The flag should be flown at half-mast as a sign of mourning. The decision to do so lies with the President of India, who also decides the period of such mourning. When the flag is to be flown at half mast, it must first be raised to the top of the mast and then slowly lowered. Only the Indian flag is flown half mast; all other flags remain at normal height.
The flag is flown half-mast nationwide on the death of the president, Vice-president or prime minister. It is flown half-mast in New Delhi and the state of origin for the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and Union Ministers. On deaths of Governors, Lt. Governors and Chief Ministers, the flag is flown at half-mast in the respective states and union territories.
The Indian flag cannot be flown at half-mast on Republic Day (26 January), Independence day (15 August), Gandhi Jayanti (2 October), National Week (6–13 April) or state formation anniversaries, except over buildings housing the body of the deceased dignitary. However, even in such cases, the flag must be raised to full-mast when the body is moved from the building.
Observances of State mourning on the death of foreign dignitaries are governed by special instructions issued from the Ministry of Home Affairs in individual cases. However, in the event of death of either the Head of the State or Head of the Government of a foreign country, the Indian Mission accredited to that country may fly the national flag at half-mast.
On occasions of state, military, central para-military forces funerals, the flag shall be draped over the bier or coffin with the saffron towards the head of the bier or coffin. The flag should not be lowered into the grave or burnt in the pyre.[1]
See also
List of Indian flags
Jana Gana Mana
National Pledge (India)
Footnotes
^ Jump up to: a b The current flag is an adaptation of Venkayya's original design, but he is generally credited as the designer of the flag.
Notes
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k "Flag Code of India". Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 25 January 2006. Archived from the original on 10 January 2006. Retrieved 11 October 2006.
Jump up ^ "IS 1 (1968): Specification for The National Flag of India (Cotton Khadi, PDF version)" (PDF). Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Bureau of Indian Standards (1968). "IS 1 : 1968 Specification for the national flag of India (cotton khadi)". Government of India. Retrieved 2012-07-23.
^ Jump up to: a b Bureau of Indian Standards (1979). "IS 1 : 1968 Specification for the national flag of India (cotton khadi), Amendment 2". Government of India.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Flag code of India, 2002". Fact Sheet. Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 4 April 2002. Archived from the original on 22 May 2006. Retrieved 11 October 2006.
Jump up ^ Wikipedia articles for the respective colour names
Jump up ^ "Flag of India". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2009. Archived from the original on 15 December 2008. Retrieved 2 July 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Heimer, Željko (2 July 2006). "India". Flags of the World. Archived from the original on 18 October 2006. Retrieved 11 October 2006.
Jump up ^ "Flag Code of India, 2002". Press Information Bureau. Government of India. 3 April 2002. Archived from the original on 20 May 2015. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Virmani 1999, p. 172
Jump up ^ Roy 2006, p. 498
Jump up ^ Volker Preuß. "British Raj Marineflagge" (in German). Archived from the original on 17 September 2005. Retrieved 4 September 2005.
Jump up ^ Virmani 1999, p. 173
Jump up ^ Virmani 1999, p. 174
Jump up ^ Virmani 1999, pp. 175–176
Jump up ^ Roy 2006, pp. 498–499
Jump up ^ "A Flag for India". Luton Times and Advertiser. 21 May 1909. Retrieved 27 August 2015 – via British Newspaper Archive. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ Virmani 1999, pp. 176–177
Jump up ^ Roy 2006, p. 504
Jump up ^ Virmani 1999, pp. 177–178
Jump up ^ Roy 2006, pp. 503–505
Jump up ^ Virmani 1999, pp. 181–186
Jump up ^ NCERT Text book - CBSE - Class 10 - Social Science
Jump up ^ Virmani 1999, pp. 187–191
Jump up ^ Roy 2006, p. 508
Jump up ^ India Postage Stamps 1947–1988.(1989) Philately branch, Department of Posts, India.
