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Cable-stayed bridge
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Cable-stayed bridge
The Russky Bridge's central span measures 1104 meters. It is the world's longest cable-stayed bridge.
Ancestor
Suspension bridge
Related
Extradosed bridge
Descendant
Side-spar cable-stayed bridge, Self-anchored suspension bridge, cantilever spar cable-stayed bridge
Carries
Pedestrians, bicycles, automobiles, trucks, light rail
Span range
Medium to Long
Material
Steel rope, post-tensioned concrete box girders, steel or concrete pylons
Movable
No.
Design effort
medium
Falsework required
Normally none
A cable-stayed bridge has one or more towers (or pylons), from which cables support the bridge deck. A distinctive feature are the cables which run directly from the tower to the deck, normally forming a fan-like pattern or a series of parallel lines. This is in contrast to the modern suspension bridge, where the cables supporting the deck are suspended vertically from the main cable, anchored at both ends of the bridge and running between the towers. The cable-stayed bridge is optimal for spans longer than cantilever bridges and shorter than suspension bridges. This is the range where cantilever bridges would rapidly grow heavier if the span were lengthened, while suspension bridge cabling would not be more economical if the span were shortened.
Cable-stayed bridges have been known since the 16th century and used widely since the 19th. Early examples often combined features from both the cable-stayed and suspension designs, including the famous Brooklyn Bridge. The design fell from favor through the 20th century as larger gaps were bridged using pure suspension designs, and shorter ones using various systems built of reinforced concrete. It once again rose to prominence in the later 20th century when the combination of new materials, larger construction machinery, and the need to replace older bridges all lowered the relative price of these designs.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Comparison with suspension bridge
3 Designs
4 Variations
4.1 Side-spar cable-stayed bridge
4.2 Cantilever spar cable-stayed bridge
4.3 Multiple-span cable-stayed bridge
4.4 Extradosed bridge
4.5 Cable-stayed cradle-system bridge
5 Related bridge types
5.1 Self-anchored suspension bridge
6 Notable cable-stayed bridges
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
History[edit]
Cable-stayed bridge by the Renaissance polymath Fausto Veranzio, from 1595/1616
Cable-stayed bridges date back to 1595, where designs were found in Machinae Novae, a book by Venetian inventor Fausto Veranzio. Many early suspension bridges were cable-stayed construction, including the 1817 footbridge Dryburgh Abbey Bridge, James Dredge's patented Victoria Bridge, Bath (1836), and the later Albert Bridge (1872) and Brooklyn Bridge (1883). Their designers found that the combination of technologies created a stiffer bridge. John A. Roebling took particular advantage of this to limit deformations due to railway loads in the Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge.
The earliest known surviving example of a true cable-stayed bridge in the United States is E.E. Runyon's largely intact steel or iron Bluff Dale Suspension bridge with wooden stringers and decking in Bluff Dale, Texas (1890), or his weeks earlier but ruined Barton Creek Bridge between Huckabay, Texas and Gordon, Texas (1889 or 1890).[2][3] In the twentieth century, early examples of cable-stayed bridges included A. Gisclard's unusual Cassagnes bridge (1899),[4] in which the horizontal part of the cable forces is balanced by a separate horizontal tie cable, preventing significant compression in the deck, and G. Leinekugel le Coq's bridge[5] at Lézardrieux in Brittany (1924). Eduardo Torroja designed a cable-stayed aqueduct[6] at Tempul in 1926.[7] Albert Caquot's 1952 concrete-decked cable-stayed bridge[8] over the Donzère-Mondragon canal at Pierrelatte is one of the first of the modern type, but had little influence on later development.[7] The steel-decked Strömsund Bridge designed by Franz Dischinger (1955) is, therefore, more often cited as the first modern cable-stayed bridge.
Other key pioneers included Fabrizio de Miranda, Riccardo Morandi, and Fritz Leonhardt. Early bridges from this period used very few stay cables, as in the Theodor Heuss Bridge (1958). However, this involves substantial erection costs, and more modern structures tend to use many more cables to ensure greater economy.
Abdoun Bridge, Amman, Jordan
Comparison with suspension bridge[edit]
Ada Bridge at dusk in Belgrade (Serbia)
Cable-stayed bridges may appear to be similar to suspension bridges, but in fact, they are quite different in principle and in their construction.
Prins Clausbrug across the Amsterdam-Rhine Canal in Utrecht
In suspension bridges, large main cables (normally two) hang between the towers and are anchored at each end to the ground. This can be difficult to implement when ground conditions are poor. The main cables, which are free to move on bearings in the towers, bear the load of the bridge deck. Before the deck is installed, the cables are under tension from their own weight. Along the main cables smaller cables or rods connect to the bridge deck, which is lifted in sections. As this is done, the tension in the cables increases, as it does with the live load of traffic crossing the bridge. The tension on the main cables is transferred to the ground at the anchorages and by downwards tug on the towers.
Difference between types of bridges
Suspension bridge
Cable-stayed bridge, fan design
In the cable-stayed bridge, the towers are the primary load-bearing structures which transmit the bridge loads to the ground. A cantilever approach is often used to support the bridge deck near the towers, but lengths further from them are supported by cables running directly to the towers. This has the disadvantage, compared to the suspension bridge, that the cables pull to the sides as opposed to directly up, requiring the bridge deck to be stronger to resist the resulting horizontal compression loads; but has the advantage of not requiring firm anchorages to resist the horizontal pull of the main cables of the suspension bridge. By design all static horizontal forces of the cable-stayed bridge are balanced so that the supporting towers do not tend to tilt or slide, needing only to resist horizontal forces from the live loads.
Key advantages of the cable-stayed form are as follows:
much greater stiffness than the suspension bridge, so that deformations of the deck under live loads are reduced
can be constructed by cantilevering out from the tower – the cables act both as temporary and permanent supports to the bridge deck
for a symmetrical bridge (i.e. spans on either side of the tower are the same), the horizontal forces balance and large ground anchorages are not required
Designs[edit]
There are four major classes of rigging on cable-stayed bridges: mono, harp, fan, and star.[9]
The mono design uses a single cable from its towers and is one of the lesser-used examples of the class.
