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Instrument flight rules
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"IFR" redirects here. For other uses, see IFR (disambiguation).
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IFR in between cloud layers in a Cessna 172
Instrument flight rules (IFR) is one of two sets of regulations governing all aspects of civil aviation aircraft operations; the other is visual flight rules (VFR).
The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) Instrument Flying Handbook defines IFR as: "Rules and regulations established by the FAA to govern flight under conditions in which flight by outside visual reference is not safe. IFR flight depends upon flying by reference to instruments in the flight deck, and navigation is accomplished by reference to electronic signals."[1] It is also a term used by pilots and controllers to indicate the type of flight plan an aircraft is flying, such as an IFR or VFR flight plan.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Basic information
1.1 Comparison to visual flight rules
1.2 Instrument flight rules
2 Separation and clearance
3 Weather
4 Navigation
4.1 Autopilot
5 Procedures
6 Qualifications
6.1 Pilot
6.2 Aircraft
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Basic information[edit]
Comparison to visual flight rules[edit]
Main article: Visual flight rules
To put instrument flight rules into context, a brief overview of visual flight rules (VFR) is necessary. It is possible and fairly straightforward, in relatively clear weather conditions, to fly a plane solely by reference to outside visual cues, such as the horizon to maintain orientation, nearby buildings and terrain features for navigation, and other aircraft to maintain separation. This is known as operating the aircraft under VFR, and is the most common mode of operation for small aircraft. However, it is safe to fly VFR only when these outside references can be clearly seen from a sufficient distance; when flying through or above clouds, or in fog, rain, dust or similar low-level weather conditions, these references can be obscured. Thus, cloud ceiling and flight visibility are the most important variables for safe operations during all phases of flight.[3] The minimum weather conditions for ceiling and visibility for VFR flights are defined in FAR Part 91.155, and vary depending on the type of airspace in which the aircraft is operating, and on whether the flight is conducted during daytime or nighttime. However, typical daytime VFR minimums for most airspace is 3 statute miles of flight visibility and a distance from clouds of 500' below, 1,000' above, and 2,000' feet horizontally.[4] Flight conditions reported as equal to or greater than these VFR minimums are referred to as visual meteorological conditions (VMC).
Any aircraft operating under VFR must have the required equipment on board, as described in FAR Part 91.205[5] (which includes some instruments necessary for IFR flight). VFR pilots may use cockpit instruments as secondary aids to navigation and orientation, but are not required to; the view outside of the aircraft is the primary source for keeping the aircraft straight and level (orientation), flying to the intended destination (navigation), and not hitting anything (separation).[6]
Visual flight rules are generally simpler than instrument flight rules, and require significantly less training and practice. VFR provides a great degree of freedom, allowing pilots to go where they want, when they want, and allows them a much wider latitude in determining how they get there.[7]
Instrument flight rules[edit]
When operation of an aircraft under VFR is not safe, because the visual cues outside the aircraft are obscured by weather or darkness, instrument flight rules must be used instead. IFR permits an aircraft to operate in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC), which is essentially any weather condition less than VMC but in which aircraft can still operate safely. Use of instrument flight rules is also required when flying in "Class A" airspace regardless of weather conditions. Class A airspace extends from 18,000 feet above mean sea level to flight level 600 (60,000 feet pressure altitude) above the contiguous 48 United States and overlying the waters within 12 miles thereof.[8] Flight in Class A airspace requires pilots and aircraft to be instrument equipped and rated and to be operating under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR). In many countries commercial airliners and their pilots must operate under IFR as the majority of flights enter Class A airspace; however, aircraft operating as commercial airliners must operate under IFR even if the flight plan does not take the craft into Class A airspace, such as with smaller regional flights.[9] Procedures and training are significantly more complex compared to VFR instruction, as a pilot must demonstrate competency in conducting an entire cross-country flight solely by reference to instruments.
