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Taking Chance
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Taking Chance
Genre
Drama
War
Written by
Ross Katz
Directed by
Ross Katz
Starring
Kevin Bacon
Music by
Marcelo Zarvos
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
Production
Executive producer(s)
Ross Katz
Brad Krevoy
Cathy Wischner-Sola
William Teitler (co-executive producer)
Producer(s)
Lori Keith Douglas
Fred Berger (associate producer)
Frank Schaeffer (associate producer)
Cinematography
Alar Kivilo
Editor(s)
Lee Percy
Brian A. Kates
Running time
77 minutes
Production company(s)
HBO Films
Distributor
HBO Films
Release
Original network
HBO
Original release
January 16, 2009 (2009-01-16) (Sundance)
February 21, 2009 (2009-02-21) (United States)
External links
Website
Taking Chance is a 2009 American historical drama film based upon the experiences of Marine Colonel Michael Strobl (Kevin Bacon), who escorted the body of a fallen Marine, PFC Chance Phelps (posthumously promoted to LCpl), back to his hometown from the Iraq War.[1][2]
The film was selected for showing at the 2009 Sundance Film Festival and premiered on HBO on February 21, 2009.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Critical reception
4 References
5 External links
Plot[edit]
This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The film opens on a black screen, with white letters describing the date and place, as we hear radio chatter about a "suspicious vehicle" followed by the sound of an explosion and gunfire. We then cut to see two Marines driving, wearing dress blue uniforms, to an unmarked house in the middle of the night and knocking on the door. Finally we cut to Colonel Michael Strobl (played by Kevin Bacon) searching on his computer the casualty report for the Middle East. After a couple clips of Michael running through the woods, service members' coffins getting put into an airplane, and some driving. We find the Lt. Col. at work giving a presentation to several other Marines. The Lt. Col. makes his way home with his family for a short while, then the camera cuts to five Marines in woodland MarPat camouflage taking US Flag draped coffins off of an airplane in the rain. After a short clip of the Lt. Col. eating dinner with his family, we find him looking at the casualty report yet again but this time he writes down some information. The movie then cuts to him in an interview with a higher ranking Marine and he asks to escort a Marine named PFC (Private First Class) Chance Phelps. He says it is because the PFC is from his hometown, then we see him discuss his choice with his wife. After he explains that he is doing this only because the PFC is from his hometown and has no other meaning, the film cuts to several people doing medical procedures on a dead body which one can assume to be PFC Phelps. After the morticians are shown, the film then cuts to the Lt. Col. leaving and telling his wife goodbye.
He then arrives at Dover Port Mortuary where he gets his instructions along with other Marines on how to go about escorting a fallen Marine. After the instruction, all the service member escorts who are awaiting their turn to depart head outside and render honors as each of them departs. The Lt. Col. is informed that Phelps isn't ready to be transported due to the amount of casualties. He checks into a hotel room and the next day does an inventory, with another Marine, of Phelps' personal items including: a cross on a string, a Saint Christopher necklace, a wristwatch, and Phelps' dog tags. He is told that PFC Phelps's private effects are not to leave his side, under any circumstances. The Lt. Col. then verifies that the body in the van is in fact the PFC and then begins his drive to the airport where he has a talk with Rich Brewer (played by John Magaro) of the Dover Port Mortuary. They talk about the military and how the driver knew two men from his high school who enlisted, one of whom returned after sustaining severe injuries (who is recovering at Walter Reed), and the other who was killed. Lt. Col. Strobl arrives at the airport, where he first renders honors to the PFC as he is offloaded to a cargo area, before saying a curbside goodbye to the driver (telling him, he's "a good man"). Lt. Col. Strobl heads to the check-in counter, where the ticketing agent tells him that he has been upgraded to First Class. As he goes through security, he tells a somewhat annoyed TSA agent that he can't put Phelps' personal items into the x-ray scanner (because they are not allowed to leave his side at any time for any reason). He also says that he won't take off his Marine Dress Uniform Jacket to go through the metal detector because it would degrade the uniform. Eventually he is screened in private, with the TSA agent using a metal-detector wand, while the Lt. Col. holds on to the PFC's personal effects in his hand. He then renders honors to the PFC again as the coffin is loaded onto the airplane. On board, the man next to him in first class orders a Jack Daniels, and he orders a water, after which the man asks him "What, are you on duty?" He replies, "Yes, I am," and they take off. While in the air the flight attendant hands him a crucifix and tells him that she wants him to have it.
