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Super Bowl ring
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The Steelers Super Bowl XL ring
Joe Theismann's Super Bowl ring (right)
The Super Bowl ring is an award in the National Football League given to the winners of the league's annual championship game, the Super Bowl. Since only one Vince Lombardi Trophy is awarded to the team (ownership) itself, the Super Bowl ring offers a collectable memento for the actual players and team members to keep for themselves to symbolise their victory.
Contents
[hide]
1 Details
2 Value and resale
3 Most Super Bowl rings
4 Players with Super Bowl and Grey Cup rings
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Details[edit]
These rings are typically made of yellow or white gold with diamonds. They usually include the team name, team logo, and Super Bowl number (usually indicated in Roman numerals). The NFL contributes up to $5,000 per ring for up to 150 rings for o the winning team; any additional costs are borne by the team.[1] Most rings are manufactured by memorabilia company Jostens. In 2015, the rings for the New England Patriots reportedly cost $36,500 each, making them the most expensive rings Jostens has ever produced.[2] The winning team can typically present rings to whomever they choose, including usually, but not limited to: players (active roster or injured), coaches, trainers, executives, personnel, and general staff. Some teams have given rings to former players and coaches that were on the team at some point during the season, despite not having been on the winning roster for the Super Bowl itself.[3][4] Sometimes a team will give rings to fans as part of a charity raffle.[5] Teams can distribute any number of rings. A recent trend over the last 15–20 years has been lesser rings awarded to front office staff. These are commonly called "B" and "C" level rings and are smaller and contain fewer diamonds or contain faux diamonds. The first instance of this was the Redskins Super Bowl XVII ring when many in the front office received rings that were not solid gold and contained cubic zirconia stones (which resemble diamonds). When Tampa Bay won Super Bowl XXXVII, the players and coaches received rings with a diamond-centered Lombardi trophy. Some staff received rings with a metal Lombardi trophy and real diamonds surrounding the trophy and the "C" level ring did not contain any diamonds.
Many rings feature diamonds in the shape of the Vince Lombardi Trophy or a football. Some feature diamonds or gold in the shape of a team logo. Others illustrate the number of Super Bowls that franchise has won. Also, the rings are customized with the player's name and uniform number.
The Green Bay Packers Super Bowl XLV ring[6] contained more than 100 diamonds. The Packer logo, in the center of the ring, made up 13 diamonds, one for each title the team has won, dating back to 1929. In a break from tradition, this is the first Super Bowl ring to be made of platinum, not gold.[citation needed]
The New England Patriots Super Bowl LI ring has 283 diamonds, to commemorate their comeback from being down 28-3 versus the Atlanta Falcons late in the 3rd quarter.[7]
Value and resale[edit]
Replicas of the rings for various years are popular collectibles, along with genuine rings. Dave Meggett is known to have placed his ring for sale on eBay. Two Super Bowl rings from the 1970 Steelers sold on eBay for over $69,000 apiece in mid-2008.[8] Patriots safety Je'Rod Cherry raffled his ring from Super Bowl XXXVI in November 2008 to benefit several charities working to help children in Africa and Asia.[9] Tight end Shannon Sharpe, meanwhile, gave his first Super Bowl ring to his brother Sterling, who had his career cut short by injury.[10]
In 2011, a Super Bowl ring belonging to Steve Wright, a lineman for the Green Bay Packers in the 1960s, sold for over $73,000 at auction. Three Super Bowl rings belonging to former Raiders' great Ray Guy brought over $96,000 at auction. In 2012, Lawrence Taylor's son sold his father's Super Bowl ring from 1990 for more than $250,000.
Most Super Bowl rings[edit]
Seven: Two people:
Bill Belichick: two as defensive coordinator of the Giants and five as head coach of New England
Neal Dahlen:[11][12] five with San Francisco (staff and player personnel) and two with Denver (general manager)
Six: Six people:
Dan Rooney and Art Rooney II: each as an executive with Pittsburgh
Chuck Noll: four as head coach and two as a team consultant with Pittsburgh
Bill Nunn: each as a scout with Pittsburgh[13][14]
"Mean Joe" Greene: four as a defensive tackle, two as a special assistant for player personnel, all with the Pittsburgh Steelers[15]
Conditioning coach Mike Woicik: three with Dallas and three with New England
Five: Twenty people. Only two people have won five Super Bowl rings as a player:
Tom Brady (all with New England). Won five Super Bowl rings as the starting quarterback. He has the most rings of any active player (as of the end of the 2016–17 season), and the first and only player to win five playing for one team.
Charles Haley (who played on two winning teams, the Dallas Cowboys and the San Francisco 49ers)
Robert Kraft, five as owner of New England
Edward J. DeBartolo, Jr., five as owner of San Francisco
Keith Simon: five as CFO and Executive VP with San Francisco
Bobb McKittrick: five as offensive line coach with San Francisco
Ray Rhodes: five as an assistant coach with San Francisco
Bill McPherson: five as defensive line coach with San Francisco
Dick Hoak: each as a running backs coach with Pittsburgh
Romeo Crennel: two as a defensive coach with Giants and three as a defensive coordinator with New England
George Seifert: three as an assistant coach and two as a head coach all with San Francisco 49ers
Dwight Clark: two as a player and three as a member of the front office, all with San Francisco
Pepper Johnson: two as a linebacker for the Giants and three as an assistant coach with New England
Monsignor Peter Armstrong: five as chaplain for San Francisco
Markus Paul: three as an assistant strength and conditioning coach with the Patriots, and two as an assistant strength and conditioning coach with the Giants[16]
Tim Rooney: Three with Pittsburgh Steelers and two with New York Giants (as Pro Personnel Director/Scout)
Josh McDaniels has won five with the New England Patriots his first as personnel assistant, second as defensive coaching assistant, third as quarterbacks coach and his fourth and fifth as offensive coordinator.
Ivan Fears has won five with the New England Patriots his first as wide receivers coach and the remaining as running backs coach.
Ernie Adams has won five with the New England Patriots as a football research director
Brian Daboll has won five with the New England Patriots, one as a defensive coaching assistant, two as wide receivers coach, and two as tight ends coach
Four: at least 39 players, many coaches and staff
The first player to win four Super Bowl rings was tight-end Marv Fleming, who got a pair with the Green Bay Packers in 1966 and 1967, and another pair with the Miami Dolphins in 1972 and 1973.