Instrument pilots must meticulously evaluate weather, create a very detailed flight plan based around specific instrument departure, en route, and arrival procedures, and dispatch the flight.[6][10]
Separation and clearance[edit]
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The distance by which an aircraft avoids obstacles or other aircraft is termed separation. The most important concept of IFR flying is that separation is maintained regardless of weather conditions. In controlled airspace, air traffic control (ATC) separates IFR aircraft from obstacles and other aircraft using a flight clearance based on route, time, distance, speed, and altitude. ATC monitors IFR flights on radar, or through aircraft position reports in areas where radar coverage is not available. Aircraft position reports are sent as voice radio transmissions. In the United States, a flight operating under IFR is required to provide position reports unless ATC advises a pilot that the plane is in radar contact. The pilot must resume position reports after ATC advises that radar contact has been lost, or that radar services are terminated.
IFR flights in controlled airspace require an ATC clearance for each part of the flight. A clearance always specifies a clearance limit, which is the farthest the aircraft can fly without a new clearance. In addition, a clearance typically provides a heading or route to follow, altitude, and communication parameters, such as frequencies and transponder codes.
In uncontrolled airspace, ATC clearances are unavailable. In some states a form of separation is provided to certain aircraft in uncontrolled airspace as far as is practical (often known under ICAO as an advisory service in class G airspace), but separation is not mandated nor widely provided.
Despite the protection offered by flight in controlled airspace under IFR, the ultimate responsibility for the safety of the aircraft rests with the pilot in command, who can refuse clearances.
Weather[edit]
IFR flying with clouds below
It is essential to differentiate between flight plan type (VFR or IFR) and weather conditions (VMC or IMC). While current and forecast weather may be a factor in deciding which type of flight plan to file, weather conditions themselves do not affect one's filed flight plan. For example, an IFR flight that encounters visual meteorological conditions (VMC) en route does not automatically change to a VFR flight, and the flight must still follow all IFR procedures regardless of weather conditions. In the US, weather conditions are forecast broadly as VFR, MVFR (Marginal Visual Flight Rules), IFR, or LIFR (Low Instrument Flight Rules).[11]
The main purpose of IFR is the safe operation of aircraft in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC). The weather is considered to be MVFR or IMC when it does not meet the minimum requirements for visual meteorological conditions (VMC). To operate safely in IMC ("actual instrument conditions"), a pilot controls the aircraft relying on flight instruments and ATC provides separation.[12]
It is important not to confuse IFR with IMC. A significant amount of IFR flying is conducted in Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC). Anytime a flight is operating in VMC and in a volume of airspace in which VFR traffic can operate, the crew is responsible for seeing and avoiding VFR traffic; however, because the flight is conducted under Instrument Flight Rules, ATC still provides separation services from other IFR traffic, and can in many cases also advise the crew of the location of VFR traffic near the flight path.[citation needed]
Although dangerous and illegal, a certain amount of VFR flying is conducted in IMC. A scenario is a VFR pilot taking off in VMC conditions, but encountering deteriorating visibility while en route. Continued VFR flight into IMC can lead to spatial disorientation of the pilot which is the cause of a significant number of general aviation crashes. VFR flight into IMC is distinct from "VFR-on-top", an IFR procedure in which the aircraft operates in VMC using a hybrid of VFR and IFR rules, and "VFR over the top", a VFR procedure in which the aircraft takes off and lands in VMC but flies above an intervening area of IMC. Also possible in many countries is "Special VFR" flight, where an aircraft is explicitly granted permission to operate VFR within the controlled airspace of an airport in conditions technically less than VMC; the pilot asserts they have the necessary visibility to fly despite the weather, must stay in contact with ATC, and cannot leave controlled airspace while still below VMC minimums.[citation needed]
During flight under IFR, there are no visibility requirements, so flying through clouds (or other conditions where there is zero visibility outside the aircraft) is legal and safe. However, there are still minimum weather conditions that must be present in order for the aircraft to take off or to land; these vary according to the kind of operation, the type of navigation aids available, the location and height of terrain and obstructions in the vicinity of the airport, equipment on the aircraft, and the qualifications of the crew. For example, Reno-Tahoe International Airport (KRNO) in a mountainous region has significantly different instrument approaches for aircraft landing on the same runway surface, but from opposite directions. Aircraft approaching from the north must make visual contact with the airport at a higher altitude than when approaching from the south because of rapidly rising terrain south of the airport.[13] This higher altitude allows a flight crew to clear the obstacle if a landing is aborted. In general, each specific instrument approach specifies the minimum weather conditions to permit landing.