In the harp or parallel design, the cables are nearly parallel so that the height of their attachment to the tower is proportional to the distance from the tower to their mounting on the deck.
In the fan design, the cables all connect to or pass over the top of the towers. The fan design is structurally superior with a minimum moment applied to the towers, but, for practical reasons, the modified fan (also called the semi-fan) is preferred, especially where many cables are necessary. In the modified fan arrangement, the cables terminate near to the top of the tower but are spaced from each other sufficiently to allow better termination, improved environmental protection, and good access to individual cables for maintenance.[10]
In the star design, another relatively rare design, the cables are spaced apart on the tower, like the harp design, but connect to one point or a number of closely spaced points on the deck.[11]
Difference between types of bridges
Mono design
Harp design
Fan design
Star design
There are also four arrangements for support columns: single, double, portal and A-shaped.[9]
The single arrangement uses a single column for cable support, normally projecting through the center of the deck, but in some cases located on one side or the other.
The double arrangement places pairs of columns on both sides of the deck.
The portal is similar to the double arrangement but has a third member connecting the tops of the two columns to form a door-like shape or portal. This offers additional strength, especially against traverse loads.
The A-shaped design is similar in concept to the portal but achieves the same goal by angling the two columns towards each other to meet at the top, eliminating the need for the third member. The inverted Y design combines the A-shaped on the bottom with the single on top.
Depending on the design, the columns may be vertical or angled or curved relative to the bridge deck.
Variations[edit]
Side-spar cable-stayed bridge[edit]
Puente de la Unidad, joining San Pedro Garza García and Monterrey, a Cantilever spar cable-stayed bridge
A side-spar cable-stayed bridge uses a central tower supported on only one side. This design allows the construction of a curved bridge.
Cantilever spar cable-stayed bridge[edit]
Far more radical in its structure, the Puente del Alamillo (1992) uses a single cantilever spar on one side of the span, with cables on one side only to support the bridge deck. Unlike other cable-stayed types, this bridge exerts considerable overturning force upon its foundation and the spar must resist the bending caused by the cables, as the cable forces are not balanced by opposing cables. The spar of this particular bridge forms the gnomon of a large garden sundial. Related bridges by the architect Santiago Calatrava include the Puente de la Mujer (2001), Sundial Bridge (2004), Chords Bridge (2008), and Assut de l'Or Bridge (2008).
Multiple-span cable-stayed bridge[edit]
Zhivopisny Bridge in Moscow is a multiple-span design.
Cable-stayed bridges with more than three spans involve significantly more challenging designs than do 2-span or 3-span structures.
In a 2-span or 3-span cable-stayed bridge, the loads from the main spans are normally anchored back near the end abutments by stays in the end spans. For more spans, this is not the case and the bridge structure is less stiff overall. This can create difficulties in both the design of the deck and the pylons. Examples of multiple-span structures in which this is the case include Ting Kau Bridge, where additional 'cross-bracing' stays are used to stabilise the pylons; Millau Viaduct and Mezcala Bridge, where twin-legged towers are used; and General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge, where very stiff multi-legged frame towers were adopted. A similar situation with a suspension bridge is found at both the Great Seto Bridge and San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge where additional anchorage piers are required after every set of three suspension spans – this solution can also be adapted for cable-stayed bridges.[12]
Extradosed bridge[edit]
The Twinkle-Kisogawa is an extradosed design, with long gaps between the cable supported sections.
The extradosed bridge is a cable-stayed bridge but with a more substantial bridge deck that, being stiffer and stronger, allows the cables to be omitted close to the tower and for the towers to be lower in proportion to the span. The first extradosed bridges were the Ganter Bridge and Sunniberg Bridge in Switzerland. A new extradosed bridge is also being planned to cross the St. Croix River between Bayport, Minnesota and Houlton, Wisconsin in the Twin Cities.
Cable-stayed cradle-system bridge[edit]
A cradle system carries the strands within the stays from the bridge deck to bridge deck, as a continuous element, eliminating anchorages in the pylons. Each epoxy-coated steel strand is carried inside the cradle in a one-inch (2.54 cm) steel tube. Each strand acts independently, allowing for removal, inspection, and replacement of individual strands. The first two such bridges are the Penobscot Narrows Bridge, completed in 2006, and the Veterans' Glass City Skyway, completed in 2007.[13]
Related bridge types[edit]
Self-anchored suspension bridge[edit]
A self-anchored suspension bridge has some similarity in principle to the cable-stayed type in that tension forces that prevent the deck from dropping are converted into compression forces vertically in the tower and horizontally along the deck structure. It is also related to the suspension bridge in having arcuate main cables with suspender cables, although the self-anchored type lacks the heavy cable anchorages of the ordinary suspension bridge. Unlike either a cable-stayed bridge or a suspension bridge, the self-anchored suspension bridge must be supported by falsework during construction and so it is more expensive to construct.
Notable cable-stayed bridges[edit]
See also: List of longest cable-stayed bridge spans and Category:Cable-stayed bridges
Twin bridges constructed in 2005–2006 that cross over roads connecting to the Autostrada A1 motorway in Reggio Emilia, Italy.[14] In 2009, the European Convention for Constructional Steelwork gave the two bridges a European Steel Design Award, stating that the structures' original visual effects at different angles give the bridges "the aspect of huge musical instruments."[15]
Brooklyn Bridge, famous as a suspension bridge, also has cable stays.
Centennial Bridge, a six-lane vehicular bridge that crosses the Panama Canal with a total length of 1.05 kilometres (3,400 ft).
Erasmus Bridge, Erasmusbrug, in Rotterdam, Netherlands
Erasmus Bridge crosses the Nieuwe Maas in Rotterdam, Netherlands. The southern span of the bridge has an 89 metres (292 ft) bascule bridge for ships that cannot pass under the bridge. The bascule bridge is the largest and heaviest in West Europe and has the largest panel of its type in the world.
A view of the Golden Horn Metro Bridge, with the Galata Tower at the left end of the frame, Istanbul, Turkey
Golden Horn Metro Bridge, connects the old peninsula of Istanbul with the Galata district and is the first cable-stayed bridge in Turkey.
