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Lyle and Erik Menendez
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Lyle Menéndez
Born
Joseph Lyle Menéndez
(1968-01-10) January 10, 1968 (age 50)
New York City, U.S.
Criminal charge
First-degree murder, conspiracy to commit murder
Criminal penalty
Life without parole
Criminal status
Incarcerated
Spouse(s)
Anna Eriksson (m. 1996; div. 2001)
Rebecca Sneed (m. 2003)
Parent(s)
José and Mary "Kitty" Menéndez
Motive
Alleged Monetary gain. Alleged physical and sexual abuse
Partner(s)
Erik Menéndez
Details
Victims
2
Date
August 20, 1989
Country
United States
State(s)
California
Location(s)
Beverly Hills
Target(s)
José and Kitty Menéndez
Killed
2
Weapons
Mossberg 12-gauge shotgun
Date apprehended
March 8, 1990
Imprisoned at
Mule Creek State Prison
Erik Menéndez
Born
Erik Galen Menéndez
(1970-11-27) November 27, 1970 (age 47)
Gloucester Township, New Jersey, U.S.
Nationality
American
Criminal charge
First-degree murder, conspiracy to commit murder
Criminal penalty
Life without parole
Criminal status
Incarcerated
Spouse(s)
Tammi Ruth Saccoman (m. 1999)
Parent(s)
José and Mary "Kitty" Menéndez
Motive
Alleged Monetary gain. Alleged physical and sexual abuse
Partner(s)
Lyle Menéndez
Details
Victims
2
Date
August 20, 1989
Country
United States
State(s)
California
Location(s)
Beverly Hills
Target(s)
José and Kitty Menéndez
Killed
2
Weapons
Mossberg 12-gauge shotgun
Date apprehended
March 11, 1990
Imprisoned at
Richard J. Donovan Correctional Facility
Joseph Lyle Menéndez (born January 10, 1968) and Erik Galen Menéndez (born November 27, 1970) are American brothers from Beverly Hills, California, who were convicted in a high-profile criminal trial in 1994 for the 1989 murder by shotgun of their wealthy parents, entertainment executive José and his wife Mary ("Kitty"). Though initially not regarded as suspects, the duo attracted the attention of authorities as they spent their deceased parents' fortune lavishly within weeks of the murders.
During the trial, the brothers claimed that the murders stemmed from years of sexual and psychological abuse that they had suffered at the hands of their parents. They were first tried by two different juries (one for each brother). Both juries deadlocked which led to a mistrial. For the second trial, Erik and Lyle were judged by the same jury, who rejected the defense's claim. The brothers were sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Crimes
3 Trials
4 Appeals
5 Life in prison
6 In popular culture
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
9.1 Books
10 External links
Background[edit]
José Enrique Menéndez, Lyle and Erik's father, was born in Havana, Cuba. At the age of 16, he moved to the United States following the upheaval of the Cuban Revolution.[1] While attending Southern Illinois University, he met Mary Louise "Kitty" Andersen. The two married in 1963 and moved to New York City where José earned a degree in accounting from Queens College.[2] While living in New York City the couple began a family. Their elder son, Joseph Lyle Menéndez, who went by his middle name, was born January 10, 1968.[3] Kitty quit her job teaching after Lyle was born. The family then moved to New Jersey, where Kitty gave birth to their second son, Erik, November 27, 1970 in Gloucester Township, New Jersey.[4][5][4]In New Jersey, both brothers attended Princeton Day School.[6]
In 1986, José's career as a corporate executive took the family to Calabasas, California, where the boys lived during their adolescence.[4][6] The following year, Erik began attending high school in Calabasas, earning average grades and showing a remarkable talent for tennis, ranking 44th in the nation for 18 and under players.[7] Lyle attended Princeton University but was placed on academic probation for poor grades and discipline. After allegations of plagiarism surfaced during his freshman year, he was suspended for a year.
Crimes[edit]
On August 20, 1989, Lyle, 21, and Erik, 18, killed their parents.[8] The murders occurred that evening in the den of the family's home in Beverly Hills, at 722 North Elm Drive.
Neighbors later reported hearing loud bangs around 10 p.m but dismissed them, as they thought local kids were playing with firecrackers. José and Kitty Menéndez were spending a quiet night watching television on the couch when their sons, armed with shotguns, entered the den. José was shot point-blank in the back of the head with a Mossberg 12-gauge shotgun.[9] Kitty, awakened by the shots, got up from the couch and was shot in the leg as she ran towards the hallway. She slipped on her own blood and fell. While on the ground, she was shot several times in the arm, chest, and face, leaving her unrecognizable. Both José and Kitty were shot in the kneecap, in an attempt to make the murders appear related to organized crime.[10][11] At 11:47 p.m., when the brothers returned home, Lyle telephoned 9-1-1 and cried, "Somebody killed my parents!" The brothers told the police they had been at the movie theater watching Batman at the time of the crime. Afterward, they said they went to the annual "Taste of L.A." festival at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium. Despite being considered suspects, the police did not order the brothers to undergo gunshot residue tests to learn whether they had recently used a firearm.[12] A lack of evidence also prevented the police from looking into the brothers more thoroughly.
In the months after the murders, the brothers spent money lavishly, adding to investigators' suspicions that they were involved with their parents' deaths.[13] Lyle bought an expensive Rolex watch, a Porsche Carrera, and Chuck's Spring Street Cafe,[14] a Buffalo wing restaurant in Princeton, New Jersey. Erik hired a full-time tennis coach and competed in a series of pro tournaments in Israel. They left the North Elm Drive mansion unoccupied opting to live in adjoining condos in nearby Marina del Rey.[15] They drove around Los Angeles in their late mother's Mercedes-Benz SL convertible, dined expensively, and went on overseas trips to the Caribbean and to London.[16] It is estimated that Lyle and Erik spent $700,000 in the months between the murders and their arrests.[17]
Erik confessed to the murders to his psychologist, Dr. L. Jerome Oziel. After being threatened by Lyle, Oziel told his mistress, Judalon Smyth, about the killings. Smyth then tipped off the police as to the brothers' involvement.[18] Lyle was arrested near the mansion on March 8, 1990, after police received information that he was preparing to flee California. Erik, who was in Israel, surrendered himself three days later upon returning to Los Angeles. Both were remanded without bail and they were kept separate from each other.[19]
In August 1990, Judge James Albrecht ruled that the tapes of conversations between Erik and his psychologist were admissible because Lyle had voided doctor–patient privilege by threatening physical harm against Oziel. That ruling was appealed, delaying the proceedings for two years. After the ruling was initially overturned on appeal, the Supreme Court of California declared in August 1992 that several tapes were admissible, but not the tape of Erik discussing the murders.[20] After that decision, a Los Angeles County grand jury issued indictments in December 1992, charging the brothers with the murder of their parents.[21]
Trials[edit]
The Menéndez brothers and the murders of their parents became national sensations when Court TV broadcast the trial in 1993. The younger brother's defense attorney, Leslie Abramson, became famous for her flamboyant defense, alleging that the brothers were driven to murder by a lifetime of abuse at the hands of their parents, including sexual abuse at the hands of their father, who was described as a cruel, callous perfectionist and a pedophile. Kitty was portrayed as a selfish, mentally unstable alcoholic and drug addict, who had enabled her husband's abuses and was also sometimes violent towards them.[22] However, the brothers' lack of a past criminal history contrasted with the "escape from parental abuse" theory. The trial ended with two deadlocked juries. The voting jurors went along sex lines as men on both juries voted for a conviction.
Los Angeles County District Attorney Gil Garcetti announced immediately that the brothers would be retried. The second trial was somewhat less publicized, partly because Judge Stanley Weisberg refused to allow cameras in the courtroom.[23] During the second trial, Weisberg did not allow much of the defense to testify about the sexual abuse claims,[24] and also would not allow the jury to vote on manslaughter charges rather than murder charges.[25]