Although large airliners, and increasingly, smaller aircraft, carry their own terrain awareness and warning system (TAWS),[14] these are primarily backup systems providing a last layer of defense if a sequence of errors or omissions causes a dangerous situation.[14]
Navigation[edit]
Because IFR flights often take place without visual reference to the ground, a means of navigation other than looking outside the window is required. A number of navigational aids are available to pilots, including ground-based systems such as DME/VORs and NDBs as well as the satellite-based GPS/GNSS system. Air traffic control may assist in navigation by assigning pilots specific headings ("radar vectors"). The majority of IFR navigation is given by ground- and satellite-based systems, while radar vectors are usually reserved by ATC for sequencing aircraft for a busy approach or transitioning aircraft from takeoff to cruise, among other things.[citation needed]
Autopilot[edit]
Autopilot allows automatic piloting.
Modern flight management systems have evolved to allow a crew to plan a flight as to route and altitude and to specific time of arrival at specific locations.[citation needed] This capability is used in several trial projects experimenting with four-dimensional approach clearances for commercial aircraft, with time as the fourth dimension.[citation needed] These clearances allow ATC to optimize the arrival of aircraft at major airports, which increases airport capacity and uses less fuel providing monetary and environmental benefits to airlines and the public.[citation needed]
Required navigation performance (RNP)
ADS-B
Procedures[edit]
Main articles: Instrument approach and Flight procedure
Specific procedures allow IFR aircraft to transition safely through every stage of flight. These procedures specify how an IFR pilot should respond, even in the event of a complete radio failure, and loss of communications with ATC, including the expected aircraft course and altitude.[citation needed]
Departures are described in an IFR clearance issued by ATC prior to takeoff. The departure clearance may contain an assigned heading, one or more waypoints, and an initial altitude to fly. The clearance can also specify a departure procedure (DP) or standard instrument departure (SID) that should be followed unless "NO DP" is specified in the notes section of the filed flight plan.[citation needed]
Here is an example of an IFR clearance for a Cessna aircraft traveling from Palo Alto airport (KPAO) to Stockton airport (KSCK).
"Cessna 21756, cleared to Stockton Airport via turn right heading zero-six-zero within one mile of the airport. Radar vectors San Jose, then as filed. Maintain three thousand expect five thousand five minutes after departure. Departure frequency is one two one decimal three. Squawk four two six three."
Detailed explanation:
"Cessna 21756"
Verifies that only this specific aircraft is cleared.
"cleared to Stockton Airport"
Clearance Limit: the farthest destination the aircraft is allowed to go under IFR (in most cases it is the destination airport).
"via turn right heading zero-six-zero within one mile of the airport."
The pilot is expected to execute the right turn to 060° magnetic heading without further ATC prompting within one mile of the departure airport.
"Radar vectors San Jose"
The departure controller will provide directional guidance to the San Jose VOR.
"Then as filed."
After arriving at the San Jose VOR, the pilot will likely resume navigation without ATC prompts along the airways and intersections that were filed in their flight plan.
"Maintain three thousand ..."
After takeoff, climb to an indicated altitude of 3000 feet above sea level.
"... expect five thousand five minutes after departure."
The next altitude assignment is probably going to be 5000 feet above sea level. However, pilots must follow actual ATC altitude assignments throughout the flight. This portion of the clearance provides a backup if communications are lost, allowing the flight to continue and climb to 5000 feet.
"Departure frequency is one two one decimal three."
After the aircraft is airborne and the tower controller tells the pilot to "contact departure", pilots are to contact the departure controller on this communication frequency.
"Squawk four two six three."
The pilot should set the aircraft's transponder code to 4263 so that ATC can positively identify the flight on radar.
