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Jenny Humphrey
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Jenny Humphrey
Gossip Girl and The It Girl character
Taylor Momsen as Jenny Humphrey
First appearance
Novel:
Gossip Girl
(Gossip Girl series)
The It Girl
(The It Girl series)
Television:
"Pilot"
(episode 1.01)
Last appearance
Novel:
Nothing Can Keep Us Together
(Gossip Girl series)
Classic
(The It Girl series)
Television:
"New York, I Love You XOXO"
(episode 6.10)
Created by
Character
Cecily von Ziegesar
Developed for Television
Josh Schwartz
Stephanie Savage
Portrayed by
Taylor Momsen
Information
Full name
Jennifer Tallulah Humphrey
Nickname(s)
Jenny (by everyone)
Aliases
J, Little J, Queen J, Erica Van Der Woodsen, Blair Waldorf
Occupation
Novels:
Artist
High school student
(at Constance Billard; expelled)
(at Waverly Academy)
Television:
High school student
(at Constance Billard; departed)
College student
(at Central Saint Martins)
Fashion designer
Drug dealer (former)
Family
Rufus Humphrey
(father)
Daniel "Dan" Humphrey
(older brother)
Novels:
Jeanette Humphrey
(mother; estranged)
Television:
Alison Humphrey
(mother)
Lillian "Lily" Humphrey
(ex-stepmother)
Scott Rosson
(paternal half-brother)
Serena van der Woodsen
(ex-paternal stepsister/sister-in-law)
Eric van der Woodsen
(ex-paternal stepbrother)
Charles "Chuck" Bass
(ex-adoptive stepbrother)
Jennifer Tallulah "Jenny" Humphrey is one of the characters in both the Gossip Girl and The It Girl series of novels by Cecily von Ziegesar. She is portrayed by Taylor Momsen in the Gossip Girl television adaptation on The CW.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Novel series
1.1 Gossip Girl
1.2 The It Girl
2 TV series
2.1 Season 1
2.2 Season 2
2.3 Season 3
2.4 Season 4
2.5 Season 5
2.6 Season 6
3 Reception
4 References
Novel series[edit]
Gossip Girl[edit]
Jennifer Humphrey is the daughter of Rufus Humphrey, an editor of Beat poets who has never been published himself, and Jeanette Humphrey, who ran off with a European aristocrat. She has an older brother, Dan Humphrey, an aspiring writer. Jenny is a student at the Constance Billard School for Girls, a small, elite, all-girls school on the Upper East Side that Serena van der Woodsen and Blair Waldorf also attend. In the book series, Jenny is described as a short, well-endowed brunette, but the television show depicts her as tall, skinny and blonde.
In the Gossip Girl prequel It Had To Be You, Jenny is noted for having a rather flat chest until she begins taking breast enlargement supplements, which are the cause of her DD cup size.
The It Girl[edit]
Jenny is the protagonist of the book series The It Girl, which shows her new life after she gets expelled from Constance Billard and starts at Waverly Academy in upstate New York. In The It Girl, Jenny tries to reinvent herself as a "popular and sophisticated city girl" and leave behind the person she was at Constance. When Jenny arrives at Waverly, she finds the students even more attractive, athletic, and intimidating than she had imagined. Jenny then meets her two new exceptionally beautiful and popular roommates: lithe and blonde Southern girl Callie Vernon, and red-headed, green-eyed, sophisticated New Jerseyan Brett Messerschmidt. She quickly learns that she has replaced their old best friend, the extremely attractive and notorious Tinsley Carmichael. Jenny can't help but feel that sleeping in such a lucky bed must rub off.
TV series[edit]
Season 1[edit]
Main article: List of Gossip Girl episodes
Jenny Humphrey is introduced in Season 1. A pretty, blonde freshman at Constance Billard,[2] she tries desperately to fit in with Blair's clique, but Blair makes it difficult for her, subjecting Jenny to the rules of high school hierarchy. A possible friendship ends when Blair discovers Nate's lingering feelings for Serena and Jenny's interest in Nate, entailing further cruelty to Jenny. When Blair's affair with Chuck Bass is exposed, Nate approaches Jenny and Blair's affair is made public. Blair's friends shun her for her hypocrisy and establish Jenny as the new Queen Bee of Constance Billard.[3] Despite being one of the school It Girls, she is driven to prove herself. Lacking self-confidence because she is not as rich as the other girls, she sells her sewing machine and barters an expensive dress she stole from one of her friends. When Blair throws her a surprise birthday party, the other girls discover that Jenny stole the dress, bringing Blair's scheme to fruition. Jenny retaliates by bringing Nate with her to Blair's victory party and winning the girls to her side.[4] Jenny and Blair then struggle for the position of Queen Bee. Jenny thinks she's found true love with Asher Hornsby, but their romance is short-lived when she discovers that he is gay. He convinces her to say that she lost her virginity to him in order to dispel the rumors that he is gay, promising that as long as she pretends it's true, he'll give her privileges that the Upper East Side can offer. But Blair and Eric out Asher at his own party, and Jenny confesses that she lied about having sex with him. Blair's clique abandons her once again, and she later finds Blair to tell her that she's won as it's "not worth it".[5] In the season finale, Jenny receives an internship at Blair's mother Eleanor's company.
Season 2[edit]
At the beginning of season 2, Jenny spends her summer working hard as a new intern for Eleanor Waldorf Designs. She apologizes to Eric for her behavior the previous season. He forgives her and invites her to the White Party in the Hamptons, where he introduces her to Tinsley Mortimer and she proves her worth to one of Eleanor's supervisors.[6]
Eleanor fires Jenny after a critical remark about one of her dresses, but during a citywide blackout, Eleanor realizes her talent and hires Jenny. After constant harassment by Blair’s minions, Jenny decides to skip school to pursue a future in fashion.
Blair and Serena have another fight about Serena's growing popularity, and Jenny is dragged into it during Eleanor's fashion show. When she changes the seating arrangement Blair had planned, Blair retaliates by telling Rufus that Jenny has been skipping school, and he confronts her. Blair attempts to sabotage Jenny’s work in the show but Jenny improvises, proposing that Serena and the socialites walk the runway. In an effort to ruin Serena, Blair switches the final dress with one that Jenny made, drawing Eleanor's ire. The dress is a huge hit with the audience and the fashion show is a big success. Jenny realizes Blair's frustrations with her friendship with Serena, commenting that they have worked hard for what they’ve wanted and Serena just glides through. Eleanor later praises Jenny for her work.[7]
Rufus eventually agrees to Jenny being home-schooled after seeing how committed and good at her job she is. At work, Jenny befriends Agnes Andrews (Willa Holland), a model who convinces her to start her own fashion line. Realizing that working for Eleanor won't help her develop as a designer and that Eleanor has begun to take advantage of her talents, Jenny leaves.[8] Jenny also begins a short relationship with Nate when they share a passionate kiss after he rescues her from being taken advantage of by an older photographer. Jenny and Rufus argue over her quitting Eleanor’s and Jenny moves out of the Humphreys' apartment and moves in with Agnes, who suggests that they plan a guerrilla fashion show at the charity gala honoring Lily and Bart.[9] The show is a big success but Vanessa witnesses her kissing Nate, thereby straining their friendship. Rufus tries to get her arrested but is stopped by Lily. Agnes's fiery temper and their growing disagreements over the clothing line make it hard for them to close a business deal. Jenny steals Agnes’s contact list, attempting to make a deal by herself. Upon learning of Jenny’s betrayal, Agnes burns all her dresses and kicks her out of her apartment, leaving her with nothing.[10]
Upon learning that she is too young to start her own business, she attempts to file for emancipation, but Rufus refuses. On Thanksgiving, Lily finds the papers after discovering that Jenny has been hiding in their apartment with Eric, and warns Rufus. Rufus and Jenny reconcile after a little persuasion from Eleanor and she returns home.[11] During the Snowflake Ball, Jenny learns that Vanessa and Nate are back together even though Vanessa was aware of Nate's feelings for her. Nate breaks up with her after she helps to humiliate Vanessa at the ball. Jenny returns to Constance and is forced to contend with Blair’s minions.
During the season finale and Serena’s hunt for Gossip Girl, Jenny decides to compete to be the next Queen Bee after Blair leaves. She almost drops out, but Blair gives her a touching speech about keeping her eye on the prize. In the end Blair chooses Jenny and crowns her queen of Constance.[12]
Season 3[edit]