Both brothers were convicted of two counts of first-degree murder and conspiracy to commit murder. In the penalty phase of the trial, the jury chose sentences for the brothers of life in prison without the possibility of parole rather than death. The jury later said that the abuse defense was never a factor in its deliberations and that it rejected the death penalty because neither brother had a felony record or a history of violence. Unlike the juries in the previous trials, the jury in the penalty phase unanimously rejected the defense's theory that the brothers killed their parents out of fear. It believed that the brothers had committed the murders with the intent to gain control over their father's considerable wealth.[26]
On July 2, 1996, Judge Weisberg sentenced the two to life in prison without the possibility of parole. Judge Weisberg sentenced the brothers to consecutive sentences for the murders and the charges of conspiracy to commit murder. As had been done during their pretrial detention, the California Department of Corrections separated the Menéndez brothers and sent them to different prisons. Both brothers were classified as maximum-security inmates and were segregated from other prisoners.
During the penalty phase of their murder trial, defense lawyer Abramson allegedly directed a defense witness, Dr. William Vicary, to edit his notes, but the district attorney's office decided that it would not conduct a criminal investigation.[27] Both brothers filed motions for a mistrial, claiming that they suffered irreparable damage in the penalty phase as a result of suggestions of possible misconduct and ineffective representation by Abramson.
Appeals[edit]
On February 27, 1998, the California Court of Appeal upheld the murder convictions, and on May 28, 1998, the Supreme Court of California voted to uphold the murder convictions and the 'life without parole' sentences, with none of the Supreme Court justices voting to review the case.[28]
Both brothers filed habeas corpus petitions with the Supreme Court of California, which were denied in 1999. Having exhausted their appeal remedies in state court, the brothers filed separate habeas corpus petitions in the United States District Court. On March 4, 2003, a magistrate judge recommended the denial of the petitions.[citation needed] The district court adopted such recommendation. The brothers then appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. On September 7, 2005, a three-judge panel issued their ruling affirming the denial of both brothers' petitions for habeas corpus.[29]
Life in prison[edit]
Mug shots of Lyle (left) and Erik Menéndez (right)
Since entering prison, both brothers have married even though California does not allow conjugal visits for those convicted of murder or for those serving life sentences.
On July 2, 1996, Lyle married longtime pen pal Anna Eriksson, a former model, in a ceremony attended by Abramson and Lyle's aunt, Marta Menéndez, and presided over by Judge Nancy Brown. The two were divorced on April 1, 2001,[28] after Eriksson reportedly discovered that Lyle was "cheating" on her by writing to another woman. In November 2003, Lyle, then 35, married Rebecca Sneed, a 33-year-old magazine editor from Sacramento, at a ceremony in a supermax prison visiting area of Mule Creek State Prison. Lyle and Rebecca had reportedly known each other for about ten years prior to their engagement.[30][31]
In 1997, Erik was reportedly married in a telephone ceremony at Folsom State Prison. In June 1999, Erik, 28, married Tammi Ruth Saccoman, 37, at Folsom State Prison in a prison waiting room. Tammi later stated, "Our wedding cake was a Twinkie. We improvised. It was a wonderful ceremony until I had to leave. That was a very lonely night."[32][33] In an interview with ABC News in October 2005, she described her relationship with Erik as "something that I've dreamed about for a long time. And it's just something very special that I never thought that I would ever have."[34] In 2005, Tammi also self-published a book, They Said We'd Never Make It – My Life With Erik Menéndez, but she said on Larry King Live that Erik "did a lot of editing on the book."[35]
In a 2005 interview with People magazine, she stated, "Not having sex in my life is difficult, but it's not a problem for me. I have to be physically detached, and I'm emotionally attached to Erik.... My family does not understand. When it started to get serious, some of them just threw up their hands." Tammi also noted that she and her 10-year-old daughter drive the 150 miles (240 km) every weekend to see Erik, and her daughter refers to him as her "Earth Dad."[32]
Regarding his sentence of life in prison without the possibility of parole, Erik has stated: "Tammi is what gets me through. I can't think about the sentence. When I do, I do it with a great sadness and a primal fear. I break into a cold sweat. It's so frightening I just haven't come to terms with it."[32]
As of 2017, both men are incarcerated in the California state prison system. Lyle is housed at Mule Creek State Prison in Ione. Erik is housed at the Richard J. Donovan Correctional Facility in San Diego.[36]
Under the terms of the sentences for their multiple crimes, the brothers are expected to spend the remainder of their lives behind bars. According to Erik, on the same Larry King Live episode, he and his elder brother have not spoken to each other for more than ten years.[35][not in citation given]
In 2010, A&E released a documentary on Tammi, Mrs. Menéndez.[37]
In late 2017, A&E aired a five-part documentary, titled The Menendez Murders: Erik Tells All, in which Erik, via telephone, recalls the murders and the aftermath. The series also provides never-before-seen photos and new interviews with prosecutors, law enforcement, close family, friends and medical experts.[38]
In popular culture[edit]
This article appears to contain trivial, minor, or unrelated references to popular culture. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances; add references to reliable sources if possible. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2017)
The Menéndez brothers were recently featured in a 2017 documentary titled Truth and Lies: The Menéndez Brothers — American Sons, American Murderers on ABC, as well as on an episode of Snapped in 2016. The murders are the subjects of multiple docu-dramas, including the Lifetime movie Menendez: Blood Brothers (2017), as well as the 1994 television film Menendez: A Killing in Beverly Hills on CBS, and Honor Thy Father and Mother: The True Story of the Menendez Murders on Fox the same year. The media hype surrounding the first trial was parodied in the 1996 dark comedy film The Cable Guy. The Menéndez brothers were also the subject of the weekly satire podcast The Last Podcast on the Left in 2016. They were also depicted in the film Natural Born Killers.
In an episode of NBC's 30 Rock titled "Gavin Volure", Tracy Jordan is worried that his children are going to "Menendez" him because they are acting strangely, going as far as to use a Japanese sex doll of his likeness to fool his children, and eventually, Gavin Volure in the episode's conclusion; in another episode ("Nothing Left to Lose"), main character Jenna Maroney is revealed to have a tattoo on her forearm that says "Free Lyle Menendez."
In a season 4 episode of Arrested Development, "Queen B.", Lucille Bluth tells her husband that "bad things happen when brothers collude” before a brief montage shows pictures of brothers who are notorious for crimes, such as the Menendez Brothers.
The 1995 album Raza Odiada by extreme metal band Brujeria includes a song titled "Hermanos Menéndez", a retelling of the Menendez Brothers story.
In season 2, episode 9 of Dharma & Greg Dharma tells Jane that "Lyle and Erik got sunburned", referring to her breasts. She explains that it was "Greg's idea. 'Cause they're a coupla killers."
In an episode of ABC's Fresh Off the Boat, the topic of the Menéndez brothers and how they "didn't get away with it" came up while Jessica was talking to Evan about going to St. Orlando Private School.
In the pilot episode of Gilmore Girls, Lorelei tells Rory during an argument that she is expected to at least be civil through dinner, and on the way home she can "pull a Menendez."
In his 2008 stand-up comedy show It's Bad For Ya, George Carlin makes a brief allusion to the Menéndez brothers, in a segment intended to debunk the idea that after death parents can somehow help their children spiritually in their various endeavours, which he presents as unrealistic and illogical, saying: "Suppose you kill your parents ... would they help you? I'll guarantee you Mr. and Mrs. Menéndez are not helping those two boys!"
In a 2015 episode of NBC's Saturday Night Live, a music video sketch titled "First Got Horny 2 U" chronicles female cast members' absurd sexual attractions to pop culture figures. In the song, cast member Vanessa Bayer sings of an attraction to the Menéndez brothers, with the verse: "Okay, now it's me, mine is pretty bad/It's those guys who killed their mom and dad/The Menéndez Brothers, they were cute and young/I think Erik was the hotter one."