The clearance scheme, used by ATC, can be easily remembered using the acronym
"CRAFT"
Clearance Limit - Route - Altitudes - Frequencies - Transponder (Squawk)
En route flight is described by IFR charts showing navigation aids, fixes, and standard routes called airways. Aircraft with appropriate navigational equipment such as GPS, are also often cleared for a direct-to routing, where only the destination, or a few navigational waypoints are used to describe the route that the flight will follow. ATC will assign altitudes in its initial clearance or amendments thereto, and navigational charts indicate minimum safe altitudes for airways.[citation needed]
The approach portion of an IFR flight may begin with a standard terminal arrival route (STAR), describing common routes to fly to arrive at an initial approach fix (IAF) from which an instrument approach commences. An instrument approach terminates either by the pilot acquiring sufficient visual reference to proceed to the runway, or with a missed approach because the required visual reference is not seen in time.[citation needed]
Qualifications[edit]
Pilot[edit]
To fly under IFR, a pilot must have an instrument rating and must be current (meet recency of experience requirements). In the United States, to file and fly under IFR, a pilot must be instrument-rated and, within the preceding six months, have flown six instrument approaches, as well as holding procedures and course interception and tracking with navaids. Flight under IFR beyond six months after meeting these requirements is not permitted; however, currency may be reestablished within the next six months by completing the requirements above. Beyond the twelfth month, examination ("instrument proficiency check") by an instructor is required.[15]
Practicing instrument approaches can be done either in the instrument meteorological conditions or in visual meteorological conditions – in the latter case, a safety pilot is required so that the pilot practicing instrument approaches can wear a view-limiting device which restricts his field of view to the instrument panel. A safety pilot's primary duty is to observe and avoid other traffic.[citation needed]
For all ILS Cat II or Cat III approaches, additional crew training is required and a certain number of low visibility approaches must either be performed or simulated within a fixed time for pilots to be 'current' in performing them.[citation needed]
In the UK, an IR (UK restricted) - formerly the "IMC rating" - which permits flight under IFR in airspace classes B to G in instrument meteorological conditions, a non-instrument-rated pilot can also elect to fly under IFR in visual meteorological conditions outside controlled airspace. Compared to the rest of the world, the UK's flight crew licensing regime is somewhat unusual in its licensing for meteorological conditions and airspace, rather than flight rules.[citation needed]
Aircraft[edit]
The aircraft must be equipped and type-certified for instrument flight, and the related navigational equipment must have been inspected or tested within a specific period of time prior to the instrument flight.
In the United States, instruments required for IFR flight in addition to those that are required for VFR flight are: heading indicator, sensitive altimeter adjustable for barometric pressure, clock with a sweep-second pointer or digital equivalent, attitude indicator, radios and suitable avionics for the route to be flown, alternator or generator, gyroscopic rate-of-turn indicator that is either a turn coordinator or the turn and bank indicator.[16] From 1999 single-engine helicopters could not be FAA-certified for IFR, and Helicopter Association International estimates that 326 lives were lost in 133 accidents that would likely not have happened if those helicopters had been flying under IFR.[17]
See also[edit]
Acronyms and abbreviations in avionics
Airspace class
Approach plate
Autoland
Bárány chair
Distance measuring equipment
Flight instruments
Global Positioning System (GPS)
Helmet fire
Instrument landing system
Non-directional beacon
Transponder landing system
VHF omnidirectional range
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Instrument Flying Handbook" (PDF), Instrument Flight Rules (defined), Oklahoma City, OK: Federal Aviation Administration, 2008, pp. G–9
Jump up ^ "Aeronautical Information Manual" (PDF), Instrument Flight Rules (defined), Oklahoma City, OK: Federal Aviation Administration, 2010-02-11, pp. PCG I−4
Jump up ^ Keel, Byron; Stancil, Charles; Eckert, Clifford; Brown, Susan (June 2000). "Aviation Weather Information Requirements Recommendations". Aviation Weather Information Requirements Study. Aviation Safety Program. Hampton, Virginia: NASA Langley Research Center. pp. 40–41. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.32.1842  .