Twenty-two players earned four rings with the Steelers in the 1970s: Terry Bradshaw, Franco Harris, Lynn Swann, John Stallworth, Mel Blount, Jack Lambert, Jack Ham, Mike Webster, Donnie Shell, L. C. Greenwood, Rocky Bleier, Gerry Mullins, Larry Brown, Mike Wagner, J.T. Thomas, Loren Toews, Jon Kolb, Sam Davis, Steve Furness, Dwight White, Randy Grossman and the previously mentioned Joe Greene (who later added two more rings). At least five coaches were with the team all four years: George Perles, Louis Riecke, Woody Widenhofer and (as noted above) Chuck Noll and Dick Hoak. The list of Steelers front office staff receiving four rings during that era includes Director of Player Personnel Dick Haley.
Tom Flores: First person to have rings as a player (Kansas City Chiefs), assistant coach and head coach (Oakland Raiders)
Joe Montana, Keena Turner, Jesse Sapolu, Eric Wright, Mike Wilson and Ronnie Lott each won four Super Bowl rings with the 49ers.
Kicker Adam Vinatieri won three with the Patriots and one with the Colts.
Russ Grimm won three with the Washington Redskins and one with the Pittsburgh Steelers
Ted Hendricks won one with the Baltimore Colts and three with the Raiders
Bill Romanowski won two with the 49ers and two with the Denver Broncos
Coach Charlie Weis won one with the Giants and three with the Patriots
Matt Millen has four rings while playing for four different cities and three different teams, one with Oakland, one with Los Angeles, one with San Francisco, and one with Washington (only player to earn a ring with four different cities)
Sherman Lewis won three as running backs coach with San Francisco and one as offensive coordinator with Green Bay.
Willie Davis[17] Won all four rings with the Green Bay Packers. Two as a player, one as a member of the team's board of directors, and one as an emeritus director. He is the only person to possess all four of Green Bay's Super Bowl rings. Davis also won rings as a member of the 1961, 1962 and 1965 NFL Championship Green Bay Packer teams, bringing his unofficial championship ring count to seven, as the first three were awarded prior to the creation of the Super Bowl.
Mike Pope won all four of his Super Bowl rings as the long time Tight End coach for the New York Giants
Ken Norton, Jr. was the first member of 3 Super Bowl-winning teams in a row as a player, and gained a 4th ring as the Linebacker coach for the 2013 Seattle Seahawks.
Larry Izzo won three super bowls with the New England Patriots, and one as the special teams assistant coach with the New York Giants
Coach Gary Kubiak won one with the 49ers as quarterbacks coach, two with the Broncos as offensive coordinator, and one as the head coach of the Broncos
Dante Scarnecchia has won four with the New England Patriots as an offensive line coach, along with being assistant head coach for three of them
Brian Pariani has won four rings. One as an offensive assistant coach with the San Francisco 49ers and three as the tight ends coach with the Denver Broncos
Three: many players, coaches and staff
Among the many figures with three are Bill Walsh, John Elway, Mike Ditka, Mike Shanahan, Art Shell, Jerry Rice, Steve Young, Troy Aikman, Emmitt Smith, Jay Novacek, Michael Irvin, Larry Brown, Eric Mangini, Joe Gibbs, Dave Dalby, Cliff Branch, Roger Craig, Shannon Sharpe, Ed McCaffrey, Mark Schlereth, Forrest Gregg and Tom Coughlin.
Twenty-two players earned three rings with the New England Patriots during the early 2000s: Troy Brown, Willie McGinest, Richard Seymour, Ty Law, Mike Vrabel, Tedy Bruschi, Kevin Faulk, Matt Light, Patrick Pass, Ted Johnson, Lonie Paxton, Stephen Neal, Joe Andruzzi, David Patten, Roman Phifer, Tom Ashworth, Adrian Klemm, Je'Rod Cherry, Matt Chatham, the aforementioned Adam Vinatieri who later added a fourth ring with the Colts, the aforementioned Tom Brady who would go on to win two additional Super Bowls with the Patriots, and the afformentioned Larry Izzo would go on to win a fourth with the Giants.
Players with Super Bowl and Grey Cup rings[edit]
A select few have won championships in both the NFL and Canada’s equivalent Canadian Football League (CFL).
Terry Greer was the first person to win both championships; he won the Grey Cup as a member of the Toronto Argonauts in 1983, and two Super Bowl rings as a member of the San Francisco 49ers in 1988 and 1989.
Brandon Browner (cornerback) won a ring in 2008 with the CFL’s Calgary Stampeders. He then won a Super Bowl ring in 2013 with the Seattle Seahawks, although he did not play in that game due to a suspension. He went on to play against the Seahawks in the next year's Super Bowl, where he won a second ring with the 2014 New England Patriots.
O. J. Brigance won a Grey Cup ring in 1995 with the CFL’s Baltimore Stallions and won a Super Bowl ring in 2001 with the Baltimore Ravens. He is the only player to win both a Grey Cup and a Super Bowl with teams from the same city.
Harald Hasselbach won a ring in 1992 with the CFL’s Calgary Stampeders and won a Super Bowl ring in 1997 with the Denver Broncos.
Tyrone Williams won two Super Bowl rings with Dallas in 1992 and 1993, though he did not participate in either game. He then won a Grey Cup ring with the Toronto Argonauts in 1996.
Alvin Walton (safety) won two Super Bowl rings with the NFL's Washington Redskins (1987 and 1991 seasons, but did not participate in the 1991 season Super Bowl victory over the Buffalo Bills) and won a Grey Cup ring with the Baltimore Stallions in 1995.
Bobby Singh (guard) is the only player to win a Grey Cup (2006 with the BC Lions), a Super Bowl (1999 with the St. Louis Rams) and the XFL Championship (2001 with the Los Angeles Xtreme).
Barry Wilburn (cornerback) won the Grey Cup in 1994 with the BC Lions and a Super Bowl with the Washington Redskins in 1988.
See also[edit]
National Football League portal
Championship ring
World Series ring
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "How much does a Super Bowl ring cost? It depends". Christian Science Monitor. 2015-01-26. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved 2017-12-27.
