text:
Gulf Stream
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Gulf Stream (disambiguation).
Surface temperatures in the western North Atlantic. The North American landmass is black and dark blue (cold), while the Gulf Stream is red (warm). Source: NASA
The Gulf Stream, together with its northern extension the North Atlantic Drift, is a warm and swift Atlantic ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico and stretches to the tip of Florida, and follows the eastern coastlines of the United States and Newfoundland before crossing the Atlantic Ocean. The process of western intensification causes the Gulf Stream to be a northward accelerating current off the east coast of North America. At about 40°0′N 30°0′W / 40.000°N 30.000°W / 40.000; -30.000, it splits in two, with the northern stream, the North Atlantic Drift, crossing to Northern Europe and the southern stream, the Canary Current, recirculating off West Africa.
The Gulf Stream influences the climate of the east coast of North America from Florida to Newfoundland, and the west coast of Europe. Although there has been recent debate, there is consensus that the climate of Western Europe and Northern Europe is warmer than it would otherwise be due to the North Atlantic drift which is the northeastern section of the Gulf Stream. It is part of the North Atlantic Gyre. Its presence has led to the development of strong cyclones of all types, both within the atmosphere and within the ocean. The Gulf Stream is also a significant potential source of renewable power generation.[citation needed] The Gulf Stream may be slowing down as a result of climate change.
The Gulf Stream is typically 100 kilometres (62 mi) wide and 800 metres (2,600 ft) to 1,200 metres (3,900 ft) deep. The current velocity is fastest near the surface, with the maximum speed typically about 2.5 metres per second (5.6 mph).
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Properties
3 Formation and behavior
4 Localized effects
5 Effect on cyclone formation
6 Possible renewable power source
7 In culture
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
History[edit]
Benjamin Franklin's map of the Gulf Stream
European discovery of the Gulf Stream dates to the 1512 expedition of Juan Ponce de León, after which it became widely used by Spanish ships sailing from the Caribbean to Spain.[1] A summary of Ponce de León's voyage log, on April 22, 1513, noted, "A current such that, although they had great wind, they could not proceed forward, but backward and it seems that they were proceeding well; at the end it was known that the current was more powerful than the wind."[2] Its existence was also known to Peter Martyr d'Anghiera.
Benjamin Franklin became interested in the North Atlantic Ocean circulation patterns. In 1768, while in England, Franklin heard a curious complaint from the Colonial Board of Customs: Why did it take British packets several weeks longer to reach New York from England than it took an average American merchant ship to reach Newport, Rhode Island, despite the merchant ships leaving from London and having to sail down the River Thames and then the length of the English Channel before they sailed across the Atlantic, while the packets left from Falmouth in Cornwall?[3]
Franklin asked Timothy Folger, his cousin twice removed (Nantucket Historical Society), a Nantucket Island whaling captain, for an answer. Folger explained that merchant ships routinely crossed the then-unnamed Gulf Stream—identifying it by whale behavior, measurement of the water's temperature and the speed of bubbles on its surface, and changes in the water's color—while the mail packet captains ran against it.[3] Franklin worked with Folger and other experienced ship captains, learning enough to chart the Gulf Stream and giving it the name by which it is still known today. He offered this information to Anthony Todd, secretary of the British Post Office, but it was ignored by British sea captains.[3]
Franklin's Gulf Stream chart was published in 1770 in England, where it was mostly ignored.[4] Subsequent versions were printed in France in 1778 and the U.S. in 1786.[5]
Properties[edit]
The Gulf Stream proper is a western-intensified current, driven largely by wind stress.[6] The North Atlantic Drift, in contrast, is largely thermohaline circulation–driven. In 1958 the oceanographer Henry Stommel noted that "very little water from the Gulf of Mexico is actually in the Stream".[7] By carrying warm water northeast across the Atlantic, it makes Western and especially Northern Europe warmer than it otherwise would be.[8]
However, the extent of its contribution to the actual temperature differential between North America and Europe is a matter of dispute, as there is a recent minority opinion within the science community that this temperature difference (beyond that caused by contrasting maritime and continental climates) is mainly due to atmospheric waves created by the Rocky Mountains.[9]
Formation and behavior[edit]
Evolution of the Gulf Stream to the west of Ireland continuing as the North Atlantic Current
A river of sea water, called the Atlantic North Equatorial Current, flows westward off the coast of Central Africa. When this current interacts with the northeastern coast of South America, the current forks into two branches. One passes into the Caribbean Sea, while a second, the Antilles Current, flows north and east of the West Indies.[10] These two branches rejoin north of the Straits of Florida.
The trade winds blow westward in the tropics,[11] and the westerlies blow eastward at mid-latitudes.[12] This wind pattern applies a stress to the subtropical ocean surface with negative curl across the north Atlantic Ocean.[13] The resulting Sverdrup transport is equatorward.[14]
Because of conservation of potential vorticity caused by the northward-moving winds on the subtropical ridge's western periphery and the increased relative vorticity of northward moving water, transport is balanced by a narrow, accelerating poleward current, which flows along the western boundary of the ocean basin, outweighing the effects of friction with the western boundary current known as the Labrador current.[15] The conservation of potential vorticity also causes bends along the Gulf Stream, which occasionally break off due to a shift in the Gulf Stream's position, forming separate warm and cold eddies.[16] This overall process, known as western intensification, causes currents on the western boundary of an ocean basin, such as the Gulf Stream, to be stronger than those on the eastern boundary.[17]
As a consequence, the resulting Gulf Stream is a strong ocean current. It transports water at a rate of 30 million cubic meters per second (30 sverdrups) through the Florida Straits. As it passes south of Newfoundland, this rate increases to 150 million cubic metres per second.[18] The volume of the Gulf Stream dwarfs all rivers that empty into the Atlantic combined, which barely total 0.6 million cubic metres per second. It is weaker, however, than the Antarctic Circumpolar Current.[19] Given the strength and proximity of the Gulf Stream, beaches along the East Coast of the United States may be more vulnerable to large sea-level anomalies, which significantly impact rates of coastal erosion.[20]
The Gulf Stream is typically 100 kilometres (62 mi) wide and 800 metres (2,600 ft) to 1,200 metres (3,900 ft) deep. The current velocity is fastest near the surface, with the maximum speed typically about 2.5 metres per second (5.6 mph).[21] As it travels north, the warm water transported by the Gulf Stream undergoes evaporative cooling. The cooling is wind-driven: Wind moving over the water causes evaporation, cooling the water and increasing its salinity and density. When sea ice forms, salts are left out of the ice, a process known as brine exclusion.[22] These two processes produce water that is denser and colder (or, more precisely, water that is still liquid at a lower temperature). In the North Atlantic Ocean, the water becomes so dense that it begins to sink down through less salty and less dense water. (The convective action is not unlike that of a lava lamp.) This downdraft of cold, dense water becomes a part of the North Atlantic Deep Water, a southgoing stream.[23] Very little seaweed lies within the current, although seaweed lies in clusters to its east.[24]
In April 2018, two studies published in Nature [25][26] found the Gulf Stream to be at its weakest for at least 1,600 years.[27]
Localized effects[edit]
See also: Climate of Florida
The Gulf Stream is influential on the climate of the Florida peninsula. The portion off the Florida coast, referred to as the Florida current, maintains an average water temperature at or above 24 °C (75 °F) during the winter.[28] East winds moving over this warm water move warm air from over the Gulf Stream inland,[29] helping to keep temperatures milder across the state than elsewhere across the Southeast during the winter. Also, the Gulf Stream's proximity to Nantucket, Massachusetts adds to its biodiversity, as it is the northern limit for southern varieties of plant life, and the southern limit for northern plant species, Nantucket being warmer during winter than the mainland.[30]
The North Atlantic Current of the Gulf Stream, along with similar warm air currents, helps keep Ireland and the western coast of Great Britain a couple of degrees warmer than the east.[31] However, the difference is most dramatic in the western coastal islands of Scotland.[32] A noticeable effect of the Gulf Stream and the strong westerly winds (driven by the warm water of the Gulf Stream) on Europe occurs along the Norwegian coast.[8] Northern parts of Norway lie close to the Arctic zone, most of which is covered with ice and snow in winter. However, almost all of Norway's coast remains free of ice and snow throughout the year.[33] Weather systems warmed by the Gulf Stream drift into Northern Europe, also warming the climate behind the Scandinavian mountains.
Effect on cyclone formation[edit]
Hurricane Sandy intensifying along the axis of the Gulf Stream in 2012.
The warm water and temperature contrast along the edge of the Gulf Stream often increase the intensity of cyclones, tropical or otherwise. Tropical cyclone generation normally requires water temperatures in excess of 26.5 °C (79.7 °F).[34] Tropical cyclone formation is common over the Gulf Stream, especially in the month of July. Storms travel westward through the Caribbean and then either move in a northward direction and curve toward the eastern coast of the United States or stay on a north-westward track and enter the Gulf of Mexico.[35] Such storms have the potential to create strong winds and extensive damage to the United States' Southeast Coastal Areas.
Strong extratropical cyclones have been shown to deepen significantly along a shallow frontal zone, forced by the Gulf Stream itself during the cold season.[36] Subtropical cyclones also tend to generate near the Gulf Stream. 75 percent of such systems documented between 1951 and 2000 formed near this warm water current, with two annual peaks of activity occurring during the months of May and October.[37] Cyclones within the ocean form under the Gulf Stream, extending as deep as 3,500 metres (11,500 ft) beneath the ocean's surface.[38]
Possible renewable power source[edit]
The theoretical maximum energy dissipation from Gulf Stream by turbines is in the range of 20-60 GW.[39] One suggestion, which could theoretically supply power comparable to several nuclear power plants, would deploy a field of underwater turbines placed 300 meters (980 ft) under the center of the core of the Gulf Stream.[40] Ocean thermal energy could also be harnessed to produce electricity using the temperature difference between cold deep water and warm surface water.[41]
In culture[edit]
Some of the RMS Titanic's victims, whose bodies were buoyed by lifebelts but were never found by rescue or recovery ships sent to find them, are surmised to have been carried away in the Gulf Stream.[42][43][44]
See also[edit]
Arctic dipole anomaly
Boundary current
Humboldt Current
Latitude of the Gulf Stream and the Gulf Stream north wall index
North Atlantic oscillation
Shutdown of thermohaline circulation
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Fernandez-Armesto, Felipe (2006). Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 194. ISBN 0-393-06259-7.
Jump up ^ Wilkinson, Jerry. "History of the Gulf Stream". Keys Historeum. Historical Preservation Society of the Upper Keys. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Tuchman, Barbara W. The First Salute: A View of the American Revolution New York: Ballantine Books, 1988. pp.221–222.
Jump up ^ Isserman, Maurice (2002). "Ben Franklin and the Gulf Stream" (PDF). Study of place. TERC. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Anon. "1785: Benjamin Franklin's 'Sundry Maritime Observations'". Ocean Explorer: Readings for ocean explorers. NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research. Archived from the original on 18 December 2005. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Wunsch, Carl (November 8, 2002). "What Is the Thermohaline Circulation?". Science. 298 (5596): 1179–1181. doi:10.1126/science.1079329. PMID 12424356. (see also Rahmstorf.)
Jump up ^ Henry Stommel. (1958). The Gulf Stream: A Physical and Dynamical Description. Berkeley: University of California Press. p.22
^ Jump up to: a b Barbie Bischof; Arthur J. Mariano; Edward H. Ryan (2003). "The North Atlantic Drift Current". The National Oceanographic Partnership Program. Retrieved 2008-09-10.
Jump up ^ Seager, Richard (July–August 2006). "The Source of Europe's Mild Climate". American Scientist Online. Retrieved 2008-09-23.
Jump up ^ Elizabeth Rowe; Arthur J. Mariano; Edward H. Ryan. "The Antilles Current". Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies. Retrieved 2009-01-06.
Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology (2009). "trade winds". Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on 2008-12-11. Retrieved 2008-09-08.
Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology (2009). Westerlies. Archived 2010-06-22 at the Wayback Machine. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved on 2009-04-15.
Jump up ^ Matthias Tomczak and J. Stuart Godfrey (2001). Regional Oceanography: an Introduction. Matthias Tomczak, pp. 42. ISBN 81-7035-306-8. Retrieved on 2009-05-06.