Jump up ^ "14 CFR 91.155 [ Basic VFR weather minimums ]" (PDF). Federal Aviation Regulations: 721–722. 2010-02-11. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
Jump up ^ "FAR Part 91 Sec. 91.205 effective as of 10/20/2009". rgl.faa.gov. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Collins, Richard (2006-11-11). "Getting an Instrument Rating". Flying Magazine. 133 (11): 68. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
Jump up ^ Wallace, Lane (2010-05-03). "The Basics: VFR Flight Planning". Flying Magazine. 137 (4): 61. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
Jump up ^ "FAR Part 71 Sec. 71.33". Retrieved 24 Aug 2015.
Jump up ^ Federal Aviation Regulations Title 14, Chapter I, Subchapter E, §71.31, §71.33
Jump up ^ Goyer, Robert (2010-04-30). "IFR Flight Prep: A Whole New Game". Flying Magazine. 137 (4): 56. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
Jump up ^ Aviation Weather Center - METARs Help Page (4 of 5) National Weather Center. Retrieved 29 January 2015
Jump up ^ McCloy, John. "Safety Pilot in IMC". IFR magazine. Archived from the original on 5 September 2007. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
Jump up ^ See KRNO approach plates for "LOC RWY 16R", "ILS RWY 16R", and "ILS or LOC/DME RWY 34L".
^ Jump up to: a b "Terrain Awareness and Warning Systems—TAWS". Skybrary. Retrieved 11 July 2014
Jump up ^ US Code of Federal Regulations, 14 CFR 61.57(c) and (d)
Jump up ^ "14 CFR 91.205" (PDF). gpo.gov. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Hirschberg, Mike (April–May 2015). "Resurrecting single-engine helicopter IFR". Vertical Magazine. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
External links[edit]
FAA website
Instrument Procedures Handbook, 2015 (FAA-H-8083-16A)
Hear audio of a US instrument rating checkride - Part 1
"Blind Flying, January 1933, Popular Mechanics details on blind flying for that era
ATC Communication, A complete pilot-to-ATC communication reference
Listen to this article (info/dl)
This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Instrument flight rules" dated 2017-12-09, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)
More spoken articles
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Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
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Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
group 9 ← → group 11
IUPAC group number
10
Name by element nickel group
CAS group number
(US, pattern A-B-A)
part of VIIIB
old IUPAC number
(Europe, pattern A-B)
part of VIII
↓ Period
4
Nickel (Ni)
28 Transition metal
5
Palladium (Pd)
46 Transition metal
6
Platinum (Pt)
78 Transition metal
7
Darmstadtium (Ds)
110 unknown chemical properties
Legend
primordial element
synthetic element
Atomic number color:
black=solid
v
t
e
Group 10, numbered by current IUPAC style, is the group of chemical elements in the periodic table that consists of nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), and perhaps also the chemically uncharacterized darmstadtium (Ds). All are d-block transition metals. All known isotopes of darmstadtium are radioactive with short half-lives, and are not known to occur in nature; only minute quantities have been synthesized in laboratories.
Like other groups, the members of this group show patterns in electron configuration, especially in the outermost shells, although for this group they are particularly weak, with palladium being an exceptional case. The relativistic stabilization of the 7s orbital is the explanation to the predicted electron configuration of darmstadtium, which, unusually for this group, conforms to that predicted by the Aufbau principle.
Contents
[hide]
1 Chemistry
2 Properties
3 Occurrence
4 Production
5 Applications
6 Biological role and toxicity
7 See also
8 Notes and references
Chemistry[edit]
Z
Element
No. of electrons per shell
28 nickel 2, 8, 16, 2
46 palladium 2, 8, 18, 18
78 platinum 2, 8, 18, 32, 17, 1
110 darmstadtium 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 16, 2 (predicted)
Darmstadtium has not been isolated in pure form, and its properties have not been conclusively observed; only nickel, palladium, and platinum have had their properties experimentally confirmed. All three elements are typical silvery-white transition metals, hard, and refractory, with high melting and boiling points.
Properties[edit]
Group 10 metals are white to light grey in color, and possess a high luster, a resistance to tarnish (oxidation) at STP, are highly ductile, and enter into oxidation states of +2 and +4, with +1 being seen in special conditions. The existence of a +3 state is debated, as the state could be an illusory state created by +2 and +4 states. Theory suggests that group 10 metals may produce a +6 oxidation state under precise conditions, but this remains to be proven conclusively in the laboratory other than for platinum.