After Jenny fails to bring about egalitarianism at Constance, she resolves to rule as Queen Bee with her own group of minions.[13] With her new position and wealth, Jenny’s social-climbing persona resurfaces and she begins to erase her former Brooklyn self, throwing away her homemade clothes and sewing machine. Worried that Jenny is turning into a typical Queen Bee, Eric and Jonathon attempt an intervention, but are humiliated by Jenny and her clique.[14] Eric teams up with Blair to take down Jenny at the Cotillion Ball by sabotaging her escort. The plan backfires, and Jenny instead secures Nate to escort her, winning her the respect of the Queens at every prep school on the Upper East Side. As a consequence of Eric’s scheming, Jonathan breaks up with him and a rift emerges in Jenny and Eric’s relationship.[15]
Chuck introduces her to Damien Dalgaard, son of the Belgian ambassador, who deals drugs.[16] Liking his wild lifestyle, Jenny strikes up a relationship with him and helps him supply drugs to his customers while sharing in some of the profit, even stealing some of Lily’s “headache pills”.[17] Lily and Rufus find out about the drugs, which Damien covers up with a story about his father.[18] Against Rufus’s will, Jenny continues her relationship with Damien, who seems interested in taking it further. Jenny, who is a virgin, backs out at the last minute, causing Damien to break up with her, leaving her to face her family.[19]
At Rufus’s suggestion, Eleanor reemploys Jenny to help out with her upcoming fashion show. Jenny is happy to be back, but is shocked to learn that one of the models she’ll be working with is Agnes, who, after the show finishes, takes revenge on Jenny by drugging her and leaving her in a bar to be taken advantage of. Nate rescues Jenny before anything happens to her. Because of this, Jenny’s feelings for Nate reawaken and she aspires to win him over.[20] She tries to kiss him but he resists her advances because he sees her only as a friend and because he is dating Serena. Jenny attempts to sabotage Serena and Nate’s relationship by lying to Serena and implying to Nate that she is having an affair with Carter Baizen. Jenny’s attempts fail, and her relationship with both is left tenuous after Nate kicks her out of his apartment.
At a gala event where Serena’s recently returned father William Van Der Woodsen is making a speech, a former client of Damien’s approaches Jenny, angrily telling her the drugs she sold her (Lily’s cancer medication) gave her a yeast infection. Rufus overhears this and grounds Jenny to the Humphrey apartment in Brooklyn.[21] During her punishment, Jenny researches Lily’s medicine and tells Chuck there is something very wrong with the medication Serena’s father is prescribing her. It is discovered that William has lied to Lily about her condition and been giving her drugs that make her sick in a plot to win her back from Rufus. Seeing an opportunity to break up Rufus and Lily and return her family to the way it was before, Jenny attempts to sabotage Blair, Chuck, and Nate’s plan to unveil William’s deception. When William is about to be held accountable, she quickly runs to William and warns him, telling him the police are coming to get him, and urges him to escape. Back at the van der Woodsen penthouse she reveals that she warned William and says she wishes her family could go back to normal: "When I lived in Brooklyn, I may have had to ride the subway to school, and make my own clothes, but at least our family was happy". Rufus says the only thing that needs to return to normal is Jenny. Eric is hurt by Jenny's attempt to leave the family, and says that if she wants out, no one is forcing her to stay.[22]
Jenny hits rock bottom after sending Gossip Girl a picture of Dan and Serena in bed together, jeopardizing Dan and Nate’s friendship, Dan and Vanessa's relationship, and breaking up Nate and Serena’s relationship. Blair confronts Jenny, telling her, “Nate loves Serena, Dan loves Vanessa — God knows why — and Chuck loves me. But you, Jenny? No one loves you except your daddy. And after what you pulled yesterday, who knows if that's even true anymore?”[23] Emotionally distressed, Jenny goes to Nate’s apartment but instead finds Chuck devastated over his break-up with Blair and in her state of vulnerability, Jenny loses her virginity to Chuck. Afterward, Blair arrives willing to take Chuck back and Jenny sneaks out. She breaks down in tears to Eric, telling him that everyone hates her and that she slept with Chuck. Eric tells Dan, who confronts Chuck just as he is about to propose to Blair. Jenny, in tears, leaves with Rufus and Lily. A week later, she says her goodbyes to her family and leaves to finish high school with her mother in Hudson.[24]
Season 4[edit]
Jenny has been living in Hudson with her mother since May. Blair finds Jenny preparing for an interview with Tim Gunn, and grants her a special day pass. When Chuck steals Jenny's portfolio, she is forced to visit The Empire Hotel, where Blair had forbidden her to go. This results in Blair and Jenny scheming against each other, and Jenny eventually telling Gossip Girl that she lost her virginity to Chuck, not Damien Dalgaard. While Jenny is left feeling victorious, a defeated Blair blames Chuck. Jenny ultimately realises the damage of her return and decides to leave for good, telling Blair and Chuck that their vindictive games against each other will soon destroy them both.
Juliet and Vanessa Skype Jenny, asking for help to take down Serena. Jenny doesn't want to go back to her old tricks but also feels Serena is to blame for everything that happened last year and can never take blame for anything, so she agrees to help with the scheme. But when Serena ends up in the hospital after being drugged by Juliet, Jenny tells Juliet that she is going to come clean with everyone about their scheme. Juliet warns her that she will be going down alone. When Jenny appears at the hospital, Vanessa has already pinned the entire scheme on her; unable to defend herself, she leaves, showing up at Blair's later that night, telling her that Juliet was behind everything and that she and Vanessa were merely accomplices. To prove her story, she hands Blair Juliet's masquerade mask and earns Blair's forgiveness. After confessing to Blair, she says she would love to help her take down Juliet, but she should return to Hudson rather than become involved in another scheme.
Season 5[edit]
In the premiere episode of season 5, "Yes, Then Zero," Rufus reveals that Jenny moved to London to attend Central Saint Martins.
Season 6[edit]
In the final episode of the series, it is revealed that Jenny knew that her brother, Dan Humphrey, was the mysterious blogger behind Gossip Girl. She returns to the Upper East Side, appearing in the five-year time jump for her brother's wedding to Serena van der Woodsen. Jenny works as a designer for Blair's fashion empire, implying that they have gotten over their past animosity. Together they create their own clothing line, "J for Waldorf".
Reception[edit]
Rumors have been made throughout Gossip Girl's first few seasons that Jenny would be given her own spin-off, in line with the character leaving for boarding school just like the novels. News later confirmed that producers did not pick up the spin-off.[25]
Jenny's character further gained prominence during the show's third season. Enid Portugez of the LA Times praised Jenny's fashionable skills, stating that "Jenny capped off the drama by showing us she's becoming extremely adept at becoming a drug dealer. Her brilliant idea to sew pills into jacket paillettes could have easily won her a "Project Runway" challenge! Despite the illegality of it all, it was nice to see Jenny put her wit and wiles to use..." [26] Following the dramatic events during the third season finale, Michael Ausiello praised both Leighton Meester and Taylor Momsen's performance.[27] L.J. Gibbs, from TV Fanatic, gave the episode a 3.5 rating star out of 5, and said that he felt that Chuck being shot at the end of the episode was a very "cheap move by the writers", and that the storyline involving Chuck and Jenny having sex was very "unlikely".[28] Mark O. Estes, from TV Overmind, had also praised Taylor Momsen's performance in the episode and said that he "wish that Jenny had of gotten her own spin-off", and questions that if her send-off in this episode means that the show's writers have a "Katherine Heigl" situation on their hands".[29] However, Jenny was included in TV Guide's list of The Most Loathed TV Characters.[30]
When asked during a Vanity Fair interview if "real" girls could afford the looks from the show, costume designers Eric Daman and Meredith Markworth-Pollack commented on Jenny's style and stated "Of course! Have fun with it like Jenny Humphrey does, and listen to your fashion sense. Go to a vintage or thrift store and have it tailored so it looks like Marc Jacobs [...] but it’s all about individuality." [31]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Gossip Girl - Cast - Taylor Momsen". CWtv.com. Archived from the original on 2010-06-11. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
Jump up ^ "Pilot Episode Recap". TV.com. Archived from the original on 2010-04-21. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
Jump up ^ "The Thin Line Between Chuck and Nate Episode Recap". TV.com. Archived from the original on 2010-06-12. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