Jump up ^ Earthguide (2007). Lesson 6: Unraveling the Gulf Stream Puzzle - On a Warm Current Running North. University of California at San Diego. Retrieved on 2009-05-06.
Jump up ^ Angela Colling (2001). Ocean Circulation. Butterworth-Heinemann, p. 96. Retrieved on 2009-05-07.
Jump up ^ Maurice L. Schwartz (2005). Encyclopedia of Coastal Science. Springer, p. 1037. ISBN 978-1-4020-1903-6. Retrieved on 2009-05-07.
Jump up ^ National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (2009). Investigating the Gulf Stream Archived 2010-05-03 at the Wayback Machine.. North Carolina State University. Retrieved on 2009-05-06.
Jump up ^ Joanna Gyory; Arthur J. Mariano; Edward H. Ryan. "The Gulf Stream". Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies. Retrieved 2009-01-06.
Jump up ^ Ryan Smith; Melicie Desflots; Sean White; Arthur J. Mariano; Edward H. Ryan. "The Antarctic CP Current". Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies. Retrieved 2009-01-06.
Jump up ^ Theuerkauf, Ethan J., et al. "Sea level anomalies exacerbate beach erosion". Geophysical Research Letters 41.14 (2014): 5139–5147.
Jump up ^ Phillips, Pamela. "The Gulf Stream". USNA/Johns Hopkins. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
Jump up ^ Russel, Randy. "Thermohaline Ocean Circulation". University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. Retrieved 2009-01-06.
Jump up ^ Behl, R. "Atlantic Ocean water masses". California State University Long Beach. Archived from the original on May 23, 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-06.
Jump up ^ Edward and George William Blunt (1857). The American Coast Pilot. Edward and George William Blunt. Retrieved 2009-01-06.
Jump up ^ "Anomalously weak Labrador Sea convection and Atlantic overturning during the past 150 years". Nature. 11 April 2018. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Observed fingerprint of a weakening Atlantic Ocean overturning circulation". Nature. 11 April 2018. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Gulf Stream current at its weakest in 1,600 years, studies show". The Guardian. 12 April 2018. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Geoff Samuels (2008). "Caribbean Mean SSTs and Winds". Cooperative Institute For Marine and Atmospheric Studies. Retrieved 2009-01-16.
Jump up ^ National Climatic Data Center. Climatic Wind Data for the United States. Retrieved on 2007-06-02. Archived June 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Sarah Oktay. "Description of Nantucket Island". University of Massachusetts Boston. Retrieved 2009-01-06.
Jump up ^ Professor Hennessy (1858). Report of the Annual Meeting: On the Influence of the Gulf-stream on the Climate of Ireland. Richard Taylor and William Francis. Retrieved 2009-01-06.
Jump up ^ "Satellites Record Weakening North Atlantic Current Impact". NASA. Retrieved 2008-09-10.
Jump up ^ Erik A. Rasmussen; John Turner (2003). Polar Lows. Cambridge University Press. p. 68. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Hurricane Research Division. "Frequently Asked Questions: How do tropical cyclones form?". NOAA. Retrieved 2006-07-26.
Jump up ^ "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)". Hurricane Research Division (Database). Miami, FL: National Hurricane Center. April 11, 2017. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ S. Businger, T. M. Graziano, M. L. Kaplan, and R. A. Rozumalski. Cold-air cyclogenesis along the Gulf-Stream front: investigation of diabatic impacts on cyclone development, frontal structure, and track. Retrieved on 2008-09-21.
Jump up ^ David M. Roth. P 1.43 A FIFTY YEAR HISTORY OF SUBTROPICAL CYCLONES. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved on 2008-09-21.
Jump up ^ D. K. Savidge and J. M. Bane. Cyclogenesis in the deep ocean beneath the Gulf Stream. 1. Description. Retrieved on 2008-09-21.
Jump up ^ Ocean Current Energy Assessment for the Gulf Stream Xiufeng Yang*, Kevin A. Haas, Hermann M. Fritz [1] Retrieved 2014-05-26
Jump up ^ The Institute for Environmental Research & Eductation. Tidal.pdf Archived 2010-10-11 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 2010-07-28.
Jump up ^ Jeremy Elton Jacquot. Gulf Stream's Tidal Energy Could Provide Up to a Third of Florida's Power. Retrieved on 2008-09-21.
Jump up ^ "Recovering the Dead". titanic-titanic.com.
Jump up ^ Walter Lord. The Night Lives On.
Jump up ^ Ticehurst, Brian J. (March 31, 2007). "CLASSified in Death : Recovering the Titanic's dead". Encyclopedia Titanica.
Further reading[edit]
Corona Magazine Issue 124: Science (German, Transported amount of power)
Hátún; Sandø, AB; Drange, H; Hansen, B; Valdimarsson, H; et al. (September 16, 2005). "Influence of the Atlantic Subpolar Gyre on the Thermohaline Circulation". Science. 309 (5742): 1841–1844. Bibcode:2005Sci...309.1841H. doi:10.1126/science.1114777. PMID 16166513. Archived from the original on 2007-08-06. Retrieved 2007-08-02. (Increased temperature and salinity in the Nordic Seas.)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gulf stream.
Ocean Motion—Description of the Gulf Stream as a western boundary current
[show]
v
t
e
Ocean currents and gyres
Currents
Arctic Ocean
East Greenland
North Icelandic
Norwegian
Transpolar Drift Stream
Atlantic Ocean
Angola
Antilles
Azores
Baffin Island
Benguela
Brazil
Canary
Cape Horn
Caribbean
East Greenland
East Iceland
Falkland
Florida
Guinea
Gulf Stream
Irminger
Labrador
Lomonosov
Loop
North Atlantic
North Brazil
North Equatorial
Norwegian
Portugal
Slope Jet
South Atlantic
South Equatorial
West Greenland
West Spitsbergen
Indian Ocean
Agulhas
Agulhas Return
East Madagascar
Equatorial Counter
Indian Monsoon
Indonesian Throughflow
Leeuwin
Madagascar
Mozambique
North Madagascar
Somali
South Australian
South Equatorial
West Australian
Pacific Ocean
Alaska
Aleutian
California
Cromwell
Davidson
East Australian
East Korea Warm
Equatorial Counter
Humboldt
Indonesian Throughflow
Kamchatka
Kuroshio
Mindanao
North Equatorial
North Korea Cold
North Pacific
Oyashio
South Equatorial
Tasman Front
Southern Ocean
Antarctic Circumpolar
Tasman Outflow
Gyres
Major gyres
Indian Ocean Gyre
North Atlantic Gyre
South Atlantic Gyre
North Pacific Gyre
South Pacific Gyre
Other gyres
Beaufort Gyre
Ross Gyre
Weddell Gyre
Related
Atmospheric circulation
Boundary current
Coriolis force
Ekman transport
Marine debris
Marine garbage patches
Great Pacific
Indian Ocean
North Atlantic
South Pacific
Thermohaline circulation
[show]
v
t
e
Physical oceanography
Waves
Airy wave theory
Ballantine scale
Benjamin–Feir instability
Boussinesq approximation
Breaking wave
Clapotis
Cnoidal wave
Cross sea
Dispersion
Edge wave
Equatorial waves
Fetch
Gravity wave
Green's law
Infragravity wave
Internal wave
Iribarren number
Kelvin wave
Kinematic wave
Longshore drift
Luke's variational principle
Mild-slope equation
Radiation stress
Rogue wave
Rossby wave
Rossby-gravity waves
Sea state
Seiche
Significant wave height
Soliton
Stokes boundary layer
Stokes drift
Stokes wave
Swell
Trochoidal wave
Tsunami
megatsunami
Undertow
Ursell number
Wave action
Wave base
Wave height
Wave power
Wave radar
Wave setup
Wave shoaling
Wave turbulence
Wave–current interaction
Waves and shallow water
one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations
shallow water equations
Wind wave
model
Circulation
Atmospheric circulation
Baroclinity
Boundary current
Coriolis force
Coriolis–Stokes force
Craik–Leibovich vortex force
Downwelling
Eddy
Ekman layer
Ekman spiral
Ekman transport
El Niño–Southern Oscillation
General circulation model
Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
Geostrophic current
Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
Gulf Stream
Halothermal circulation
Humboldt Current
Hydrothermal circulation
Langmuir circulation
Longshore drift
Loop Current
Modular Ocean Model
Ocean dynamics
Ocean gyre
Princeton ocean model
Rip current
Subsurface currents
Sverdrup balance
Thermohaline circulation
shutdown
Upwelling
Whirlpool
World Ocean Circulation Experiment
Tides
Amphidromic point
Earth tide
Head of tide
Internal tide
Lunitidal interval
Perigean spring tide
Rip tide
Rule of twelfths
Slack water
Tidal bore
Tidal force
Tidal power
Tidal race
Tidal range
Tidal resonance
Tide gauge
Tideline
Landforms
Abyssal fan
Abyssal plain
Atoll
Bathymetric chart
Coastal geography
Cold seep
Continental margin
Continental rise
Continental shelf
Contourite
Guyot
Hydrography
Oceanic basin
Oceanic plateau
Oceanic trench
Passive margin
Seabed
Seamount
Submarine canyon
Submarine volcano
Plate
tectonics
Convergent boundary
Divergent boundary
Fracture zone
Hydrothermal vent
Marine geology
Mid-ocean ridge
Mohorovičić discontinuity
Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis
Oceanic crust
Outer trench swell
Ridge push
Seafloor spreading
Slab pull
Slab suction
Slab window
Subduction
Transform fault
Volcanic arc
Ocean zones
Benthic
Deep ocean water
Deep sea
Littoral
Mesopelagic
Oceanic
Pelagic
Photic
Surf
Swash
Sea level
Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
Future sea level
Global Sea Level Observing System
North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System
Sea-level curve
Sea level rise
World Geodetic System
Acoustics
Deep scattering layer
Hydroacoustics
Ocean acoustic tomography
Sofar bomb
SOFAR channel
Underwater acoustics
Satellites
Jason-1
Jason-2 (Ocean Surface Topography Mission)
Jason-3
Related
Argo
Benthic lander
Color of water
DSV Alvin
Marginal sea
Marine energy
Marine pollution
Mooring
National Oceanographic Data Center
Ocean
Ocean exploration
Ocean observations
Ocean reanalysis
Ocean surface topography
Ocean thermal energy conversion
Oceanography
Pelagic sediment
Sea surface microlayer
Sea surface temperature
Seawater
Science On a Sphere
Thermocline
Underwater glider
Water column
World Ocean Atlas
Category
Commons
[show]
v
t
e
Benjamin Franklin
January 6, 1706 – April 17, 1790
President of Pennsylvania (1785–1788), Ambassador to France (1779–1785)
Second Continental Congress (1775–1776)
Founding of the
United States
Join, or Die (1754 political cartoon)
Albany Plan of Union
Albany Congress
Hutchinson Letters Affair
Committee of Secret Correspondence
Committee of Five
Declaration of Independence
Model Treaty
Franco-American alliance
Treaty of Amity and Commerce
Treaty of Alliance
Staten Island Peace Conference
Treaty of Paris, 1783
Delegate, 1787 Constitutional Convention
Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly
Postmaster General
Founding Fathers
Inventions,
other events
Franklin's electrostatic machine
Bifocals
Franklin stove
Glass armonica
Gulf Stream exploration, naming, and chart
Lightning rod
Kite experiment
Pay it forward
Associators
111th Infantry Regiment
Junto club
American Philosophical Society
Library Company of Philadelphia
Pennsylvania Hospital
Academy and College of Philadelphia
University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia Contributionship
Union Fire Company
Early American currency
Fugio Cent
United States Postal Service
President, Pennsylvania Abolition Society
Master, Les Neuf Sœurs
Other social contributions and studies
Gravesite
Writings
Silence Dogood letters (1722)
A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain (1725)
The Busy-Body letters (1729)
Pennsylvania Gazette (1729–1790)
Poor Richard's Almanack (1732–1758)
The Drinker's Dictionary (1737)
"Advice to a Friend on Choosing a Mistress" (1745)
"The Speech of Polly Baker" (1747)
Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc. (1751)
Experiments and Observations on Electricity (1751)
Birch letters (1755)
The Way to Wealth (1758)
Pennsylvania Chronicle (1767)
Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One (1773)
Proposed alliance with the Iroquois (1775)
A Letter To A Royal Academy (1781)
Remarks Concerning the Savages of North America (1784)
The Morals of Chess (1786)
An Address to the Public (1789)
A Plan for Improving the Condition of the Free Blacks (1789)
The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin (1771–90, pub. 1791)
Bagatelles and Satires (pub. 1845)
Franklin as a journalist
Legacy
Franklin Court
Benjamin Franklin House
Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology
Benjamin Franklin National Memorial
Franklin Institute
Benjamin Franklin Medal
Depicted in The Apotheosis of Washington
Benjamin Franklin statue, Washington D.C.
In popular culture
Ben and Me (1953 short)
Ben Franklin in Paris (1964 musical play)
1776 (1969 musical
1972 film)
Benjamin Franklin (1974 miniseries)
Liberty! (1997 documentary series)
Liberty's Kids (2002 animated series)
Benjamin Franklin (2002 documentary series)
John Adams (2008 miniseries)
Sons of Liberty (2015 miniseries)
Sons of Ben (supporters group for the Philadelphia Union soccer club
Refunding Certificate
Franklin half dollar
One-hundred dollar bill
Washington-Franklin stamps
other stamps
Cities, counties, schools named for Franklin
Franklin Field
State of Franklin
Ships named USS Franklin
Ben Franklin effect
Related
Age of Enlightenment
American Enlightenment
The New-England Courant
The American Museum magazine
American Revolution
patriots
Syng inkstand
Family
Deborah Read (wife)
Sarah Franklin Bache (daughter)
Francis Franklin (son)
William Franklin (son)
Richard Bache Jr. (grandson)
Benjamin F. Bache (grandson)
Louis F. Bache (grandson)
William Franklin (grandson)
Andrew Harwood (great-grandson)
Alexander Bache (great-grandson)
Josiah Franklin (father)
Jane Mecom (sister)
James Franklin (brother)
Mary Morrell Folger (grandmother)
Peter Folger (grandfather)
Richard Bache (son-in-law)
Ann Smith Franklin (sister-in-law)
Authority control
GND: 4021572-6
NDL: 00567579
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulf_Stream&oldid=837936065"
Categories:
Ocean currents
Atlantic Ocean
Renewable energy
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL
Good articles
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Azərbaycanca
Башҡортса
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Boarisch
Bosanski
Català
Чӑвашла
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Føroyskt
Français
Frysk
Gaeilge
Gaelg
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
ಕನ್ನಡ
ქართული
Қазақша
Kiswahili
Kurdî
Кыргызча
Latina
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
मराठी
Nederlands
नेपाल भाषा
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Саха тыла
Scots
Shqip
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
West-Vlams
中文
62 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 23 April 2018, at 22:50.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