Occurrence[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2012)
Production[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2012)
Applications[edit]
The group 10 metals share several uses. These include:
Decorative purposes, in the form of jewelry and electroplating.
Catalysts in a variety of chemical reactions.
Metal alloys.
Electrical components, due to their predictable changes in electrical resistivity with regard to temperature.
Superconductors, as components in alloys with other metals.
Biological role and toxicity[edit]
Nickel has an important role in the biochemistry of organisms, as part of the active center of enzymes. None of the other group 10 elements have a known biological role, but platinum compounds have widely been used as anticancer drugs. Aside from nickel, the elements are toxic for organisms.
See also[edit]
Platinum group
Notes and references[edit]
[hide]
v
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Periodic table
(Large cells)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
1
H He
2
Li Be B C N O F Ne
3
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
4
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
5
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
6
Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
7
Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post-transition metal Metalloid Polyatomic nonmetal Diatomic nonmetal Noble gas Unknown
chemical
properties
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[show]
v
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e
Group 10 elements
Nickel
Ni
Atomic Number: 28
Atomic Weight: 58.6934
Melting Point: 1726.15 K
Boiling Point: 3186 K
Specific mass: 8.912 g/cm3
Electronegativity: 1.91
Palladium
Pd
Atomic Number: 46
Atomic Weight: 106.42
Melting Point: 1825.15 K
Boiling Point: 3236 K
Specific mass: 12.02 g/cm3
Electronegativity: 2.2
Platinum
Pt
Atomic Number: 78
Atomic Weight: 195.084
Melting Point: 2045.15 K
Boiling Point: 4098 K
Specific mass: 21.46 g/cm3
Electronegativity: 2.28
Darmstadtium
Ds
Atomic Number: 110
Atomic Weight: [281]
Melting Point: ? K
Boiling Point: ? K
Specific mass: ? 34.8 g/cm3
Electronegativity: ?
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Group_10_element&oldid=810792906"
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text:
List of countries by population growth rate
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The population growth rate estimates (by United Nations) for the period 2005–2010 using the medium variant.
This article includes three lists of countries and self-governing dependent territories by annual population growth rate.
Contents
1 Methodology
2 List of countries
3 See also
4 References
Methodology[edit]
The first list is based on the estimates taken from the 2006 edition of the United Nations World Population Prospects report.[1] Figures are population growth rate estimates for the period 2005–2010 using the medium variant.