Jump up ^ "The Blair Bitch Project Episode Recap". TV.com. Archived from the original on 2009-12-13. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
Jump up ^ "All About My Brother Episode Recap". TV.com. Archived from the original on 2010-06-17. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
Jump up ^ "Summer, Kind of Wonderful Episode Recap". TV.com. Archived from the original on 2010-10-24. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
Jump up ^ "The Serena Also Rises". TV.com. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
Jump up ^ "Pret-a-Poor-J". TV.com. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
Jump up ^ "There Might be Blood Episode Recap". TV.com. Retrieved 2010-06-17. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Bonfire of the Vanity Episode Recap". TV.com. Archived from the original on 2010-07-30. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
Jump up ^ "The Magnificent Archibalds Episode Recap". TV.com. Archived from the original on 2010-07-30. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
Jump up ^ "The Goodbye Gossip Girl Episode Recap". TV.com. Archived from the original on 2010-06-15. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
Jump up ^ "Dan de Fleurette Episode Recap". TV.com. Archived from the original on 2009-10-22. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
Jump up ^ "How to Succeed in Bassness Episode Recap". TV.com. Archived from the original on 2009-11-06. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
Jump up ^ "They Shoot Humphreys, Don't They? Episode Recap". TV.com. Archived from the original on 2010-06-27. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
Jump up ^ "The Last Days of Disco Stick Episode Recap". TV.com. Archived from the original on 2010-06-29. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
Jump up ^ "The Hurt Locket Episode Recap". TV.com. Archived from the original on 2010-06-19. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
Jump up ^ "The Lady Vanished Episode Recap". TV.com. Archived from the original on 2010-06-29. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
Jump up ^ "The Sixteen Year Old Virgin Episode Recap". TV.com. Archived from the original on 2010-06-11. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
Jump up ^ "The Empire Strikes Jack Episode Recap". TV.com. Archived from the original on 2010-06-03. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
Jump up ^ "It's a Dad, Dad Dad, World". TV.com. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
Jump up ^ "Ex-Husbands and Wives Episode Recap". TV.com. Archived from the original on 2010-06-14. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
Jump up ^ "Last Tango, Then Paris Trivia and Quotes". TV.com. Archived from the original on 2010-07-04. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
Jump up ^ "Last Tango, Then Paris Episode Recap". TV.com. Archived from the original on 2010-07-06. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
Jump up ^ "'Gossip Girl' Producers Considering Spin-off?". Entertainment Weekly. 2008-06-11.
Jump up ^ "'Gossip Girl': Reunited and it feels so good". Los Angeles Times. March 9, 2010. Retrieved March 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (May 10, 2010). "Exclusive: I've seen the 'Gossip Girl' finale and it's [major spoiler alert]!". EW. Archived from the original on May 13, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ Gibbs, L.J. (May 18, 2010). "Gossip Girl Season Finale Review: The End of the Beginning". TV Fanatic. Retrieved July 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ Estes, Mark O. (May 18, 2010). "Gossip Girl 3.22 "Last Tango, Then Paris" Recap/Review". TV Overmind. Retrieved July 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Most Loathed TV Characters Pictures, Jenny Photos". TV Guide. Retrieved September 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Welcome Back, Gossip Girl". Vanity Fair. March 17, 2011. Archived from the original on March 1, 2011.
[hide]
v
t
e
Gossip Girl
Episodes
Season 1
"Pilot"
"The Wild Brunch"
"Victor, Victrola"
"Hi, Society"
"The Thin Line Between Chuck and Nate"
"Desperately Seeking Serena"
"All About My Brother"
"Much 'I Do' About Nothing"
Season 2
"Summer, Kind of Wonderful"
"Never Been Marcused"
"The Dark Night"
"The Ex Files"
"The Serena Also Rises"
"Seder Anything"
"Valley Girls"
"The Goodbye Gossip Girl"
Season 3
"Reversals of Fortune"
"The Freshman"
"The Lost Boy"
"Enough About Eve"
"They Shoot Humphreys, Don't They?"
"The Last Days of Disco Stick"
"The Debarted"
"The Hurt Locket"
"Last Tango, Then Paris"
Season 4
"Belles de Jour"
"Double Identity"
"The Undergraduates"
"Touch of Eva"
"Easy J"
"Gaslit"
"The Townie"
"Petty in Pink"
"The Princesses and the Frog"
"The Wrong Goodbye"
Season 5
"Yes, Then Zero"
"All the Pretty Sources"
"Rhodes to Perdition"
"Riding in Town Cars with Boys"
"The End of the Affair?"
"Father and the Bride"
"G.G."
"The Backup Dan"
Season 6
"Gone Maybe Gone"
"New York, I Love You XOXO"
Characters
Serena van der Woodsen
Blair Waldorf
Dan Humphrey
Nate Archibald
Jenny Humphrey
Chuck Bass
Vanessa Abrams
Eric van der Woodsen
Lily van der Woodsen
Rufus Humphrey
Georgina Sparks
Juliet Sharp
Ivy Dickens
Lola Rhodes
Related
Gossip Girl novel series
The It Girl novel series
OMFGG – Original Music Featured on Gossip Girl No. 1
Gossip Girl: Acapulco
episodes
Gossip Girl: Thailand
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text:
Elizabeth Patterson (actress)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Elizabeth Patterson
Born
Mary Elizabeth Patterson
(1874-11-22)November 22, 1874
Savannah, Tennessee, U.S.
Died
January 31, 1966(1966-01-31) (aged 91)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Occupation
Actress
Years active
1890–1961
Mary Elizabeth Patterson (November 22, 1874 – January 31, 1966) was an American theatre, film, and television character actress who gained popular recognition late in her career playing the elderly neighbor Matilda Trumbull on the television comedy series I Love Lucy.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Film career
3 I Love Lucy
4 Other television appearances
5 Personal life and death
6 Television
7 See also
8 References and notes
9 External links
Early life[edit]
Born in 1874 in Savannah, Tennessee, Mary Elizabeth Patterson was the child of Mildred (née McDougal) and Edmund D. Patterson, a Confederate army veteran.[2] Federal census records document that her father by 1880 was a lawyer and residing with his wife and children in the home of his father-in-law, Garrick Archibald McDougal, a widower, who was also a lawyer and farmer in Savannah.[2] That same census lists Elizabeth as the second child of the Pattersons' four offspring. She had an older sister, Annie Belle, and two younger brothers, Edmund and Archie.[2] With regard to Elizabeth's education, it extended well beyond the local county schools. She also studied at Tennessee colleges in Pulaski and Columbia, where her participation in campus theater groups fostered a growing passion for drama.[3] Her parents soon sent her to Europe in hopes of diminishing her interest in theater; yet, Elizabeth's determination to become an actress was only reinforced during those travels, especially in Paris, where she attended productions of the Comédie Française.[3]
After returning from Europe, Patterson used money from a small inheritance to move to Chicago. There she joined a theatrical troupe and subsequently toured with repertory companies.[3] In 1913, she made her Broadway debut in the play Everyman. She remained active in New York City theatre through 1954.
Film career[edit]
In 1926, at the age of 51, Patterson was cast in her first movie, a silent film, The Boy Friend.[4] Transitioning successfully into the era of "talkies", she remained a very busy actress in Hollywood throughout the 1930s, averaging more than five films a year during that decade, usually in supporting roles. A few of her screen credits at that time include Tarnished Lady; Husband's Holiday; A Bill of Divorcement; So Big!; The Story of Temple Drake; Hold Your Man; Dinner at Eight; High, Wide, and Handsome; and No Man of Her Own. She also appeared in the role of Susan in two adaptations of John Willard's popular play The Cat and the Canary: The Cat Creeps in 1930 and The Cat and the Canary in 1939.[5]
Patterson continued to perform frequently in the 1940s, when she was cast in more than 30 additional films. Among her notable roles is her 1949 portrayal of the heroic character Eunice Habersham in the groundbreaking racial crime drama Intruder in the Dust, a film based on the William Faulkner novel of the same name and set in the Deep South. Although she would appear in a few more feature films in the 1950s, such as Washington Story and Pal Joey, Patterson by then began to focus her work increasingly on roles in the rapidly expanding medium of television.[5]
I Love Lucy[edit]