tag: div

attr: id class

value: mw-page-base noprint

key: html

type: local

value: mw-head-base noprint

tag: a

tag: img

attr: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: This is a good article. Follow the link for more information.

attr: href title

attr: class id

attr: id class lang

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attr: href class title

value:
/wiki/Gulf_Stream_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Gulf Stream (disambiguation)

attr: role class

value:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

tag: p

attr: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attr: href class

attr: class style

value: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

value:
/wiki/North_Atlantic_drift
mw-redirect
North Atlantic drift

value:
/wiki/Renewable_power
mw-redirect
Renewable power

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)

value:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

value:
/wiki/Nantucket_Island
mw-redirect
Nantucket Island

value:
/wiki/North_Atlantic_current
mw-redirect
North Atlantic current

value:
/wiki/Maritime_climate
mw-redirect
Maritime climate

value:
/wiki/Stress_(physics)
mw-redirect
Stress (physics)

value:
/wiki/Sverdrup_transport
mw-redirect
Sverdrup transport

value:
/wiki/Labrador_current
mw-redirect
Labrador current

value:
/wiki/Scandinavian_mountains
mw-redirect
Scandinavian mountains

value: Edit section: Effect on cyclone formation

value: Edit section: Possible renewable power source

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1079329

value:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12424356

value: National Oceanographic Partnership Program

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.umb.edu/nantucket

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.iere.org/documents/tidal.pdf

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1114777

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16166513

value:
nofollow
http://www.nersc.no/%7Ehelge/Science/
external text

value: South Australian Counter Current (page does not exist)

value: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value:
/wiki/File:Antarctic_bottom_water.svg
image
Antarctic bottom water

value:
navbox-image
10
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

value: Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis

value:
/wiki/Marginal_sea
mw-redirect
Marginal sea

attr: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: United States Declaration of Independence

value: Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States–France)

value: Constitutional Convention (United States)

value: Postage stamps and postal history of the United States

value: Social contributions and studies by Benjamin Franklin

value: Advice to a Friend on Choosing a Mistress

value: Experiments and Observations on Electricity

value: s:Rules By Which A Great Empire May Be Reduced To A Small One

value: s:A Plan for Improving the Condition of the Free Blacks

value: Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology

value: Benjamin Franklin Medal (American Philosophical Society)

value: Sons of Ben (MLS supporters association)

value: commons:Category:Benjamin Franklin on stamps

value: List of places named for Benjamin Franklin

value:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4021572-6

value: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

value: Category:Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL

value: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value:
/wiki/Gulf_Stream
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: تيار الخليج – Arabic

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

value: Гольфстрим – Bashkir

value: interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

value: Гальфстрым – Belarusian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

value: Гальфстрым – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

value: Гълфстрийм – Bulgarian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bar
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

value: Гольфстрим – Chuvash

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cv
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

value:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golfstrom
Golfstrom – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

value: Ρεύμα του Κόλπου – Greek

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

value: گلف استریم – Persian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fo
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gv
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

value: 멕시코 만류 – Korean

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

value: Գոլֆստրիմ – Armenian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

value: गल्फ़ स्ट्रीम – Hindi

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

value: זרם הגולף – Hebrew

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

value: ಗಲ್ಫ್ ಸ್ಟ್ರೀಂ – Kannada

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

value: გოლფსტრიმი – Georgian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

value: Гольфстрим – Kazakh

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ku
display: none;

value: Гольфстрим – Kyrgyz

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

value: Голфска струја – Macedonian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

value: गल्फ स्ट्रीम – Marathi

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

value: गल्फ स्ट्रीम – Newari

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-new
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

value: ਗਲਫ਼ ਸਟ੍ਰੀਮ – Punjabi

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

value: Гольфстрим – Russian

value: Гольфстрим – Sakha

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sah
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

value: Голфска струја – Serbian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

value:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golfvirta
Golfvirta – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

value: வளைகுடா ஓடை – Tamil

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

value: Гольфстрім – Ukrainian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vls
display: none;

value: 墨西哥灣暖流 – Chinese

value: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Gulf_Stream rootpage-Gulf_Stream skin-vector action-view