The second list is based on The World Factbook estimates for year 2012.[2] Dependent territories and not fully recognized states are also ranked.
The third list is based on World Bank estimates for year 2009.[3] Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship—except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of the country of origin.
List of countries[edit]
2009 List by the World Bank (WB 2009)
2013 List by the CIA World Factbook (CIA WF 2012)
2013 List by the CIA World Factbook (CIA WF 2014)[4]
2005–2010 List by the United Nations (UN 2005–2010)
2010–2015 List by the United Nations (UN 2010–2015)[5]
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Country/ Region
WB
2009
%
CIA WF
2012
%
CIA WF
2014
%
UN
2005 -
2010
%
UN
2010 -
2015
%
World 1.15 1.17 - 1.22 1.18
Afghanistan 2.44 2.29 2.29 2.73 3.02
Albania 0.26 0.30 0.30 -1.21 -0.04
Algeria 1.89 1.88 1.88 1.60 1.92
Andorra 0.63 0.17 0.17 0.77 -3.61
Angola 3.12 2.78 2.78 3.39 3.30
Antigua and Barbuda 1.03 1.25 1.25 1.10 1.03
Argentina 0.88 0.95 0.95 1.03 1.04
Armenia 0.17 -0.13 -0.13 -0.34 0.36
Australia 1.60 1.09 1.09 1.78 1.57
Austria 0.46 0.01 0.01 0.38 0.36
Azerbaijan 1.35 0.99 0.99 1.22 1.39
Bahamas 1.52 0.87 0.87 1.83 1.45
Bahrain 1.92 2.49 2.49 7.50 1.76
Bangladesh 1.19 1.60 1.60 1.18 1.20
Barbados 0.50 0.33 0.33 0.40 0.33
Belarus -0.10 -0.19 -0.19 -0.31 0.01
Belgium 0.85 0.05 0.05 0.69 0.66
Belize 2.43 1.92 1.92 2.54 2.22
Benin 2.73 2.81 2.81 3.01 2.69
Bhutan 1.68 1.13 1.13 2.02 1.46
Bolivia 1.65 1.60 1.60 1.67 1.56
Bosnia and Herzegovina -0.14 -0.11 -0.11 0.01 -0.13
Botswana 0.86 1.26 1.26 1.88 1.99
Brazil 0.87 0.80 0.80 1.05 0.91
Brunei 1.40 1.65 1.65 1.67 1.47
Bulgaria -0.60 -0.83 -0.83 -0.73 -0.71
Burkina Faso 2.86 3.05 3.05 3.05 2.94
Burma 0.85 1.03 1.03 0.69 0.82
Burundi 3.19 3.28 3.28 3.52 3.34
Cape Verde 0.78 1.39 1.39 0.67 1.19
Cambodia 1.76 1.63 1.63 1.51 1.62
Cameroon 2.54 2.60 2.60 2.55 2.51
Canada 1.14 0.76 0.76 1.13 1.04
Central African Republic 1.99 2.13 2.13 1.83 1.95
Chad 3.00 1.92 1.92 3.34 3.31
Chile 0.90 0.84 0.84 1.11 1.07
China[6] 0.49 0.44 0.44 0.54 0.52
Colombia 1.32 1.07 1.07 1.18 0.98
Comoros[7] 2.44 1.87 1.87 2.43 2.42
Democratic Republic of the Congo 2.74 2.50 2.50 3.24 3.17
Congo 2.61 1.94 1.94 2.98 2.56
Costa Rica 1.42 1.24 1.24 1.35 1.12
Ivory Coast 2.29 1.96 1.96 2.09 2.40
Croatia -0.32 -0.12 -0.12 -0.28 -0.36
Cuba -0.05 -0.14 -0.14 0.08 0.14
Cyprus 1.11 1.48 1.48 1.33 1.09
Czech Republic 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.53 0.07
Denmark 0.36 0.22 0.22 0.49 0.42
Djibouti 1.52 2.23 2.23 1.30 1.33
Dominica 0.40 0.22 0.22 0.18 0.42
Dominican Republic 1.26 1.25 1.25 1.38 1.24
Ecuador 1.60 1.37 1.37 1.67 1.56
Egypt 1.66 1.84 1.84 1.81 2.18
El Salvador 0.66 0.27 0.27 0.30 0.29
Equatorial Guinea 2.80 2.54 2.54 3.04 2.96
Eritrea 3.28 2.30 2.30 2.25 2.17