Jiaxing-Shaoxing Sea Bridge, Zhejiang Province, China. The bridge is an eight-lane structure that spans 10,100 metres (6.3 mi) across Hangzhou Bay, connecting Jiaxing and Shaoxing, two cities of Zhejiang province. It was opened on 23 July 2013 and is currently the longest cable-stayed bridge in the world.
John James Audubon Bridge (Mississippi River): The longest cable-stayed bridge in the Western Hemisphere, crossing the Mississippi River between New Roads, Louisiana and St. Francisville, Louisiana.
Kosciuszko Bridge (New York City): This connects the boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens in New York City, replacing a truss bridge of the same name which could no longer handle the modern volume of traffic. The first six-lane cable-stayed span (temporarily bi-directional) opened to traffic in April 2017. The old bridge will be demolished in summer 2017, and a second, nearly identical span will be built in its place; when finished, each span will carry traffic in a single direction. Both new bridges include decorative lighting.
Dongting Lake Railway Bridge is a 1,290 metres (4,230 ft) long four-span (three towers) bridge that is one of the very few large cable-stayed bridges for dedicated mainline railway use.[16]
Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge over the Trinity River in Dallas, Texas, U.S.A. (2012)
Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge in Dallas, Texas, U.S.A., which opened in 2012 and spans the Trinity River. In 2012, the bridge received an Outstanding Civil Engineering Achievement Award from the Texas section of the American Society of Civil Engineers.[17][18] The bridge also received a 2012 European Convention for Constructional Steelwork Award For Steel Bridges.[19]
Millau Viaduct, the bridge with the tallest piers in the world: 341 metres (1,119 ft) tall and roadway 266 metres (873 ft) high, spanning the Tarn River in France. With a total length of 2,460 metres (8,070 ft) and seven towers, it also has the longest cable-stayed suspended deck in the world.
Most SNP (Bridge of the Slovak National Uprising) – the world's longest cable-stayed bridge to have one pylon and one cable-stayed plane (Bratislava, Slovakia, 1967–1972).
Most SNP (Nový most), the world's longest cable-stayed bridge in category with one pylon and with one cable-stayed plane, spanning the Danube in Bratislava, Slovakia. The main span is 303 metres (994 ft), total length 430.8 metres (1,413 ft). The only member of World Federation of Great Towers that is primarily used as a bridge. It houses a flying-saucer restaurant at the top of pylon 85 metres (279 ft) tall.
Octavio Frias de Oliveira bridge, in São Paulo, Brazil. It is the only bridge in the world that has two curved tracks supported by a single concrete mast.
Octavio Frias de Oliveira bridge crosses the Pinheiros River in São Paulo, 2008. It has a 138 metres (453 ft)-high pylon under which two stayed roads cross each other turning 90° to the opposite bank of the river.
Oresund Bridge, a combined two-track rail and four-lane road bridge with a main span of 490 metres (1,610 ft) and a total length of 7.85 kilometres (4.88 mi), crossing the Öresund between Malmö, Sweden, and the Danish Capital Region.
Penobscot Narrows Bridge and Observatory, a road bridge with an observatory at the top of one of the towers, and a span of 2,120 feet (646 m).
Pont de Normandie, crosses the Seine in Normandy, France – briefly the world's longest cable-stayed bridge.
Queensferry Crossing (formerly the Forth Replacement Crossing) is a road bridge in Scotland. It is built alongside the existing, suspension, Forth Road Bridge across the Firth of Forth and upon completion in 2017 became the longest triple-tower cable-stayed bridge in the world at 2700m. [20]
Rande Bridge in Spain near Vigo is the highway cable-stayed bridge with the longest and slenderest span in the world at the time of construction (1973–1977). Three long spans of 148 metres (486 ft) + 400 metres (1,300 ft) + 148 metres (486 ft). Pylons in concrete, girder in steel.
Rio-Antirio bridge crosses the Gulf of Corinth near Patras, Greece. At a total length of 2,880 metres (9,450 ft) and four towers, it has the second longest cable-stayed suspended deck (2,258 metres (7,408 ft) long) in the world, with only the deck of the Millau Viaduct in southern France being longer at 2,460 metres (8,070 ft). However, as the latter is also supported by bearings at the pylons apart from cable stays, the Rio–Antirrio bridge deck might be considered the longest cable-stayed fully suspended deck in the world.
Russky Bridge, the cable-stayed bridge with the world’s longest span, at 1,104 metres (3,622 ft) meters. Vladivostok, Russia.
Second Severn Crossing between England and Wales is 3.186 miles (5.127 km) long, consisting of a single central navigation span over the "Shoots" channel and approach viaducts on either side. The Second Severn Crossing Bridge uses Freyssinet cable stays.
Boston's Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Memorial Bridge at dusk
Surgut Bridge, the longest single-pylon cable-stayed bridge in the world, crossing the Ob River in Siberia, Russia.
Sutong Yangtze River Bridge in eastern China has the second longest cable-stayed bridge span at 1,088 metres (3,570 ft). Completed in 2008, the Sutong Bridge is one of over 40 cable-stayed bridges built over the Yangtze since 1995.
Ting Kau Bridge, the world's first major four-span (three towers) cable-stayed bridge, forming part of the road network connecting Hong Kong International Airport to other parts of Hong Kong.
Vasco da Gama Bridge in Lisbon, Portugal is the longest bridge in Europe, with a total length of 17.2 kilometres (10.7 mi), including 0.829 kilometres (0.515 mi) for the main bridge, 11.5 kilometres (7.1 mi) in viaducts and 4.8 kilometres (3.0 mi) in extension roads.
The Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Memorial Bridge in downtown Boston, Massachusetts spanning the Charles River is the cable-stayed bridge with the world's widest roadbed for such a bridge, at some 183 feet (56 m), encompassing ten lanes of traffic. It is also the first cable-stayed bridge with an asymmetrical deck design, with two of the 10 lanes cantilevered from the south side of the main bridge deck.
Zárate–Brazo Largo Bridges over the Paraná Guazú and Paraná de las Palmas Rivers in Argentina (1972–1976) are the first two road and railway long-span cable-stayed steel bridges in the world. Spans: 110 metres (360 ft) + 330 metres (1,080 ft) + 110 metres (360 ft).