The Law & Order season 1 episode 19 "The Serpent's Tooth" is also based on the case.
Documentary series from Court TV (now TruTV) MUGSHOTS: Menendez Brothers - Blood Brothers episode (2000) at FilmRise.[39][40][41]
Law & Order True Crime: The Menéndez Murders, premiered on NBC in September 2017.[42]
HLN launched the new series "How it Really Happened with Hill Harper" with the Menéndez brothers story. The episode is titled "The Menéndez Brothers: Murder in Beverly Hills", Series 1; Episode 1, original air date: January 27, 2017. The episode ends with a telephone interview of Erik Menéndez from jail with Chris Cuomo.[43]
See also[edit]
Parricide
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Jose Menendez". IMDb. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
Jump up ^ Johnson, John; Soble, Ronald L. "The Menendez Brothers: Jose Menendez Gave His Sons Everything. Maybe Even a Motive for Murder". Los Angeles Times. p. 3.
Jump up ^ Pergament, Rachel. "The Menéndez Brothers". Crime Library. Archived from the original on November 2, 2014. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Erik Menéndez Biography". biography.com.
Jump up ^ "Kitty Menendez". IMDb. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^ Jump up to: a b JOHNSON, JOHN; SOBLE, RONALD L. (1990-07-22). "THE MENENDEZ BROTHERS : Jose Menendez Gave His Sons Everything. Maybe Even a Motive for Murder". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
Jump up ^ "A look back at the story — and coverage — of the Menendez murders". Community News. 2017-09-26. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
Jump up ^ "Lyle Menendez Finally Speaks From Prison, 27 Years After Killing His Parents". Us Weekly. January 4, 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-12.
Jump up ^ "True Crime Revisited: The Menendez Brothers Case". Biography.com. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
Jump up ^ "Remembering the Insanity of the Menendez Brothers Murder Case". E! Online. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
Jump up ^ Joseph Poindexter (1990-03-26). "A Beverly Hills Paradise Lost". People. Retrieved 2017-02-08.
Jump up ^ Dunne, Dominick (October 1990). "Nightmare on Elm Drive". Vanity Fair. Beverly Hills police claimed to have been suspicious of the Menéndez brothers from the beginning.... But there was no proof – nothing to go on – merely gut reactions.
Jump up ^ Dunne, Dominick (October 1990). "Nightmare on Elm Drive". Vanity Fair.
Jump up ^ "Chuck's Spring Street Cafe in Princeton, NJ - location, details and more". Princetonsrestaurants.com. Retrieved 2010-09-27.
Jump up ^ "Here's How Much The Menendez Brothers Spent On Their Spree". Retrieved 2017-12-07.
Jump up ^ "This Menendez Brothers Murder Map Puts the Crazy Story in Perspective". E! Online. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
Jump up ^ Dunne, Dominick. "Nightmare on Elm Drive". Vanities. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
Jump up ^ ABRAHAMSON, ALAN (1993-11-16). "Menendez Therapist's Ex-Lover Testifies : Trial: She says Oziel wanted the brothers to confess on tape so he could 'control' them. Calls that the woman secretly recorded of the stormy affair are also played in court". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
Jump up ^ "The Arrest". Crime + Investigation. 2017-06-29. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
Jump up ^ "Menendez v. Superior Court (People) (1992)". Justia Law. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
Jump up ^ McMILLAN, PENELOPE (1992-12-30). "Menendez Brothers Plead Innocent in Killings : Court: Grand jury indictment means trial in the deaths of their parents could begin in March". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
Jump up ^ "The Menéndez Brothers". Archived from the original on October 12, 2012. Retrieved December 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ Chiasson, Lloyd (1997). The Press on Trial: Crimes and Trials as Media Events. p. 200. ISBN 9780313300226. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Legal Loophole Could Give Murderous Brothers Erik And Lyle Menendez Chance For New Trial". CBS Los Angeles. November 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Tammi Menendez on Loving Erik". ABC News. September 27, 2002.
Jump up ^ Abrahamson, Alan (April 3, 1994). "Little Remains of Menéndez Estate, Records Show : Courts: Inheritance of $14.5 million was lost to taxes, lawyers' fees and inflated real estate appraisals, probate files reveal". latimes.
Jump up ^ "Menendez Lawyer Won't Face Investigation". The New York Times. October 12, 1997. Retrieved May 26, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Pergament, Rachel. "The Menéndez Brothers". crimelibrary.com. Crimelibrary.com. Archived from the original on May 6, 2007. Retrieved 2010-09-27.
Jump up ^ "UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT" (PDF). uscourts.gov. Retrieved June 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Should single guys trade their pinstripes for prison stripes? (Dan Abrams), MSNBC.com January 18, 2006 (retrieved on September 2, 2008)
Jump up ^ Parent killer Menéndez marries in Calif. prison, MSNBC.com, November 23, 2003 (retrieved on September 2, 2008)
^ Jump up to: a b c "Life & Love Behind Bars" by Bill Hewitt, People Magazine, November 7, 2005 Vol. 64 No. 19.
Jump up ^ "Convicted murderer Erik Menéndez marries in prison". CNN. June 16, 1999. Retrieved 2008-07-19.
Jump up ^ "Erik Menéndez's Life Behind Bars". ABC News. October 25, 2005. Retrieved 2008-07-19.
^ Jump up to: a b "Interview With Tammi Menéndez". CNN. December 20, 2005. Retrieved 2015-06-13.
Jump up ^ http://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/g10002877/where-lyle-erik-menendez-brothers-are-now-today/
Jump up ^ "Menéndez brothers convicted in parents' murder 16 years ago". latimes.com. March 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Menendez Murders: Erik Tells All" at The Futon Critic
Jump up ^ "MUGSHOTS: Menendez Brothers". FilmRise. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mugshots (TV Series 2000)". imdb.com. Retrieved October 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mugshots: Menendez Brothers - Blood Brothers: Ellen Goosenberg Kent: Amazon Digital Services LLC". www.amazon.com. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lowry, Brian (September 26, 2017). "'Law & Order True Crime: The Menendez Murders' review". CNN. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "How It Really Happened with Hill Harper | The Menendez Brothers: Murder in Beverly Hills". HLN. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. January 27, 2017. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
Further reading[edit]
Books[edit]
Davis, Don (1994) Bad Blood: The Shocking True Story Behind the Menéndez Killings St. Martin, New York, ISBN 0-312-95334-8
Menéndez, Lyle; Novelli, Norma; Walker, Mike; and Spreckels, Judith (1995) The Private Diary of Lyle Menéndez: In His Own Words! Dove Books, Beverly Hills, California, ISBN 0-7871-0474-4
Menéndez, Tammi (2005) They Said We'd Never Make It: My Life With Erik Menéndez NewGalen Publishing, Santa Clarita, California, ISBN 0-9768744-0-7
Soble, Ronald L. and Johnson, John (1994) Blood Brothers: The Inside Story of the Menéndez Murders Onyx, New York, ISBN 0-451-40547-1
Thornton, Hazel; Wrightsman, Lawrence S.; Posey, Amy J. and Scheflin, Alan W. (1995) Hung Jury: The Diary of a Menéndez Juror Temple University Press, Philadelphia, ISBN 1-56639-393-0; new 20 Years Later Edition updated with new material (2017) ISBN 978-1-4399-1513-4
External links[edit]
Nightmare on Elm Drive by Dominick Dunne. Vanity Fair, October 1990
Three Faces of Evil by Dominick Dunne. Vanity Fair, June 1996
Wife of Erik Menéndez talks about relationship at MSNBC TV, December 22, 2005
Tammi Menéndez on Loving Erik at ABC News
Menéndez Brothers at Court TV (now TruTV)
Menéndez Brothers at Crime Library
Mug shots of the brothers on The Smoking Gun
archived trial transcripts from Court TV
Lyle Menéndez at Library of Congress Authorities, with 1 catalog records
Works by or about Lyle Menéndez in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
Erik Menéndez at LC Authorities, with no records
Works by or about Erik Menéndez in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyle_and_Erik_Menendez&oldid=822054481"
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Julie Kavner
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Julie Kavner
Kavner in 1974
Born
Julie Deborah Kavner
(1950-09-07) 7 September 1950 (age 67)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Occupation
Actress, voice actress, comedian
Years active
1971–present
Known for