A few hours later, the plane touches down and Strobl and the PFC's casket wait to change flights in Minneapolis. After the casket is unloaded, Strobl requests to stay with the casket overnight in the airport's cargo area. Despite reservations from the foreman, his request is granted; one of the workers offers him a sleeping bag from his jeep. During this time, Strobl meets a U.S. Army Sergeant of the 1st Cavalry Division who he recognized from the Dover Port Mortuary. The sergeant tells Strobl that he is escorting his deceased brother home. The following morning, the PFC's casket is loaded onto a Northwest Airlines flight as the baggage handlers and even the flight captain pay their respects. On this flight, Lt. Col. Strobl sits next to a young woman who cheerily offers him a magazine to read, and also texts someone that she is sitting next to a "HOT soldier," which Lt. Col. Strobl happens to catch a glimpse of and corrects her that he is actually a Marine. Upon landing, the airliner captain, a retired U.S. Air Force officer and former A-10 attack jet pilot in the first Persian Gulf War, makes a special announcement, asking for the other passengers to remain seated so that Lt. Col. Strobl has a chance to deplane first and render honors for PFC Phelps as his casket is unloaded. The woman sitting next to the Lt. Col, who had no idea he was on an escort mission for a fallen Marine, is visibly touched, and apologizes for potentially being insensitive with her earlier actions; Lt. Col. Strobl instead warmly thanks her for her company.
After unloading, Lt. Col. Strobl is greeted by the funeral director, and they load PFC Phelp's casket for the final part of his journey. Along the way, an impromptu funeral procession forms along the highway, as people in passing cars see Lt. Col. Strobl and realize what the hearse is carrying. After arriving in the town where PFC Phelps's parents reside, the Lt. Col. is greeted by a younger fellow Marine, who along with a partner had driven up from Salt Lake City a few days earlier to inform PFC Phelps's family of his death. The men proceed into the funeral home, where the younger Marine suggests that this would be a good time to place some personal items that PFC Phelps's family had asked him to place into the casket; Lt. Col. Strobl agrees, and despite it being a closed casket ceremony, insists that he wants to make sure PFC Phelps's uniform is correct and in place. As the men open the casket, both Marines have a strong, emotional reaction to seeing PFC Phelps; Lt. Col. Strobl remarks that even though the staff at Dover Port Mortuary knew it was going to be a closed casket ceremony, they still made every effort to make sure that PFC Phelps was prepared and dressed perfectly.
Later that evening, a memorial event is held at the local VFW, to which Lt. Col. Strobl was invited earlier. The local veterans, along with PFC Phelps's sergeant (who was with him when he was killed) and others, all welcome Lt. Col. Strobl with sincere gratitude for "bringing Chance home." They reminisce about Chance's outgoing personality, and recount some war stories of his, including, eventually later in the evening, the sergeant's story of what happened the day that PFC Phelps was killed (apparently in the firefight following the IED attack on their convoy, heard at the beginning of the film, in which PFC Phelps was the gunner on a machine gun and was able to draw the focus of much of the enemy fire, allowing for his comrades to safely find cover for themselves). As the attendees of the memorial leave at the end of the evening, Lt. Col. Strobl remarks to the U.S. Marine 1st. Division Korean War veteran who first introduced himself at the bar, that he was eligible for a tour of duty in Iraq himself, but instead "got used to the sight of his wife and kids" and put in an application for an office tour instead, which was granted. Even though Lt. Col Strobl is a recipient of the Marine Combat Action Ribbon from his service in the First Gulf War, he feels somewhat ashamed of his actions, to which the Korean War veteran reminds him that there is no shame in loving his family, and that he is not any less of a Marine than PFC Phelps or his sergeant or any of the other men serving in combat in Iraq, because now, he is a witness for PFC Phelps, having served this escort mission, and he is now responsible in no small part for PFC Phelps's legacy.