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Nordrum, Amy. "Popular Cable-Stay Bridges Rise Across U.S. to Replace Crumbling Spans". Scientific American. Retrieved 30 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bluff Dale Suspension Bridge". Historic American Engineering Record. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ "Barton Creek Bridge". Historic American Engineering Record. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ 42°30′14″N 2°08′37″E / 42.5040°N 2.1436°E / 42.5040; 2.1436
Jump up ^ 48°46′51″N 3°06′24″W / 48.7807°N 3.1065345°W / 48.7807; -3.1065345
Jump up ^ 36°38′56″N 5°55′49″W / 36.64876°N 5.9304°W / 36.64876; -5.9304
^ Jump up to: a b Troyano, Leonardo (2003). Bridge Engineering: A Global Perspective. Thomas Telford. pp. 650–652. ISBN 0-7277-3215-3.
Jump up ^ 44°22′57″N 4°43′42″E / 44.3824°N 4.7284°E / 44.3824; 4.7284
^ Jump up to: a b "Cable Stayed Bridge". Middle East Economic Engineering Forum.
Jump up ^ Sarhang Zadeh, Olfat (October 2012). "Comparison Between Three Types of Cable Stayed Bridges Using Structural Optimization" (PDF). Western University Canada.
Jump up ^ T.K. Bandyopadhyay; Alok Baishya (2000). P. Dayaratnam; G.P. Garg; G.V. Ratnam; R.N. Raghavan, eds. International Conference on Suspension, Cable Supported, and Cable Stayed Bridges: November 19–21, 1999, Hyderabad. Universities Press (India). pp. 282, 373. ISBN 978-81-7371-271-5.
Jump up ^ Virlogeux, Michel (1 February 2001). "Bridges with multiple cable-stayed spans". Structural Engineering International. 11 (1): 61–82. doi:10.2749/101686601780324250. Retrieved 8 March 2008.
Jump up ^ "Bridging To The Future Of Engineering" (Press release). American Society of Civil Engineers. 12 March 2007. Retrieved 8 March 2008.
Jump up ^ "Twin Stayed Road Bridges Reggio Emilia". Milan, Italy: Redailli Tecna S.P.A. Archived from the original on 2 January 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Three bridges in Reggio Emilia (Italy)" (PDF). European Steel Design Awards 2009. Brussels, Belgium: General Secretariat, European Convention for Constructional Steelwork. 2009. pp. 16–17. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 5, 2017. Retrieved January 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "World's longest cable-stayed railway bridge closes in China - Xinhua | English.news.cn". news.xinhuanet.com. Retrieved 2017-12-30.
Jump up ^ "Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge, 2012 OCEA". Texas Section-American Society of Civil Engineers. Archived from the original on January 5, 2017. Retrieved January 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Outstanding Civil Engineering Achievement Awards". Texas Section-American Society of Civil Engineers. Archived from the original on February 18, 2016. Retrieved January 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Margaret Hunt Bridge, Dallas, USA". 2012 ECCS Award For Steel Bridges. Brussels, Belgium: European Convention for Constructional Steelwork. pp. 4–7. Retrieved January 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ https://www.theforthbridges.org/queensferry-crossing/
Further reading[edit]
De Miranda F., et al., (1979), "Basic problems in long span cable stayed bridges", Rep. n. 25, Dipartimento di Strutture – Università di Calabria – Arcavacata (CS) Italy, (242 pagg.) September 1979.
Gregory, Frank Hutson; Freeman, Ralph Anthony (1987). The Bangkok Cable Stayed Bridge. 3 F Engineering Consultants, Bangkok. ISBN 974-410-097-4.
Podolny, Walter; Scalzi, John B. (1986). Construction and design of cable-stayed bridges (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley. ISBN 0471826553. *
Walther, Rene; et al. (1999). Cable Stayed Bridges (2nd ed.). Thomas Telford. ISBN 0-7277-2773-7.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cable-stayed bridges.
North American Cable Stayed Bridge Registry
Structurae: Cable-stayed Bridges
Cable-Stayed Bridge
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text:
Newman's Own
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Newman's Own
Type
Private
Founded
1993
Headquarters
Westport, Connecticut, U.S.
Key people
Paul Newman (founder)
A.E. Hotchner (co-founder)
Products
Popcorn, drinks, pasta sauce, salad dressing, salsa, frozen pizza, frozen skillet meals
Website
Newman's Own
Newman's Own is a food company founded by actor Paul Newman and author A.E. Hotchner in 1982. The company gives 100% of the after-tax profits from the sale of its products to Newman's Own Foundation (a private non-profit foundation) which in turn, gives the money to various educational and charitable organizations.[1] In 1982, Newman summarized his initial intentions regarding distribution of his company's profits:
"My profits will be divided between a number of tax-deductible charities and causes, some church-related, others for conservation and ecology and things like that."[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Charitable funding and beneficiaries
3 References
4 External links
History[edit]
The brand started in 1982 with a homemade salad dressing that Paul Newman and Hotchner prepared themselves and gave to friends as gifts.[3] The successful reception of the salad dressing led Newman and Hotchner to commercialize it for sale.[4] After that initial item, financed by Newman and Hotchner ($20,000 each as seed money),[5] pasta sauce, frozen pizza, lemonade, fruit cocktail juices, popcorn, salsa, grape juice, and other products were produced. Newman's Own Lemonade was introduced in 2004 and Newman's Own premium wines in 2008.[6] Each label features a picture of Newman, dressed in a different costume to represent the product. The company incorporated humor into its label packaging, as in the label for its first salad dressing in 1982, "Fine Foods Since February".[5]
In 1993, Newman's daughter Nell Newman founded Newman's Own Organics[7] as a division of the company, later to become a separate company in late 2001. It produces only organic foods including chocolate, cookies, pretzels and pet food. Her father posed with her for the photographs on the labels.[8] In 2014, Nell's license with Newman's Own was not renewed.