text:
Track ballast
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Ballast (disambiguation).
Good quality track ballast is made of crushed stone. The sharp edges help the particles interlock with each other.
Track ballast (close up) between railway sleepers and under railway track
Track ballast forms the trackbed upon which railroad ties (sleepers) are laid. It is packed between, below, and around the ties.[1] It is used to bear the load from the railroad ties, to facilitate drainage of water, and also to keep down vegetation that might interfere with the track structure.[1] This also serves to hold the track in place as the trains roll by. It is typically made of crushed stone, although ballast has sometimes consisted of other, less suitable materials, for example burnt clay.[2] The term "ballast" comes from a nautical term for the stones used to stabilize a ship.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Construction
2 Maintenance
3 Quantities
4 See also
5 Footnotes
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Construction[edit]
The appropriate thickness of a layer of track ballast depends on the size and spacing of the ties, the amount of traffic on the line, and various other factors.[1] Track ballast should never be laid down less than 150 mm (5.9 inches) thick;[3] and high-speed railway lines may require ballast up to 1⁄2 metre (19.7 inches) thick.[4] An insufficient depth of ballast causes overloading of the underlying soil, and in unfavourable conditions overloading the soil causes the track to sink, usually unevenly.[5] Ballast less than 300 mm (11.8 inches) thick can lead to vibrations that damage nearby structures. However, increasing the depth beyond 300 mm (11.8 inches) adds no extra benefit in reducing vibration.[6]
In turn, track ballast typically rests on a layer of small crushed stones: the sub-ballast. The sub-ballast layer gives a solid support for the top ballast, and reduces the seepage of water from the underlying ground.[1] Sometimes an elastic mat is placed on the layer of sub-ballast and beneath the ballast, thereby significantly reducing vibration.[6]
It is essential for ballast to be piled as high as the ties, and for a substantial "shoulder" to be placed at their ends;[3] the latter being especially important, since this ballast shoulder is the main restraint of lateral movement of the track.[7] The ballast shoulder always should be at least 150 mm (5.9 inches) wide, and may be as wide as 450 mm (17.7 inches).[8]
Ballast must be irregularly shaped to work properly
The shape of the ballast is also important. Stones must be irregularly cut, with sharp edges, so that they properly interlock and grip the ties in order to fully secure them against movement; spherical stones cannot do this. In order to let the stones fully settle and interlock, speed limits are often lowered on sections of track for a period of time after new ballast has been laid.[9]
Maintenance[edit]
New track ballast is placed at the Boxmeer railway station, The Netherlands.
A ballast regulator shaping newly placed ballast
Ballast tamping machine as used in railroad track maintenance (Dade City, Florida)
If ballast is badly fouled, the clogging will reduce its ability to drain properly; this, in turn, causes more debris to be sucked up from the sub-ballast, causing more fouling.[4][10] Therefore, keeping the ballast clean is essential. Bioremediation can be used to clean ballast.[11]
It is not always necessary to replace the ballast if it is fouled, nor must all the ballast be removed if it is to be cleaned. Removing and cleaning the ballast from the shoulder is often sufficient, if shoulder ballast is removed to the correct depth.[12][13] While this job was historically done by manual labour,[13] this process is now, like many other railway maintenance tasks, a mechanised one,[14] with a chain of specially-designed railroad cars handling the task. One wagon cuts the ballast and passes it via a conveyor belt to a cleaning machine, then the cleaning wagon washes the ballast, and deposits the dirt and ballast into other wagons for disposal and re-use, respectively.[12] Such machines can clean up to two kilometres (1.2 mi) of ballast in an hour.[15]
Cleaning, however, can only be done a certain number of times before the ballast is damaged to the point that it cannot be re-used; furthermore, track ballast that is completely fouled can not be corrected by shoulder cleaning.[16] In such cases, it is necessary to replace the ballast altogether. One method of "replacing" ballast, if necessity demands, is to simply dump fresh ballast on the track, jack the whole track on top of it, and then tamp it down;[13] alternatively, the ballast underneath the track can be removed with an undercutter, which does not require removing or lifting the track.[16]
The dump and jack method cannot be used through tunnels, under overbridges, and where there are platforms. Where the track is laid over a swamp, such as the Hexham swamp in Australia, the ballast continuously sinks, and needs to be topped up to maintain its line and level. After 150 years of topping up, there appears to be 10 m (33 ft) of sunken ballast under the tracks.[17] Chat Moss in the United Kingdom is similar.[citation needed]
Regular inspection of the ballast shoulder is important;[3] as noted earlier, the lateral stability of the track depends upon the shoulder. The shoulder acquires some amount of stability over time, being compacted by traffic; maintenance tasks such as replacing ties, tamping, and ballast cleaning can upset this stability. After performing these tasks, it is necessary for either trains to run at reduced speed on the repaired routes, or to employ machinery to compact the shoulder again.[18][19]
If the trackbed becomes uneven, it is necessary to pack ballast underneath sunk ties to level the track out again. This is, in the mechanized age, usually done by a ballast tamping machine. A more recent, and probably better,[4] technique is to lift the rails and ties, and to force stones, smaller than the track ballast particles and all of the same size, into the gap. This has the advantage of not disturbing the well-compacted ballast on the trackbed, as tamping is likely to do.[20] This technique is called pneumatic ballast injection (PBI), or, less formally, "stoneblowing".[21] However, this technique is not as effective with fresh ballast, as the smaller stones tend to move down between the larger pieces of ballast.[15]
Quantities[edit]
The quantity of ballast tends to vary with gauge, with the wider gauges tending to have wider formations. The depth of ballast also tends to vary with the density of traffic, as faster and heavier traffic requires greater stability. The quantity of ballast also tends to increase over the years as more and more ballast is piled on. Some figures from an 1897 report[22] are:
first class line – 60 lb/yd (29.8 kg/m) rail – 1,700 cu yd/mi (810 m3/km).
second class line – 41.5 lb/yd (20.6 kg/m) rail – 1,135 cu yd/mi (539 m3/km).
third class line – 30 lb/yd (14.9 kg/m) rail – 600 cu yd/mi (290 m3/km).
See also[edit]
Trains portal
Ballastless track
Ballast tamper
Gandy dancer
Maintenance of way
Track maintenance
Footnotes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Solomon (2001), p. 18.
Jump up ^ S. W. Beyer and I. A. Williams, The Geology of Clays, pages 534-537
^ Jump up to: a b c Bonnett (2005), p. 60.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bell 2004, p. 396.
Jump up ^ Hay 1982, p. 399.
^ Jump up to: a b Bachmann 1997, p. 121.
Jump up ^ Hay (1982), p. 407.
Jump up ^ 150 mm (5.9 inches) is considered an absolute minimum, and 300 mm (11.8 inches) being recommended for use in heavy traffic, or with continuous welded rail or concrete ties. Most railways use between 300 and 400 mm (11.8 and 15.7 inches). A 450 mm (17.7 in) shoulder significantly increases lateral stability and reduces maintenance effort, though little or no resistance to buckling is gained with a shoulder above this size. See Hay (1982), pp. 407-408; Kutz (2004), Section 24.4.2
Jump up ^ Bibel, George (2012). Train Wreck: The Forensics of Rail Disasters. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 287–88. ISBN 9781421405902. Retrieved April 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Solomon (2001), p. 40.
Jump up ^ "Railway Gazette: Bacteria to clean ballast". Retrieved 2011-02-27.
^ Jump up to: a b Selig & Waters 1994, p. 1430.
^ Jump up to: a b c Solomon (2001), p. 41.
Jump up ^ Institution of Civil Engineers (1988), p. 231.
^ Jump up to: a b IFSC #37, ch. 9.
^ Jump up to: a b Solomon 2001, p. 43.
Jump up ^ "Railway Materials Case Study". Retrieved 2016-08-04.
Jump up ^ Hay 1982, p. 408.
Jump up ^ Kutz 2004, Section 24.4.2.
Jump up ^ Anderson & Key (1999).
Jump up ^ Ellis (2006), p. 265, Pneumatic Ballast Injection
Jump up ^ "LIGHT RAILWAYS". The Brisbane Courier. National Library of Australia. 29 September 1897. p. 5. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
References[edit]
Anderson, W. F.; Key, A. J. (1999). "Two layer ballast beds as railway track foundations". Twelfth European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (Proceedings). AA Balkema. ISBN 90-5809-047-7.
Bachmann, Hugo; et al. (1997). Vibration Problems in Structures: Practical Guidelines. Birkhäuser. ISBN 3-7643-5148-9.
Bell, F.G. (2004). Engineering Geology and Construction. Spon Press. ISBN 0-415-25939-8.
Bonnett, Clifford F. (2005). Practical Railway Engineering (2nd ed.). London, UK: Imperial College Press. ISBN 978-1-86094-515-1. OCLC 443641662.
Ellis, Iain (2006). Ellis' British Railway Engineering Encyclopaedia. Lulu.com. ISBN 1-84728-643-7.
Hay, William Walter (1982). Railroad Engineering. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0-471-36400-2.
Institution of Civil Engineers (1988). Urban Railways and the Civil Engineer. Thomas Telford. ISBN 0-7277-1337-X.
International Federation for Structural Concrete (fédération internationale du béton) bulletin #37.
Kutz, Myer (2004). Handbook of Transportation Engineering. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-139122-3.
Selig, Ernest Theodore; Waters, John M. (1994). Track Geotechnology and Substructure Management. Thomas Telford. ISBN 0-7277-2013-9.
Solomon, Brian (2001). Railway Maintenance Equipment: The Men and Machines that Keep the Railroads Running. MBI Publishing Company. ISBN 0-7603-0975-2.
Further reading[edit]
New South Wales: Ballast 1850-1987 Longworth, Jim Australian Railway History, December, 2004 pp443–462
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ballast.
Photos of ballast cleaners in the UK
Photos of ballast regulators in the UK
[hide]
v
t
e
Railway infrastructure
Permanent
way (history)
Axe ties
Baulk road
Breather switch
Cant
Clip and scotch
Datenail
Fishplate
Ladder track
Minimum radius
Rail fastening system
Rail profile
Railroad tie/Sleeper
Track ballast
Track transition curve
Trackwork
and track
structures
Balloon loop
Classification yard
Coaling tower
Headshunt
Junction
Gauntlet track
Guide bar
Passing loop
Track gauge
Dual gauge
Rail track
Tramway track
Rail yard
Railway electrification system
Third rail
Overhead lines
Railway turntable
Roll way
Siding
Refuge siding
Switch
Track geometry
Track pan
Water crane
Wye
Signalling
and safety
Block post
Buffer stop
Catch points
Defect detector
Derail
Interlocking
Level crossing
Loading gauge
Railway signal
Signalling control
Structure gauge
Signal bridge
Tell-tale
Train stop
Wayside horn
Buildings
Goods shed
Motive power depot
Railway platform
Railway station
Roundhouse
Station building
Station clock
Train shed
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Track_ballast&oldid=820826211"
Categories:
Permanent way
Rail infrastructure
Hidden categories:
CS1: Julian–Gregorian uncertainty
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012
Use dmy dates from January 2012
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
Беларуская
Català
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Magyar
Nederlands
日本語
Português
Русский
Simple English
Svenska
Türkçe
Українська
中文
12 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 16 January 2018, at 20:57.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value:
/wiki/Ballast_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Ballast (disambiguation)

value:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

tag: b

value:
/wiki/Railway_sleeper
mw-redirect
Railway sleeper

value: reliable source needed for the last three sentences, particularly the 10 m (33 ft) figure (March 2012)

value:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

value:
/wiki/Ballast_tamper
mw-redirect
Ballast tamper

value: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

value: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

value:
/wiki/Maintenance_of_way
mw-redirect
Maintenance of way

value:
/wiki/Rail_tracks#Track_maintenance
mw-redirect
Rail tracks

value:
/wiki/The_Brisbane_Courier
mw-redirect
The Brisbane Courier

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/443641662

value: refbegin columns references-column-count references-column-count-2

value: -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;

value:
/wiki/Railroad_signal_bridge
mw-redirect
Railroad signal bridge

value:
/wiki/Railway_station
mw-redirect
Railway station

value: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012

value: Category:Use dmy dates from January 2012

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Track_ballast
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballas
Ballas – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

value: Баласт (пуцявая гаспадарка) – Belarusian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

value:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balast
Balast – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

value:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bettung
Bettung – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balasto
Balasto – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

value: پارسنگ – Persian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

value:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balast
Balast – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

value: Balastro (caminho de ferro) – Portuguese

value: Балласт (путевое хозяйство) – Russian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

value: Баласт (колійне господарство) – Ukrainian

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Track_ballast rootpage-Track_ballast skin-vector action-view