Jump up ^ http://espn.go.com/blog/new-england-patriots/post/_/id/4782282/how-much-does-each-patriots-super-bowl-ring-cost
Jump up ^ Sando, Mike (December 16, 2007). "Week 15: Winter Leaves its Mark: Playoff Picture Remains Muddled". Last Call. ESPN.
Jump up ^ Duncan, Jeff (September 28, 2011). "Former New Orleans Saints Player Steve Gleason Gets a Super Bowl Ring at an Emotional Party". The Times-Picayune. New Orleans.
Jump up ^ d'Estries, Michael (September 21, 2010). "New Orleans Saints Raffle Super Bowl Ring for Gulf Spill Charities". Mother Nature Network.
Jump up ^ Hunt, Michael (June 16, 2011). "Packers Marvel at Super Bowl Ring's Might". In My Opinion. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/19601640/new-england-patriots-super-bowl-li-rings-designed-283-diamonds-apparent-nod-comeback-atlanta-falcons
Jump up ^ "Steelers Super Bowl Rings Sold In Online Auction". Pittsburgh: WTAE-TV. July 21, 2008. Retrieved February 27, 2009. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Je'Rod Cherry Super Bowl XXXVI Ring Raffle". Celebrities for Charities. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved February 27, 2009. This ring is currently in the possession of a sports collector in Ottawa, Canada
Jump up ^ Garber, Greg. "Super Bowl Ring 'a Symbol of Excellence'". ESPN. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ Edholm, Eric (January 26, 2011). "Lord of the Rings". Pro Football Weekly. Archived from the original on January 30, 2011.
Jump up ^ Delozier, Dave (February 6, 2011). "7 Super Bowl Rings for a Coloradan". Denvery: KUSA-TV. Retrieved February 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ Varley, Teresa (February 27, 2007). "Long-Time Scout Bill Nunn Is a Man who Made a Difference" (Press release). Pittsburgh Steelers. Archived from the original on February 10, 2009. Retrieved February 27, 2009.
Jump up ^ Bouchette, Ed (February 20, 2010). "Steelers Scout Nunn Receives Honor". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved March 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ Varley, Teresa (February 12, 2009). "Greene one of few with six rings" (Press release). Pittsburgh Steelers. Archived from the original on February 5, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Mayer, Larry (March 6, 2012). "Former Bears Safety Boasts Five Super Bowl Rings" (Press release). Chicago Bears. Archived from the original on April 13, 2012. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Spofford, Mike (July 2, 2011). "One man has all four rings" (Press release). Green Bay Packers. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
External links[edit]
Images of the first 45 Super Bowl Rings at ESPN.com
Images of all of the Super Bowl Rings, photos of presentation boxes & conference rings at sports-rings.com
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Age requirements in gymnastics
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The age requirements in gymnastics are established by the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG) and regulate the age at which athletes are allowed to participate in senior-level competitions.
In the latter half of the 20th century, a series of controversies arose with regard to gymnast ages, some of them leading to sanctions by FIG, and paving the way for the age requirements to be raised from 14 to 15 in 1981, and then to 16 in 1997.
Contents
[hide]
1 History of age requirements in artistic gymnastics
2 Reasons for age restrictions
3 Current regulations
3.1 Terminology
3.2 Legal exceptions
3.3 Verification procedures
3.4 Response from coaches and federations
4 Age falsification
4.1 Reasons for age falsification
4.2 Major verified cases of age falsification
4.3 2008 Beijing Olympics age controversy
5 References
History of age requirements in artistic gymnastics[edit]
See also: Gymnastics all-around champions by age
Prior to 1981, the minimum required age to compete in senior events sanctioned by the FIG (including the Olympic Games) was 14.[1] The earliest champions in women's gymnastics tended to be in their 20s; most had studied ballet for years before entering the sport. Hungarian gymnast Ágnes Keleti won individual gold medals at the age of 35 at the 1956 Olympics. Larisa Latynina, the first great Soviet gymnast, won her first Olympic all-around medal at the age of 21, her second at 25 and her third at 29; she became the 1958 World Champion while pregnant with her daughter.[2] Czech gymnast Věra Čáslavská, who followed Latynina to become a two-time Olympic all-around champion, was 22 before she started winning gold medals at the highest level of the sport, and won her final Olympic all-around title at the age of 26.[3]
In the 1970s, the average age of Olympic gymnastics competitors began to gradually decrease. While it was not unheard of for teenagers to compete in the 1960s — Ludmilla Tourischeva was sixteen at her first Olympics in 1968 — they slowly became the norm, as difficulty in gymnastics increased.
By the late 1970s, Federations occasionally requested permission to allow slightly underage athletes to compete as seniors. One such example is that of Canadian gymnast Karen Kelsall, who legally competed in the 1976 Olympics at the age of 13. At the time, gymnasts had to turn 14 by the start of the Games to be eligible. Kelsall, with her December 1962 birthday, was five months shy of the requirement but was turning 14 within the Olympic year, and was granted a special exemption by the FIG to compete.[4] Such exemptions were not automatic, however: American gymnast Tracee Talavera, who was named to the United States team for the 1979 World Championships, was deemed ineligible to compete due to her age of 12½ years.[5][6]
In response to the changing demands of the sport, at the 58th Congress of the FIG, held in July 1980 just before the Moscow Olympics, the minimum age was raised from 14 to 15. Under this rule, which went into effect in 1981, gymnasts were required to turn at least 15 years of age in the calendar year to compete in senior-level events.[1] This age requirement remained in place until 1997, when it was raised one more year, from 15 to 16.[7][8]
Reasons for age restrictions[edit]
Age restrictions were designed supposedly not so much to level the playing field in terms of skill and physical advantages, but to allegedly protect child athletes from injury. However, critics dispute the science behind the policy and argue that the answer is to prohibit junior gymnasts from competing in senior competitions.