Newman and Hotchner co-wrote a memoir about their company and the Hole in the Wall Gang Camps, Shameless Exploitation in Pursuit of the Common Good (ISBN 0-385-50802-6), published in 2003. Newman and CEO Robert Forrester arranged for the continuation of the distribution of Newman's Own profits to charity after Newman's death through the establishment of the Newman's Own Foundation.[9]
On the death of Newman in 2008, control of the company and foundation passed to CEO Robert Forrester, a person Newman felt shared his vision for the company. Since taking over, Forrester has expanded and diversified the company.[10] However, Newman's daughter, Susan, has alleged that Forrester has taken her family "hostage" and pushed them off the board of the Newman's Own Foundation, the body setup to distribute company profits to charitable causes. He says the company and foundation are continued to be operated in accordance with the expressed wishes of her late father.[11] Forrester's salary increased from $185,000 to $295,000 from 2010 to 2013.[12]
Charitable funding and beneficiaries[edit]
According to the Newman's Own Foundation website, over $500 million (USD) has been generated for charity since 1982.[13] In 2016 the company donated profits of $30 million after gross sales of $600 million.[14] The company co-sponsored the PEN/Newman's Own First Amendment Award, which was presented annually to a United States resident who had fought courageously, despite adversity, to safeguard the First Amendment right to freedom of expression as it applied to the written word.
A sampling of grantees is available at the Newman's Own Foundation website[15] along with a description of funding areas.[16] One beneficiary of this charity is the SeriousFun Children's Network (previously the Association of Hole in the Wall Camps), residential summer camps for seriously ill children, which Paul co-founded in 1988. Today, there are camps, programs, and initiatives operating in 50 countries across 5 continents. Over 384,700 children have attended a SeriousFun program free of charge.[17] While proceeds from Newman's Own financed the startup of the camp, it now receives funding from many other sources. Additionally, the Newman's Own Foundation also provided a grant to The MINDS Foundation to fund US operations of the non-profit that works in rural India.[18] Other beneficiaries of the profits from Newman's Own have included The New York Times Neediest Cases Fund (from 1983 onwards),[19] Shining Hope for Communities,[20] Safe Water Network,[9] Edible Schoolyard NYC,[21] Fisher House Foundation,[22] the WILD Young Women Programme (New Zealand),[23] and Pilgrims Hospices (UK).[24]
Newman's Own Organics pays a name licensing fee, directed to the Newman's Own Foundation, to Newman's Own[citation needed].
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Mike Allen (18 November 1998). "Making His Own Charity an Acquired Taste". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-09-30.
Jump up ^ Mimi Sheraton (15 September 1982). "Newman's Salad Dressing: Oil, Vinegar and Ballyhoo". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-10-01.
Jump up ^ Nadine Brozan (22 December 1989). "From Paul Newman's Own Company, $250,000 for Neediest". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-09-30.
Jump up ^ Florence Fabricant (3 April 1991). "New Salsa Is True to Newman's Own Taste". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-09-30.
^ Jump up to: a b Ty Burr (28 September 2008). "Blue-eyed idol put an indelible stamp on movies, philanthropy". Boston Globe. Retrieved 2008-10-01.
Jump up ^ Businesswire.com
Jump up ^ "Nell's Corner - About Nell". Newman's Own Organics. Archived from the original on 2014-11-21. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Florence Fabricant (6 April 1994). "Food Notes". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-09-30.
^ Jump up to: a b Susan Haigh (29 September 2008). "Newman planned for charitable legacy after death". International Business Times. Retrieved 2008-09-30.
Jump up ^ "How The CEO Of The Newman's Own Foundation Carries On An Unconventional Legacy". www.fastcompany.com. April 4, 2017. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Seal, Mark. "Inside the Family Battle for the Newman's Own Brand Name". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Friedman, Roger. "Paul Newman Foundation President Nearly Doubled Salary in Four Years". Showbiz 411. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "About us". Newman's Own Foundation
Jump up ^ CNBC.com, Tom Cunneff (24 March 2017). "Hollywood icon's 'lark' nears half billion in charity, but some family isn't applauding". CNBC.
Jump up ^ "Organizations We Support". Newman's Own Foundation
Jump up ^ "Focus Areas". Newman's Own Foundation
Jump up ^ "About us: The Beginning". seriousfunnetwork.org
Jump up ^ "Our Supporters". The MINDS Foundation. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Jon Gertner (16 November 2003). "Newman's Own: Two Friends and a Canoe Paddle". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-09-30.
Jump up ^ Michael Roth (11 January 2012). "Opportunity, Engagement and Confidence: Cures for the Civic Recession". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2013-04-30.
Jump up ^ "Newman's Own Foundation Awards $4 Million for Nutrition Programs". Philanthropy News Digest (Press release). 28 October 2012. Retrieved 2013-04-30.
Jump up ^ Michael A. Fuoco (5 December 2012). "Fisher House in Pittsburgh welcomes ailing veterans' families". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 2013-04-30.
Jump up ^ Rebecca Blithe (20 April 2012). "US charity helps fund programme for Auckland teens". The Aucklander. Retrieved 2013-04-30.
Jump up ^ Chris Murphy (15 July 2012). "Paul Newman charity to fund research by Kent's Pilgrims Hospices". KentNews.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-04-30.
External links[edit]
Newman's Own, official website
Newman's Own Foundation, official website
Newman's Own Coffee website
Newman's Own: Business History
Seal, Mark (23 July 2015). "Inside the family battle for the Newman's Own brand name". Vanity Fair. Condé Nast. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
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text:
Lee Thompson Young
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Lee Thompson Young
Young in Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles (2008)
Born
(1984-02-01)February 1, 1984
Columbia, South Carolina, U.S.
Died
August 19, 2013(2013-08-19) (aged 29)
Los Angeles, California
Cause of death
Multiple gunshot suicide
Resting place
Lakeview Memorial Gardens
York, South Carolina
Occupation
Actor
Years active
1998–2013
Lee Thompson Young (February 1, 1984 – August 19, 2013) was an American actor. He was known for his teenage role as the title character on the Disney Channel television series The Famous Jett Jackson (1998–2001) and as Chris Comer in the movie Friday Night Lights (2004). His last starring role was as Boston police detective Barry Frost on the TNT police drama series Rizzoli & Isles (2010–14).