Marge Simpson in The Simpsons
Julie Deborah Kavner (born September 7, 1950) is an American actress, voice actress and comedian. She first attracted notice for her role as Valerie Harper's character's younger sister Brenda in the sitcom Rhoda for which she won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series. She is best known for her voice role as Marge Simpson on the animated television series The Simpsons. She also voices other characters for the show, including Jacqueline Bouvier, and Patty and Selma Bouvier.
Known for her improvisation and distinctive "honeyed gravel voice",[1] Kavner was cast in her first professional acting role as Brenda Morgenstern in Rhoda in 1974. She received four Primetime Emmy Award nominations for playing the character, winning the award in 1978. Following Rhoda, Kavner was cast in The Tracey Ullman Show, which debuted in 1987. The Tracey Ullman Show included a series of animated shorts about a dysfunctional family. Voices were needed for the shorts, and the producers decided to ask Kavner to voice Marge. The shorts would eventually be spun off into The Simpsons.
Kavner has been described as "nearly reclusive"; part of her contract says that she will never have to promote The Simpsons on video. For her work as Marge, Kavner received another Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance in 1992 and an Annie Award nomination for her performance as the character in The Simpsons Movie.
Typically cast as a "woman who is supportive, sympathetic or self-effacingly funny",[1] Kavner grew to dislike playing such roles. In 1992, she starred in This Is My Life, her first leading role in a feature film. Kavner has also appeared in live-action roles in seven films written by Woody Allen, and in the Adam Sandler comedy Click.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 Early career
2.2 The Simpsons
2.3 Further career
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
4.3 Video games
4.4 Music video
4.5 Theme park
5 Awards
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
Kavner was born in Los Angeles, California, on September 7, 1950,[2] the second daughter of Rose (1918-2010), a family counselor, and David Kavner (1917-2016), a furniture manufacturer,[1] and grew up in Southern California. Her family is Jewish. She decided to pursue a career in acting because "There was nothing else I wanted to do, ever".[1] She attended Beverly Hills High School (which she later admitted she hated), where she was "something of a loner", and unsuccessfully tried out for several plays.[1] John Ingle, formerly the chairman of the Beverly Hills High School art department, later commented that Kavner was "excellent at improvisation, but she wasn't an ingenue and not that castable at that age".[1]
After graduating from high school, Kavner attended San Diego State University and majored in drama, being cast in several productions including a role as Charlotte Corday in Marat/Sade, becoming known for her improvisation and ability to do both comedy and drama. After graduating in 1971, she got a day job as a typist at the UCLA School of the Arts and Architecture.[1]
Career[edit]
Early career[edit]
In 1973, Kavner auditioned for a role as one of Rhoda Morgenstern's sisters in The Mary Tyler Moore Show. David Davis, producer of the show, had convinced her to audition for the part, but decided to cast another actress instead.[3] A year later, Rhoda Morgenstern became the leading character in a spin-off called Rhoda. Kavner was cast in her first professional acting role as Brenda Morgenstern, sister of the eponymous character.[1] Rhoda ran on CBS from September 9, 1974, to December 1978. She received four Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Continuing Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for playing Brenda, winning in 1978.[4] She also received four Golden Globe Award nominations.[5] In 1975, she received Daytime Emmy Award nomination for her starring role in the daytime special The Girl Who Couldn't Lose.[6]
Following Rhoda, Kavner had a guest appearance on Taxi[7] and appeared in the 1985 comedy Bad Medicine[8] as well as the 1987 film Surrender, both of which were box office failures.[9] She appeared in the television movies Revenge of the Stepford Wives, No Other Love and A Fine Romance, and shot a television pilot.[1] She also starred in several stage plays, including a play called It Had to be You[9] at a dinner theater in Canada, Particular Friendships in New York City in 1981,[10] and Two for the Seesaw, directed by Burt Reynolds.[9] Woody Allen first saw Kavner one night while he was watching Rhoda in the 1970s. He thought that she was remarkable and later offered her a role in his 1986 film Hannah and Her Sisters.[3] Kavner agreed, and credits Allen and the film with rejuvenating her career.[9]
Kavner was then cast as a sidekick to Tracey Ullman in The Tracey Ullman Show, which debuted on Fox in 1987. Kavner described the show as, "like being back in school, a chance to play a wide variety of characters, some really vicious people, to not rest on laurels, to not play it safe".[1] Kavner commented, "What I do is not mimicry or an impersonation, but more of an assimilation. [On The Tracey Ullman Show] we did a lot of looking at people to find out who to base our characters on. We did our homework on our lunch hour."[1] She received four Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Best Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program.[4]
The Simpsons[edit]
Kavner in 2009
Kavner became most famous for her role as Marge Simpson on the animated television show The Simpsons, a show that continues to the present. The Tracey Ullman Show included a series of animated shorts about the dysfunctional Simpson family. Voices were needed for the shorts, so the producers decided to ask Kavner and fellow cast member Dan Castellaneta to voice Marge and Homer rather than hire more actors.[11][12] Kavner has what Hilary de Vries of The New York Times described as a "honeyed gravel voice".[1] Kavner says her distinctive voice is due to "a bump on [her] vocal cords".[13]
Although Marge is her most famous character, Kavner's favorite characters to voice are her sisters Patty and Selma Bouvier because "they're really funny and sad at the same time".[14] Series creator Matt Groening instructed Kavner to voice the duo as characters who "suck the life out of everything".[15] Both have similar raspy voices, but Patty's voice is more masculine and has a lower register, while Selma's voice is a little sweeter.[16] Kavner also provides the voices of every other female member of the Bouvier family, including Marge's mother Jacqueline, Great-Aunt Gladys (a dead relative who was introduced on season four's "Selma's Choice"), and an unnamed grandmother seen on the season six episode "Fear of Flying".[16]
Part of Kavner's contract says that she will never have to promote The Simpsons on video and she rarely performs Marge's voice in public because she believes it "destroys the illusion. People feel these are real people."[14][17] Kavner takes recording sessions seriously, and feels that voice acting is, "a little more limiting than live acting. And I have nothing to do with my character's movement."[18] Nancy Cartwright, who voices Bart Simpson, said in her book My Life as a 10-Year-Old Boy that Kavner is "a workhorse of an actor" with "extraordinary professionalism and quiet work ethic", and notes that she is rarely late for recording sessions.[19]
Until 1998, Kavner was paid $30,000 per episode. During a pay dispute in 1998, Fox threatened to replace the six main voice actors with new actors, going as far as preparing to cast new voices.[20] However, the dispute was soon resolved and she received $125,000 per episode until 2004 when the voice actors demanded that they be paid $360,000 an episode.[20] The issue was resolved a month later,[21] and Kavner earned $250,000 per episode.[17] After salary re-negotiations in 2008, the voice actors received approximately $400,000 per episode.[22] Three years later, with Fox threatening to cancel the series unless production costs were cut, Kavner and the other cast members accepted a 30 percent pay cut, down to just over $300,000 per episode.[23]
At the 44th Primetime Emmy Awards, Kavner received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance for voicing Marge in the season three episode "I Married Marge".[4] In 2004, Kavner and Dan Castellaneta won a Young Artist Award for "Most Popular Mom & Dad in a TV Series".[24] For her performance in The Simpsons Movie, Kavner was nominated for "Best Voice Acting in an Animated Feature" at the 2007 Annie Awards, but lost to Ian Holm from Ratatouille.[25][26] Kavner's emotional performance in the movie got positive reviews, and one critic said she "gave what must be the most heartfelt performance ever to find its way into a movie based on an irreverent cartoon".[27] Some scenes in the movie, such as Marge's emotional video message to Homer, were recorded over one hundred times, leaving Kavner exhausted.[28]