text:
Bill Paxton
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Bill Paxton
Paxton at WonderCon 2014
Born
William Paxton
(1955-05-17)May 17, 1955
Fort Worth, Texas, U.S.
Died
February 25, 2017(2017-02-25) (aged 61)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Cause of death
Stroke
Resting place
Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)
Occupation
Actor
film director
Years active
1975–2017
Spouse(s)
Kelly Rowan (m. 1979; div. 1980)
Louise Newbury (m. 1987)
Children
2, including James Paxton
William Paxton (May 17, 1955 – February 25, 2017) was an American actor and film director.
The films in which he appeared include The Terminator (1984), Weird Science (1985), Aliens (1986), Predator 2 (1990), Tombstone (1993), True Lies (1994), Apollo 13 (1995), Twister (1996), Titanic (1997), U-571 (2000), Vertical Limit (2000), Edge of Tomorrow (2014) and Nightcrawler (2014). Paxton also starred in the HBO drama series Big Love (2006–11), earning three Golden Globe Award nominations during the show's run.[1] He was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award for portraying Randolph "Randall" McCoy in the History channel miniseries Hatfields & McCoys (2012).[2][3] Paxton's final film appearance was in The Circle (2017), released two months after his death.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 Music career
2.2 1980s
2.3 1990s
2.4 2000s–2010s
3 Personal life
4 Death
5 Filmography
5.1 Film
5.2 Television
5.3 Music videos
5.4 Video game
6 Awards and nominations
7 References
8 External links
Early life[edit]
Paxton (the child seen raised above the crowd) before JFK emerges from Hotel Texas on November 22, 1963
Paxton was born and raised in Fort Worth, Texas, the son of Mary Lou (née Gray) and John Lane Paxton. His father was a businessman, lumber wholesaler, museum executive, and occasional actor, most notably appearing in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man films.[5] His mother was Roman Catholic, and he and his siblings were raised in her faith.[6] Paxton was in the crowd when President John F. Kennedy emerged from the Hotel Texas on the morning of his assassination on November 22, 1963. Photographs of an 8-year-old Paxton being lifted above the crowd are on display at the Sixth Floor Museum in Dallas, Texas.[7][8] On the Marc Maron podcast, Paxton revealed that at the age of 13 he contracted rheumatic fever which had damaged his heart. During his teens, Paxton worked as a paper delivery boy with Mike Muir.[9]
Career[edit]
Paxton at the Dallas International Film Festival, 2010
Among Paxton's earliest roles were a minor role as a punk thug in The Terminator (1984), a supporting role as the lead protagonist's bullying older brother Chet in John Hughes' Weird Science (1985), and the melodramatic Private Hudson in Aliens (1986).
He directed several short films, including the music video for Barnes & Barnes' novelty song "Fish Heads", which aired during Saturday Night Live's low-rated 1980–81 season. He was cast in a music video for the 1982 Pat Benatar song "Shadows of the Night", in which he appeared as a Nazi radio officer.
Music career[edit]
Main article: Martini Ranch
In 1982, Paxton and his friend Andrew Todd Rosenthal formed a new wave musical band called Martini Ranch. The band released its only full-length album, Holy Cow, in 1988, on Sire Records.[10] The album was produced by Devo member Bob Casale and featured guest appearances by two other members of that band.[11] The music video for the band's single "Reach" was directed by James Cameron.[12]
1980s[edit]
Paxton reunited with Cameron on The Terminator (1984) and Aliens (1986). His performance in the latter, as Private William Hudson, earned him the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor.[13]
1990s[edit]
He and Cameron collaborated again on True Lies (1994) and Titanic (1997), the latter of which was the highest-grossing film of all time at its release. In his other roles, Paxton played Morgan Earp in Tombstone (1993), Fred Haise in Apollo 13 (1995), the lead in Twister (1996), and lead roles in dark dramas such as One False Move (1992) and A Simple Plan (1998).
2000s–2010s[edit]
Paxton directed the feature films Frailty (2001), in which he starred, and The Greatest Game Ever Played (2005).[14] Four years after appearing in Titanic, he joined Cameron on an expedition to the actual Titanic. A film about this trip, Ghosts of the Abyss, was released in 2003.[14] He also appeared in the music video for Limp Bizkit's 2003 song "Eat You Alive" as a sheriff.
His highest profile television performances received much positive attention, including his lead role in HBO's Big Love (2006–2011), for which Paxton received three Golden Globe Award nominations. Paxton also received good reviews for his performance in the History Channel's miniseries Hatfields & McCoys (2012), for which he was nominated for an Emmy Award, alongside co-star Kevin Costner.
In 2014, he played the role of the villainous John Garrett in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., and a supporting role in Edge of Tomorrow (2014).[14] He starred alongside Jon Bernthal, Rose McGowan, and John Malkovich as a playable character in the 2014 video game Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare (downloadable "Exo Zombies" mode).[15] In February 2016, Paxton was cast as Detective Frank Roarke for Training Day, a crime-thriller television series set 15 years after the events of the eponymous 2001 movie; it premiered a year later.[16]
Personal life[edit]
Paxton was married from 1979 to 1980 to Kelly Rowan. In 1987, he married Louise Newbury; together, they had two children, James and Lydia.[17]
In February 2017, a few weeks prior to having cardiac surgery, and ultimately his death, Paxton stated in an interview with Marc Maron that he had a damaged heart valve, the result of suffering from rheumatic fever in his youth.[18]
Death[edit]
On February 25, 2017, Paxton died at the age of 61 from complications following heart surgery.[19][20] A representative for the family released the following statement to the press on February 26:
“ It is with heavy hearts we share the news that Bill Paxton has passed away due to complications from surgery. A loving husband and father, Bill began his career in Hollywood working on films in the art department and went on to have an illustrious career spanning four decades as a beloved and prolific actor and filmmaker. Bill's passion for the arts was felt by all who knew him, and his warmth and tireless energy were undeniable. We ask to please respect the family's wish for privacy as they mourn the loss of their adored husband and father.[21] ”
Paxton's cause of death was a stroke resulting from complications from his heart and aorta surgery that he underwent on February 14, 2017.[22]
He is interred in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park.
Upon learning of his death, a number of storm chasers paid tribute to his Twister role by spelling his initials across Kansas and Oklahoma via the Spotter Network.[23]
Filmography[edit]
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
Ref.
1975 Crazy Mama John Uncredited [24]
1981 Stripes Soldier [14]
1982 Night Warning Eddie [25]
1983 Taking Tiger Mountain Billy Hampton [26]
1983 Lords of Discipline, TheThe Lords of Discipline Gilbreath [14]
1983 Mortuary Paul Andrews [14]
1984 Streets of Fire Clyde the Bartender [14]
1984 Impulse Eddie [14]
1984 Terminator, TheThe Terminator Punk Leader [14]
1985 Weird Science Chet Donnelly [14]
1985 Commando Intercept Officer [14]
1986 Aliens Private William Hudson [14]
1987 Near Dark Severen [14]
1988 Pass the Ammo Jesse Wilkes [14]
1989 Slipstream Matt Owens [14]
1989 Next of Kin Gerald Gates [14]
1989 Back to Back Bo Brand [14]
1990 Brain Dead Jim Reston [14]
1990 Last of the Finest, TheThe Last of the Finest Howard 'Hojo' Jones [14]
1990 Navy SEALs Dane [14]
1990 Predator 2 Jerry Lambert [14]
1991 Dark Backward, TheThe Dark Backward Gus [14]
1992 Vagrant, TheThe Vagrant Graham Krakowski [14]
1992 One False Move Dale 'Hurricane' Dixon [14]
1992 Trespass Vince [14]
1993 Monolith Tucker [14]
1993 Indian Summer Jack Belston [14]
1993 Boxing Helena Ray O'Malley [14]
1993 Tombstone Morgan Earp [14]
1994 True Lies Simon [14]
1994 Frank and Jesse Frank James [14]
1994 Future Shock Vince [14]
1995 Last Supper, TheThe Last Supper Zachary Cody [14]
1995 Apollo 13 Fred Haise [14]
1996 Twister Bill "The Extreme" Harding [14]
1996 Evening Star, TheThe Evening Star Jerry Bruckner [14]
1997 Traveller Bokky [14]
1997 Titanic Brock Lovett [14]
1998 Simple Plan, AA Simple Plan Hank [14]
1998 Mighty Joe Young Professor Gregory O'Hara [14]
2000 U-571 Lieutenant Commander Mike Dahlgren [14]
2000 Vertical Limit Elliot Vaughn [14]
2001 Frailty Dad Meiks Also director [14]
2002 Spy Kids 2: Island of Lost Dreams Dinky Winks [14]
2003 Ghosts of the Abyss Himself/Narrator [14]
2003 Resistance Major Theodore 'Ted' Brice [27]
2003 Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over Dinky Winks [14]
2004 Club Dread Coconut Pete [14]
2004 Thunderbirds Jeff Tracy [14]
2004 Haven Carl Ridley [28]
2005 Magnificent Desolation: Walking on the Moon 3D Edgar Mitchell Short film [29]
2005 Greatest Game Ever Played, TheThe Greatest Game Ever Played — Director [14]
2007 Good Life, TheThe Good Life Robbie [14]
2011 Haywire John Kane
2011 Tornado Alley Narrator
2012 Shanghai Calling Donald [30]
2013 The Colony Mason [14]
2013 2 Guns Earl [14]
2013 Red Wing Jim Verret [14]
2014 Million Dollar Arm Tom House [14]
2014 Edge of Tomorrow Master Sergeant Farell [14]
2014 Nightcrawler Joe Loder [14]
2015 Pixies Eddie Beck Voice role
2016 Term Life Detective Keenan [14]
2016 Mean Dreams Wayne Caraway [14]
2017 The Circle Vinnie Holland Posthumous release [14]
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
Ref.
1983 Deadly Lessons Eddie Fox Movie [14]
1985 Early Frost, AnAn Early Frost Bob Maracek Movie [14]
1985 The Atlanta Child Murders Campbell Movie [14]
1986 Fresno Billy Joe Bobb Miniseries (4 episodes) [14]
1986 Miami Vice Detective Vic Romano Episode: "Streetwise" [31]
1987 The Hitchhiker Trout Episode: "Made for Each Other" [5]
1993 Tales from the Crypt Billy DeLuca Episode: "People Who Live in Brass Hearses" [31]
1998 Bright Shining Lie, AA Bright Shining Lie John Paul Vann Movie [14]
2003 Frasier Ernie Episode: "Analyzed Kiss" [31]
2006–11 Big Love Bill Henrickson Lead role (53 episodes) [32]
2012 Hatfields & McCoys Randolph McCoy 3 episodes [32]
2013 JFK: The Day That Changed Everything Narrator Documentary [33]
2014 Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. John Garrett 6 episodes [31]
2015 Texas Rising Sam Houston Miniseries [34][35]
2015 The Gamechangers Jack Thompson Movie [36]
2017 Training Day Detective Frank Roarke Lead role (13 episodes) [31]
Music videos[edit]
Year
Title
Artist
Role
Notes
Ref.
1980 "Fish Heads" Barnes & Barnes Main character Director [37]
1982 "Shadows of the Night" Pat Benatar Nazi officer [5]
1987 "Touched by the Hand of God" New Order [38]
1988 "Reach" Martini Ranch Main character [5]
2003 "Eat You Alive" Limp Bizkit Sheriff [5]
Video game[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
Ref.