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Death
5 Filmography
6 Accolades
7 References
8 External links
Early life
Young was born in Columbia, South Carolina, the son of Velma Elaine (née Love) and Tommy Scott Young.[1][2] He was in the second grade when his parents' marriage ended, and he went to live with his mother. At age ten, he portrayed Martin Luther King in a play called A Night of Stars and Dreams by Dwight Woods, and the Phillis Wheatley Repertory Theater of Greenville, South Carolina.[3] It was then that Young decided he wanted to become an actor.
Career
Young moved to New York City in June 1996, but it was not until the next year that he auditioned for the part of Jett Jackson in The Famous Jett Jackson. He filmed the pilot and found out in June 1998 from the Disney Channel that the show had been picked up; it later went on to become a Disney Channel Original Movie in June 2001. Young also starred in Johnny Tsunami (1999), another Disney Channel Original Movie, as Sam Sterling. The movie was successful, but he did not reprise the role in the sequel, Johnny Kapahala: Back on Board (2007).
After the cancellation of The Famous Jett Jackson, Young had guest spots in the CBS series The Guardian. He also had a part in the movie Friday Night Lights (2004), portraying Chris Comer, and a part in the Jamie Foxx movie Redemption: The Stan Tookie Williams Story (2004). Lee appeared on UPN's TV drama series South Beach, and he portrayed Victor Stone (known in DC Comics as Cyborg) in a fifth-season episode of the television series Smallville, in 2006; which character he reprised in the Season Six episode "Justice" (airdate January 18, 2007), and again in the Season Nine finale "Salvation" (airdate May 14, 2010).
Young appeared in the feature film Akeelah and the Bee (2006), playing Akeelah's brother Devon. He played National Guard rookie, Delmar, in The Hills Have Eyes 2 (2007). In 2009, Young played a cocky surgical intern in the hit comedy show Scrubs. It is revealed that his character was an overweight child. The character becomes involved in a romance with one of the medical interns.
Young played the role of Al Gough, an FBI agent, in the ABC television drama FlashForward. He was written off the show in episode 7, when his character committed suicide to prevent the death of an innocent civilian. His last acting role was playing Barry Frost, partner of Jane Rizzoli (Angie Harmon) on the TNT drama Rizzoli & Isles, and he made an appearance on the Fox drama The Good Guys as the brother and business partner of an arms dealer.
Personal life
Young graduated with Honors from the University of Southern California, where he majored in Cinematic Arts and was a member of the Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity. Young enjoyed writing and wrote the screenplay for the 2007 short film Mano.[4]
Death
On August 19, 2013, Young failed to show up for filming an episode of Rizzoli & Isles.[5] Police were called to do a well-being check on him at his Los Angeles apartment, where he was found dead.[1] His manager stated the actor had committed suicide.[6][7] Police confirmed the cause of death as a self-inflicted gunshot wound.[8] Young had been diagnosed with bipolar disorder, for which he had been taking medication, and had been suffering from depression before his death.[9]
After funeral services at Inglewood Park Cemetery, Young was interred at Lakeview Memorial Garden, York, South Carolina.[10] A three-hour memorial service was held on the Paramount Studios lot.[11]
Young's family launched the Lee Thompson Young Foundation in an effort to help remove the stigma surrounding mental illness.[12]
Filmography
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2004 Friday Night Lights Chris Comer
2006 Akeelah and the Bee Devon Anderson
2007 Hills Have Eyes 2, TheThe Hills Have Eyes 2 Delmar
2007 Mano Machito Short film
2010 Bastard Passenger 1 Short film
2012 Just an American Curtiss Jackson
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1998–2001 Famous Jett Jackson, TheThe Famous Jett Jackson Jett Jackson / Silverstone Lead role (65 episodes)
1999 Johnny Tsunami Sam Sterling Movie
2001 Jett Jackson: The Movie Jett Jackson / Silverstone Movie
2002 Philly Steven Hicks Episode: "There's No Business Like No Business"
2002 Guardian, TheThe Guardian Levi Mooney 5 episodes
2003 Jake 2.0 Prince Malik Namir Episode: "The Prince and the Revolution"
2003 The Jersey Himself Episode: "Origins: Part 2"
2004 Redemption: The Stan Tookie Williams Story Charles Becnel Movie
2004 Proud Family, TheThe Proud Family Teen Bebe (voice) Episode: "Twins to Tweens"
2004–2005 Xiaolin Showdown Jermaine (voice) 2 episodes
2005 Kevin Hill Levi Episode: "Homeland Insecurity"
2006 South Beach Alex Bauer 5 episodes
2006–07,
2010 Smallville Victor Stone/Cyborg 3 episodes
2008 Five Year Plan Mutabi Movie
2008 Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles Agent Stewart Episode: "Heavy Metal"
2009 Scrubs Derek 3 episodes
2009 Lincoln Heights Julian Episode: "Bully for You"
2009–2010 FlashForward Al Gough 8 episodes
2010 Good Guys, TheThe Good Guys Eric Williams Episode: "Small Rooms"
2010–2014 Rizzoli & Isles Det. Barry Frost Main role (56 episodes)
2010 Event, TheThe Event Corporal Bell 2 episodes
2012 CSI: NY Kelvin Moore Episode: "Unwrapped"
Accolades
Year
Association
Category
Nominated work
Result
1999 Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Drama or Comedy Series – Leading Young Actor The Famous Jett Jackson Nominated
2000 Best Performance in a TV Comedy Series – Leading Young Actor Nominated
2001 Best Performance in a TV Drama Series – Leading Young Actor Nominated
Gemini Awards Best Performance in a Children's or Youth Program or Series Nominated
References
^ Jump up to: a b Holleman, Joey (August 19, 2013). "Columbia native turned TV star takes own life". The State. Archived from the original on October 23, 2013. Retrieved June 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Lee Thompson Young Biography (1984-)". Film Reference. Advameg, Inc. Retrieved June 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Lee Thompson Young: Brilliant young actor and a gentle soul". The Sydney Morning Herald. August 20, 2013. Retrieved June 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ "''Mano'' (2008), a film by Brad Tiemann". Cinema.theiapolis.com. Retrieved August 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ Elber, Lynn (August 19, 2013). "Actor Lee Thompson Young found dead at age 29". The Las Vegas Sun.