In 1952, at the age of 77, Patterson made her first appearance on the hit CBS-TV sitcom I Love Lucy in the episode "The Marriage License". In that installment, Patterson's character, Mrs. Willoughby, is the wife of the Greenwich, Connecticut, justice of the peace (played by character actor Irving Bacon) who remarries Lucy and Ricky Ricardo. In that role, she most notably sings an off-key version of "I Love You Truly" during the wedding ceremony. The following year she was cast in a featured guest role as Mrs. Matilda Trumbull in the episode "No Children Allowed". Patterson's character of Mrs. Trumbull was initially an ornery curmudgeon who resided in the same New York apartment building as the Ricardos. In that installment, she threatened to make trouble for the Ricardos since the building did not allow children. At the end of the episode, however, her character softens as she holds for the first time the Ricardos' baby, "Little Ricky"; and, as a result, Mrs. Trumbull becomes friends with both the Ricardos and the building's owners, Fred and Ethel Mertz.
Patterson's character on I Love Lucy proved to be so popular among viewers, as well as useful to the writers of the series, that she continued in the role for three more years, often serving in episode storylines as a convenient babysitter for "Little Ricky". In the fall of 1956, with I Love Lucy in its final season, Patterson made her last appearance as Mrs. Trumbull in "Little Ricky Learns to Play the Drums". Her character was mentioned one last time in the 1957 episode "Lucy Raises Chickens". In that installment, Fred and Ethel decide to follow the Ricardos and move to Connecticut to be near them, and Mrs. Trumbull's sister moves into 623 East 68th Street to manage the apartment building for the Mertzes.
Other television appearances[edit]
Prior to, during, and after her work on I Love Lucy, Patterson appeared in many other American television series during the 1950s and early 1960s. Her first credited performance on the "small screen" was in March 1950 in "The Walking Stick", a teleplay on the NBC anthology series The Chevrolet Tele-Theatre.[6] During the 11 years after that initial televised performance to her final role on television in 1961, she portrayed characters in a variety of other series, including Pulitzer Prize Playhouse, Studio One in Hollywood, General Electric Theater, Stage 7, Lux Video Theatre, Crossroads, The Star and the Story, The Adventures of Jim Bowie, Adventures of Superman, New York Confidential, 77 Sunset Strip, Johnny Stacatto, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, Playhouse 90, The Barbara Stanwyck Show, and The New Breed.[5]
Personal life and death[edit]
Patterson, who never married, lived at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel during her 35-year film and television career.[7]. On January 31, 1966, she died at age 91 in Los Angeles of complications from pneumonia.[8] Her gravesite is in Savannah Cemetery in her hometown in Tennessee.[9]
×==Partial filmography==
The Boy Friend (1926)
The Return of Peter Grimm (1926)
South Sea Rose (1929)
Harmony at Home (1930)
The Big Party (1930)
The Cat Creeps (1930)
Tarnished Lady (1931)
The Expert (1932)
New Morals for Old (1932)
Miss Pinkerton (1932)
They Call It Sin (1932)
Breach of Promise (1932)
No Man of Her Own (1932)
They Just Had to Get Married (1932)
Secret of the Blue Room (1933)
Dinner at Eight (1933)
Infernal Machine (1933)
Hold Your Man (1933)
Chasing Yesterday (1935)
Go West, Young Man (1936)
Night of Mystery (1937
That Navy Spirit (1937)
Sons of the Legion (1938)
Bluebeard's Eighth Wife (1938)
Sing, You Sinners (1938)
Bulldog Drummond's Bride (1939)
The Cat and the Canary (1939)
Remember the Night (1940)
Adventure in Diamonds (1940)
Tobacco Road (1941)
I Married a Witch (1942)
My Sister Eileen (1942)
Together Again (1944)
Colonel Effingham's Raid (1946)
The Secret Heart (1946)
Out of the Blue (1947)
Miss Tatlock's Millions (1948)
Intruder in the Dust (1949)
Little Women (1949)
Las Vegas Shakedown (1955)
Pal Joey (1957)
Tall Story (1960)
Television[edit]
Alfred Hitchcock Presents
I Love Lucy
Adventures of Superman, episode "The Unlucky Number"[10] and "Olsen's Millions"
See also[edit]
Biography portal
References and notes[edit]
Jump up ^ It should be noted that some references, including the Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, state that Elizabeth Patterson was born in 1875; however, the United States Census of 1880, Patterson's California death certificate, the inscription on her elaborate grave marker in Tennessee, and other records confirm that her birth year was 1874.
^ Jump up to: a b c "United States Census of 1880", Fourth Civil District, Hardin County, Tennessee, enumeration dates June 22-23, 1880. Digital copy of original enumeration page available at FamilySearch, a free online genealogical database provided as a public service by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Salt Lake City, Utah. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Cohen, Scott. "Elizabeth Patterson (1875–1966)". Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer released The Boy Friend in August 1926. Elizabeth Patterson, who was born on November 22, 1874, would have therefore been 51 years old at the time of that film's casting, actual production, and release.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Elizabeth Patterson", filmography. Internet Movie Database (IMDb), a subsidiary of Amazon, Seattle, Washington. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Walking Stick", S02E27, The Chevrolet Tele-Theatre, originally broadcast March 20, 1950. IMDb. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Divine Miss Patty", originally published in Star Notes magazine (Winter), 1977-1978. LucyFan.com. Last retrieved August 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "California Death Index, 1940-1997", Mary E. Patterson, January 31, 1966. California Department of Public Health Services, Sacramento, California. FamilySearch. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ The Perplexed Historian (2007). "Elizabeth Patterson", online memorial (17718866) with biographical profile and photographs established January 27, 2007, Find a Grave, a subsidiary of Ancestry.com, Lehi, Utah. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Unlucky Number", Adventures of Superman (S04E02), originally broadcast February 25, 1956. IMDb. Retrieved April 9, 2017.
External links[edit]
Elizabeth Patterson at the Internet Broadway Database
Elizabeth Patterson on IMDb
Elizabeth Patterson at Find a Grave
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 45737190
LCCN: n85151812
SNAC: w6cz7x6d
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Slaughter-House Cases
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Slaughter-House Cases
Supreme Court of the United States
Argued January 11, 1872
Reargued February 3–5, 1873
Decided April 14, 1873
Full case name
The Butchers' Benevolent Association of New Orleans v. The Crescent City Live-Stock Landing and Slaughter-House Company;
Paul Esteben, L. Ruch, J. P. Rouede, W. Maylie, S. Firmberg, B. Beaubay, William Fagan, J. D. Broderick, N. Seibel, M. Lannes, J. Gitzinger, J. P. Aycock, D. Verges, The Live-Stock Dealers' and Butchers' Association of New Orleans, and Charles Cavaroc v. The State of Louisiana, ex rel. S. Belden, Attorney-General;
The Butchers' Benevolent Association of New Orleans v. The Crescent City Live-Stock Landing and Slaughter-House Company
Citations
83 U.S. 36 (more)
16 Wall. 36; 21 L. Ed. 394; 1872 U.S. LEXIS 1139
Prior history
Error to the Supreme Court of Louisiana
Holding
The Fourteenth Amendment protects the privileges and immunities of citizenship of the United States, not privileges and immunities of citizenship of a state.
Court membership
Chief Justice
Salmon P. Chase
Associate Justices
Nathan Clifford · Noah H. Swayne
Samuel F. Miller · David Davis
Stephen J. Field · William Strong
Joseph P. Bradley · Ward Hunt
Case opinions
Majority
Miller, joined by Clifford, Strong, Hunt, Davis
Dissent
Field, joined by Chase, Swayne, Bradley
Dissent
Bradley
Dissent
Swayne
Laws applied
U.S. Const. Art. IV. sec. 2, 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments
The Slaughter-House Cases, 83 U.S. (16 Wall.) 36 (1873), was the first United States Supreme Court interpretation of the U.S. Constitution's Fourteenth Amendment which had recently been enacted. It was a pivotal case in early civil rights law and held that the Fourteenth Amendment protects the privileges or immunities of citizenship of the United States, not privileges and immunities of citizenship of a state. However, as the federal rights of citizenship were then few, such as the right to travel between states and to use navigable rivers; the amendment did not protect the far broader range of rights covered by state citizenship. In effect, the amendment was interpreted to convey limited protection pertinent to a small minority of rights.
The decision consolidated three similar cases:
The Butchers' Benevolent Association of New Orleans v. The Crescent City Live-Stock Landing and Slaughter-House Company
Paul Esteben, L. Ruch, J. P. Rouede, W. Maylie, S. Firmberg, B. Beaubay, William Fagan, J. D. Broderick, N. Seibel, M. Lannes, J. Gitzinger, J. P. Aycock, D. Verges, The Live-Stock Dealers' and Butchers' Association of New Orleans, and Charles Cavaroc v. The State of Louisiana, ex rel. S. Belden, Attorney-General
The Butchers' Benevolent Association of New Orleans v. The Crescent City Live-Stock Landing and Slaughter-House Company