On the one hand, proponents such as Jeanne Dopbrak, a sports medicine physician at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, contend that "[a child athlete's] immature skeleton just isn't ready to handle the day-to-day stresses that will occur."[9] and that the stresses imposed on only partly developed muscular/skeletal system by gymnastics are almost certain to cause damage that would persist into adulthood. Proponents also point to a 16-year American study of gymnastics injuries which concluded that gymnastics is the most dangerous sport for girls, with injury rates comparable to those found in boys who play soccer, basketball and hockey.[10][11] An athlete whose bones are still growing is more likely than an adult to suffer skeletal injury, because the bones are more porous and the joints not yet fully formed.[12] Lesions, which are precursors to stress fractures, occur in 11 percent of young female gymnasts, compared to 2.3 percent of girls and women in general.[12] The International Gymnastics Federation says that intense physical activity, such as that engaged in by gymnasts training at the elite level, affects the functioning of growth hormones, possibly causing delayed bone growth and the onset of puberty – although the body is able to recover and catch up later if given rest periods.[11]
In addition, proponents contend that practicing elite sports is mentally and emotionally demanding. Young gymnasts at these levels are often pressured to perform by coaches and parents,[11][13] and ex-gymnasts have spoken out about behavioural and psychological problems common to the sport.[14]
Current regulations[edit]
Currently, per the 1997 regulation, gymnasts must be at least 16 years of age, or turning 16 within the calendar year, to compete in senior-level events. For the current Olympic cycle, in order to compete in the 2016 Olympics, a gymnast must have a birth date before January 1, 2001. There is no maximum age restriction, and some gymnasts compete well into their 20s. The oldest female gymnast currently competing in senior international events is Uzbekistan's Oksana Chusovitina,[15] (b. 1975) who was 41 years, 1 month old at the 2016 Summer Olympics. She was 17 years, 1 month old at her first Olympics, the 1992 Summer Olympics.
Terminology[edit]
The term senior, in gymnastics, refers to any world-class gymnast who is age-eligible under F.I.G. rules. The term junior is used to describe any gymnast who competes at a world-class level, but does not meet the F.I.G.'s age minimum. Juniors are judged under the same Code of Points as the seniors, and often exhibit the same level of difficulty in their routines.
Legal exceptions[edit]
The one exception to the F.I.G.'s age restrictions until recently applied to the year before the Olympics, when gymnasts who were one year below the required age, but would be the required age in the Olympic year, were allowed to compete as seniors at the World Championships and other FIG meets. For instance, gymnasts born in 1977 were allowed to compete at senior events in 1991, when they were 14 or turning 14 within the calendar year. Within the last Olympic cycle, gymnasts born in 1992 were permitted to compete as seniors in 2007. This was permitted to allow nations to qualify to the Olympics with their best teams, and to give emerging gymnasts some experience in major competition before the Olympics. However, the FIG eliminated this exception as of the 2012 Olympic cycle.[16]
In addition, the age requirement technically only applies to meets which are sanctioned and regulated directly by the FIG: the Olympics, the World Championships and the World Cup circuit. Many other meets, such as the European Championships, have separate divisions for juniors. Additionally, some competitions, such as the Pan Am Games, the Pacific Rim Championships and the All-Africa Games, have different rules which permit seniors and juniors to compete together. There are also numerous international competitions specifically limited to junior gymnasts, such as the Japan Junior International, Moscow World Stars, the Junior Pan American Championships, and the Youth Olympic Games.
Verification procedures[edit]
According to official statements from the FIG, "the accepted proof of a gymnast’s eligibility for competition is a valid passport issued by the country of residence."[17] This verification process has been criticized by some in the gymnastics community, with the argument that countries can manufacture and submit falsified documents for underage athletes.[18][19][20] In several cases, gymnasts involved in age falsification have verified that they did in fact compete under forged passports provided to them by their federations.[21][22]
Since 2009, gymnasts competing in FIG-sanctioned events at both the senior and junior level have been required to have licenses issued by the Federation. These licenses reportedly verify the competitors' ages based on their passports. However, the licensing does not include any independent verification of submitted passport information.[23]
Response from coaches and federations[edit]
The age limit is arguably one of the most contentious rules in gymnastics, and is frequently debated by coaches, gymnasts and members of the media. While some members of the sport, such as former USA Gymnastics president Bob Colarossi, have expressed support for the age limit of 16, others, such as coach Béla Károlyi, have heavily criticized it.[24]
Supporters of the age restrictions have pointed out that it has encouraged older gymnasts to remain in the sport. The average age of an international gymnast was 18.10 years in 2005. In contrast, in 1994, before the new age requirements, it was 16.49, and in 1989, gymnasts who had reached the age of 17 were already often considered to be of retirement age.[25][26]
Opponents of the rule have countered that by barring younger gymnasts from top level meets, they are denying them valuable competitive experience.[24] They have also argued that junior gymnasts perform and are scored under the same Code of Points as the seniors, perform the same skills, and are thus not avoiding the physical impact of training and performing high-level skills. It is also argued that the current Code of Points, with its increased requirements for difficult skills, is more suited to younger and lighter athletes, and puts older athletes at greater risk of injury.[19]
Age falsification[edit]
Age falsification is the practice of advancing gymnasts' ages to make them age-eligible for senior-level competition. Reports of age falsification among top-level international gymnasts first began to surface in the 1980s, after the age limit was raised from 14 to 15. This has frequently taken the form of inconsistently reported birthdates; at other times, speculation has been raised due to the young appearance of the gymnasts.[8][19] Age falsification has been revealed and confirmed in several ways. In some cases, gymnasts themselves have come forward and publicly confirmed and verified the falsification.[27] In other cases, documents revealing inconsistencies, such as original birth certificates, have been researched and uncovered by the press.[28] Inconsistencies with reported birth dates and ages at international and national competitions have also led to the discovery of age falsification.[29]
Gymnasts who have had their ages falsified, and have spoken about their experiences, have indicated that they were not given a choice in the matter.[21] In a 2002 interview, Romanian gymnast Daniela Silivaş, whose age was advanced two years in the 1980s, noted: "One of the officials of the Federation told me 'Look at the passport, from today you're not 13 years old anymore but 15.' Nobody asked me if I agreed to this, I was just a child. They needed gold medals and everybody who was involved in gymnastics knew about these practices."[22]
While age falsification has been denied among many gymnastics officials, in recent years some have publicly admitted that the practice has occurred. In reference to the falsifications of the early 1990s and 1980s, the head of the Romanian Gymnastics Federation, Nicolae Vieru, was quoted in 2002: "Changing the ages was a worldwide practice...we copied this from others."[8] The FIG has publicly stated that they view age falsification as an unacceptable practice. However, there have only been three cases, those of Kim Gwang Suk in 1993 and Dong Fangxiao and Hong Su Jong in 2010, where the FIG has elected to take any action against a gymnastics federation for age falsification.[19][30]
Reasons for age falsification[edit]
According to many scientific and medical studies, as well as reports from ex-gymnasts, younger gymnasts may have psychological or physical advantages in elite gymnastics competition.