Jump up ^ Souvenir sheet of the Independence series of stamps, Indian Posts, 1948
Jump up ^ Jha 2008, pp. 106–107
Jump up ^ "Indian Standards" (PDF). Bureau of Indian Standards. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 September 2008. Retrieved 29 November 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c Vattam, Shyam Sundar (15 June 2004). "Why all national flags will be 'Made in Hubli'". Deccan Herald. Archived from the original on 22 May 2006. Retrieved 11 October 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Aruna Chandaraju (15 August 2004). "The Flag Town". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 23 September 2009. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
Jump up ^ Chandaraju, Aruna (15 August 2004). "The flag town". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 23 September 2009. Retrieved 17 February 2010.
Jump up ^ "The tricolour weavers of Rajasthan's Dausa are on the decline". 11 February 2017. Archived from the original on 13 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Prevention of Insults To National Honour Act, 1971" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Press Trust of India (24 December 2009). "Now, Indians can fly Tricolour at night". The Times of India. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
Jump up ^ "My Flag, My Country". Rediff.com. 13 June 2001. Archived from the original on 21 November 2007. Retrieved 15 November 2007.
Jump up ^ "Union of India v. Navin Jindal". Supreme Court of India. Archived from the original on 24 December 2004. Retrieved 1 July 2005.
Jump up ^ Chadha, Monica (6 July 2005). "Indians can wear flag with pride". BBC. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
References
Virmani, Arundhati (2008). A National Flag for India. Rituals, Nationalism and the Politics of Sentiment. Delhi, Permanent Black. pp. 356 p. ISBN 81-7824-232-X.
Virmani, Arundhati (August 1999). "National Symbols under Colonial Domination: The Nationalization of the Indian Flag, March–August 1923". Past & Present. 164: 169–197. doi:10.1093/past/164.1.169. JSTOR 651278. .
Roy, Srirupa (August 2006). "A Symbol of Freedom: The Indian Flag and the Transformations of Nationalism, 1906–". Journal of Asian Studies. 65 (3). ISSN 0021-9118. OCLC 37893507.
Jha, Sadan (25 October 2008). "The Indian National Flag as a site of daily plebiscite". Economic and Political Weekly: 102–111. ISSN 0012-9976. OCLC 1567377. .
"Indian Standards" (PDF). Bureau of Indian Standards. Retrieved 1 July 2005.
"India". Flags of the World. Retrieved 30 June 2005.
"India: Historical Flags". Flags of the World. Retrieved 30 June 2005.
"Flying the real tricolour". Rediff.com. Retrieved 1 July 2005.
"My Flag, My Country". Rediff.com. Retrieved 1 July 2005.
Royle, Trevor (1997). The Last Days of the Raj. John Murray. p. 217. ISBN 978-0-7195-5686-9.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to National flag of India.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Flag Code of India
"National Flag". National Portal of India. Government of India. Archived from the original on 26 January 2010. Retrieved 8 February 2010.
"History of Indian Tricolour". National Portal of India. Government of India. Archived from the original on 9 August 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-15.
"Flag Code of India" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs (India). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
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What Christmas Means to Me
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"What Christmas Means to Me" is the name of several different Christmas songs. The most-covered version was written by Allen Story, Anna Gordy Gaye, and George Gordy. It has been recorded by many artists, including:
Stevie Wonder (1967) on Someday at Christmas[1]
Paul Young (1992) on A Very Special Christmas 2[2]
Hanson (1997) on Snowed In[3]
Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen with Sean Holt (1999) on Cool Yule: A Christmas Party With Friends [4]
En Vogue (2002) on The Gift of Christmas[5]
Holiday Express (2002) on Live[6]
Jessica Simpson (2004) on ReJoyce: The Christmas Album[7]
Natalie Grant (2005) on Believe[8]
Charm City Sound (2007) on Christmas Lights[9]
Darlene Love (2007) on It's Christmas, Of Course[10]
Mandisa (2007) on Christmas Joy EP[11] - also appeared on It's Christmas in 2008[12]
Jason Yeager (2008) on My Christmas Wish
Overboard (2008) on Tidings[13]
Sensational Soul Cruisers (2008) on Save Your Soul EP
Rahsaan Patterson (2008) on The Ultimate Gift[14]
Michael McDonald (2009) on This Christmas[15] - listed as "That's What Christmas Means to Me"
Karel King (2010) on Lights, Love, and Laughter
Trijntje Oosterhuis (2010) on This Is The Season
University of Wisconsin Madhatters (2010) on Cheer On Tap
Nick Lachey featuring The Sing-Off Contestants (2010) on The Sing Off: Season 2, Episode 5, The Finale
Coastline (2011) on An Undeniably Merry Coastline Christmas
J Grace (2011) on Christmas Eve [16]
Cee Lo Green (2012) on Cee Lo's Magic Moment[17]
The Empty Pockets (2012) on A Holiday Staycation
Rhonda Thomas (2012) on Little Drummer Girl
Train (2015) on Christmas in Tahoe
Klarc Whitson
Sugarlick
Sugar Beats on A Sugar Beats Christmas - Cool Christmas Songs for Kids
Ballroom Orchestra & Singers
Jennette McCurdy in the 2012 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade.