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Decision
3 Subsequent developments
4 Criticism
5 Support
6 References
7 Sources
8 External links
Background[edit]
One writer described New Orleans in the mid-nineteenth century as plagued by "intestines and portions of putrefied animal matter lodged [around the drinking pipes]" whenever the tide from the Mississippi River was low; the offal came from the city's slaughterhouses.[1] A mile and a half upstream from the city, 1,000 butchers gutted more than 300,000 animals per year.[1] Animal entrails (known as offal), dung, blood, and urine contaminated New Orleans's drinking water, which was implicated in cholera outbreaks among the population.[1]
To try to control the problem, a New Orleans grand jury recommended that the slaughterhouses be moved south, but since many of the slaughterhouses were outside city limits, the grand jury's recommendations carried no weight. The city appealed to the state legislature. As a result, in 1869, the Louisiana legislature passed "An Act to Protect the Health of the City of New Orleans, to Locate the Stock Landings and Slaughter Houses, and to incorporate the Crescent City Livestock Landing and Slaughter-House Company," which allowed the city of New Orleans to create a corporation that centralized all slaughterhouse operations in the city.[2] At the time, New York City, San Francisco, Boston, Milwaukee, and Philadelphia had similar provisions to confine butchers to areas in order to keep offal from contaminating the water supply.[3]
The legislature chartered a private corporation, the Crescent City Live-Stock Landing and Slaughter-House Company, to run a Grand Slaughterhouse at the southern part of the city, opposite the Mississippi River.[2] Crescent City would not slaughter beef itself but act as a franchise corporation, by renting out space to other butchers in the city for a fee, under a designated maximum.
The statute also granted "sole and exclusive privilege of conducting and carrying on the livestock landing and slaughterhouse business within the limits and privilege granted by the act, and that all such animals shall be landed at the stock landings and slaughtered at the slaughterhouses of the company, and nowhere else. Penalties are enacted for infractions of this provision, and prices fixed for the maximum charges of the company for each steamboat and for each animal landed".[2] The exclusivity would last for a period of 25 years. All other slaughterhouses would be closed up, forcing butchers to slaughter within the operation set up by Crescent City. The statute forbade Crescent City from favoring one butcher over another by promising harsh penalties for refusal to sell space to any butcher. All animals on the premises would be inspected by an officer appointed by the governor of the state.
Over 400 members of the Butchers' Benevolent Association joined together to sue to stop Crescent City's takeover of the slaughterhouse industry.[1] In the background of his majority opinion,[2] Supreme Court Justice Samuel Freeman Miller reiterated the concerns of the butchers:
This statute is denounced [by the butchers] not only as creating a monopoly and conferring odious and exclusive privileges upon a small number of persons at the expense of the great body of the community of New Orleans, but it is asserted that it deprives a large and meritorious class of citizens—the whole of the butchers of the city—of the right to exercise their trade, the business to which they have been trained and on which they depend for the support of themselves and their families, and that the unrestricted exercise of the business of butchering is necessary to the daily subsistence of the population of the city.
John A. Campbell, attorney for the butchers
The lower courts had found in favor of Crescent City in all cases.
Six cases were appealed to the Supreme Court. The butchers based their claims on the due process, privileges or immunities, and equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment, which had been ratified by the states five years earlier. It had been passed with the intention of protecting the civil rights of the millions of newly emancipated freedmen in the South, who had been granted citizenship in the United States.
The butchers' attorney, former Supreme Court Justice John Archibald Campbell, who had retired from the federal bench because of his Confederate loyalties, represented persons in a number of cases in New Orleans to obstruct Radical Reconstruction. Although the Fourteenth Amendment was passed mainly to protect the freedmen in the South, the language of Section 1 is not racially limited. Campbell used it to argue for a new, broad reading of the Fourteenth Amendment, in order to allow butchers of any race to "sustain their lives through labor."
Decision[edit]
In a 5–4 decision issued on April 14, 1873, by Justice Miller, the Court held to a narrow interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment and ruled that it did not restrict the police powers of the state. It held that the Fourteenth Amendment's Privileges or Immunities Clause affected only rights of US citizenship, not state citizenship, so the butchers' Fourteenth Amendment rights had not been violated. At the time, the Court viewed due process in a procedural light rather than substantively. The Court also held that the amendment was intended primarily to protect former slaves and so could not be broadly applied:
We do not conceal from ourselves the great responsibility which this duty devolves upon us. No questions so far reaching and pervading in their consequences, so profoundly interesting to the people of this country, and so important in their bearing upon the relations of the United States and of the several States to each other, and to the citizens of the states and of the United States, have been before this court during the official life of any of its present members. We have given every opportunity for a full hearing at the bar; we have discussed it freely and compared views among ourselves; we have taken ample time for careful deliberation, and we now propose to announce the judgments which we have formed in the construction of those articles, so far as we have found them necessary to the decision of the cases before us, and beyond that we have neither the inclination nor the right to go.
—  Slaughterhouse Cases: 83 U.S. 36, 67 (1873)
Also:
The next observation is more important in view of the arguments of counsel in the present case. It is, that the distinction between citizenship of the United States and citizenship of a state is clearly recognized and established....
It is quite clear, then, that there is a citizenship of the United States, and a citizenship of a state, which are distinct from each other, and which depend upon different characteristics or circumstances in the individual.
We think this distinction and its explicit recognition in this Amendment of great weight in this argument, because the next paragraph of this same section, which is the one mainly relied on by the plaintiffs in error, speaks only of privileges and immunities of citizens of the United States, and does not speak of those of citizens of the several states. The argument, however, in favor of the plaintiffs, rests wholly on the assumption that the citizenship is the same and the privileges and immunities guaranteed by the clause are the same.
—  Slaughterhouse Cases: 83 U.S. 36, 73–74 (1873)
Miller believed that the first sentence of the Fourteenth Amendment ("All persons born and naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State where they reside") differentiated between two citizenships, one of the US and another of the state. Furthermore, the second sentence, forbidding states from making "any law which shall abridge," applied only to federal rights.[1] Thus, the Privileges and Immunities Clause of the Constitution protected only those rights guaranteed by the United States, not individual states. As author Jack Beatty put it, the rights included "access to ports and navigable waterways, the ability to run for federal office, and to be protected while on the high seas... they did not include what we call 'civil rights.'"[1]
Miller argues that if the privileges or immunities clause protected the civil rights of citizens of a state from that state, the Fourteenth Amendment would in essence be granting to the federal government the power to protect all civil rights that had previously been protected by the states, and "in the absence of language which expresses such a purpose too clearly to admit of doubt," that was too radical a change to be within the scope of the Fourteenth amendment:
Was it the purpose of the fourteenth amendment, by the simple declaration that no State should make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges and immunities of citizens of the United States, to transfer the security and protection of all the civil rights which we have mentioned, from the States to the Federal government? And where it is declared that Congress Shall have the power to enforce that article, was it intended to bring within the power of Congress the entire domain of civil rights heretofore belonging exclusively to the States?
