text:
Pineapple
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For other uses, see Pineapple (disambiguation).
Pineapple
A pineapple on its parent plant
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Bromeliaceae
Genus: Ananas
Species: A. comosus
Binomial name
Ananas comosus
(L.) Merr.
Synonyms[1]
List[show]
Ananas acostae C. Commelijn
Ananas ananas (L.) H.Karst. ex Voss nom. inval.
Ananas argentata J.C.Wendl. ex Schult. & Schult.f.
Ananas aurata J.C.Wendl. ex Schult. & Schult.f.
Ananas bracteatus Baker
Ananas coccineus Descourt.
Ananas debilis Schult. & Schult.f.
Ananas lyman-smithii Camargo nom. inval.
Ananas maxima Schult. & Schult.f.
Ananas monstrosus (Carrière) L.B.Sm.
Ananas ovatus Mill.
Ananas pancheanus André
Ananas penangensis Baker
Ananas porteanus Veitch ex K.Koch
Ananas pyramidalis Mill.
Ananas sativa Lindl.
Ananas sativus Schult. & Schult.f.
Ananas serotinus Mill.
Ananas viridis Mill.
Ananassa ananas (L.) H.Karst.
Ananassa debilis Lindl.
Ananassa monstrosa Carrière
Ananassa porteana (Veitch ex K.Koch) Carrière
Ananassa sativa (Schult. & Schult.f.) Lindl. ex Beer
Bromelia ananas L.
Bromelia ananas Willd.
Bromelia communis Lam.
Bromelia comosa L.
Bromelia edulis Salisb. nom. illeg.
Bromelia mai-pouri Perrier
Bromelia pigna Perrier
Bromelia rubra Schult. & Schult.f.
Bromelia violacea Schult. & Schult.f.
Bromelia viridis (Mill.) Schult. & Schult.f.
Distiacanthus communis (Lam.) Rojas Acosta
The pineapple (Ananas comosus) is a tropical plant with an edible multiple fruit consisting of coalesced berries, also called pineapples,[2][3] and the most economically significant plant in the family Bromeliaceae.[4]
Pineapples may be cultivated from a crown cutting of the fruit,[2][5] possibly flowering in five to ten months and fruiting in the following six months.[5][6] Pineapples do not ripen significantly after harvest.[7] In 2016, Costa Rica, Brazil, and the Philippines accounted for nearly one-third of the world's production of pineapples.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Botany
3 Pollination
4 Culinary uses
5 Nutrition
5.1 Bromelain
6 History
7 Production
8 Cultivation
8.1 Ethical and environmental concerns
8.2 Cultivars
9 Phytochemistry
10 Pests and diseases
11 Storage and transport
12 Symbolism and cultural history
13 Gallery
14 See also
15 References
16 Bibliography
17 External links
Etymology
Pineapple and its cross-section
A young pineapple in flower
The word "pineapple" in English was first recorded to describe the reproductive organs of conifer trees (now termed pine cones). When European explorers encountered this tropical fruit in the Americas, they called them "pineapples" (first referenced in 1664, for resemblance to pine cones).[9][10]
In the scientific binomial Ananas comosus, ananas, the original name of the fruit, comes from the Tupi word nanas, meaning "excellent fruit",[11] as recorded by André Thevet in 1555, and comosus, "tufted", refers to the stem of the fruit. Other members of the genus Ananas are often called pine, as well, in other languages. In Spanish, pineapples are called piña ("pine cone"), or ananá (ananás) (for example, the piña colada drink).[citation needed]
Botany
Pineapple in the starting stage
The pineapple is a herbaceous perennial, which grows to 1.0 to 1.5 m (3.3 to 4.9 ft) tall, although sometimes it can be taller. In appearance, the plant has a short, stocky stem with tough, waxy leaves. When creating its fruit, it usually produces up to 200 flowers, although some large-fruited cultivars can exceed this. Once it flowers, the individual fruits of the flowers join together to create what is commonly referred to as a pineapple. After the first fruit is produced, side shoots (called 'suckers' by commercial growers) are produced in the leaf axils of the main stem. These may be removed for propagation, or left to produce additional fruits on the original plant.[5] Commercially, suckers that appear around the base are cultivated. It has 30 or more long, narrow, fleshy, trough-shaped leaves with sharp spines along the margins that are 30 to 100 cm (1.0 to 3.3 ft) long, surrounding a thick stem. In the first year of growth, the axis lengthens and thickens, bearing numerous leaves in close spirals. After 12 to 20 months, the stem grows into a spike-like inflorescence up to 15 cm (6 in) long with over 100 spirally arranged, trimerous flowers, each subtended by a bract. Flower colors vary, depending on variety, from lavender, through light purple to red.[citation needed]
The ovaries develop into berries, which coalesce into a large, compact, multiple fruit. The fruit of a pineapple is arranged in two interlocking helices, eight in one direction, 13 in the other, each being a Fibonacci number.[12]
The pineapple carries out CAM photosynthesis,[13] fixing carbon dioxide at night and storing it as the acid malate, then releasing it during the day aiding photosynthesis.