2015 Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare Kahn Exo Zombies [15]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Association
Category
Title
Result
Ref.
1987 Saturn Awards Best Supporting Actor Aliens Won [39]
1995 CableACE Awards Best Actor in a Dramatic Series Tales from the Crypt Nominated [40]
1996 Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Apollo 13 Won [41]
1998 Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Titanic Nominated [42]
1999 Golden Globe Awards Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film A Bright Shining Lie Nominated [43]
2003 Saturn Awards Best Director Frailty Nominated [44]
2006 Satellite Awards Best Actor – Television Series Drama Big Love Nominated [45]
2007 Satellite Awards Best Actor – Television Series Drama Big Love Nominated [46]
Golden Globe Awards Best Actor – Television Series Drama Big Love Nominated [43]
2008 Golden Globe Awards Best Actor – Television Series Drama Big Love Nominated [43]
2009 Satellite Awards Best Actor – Television Series Drama Big Love Nominated [47]
2010 Golden Globe Awards Best Actor – Television Series Drama Big Love Nominated [43]
2012 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or a Movie Hatfields & McCoys Nominated [48]
2013 Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie Hatfields & McCoys Nominated [49]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Bill Paxton". GoldenGlobes.com. Hollywood Foreign Press Association. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bill Paxton". Emmys.com. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "The 19th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards". SAGAwards.com. Screen Actors Guild. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Lewis, Hilary. "Tribeca: 'The Circle' Team on Bill Paxton, Real-Life Inspirations for Tech Thriller". HollywoodReporter.com. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Bill Paxton Biography". FilmReference.com. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ Spitznagel, Eric (January 8, 2010). "Bill Paxton Can Defend Polygamy, But He Can't Defend Sarah Palin". Retrieved July 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Wilonsky, Robert (March 28, 2007). "The Day Bill Paxton Saw John F. Kennedy". Dallas Observer Blogs. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ DiBlasi, Loren (May 25, 2012). "Live With Kelly: Bill Paxton 'Hatfields & McCoys' Interview". Recapo. Retrieved May 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Suicidal Tendencies' Mike Muir Mourns Death of Bill Paxton". Loudwire.
Jump up ^ Pearis, Bill. "Bill Paxton, RIP". BrooklynVegan. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Holy Cow – Martini Ranch | Credits | AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Peters, Mitchell. "Remembering Bill Paxton's 1980s New Wave Band Martini Ranch". Billboard. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Macdonald, Susan. "Bill Paxton, Saturn-Award Winning Actor, Dead at 61". KryptonRadio.com. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl "Filmography for Bill Paxton".
^ Jump up to: a b "Zadzooks: Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare, Havoc – Exo Zombies review". The Washington Times. Retrieved February 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (February 26, 2016). "Bill Paxton To Star In ‘Training Day’ Pilot". Deadline. Retrieved January 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ McCann, Erin (26 February 2017). "Bill Paxton, Star of ‘Big Love’ and Action Blockbusters, Dies at 61". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bill Paxton’s Secret Health Battle — What Was Wrong with His Heart?".
Jump up ^ "Actor Bill Paxton Dead at 61 Due to Complications from Surgery". Retrieved February 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gilbey, Ryan (February 27, 2017). "Bill Paxton obituary" – via The Guardian.
Jump up ^ CNN, Holly Yan and Amanda Jackson. "Bill Paxton, actor in 'Twister' and 'Aliens,' dies at 61". Retrieved February 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bill Paxton Died Of Stroke Following Surgery – Update March 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Meteorologist, Brandon Miller, CNN. "Storm chasers pay tribute to Bill Paxton". CNN.
Jump up ^ Saperstein, Pat; Lang, Brent (February 26, 2017). "Bill Paxton, ‘Titanic’ and ‘Big Love’ Star, Dies at 61".
Jump up ^ "Night Warning (cast & crew)". AllMovie. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Lin, Kristian (September 28, 2011). ""Taking Tiger Mountain" in Dallas".
Jump up ^ "Resistance (cast & crew)". AllMovie. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Plots and Personalities Collide on a Tropical Island". The New York Times. September 15, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Magnificent Desolation (cast & crew)". AllMovie. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Lee, Maggie. "Shanghai Calling". Variety.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Campbell, Tina (February 26, 2017). "Aliens actor Bill Paxton dead at 61 from heart failure".
^ Jump up to: a b Mccann, Erin (February 26, 2017). "Bill Paxton, Star of ‘Big Love’ and Action Blockbusters, Dies at 61" – via NYTimes.com.
Jump up ^ "Muere el actor Bill Paxton tras ser operado del corazón". Univision.
Jump up ^ "Cynthia Addai-Robinson Lands Lead In History’s Texas Rangers Miniseries". Deadline. Retrieved March 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley. "Bill Paxton, Brendan Fraser Among History's All-Star 'Texas Rising' Cast". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Makuch, Eddie (April 22, 2015). "GTA Drama Casts Daniel Radcliffe and Bill Paxton". gamespot.com. Archived from the original on April 23, 2015. Retrieved April 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Adams, Sam (February 26, 2017). "Aliens, Big Love Actor Bill Paxton Is Dead at 61" – via Slate.
Jump up ^ "New Order + Joy Division".
Jump up ^ "Saturn Awards". Archived from the original on October 12, 2004.
Jump up ^ Carmody, John (1994-11-04). "The TV Column: [Final Edition]". The Washington Post. p. F06. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Kagan, Jeremy, ed. (2013). "Appendix B". Directors close up 2 : interviews with directors nominated for best film by the Directors Guild of America : 2006–2012 (illustrated ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 348. ISBN 978-0-8108-8391-8. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "The 4th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards — Screen Actors Guild Awards". sagawards.org.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Bill Paxton". GoldenGlobes.com. Hollywood Foreign Press Association (HFPA). Retrieved February 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Saturn Awards Nominations". Archived from the original on October 12, 2004.
Jump up ^ "11th Satellite Awards — FilmAffinity".
Jump up ^ "12th Satellite Awards — FilmAffinity".
Jump up ^ "2009 — Categories — International Press Academy".
Jump up ^ "Nominations Search". Emmys.com.
Jump up ^ "Nominations Announced for the 19th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards® — Screen Actors Guild Awards". sagawards.org.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bill Paxton.
Bill Paxton on IMDb
Bill Paxton at the TCM Movie Database
Bill Paxton at AllMovie
Bill Paxton and Bill Paxton – Movie Director at The Numbers
Bill Paxton on National Public Radio in 2005
Bill Paxton on National Public Radio in 2002
"Bill Paxton". Find a Grave. Retrieved March 5, 2017.
[show]
Awards for Bill Paxton
[show]
v
t
e
Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor
Marty Feldman (1974/75)
Jay Robinson (1976)
Alec Guinness (1977)
Burgess Meredith (1978)
Arte Johnson (1979)
Scatman Crothers (1980)
Burgess Meredith (1981)
Richard Lynch (1982)
John Lithgow (1983)
Tracey Walter (1984)
Roddy McDowall (1985)
Bill Paxton (1986)
Richard Dawson (1987)
Robert Loggia (1988)
Thomas F. Wilson (1989/90)
William Sadler (1991)
Robin Williams (1992)
Lance Henriksen (1993)
Gary Sinise (1994)
Brad Pitt (1995)
Brent Spiner (1996)
Vincent D'Onofrio (1997)
Ian McKellen (1998)
Michael Clarke Duncan (1999)
Willem Dafoe (2000)
Ian McKellen (2001)
Andy Serkis (2002)
Sean Astin (2003)
David Carradine (2004)
Mickey Rourke (2005)
Ben Affleck (2006)
Javier Bardem (2007)
Heath Ledger (2008)
Stephen Lang (2009)
Andrew Garfield (2010)
Andy Serkis (2011)
Clark Gregg (2012)
Ben Kingsley (2013)
Richard Armitage (2014)
Adam Driver (2015)
John Goodman (2016)
[show]
v
t
e
Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture (1995–2000)
1995
Apollo 13
Kevin Bacon, Tom Hanks, Ed Harris, Bill Paxton, Kathleen Quinlan, Gary Sinise
1996
The Birdcage
Hank Azaria, Christine Baranski, Dan Futterman, Gene Hackman, Nathan Lane, Dianne Wiest, Robin Williams
1997
The Full Monty
Mark Addy, Paul Barber, Robert Carlyle, Deirdre Costello, Steve Huison, Bruce Jones, Lesley Sharp, William Snape, Hugo Speer, Tom Wilkinson, Emily Woof
1998
Shakespeare in Love
Ben Affleck, Simon Callow, Jim Carter, Martin Clunes, Judi Dench, Joseph Fiennes, Colin Firth, Gwyneth Paltrow, Geoffrey Rush, Antony Sher, Imelda Staunton
1999
American Beauty
Annette Bening, Wes Bentley, Thora Birch, Chris Cooper, Peter Gallagher, Allison Janney, Kevin Spacey, Mena Suvari
2000
Traffic
Steven Bauer, Benjamin Bratt, James Brolin, Don Cheadle, Erika Christensen, Clifton Collins Jr., Benicio del Toro, Michael Douglas, Miguel Ferrer, Albert Finney, Topher Grace, Luis Guzmán, Amy Irving, Tomas Milian, D. W. Moffett, Dennis Quaid, Peter Riegert, Jacob Vargas, Catherine Zeta-Jones
Complete list
(1995–2000)
(2001–2010)
(2011–2020)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 100239251
LCCN: no95055952
ISNI: 0000 0001 1691 7639
GND: 124109640
SUDOC: 077719778
BNF: cb14019825n (data)
MusicBrainz: c5d24a0f-5f54-4d5f-be4b-6d9d19bee3ea
BNE: XX1163441
IATH: w61r7m6h
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill_Paxton&oldid=807270491"
Categories:
1955 births
2017 deaths
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American film directors
American male film actors
American male television actors
American Roman Catholics
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)
Film directors from Texas
Male actors from Fort Worth, Texas
Male Western (genre) film actors
Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Hidden categories:
Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL
Use mdy dates from February 2017
Articles with hCards
Incomplete lists from February 2017
Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers
Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Asturianu
Bân-lâm-gú
Български
Català
Čeština
Corsu
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Emiliàn e rumagnòl
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Føroyskt
Français
Frysk
Gaeilge
Galego
한국어
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Latina
Lëtzebuergesch
Magyar
Malagasy
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Plattdüütsch
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Simple English
Slovenčina
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
Winaray
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 26 October 2017, at 23:31.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