All this and more must follow if the proposition of the plaintiffs in error be sound.... [T]he effect is to fetter and degrade the State governments by subjecting them to the control of Congress in the exercise of powers heretofore universally conceded to them of the most ordinary and fundamental character....
We are convinced that no such results were intended by the Congress which proposed these amendments, nor by the legislatures of the States which ratified them.
—  Slaughterhouse Cases: 83 U.S. 36, 77–78 (1873)
Justice Stephen J. Field wrote in his dissent (which was the only dissent in the case joined by all the other dissenting justices) that Miller's opinion effectively rendered the Fourteenth Amendment a "vain and idle enactment."[4][5]
Field, joined by three other justices, wrote an influential dissent in which he accepted Campbell's reading of the amendment as not confined to protection of freed slaves but embraced the common law presumption in favor of an individual right to pursue a legitimate occupation. Field's reading of the due process clause of the amendment would prevail in future cases in which the court read the amendment broadly to protect property interests against hostile state laws.
Subsequent developments[edit]
The victory of the Crescent City Company survived for only 11 years. By 1879, the State of Louisiana had adopted a new constitution prohibiting the state's ability to grant slaughterhouse monopolies, devolving regulation of cattle slaughter to parishes and municipalities, and banning the subordinate governmental units from granting monopoly rights over such activities. Having essentially lost its monopoly protection, the Crescent City Co. sued. That case ended in Butchers' Union Co. v. Crescent City Co. (1884),[6] with the Supreme Court holding that Crescent City Co. did not have a contract with the state and so that revocation of the monopoly privilege was not a violation of the Contract Clause.
Criticism[edit]
Harvard Law School professor Laurence Tribe wrote that "the Slaughter-House Cases incorrectly gutted the Privileges or Immunities Clause." Similarly, Yale Law School professor Akhil Amar wrote, "Virtually no serious modern scholar—left, right, and center—thinks that Slaughter-House is a plausible reading of the Fourteenth Amendment."[7]
Support[edit]
On the other hand, Kevin Gutzman, contemporary U.S. constitutional scholar and historian, argues that the Fourteenth Amendment was originally meant to protect only "specifically federal rights" and describes the later, broader interpretation of the Amendment as "the Court's [use of] the Fourteenth Amendment to claim a capacious national judicial authority." In support of his view, Gutzman quotes the Court itself:
Was it the purpose of the Fourteenth Amendment, by the simple declaration that no State should make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges and immunities of 'citizens of the United States', to transfer the security and protection of all the civil rights which we have mentioned, from the States to the Federal government? Such a construction...would constitute this court a perpetual censor upon all legislation of the States.
Thus, Gutzman believes that "legal academics despise the Slaughterhouse decision because they do think the federal courts should be 'a perpetual censor upon all legislation in the States.'"[8]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Beatty, Jack (2008). Age of Betrayal: The Triumph of Money in America, 1865–1900. New York: Vintage Books. p. 135. ISBN 1400032423. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Slaughterhouse Cases". cornell.edu.
Jump up ^ "H-Net Reviews". h-net.org.
Jump up ^ Graham, Howard Jay. Everyman's Constitution. p. 132. [full citation needed]
Jump up ^ Foner, Eric (1990). A Short History of Reconstruction (1863–1877). New York: HarperCollins. p. 529. ISBN 978-0060551827.
Jump up ^ 111 U.S. 746 (1884)
Jump up ^ Levy, Robert A. (October 2009). "Cato Policy Report: How Gun Litigation Can Restore Economic Liberties". Cato Institute.
Jump up ^ Gutzman, Kevin R. C. (2007). The Politically Incorrect Guide to the Constitution. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing. pp. 134–137.
Sources[edit]
Amar, Akhil R. (2000). "Foreword: The Document and the Doctrine". Harvard Law Review. 114: 26, 123 n.327.
Lurie, Jonathan & Labbe, Ronald (2003). Regulation, Reconstruction, and the Fourteenth Amendment. Wichita: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-1290-4.
Ross, Michael A. (September 2003). "Obstructing Reconstruction: John Archibald Campbell and the Legal Campaign Against Louisiana's Republican Government, 1868–1873". Civil War History. 49 (3): 235–253.
——— (November 1998). "Justice Miller's Reconstruction: The Slaughter-House Cases, Health Codes, and Civil Rights in New Orleans, 1861–1873". Journal of Southern History. 64 (4): 649–676.
——— (2003). Justice of Shattered Dreams: Samuel Freeman Miller and the Supreme Court During the Civil War Era. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-2924-0.
External links[edit]
Texts on Wikisource:
Slaughter-House Cases, text of 83 U.S. 36 (1873)
"Slaughter-House Cases". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
Text of Slaughter-House Cases, 83 U.S. (16 Wall.) 36 (1873) is available from: Findlaw Justia Oyez OpenJurist Google Scholar
Can the Slaughter-House Cases Be Saved from Its Critics? – Pamela Brandwein (University of Texas at Dallas)
Slaughterhouse Cases – PBS.com
"Supreme Court Landmark Case, Slaughterhouse Cases" from C-SPAN's Landmark Cases: Historic Supreme Court Decisions
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Peripheral nervous system
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Peripheral nervous system
The human nervous system. Blue is PNS; yellow is CNS.
Identifiers
Acronym(s)
PNS
MeSH
D017933
TA
A14.2.00.001
FMA
9903
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
[edit on Wikidata]
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is one of the two components of the nervous system, the other part is the central nervous system (CNS). The PNS consists of the nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord.[1] The main function of the PNS is to connect the CNS to the limbs and organs, essentially serving as a relay between the brain and spinal cord and the rest of the body.[2] Unlike the CNS, the PNS is not protected by the vertebral column and skull, or by the blood–brain barrier, which leaves it exposed to toxins and mechanical injuries. The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. In the somatic nervous system, the cranial nerves are part of the PNS with the exception of the optic nerve (cranial nerve II), along with the retina. The second cranial nerve is not a true peripheral nerve but a tract of the diencephalon.[3] Cranial nerve ganglia originated in the CNS. However, the remaining ten cranial nerve axons extend beyond the brain and are therefore considered part of the PNS.[4] The autonomic nervous system is an involuntary control of smooth muscle and glands. The connection between CNS and organs allows the system to be in two different functional states: sympathetic and parasympathetic.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Somatic nervous system
1.1.1 Cervical spinal nerves (C1–C4)
1.1.2 Brachial plexus (C5–T1)
1.1.3 Lumbosacral plexus (L1–Co1)
1.2 Autonomic nervous system
1.2.1 Sympathetic nervous system
1.2.2 Parasympathetic nervous system
2 Disease
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Structure[edit]
The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system, and the autonomic nervous system. The somatic nervous system is under voluntary control, and transmits signals from the brain to end organs such as muscles. The sensory nervous system is part of the somatic nervous system and transmits signals from senses such as taste and touch (including fine touch and gross touch) to the spinal cord and brain. The autonomic nervous system is a 'self-regulating' system which influences the function of organs outside voluntary control, such as the heart rate, or the functions of the digestive system.
Somatic nervous system[edit]
See also: List of nerves of the human body
The somatic system includes the sensory nervous system and the somatosensory system and consists of sensory nerves and somatic nerves, and many nerves which hold both functions.
In the head and neck, cranial nerves carry somatosensory data. There are twelve cranial nerves, ten of which originate from the brainstem, and mainly control the functions of the anatomic structures of the head with some exceptions. The nuclei of the olfactory nerve and the optic nerves lie in the forebrain and thalamus, respectively, and are thus not considered to be true cranial nerves. One unique cranial nerve is the vagus nerve, which receives sensory information from organs in the thorax and abdomen. The accessory nerve is responsible for innervating the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles, neither of which being exclusively in the head.