Pollination
In the wild, pineapples are pollinated primarily by hummingbirds.[2][14] Certain wild pineapples are foraged and pollinated at night by bats.[15]
Under cultivation, because seed development diminishes fruit quality, pollination is performed by hand, and seeds are retained only for breeding.[2] Specifically in Hawaii, where pineapples were cultivated and canned industrially throughout the 20th century,[16] importation of hummingbirds was prohibited.[17]
Culinary uses
Pineapple, raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy
209 kJ (50 kcal)
Carbohydrates
13.12 g
Sugars
9.85 g
Dietary fiber
1.4 g
Fat
0.12 g
Protein
0.54 g
Vitamins
(%DV)†
Qty
Thiamine (B1)
(7%)
0.079 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
(3%)
0.032 mg
Niacin (B3)
(3%)
0.5 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
(4%)
0.213 mg
Vitamin B6
(9%)
0.112 mg
Folate (B9)
(5%)
18 μg
Choline
(1%)
5.5 mg
Vitamin C
(58%)
47.8 mg
Minerals
Calcium
(1%)
13 mg
Iron
(2%)
0.29 mg
Magnesium
(3%)
12 mg
Manganese
(44%)
0.927 mg
Phosphorus
(1%)
8 mg
Potassium
(2%)
109 mg
Sodium
(0%)
1 mg
Zinc
(1%)
0.12 mg
Other constituents
Water
86.00 g
Link to USDA Database entry
Units
μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
IU = International units
†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Pineapple juice
The flesh and juice of the pineapple are used in cuisines around the world. In many tropical countries, pineapple is prepared and sold on roadsides as a snack. It is sold whole or in halves with a stick inserted. Whole, cored slices with a cherry in the middle are a common garnish on hams in the West. Chunks of pineapple are used in desserts such as fruit salad, as well as in some savory dishes, including pizza toppings, or as a grilled ring on a hamburger. Crushed pineapple is used in yogurt, jam, sweets, and ice cream. The juice of the pineapple is served as a beverage, and it is also the main ingredient in cocktails such as the piña colada and in the drink tepache.
Nutrition
In a 100-gram reference amount, raw pineapple is a rich source of manganese (44% Daily Value, DV) and vitamin C (58% DV), but otherwise contains no essential nutrients in significant quantities (table).[18]
Bromelain
Present in all parts of the pineapple plant,[19] bromelain is a mixture of proteolytic enzymes. Bromelain is under preliminary research for a variety of clinical disorders, but to date has not been adequately defined for its effects in the human body.[20] Bromelain may be unsafe for some users, such as in pregnancy, allergies, or anticoagulation therapy.[20]
If having sufficient bromelain content, raw pineapple juice may be useful as a meat marinade and tenderizer.[21] Although pineapple enzymes can interfere with the preparation of some foods or manufactured products, such as gelatin-based desserts or gel capsules,[22] their proteolytic activity responsible for such properties may be degraded during cooking and canning. The quantity of bromelain in a typical serving of pineapple fruit is probably not significant, but specific extraction can yield sufficient quantities for domestic and industrial processing.[21][23]
The bromelain content of raw pineapple is responsible for the sore mouth feeling often experienced when eating it, due to the enzymes breaking down the proteins of sensitive tissues in the mouth. Also, raphides, needle-shaped crystals of calcium oxalate that occur in pineapple fruits and leaves, likely cause microabrasions, contributing to mouth discomfort.[24][25][26]
History
The plant is indigenous to South America and is said to originate from the area between southern Brazil and Paraguay;[2] however, little is known about the origin of the domesticated pineapple (Pickersgill, 1976). MS Bertoni (1919)[27] considered the Paraná–Paraguay River drainages to be the place of origin of A. comosus.[28] The natives of southern Brazil and Paraguay spread the pineapple throughout South America, and it eventually reached the Caribbean, Central America, and Mexico, where it was cultivated by the Mayas and the Aztecs. Columbus encountered the pineapple in 1493 on the leeward island of Guadeloupe. He called it piña de Indes, meaning "pine of the Indians", and brought it back with him to Spain, thus making the pineapple the first bromeliad to be introduced by humans outside of the New World.[29] The Spanish introduced it into the Philippines, Hawaii (introduced in the early 19th century, first commercial plantation 1886), Zimbabwe, and Guam. The fruit is said to have been first introduced in Hawaii when a Spanish ship brought it there in the 1500s.[30] The Portuguese took the fruit from Brazil and introduced it into India by 1550.[31]
Charles II is presented with the first pineapple grown in England (1675 painting by Hendrik Danckerts).