Psychologically, younger gymnasts may be more fearless, and have less visceral appreciation for the potential for injury. They are therefore more likely to perform more dangerous, and more highly scored, routines with confidence and steadiness.[9] “Psychologically, I think they worry less,” former Olympic medallist Nellie Kim told the New York Times.[31] Daniela Silivaş, in her interview, commented, "You should know that I competed better at the age of 13 than at 17. I felt much better, physical (sic) and mentally."[22]
Physically, younger gymnasts, particularly those who have not yet gone through puberty, tend to be lighter, smaller, more pliable and flexible, which aids them in performing more complex skills and gives them a better strength-to-weight ratio. When a gymnast hits puberty, growth spurts and weight gain may affect her centre of gravity, causing mental and physical stress as she must adjust, and in some cases relearn, her moves to compensate.[9][32] Smaller athletes have generally excelled in the more challenging acrobatic elements required by the evolving Code of Points after the 1960s.[13] In addition, older gymnasts may be more prone to certain types of injuries caused by overuse of bones and muscles; younger gymnasts are less likely to have such problems, or more likely to be able to work through pain while injured.[9][13]
Major verified cases of age falsification[edit]
Kim Gwang Suk (North Korea): Kim, the 1991 World Champion on the uneven bars, was active on the international circuit between 1987 and 1993. During this time, several observers claimed she was too young for senior competition. The North Korean Gymnastics Federation submitted inconsistent dates of birth for Kim at various competitions, claiming that she was 15 for three consecutive years. As punishment, the F.I.G. barred the North Korean women's team from the World Championships in 1993. She competed in the 1989 World Championships at the estimated age of 11 or 12.[33] However, she may have been younger than that. At the 1992 Olympics, she claimed she was 17. However, her front teeth were missing, leading Béla Károlyi to speculate that she may have been as young as 10 at the time.[34]
Lavinia Agache (Romania): Agache competed at the 1981 World Championships at the age of 13, under a passport which gave her year of birth as 1967. She was in fact born in 1968. The falsification was suspected as early as 1981; Agache confirmed her 1968 birthdate to International Gymnast magazine in 2000.[6][35][36]
Olga Bicherova (Soviet Union): Bicherova, the 1981 World Champion in the all-around event, was introduced at an early 1981 meet as a 12-year-old, but was claimed to have been born in 1966 at the 1981 World Championships later in the same year.[6][37][38]
Gina Gogean (Romania): Gogean competed in the 1992 Olympics with a passport with a 1977 birth year. However, in 2002 her original birth certificate was uncovered by the media, revealing she had been born in 1978.[8][39]
Alexandra Marinescu (Romania): Marinescu, a World and team Olympic medalist in the mid-1990s, had her birth year advanced from 1982 to 1981 in order to be eligible for the 1995 World Championships and 1996 Olympic Games.[8][21]
Olga Mostepanova (Soviet Union): Mostepanova, who competed at the 1983 and 1985 World Championships and was the all-around gold medalist at the 1984 Friendship Games, has been reported as having 1968 and 1969 birth dates, but has stated that she was actually born in 1970.[40][41]
Daniela Silivaş (Romania): Silivaş, a multiple World and Olympic gold medalist, competed as a junior until 1985, when her birth year was changed from 1972 to 1970. She went on to compete at the 1985 World Championships at the age of 13. Silivaş revealed the falsification to the media in 2002.[22]
Dong Fangxiao (People's Republic of China): Dong was a member of the bronze-medal winning Chinese team at the 2000 Summer Olympics. Her birthdate was listed as January 20, 1983, in the FIG database. However, it was discovered that her accreditation as a technical official at the 2008 Summer Olympics, where she worked as a vault secretary, listed her birthdate as January 23, 1986. Additionally, her blog stated she was born during the Year of the Ox, which would place her birthdate between February 1985 and February 1986. An FIG investigation determined in 2010 that Dong was 14 during the 2000 Olympics and the Chinese team should be stripped of its bronze medal. Dong's 1999 World Championships and World Cup results were vacated.[42] In April 2010, the International Olympic Committee upheld the F.I.G.'s recommendation and nullified both the Chinese team's bronze medal and Dong's individual Olympic placement.[30]
Hong Su Jong (North Korea), the 2007 World Championships silver medalist on vault, was investigated for age discrepancies in 2010. Hong competed at the 2004 Olympics with a March 9, 1985, birth date, but participated in subsequent Asian Games and World Championships meets with a 1986 year of birth. Her 2010 F.I.G. license and 2010 Worlds registration indicated that she was born in 1989. The F.I.G. responded in October 2010 by provisionally banning North Korea from competition for one month, which effectively barred them from the 2010 World Championships.[43] In November 2010, the F.I.G. extended the ban until October 5, 2012, fined the North Korean Federation $20,800, and banned Hong from competing even in national competition within North Korea.[44]
2008 Beijing Olympics age controversy[edit]
See also: 2008 Summer Olympics allegation of underage gymnasts
During the 2008 Summer Olympics the age of four Chinese gymnasts — He Kexin, Jiang Yuyuan, Deng Linlin, and Yang Yilin — was brought into question, with many foreign media outlets speculating that they were underage during the Olympics.[45] Multiple age investigations were conducted at the urging of media, as well as United States Olympic Committee executive Jim Scherr and International Olympic Committee president Jacques Rogge,[46][47] and the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG) found that the gymnasts had met the age requirements and were eligible to compete.[48][49] The Chinese sports administration also acknowledged that mistakes in its paperwork have contributed to the misunderstanding.[50]
References[edit]
Gymnastics portal
^ Jump up to: a b "Within the International Federations" (PDF). Olympic Review (155): 520. September 1980. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 May 2006. Retrieved 2006-04-11.
Jump up ^ "Legends: Larissa Latynina" International Gymnast, 2001
Jump up ^ "Vera Čáslavská: The heroine of Mexico". International Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 3 July 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-01.