Prior to the funeral the next day, Lt. Col. Strobl meets PFC Phelps's family for the first time, and makes a point of mentioning that PFC Phelps was treated with great care and dignity across his entire journey. He hands over PFC Phelps's personal effects, as well as a letter from PFC Phelps's platoon leader. He finally leaves them with the cross that was given to him by a flight attendant, saying that eventually he realized it wasn't really given to him, only that he was carrying it for them. With the father's voiceover reading the platoon leader's letter in the background, we see PFC Phelps receive a funeral with full military honors, and his divorced parents are each presented with a flag, "on behalf of the President, the Commandant of the Marine Corps, and a grateful nation," honoring their son. As the attendees all pay their respects, Lt. Col. Strobl renders one final salute as the last one left at the ceremony. The film ends as Lt. Col. Strobl reminisces about his experience, saying that despite the fact he didn't know PFC Chance Phelps prior to his death, somehow after escorting him home and laying him to rest, he now misses him. We then see Lt. Col. Strobl returning home and embracing his wife and children, as the final shot of the film reveals that the mailbox of the unknown house depicted at the beginning of the film says "Phelps."
Family members of Chance Phelps attend the Virginia premiere in February 2009
Director Ross Katz speaking before the premiere
Kevin Bacon speaking before the premiere
Len Amato, president of HBO Films, speaking before the premiere
Cast[edit]
Kevin Bacon as Lt. Colonel Michael Strobl
Tom Aldredge as Charlie Fitts
Nicholas Reese Art as Nate Strobl
Blanche Baker as Chris Phelps
Tom Bloom as Navy Chaplain
Guy Boyd as Gary Hargrove
James Castanien as Robert Orndoff
Gordon Clapp as Tom Garrett
Mike Colter as MGySgt Demetry
GySgt Henry Coy as Marine Driver
Joel de la Fuente as Ticketing Agent
Liza Colón-Zayás as Ticketing Agent
Ann Dowd as Gretchen
Tate Ellington as A.V. Scott
Noah Fleiss as Army Sergeant
Julian Gamble as Jeff Mack
Enver Gjokaj as Corporal Arenz ('Sergeant' in film's dialogue)
Brendan Griffin as Major Thompson
Sgt Adam Hayes as Dover Team Leader
Danny Hoch as TSA Agent
Ruby Jerins as Olivia Strobl
Tom Kemp as Business Man
John Bedford Lloyd as General Kruger
John Magaro as Rich Brewer
Matthew Morrison as Robert Rouse
Maximilian Osinski as Sgt Neuman
Wolé Parks as Major Schott
Del Pentecost as Minneapolis Cargo Handler
Dominic Colon as Minneapolis Cargo Handler
George Rabidou as Marine First Sergeant delivering U.S. Flag to parent during funeral.
Christina Rouner as Tall Flight Attendant
Victor Slezak as Sgt Mulcahy
Felix Solis as Philly Cargo Worker
Sarah Thompson as Annie
Paige Turco as Stacey Strobl
Sharon Washington as Mortuary Technician
Julie White as Colonel Karen Bell
Emily Wickersham as Petty Officer Kelley Phelps
William Wise as Larry Hertzog
Tom Wopat as John Phelps
Richard Reed as Rifle detail Staff Non Commissioned Officer
Critical reception[edit]
Taking Chance received generally favorable reviews, and currently holds a 76/100 rating on Metacritic.[3] Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave it a more mixed reception, with 50% of professional critics giving the film a positive review.[4]
One review from The Baltimore Sun, said that it "... is one of the most eloquent and socially conscious films the premium cable channel has ever presented," and USA Today, said "A small, almost perfectly realized gem of a movie, Taking Chance is also precisely the kind of movie that TV should be making." On the other end is Slant Magazine, saying "Instead of well-drawn characters or real human drama, we are presented with a military procedural on burial traditions. The film desperately wants the viewer to shed tears for its fallen hero without giving a single dramatic reason to do so."