Two Angels (2013) on "How Angels celebrate Christmas"
The Mrs (2015) single release
Other songs with the same or a similar name include:
"What Christmas Means to Me" - written by Chiquita Mullins, Claude Hill, Moses Dillard, and Sharon Michalsky
Al Green (1983) on The Christmas Album[18] - also appeared on White Christmas in 1986[19]
"What Christmas Means to Me" - written by Steve Romanoff
Schooner Fare (1987) on Home for the Holidays[20]
"What Christmas Means to Me" - written by Joey Miskulin
Frankie Yankovic (1994) on Christmas Memories[21]
"What Christmas Means to Me" - written by Bob Stewart
Karen Newman (1994) on What Christmas Means to Me[22]
"What Christmas Means to Me" - written by Amayz
Amayz (2007) on Everyday Like Christmas[23]
"That's What Christmas Means to Me" - written by Nick Acquaviva and Ted Varnick
Eddie Fisher (1952) on Christmas with Eddie Fisher[24]
"That's What Christmas Means to Me" - written by Wendell B
Wendell B (2007) on Save a Little Room for Me[25]
"That's What Christmas Means to Me" - written by Harry Revel
Featured in the film It Happened on Fifth Avenue (1947)
"That's What Christmas Means to Me" - written by Jerome Schoolar
Biscuit Brothers (2007) on Have a Merry Musical Christmas[26]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/album/someday-at-christmas-mw0000192749
Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/album/a-very-special-christmas-vol-2-mw0000088636
Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/album/snowed-in-mw0000030469
Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/album/cool-yule-a-christmas-party-with-friends-mw0000670830
Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-gift-of-christmas-mw0000228298
Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/album/live-mw0000225416
Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/album/rejoyce-the-christmas-album-mw0000139889
Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/album/believe-mw0000347664
Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/album/christmas-lights-mw0001308803
Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/album/its-christmas-of-course-mw0000578913
Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/album/christmas-joy-ep-mw0000486503
Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/album/its-christmas-mw0000798945
Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/album/tidings-mw0001705546
Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-spirit-of-christmas-collectors-edition-mw0000798058
Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/album/this-christmas-mw0000825778
Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/album/christmas-eve-mw0002396386
Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/song/what-christmas-means-to-me-mt0045746730
Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-christmas-album-mw0000012219
Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/album/white-christmas-mw0000268968
Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/album/home-for-the-holidays-mw0000652830
Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/album/save-a-little-room-for-me-mw0000750933
Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/album/what-christmas-means-to-me-mw0000012558
Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/album/everyday-like-christmas-mw0001687583
Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/album/christmas-with-eddie-fisher-1952-mw0000848890
Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/album/save-a-little-room-for-me-mw0000750933
Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/album/have-a-merry-musical-christmas-mw0001658437
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What_Christmas_Means_to_Me&oldid=814455499"
Categories:
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New Kingdom of Egypt
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"New Kingdom" redirects here. For other uses, see New Kingdom (disambiguation).
New Kingdom of Egypt
c. 1550 BC – c. 1077 BC
New Kingdom at its maximum territorial extent in the 15th century BC.