The pineapple was brought to northern Europe by the Dutch from their colony in Surinam. The first pineapple to be successfully cultivated in Europe, is said to have been grown by Pieter de la Court at Meerburg in 1658.[32] In England, a huge "pineapple stove" needed to grow the plants had been built at the Chelsea Physic Garden in 1723.[33] In France, King Louis XV was presented with a pineapple that had been grown at Versailles in 1733. Catherine the Great ate pineapples grown on her own estates before her death in 1796.[34] Because of the expense of direct import and the enormous cost in equipment and labour required to grow them in a temperate climate, using hothouses called "pineries", pineapples soon became a symbol of wealth. They were initially used mainly for display at dinner parties, rather than being eaten, and were used again and again until they began to rot.[35] By the second half of the 18th century, the production of the fruit on British estates had become the subject of great rivalry between wealthy aristocrats.[35] John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore built a hothouse on his estate surmounted by a huge stone cupola 14 metres tall in the shape of the fruit; it is known as the Dunmore Pineapple.[36]
John Kidwell is credited with the introduction of the pineapple industry to Hawaii; large-scale pineapple cultivation by US companies began in the early 1900s. Among the most famous and influential pineapple industrialists was James Dole, who moved to Hawaii in 1899[37] and started a pineapple plantation in 1900.[38] The companies Dole and Del Monte began growing pineapples on the island of Oahu in 1901 and 1917, respectively. Dole's pineapple company began with the acquisition of 60 acres (24 ha) of land in 1901, and grew into a major company, the Dole Food Company. Maui Pineapple Company began pineapple cultivation on the island of Maui in 1909.[39]
In the US, in 1986, the Pineapple Research Institute was dissolved and its assets divided between Del Monte and Maui Land and Pineapple. Del Monte took cultivar '73–114', dubbed 'MD-2', to its plantations in Costa Rica, found it to be well-suited to growing there, and launched it publicly in 1996 as 'Gold Extra Sweet', while Del Monte also began marketing '73–50', dubbed 'CO-2', as 'Del Monte Gold'.[40]
Dole ceased its cannery operations in Honolulu in 1991, and in 2008, Del Monte terminated its pineapple-growing operations in Hawaii.[41] In 2009, the Maui Pineapple Company reduced its operations to supply pineapples only locally on Maui,[42] and by 2013, only the Dole Plantation on Oahu grew pineapples in a volume of about 0.1 percent of the world's production.[41]
Production
Pineapple production – 2016
Country
(millions of tonnes)
Costa Rica 2.9
Brazil 2.7
Philippines 2.6
Thailand 1.9
India 1.9
Indonesia 1.3
World 25.8
Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations[8]
In 2016, world production of pineapples was 25.8 million tonnes, led by Costa Rica, Brazil, and the Philippines, which collectively accounted for 32% of the global total (table).[8]
Cultivation
In commercial farming, flowering can be induced artificially, and the early harvesting of the main fruit can encourage the development of a second crop of smaller fruits. Once removed during cleaning, the top of the pineapple can be planted in soil and a new plant will grow. Slips and suckers are planted commercially.[2]
Red pineapple (Ananas bracteatus)
Pineapples can be consumed fresh, cooked, juiced, or preserved. They are found in a wide array of cuisines. In addition to consumption, the pineapple leaves are used to produce the textile fiber piña in the Philippines, commonly used as the material for the men's barong Tagalog and women's baro't saya formal wear in the country. The fiber is also used as a component for wallpaper and other furnishings.[43]
Ethical and environmental concerns
Three-quarters of the pineapples sold in Europe are grown in Costa Rica, where pineapple production is highly industrialised. Growers typically use 20 kg (44 lb) of pesticides per hectare in each growing cycle,[44] a process that may affect soil quality and biodiversity. The pesticides—organophosphates, organochlorines, and hormone disruptors—have the potential to affect workers' health and can contaminate local drinking water supplies.[44] Many of these chemicals have potential to be carcinogens, and may be related to birth defects.[44]
Because of commercial pressures, many pineapple workers—60% of whom are Nicaraguan—in Costa Rica are paid low wages.[quantify] European supermarkets' price-reduction policies have lowered growers' incomes.[44] One major pineapple producer contests these claims.[45]
Cultivars
Many cultivars are known.[2] The leaves of the commonly grown "smooth cayenne" are smooth,[46] and it is the most commonly grown worldwide. Many cultivars have become distributed from its origins in Paraguay and the southern part of Brazil, and later improved stocks were introduced into the Americas, the Azores, Africa, India, Malaysia and Australia.[2] Varieties include:[citation needed]
"Hilo" is a compact, 1.0- to 1.5-kg (2– to 3-lb) Hawaiian variant of smooth cayenne; the fruit is more cylindrical and produces many suckers, but no slips.
"Kona sugarloaf", at 2.5 to 3.0 kg (5–6 lb), has white flesh with no woodiness in the center, is cylindrical in shape, and has a high sugar content but no acid; it has an unusually sweet fruit.
"Natal queen", at 1.0 to 1.5 kg (2 to 3 lb), has golden yellow flesh, crisp texture, and delicate mild flavor; well-adapted to fresh consumption, it keeps well after ripening. It has spiny leaves, and is grown in Australia, Malaysia, and South Africa.
"Pernambuco" ("eleuthera") weighs 1–2 kg (2–4 lb), and has pale yellow to white flesh. It is sweet, melting in texture, and excellent for eating fresh; it is poorly adapted for shipping, has spiny leaves, and is grown in Latin America.
"Red Spanish", at 1–2 kg (2–4 lb), has pale yellow flesh with a pleasant aroma, is squarish in shape, and well-adapted for shipping as fresh fruit to distant markets; it has spiny leaves and is grown in Latin America.
"Smooth cayenne", a 2.5- to 3.0-kg (5- to 6-lb), pale yellow– to yellow-fleshed, cylindrical fruit with high sugar and acid content, is well-adapted to canning and processing; its leaves are without spines. It is an ancient cultivar developed by Amerind peoples.[40] In some parts of Asia, this cultivar is known as Sarawak, after an area of Malaysia in which it is grown.[47] It is one of the ancestors of cultivars "73-50" (also called "MD-1" and "CO-2") and "73–114" (also called "MD-2").[40] Smooth cayenne was previously the variety produced in Hawaii, and the most easily obtainable in U.S. grocery stores, but was replaced over the course of the mid-1990s and 2000s by MD-2.[40]
Some Ananas species are grown as ornamentals for color, novel fruit size, and other aesthetic qualities.