The film was the most-watched HBO original in five years, with over two million viewers on the opening night, and more than 5.5 million on re-airings. Critics often attribute this success to its apolitical nature, not directly depicting nor offering an opinion of the Iraq War.[5]
Former Secretary of Defense Robert Gates wrote in his memoir 'Duty' that the film had an "important impact" on his decision to allow the media access to the transfer of fallen service members at Dover Air Force Base in February 2009.[6] Retired Marine Corps General John F. Kelly, who was next to Chance when he was killed and is the father of First Lieutenant Robert Kelly who was killed in action in Afghanistan, recommended that the Washington press corps watch the film in order to understand the solemnity and dignity of the process of returning fallen military service members to their families during a White House press conference.[7]
Bacon received a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film and a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie. The film received ten nominations for the 61st Primetime Emmy Awards, winning the Emmy for "Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Miniseries or Movie".
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Boedeker, Hal (February 15, 2009). "HBO's 'Taking Chance' is a moving salute to the fallen". TV Preview. Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 2009-02-23.
Jump up ^ Shales, om (February 21, 2009). "HBO's 'Chance' Finely Renders Solemn Honor For Fallen Troops". TV Preview. Washington Post. Retrieved 2009-02-23.
Jump up ^ Taking Chance reviews at Metacritic
Jump up ^ Taking Chance. Rotten Tomatoes. Flixter. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "'Taking Chance'". Wall Street Journal. News Corporation. March 14, 2009. p. 8. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
Jump up ^ Gates, Robert. Duty: Memoirs of a Secretary at War. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2014). In Chapter 9: New Team, New Agenda, Old Secretary.
Jump up ^ Shear, Michael D. (2017-10-20). "Kelly Delivers Fervent Defense of Trump Call to Soldier's Widow". The New York Times. p. A1.
External links[edit]
Taking Chance on IMDb
Official website for Taking Chance on HBO
Arts of War on the Web review, February 20, 2009
KMIR6 NBC story on PFC Chance Phelps on YouTube
Taking PFC Phelps home, by LtCol Michael Strobl, USMC (Ret)
You're his witness now Marine Corps Times
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taking_Chance&oldid=835912469"
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Utang na loob
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs attention from an expert in Philippines. The specific problem is: the article needs to be expanded without skewing its coverage. WikiProject Philippines may be able to help recruit an expert. (May 2017)
Utang na loob is a Filipino cultural trait which, when translated literally, means "a debt of one's inner self (loob)."[1] It is also often translated as a "debt of gratitude."[2]
In the study of Filipino psychology, utang na loob is considered an important "accommodative surface value", along with hiya (propriety/dignity) and pakikisama (companionship/esteem). It is one of the values by which Filipinos accommodate the demands of the world around them as opposed to its counterpart grouping, referred to as the "confrontative surface values", which include values such as lakas ng loob and pakikibaka.[1]
The essence of utang na loob is an obligation to appropriately repay a person who has done one a favor. The favors which elicit the Filipino's sense of utang na loob are typically those whose value is impossible to quantify, or, if there is a quantifiable value involved, involves a deeply personal internal dimension.[3] This internal dimension, loob, differentiates utang na loob from an ordinary utang (debt); being an internal phenomenon, utang na loob thus goes much deeper than ordinary debt or even the western concept of owing a favor. Filipino psychology explains that this is a reflection of the kapwa orientation of shared personhood or shared self, which is at the core of the Filipino values system.[1]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c de Guia, Katrin (2005). Kapwa: The Self in the Other: Worldviews and Lifestyles of Filipino Culture-Bearers. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing, Inc. p. 378. ISBN 971-27-1490-X.
Jump up ^ http://globalnation.inquirer.net/144845/a-filipino-american-recovers-his-kapwa
Jump up ^ Borja-Slark, Aileen (January 27, 2008). "Reciprocity and The Concept of Filipino "Utang na Loob "". Filipino-Western Relationships. www.western-asian.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2008. Retrieved February 5, 2009.