Jump up ^ "Lee Thompson Young Ex-Disney Superstar Dead". TMZ. Retrieved August 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ Freydkin, Donna (August 19, 2013). "Lee Thompson Young found dead". USA Today. Gannett Company. Retrieved August 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ Woo, Kelly (August 19, 2013). "Former Disney Channel Star Lee Thompson Young Found Dead". Yahoo!. Retrieved August 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ Nancy Dillon (October 8, 2013). "Lee Thompson Young suffered from bipolar disorder before suicide: coroner's report". The New York Daily News.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Zach (September 4, 2013). "Lee Thompson Young's Death Certificate Released, Suicide Confirmed". E!.
Jump up ^ "Angie Harmon in Tears at Lee Thompson Young Memorial".
Jump up ^ "Family breaks silence on actor Lee Thompson Young's suicide". wistv.com. Franklin Media and WISTV. Retrieved February 3, 2016.
External links
Lee Thompson Young on IMDb
Lee Thompson Young at Find a Grave
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 31745664
LCCN: no2006031366
ISNI: 0000 0000 8110 6675
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lee_Thompson_Young&oldid=816182011"
Categories:
1984 births
2013 deaths
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American male actors who committed suicide
Male actors from South Carolina
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Actors from Columbia, South Carolina
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USC School of Cinematic Arts alumni
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Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God
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The Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God was a breakaway religious movement from the Roman Catholic Church founded by Credonia Mwerinde, Joseph Kibweteere and Bee Tait in Uganda. It was formed in the late 1980s after Mwerinde, a brewer of banana beer, and Kibweteere, a politician, claimed that they had visions of the Virgin Mary. The five primary leaders were Joseph Kibweteere, Joseph Kasapurari, John Kamagara, Dominic Kataribabo, and Credonia Mwerinde. In early 2000, followers of the religious movement perished in a devastating fire and a series of poisonings and killings that were either a group suicide or an orchestrated mass murder by group leaders after their predictions of the apocalypse failed to come about.[1] In their coverage of that event, BBC News and The New York Times referred to the Movement as a Doomsday cult.[2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Beliefs
2 Background
3 History
3.1 Founding
3.2 Middle years
3.3 Apocalypse
3.4 Aftermath
4 References
5 External links
Beliefs[edit]
The goals of the Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God were to obey the Ten Commandments and preach the word of Jesus Christ. They taught that to avoid damnation in the apocalypse, one had to strictly follow the Commandments. The emphasis on the Commandments was so strong that the group discouraged talking, for fear of breaking the Ninth Commandment, "Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor," and on some days communication was only conducted in sign language.[citation needed] Fasts were conducted regularly, and only one meal was eaten on Fridays and Mondays. Sex was forbidden, as was soap.[4]
Movement leaders declared that the apocalypse would occur at the date of December 31st 1999. The group had a strong emphasis on an apocalyptic end time, highlighted by their booklet A Timely Message from Heaven: The End of the Present Time.[5] New members were required to study it and be trained in its text, reading it as many as six times. They also taught that the Virgin Mary had a special role in the end, and that she also communicated with their leadership. They held themselves akin to Noah's Ark, a ship of righteousness in a sea of depravity.[2]
The Movement developed a hierarchy of visionaries, topped by Mwerinde. Behind them were former priests who served as theologians and explained their messages. Although the group had split from the Catholic Church, had Catholic icons placed prominently, and defrocked priests and nuns in its leadership, ties to the Church were only tenuous.[2]
Background[edit]
The recent past of Uganda had been marked with political and social turmoil. The rule of Idi Amin, the AIDS pandemic, and the Ugandan Bush War wreaked havoc across the country.[2][6] People became pessimistic and fatalistic, and the established Roman Catholic Church was backsliding, enveloped in scandals and the faithful were becoming dissatisfied.[2] In this void, many post-Catholic groups formed in the late eighties as a confused and traumatized populace turned to charismatic self-declared messiahs who renounced the authority of the government and the Church.[6] An example of this phenomenon was the Christian resistance group, the Holy Spirit Movement, which fought against the government of Yoweri Museveni.[2] A former member of another unrelated sect, Paul Ikazire, would explain his motivation to join the Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God, "We joined the movement as a protest against the Catholic Church. We had good intentions. The church was backsliding, the priests were covered in scandals and the AIDS scourge was taking its toll on the faithful. The world seemed poised to end."[4]
History[edit]
Founding[edit]
The earliest origins of the movement have been traced back to Credonia Mwerinde's father Paulo Kashaku. In 1960 he claimed to have had a vision of his deceased daughter Evangelista, who told him that he would have visions of heaven. This prediction passed in 1988, when he saw Jesus Christ, the Virgin Mary, and Saint Joseph. His daughter Credonia also had similar visions and was involved in a Virgin Cult.[7] In 1989 Kashaku instructed her to spread the message across Uganda on the orders of the Virgin Mary. In that year she would meet Joseph Kibweteere and tell him of their communications.[citation needed]
Joseph Kibweteere claimed to have had a vision of the Virgin Mary in 1984. Credonia Mwerinde also had a similar vision in a cavern near Kibweteere's house in Rwashamaire, Uganda.[7] In 1989 the two met and formed the Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God, with the mission to spread the Virgin's message about the apocalypse. The group grew rapidly and also attracted several defrocked Catholic priests and nuns who worked as theologians, rationalizing messages from the leadership. Two of the arrivals were the excommunicated priests Paul Ikazire and Dominic Kataribabo.[4]
Middle years[edit]
The sect grew in importance with the arrival of Dominic Kataribabo, a respected and popular priest with a PhD from a university in the United States. In order to obtain more funds for the increasing number of disciples, Kibweteere sold his three other properties, car and milling machines.[7] By the late 1990s, the church had grown into a thriving community, set in pineapple and banana plantations. Members lived communally on land bought by pooling the profits from their property, which they sold when they joined the Movement. Mwerinde claimed to receive messages from the Virgin Mary through a hidden telephone system that communicated through everyday objects.[7] In western Uganda they built houses for recruitment, indoctrination and worship, and a primary school. The year 2000 was settled on as the final, compelling date for the sect's predictions of the apocalypse.[citation needed]