Jump up ^ Gymnastics Canada biography of Karen Kelsall Archived 2008-06-03 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ List of competitive results and bio at Gymn-Forum
^ Jump up to: a b c "Rift Over Underage Gymnasts" Neil Amdur, The New York Times, December 7, 1981
Jump up ^ "Female gymnasts: older—and healthier?" The Physician and Sports Medicine, Vol. 23 No. 3, March 1997
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Romanian gymnasts faked age to compete" BBC News/Europe, May 2, 2002
^ Jump up to: a b c d Stefano, Dan (2008-08-15). "China gymnast underage, AP alleges". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. Archived from the original on 23 August 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-26.
Jump up ^ Park, Alice (2008-04-08). "Making Gymnastics Safer for Kids". Time. Archived from the original on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-26.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hutton, Lindsay. "Is Gymnastics Right for Your Child?". Family Education Network. Retrieved 2008-08-26.
^ Jump up to: a b Klenerman, L. (1994-06-11). "ABC of Sports Medicine: Musculoskeletal Injuries in Child Athletes". BMJ. 308: 1556–9. doi:10.1136/bmj.308.6943.1556. Archived from the original on 1 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-26.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ryan, Joan (1995). Little Girls in Pretty Boxes. Garden City: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-47790-1.
Jump up ^ "Physical and Emotional Problems of Elite Female Gymnasts". The New England Journal of Medicine. 336: 140–142. 1997-01-09. doi:10.1056/nejm199701093360216. Archived from the original on 28 August 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-26.
Jump up ^ Turner, Amanda (June 19, 2008). "Ageless Chusovitina Turns". International Gymnast. Archived from the original on 2008-08-20. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
Jump up ^ "Age limits for gymnasts may be set after 2008" Xinhua News Service, December 4, 2007
Jump up ^ "Gymnast Age Limitations". NIS FIG Office. 2008-08-09. Archived from the original on 2008-08-21. Retrieved 2008-08-19.
Jump up ^ Armour, Nancy (2008-08-02). "More questions about Chinese gymnasts' ages". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 17 August 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-02.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Issues of Age Seem to Follow Chinese Gymnasts" Jere Longman, Juliet Macur. The New York Times, July 27, 2008
Jump up ^ Harris, Nick (2008-08-19). "Tweddle the loser as age doubts mar He's triumph". The Independent. Archived from the original on 19 August 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-19.
^ Jump up to: a b c The Secrets of a Gymnast. Norescu, Andrei, 2006
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Daniela Silivas discusses her age". ProSport. 2002-06-30. Retrieved 2008-07-01.
Jump up ^ Pucin, Diane (2008-08-10). "More age monitoring for women's gymnastics". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 15 August 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-16.
^ Jump up to: a b "Gymnasts are Old-lympians/Golden Girls going for gold in Sydney" Paula Parrish, Colorado Springs Gazette, September 14, 2000
Jump up ^ "Gymnasts too young? FIG says the rumor is false" International Sports Press Association, February 13, 2007
Jump up ^ "Gymnastic Girls, Not Women" The New York Times, August 1, 1989
Jump up ^ Daniela Silivas, Alexandra Marinescu, Yang Yun, Lavinia Agache, Olga Mostepanova
Jump up ^ Gina Gogean
Jump up ^ Kim Gwang Suk, Lavinia Agache, Olga Bicherova
^ Jump up to: a b "IOC strips 2000 Games bronze medal from China" Associated Press via USA Today April 28, 2010. Archived 2010-04-28.
Jump up ^ Longman, Jeré and Juliet Macur (2008-07-27). "Records Say Chinese Gymnasts May Be Under Age". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 10, 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-26.
Jump up ^ "Row over ages of winning gymnasts". BBC/CBBC Newsround. 2008-08-22. Archived from the original on 5 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-26.
Jump up ^ "Gold Medalist and His Team May Be Barred From Olympic Games : Last Chance for a North Korean Athlete" Christopher Clarey, International Herald Times, Friday, April 19, 1996
Jump up ^ NBC coverage of the 1992 Olympics team compulsories
Jump up ^ "Whatever happened to Lavinia Agache? Archived November 11, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Gymnastics Greats
Jump up ^ "Former Romanian Star Pities Raducan" International Gymnast, December 23, 2000
Jump up ^ "Olga Bicherova: The Youngest Champion" Vitali Melik-Karamov, Soviet Life, September 1982
Jump up ^ "Whatever happened to Olga Bicherova? Gymnastics Greats
Jump up ^ "Romanian gymnasts 'lied about age'" Associated Press, April 18, 2002
Jump up ^ List of competitive results at Gymn-Forum
Jump up ^ "Olga Mostepanova: I simply love children" Yevgeniy Aksyonov, Beth Squires (trans.); Sovetskiy Sport May 7, 1998. Archived 2009-10-24.
Jump up ^ FIG: China should be stripped of Sydney bronze Associated Press, February 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ "FIG Rejects Appeal; No Worlds for North Korea " Amanda Turner, International Gymnast, October 14, 2010
Jump up ^ "North Korea banned 2 years for age falsification" Associated Press, November 5, 2010
Jump up ^ Macur, Juliet (2008-08-09). "Teeny-Tiny Matter of Age for China's Gymnasts". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
Jump up ^ Hutcheon, Stephen (2008-08-22). "IOC calls for investigation into gymnast's age". smh.com.au. Archived from the original on 22 August 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-22.
Jump up ^ Kent, Jo Ling (2008-08-22). "International Olympic Committee Investigates Underage Gymnasts Claims". ABC News. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
Jump up ^ "Officials say Chinese Olympic gymnasts not underage". International Herald Tribune. 2008-10-02. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
Jump up ^ Macur, Juliet (October 1, 2008). "Ruling Backs Chinese Gymnasts". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-10-01.
Jump up ^ Macur, Juliet (2008-08-24). "China Cites Paperwork Error in Age of Gymnast". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
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Somebody's Watching Me
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For the album, see Somebody's Watching Me (album).