Further reading[edit]
Ronald E. Dolan, ed. (1991). "Social Values and Organization". Philippines: A Country Study. Washington: U.S. Library of Congress.
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text:
Brawl Stars
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Brawl Stars
Developer(s)
Supercell
Publisher(s)
Supercell
Platform(s)
iOS
Release
CAN: June 15, 2017 (beta)
Genre(s)
Strategy
Mode(s)
Multiplayer
Brawl Stars is a freemium mobile real-time strategy video game developed and published by Supercell.[1] On June 14, 2017, Supercell announced the game via livestream video on Youtube. It received an iOS soft launch in the Canadian App Store the following day, June 15, 2017. It is yet to be released on Android devices or in other countries.
Contents
[hide]
1 Gameplay
1.1 Supers
1.2 Currency
1.3 Game modes
1.3.1 Bounty
1.3.2 Smash and Grab
1.3.3 Heist
1.3.4 Showdown
2 Characters
3 References
4 External links
Gameplay
Gameplay of Smash and Grab mode in Brawl Stars. The three brawlers in this screenshot are Nita (bottom), El Primo (top left), and Poco (top right).
In Brawl Stars, players are ranked by their level and total trophies. Players collect brawlers and select one to use each game. Brawlers, unlike like Clash Royale cards, come in six rarity types: Common, Rare, Super Rare, Epic, Mythical and Legendary. There are currently eighteen brawlers in the game, and only two of which are legendaries. Players get brawlers from Brawl Boxes which can be purchased for 100 coins or 10 gems. You can also buy special boxes for gems. Players can join bands to play alongside other players. Brawl Stars can be played in five game modes: Bounty, Brawl Ball, Smash and Grab, Heist and Showdown.[2]
Supers
In Brawl Stars, attacking a person on the opposing team will build up that person's super meter. The super meter can be distinguished as a blue button with a skull on it and a yellow ribbon that loops around it. The yellow ribbon grows larger the more you attack. Once the yellow ribbon is maxed out, The super meter and the skull will begin to glow, indicating that the player can use it. Note that attacking after having a complete super will no longer build the super up any farther. The super attack is, like the name suggests, an extra powerful attack that can be used to decimate the opposing team when used correctly. However, sometimes a super is not always about killing. There are supers, like with Poco and Pam, which heal other players. Supers are what distinguished each character correctly, and makes it worth it to diversify who you play with.
Currency
There are currently four currencies in Brawl Stars: Coins, Gems, Elixir and Chips. Coins are used to buy Brawl Boxes which contain brawlers or Elixir. If a player gets the same brawler twice from a Brawl Box, the player instead receives a Chip which can be used to buy new brawlers. Coins are received by entering new events, winning battles, leveling up brawlers and ranking up. Gems are used to buy Brawl Boxes, coin boosters, and skins for decorating brawlers. Gems can only be obtained by purchasing them from the in-game shop with real money. Elixir is collected from Brawl Boxes and is used to upgrade brawlers. It takes 45 elixir to completely max out a brawler.
Game modes
Bounty
Bounty is a 3 vs 3 team deathmatch game mode where players try to kill players on the other team. The more kills a player has, the higher their bounty is, but if a player with a large bounty is killed, that player's bounty is given to the player that killed them. Each team of three players is either red or blue, and each team spawns on their own side of the map.
Smash and Grab
Smash and Grab is a 3 vs 3 game mode in which players try to collect crystals. The crystals spawn from a mine in the middle of the map once every 5-6 seconds. Each player's crystal count is displayed on top of their name. If a player with crystals is killed, they drop their crystals onto the ground, and the crystals can be collected by other players on either team. The objective is for a team to collect 10 crystals, and if a team does so, a 15-second timer is activated. If the team keeps their 10 crystals for 15 seconds, they win the game.
Heist
Heist is also played with two teams of three. One team has a safe containing crystals to defend, and one team has to break open said safe in 2 minutes and 30 seconds using various attacks and strategies.