Further career[edit]
Many of Kavner's roles have been described by New York Times writer Hilary de Vries as a "woman who is supportive, sympathetic, or self-effacingly funny".[1] Kavner grew to despise playing such roles, saying, "If it smacks of Brenda Morgenstern, I won't take the job."[1] She had a supporting role as Eleanor Costello, a nurse who befriends Robin Williams' character in the Academy Award nominated film Awakenings.[29] Kavner interviewed several nurses in preparation for the role, and Penny Marshall, the director of the film, described Kavner as "a low-maintenance actor [...] You never have to worry about giving [her] back-story for her characters."[1] In 1992, Kavner starred in This Is My Life, her first leading role in a feature film. Kavner played Dottie Ingels, an aspiring stand-up comedian who starts neglecting her family when her career begins to take off. Kavner described Dottie as "really selfish" but admitted, "I liked the role for that very reason."[1] Kavner had been asked to play a character with a smaller role in the film, but Joe Roth, at the time the chairman of 20th Century Fox, suggested that they cast a lesser known actress in the lead role.[1] Nora Ephron, the writer of This Is My Life, said Kavner "has so little vanity that it is almost shocking. Not only does she have no demands as an actress - 'How big is my trailer, what's in my refrigerator?' - but she will do anything for the character if it makes sense to her."[1]
Kavner has frequently appeared in Woody Allen films, having roles in Hannah and Her Sisters (1986), Radio Days (1987), New York Stories (1989), Alice (1990), Shadows and Fog (1991), the television movie Don't Drink the Water (1994)[30] and Deconstructing Harry (1997).[31] Allen described her as "a naturally funny person. When she does a scene, you listen to her and look at her, and the prism through which it's all filtered is funny."[32] Kavner believes he is "a true filmmaker, one that has something to say, continually experimenting on different themes within his own film-making", adding that "anything [Allen] ever does, I always want to do, [...] I don't even have to read it."[33]
She has done voice-over work in films such as The Lion King 1½,[34] Dr. Dolittle[35] and an uncredited role as an announcer in A Walk on the Moon.[36] Her most recent live-action film was a role of the mother of Adam Sandler's character in Click.[37] She has also worked with Tracey Ullman in the HBO sketch comedy series Tracey Takes On....[30]
Personal life[edit]
Kavner leads a private, "nearly reclusive" life, "discreet and guarded beyond the usual reticent star routine".[1] She rarely makes public appearances and refuses to allow herself to be photographed at work, especially in the studio while doing The Simpsons.[7] Her partner is retired producer David Davis; they have lived together since 1976.[3][7] In a 1992 interview with The New York Times, Kavner said she was considering retiring, "except for doing three days a year for Woody [Allen]", but felt that if she did retire, she would receive a script she wanted "to do more than life itself".[1]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Film
Role
Notes
1983 National Lampoon's Movie Madness Mrs. Falcone
1985 Bad Medicine Cookie Katz
1986 Hannah and Her Sisters Gail
1987 Radio Days Mother
1987 Surrender Ronnie
1989 New York Stories Treva
1990 Awakenings Eleanor Costello
1990 Alice Decorator
1991 Shadows and Fog Alma
1992 This Is My Life Dottie Ingels
1994 I'll Do Anything Nan Mulhanney
1995 Forget Paris Lucy
1997 Deconstructing Harry Grace
1998 Dr. Dolittle Female pigeon Voice
1999 Judy Berlin Marie
1999 A Walk on the Moon P.A. Announcer
1999 Story of a Bad Boy Elaine
2001 Someone like You Furry animal
2004 Barn Red Unnamed character
2004 The Lion King 1½ Ma Voice
Direct-to-DVD
2006 Click Trudy Newman
2007 The Simpsons Movie Marge Simpson, Patty Bouvier, Selma Bouvier Voices
Television[edit]
Year
Show
Role
Notes
1974–1978 Rhoda Brenda Morgenstern 110 episodes
1975 The ABC Afternoon Playbreak Jane Darwin Episode: "The Girl Who Couldn't Lose"
1975 Katherine Margot Weiss Goldman Television film
1975 Petrocelli Julie Episode: "To See No Evil"
1976 Bert D'Angelo/Superstar Episode: "The Brown Horse Connection"
1977 Lou Grant Alice Episode: "Housewarming"
1979 No Other Love Janet Michaels Television film
1980 Revenge of the Stepford Wives Megan Brady Television film
1980 Taxi Monica Banta Douglas Episode: "Tony's Sister and Jim"
1983 A Fine Romance Laura Prescott Television film
1987–1990 The Tracey Ullman Show Various characters 43 episodes
1988 Care Bears Bedtime Bear (voice) Episode: "Bedtime for Care-a-lot"; Uncredited
1989–present The Simpsons Marge Simpson, Patty Bouvier, Selma Bouvier, additional voices 618 episodes
1991 Sibs Julia Episode: "Honey, I Shrunk My Head"
1991 To the Moon, Alice Sitcom Producer Television film
1994 Birdland Madeline Diamond Episode: "Grand Delusion"
1994 Don't Drink the Water Marion Hollander Television film
1996 Jake's Women Karen Television film
1996–1999 Tracey Takes On... Various characters 10 episodes
2014 Family Guy Marge Simpson (voice) Episode: "The Simpsons Guy"
Video games[edit]
The Simpsons (1991) - Marge Simpson
Storybook Weaver (1994) - Mayzie Bird
The Simpsons Cartoon Studio (1996) - Marge Simpson
Virtual Springfield (1997) - Marge Simpson, Patty Bouvier, Selma Bouvier
Simpsons Bowling (1999) - Marge Simpson, Patty Bouvier, Selma Bouvier
The Simpsons Wrestling (2001) - Marge Simpson
The Simpsons: Road Rage (2001) - Marge Simpson
The Simpsons Skateboarding (2002) - Marge Simpson
The Simpsons: Hit & Run (2003) - Marge Simpson, Patty Bouvier, Selma Bouvier
Storybook Weaver Deluxe (2004) - Mayzie Bird
The Simpsons Game (2007) - Marge Simpson, Patty Bouvier, Selma Bouvier
The Simpsons: Tapped Out (2012) - Marge Simpson, Patty Bouvier, Selma Bouvier
Music video[edit]
"Do the Bartman" (1990) - Marge Simpson
Theme park[edit]
The Simpsons Ride (2008) - Marge Simpson, Patty Bouvier, Selma Bouvier
Awards[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Role
Series/film
Result
1975 Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Brenda Morgenstern Rhoda Nominated
1975 Golden Globe Award Best Supporting Actress – Television Brenda Morgenstern Rhoda Nominated
1975 Emmy Award Outstanding Actress in a Daytime Drama Special Jane Darwin The Girl Who Couldn't Lose Nominated
1976 Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Brenda Morgenstern Rhoda Nominated
1976 Golden Globe Award Best Supporting Actress – Television Brenda Morgenstern Rhoda Nominated
1977 Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Brenda Morgenstern Rhoda Nominated
1977 Golden Globe Award Best Supporting Actress – Television Brenda Morgenstern Rhoda Nominated
1978 Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Brenda Morgenstern Rhoda Won
1978 Golden Globe Award Best Television Actress in a Supporting Role Brenda Morgenstern Rhoda Nominated
1987 Emmy Award Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program Various The Tracey Ullman Show Nominated
1988 Emmy Award Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program Various The Tracey Ullman Show Nominated
1989 Emmy Award Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program Various The Tracey Ullman Show Nominated
1990 Emmy Award Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program Various The Tracey Ullman Show Nominated
1992 Emmy Award Outstanding Voice-Over Performance Marge Simpson The Simpsons: "I Married Marge" Won
2004 Young Artist Award Most Popular Mom & Pop in a Television Series Marge Simpson The Simpsons Won
2008 Annie Award Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production Marge Simpson The Simpsons Movie Nominated
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t De Vries, Hilary (1992-01-26). "'Darling! Listen to Me'". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
Jump up ^ "Today in History - September 7". MSNBC. Associated Press. 2007-09-07. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
^ Jump up to: a b c Golden, Daniel (1991-06-30). "From sitcoms to films, Kavner is true to her characters". Boston Globe.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Primetime Emmy Awards Advanced Search". Emmys.org. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
Jump up ^ "Julie Kavner". Hollywood Foreign Press Agency. Archived from the original on 2008-08-30. Retrieved 2009-02-27.
Jump up ^ "Julie Kavner". TV Guide. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
^ Jump up to: a b c Salem, Rob (2009-04-21). "Kavner's long and winding Rhoda". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