"Somebody's Watching Me"
Side-A label of US 12-inch vinyl single
Single by Rockwell
from the album Somebody's Watching Me
B-side
"Somebody's Watching Me (Instrumental)"
Released
1984
Format
7" single
cassette single
Genre
Synth-funk[1]
Length
4:59 (Album version)
4:00 (Single version)
3:33 (Radio version)
Label
Motown M 1702
Songwriter(s)
Kennedy "Rockwell" Gordy
Producer(s)
Curtis Anthony Nolen
Rockwell
Rockwell singles chronology
"Somebody's Watching Me"
(1984) "Obscene Phone Caller"
(1984)
"Somebody's Watching Me"
(1984) "Obscene Phone Caller"
(1984)
Music video
"Somebody's Watching Me" on YouTube
"Somebody's Watching Me" is a song recorded by American singer Rockwell, released by the Motown label on January 14, 1984, as the lead single from his debut studio album of the same name. Rockwell's debut single release, the song features guest vocals by brothers Michael Jackson (in the chorus) and Jermaine Jackson (additional backing vocals).[2]
"Somebody's Watching Me" became a major commercial success internationally, topping the charts in Belgium, France and Spain, and reaching the Top 5 in Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, New Zealand, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland and the United States (peaking at No.2 on the Billboard Hot 100). The song reached No.6 in the United Kingdom, Rockwell's only Top 40 hit there.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background and composition
2 Music video
2.1 Plot
3 Charts and certifications
3.1 Weekly charts
3.2 Year-end charts
3.3 Sales and certifications
4 DJ BoBo version: "Somebody Dance with Me"
5 Beatfreakz version
5.1 Track listing
5.2 Chart performance
6 Other cover versions
7 Sampling
8 Appearances in other media
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Background and composition[edit]
Rockwell is a son of Motown CEO Berry Gordy. At the time of the recording, Rockwell was estranged from his father and living with Ray Singleton, his father's ex-wife and the mother of his older half-brother, Kerry Gordy. Singleton served as executive producer on the project and would occasionally play some demo tracks to Berry. The elder Gordy was less than enthusiastic about Rockwell's music until he heard the single with a familiar voice featuring prominently on background vocals.[2][4]
"Somebody's Watching Me" was written in the key of C-sharp minor in 4
4 time with a tempo of 124 beats per minute. The vocals span from C4 to C5.[5]
Produced by Curtis Anthony Nolen, the song featured backing vocals by Michael and Jermaine Jackson, with Alan Murray on percussion.[2][6]
Music video[edit]
The music video to "Somebody's Watching Me" underscores the song's paranoid tone with a haunted house-inspired theme, including imagery of floating heads, ravens, graveyards, and shower scenes referencing Psycho.
Plot[edit]
The video opens with Rockwell coming home to discover that the wrong newspaper has been delivered to his doorstep. As he takes a quick shower, he begins to have strange visions (in a manner recalling The Dead Zone) of himself being pursued around his house by assorted ghoulish appartions, of the looming figure of a cadaverous-looking man, and of finding a tombstone engraved with his own name. His shower is interrupted when he hears something outside and goes out on his balcony to investigate. He is shocked to see the man from his visions standing at his gate, but as he struggles to get a better look in spite of the sun in his face he is greatly relieved to see that he is merely a mailman, coming to deliver the correct newspaper. As the mailman walks up the path towards the front porch, however, a brief close-up of his arm reveals that he is, in fact, a zombie. Rockwell emerges onto the porch to receive the paper, which the mailman genially hands over. As the mailman brings his other arm around to strike, Rockwell has just enough time to notice that he is not human.
Due in part to the popularity of the music video, the song is sometimes used for Halloween celebrations, with cover versions found in various collections of Halloween music.
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1984)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[7] 12
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[8] 14
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[9] 1
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[10] 2
France (IFOP)[11] 1
Germany (Official German Charts)[12] 2
Ireland (IRMA)[13] 6
Italy (FIMI)[14] 14
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[15] 2
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[16] 4
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[17] 5
Norway (VG-lista)[18] 7
South Africa (Springbok Radio)[19] 5
Spain (AFYVE)[20] 1
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[21] 4
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[22] 3
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[23] 6
US Billboard Hot 100[24] 2
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[25] 1
US Cash Box[26] 2
US Dance/Disco Top 80 (Billboard)[27] 3
US Top Tracks (Billboard)[27] 31
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1984)
Position
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[28] 13
Canada (RPM Top 100 Singles)[29] 28
France (IFOP)[30] 46
Germany (Official German Charts)[31] 46
Italy (FIMI)[14] 84
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[32] 16
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[33] 46
US Billboard Hot 100[34] 26
US Cash Box[35] 21
US Top Black Singles (Billboard)[34] 12
Sales and certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Canada (Music Canada)[36]
Gold 5,000^
France
354,000[37]
United States (RIAA)[38]
Gold 1,000,000^
United States (RIAA)[38]
Gold 500,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
DJ BoBo version: "Somebody Dance with Me"[edit]
Main article: Somebody Dance with Me
DJ BoBo based his 1992 single "Somebody Dance with Me" on "Somebody's Watching Me" with new lyrics and rap. The DJ BoBo single reached No.1 in Sweden and Switzerland, and the Top 5 in Austria, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands and Norway. In 2012, a remix of the hit was made by Remady titled "Somebody Dance With Me (Remady 2013 Mix)" by DJ BoBo featuring Manu-L. Released early in 2013, it charted on the Swiss Hitparade, reaching No.4. The mix was made on the 20th anniversary of the initial hit by DJ BoBo in November 1992.
Beatfreakz version[edit]
"Somebody's Watching Me"
Single by Beatfreakz
Released
2006
Format
CD single
Length
2:48
Songwriter(s)
Kennedy "Rockwell" Gordy
Producer(s)
Beatfreakz
Beatfreakz singles chronology
"Somebody's Watching Me"
(2006) "Superfreak"
(2006)
"Somebody's Watching Me"
(2006) "Superfreak"
(2006)
Music video
"Somebody's Watching Me" on YouTube
In 2006, Dutch dance group Beatfreakz recorded a pseudo-cover of the song which sampled the chorus but omitted the verses. This version was a Top 10 hit in Belgium, Finland, Ireland, New Zealand and the United Kingdom.