Showdown
Showdown is the only game mode not played 3 vs 3. It is a deathmatch played with 10 players. During the game, the map fills with poison gas, reducing the size of the battlefield. The last player standing wins the game.[3][4]
Characters
Brawl Stars, like many Supercell games, has a diverse cast of characters. One notable feature is that they all have some sort of Western United States spin to them. Characters include:
Shelly is the poster character for Brawl Stars and is provided during the tutorial. She has a medium to low range weapon, though it has significant spread, meaning that players without good aim can still use her; which is why she is likely a tutorial character. Her Super is the same as her regular attack, except it deals significantly more damage, is orange in color instead of blue, and has knockback. It can also break blocks, making it good for opening up areas.
Jessie is a cowgirl character in Brawl Stars and it one of the early characters a player will get from a loot box. She is long range character, though she has little to no spread in her attack. She only fires one bullet, though if it hits a player, it will angle itself to hit another player, so she is good when the opposing team is grouped close together. Her super is quite unique in that it is a turret with its own separate health, similar to Torbjorn in Overwatch. The turret acts like a normal turret and will keep on firing at a player so long as they are in range and are not in grass. The turret will not stop firing until its health is reduced to 0.
Colt is a fragile common character in Brawl Stars, who has the attack power of Shelly but the range of Jessie. He is extremely weak, having only 600 health (with no upgrades) but makes up for it in his 6 bullet rapid fire succession. He is one of the better starting characters, although later in the game there are better heroes. His super is a buffed version of his regular attack, which is larger and can destroy blocks such as rocks and walls.
Nita is another common character who looks like small innocent child, but is deceptively the opposite. She may be small but she packs quite a punch. According to her character description, she is the youngest of her Native American tribal shamans. Her attack is a shockwave tremor, which is short range but deals a lot of damage. She is most notable for her Super, summoning a massive familiar bear, which has a lot of health and will endlessly pursue the other team. When the bear attacks, it builds her super.
El Primo is a Mexican fighter based off the lucha libre fighting in Mexico. He was struck by a meteor in his early days, giving him superhuman strength and power. El Primo is an extremely short range character, as he uses his fists as a primary form of attack. El Primo is a tank, meaning that he can take a lot of hits, and this is likely due to the fact that he has a very slow movement speed and next to no range, so he has to take a lot of hits before he is within attacking range of another person. His super is a giant dropkick where he jumps high into the air and crashes into his foes, which can deal a lot of damage to fragile characters. Although the super was intended for clearing up clusters of players, players have found ulterior uses for it. For example, a popular use for this attack is to quickly maneuver away from opponents, as since El Primo's walking speed is so slow, it's quite hard to get away if one overextends. El Primo is immune to all attacks when the air, although in the brief period where he is stunned from landing, he is quite susceptible to a lot of attacks. It can also be used to destroy obstructing blocks.
References
Jump up ^ Thier, Dave (14 June 2017). "'Clash Royale' Developer's Next Game Is Called 'Brawl Stars'". Forbes. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Torres, Ida (17 June 2017). "Brawl Stars is an upcoming game from the makers of Clash Royale". androidcommunity.com. Android Community. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Ferrera, Jessica (22 June 2017). "'Brawl Stars' Release Date: Supercell Announces 'Epic Multiplayer' Game on iOS, Android". christianpost.com. The Christian Post. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Game Modes". supercell.helpshift.com. Supercell. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
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End of World War II in Asia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The end of World War II in Asia occurred on 14 and 15 August 1945, when armed forces of the Empire of Japan surrendered to the forces of the Allies. The surrender came over three months after the surrender of the Axis forces in Europe and brought an end to World War II.
Contents
[hide]
1 Prelude
2 Final stages
3 Aftermath
3.1 Thailand (Siam)
3.2 Occupation of Japan
3.3 International Military Tribunal for the Far East
4 See also
5 References
Prelude[edit]
See also: End of World War II in Europe
November 28, 1943 – Tehran Conference – Soviet Union agrees to invade Japan "after the defeat of Germany" – commence stockpiling resources in the Far East.