Jump up ^ Christiansen, Richard (1985-11-26). "'Bad Medicine' overdoses on bad jokes". Chicago Tribune.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Vadeboncoeur, John E. (1992-03-19). "Coming into her own - Kavner's sagging career got needed lift from Allen films". Syracuse Herald-Journal.
Jump up ^ Rich, Frank (1981-10-01). "Theater: 'Particular Friendships', A First Play". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
Jump up ^ Lee, Luaine (2003-02-27). "D'oh, you're the voices". Melbourne: The Age. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
Jump up ^ Elber, Lynn (2008-08-18). "D'oh!: The Voice of Homer Is Deceivingly Deadpan". Fox News. Associated Press. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
Jump up ^ Haun, Harry (1992-03-13). "The actress with the one-of-a-kind voice stars in Nora Ephron's comedy 'This is my Life'". The Orlando Sentinel.
^ Jump up to: a b Duffy, Mike (1996-12-31). "Ay caramba!: Only TV could call this work". The Hamilton Spectator.
Jump up ^ Groening, Matt. (2001). Commentary for "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire", in The Simpsons: The Complete First Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
^ Jump up to: a b Jean, Al. (2004). Commentary for "Selma's Choice", in The Simpsons: The Complete Fourth Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
^ Jump up to: a b Sheridan, Peter (2004-05-06). "Meet the Simpsons". Daily Express.
Jump up ^ Weiskind, Ron (1994-09-18). "Treading 'Water' Julie Kavner takes break from Marge Simpson to star in Woody Allen's TV Movie". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.
Jump up ^ Cartwright, Nancy (2000). My Life as a 10-Year-Old Boy. New York City: Hyperion. p. 48. ISBN 0-7868-8600-5.
^ Jump up to: a b Glaister, Dan (2004-04-03). "Simpsons actors demand bigger share". Melbourne: The Age. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
Jump up ^ "'Simpsons' Cast Goes Back To Work". CBS News. 2004-05-01. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
Jump up ^ "Simpsons cast sign new pay deal". BBC News. 2008-06-03. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
Jump up ^ Block, Alex Ben (October 7, 2011). "'The Simpsons' Renewed for Two More Seasons". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ "25th Annual Winners and Nominees". Youngartistawards.org. Archived from the original on 2016-08-17. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
Jump up ^ "For Your Consideration". Annie Awards. 2007-12-31. Archived from the original on 2009-02-17. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
Jump up ^ Debruge, Peter (2008-02-08). "'Ratatouille' nearly sweeps Annies". Variety. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
Jump up ^ Shulman, Randy (2007-07-26). "Homer's Odyssey". Metro Weekly. Archived from the original on 2007-09-26. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
Jump up ^ Roberts, Sheila. "The Simpsons Movie Interviews". Movies Online. Archived from the original on 2009-01-04. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
Jump up ^ "Awakenings". Variety. Archived from the original on July 24, 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
^ Jump up to: a b "Julie Kavner". FoxFlash. Archived from the original on 2011-09-29. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
Jump up ^ Stratton, David (1997-09-07). "Deconstructing Harry". Variety. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
Jump up ^ Diamond, Jamie (1991-01-19). "The choicest of voices". Calgary Herald.
Jump up ^ "Julie Kavner would follow Woody anywhere, even to the difficult medium of TV". The Gazette. 1994-12-17.
Jump up ^ Leydon, Joe (2004-02-11). "The Lion King 1½". Variety.
Jump up ^ Klady, Leonard (1998-06-24). "Dr. Dolittle". Variety. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
Jump up ^ Lovell, Glenn (1999-03-09). "A Walk on the Moon". Variety. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
Jump up ^ Dargis, Manohla (2006-06-23). "A Man-Child Who Has His World Under Control in 'Click'". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Julie Kavner.
Julie Kavner on IMDb
Julie Kavner at the TCM Movie Database
Julie Kavner at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
[show]
v
t
e
Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series
Vivian Vance (1953)
Audrey Meadows (1954)
Nanette Fabray (1955)
Pat Carroll (1956)
Ann B. Davis (1957)
Ann B. Davis (1959)
Alice Pearce (1966)
Frances Bavier (1967)
Marion Lorne (1968)
Karen Valentine (1970)
Valerie Harper (1971)
Sally Struthers / Valerie Harper (TIE) (1972)
Valerie Harper (1973)
Cloris Leachman (1974)
Betty White (1975)
Betty White (1976)
Mary Kay Place (1977)
Julie Kavner (1978)
Sally Struthers (1979)
Loretta Swit (1980)
Eileen Brennan (1981)
Loretta Swit (1982)
Carol Kane (1983)
Rhea Perlman (1984)
Rhea Perlman (1985)
Rhea Perlman (1986)
Jackée Harry (1987)
Estelle Getty (1988)
Rhea Perlman (1989)
Bebe Neuwirth (1990)
Bebe Neuwirth (1991)
Laurie Metcalf (1992)
Laurie Metcalf (1993)
Laurie Metcalf (1994)
Christine Baranski (1995)
Julia Louis-Dreyfus (1996)
Kristen Johnston (1997)
Lisa Kudrow (1998)
Kristen Johnston (1999)
Megan Mullally (2000)
Doris Roberts (2001)
Doris Roberts (2002)
Doris Roberts (2003)
Cynthia Nixon (2004)
Doris Roberts (2005)
Megan Mullally (2006)
Jaime Pressly (2007)
Jean Smart (2008)
Kristin Chenoweth (2009)
Jane Lynch (2010)
Julie Bowen (2011)
Julie Bowen (2012)
Merritt Wever (2013)
Allison Janney (2014)
Allison Janney (2015)
Kate McKinnon (2016)
Kate McKinnon (2017)
[show]
v
t
e
Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance
Nancy Cartwright / Dan Castellaneta / Julie Kavner / Jackie Mason / Yeardley Smith / Marcia Wallace (1992)
Dan Castellaneta (1993)
Christopher Plummer (1994)
Jonathan Katz (1995)
none (1996)
Jeremy Irons / Rik Mayall (1997)
Hank Azaria (1998)
Ja'net Dubois (1999)
Seth MacFarlane / Julie Harris (2000)
Hank Azaria / Ja'net Dubois (2001)
Peter Macon / Pamela Adlon (2002)
Hank Azaria (2003)
Dan Castellaneta (2004)
Keith David (2005)
Kelsey Grammer (2006)
none (2007)
Keith David (2008)
Dan Castellaneta (2009)
Anne Hathaway (2010)
Maurice LaMarche (2011)
Maurice LaMarche (2012)
Lily Tomlin (2013)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 117631437
LCCN: n81122877
ISNI: 0000 0001 0775 1382
GND: 1020514639
SUDOC: 143000837
BNF: cb140527365 (data)
BIBSYS: 2114606
MusicBrainz: 2afc07db-7c50-42e5-8245-65054b04be05
BNE: XX1151009
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julie_Kavner&oldid=818918345"
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URL
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see URL (disambiguation).
A Uniform Resource Locator (URL), colloquially termed a web address,[1] is a reference to a web resource that specifies its location on a computer network and a mechanism for retrieving it. A URL is a specific type of Uniform Resource Identifier (URI),[2] although many people use the two terms interchangeably.[3][a] URLs occur most commonly to reference web pages (http), but are also used for file transfer (ftp), email (mailto), database access (JDBC), and many other applications.
Most web browsers display the URL of a web page above the page in an address bar. A typical URL could have the form http://www.example.com/index.html, which indicates a protocol (http), a hostname (www.example.com), and a file name (index.html).
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Syntax
3 Internationalized URL
4 Protocol-relative URLs
5 See also
6 Notes
7 Citations
8 References
9 External links
History
Uniform Resource Locators were defined in RFC 1738 in 1994 by Sir Tim Berners-Lee, the inventor of the World Wide Web, and the URI working group of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF),[6] as an outcome of collaboration started at the IETF Living Documents Birds of a feather session in 1992.[7][8]
The format combines the pre-existing system of domain names (created in 1985) with file path syntax, where slashes are used to separate directory and filenames. Conventions already existed where server names could be prefixed to complete file paths, preceded by a double slash (//).[9]
Berners-Lee later expressed regret at the use of dots to separate the parts of the domain name within URIs, wishing he had used slashes throughout,[9] and also said that, given the colon following the first component of a URI, the two slashes before the domain name were unnecessary.[10]
An early (1993) draft of the HTML Specification[11] referred to "Universal" Resource Locators. This was dropped some time between June 1994 (RFC 1630) and October 1994 (draft-ietf-uri-url-08.txt).[12]
Syntax
Main article: Uniform Resource Identifier § Syntax
Every HTTP URL conforms to the syntax of a generic URI. A generic URI is of the form:
 scheme:[//[user[:password]@]host[:port]][/path][?query][#fragment]