Capital
Thebes
(1550 – c. 1352 BC, 17th dynasty and 18th dynasty before Akhenaten)
Akhetaten
(c. 1352 – c. 1336 BC, Akhenaten of 18th dynasty)
Thebes
(c. 1336 – 1279 BC, 18th dynasty and 19th dynasty before Ramesses II)
Pi-Ramesses
(c. 1279 – c. 1213 BC, Ramesses II of 19th dynasty)
Memphis
(c. 1213 – c. 1077 BC, 19th dynasty starting with Merneptah and 20th dynasty)
Languages Ancient Egyptian, Nubian, Canaanite
Religion
Ancient Egyptian religion
Atenism (during the Amarna Period)
Government Imperial cult, Absolute monarchy
Pharaoh
• c. 1550 BC – c. 1525 BC Ahmose I (first)
• c. 1107 BC – c. 1077 BC Ramesses XI (last)
History
• Established c. 1550 BC
• Disestablished c. 1077 BC
Preceded by Succeeded by
Second Intermediate Period of Egypt
Kingdom of Kerma
Third Intermediate Period of Egypt
Kingdom of Kush
Tribe of Judah
Today part of Egypt
Sudan
Israel
Palestine
Lebanon
Libya
Syria
Jordan
Turkey
Part of a series on the
History of Egypt
Prehistoric Egypt pre–3150 BC
Ancient Egypt
Early Dynastic Period 3150–2686 BC
Old Kingdom 2686–2181 BC
1st Intermediate Period 2181–2055 BC
Middle Kingdom 2055–1650 BC
2nd Intermediate Period 1650–1550 BC
New Kingdom 1550–1069 BC
3rd Intermediate Period 1069–744 BC
Kushite Egypt 744–656 BC
Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt 664–525 BC
Classical antiquity
Achaemenid Egypt 525–404 BC
Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt 404–398 BC
Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt 398–380 BC
Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt 380–343 BC
Achaemenid Egypt 343–332 BC
Macedonian and Ptolemaic Egypt 332–30 BC
Roman and Byzantine Egypt 30 BC–641 AD
Sasanian Egypt 619–629
Middle Ages
Rashidun Egypt 641–661
Umayyad Egypt 661–750
Abbasid Egypt 750–935
Tulunid Egypt 868–905
Ikhshidid Egypt 935–969
Fatimid Egypt 969–1171
Ayyubid Egypt 1171–1250
Mamluk Egypt 1250–1517
Early modern
Ottoman Egypt 1517–1867
French occupation 1798–1801
Egypt under Muhammad Ali 1805–1882
Khedivate of Egypt 1867–1914
Modern Egypt
British occupation 1882–1922
Sultanate of Egypt 1914–1922
Kingdom of Egypt 1922–1953
Republic 1953–present
Egypt portal
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Dynasties of Ancient Egypt
All years are BC
Early[show]
First Dynasty I c. 3150–2890
Second Dynasty II 2890–2686
Old Kingdom[show]
Third Dynasty III 2686–2613
Fourth Dynasty IV 2613–2498
Fifth Dynasty V 2498–2345
Sixth Dynasty VI 2345–2181
First Intermediate[show]
Seventh Dynasty VII spurious
Eighth Dynasty VIII 2181–2160
Ninth Dynasty IX 2160–2130
Tenth Dynasty X 2130–2040
Early Eleventh Dynasty XI 2134–2061
Middle Kingdom[show]
Late Eleventh Dynasty XI 2061–1991
Twelfth Dynasty XII 1991–1803
Thirteenth Dynasty XIII 1803–1649
Fourteenth Dynasty XIV 1705–1690
Second Intermediate[show]
Fifteenth Dynasty XV 1674–1535
Sixteenth Dynasty XVI 1660–1600
Abydos Dynasty 1650–1600
Seventeenth Dynasty XVII 1580–1549
New Kingdom[show]
Eighteenth Dynasty XVIII 1549–1292
Nineteenth Dynasty XIX 1292–1189
Twentieth Dynasty XX 1189–1077
Third Intermediate[show]
Twenty-first Dynasty XXI 1069–945
Twenty-second Dynasty XXII 945–720
Twenty-third Dynasty XXIII 837–728
Twenty-fourth Dynasty XXIV 732–720
Twenty-fifth Dynasty XXV 732–653
Late Period[show]
Twenty-sixth Dynasty XXVI 672–525
Twenty-seventh Dynasty
(1st Persian Period)
XXVII 525–404
Twenty-eighth Dynasty XXVIII 404–398
Twenty-ninth Dynasty XXIX 398–380
Thirtieth Dynasty XXX 380–343
Thirty-first Dynasty
(2nd Persian Period)
XXXI 343–332
Ptolemaic (Hellenistic)[show]
Argead Dynasty 332–305
Ptolemaic Kingdom 323–30
v
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The New Kingdom of Egypt, also referred to as the Egyptian Empire, is the period in ancient Egyptian history between the 16th century BC and the 11th century BC, covering the 18th, 19th, and 20th Dynasties of Egypt. Radiocarbon dating places the exact beginning of the New Kingdom between 1570 BC and 1544 BC.[1] The New Kingdom followed the Second Intermediate Period and was succeeded by the Third Intermediate Period. It was Egypt's most prosperous time and marked the peak of its power.[2]