Track listing[edit]
CD single
Somebody's Watching Me [Hi Tack Edit]
Somebody's Watching Me [Hi Tack Club Mix]
Somebody's Watching Me [E-Craig's 2006 Remix]
Somebody's Watching Me [DeNnis Christopher Remix]
Somebody's Watching Me [Ian Carey Club Mix]
Chart performance[edit]
Chart (2006)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[39] 38
Belgium (Ultratip Flanders)[40] 6
Belgium (Ultratip Wallonia)[41] 4
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Dance Flanders)[42] 17
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Dance Wallonia)[43] 17
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[44] 28
France (SNEP)[45] 18
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[46] 7
Germany (Official German Charts)[47] 41
Ireland (IRMA)[48] 5
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[49] 12
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[50] 21
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[51] 7
Romania (Romanian Top 100)[52] 28
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[53] 65
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[54] 3
Other cover versions[edit]
Electro/hip hop artist/DJ/producers, Mysto & Pizzi, recorded a cover of the song for a series of GEICO television commercials.[55]
Sampling[edit]
TRU incorporated the lyrics and main melody of the chorus into their 1997 single "I Always Feel Like (Somebody's Watching Me)".[56]
In 2001, French hip hop group Fonky Family sampled the song in "Art de Rue".[57]
Canadian artist Virginia to Vegas sampled the chorus for his single "Lights Out".[58]
Appearances in other media[edit]
The Mysto & Pizzi cover version was featured in a series of commercials for GEICO that began airing in December 2008 and throughout 2009. The campaign, created by The Martin Agency,[59] consisted of various advertisements in which people would happen upon Kash, a stack of money with googly eyes, while the song is played in the background.
See also[edit]
List of number-one R&B singles of 1984 (U.S.)
Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1984
List of number-one singles of 1984 (France)
List of number-one singles of 1984 (Spain)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Huey, Steve. "Rockwell – Artist Biography". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved October 18, 2014. Son of Berry Gordy who scored a number two Hot 100 hit with the 1983 synth-funk single "Somebody's Watching Me."
^ Jump up to: a b c Somebody's Watching Me (Media notes). Rockwell. Hollywood, California: Motown Records. 1984.
Jump up ^ http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/16235/rockwell/ Official Charts Top 75; Rockwell. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Gordy Singleton, Raynoma (1990). "Super Three". Berry, Me and Motown (1st ed.). Chicago: Contemporary Books. pp. 297–299. ISBN 0-8092-4340-7. As they finished mixing down the record, I could barely wait to rush it over and play it for Berry.
Jump up ^ "Somebody's Watching Me By Rockwell – Digital Sheet Music". Musicnotes. Retrieved February 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Higginson, Cheryl (May 1, 1984). "Rockwell Rockets Up The Popular Charts". Luddington Daily News. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Rockwell – Somebody's Watching Me" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Rockwell – Somebody's Watching Me" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 6316." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Toutes les Chansons N° 1 des Années 80's" (in French). InfoDisc. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Rockwell – Somebody's Watching Me". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Somebody's Watching Me". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "I singoli più venduti del 1984" (in Italian). Hit Parade Italia. Creative Commons. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Rockwell - Somebody's Watching Me" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Rockwell – Somebody's Watching Me" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Rockwell – Somebody's Watching Me". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Rockwell – Somebody's Watching Me". VG-lista. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1969–1989 Acts (R)". Rock.co.za. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Rockwell – Somebody's Watching Me". Singles Top 100. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Rockwell – Somebody's Watching Me". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Rockwell Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Rockwell Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "CASH BOX Top 100 Singles – Week ending MARCH 24, 1984". Archived from the original on September 30, 2012. . Cash Box.
^ Jump up to: a b "BB-1984-03-10" (PDF). Billboard. March 10, 1984. pp. 22, 57. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Jaaroverzichten 1984" (in Dutch). Ultratop. Hung Medien. Retrieved June 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top Singles – Volume 41, No. 17, January 05 1985". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved June 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ "TOP – 1984" (in French). Top-france.fr. Retrieved June 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Jahrescharts – 1984" (in German). Offiziellecharts.de. GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved September 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 1984" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved June 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Jaaroverzichten – Single 1984" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Hung Medien. Retrieved June 12, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "BB-1984-12-22" (PDF). Billboard. December 22, 1984. pp. 14, TA–19, TA–21. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The CASH BOX Year-End Charts: 1984". Archived from the original on September 30, 2012. . Cash Box.
Jump up ^ "Canadian single certifications – Rockwell – Somebody's Watching Me". Music Canada.
Jump up ^ "Les Meilleures Ventes Tout Temps de 45 T./Singles" (in French). InfoDisc. Archived from the original on December 16, 2014. Retrieved June 12, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "American single certifications – Rockwell – Somebody's Watching Me". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Beatfreakz – Somebody's Watching Me". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Beatfreakz – Somebody's Watching Me" (in Dutch). Ultratip. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Beatfreakz – Somebody's Watching Me" (in French). Ultratip. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "ultratop.be – 50 DANCE 03/06/2006" (in Dutch). Ultratop. Hung Medien. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "ultratop.be – 50 DANCE 03/06/2006" (in French). Ultratop. Hung Medien. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Beatfreakz – Somebody's Watching Me" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Beatfreakz – Somebody's Watching Me" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Beatfreakz: Somebody's Watching Me" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Beatfreakz – Somebody's Watching Me". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Somebodys Watching Me". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Beatfreakz - Somebody's Watching Me" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Beatfreakz – Somebody's Watching Me" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Beatfreakz – Somebody's Watching Me". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ (in Romanian) "Issue nr: 23/2006 (12 Iunie – 18 Iunie 2006)". Archived from the original on June 13, 2006. . see last week position. Romanian Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Beatfreakz – Somebody's Watching Me". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "GEICO – The Remake of Somebody's Watching Me.." January 27, 2009.
Jump up ^ "TRU's I Always Feel Like... sample of Rockwell feat. Michael Jackson's Somebody's Watching Me". WhoSampled. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Jean (July 29, 2015). "Isleym : Premier album 'Où ça nous mène' en 2014". Evous (in French). Retrieved March 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kennedy, John R (December 29, 2016). "Virginia to Vegas Channels Rockwell In 'Lights Out'". iHeartRadio. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Parpis, Elefteria (December 25, 2008). "Kash Debuts for Geico". Adweek. Retrieved December 19, 2008.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
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