Abacaxi
Tropical Gold
Victoria
Pineapple plant in Bangladesh
Phytochemistry
Pineapple fruits and peels contain diverse phytochemicals, among which are polyphenols, including gallic acid, syringic acid, vanillin, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, and arbutin.[48][49]
Pests and diseases
Main article: List of pineapple diseases
Pineapples are subject to a variety of diseases, the most serious of which is wilt disease vectored by mealybugs[50] typically found on the surface of pineapples, but possibly in the closed blossom cups.[2] Other diseases include pink disease, bacterial heart rot, anthracnose,[50] fungal heart rot, root rot, black rot, butt rot, fruitlet core rot, and yellow spot virus.[51] Pink disease is characterized by the fruit developing a brownish to black discoloration when heated during the canning process. The causal agents of pink disease are the bacteria Acetobacter aceti, Gluconobacter oxydans, and Pantoea citrea.[52]
Some pests that commonly affect pineapple plants are scales, thrips, mites, mealybugs, ants, and symphylids.[51]
Heart-rot is the most serious disease affecting pineapple plants. The disease is caused by Phytophthora Cinnamoni and P. parasitica, fungi that often affect pineapples grown in wet conditions. Since it is difficult to treat, it is advisable to guard against infection by planting resistant cultivars where these are available; all suckers that are required for propagation should be dipped in a fungicide, since the fungus enters through the wounds.[53]
Storage and transport
Some buyers prefer green fruit, others ripened or off-green. A plant growth regulator, Ethephon, is typically sprayed onto the fruit one week before harvest, developing ethylene, which turns the fruit golden yellow. After cleaning and slicing, a pineapple is typically canned in sugar syrup with added preservative.[2]
A pineapple never becomes any riper than it was when harvested.[54] A fully ripe pineapple can bruise and rot quickly.[citation needed]
The fruit itself is quite perishable[2] and if it is stored at room temperature, it should be used within two days; however, if it is refrigerated, the time span extends to 5–7 days.
Symbolism and cultural history
Mimi Sheller writes: "The pineapple entered European iconography as a symbol of welcome and hospitality, and also eventually found its way into botanical gardens such as the Chelsea Physic Garden, where it was grown in heated pits."[55] The sweet fruit had a "mysterious aura" in the Age of Sail because except for a "small elite with access to glass hothouses", tropical fruits could only be tasted where they were cultivated.[55] Christopher Cumo writes that "The Spanish who followed Columbus delighted in eating pineapple and in writing about it for a European public eager to learn of the flora and fauna of the Americas ... The pineapple was first a luxury because transit from the tropics to Europe was expensive in the age of sail. In this respect, pineapple was much like sugar, a commodity of privilege before it became an item of the masses."[56] Cumo writes that "pineapple was the fruit of colonialism" because the Portuguese, French, Dutch, and British all sought to establish pineapple plantations in the tropics of South America, Central America, and the Caribbean.[56]
In architecture, pineapple figures are a decorative element symbolizing hospitality.[57][58][59] Usually in plaster or carved wood,[59] pineapples images occur in finials,[57][59] pendants,[59] "broken" pediments,[58] and door knockers.[60]
Gallery
Play media
A pineapple being prepared by a roadside vendor in Hainan, China
A pineapple
Pineapple detail
Pineapple leaf detail
See also
Food portal
Big Pineapple
Pineapple cutter
Pineapple tart
Vazhakulam pineapple
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Jump up ^ Li, Ti; Shen, Peiyi; Liu, Wei; Liu, Chengmei; Liang, Ruihong; Yan, Na; Chen, Jun (2014). "Major Polyphenolics in Pineapple Peels and their Antioxidant Interactions". International Journal of Food Properties. 17 (8): 1805. doi:10.1080/10942912.2012.732168.
Jump up ^ Ogawa, E. M; Costa, H. B; Ventura, J. A; Caetano, L. C; Pinto, F. E; Oliveira, B. G; Barroso, M. E. S; Scherer, R; Endringer, D. C; Romão, W (2018). "Chemical profile of pineapple cv. Vitória in different maturation stages using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 98 (3): 1105–1116. doi:10.1002/jsfa.8561. PMID 28722812.
^ Jump up to: a b "Diseases of Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.)". Apsnet.org. Retrieved 28 March 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Pests and Diseases of Pineapple: Food Market Exchange – B2B e-marketplace for the food industry. Food Market Exchange. Retrieved on 2 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Marin-Cevada, Vianey; Caballero-Mellado, Jesús; Bustillos-Cristales, Rocão; MuñOz-Rojas, Jesús; Mascarúa-Esparza, Miguel A; CastañEda-Lucio, Miguel; LóPez-Reyes, Lucãa; MartãNez-Aguilar, Lourdes; Fuentes-RamãRez, Luis E (2010). "Tatumella ptyseos, an Unrevealed Causative Agent of Pink Disease in Pineapple". Journal of Phytopathology. 158 (2): 93–99. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0434.2009.01575.x.