It comprises:
The scheme, consisting of a sequence of characters beginning with a letter and followed by any combination of letters, digits, plus (+), period (.), or hyphen (-). Although schemes are case-insensitive, the canonical form is lowercase and documents that specify schemes must do so with lowercase letters. It is followed by a colon (:). Examples of popular schemes include http, https, ftp, mailto, file, data, and irc. URI schemes should be registered with the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), although non-registered schemes are used in practice.[b]
Two slashes (//): This is required by some schemes and not required by some others. When the authority component (explained below) is absent, the path component cannot begin with two slashes.[14]
An authority part, comprising:
An optional authentication section of a user name and password, separated by a colon, followed by an at symbol (@)
A "host", consisting of either a registered name (including but not limited to a hostname), or an IP address. IPv4 addresses must be in dot-decimal notation, and IPv6 addresses must be enclosed in brackets ([ ]).[15][c]
An optional port number, separated from the hostname by a colon
A path, which contains data, usually organized in hierarchical form, that appears as a sequence of segments separated by slashes. Such a sequence may resemble or map exactly to a file system path, but does not always imply a relation to one.[17] The path must begin with a single slash (/) if an authority part was present, and may also if one was not, but must not begin with a double slash. The path is always defined, though the defined path may be empty (zero length), therefore no trailing slash. The final part of the path may be referred to as a 'slug'.
Query delimiter
Example
Ampersand (&) key1=value1&key2=value2
Semicolon (;)[d][incomplete short citation] key1=value1;key2=value2
An optional query, separated from the preceding part by a question mark (?), containing a query string of non-hierarchical data. Its syntax is not well defined, but by convention is most often a sequence of attribute–value pairs separated by a delimiter.
An optional fragment, separated from the preceding part by a hash (#). The fragment contains a fragment identifier providing direction to a secondary resource, such as a section heading in an article identified by the remainder of the URI. When the primary resource is an HTML document, the fragment is often an id attribute of a specific element, and web browsers will scroll this element into view.
A web browser will usually dereference a URL by performing an HTTP request to the specified host, by default on port number 80. URLs using the https scheme require that requests and responses will be made over a secure connection to the website.
Internationalized URL
Internet users are distributed throughout the world using a wide variety of languages and alphabets and expect to be able to create URLs in their own local alphabets. An Internationalized Resource Identifier (IRI) is a form of URL that includes Unicode characters. All modern browsers support IRIs. The parts of the URL requiring special treatment for different alphabets are the domain name and path.[19][20]
The domain name in the IRI is known as an Internationalized Domain Name (IDN). Web and Internet software automatically convert the domain name into punycode usable by the Domain Name System; for example, the Chinese URL http://例子.卷筒纸 becomes http://xn--fsqu00a.xn--3lr804guic/. The xn-- indicates that the character was not originally ASCII.[21]
The URL path name can also be specified by the user in the local writing system. If not already encoded, it is converted to UTF-8, and any characters not part of the basic URL character set are escaped as hexadecimal using percent-encoding; for example, the Japanese URL http://example.com/引き割り.html becomes http://example.com/%E5%BC%95%E3%81%8D%E5%89%B2%E3%82%8A.html. The target computer decodes the address and displays the page.[19]
Protocol-relative URLs
Protocol-relative links (PRL), also known as protocol-relative URLs (PRURL), are URLs that have no protocol specified. For example, //example.com will use the protocol of the current page, either HTTP or HTTPS.[22][23]
See also
CURIE (Compact URI)
Use of slashes in networking
Fragment identifier
Internationalized resource identifier (IRI)
Semantic URL
Typosquatting
Uniform Resource Identifier
URL normalization
Notes
Jump up ^ A URL implies the means to access an indicated resource and is denoted by a protocol or an access mechanism, which is not true of every URI.[4][3] Thus http://www.example.com is a URL, while www.example.com is not.[5]
Jump up ^ The procedures for registering new URI schemes were originally defined in 1999 by RFC 2717, and are now defined by RFC 7595, published in June 2015.[13]
Jump up ^ For URIs relating to resources on the World Wide Web, some web browsers allow .0 portions of dot-decimal notation to be dropped or raw integer IP addresses to be used.[16]
Jump up ^ Historic RFC 1866 (obsoleted by RFC 2854) encourages CGI authors to support ';' in addition to '&'.[18]
Citations
Jump up ^ W3C (2009).
Jump up ^ RFC 3986 (2005).
^ Jump up to: a b Joint W3C/IETF URI Planning Interest Group (2002).
Jump up ^ RFC 2396 (1998).
Jump up ^ Miessler, Daniel. "The Difference Between URLs and URIs".
Jump up ^ W3C (1994).
Jump up ^ IETF (1992).
Jump up ^ Berners-Lee (1994).
^ Jump up to: a b Berners-Lee (2000).
Jump up ^ BBC News (2009).
Jump up ^ Berners-Lee, Tim; Connolly, Daniel (March 1993). Hypertext Markup Language (draft RFCxxx) (Technical report). p. 28.
Jump up ^ Berners-Lee, T; Masinter, L; McCahill, M (October 1994). Uniform Resource Locators (URL) (Technical report). cited in Ang, C.S.; Martin, D.C. (January 1995). Constituent Component Interface++ (Technical report). UCSF Library and Center for Knowledge Management.
Jump up ^ IETF (2015).
Jump up ^ RFC 3986 (2005), §3.
Jump up ^ RFC 3986 (2005), §3.2.2.
Jump up ^ Lawrence (2014).
Jump up ^ RFC 2396 (1998), §3.3.
Jump up ^ RFC 1866 (1995), §8.2.1.
^ Jump up to: a b W3C (2008).
Jump up ^ W3C (2014).
Jump up ^ IANA (2003).
Jump up ^ J. D. Glaser (2013). Secure Development for Mobile Apps: How to Design and Code Secure Mobile Applications with PHP and JavaScript. CRC Press. p. 193. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Steven M. Schafer (2011). HTML, XHTML, and CSS Bible. John Wiley & Sons. p. 124. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
References
"Berners-Lee "sorry" for slashes". BBC News. 2009-10-14. Retrieved 2010-02-14.
"Living Documents BoF Minutes". World Wide Web Consortium. 18 March 1992. Retrieved 2011-12-26.
Berners-Lee, Tim (21 March 1994). "Uniform Resource Locators (URL): A Syntax for the Expression of Access Information of Objects on the Network". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
Berners-Lee, Tim; Masinter, Larry; McCahill, Mark (August 1998). "Uniform Resource Locators (URL)". Internet Engineering Task Force. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
Berners-Lee, Tim (2015) [2000]. "Why the //, #, etc?". Frequently asked questions. World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 2010-02-03.
Connolly, Dan; Sperberg-McQueen, C. M., eds. (21 May 2009). "Web addresses in HTML 5". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (14 February 2003). "Completion of IANA Selection of IDNA Prefix". IETF-Announce mailing list. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
Berners-Lee, Tim; Fielding, Roy; Masinter, Larry (August 1998). "Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax". Internet Engineering Task Force. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
Hansen, T.; Hardie, T. (June 2015). Thaler, D., ed. "Guidelines and Registration Procedures for URI Schemes". Internet Engineering Task Force. ISSN 2070-1721.
Mealling, M.; Denenberg, R., eds. (August 2002). "Report from the Joint W3C/IETF URI Planning Interest Group: Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs), URLs, and Uniform Resource Names (URNs): Clarifications and Recommendations". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
Berners-Lee, Tim; Fielding, Roy; Masinter, Larry (January 2005). "Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax". Internet Engineering Task Force. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
"An Introduction to Multilingual Web Addresses". 9 May 2008. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
Phillip, A. (2014). "What is Happening with "International URLs"". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
External links
URL specification at WHATWG
[hide]
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Hypermedia
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Adaptive hypermedia
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value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