The later part of this period, under the 19th and 20th Dynasties (1292–1069 BC), is also known as the Ramesside period. It is named after the 11 Pharaohs that took the name Ramesses, after Ramesses I, the founder of the 19th Dynasty.[2]
Possibly as a result of the foreign rule of the Hyksos during the Second Intermediate Period, the New Kingdom saw Egypt attempt to create a buffer between the Levant and Egypt proper, and during this time Egypt attained its greatest territorial extent. Similarly, in response to very successful 17th century attacks during the Second Intermediate Period by the powerful Kingdom of Kush,[3] the rulers of the New Kingdom felt compelled to expand far south into Nubia and to hold wide territories in the Near East. In the north, Egyptian armies fought Hittite armies for control of modern-day Syria.
Contents
[hide]
1 18th Dynasty
2 19th Dynasty
3 20th Dynasty
4 Gallery
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
18th Dynasty[edit]
Main article: Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
The 18th Dynasty contained some of Egypt's most famous Pharaohs, including Ahmose I, Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Amenhotep III, Akhenaten and Tutankhamun. Queen Hatshepsut concentrated on expanding Egypt's external trade by sending a commercial expedition to the land of Punt.
Thutmose III ("the Napoleon of Egypt") expanded Egypt's army and wielded it with great success to consolidate the empire created by his predecessors. This resulted in a peak in Egypt's power and wealth during the reign of Amenhotep III. During the reign of Thutmose III (c. 1479–1425 BC), Pharaoh, originally referring to the king's palace, became a form of address for the person who was king.[4]
One of the best-known 18th Dynasty pharaohs is Amenhotep IV, who changed his name to Akhenaten in honor of the Aten, a representation of the Egyptian god, Ra. His exclusive worship of the Aten is often interpreted as history's first instance of monotheism. Akhenaten's wife, Nefertiti, contributed a great deal to his new take on the Egyptian religion. Nefertiti was bold enough to perform rituals to Aten. Akhenaten's religious fervor is cited as the reason why he and his wife were subsequently written out of Egyptian history.[5] Under his reign, in the 14th century BC, Egyptian art flourished under a distinctive style. (See Amarna Period.)
Towards the end of the 18th Dynasty, the situation had changed radically. Aided by Akhenaten's apparent lack of interest in international affairs, the Hittites had gradually extended their influence into Phoenicia and Canaan to become a major power in international politics — a power that both Seti I and his son Ramesses II would need to deal with during the 19th Dynasty.
19th Dynasty[edit]
Main article: Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Ramesses II ("the Great") sought to recover territories in the Levant that had been held by the 18th Dynasty. His campaigns of reconquest culminated in the Battle of Kadesh, where he led Egyptian armies against those of the Hittite king Muwatalli II. Ramesses was caught in history's first recorded military ambush, although he was able to rally his troops and turn the tide of battle against the Hittites thanks to the arrival of the Ne'arin (possibly mercenaries in the employ of Egypt). The outcome of the battle was undecided, with both sides claiming victory at their home front, and ultimately resulting in a peace treaty between the two nations. Egypt was able to obtain wealth and stability under Ramesses' rule of over half a century.[6] His immediate successors continued the military campaigns, although an increasingly troubled court—which at one point put a usurper (Amenmesse) on the throne—made it increasingly difficult for a pharaoh to effectively retain control of the territories.