For the rest of the body, spinal nerves are responsible for somatosensory information. These arise from the spinal cord. Usually these arise as a web ("plexus") of interconnected nerves roots that arrange to form single nerves. These nerves control the functions of the rest of the body. In humans, there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. These nerve roots are named according to the spinal vertebrata which they are adjacent to. In the cervical region, the spinal nerve roots come out above the corresponding vertebrae (i.e., nerve root between the skull and 1st cervical vertebrae is called spinal nerve C1). From the thoracic region to the coccygeal region, the spinal nerve roots come out below the corresponding vertebrae. It is important to note that this method creates a problem when naming the spinal nerve root between C7 and T1 (so it is called spinal nerve root C8). In the lumbar and sacral region, the spinal nerve roots travel within the dural sac and they travel below the level of L2 as the cauda equina.
Cervical spinal nerves (C1–C4)[edit]
Further information: Cervical plexus
The first 4 cervical spinal nerves, C1 through C4, split and recombine to produce a variety of nerves that serve the neck and back of head.
Spinal nerve C1 is called the suboccipital nerve, which provides motor innervation to muscles at the base of the skull. C2 and C3 form many of the nerves of the neck, providing both sensory and motor control. These include the greater occipital nerve, which provides sensation to the back of the head, the lesser occipital nerve, which provides sensation to the area behind the ears, the greater auricular nerve and the lesser auricular nerve.
The phrenic nerve is a nerve essential for our survival which arises from nerve roots C3, C4 and C5. It supplies the thoracic diaphragm, enabling breathing. If the spinal cord is transected above C3, then spontaneous breathing is not possible.
Brachial plexus (C5–T1)[edit]
Further information: Brachial plexus
The last four cervical spinal nerves, C5 through C8, and the first thoracic spinal nerve, T1, combine to form the brachial plexus, or plexus brachialis, a tangled array of nerves, splitting, combining and recombining, to form the nerves that subserve the upper-limb and upper back. Although the brachial plexus may appear tangled, it is highly organized and predictable, with little variation between people. See brachial plexus injuries.
Lumbosacral plexus (L1–Co1)[edit]
The anterior divisions of the lumbar nerves, sacral nerves, and coccygeal nerve form the lumbosacral plexus, the first lumbar nerve being frequently joined by a branch from the twelfth thoracic. For descriptive purposes this plexus is usually divided into three parts:
lumbar plexus
sacral plexus
pudendal plexus
Autonomic nervous system[edit]
The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary responses to regulate physiological functions.[5] The brain and spinal cord from the central nervous system are connected with organs that have smooth muscle, such as the heart, bladder, and other cardiac, exocrine, and endocrine related organs, by ganglionic neurons.[5] The most notable physiological effects from autonomic activity are pupil constriction and dilation, and salivation of saliva.[5] The autonomic nervous system is always activated, but is either in the sympathetic or parasympathetic state.[5] Depending on the situation, one state can overshadow the other, resulting in a release of different kinds of neurotransmitters.[5] There is a lesser known division of the autonomic nervous system known as the enteric nervous system.[6] Located only around the digestive tract, this system allows for local control without input from the sympathetic or the parasympathetic branches, though it can still receive and respond to signals from the rest of the body.[6] The enteric system is responsible for various functions related to gastrointestinal system.[6]
Sympathetic nervous system[edit]
The sympathetic system is activated during a “fight or flight” situation in which great mental stress or physical danger is encountered.[5] Neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, and epinephrine are released,[5] which increases heart rate and blood flow in certain areas like muscle, while simultaneously decreasing activities of non-critical functions for survival, like digestion.[6] The systems are independent to each other, which allows activation of certain parts of the body, while others remain rested.[6]
Parasympathetic nervous system[edit]
Primarily using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) as a mediator, the parasympathetic system allows the body to function in a “rest and digest” state.[6] Consequently, when the parasympathetic system dominates the body, there are increases in salivation and activities in digestion, while heart rate and other sympathetic response decrease.[6] Unlike the sympathetic system, humans have some voluntary controls in the parasympathetic system. The most prominent examples of this control are urination and defecation.[6]
Disease[edit]
Main article: Peripheral neuropathy
Diseases of the peripheral nervous system can be specific to one or more nerves, or affect the system as a whole.
Any peripheral nerve or nerve root can be damaged, called a mononeuropathy. Such injuries can be because of injury or trauma, or compression. Compression of nerves can occur because of a tumour mass or injury. Alternatively, if a nerve is in an area with a fixed size it may be trapped if the other components increase in size, such as carpal tunnel syndrome and tarsal tunnel syndrome. Common symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome include pain and numbness in the thumb, index and middle finger. In peripheral neuropathy, the function one or more nerves are damaged through a variety of means. Toxic damage may occur because of diabetes (diabetic neuropathy), alcohol, heavy metals or other toxins; some infections; autoimmune and inflammatory conditions such as amyloidosis and sarcoidosis.[5] Peripheral neuropathy is associated with a sensory loss in a "glove and stocking" distribution that begins at the peripheral and slowly progresses upwards, and may also be associated with acute and chronic pain. Peripheral neuropathy is not just limited to the somatosensory nerves, but the autonomic nervous system too (autonomic neuropathy).[5]
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peripheral nervous system.
Classification of peripheral nerves
Connective tissue in the peripheral nervous system
Preferential motor reinnervation
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Alberts, Daniel (2012). Dorland's illustrated medical dictionary (32nd ed. ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier. p. 1862. ISBN 9781416062578. CS1 maint: Extra text (link)
Jump up ^ "Slide show: How your brain works - Mayo Clinic". mayoclinic.com. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Board Review Series: Neuroanatomy, 4th Ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Maryland 2008, p. 177. ISBN 978-0-7817-7245-7.
Jump up ^ James S. White (21 March 2008). Neuroscience. McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-0-07-149623-0. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Laight, David (September 2013). "Overview of peripheral nervous system pharmacology". Nurse Prescribing. ISSN 1479-9189.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Matic, Agnella Izzo (2014). "Introduction to the Nervous System, Part 2: The Autonomic Nervous System and the Central Nervous System". AMWA Journal: American Medical Writers Association Journal (AMWA J). ISSN 1075-6361.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
External links[edit]
Peripheral nervous system photomicrographs
Peripheral Neuropathy from the US NIH
Neuropathy: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments from Medical News Today
Peripheral Neuropathy at the Mayo Clinic
[hide]
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Brain
Rhombencephalon
Medulla
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Cerebellum
Midbrain
Forebrain
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Optic nerve
Cerebrum
Limbic system
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Somatic
Sensory nerve
Motor nerve
Cranial nerve
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value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
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value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
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value: Периферна нервна система – Bulgarian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
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value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
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value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
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value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
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value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
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value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
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value: ޕެރިފެރަލް ނާރވަސް ސިސްޓަމް – Divehi