Jump up ^ Brickell, Christopher (1996). Encyclopedia of Gardening. 9 Henrietta Street, London WC2 8PS: Dorling Kindersley Publishers Limited. p. 419. ISBN 1-85833-579-5.
Jump up ^ Sheraton, Mimi (21 April 1982). "A guide to choosing a ripe pineapple". The New York Times.
^ Jump up to: a b Mimi Sheller, Consuming the Caribbean: From Arawaks to Zombies (Routledge: 2003), p. 80.
^ Jump up to: a b Christopher Cumo, Foods that Changed History: How Foods Shaped Civilization from the Ancient World to the Present (ABC-CLIO, 2015), p. 294.
^ Jump up to: a b James Stevens Curl, Classical Architecture: An Introduction to Its Vocabulary and Essentials, with a Select Glossary of Terms (W. W. Norton: 2003), p. 206.
^ Jump up to: a b Hugh Morrison, Early American Architecture: From the First Colonial Settlements to the National Period (Oxford University Press, 1952), p. 302.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Cyril Manton Harris, American Architecture: An Illustrated Encyclopedia (W. W. Norton: 1998), p. 248.
Jump up ^ York, Patricia S. (March 2017). "Why the Pineapple Became the Symbol of Hospitality". Southern Living. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
Bibliography
Menzel, Christopher. "Tropical and Subtropical Fruit". Encyclopedia of Agricultural Science Volume 4. ISBN 0122266706. Charles J Arntzen. New York: Elsevier Science Publishing Co. Inc., Academic Press, 2012. 380–382.
External links
Media related to Pineapples at Wikimedia Commons
Pineapple Fruit Facts—information on pineapples from California Rare Fruit Growers
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Ananas ananassoides
Ananas bracteatus
Ananas comosus
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Ananas lucidus
Ananas macrodontes
Ananas parguazensis
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Taxon identifiers
Ananas comosus
Wd: Q1493
APDB: 178839
EoL: 1126520
EPPO: ANHCO
FoC: 200027371
GBIF: 5288819
GRIN: 3074
iNaturalist: 122965
IPNI: 12322-2
ITIS: 42335
NCBI: 4615
NZOR: f029c41f-e4cd-432a-bfbe-1a8662b1b670
Plant List: kew-219669
PLANTS: ANCO30
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:12322-2
Tropicos: 4300877
uBio: 4962657
WCSP: 219669
Bromelia comosa
Wd: Q38553549
GRIN: 7748
ITIS: 509741
Tropicos: 4300879
Authority control
LCCN: sh85102235
GND: 4275806-3
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April Fools' Day
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see April Fool (disambiguation) and April Fool's Day (disambiguation).
The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with Europe and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
April Fools' Day
An April Fools' Day prank marking the construction of the Copenhagen Metro in 2001
Also called
All Fools' Day
Type
Cultural, Western
Significance
Practical jokes, pranks
Observances
Comedy
Date
April 1
Next time
1 April 2019 (2019-04-01)
Frequency
Annual
April Fools' Day (sometimes called All Fools' Day) is an annual celebration in some European and Western countries commemorated on April 1 by playing practical jokes and spreading hoaxes. The jokes and their victims are called April fools. People playing April Fool jokes often expose their prank by shouting "April fool" at the unfortunate victim(s). Some newspapers, magazines and other published media report fake stories, which are usually explained the next day or below the news section in smaller letters. Although popular since the 19th century, the day is not a public holiday in any country.
Aside from April Fools' Day, the custom of setting aside a day for the playing of harmless pranks upon one's neighbour has historically been relatively common in the world.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins
2 Longstanding customs
2.1 United Kingdom
2.2 Ireland
2.3 Prima aprilis in Poland
2.4 Nordic countries
2.5 April fish
2.6 India
2.7 Lebanon
2.8 Spanish-speaking countries
3 Pranks
4 Comparable prank days
5 Reception
6 In popular culture
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Origins[edit]
An 1857 ticket to "Washing the Lions" at the Tower of London in London. No such event ever took place.
A disputed association between April 1 and foolishness is in Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales (1392).[2] In the "Nun's Priest's Tale", a vain cock Chauntecleer is tricked by a fox on Syn March bigan thritty dayes and two.[3] Readers apparently understood this line to mean "32 March", i.e. April 1.[citation needed][4] However, it is not clear that Chaucer was referencing April 1. Modern scholars believe that there is a copying error in the extant manuscripts and that Chaucer actually wrote, Syn March was gon.[5] If so, the passage would have originally meant 32 days after March, i.e. 2 May,[6] the anniversary of the engagement of King Richard II of England to Anne of Bohemia, which took place in 1381.
In 1508, French poet Eloy d'Amerval referred to a poisson d’avril (April fool, literally "Fish of April"), possibly the first reference to the celebration in France.[7] In the Middle Ages, New Year's Day was celebrated on March 25 in most European towns.[8] In some areas of France, New Year's was a week-long holiday ending on April 1.[9][10] Some writers suggest that April Fools' originated because those who celebrated on January 1 made fun of those who celebrated on other dates.[9] The use of January 1 as New Year's Day was common in France by the mid-16th century,[6] and this date was adopted officially in 1564 by the Edict of Roussillon.