value: યુનિફોર્મ રિસોર્સ લોકેટર – Gujarati

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gu
display: none;

value:
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL
URL – Korean
ko
ko
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

value: सम स्रोत निर्धारक (स्रोनि) – Hindi

value:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL
URL – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ia
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

value:
https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL
URL – Hebrew
he
he
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

value: ಯು.ಆರ್.ಎಲ್ – Kannada

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

value:
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL
URL – Kazakh
kk
kk
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

value:
https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL
URL – Kyrgyz
ky
ky
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

value: Uniform Resource Locator – Luxembourgish

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

value:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL
URL – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

value:
https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL
URL – Macedonian
mk
mk
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

value: യൂനിഫോം റിസോഴ്സ് ലൊക്കേറ്റർ – Malayalam

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

value:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL
URL – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL
URL – Mongolian
mn
mn
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

value:
https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL
URL – Chechen
ce
ce
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ce
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

value:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL
URL – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

value:
https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL
URL – Eastern Mari
mhr
mhr
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr
display: none;

value: ୟୁନିଫର୍ମ ରିସୋର୍ସ ଲୋକେଟର – Odia

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-or
display: none;

value:
https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL
URL – Khmer
km
km
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-km
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

value:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL
URL – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

value: Localizator uniform de resurse – Romanian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

value:
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL
URL – Russian
ru
ru
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

value:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL
URL – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

value: Uniform Resource Locator – Simple English

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

value: Jednotný vyhľadávač prostriedku – Slovak

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

value:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL
URL – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

value: Униформни ресурсни локатор – Serbian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

value: உரலி – Tamil

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

value: యూనిఫాం రిసోర్స్ లొకేటర్ – Telugu

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

value:
https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL
URL – Tetum
tet
tet
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tet
display: none;

value: ยูอาร์แอล – Thai

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

value:
https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL
URL – Tajik
tg
tg
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tg
display: none;

value:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL
URL – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

value: Уніфікований локатор ресурсів – Ukrainian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

value: یو آر ایل – Urdu

value:
https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL
URL – Uyghur
ug
ug
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ug
display: none;

value:
https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL
URL – Venetian
vec
vec
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vec
display: none;

value:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL
URL – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

value:
https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL
URL – Yiddish
yi
yi
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yi
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yo
display: none;

value:
https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL
URL – Cantonese
zh-yue
zh-yue
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

value: 统一资源定位符 – Chinese

value: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-URL rootpage-URL skin-vector action-view