In 1992 the group was ordered out of Rwashamaire by village elders, and moved to Kanungu District, where Mwerinde's father offered an extensive property for their use.[7] In 1994, Paul Ikazire left the sect, taking with him approximately seventy members.[4] By 1997, according to a filing with the government, the Movement's membership was listed at nearly 5,000 people. In 1998, the Ugandan press reported that the Movement had been shut down for unsanitary conditions, use of child labor, and possibly kidnapping children, but the sect was allowed to reopen by the government.[8]
As the new millennium approached preparations for the end mounted. In 1999, the state owned New Vision newspaper ran an interview with a teenage member. He said, "The world ends next year. There is no time to waste. Some of our leaders talk directly to God. Any minute from now, when the end comes, every believer who will be at an as yet undisclosed spot will be saved."[8]
Apocalypse[edit]
With the new year looming, activity by Movement members became frenzied, their leaders urged them to confess their sins in preparation for the end. Clothes and cattle were sold cheaply, past members were re-recruited, and all work in the fields ceased. January 1, 2000, passed without the advent of the apocalypse, and the Movement began to unravel. Questions were asked of Mwerinde and Kibweteere,[1] and payments to the Church decreased dramatically. Ugandan police believe that some members, who were required to sell their possessions and turn over the money to the Movement, rebelled and demanded the return of their money.[4] It is believed that events that followed were orchestrated by sect leaders in response to the crisis in the ranks.[9]
Another date was immediately predicted. March 17, 2000, was the new end of the world, a doomsday they said would come "with ceremony, and finality" according to the New York Times. The Movement held a huge party at Kanungu, and roasted three bulls and drank 70 crates of soft drinks.[4] On the seventeenth, group members arrived at their church in Kanangu to pray and sing, minutes later nearby villagers heard an explosion, and the building was gutted in an intense fire that killed all 530 in attendance, including dozens of children. The windows and doors of the building had been boarded up.[1] The five principal cult leaders, Joseph Kibweteere, Joseph Kasapurari, John Kamagara, Dominic Kataribabo, and Credonia Mwerinde, were assumed to have died in the fire.[3] The fire alerted the Ugandan authorities to what had been occurring in the Movement. Several days before Movement leader Dominic Kataribabo was seen buying 50 liters of sulfuric acid, which may have started the fire. Another party was planned for the eighteenth, which officials believe sect leaders had announced in order to mislead authorities as to their plans.[10]
Four days after the church fire, police investigated Movement properties and discovered hundreds of bodies at sites across southern Uganda.[9] Six bodies were discovered sealed in the latrine of the Kanungu compound, as well as 153 bodies at a compound in Buhunage, 155 bodies at Dominic Kataribabo's estate at Rugazi, where they had been poisoned and stabbed, and another 81 bodies lay at leader Joseph Nymurinda's farm.[10] Forensics investigations indicated that they had been murdered weeks before the church inferno.[citation needed]
Aftermath[edit]
Other than the individuals who died in the fire, medical examiners determined that the majority of dead sect members had been poisoned. Early reports suggested that they had been strangled based on the presence of twisted banana fibers around their necks. After searching all sites, the police concluded that earlier estimates of nearly a thousand dead had been exaggerated, and that the final death toll had settled at 778.[3]
After interviews and an investigation were conducted, the police ruled out a cult suicide, and instead consider it to be a mass murder conducted by Movement leadership. They believe that the failure of the doomsday prophecy led to a revolt in the ranks of the sect, and the leaders set a new date with a plan to eliminate their followers.[1] The discovery of bodies at other sites,[9] the fact the church had been boarded up, the presence of incendiaries, and the possible disappearance of sect leaders all point to this theory. Additionally, witnesses said the Movement leadership had never spoken of mass suicide when preparing members for the end of the world.[1]
The Ugandan government responded with condemnation. President Yoweri Museveni called the event a "mass murder by these priests for monetary gain." Vice president Dr. Speciosa Wandira Kazibwe said, "These were callously, well-orchestrated mass murders perpetrated by a network of diabolic, malevolent criminals masquerading as religious people."[1] Although it was initially assumed that the five leaders died in the fire, police now believe that Joseph Kibweteere and Credonia Mwerinde may still be alive, and have issued an international warrant for their arrest.[3]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Uganda Survivor Tells of Questions When World Didn't End Ian Fisher New York Times April 3, 2000
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Quiet cult's doomsday deaths BBC News March 29, 2000
^ Jump up to: a b c d Cult in Uganda Poisoned Many, Police Say New York Times July 28, 2000
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Uganda Cult's Mystique Finally Turned Deadly Ian Fisher The New York Times April 2, 2000
Jump up ^ Fateful Meeting Led to Founding of Cult in Uganda Henri E. Cauvin New York Times March 27, 2000
^ Jump up to: a b Cults: Why East Africa? BBC News March 20, 2000
^ Jump up to: a b c d e The preacher and the prostitute BBC News March 29, 2000
^ Jump up to: a b A party, prayers, then mass suicide Anna Borzello The Guardian March 20, 2000
^ Jump up to: a b c Evidence Indicates Uganda Cult Held an Eerie Prelude to Fire Henri E. Cauvin New York Times March 26, 2000
^ Jump up to: a b Mass graves found in sect house Anna Borzello The Guardian March 25, 2000
External links[edit]
Seven Years Since the Kanungu Massacre
The Kanungu Fire (multimedia site by Richard Vokes)
Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God
Religious Tolerance.org on the Movement
Books
The Uganda cult tragedy: a private investigation
Ashes of Faith: A Doomsday Cult's Orchestration of Mass Murder in Africa
Ghosts of Kanungu: Fertility, Secrecy & Exchange in the Great Lakes of East Africa
News
"Religion That Kills", ABC News, 14 February 2001 News story about the phenomenon of cults in Uganda
BBC - Death cult activities 'ignored'
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Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God
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value: وصايا الرب العشر – Arabic

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