February 4, 1945 – Yalta Conference – Soviet Union agrees to invade Japan within 3 months of German surrender.
April 5, 1945 – Soviet Union denounces the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact that had been signed on April 13, 1941.
April 29, 1945 - Italian Fascist Republican troops, under Rodolfo Graziani's command, surrender in the "Rendition of Cazerta".
May 8, 1945 – Germany surrenders
July 16, 1945 – Potsdam Conference.
July 26, 1945 – Potsdam Declaration to Japan demanding unconditional surrender.
Final stages[edit]
See also: Pacific War § Final stages, Burma Campaign § Final operations, and Victory over Japan Day
August 3, 1945 – Soviet General Vasilevskii reported to Stalin that Soviet forces ready for invasion from August 7.
August 6, 1945 – An atomic bomb, Little Boy, dropped on Hiroshima from a special B-29 Superfortress named Enola Gay, flown by Col. Paul Tibbets. It is the first use of atomic weapons in combat. (Atomic bombing of Hiroshima)
August 8, 1945 – The Soviet Union declares war on Japan against the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact.
August 9, 1945 – Second, and more powerful plutonium implosion atomic bomb, Fat Man, is dropped on Nagasaki from a different Silverplate B-29 named Bockscar, flown by Maj. Charles Sweeney (Atomic bombing of Nagasaki)
August 9, 1945 – Soviet Armies launch the Soviet invasion of Manchuria.
August 10, 1945 – The 38th Parallel is set as the delineation between the Soviet and US occupation zones in Korea.
August 14, 1945 (at noon JST on August 15, 1945) – Emperor Shōwa's decree to accept the Potsdam Declaration announced over radio.
August 14, 1945 – General Douglas MacArthur is appointed to head the occupation forces in Japan.
August 16, 1945 – Gen. Jonathan Wainwright, a POW since May 6, 1942 following the surrender of U.S. forces in the Philippines under his command, is released from a POW camp in Manchuria.
August 17, 1945 – Japanese IGHQ issues formal cease-fire in Manchuria.
August 17, 1945 – General MacArthur issues General Order No. 1.
August 18, 1945 – Soviet Army invades Karafuto on southern Sakhalin Island.
August 18, 1945 – Soviet amphibious landings in northern Korea.
August 18, 1945 – Japanese pilots attack two Consolidated B-32 Dominators of the 386th Bomb Squadron, 312th Bomb Group, on a photo reconnaissance mission over Japan. Sgt. Anthony Marchione, 19, a photographer's assistant on the B-32 Hobo Queen II, was fatally wounded in the attack. Marchione would be the last American killed in air combat in the Second World War.
August 18, 1945 – Soviet invasion of the Kuril Islands begins with amphibious landings on Shumshu.[1]
August 19, 1945 – Kwantung Army HQ transmit capitulation order to Japanese troops in Manchuria.
August 23, 1945 – Last Japanese troops on Shumshu surrender to Soviet forces.[2]
August 25, 1945 – Japanese surrender in Karafuto (south Sakhalin Island).
August 27, 1945 – B-29s drop supplies to Allied POWs in China.
August 29, 1945 – The Soviets shoot down a B-29 Superfortress dropping supplies to POWs in Korea
August 29, 1945 – U.S. troops land near Tokyo to begin the occupation of Japan by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers.
August 30, 1945 – The United Kingdom reoccupies Hong Kong.
September 2, 1945 – Formal Japanese surrender ceremony aboard USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay; U.S. President Harry S. Truman declares VJ Day.
Aftermath[edit]
See also: South East Asia Command § Post–World War II
September 2, 1945 – The Japanese garrison in Penang surrenders, while the British retake Penang under Operation Jurist.
September 3, 1945 – The Japanese commander in the Philippines, Gen. Yamashita, surrenders to Gen. Wainwright at Baguio.
September 4, 1945 – Japanese troops on Wake Island surrender.
September 5, 1945 – The British land in Singapore.
September 5, 1945 – The Soviets complete their occupation of the Kuril Islands.[3]
September 6, 1945 - Japanese forces in Rabaul surrender.