In 1539, Flemish poet Eduard de Dene wrote of a nobleman who sent his servants on foolish errands on April 1.[6]
In the Netherlands, the origin of April Fools' Day is often attributed to the Dutch victory at Brielle in 1572, where the Spanish Duke Álvarez de Toledo was defeated. "Op 1 april verloor Alva zijn bril" is a Dutch proverb, which can be translated to: "On the first of April, Alva lost his glasses." In this case, the glasses ("bril" in Dutch) serve as a metaphor for Brielle. This theory, however, provides no explanation for the international celebration of April Fools' Day.
In 1686, John Aubrey referred to the celebration as "Fooles holy day", the first British reference.[6] On April 1, 1698, several people were tricked into going to the Tower of London to "see the Lions washed".[6]
Although no Biblical scholar or historian are known to have mentioned a relationship, some have expressed the belief that the origins of April Fool's Day may go back to the Genesis flood narrative. In a 1908 edition of the Harper's Weekly cartoonist Bertha R. McDonald wrote:
Authorities gravely back with it to the time of Noah and the ark. The London Public Advertiser of March 13, 1769, printed: "The mistake of Noah sending the dove out of the ark before the water had abated, on the first day of April, and to perpetuate the memory of this deliverance it was thought proper, whoever forgot so remarkable a circumstance, to punish them by sending them upon some sleeveless errand similar to that ineffectual message upon which the bird was sent by the patriarch".[11]
Longstanding customs[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
United Kingdom[edit]
In the UK, an April Fool joke is revealed by shouting "April fool!" at the recipient, who becomes the "April fool". A study in the 1950s, by folklorists Iona and Peter Opie, found that in the UK, and in countries whose traditions derived from the UK, the joking ceased at midday.[12] A person playing a joke after midday is the "April fool" themselves.[13]
In Scotland, April Fools' Day was traditionally called 'Huntigowk Day',[12] although this name has fallen into disuse.[citation needed] The name is a corruption of 'Hunt the Gowk', "gowk" being Scots for a cuckoo or a foolish person; alternative terms in Gaelic would be Là na Gocaireachd, 'gowking day', or Là Ruith na Cuthaige, 'the day of running the cuckoo'. The traditional prank is to ask someone to deliver a sealed message that supposedly requests help of some sort. In fact, the message reads "Dinna laugh, dinna smile. Hunt the gowk another mile." The recipient, upon reading it, will explain he can only help if he first contacts another person, and sends the victim to this next person with an identical message, with the same result.[12]
In England a "fool" is known by different names around the country, including a "noodle", "gob", "gobby" or "noddy".[14]
Ireland[edit]
In Ireland, it was traditional to entrust the victim with an "important letter" to be given to a named person. That person would then ask the victim to take it to someone else, and so on. The letter when finally opened contained the words "send the fool further".[15]
Prima aprilis in Poland[edit]
In Poland, prima aprilis ("1 April" in Latin) as a day of jokes is a centuries-long tradition. It is a day in which many jokes are told; various hoaxes – sometimes very sophisticated – are prepared by people, media (which often cooperate to make the "information" more credible) and even public institutions. Serious activities are usually avoided, and generally every word said on April 1st can be a lie, or a joke. The conviction for this is so strong that the Polish anti-Turkish alliance with Leopold I signed on April 1, 1683, was backdated to March 31.[16] However, for some in Poland prima aprilis ends at noon of April 1st, and prima aprilis jokes after that hour are considered inappropriate and not classy.
Nordic countries[edit]
Danes, Finns, Icelanders, Norwegians and Swedes celebrate April Fools' Day (aprilsnar in Danish; aprillipäivä in Finnish). Most news media outlets will publish exactly one false story on April 1; for newspapers this will typically be a first-page article but not the top headline.[17]
April fish[edit]
In Italy, France, Belgium, The Netherlands, and French-speaking areas of Switzerland and Canada, April 1 tradition is often known as "April fish" (poissons d'avril in French, aprilvis in Dutch or pesce d'aprile in Italian). This includes attempting to attach a paper fish to the victim's back without being noticed. Such fish feature prominently on many late 19th- to early 20th-century French April Fools' Day postcards. Many newspapers also spread a false story on April Fools' Day, and a subtle reference to a fish is sometimes given as a clue.[citation needed]
India[edit]
In India, there have been numerous references to April Fools' Day in both cinema and popular literature and people are jovially associated with the day. However, this is not any intrinsic part of India's ancient culture.[18]
Lebanon[edit]
In Lebanon, an April Fool joke is revealed by shouting "كذبة ابريل !" (which means "Aprils fool!") at the recipient, who becomes the "April fool".[citation needed]
Spanish-speaking countries[edit]
In many Spanish-speaking countries (and the Philippines), "Dia de los Santos Inocentes" (Holy Innocents Day) is celebrated, which is very similar to April Fools. Often, people play pranks on each other, trick others, etc.
Pranks[edit]
An April Fools' Day prank in Boston's Public Garden warning people not to photograph sculptures.