Ramesses II was also famed for the huge number of children he sired by his various wives and concubines; the tomb he built for his sons, many of whom he outlived, in the Valley of the Kings has proven to be the largest funerary complex in Egypt.
Egyptian and Hittite Empires, around the time of the Battle of Kadesh.
20th Dynasty[edit]
Main article: Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt
The last "great" pharaoh from the New Kingdom is widely considered to be Ramesses III, a 20th Dynasty pharaoh who reigned several decades after Ramesses II.[7]
In the eighth year of his reign the Sea Peoples invaded Egypt by land and sea. Ramesses III defeated them in two great land and sea battles (the Battle of Djahy and the Battle of the Delta). He incorporated them as subject peoples and settled them in Southern Canaan although there is evidence that they forced their way into Canaan. Their presence in Canaan may have contributed to the formation of new states, such as Philistia, in this region after the collapse of the Egyptian Empire. He was also compelled to fight invading Libyan tribesmen in two major campaigns in Egypt's Western Delta in his sixth year and eleventh year respectively.[8]
The heavy cost of this warfare slowly drained Egypt's treasury and contributed to the gradual decline of the Egyptian Empire in Asia. The severity of the difficulties is indicated by the fact that the first known labor strike in recorded history occurred during the 29th year of Ramesses III's reign, when the food rations for Egypt's favored and elite royal tomb-builders and artisans in the village of Deir el Medina could not be provisioned.[9] Air pollutants prevented much sunlight from reaching the ground and also arrested global tree growth for almost two full decades until 1140 BC.[10] One proposed cause is the Hekla 3 eruption of the Hekla volcano in Iceland but the dating of this remains disputed.
Rameses III's death was followed by years of bickering among his heirs. Three of his sons ascended the throne successively as Ramesses IV, Rameses VI and Rameses VIII. Egypt was increasingly beset by droughts, below-normal flooding of the Nile, famine, civil unrest and official corruption. The power of the last pharaoh of the dynasty, Ramesses XI, grew so weak that in the south the High Priests of Amun at Thebes became the de facto rulers of Upper Egypt, and Smendes controlled Lower Egypt even before Rameses XI's death. Smendes eventually founded the 21st Dynasty at Tanis.
Gallery[edit]
This section contains what may be an unencyclopedic or excessive gallery of images. Galleries containing indiscriminate images of the article subject are discouraged; please improve or remove the section accordingly. (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Relief of a Nobleman, c. 1295–1070 B.C.E. Brooklyn Museum
Queen Ahmose-Nefertari
Hatshepsut as a Sphinx. Daughter of Thutmose I, she ruled jointly as her stepson's (Thutmose III) co-regent. She soon took the throne for herself, and declared herself pharaoh.
Queen Hatshepsut's Temple at Deir el-Bahari, was called Djeser-Djeseru, meaning the Holy of Holies, in ancient times.
Thutmosis III, a military man and member of the Thutmosid royal line is commonly called the Napoleon of Egypt. His conquests of the Levant brought Egypt's territories and influence to its greatest extent.
Colossi of Memnon. Representing Amenhotep III, this statue sits outside Luxor.
Tiye, born a commoner, became queen through her marriage to Amenhotep III. In the New Kingdom, women gained influence in court, and Tiye soon helped run affairs of state for both her husband and son during their reigns.
Akhenaten, born Amenhotep IV, was the son of Queen Tiye. He rejected the old Egyptian religion and went about promoting the Aten as a supreme deity.
Akhenaten
Bust of Nefertiti. The wife of Akhenaten, she held position as co-regent with Akhenaten. She may also have ruled as pharaoh in her own right as she is one of few candidates for the identity of Pharaoh Neferneferuaten.