tag: span

tag: th

attr: colspan style

tag: tr

tag: td

tag: br

value:
/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California
mw-redirect
Los Angeles, California

value: Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)

value:
/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_channel)
mw-redirect
History (U.S. TV channel)

value: width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px 10px;

value: vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;

value: width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px 10px;

value: margin:auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; width: auto;

value:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

value: Magnificent Desolation: Walking on the Moon 3D

value:
/wiki/Saturn_Awards
mw-redirect
Saturn Awards

value: background: #99FF99; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

value:
/wiki/CableACE_Awards
mw-redirect
CableACE Awards

value: background: #FDD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

value:
/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards
mw-redirect
Golden Globe Awards

value: Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film

value: Satellite Award for Best Actor – Television Series Drama

value: Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Drama

value:
/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Awards
mw-redirect
Primetime Emmy Awards

value: Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or Movie

value: Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.emmys.com/bios/bill-paxton

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.saturnawards.org/san.html

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000200/
external text

attr: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value:
nofollow
external text
https://www.allmovie.com/artist/p55571

value: Template:Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor

value: Template talk:Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

value: Template talk:ScreenActorsGuildAward CastMotionPicture 1995–2000

value: Deirdre Costello (actress) (page does not exist)

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

value:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/100239251

value:
nofollow
external text
http://isni.org/isni/0000000116917639

value:
nofollow
external text
http://d-nb.info/gnd/124109640

value:
nofollow
external text
https://www.idref.fr/077719778

value: Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities

value: Category:20th-century American male actors

value: Category:21st-century American male actors

value: Category:American male television actors

value: Category:Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)

value: Category:Male actors from Fort Worth, Texas

value: Category:Male Western (genre) film actors

value: Category:Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners

value: Category:Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL

value: Category:Use mdy dates from February 2017

value: Category:Incomplete lists from February 2017

value: Category:Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Bill_Paxton
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

value: بيل باكستون – Arabic

value: Бил Пакстън – Bulgarian

value: Μπιλ Πάξτον – Greek

value: بیل پکستون – Persian

value: ביל פקסטון – Hebrew

value: ビル・パクストン – Japanese

value: Пэкстон, Билл – Russian

value: Бил Пакстон – Serbian

value: บิล แพกซ์ตัน – Thai

value: Білл Пекстон – Ukrainian

value: 比爾·派斯頓 – Chinese

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Bill_Paxton rootpage-Bill_Paxton vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view