Main article: List of April Fools' Day jokes
As well as people playing pranks on one another on April Fools' Day, elaborate practical jokes have appeared on radio and TV stations, newspapers, websites, and have been performed by large corporations. In one famous prank from 1957, the BBC broadcast a film in their Panorama current affairs series purporting to show Swiss farmers picking freshly-grown spaghetti, in what they called the Swiss Spaghetti Harvest. The BBC were later flooded with requests to purchase a spaghetti plant, forcing them to declare the film a hoax on the news the next day.[19]
With the advent of the Internet and readily available global news services, April Fools' pranks can catch and embarrass a wider audience than ever before.[20]
Comparable prank days[edit]
December 28, the equivalent day in Spain and Hispanic America, is also the Christian day of celebration of the "Day of the Holy Innocents". The Christian celebration is a holiday in its own right, a religious one, but the tradition of pranks is not, though the latter is observed yearly. After somebody plays a joke or a prank on somebody else, the joker usually cries out, in some regions of Hispanic America: Inocente palomita que te dejaste engañar ("You innocent little dove that let yourself be fooled"), not to be confused with the second translation of palomita, which is popcorn.
In Mexico, the phrase is ¡Inocente para siempre! which means "Innocent forever!". In Argentina, the prankster says ¡Que la inocencia te valga!, which roughly translates as a piece of advice on not to be as gullible as the victim of the prank. In Spain, it is common to say just ¡Inocente! (which in Spanish can mean "Innocent!", but also "Gullible!").[21]
In Colombia, the term used is "Pasala por inocente", which roughly means: "I am innocent, it was just a joke"
In Belgium, this day is also known as the "Day of the innocent children" or "Day of the stupid children". It used to be a day where parents, grandparents, and teachers would fool the children in some way. But the celebration of this day has died out in favor of April Fools' Day.
Nevertheless, on the Spanish island of Menorca, Dia d'enganyar ("Fooling day") is celebrated on April 1 because Menorca was a British possession during part of the 18th century. In Brazil, the "Dia da mentira" ("Day of the lie") is also celebrated on April 1.[21]
In Iran, on 13th of the first month (Farvardin) of the Iranian calendar (known as Nature's day or Sizdah Be-dar, 1st or 2nd of April), it is common that people spread false news and then shout "Doroughe sizdah" (lie of 13) to the victim. Some of the newspapers and journals also do the same and then somewhere in the bottom of page write "Doroughe sizdah" with inverse letters.[citation needed]
Reception[edit]
The practice of April Fool pranks and hoaxes is controversial.[13][22] The mixed opinions of critics are epitomised in the reception to the 1957 BBC "Spaghetti-tree hoax", in reference to which, newspapers were split over whether it was "a great joke or a terrible hoax on the public".[23]
The positive view is that April Fools' can be good for one's health because it encourages "jokes, hoaxes...pranks, [and] belly laughs", and brings all the benefits of laughter including stress relief and reducing strain on the heart.[24] There are many "best of" April Fools' Day lists that are compiled in order to showcase the best examples of how the day is celebrated.[25] Various April Fools' campaigns have been praised for their innovation, creativity, writing, and general effort.[citation needed]
The negative view describes April Fools' hoaxes as "creepy and manipulative", "rude" and "a little bit nasty", as well as based on schadenfreude and deceit.[22] When genuine news or a genuine important order or warning is issued on April Fools' Day, there is risk that it will be misinterpreted as a joke and ignored – for example, when Google, known to play elaborate April Fools' Day hoaxes, announced the launch of Gmail with 1-gigabyte inboxes in 2004, an era when competing webmail services offered 4-megabytes or less, many dismissed it as a joke outright.[26][27] On the other hand, sometimes stories intended as jokes are taken seriously. Either way, there can be adverse effects, such as confusion,[28] misinformation, waste of resources (especially when the hoax concerns people in danger) and even legal or commercial consequences.[29][30]
People obeying hoax messages to telephone "Mr.C.Lion" and "Mr.L.E.Fant" and suchlike at a telephone number that turns out to be a zoo, sometimes cause a serious overload to zoos' telephone switchboards.
Other examples of genuine news on April 1 mistaken as a hoax include:
1 April 1946: Warnings about the Aleutian Island earthquake's tsunami that killed 165 people on Hawaii and Alaska
1 April 2005: News that the comedian Mitch Hedberg had died on 29 March 2005
1 April 2005: Announcement about Powerpuff Girls Z, by Aniplex, Cartoon Network and Toei Animation[31]
In popular culture[edit]
Books, films, telemovies and television episodes have used April Fool's Day as their title or inspiration. Examples include Bryce Courtenay's novel April Fool's Day (1993), whose title refers to the day Courtenay's son died. The 1990s sitcom Roseanne featured an episode titled "April Fools' Day". This turned out to be intentionally misleading, as the episode was about Tax Day in the United States on April 15 – the last day to submit the previous year's tax information.
See also[edit]
Comedy portal
List of April Fools' Day jokes
List of practical joke topics
Veneralia
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Bonner, John; Curtis, George William; Alden, Henry Mills; Samuel Stillman Conant; John Foord; Montgomery Schuyler; John Kendrick Bangs; Richard Harding Davis; Carl Schurz; George Brinton McClellan Harvey; Henry Loomis Nelson; Norman Hapgood (1908). Harper's Weekly. Harper's Magazine Company. p. 6. Retrieved on March 31, 2018
Jump up ^ Ashley Ross (March 31, 2016). "No Kidding: We Have No Idea How April Fools' Day Started". Time Magazine. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ The Canterbury Tales, "The Nun's Priest's Tale" - "Chaucer in the Twenty-First Century", University of Maine at Machias, September 21, 2007
Jump up ^ Compare to Valentine's Day, a holiday that originated with a similar misunderstanding of Chaucer.