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-dv
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value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
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value: Περιφερικό νευρικό σύστημα – Greek

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
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value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
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value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
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value: دستگاه عصبی پیرامونی – Persian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
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value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
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value: Chû-vì Sṳ̀n-kîn Ne-thúng – Hakka Chinese

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hak
display: none;

value: 말초신경계통 – Korean

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

value: Ծայրամասային նյարդային համակարգ – Armenian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

value: परिधीय तंत्रिका तंत्र – Hindi

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
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value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
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value: מערכת העצבים ההיקפית – Hebrew

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
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value: პერიფერიული ნერვული სისტემა – Georgian

value:
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value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ht
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value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
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value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
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value:
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value: Периферен нервен систем – Macedonian

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value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
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value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
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value: Det perifere nervesystemet – Norwegian Nynorsk

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
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value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
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value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
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value: Периферическая нервная система – Russian

value: Peripheral nervous system – Simple English

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
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value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
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value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
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value: ئەندامە دەمارییە بڵاوەکان – Central Kurdish

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
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value: Периферни нервни систем – Serbian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

value: Periferni nervni sistem – Serbo-Croatian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
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value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
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value: புற நரம்பு மண்டலம் – Tamil

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
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value: పరిధీయ నాడీ వ్యవస్థ – Telugu

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

value: ระบบประสาทนอกส่วนกลาง – Thai

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

value: Периферична нервова система – Ukrainian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
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value: محیطی عصبی نظام – Urdu

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
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value: 周围神经系统 – Chinese

value: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

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