Tutankhamun's mask. King Tutankhamun, son of Akhenaten, restored Egypt to its former religion. Though he died young and was not considered significant in his own time, the 1922 discovery of his KV62 intact tomb by Howard Carter, made him relevant as a symbol of ancient Egypt in the modern world.
Detail Temple of Rameses II
Nefertari's Temple at Abu Simbel
Giant Ramses II
Abu Simbel Temple of Ramesses II
Abu Simbel
King Tutanhkamun Guardian Statue
See also[edit]
History of ancient Egypt
The Stonemason Ostracon
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Christopher Bronk Ramsey et al., Radiocarbon-Based Chronology for Dynastic Egypt, Science 18 June 2010: Vol. 328, no. 5985, pp. 1554–1557.
^ Jump up to: a b Shaw, Ian, ed. (2000). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. p. 481. ISBN 0-19-815034-2.
Jump up ^ Alberge, Dalya. "Tomb reveals Ancient Egypt's humiliating secret". The Times. London. Retrieved June 14, 2017. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ Redmount, Carol A. "Bitter Lives: Israel in and out of Egypt." p. 89-90. The Oxford History of the Biblical World. Michael D. Coogan, ed. Oxford University Press. 1998.
Jump up ^ Tyldesley, Joyce (2005-04-28). Nefertiti: Egypt's Sun Queen. Penguin UK. ISBN 9780141949796.
Jump up ^ Thomas, Susanna (2003). Rameses II: Pharaoh of the New Kingdom. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 9780823935970.
Jump up ^ Eric H. Cline and David O'Connor, eds. Ramesses III: The Life and Times of Egypt's Last Hero (University of Michigan Press; 2012)
Jump up ^ Nicolas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, Blackwell Books, 1992. p.271
Jump up ^ William F. Edgerton, "The Strikes in Ramses III's Twenty-Ninth Year", JNES 10, no. 3 (July 1951), pp. 137–145.
Jump up ^ Frank J. Yurco, "End of the Late Bronze Age and Other Crisis Periods: A Volcanic Cause," in Gold of Praise: Studies on Ancient Egypt in Honor of Edward F. Wente, ed: Emily Teeter & John Larson, (SAOC 58) 1999, pp. 456-458.
Library resources about
New Kingdom of Egypt
Online books
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
Further reading[edit]
Bierbrier, M. L. The Late New Kingdom In Egypt, C. 1300-664 B.C.: A Genealogical and Chronological Investigation. Warminster, England: Aris & Phillips, 1975.
Freed, Rita A., Yvonne Markowitz, and Sue H. d’Auria, eds. Pharaohs of the Sun: Akhenaten, Nefertiti, Tutankhamun. London: Thames & Hudson, 1999.
Freed, Rita E. Egypt's Golden Age: The Art of Living In the New Kingdom, 1558-1085 B.C. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts, 1981.
Kemp, Barry J. The City of Akhenaten and Nefertiti: Amarna and Its People. London: Thames & Hudson, 2012.
Morkot, Robert. A Short History of New Kingdom Egypt. London: Tauris, 2015.
Radner, Karen. State Correspondence In the Ancient World: From New Kingdom Egypt to the Roman Empire. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014.
Redford, Donald B. Egypt and Canaan In the New Kingdom. Beʾer Sheva: Ben Gurion University of the Negev Press, 1990.
Sadek, Ashraf I. Popular Religion In Egypt During the New Kingdom. Hildesheim: Gerstenberg, 1987.
Spalinger, Anthony John. War In Ancient Egypt: The New Kingdom. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2005.
Thomas, Angela P. Akhenaten’s Egypt. Shire Egyptology 10. Princes Risborough, UK: Shire, 1988.
Tyldesley, Joyce A. Egypt's Golden Empire: The Age of the New Kingdom. London: Headline Book Pub., 2001.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Egyptian New Kingdom.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Egyptian Empire.
Middle East on the Matrix: Egypt, The New Kingdom—Photographs of many of the historic sites dating from the New Kingdom
New Kingdom of Egypt - Aldokkan
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Kingdom_of_Egypt&oldid=830107697"
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