Jump up ^ Carol Poster, Richard J. Utz, Disputatio: an international transdisciplinary journal of the late middle ages, Volume 2, pp. 16–17 (1997).
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Boese, Alex (2008) "April Fools Day – Origin" Museum of Hoaxes
Jump up ^ Eloy d'Amerval, Le Livre de la Deablerie, Librairie Droz, p. 70. (1991). "De maint homme et de mainte fame, poisson d'Apvril vien tost a moy."
Jump up ^ Groves, Marsha, Manners and Customs in the Middle Ages, p. 27 (2005).
^ Jump up to: a b "April Fools' Day". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ Santino, Jack (1972). All around the year: holidays and celebrations in American life. University of Illinois Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-252-06516-3.
Jump up ^ McDonald, Bertha R. (7 March 1908). "The Oldest Custom in the World". Harper's Weekly. Vol. 52 no. 2672. p. 26.
^ Jump up to: a b c Opie, Iona & Peter (1960). The Lore and Language of Schoolchildren. Oxford University Press. pp. 245–46. ISBN 0-940322-69-2.
^ Jump up to: a b Archie Bland (April 1, 2009). "The Big Question: How did the April Fool's Day tradition begin, and what are the best tricks?". The Independent. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Different names in Different parts of England". April Fool's Day. April 1, 2016. Retrieved March 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Haggerty, Bridget. "April Fool's Day". Irish Culture and Customs. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Origin of April Fools' Day". The Express Tribune. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ "April Fool's Day: 8 Interesting Things And Hoaxes You Didn't Know". International Business Times. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ "April Fools' Day in India".
Jump up ^ "Swiss Spaghetti Harvest". Retrieved 1 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Moran, Rob (April 4, 2014). "NPR's Brilliant April Fools' Day Prank Was Sadly Lost On Much Of The Internet". Retrieved April 6, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Avui és el Dia d'Enganyar a Menorca" [Today is Fooling Day on Minorca] (in Catalan). Vilaweb. April 1, 2003. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Doll, Jen (April 1, 2013). "Is April Fools' Day the Worst Holiday? – Yahoo News". Yahoo! News. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Is this the best April Fool's ever?". BBC. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Why April Fools' Day is Good For Your Health – Health News and Views". News.Health.com. April 1, 2013. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "April Fools: the best online pranks | SBS News". Sbs.com.au. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ Harry McCracken (April 1, 2013). "Google's Greatest April Fools' Hoax Ever (Hint: It Wasn't a Hoax)". TIME.com. Retrieved August 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ Lisa Baertlein (April 1, 2004). "Google: 'Gmail' no joke, but lunar jobs are". Reuters. Retrieved August 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ Woods, Michael (April 2, 2013). "Brazeau tweets his resignation on April Fool's Day, causing confusion – National". Globalnews.ca. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ Hasham, Nicole (April 3, 2013). "ASIC to look into prank Metgasco email from schoolgirl Kudra Falla-Ricketts". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Justin Bieber's Believe album hijacked by DJ Paz". The Sydney Morning Herald. April 3, 2014. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Powerpuff Girls Z Debut".
Further reading[edit]
Wainwright, Martin (2007). The Guardian Book of April Fool's Day. Aurum. ISBN 1-84513-155-X
Dundes, Alan (1988). "April Fool and April Fish: Towards a Theory of Ritual Pranks". Etnofoor. 1 (1): 4–14. JSTOR 25757645.
External links[edit]
Find more aboutApril Fools' Dayat Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Wikimedia Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Wikinews has related news:
Ten April Fool's pranks of 2009
Wikipedia victim of onslaught of April Fool's jokes
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article April-Fools' Day.
"Top 100 April Fools' Day hoaxes of all time". Museum of Hoaxes.
"April Fools' Day On The Web: List of all known April Fools' Day Jokes websites from 2004 until present".
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April Fools' Day
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
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Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in Algeria, which often represent the major celebrations of the month.
See also: Lists of holidays.
[show]
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Holidays, observances, and celebrations in the United States
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Native American Day (CA, TN, proposed federal)
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Halloween
Alaska Day (AK)
Child Health Day (36)
General Pulaski Memorial Day
German-American Day
Indigenous Peoples' Day (VT)
International Day of Non-Violence
Leif Erikson Day (36)
Missouri Day (MO)
National School Lunch Week
Native American Day (SD)
Nevada Day (NV)
Sweetest Day
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October–November
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November
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Day after Thanksgiving (24)
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Kwanzaa (religious, week)
National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day (36)
New Year's Eve
Pan American Aviation Day (36)
Rosa Parks Day (OH, OR)
Wright Brothers Day (36)
Varies (year round)
Eid al-Adha (religious)
Eid al-Fitr (religious)
Ramadan (religious, month)
Legend:
(federal) = federal holidays, (state) = state holidays, (religious) = religious holidays, (week) = weeklong holidays, (month) = monthlong holidays, (36) = Title 36 Observances and Ceremonies
Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in the United States, which often represent the major celebrations of the month.
See also: Lists of holidays, Hallmark holidays, public holidays in the United States, New Jersey, New York, Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=April_Fools%27_Day&oldid=838546395"
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