September 8, 1945 – MacArthur enters Tokyo.
September 8, 1945 – U.S. forces land at Incheon to occupy Korea south of the 38th Parallel
September 9, 1945 – Japanese in China surrender.
September 9, 1945 – Japanese in Korea surrender.
September 10, 1945 - Japanese in Labuan surrender.
September 11, 1945 - Japanese in Sarawak surrender.
September 12, 1945 - Japanese in Singapore surrender.
September 13, 1945 – Japanese in Burma surrender.
September 14, 1945 - Japanese in Celebes surrender.
September 16, 1945 - Japanese in Hong Kong formally surrender.
October 25, 1945 – Japanese in Taiwan surrender to Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek as part of General Order No. 1, which later led to the ambiguous and unresolved political status of Taiwan.
Thailand (Siam)[edit]
After Japan's defeat in 1945, with the help of Seri Thai, Thailand was treated as a defeated country by the British and French, although American support mitigated the Allied terms. Thailand was not occupied by the Allies, but it was forced to return the territory it had regained to the British and the French. In the postwar period Thailand had relations with the United States, which it saw as a protector from the communist revolutions in neighbouring countries.[citation needed]
Occupation of Japan[edit]
At the end of World War II, Japan was occupied by the Allied Powers, led by the United States with contributions also from Australia, India, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. This foreign presence marked the first time in its history that the island nation had been occupied by a foreign power.[4] The San Francisco Peace Treaty, signed on September 8, 1951, marked the end of the Allied occupation, and after it came into force on April 28, 1952, Japan was once again an independent country.
International Military Tribunal for the Far East[edit]
During the occupation leading Japanese war crime charges were reserved for those who participated in a joint conspiracy to start and wage war, and were brought against those in the highest decision-making bodies; "Class B" crimes were reserved for those who committed "conventional" atrocities or crimes against humanity; "Class C" crimes were reserved for those in "the planning, ordering, authorization, or failure to prevent such transgressions at higher levels in the command structure."
Twenty-eight Japanese military and political leaders were charged with Class A crimes, and more than 5,700 Japanese nationals were charged with Class B and C crimes, mostly entailing prisoner abuse. China held 13 tribunals of its own, resulting in 504 convictions and 149 executions.
The Japanese Emperor Hirohito and all members of the imperial family such as Prince Asaka, were not prosecuted for involvement in any the three categories of crimes. Herbert Bix explains that "the Truman administration and General MacArthur both believed the occupation reforms would be implemented smoothly if they used Hirohito to legitimise their changes."[5] As many as 50 suspects, such as Nobusuke Kishi, who later became Prime Minister, and Yoshisuke Aikawa, head of the zaibatsu Nissan, and future leader of the Chuseiren,[clarification needed] were charged but released without ever being brought to trial in 1947 and 1948. Shiro Ishii received immunity in exchange for data gathered from his experiments on live prisoners. The lone dissenting judge to exonerate all indictees was Indian jurist Radhabinod Pal.
The tribunal was adjourned on 12 November 1948.
See also[edit]
Timeline of Axis surrenders in World War II
Japanese holdout
Aftermath of World War II
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Russell, Richard A., Project Hula: Secret Soviet-American Cooperation in the War Against Japan, Washington, D.C.: Naval Historical Center, 1997, ISBN 0-945274-35-1, pp. 30-31.
Jump up ^ Russell, Richard A., Project Hula: Secret Soviet-American Cooperation in the War Against Japan, Washington, D.C.: Naval Historical Center, 1997, ISBN 0-945274-35-1, p. 31.
Jump up ^ Russell, Richard A., Project Hula: Secret Soviet-American Cooperation in the War Against Japan, Washington, D.C.: Naval Historical Center, 1997, ISBN 0-945274-35-1, pp. 33, 34.
Jump up ^ The Metropolitan Museum of Art. "Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: Japan, 1900 a.d.–present". Retrieved 2009-02-01.
Jump up ^ https://www.harpercollins.com/authors/13941
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia&oldid=808313296"
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South West Pacific theatre of World War II
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