Estonia -0.04 -0.68 -0.68 -0.35 -0.30
Ethiopia 2.58 2.89 2.89 2.67 2.53
Fiji 0.78 0.70 0.70 0.91 0.74
Finland 0.48 0.05 0.05 0.46 0.50
France[8] 0.50 0.45 0.45 0.55 0.45
Gabon 2.39 1.94 1.94 2.25 2.25
Gambia 3.19 2.23 2.23 3.23 3.24
Georgia 0.63 -0.11 -0.11 -1.03 -1.21
Germany 0.11 -0.18 -0.18 -0.20 0.06
Ghana 2.17 2.19 2.19 2.57 2.39
Greece -0.18 0.01 0.01 0.19 -0.40
Grenada 0.39 0.50 0.50 0.33 0.41
Guatemala 2.53 1.86 1.86 2.22 2.08
Guinea 2.56 2.63 2.63 2.60 2.71
Guinea-Bissau 2.39 1.93 1.93 2.22 2.42
Guyana 0.57 -0.11 -0.11 0.29 0.36
Haiti 1.39 1.08 1.08 1.53 1.38
Honduras 2.03 1.74 1.74 1.74 1.47
Hungary -0.28 -0.21 -0.21 -0.16 -0.32
Iceland 0.35 0.65 0.65 1.39 0.70
India 1.26 1.25 1.25 1.46 1.26
Indonesia 1.25 0.95 0.95 1.31 1.28
Iran 1.32 1.22 1.22 1.15 1.27
Iraq 2.54 2.23 2.23 2.67 3.31
Ireland 0.26 1.20 1.20 1.88 0.31
Israel 1.81 1.46 1.46 2.33 1.66
Italy 0.32 0.30 0.30 0.32 0.07
Jamaica 0.21 0.69 0.69 0.47 0.38
Japan -0.20 -0.13 -0.13 0.05 -0.12
Jordan 2.19 3.86 3.86 4.01 3.06
Kazakhstan 1.43 1.17 1.17 1.08 1.55
Kenya 2.70 2.11 2.11 2.64 2.65
Kiribati 1.54 1.18 1.18 2.12 1.82
North Korea 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.57 0.53
South Korea 0.45 0.16 0.16 0.61 0.48
Kuwait 3.95 1.70 1.70 6.03 4.81
Kyrgyzstan 1.22 1.04 1.04 1.32 1.67
Laos 1.89 1.59 1.59 1.72 1.66
Latvia -1.60 -0.62 -0.62 -1.27 -1.18
Lebanon 0.96 9.73 9.37 1.68 5.99
Lesotho 1.08 0.34 0.34 0.86 1.20
Liberia 2.68 2.52 2.52 3.82 2.58
Libya 0.84 3.08 3.08 1.54 0.04
Liechtenstein 0.73 0.82 0.82 0.80 0.68
Lithuania -1.48 -0.29 -0.29 -1.36 -1.63
Luxembourg 2.49 1.12 1.12 2.08 2.21
Macedonia 0.08 0.21 0.21 0.19 0.16
Madagascar 2.80 2.62 2.62 2.84 2.79
Malawi 2.86 3.33 3.33 2.94 3.06
Malaysia 1.66 1.47 1.47 1.73 1.51
Maldives 1.93 -0.09 -0.09 1.73 1.79
Mali 2.99 3.00 3.00 3.27 2.98
Malta 0.40 0.33 0.33 0.74 0.32
Marshall Islands 0.11 1.72 1.72 0.14 0.21
Mauritania 2.49 2.26 2.26 2.60 2.49
Mauritius 0.42 0.66 0.66 0.42 0.40
Mexico 1.24 1.21 1.21 1.55 1.37
Micronesia -0.03 -0.42 -0.42 -0.49 0.16
Moldova -0.04 -1.02 -1.02 -0.36 -0.08
Monaco 0.85 0.06 0.06 1.72 0.48
Mongolia 1.52 1.37 1.37 1.42 1.74
Montenegro 0.07 -0.49 -0.49 0.18 0.12
Morocco 1.43 1.02 1.02 1.10 1.37
Mozambique 2.50 2.45 2.45 2.82 2.80
Namibia 1.87 0.67 0.67 1.58 2.28
Nauru 0.56 0.56 -0.18 0.39
Nepal 1.16 1.82 1.82 1.05 1.18
Netherlands 0.45 0.42 0.42 0.36 0.35
New Zealand[9] 0.63 0.83 0.83 1.10 0.72
Nicaragua 1.46 1.02 1.02 1.29 1.17
Niger 3.84 3.28 3.28 3.78 4.00
Nigeria 2.79 2.47 2.47 2.65 2.67
Norway 1.32 1.19 1.19 1.12 1.27
Oman 9.13 2.06 2.06 3.21 8.45
Pakistan 2.69 2.49 2.4 2.7 2.4
Palau 0.72 0.37 0.37 0.56 0.79
Palestine/Gaza Strip 3.01 2.91 2.91 2.56 2.75
Panama 1.64 1.35 1.35 1.74 1.64
Papua New Guinea 2.17 1.84 1.84 2.36 2.14
Paraguay 1.72 1.19 1.19 1.38 1.34
Peru 1.25 0.99 0.99 1.24 1.32
Philippines 1.72 1.81 1.81 1.54 1.58
Poland 0.02 -0.11 -0.11 0.06 0.02
Portugal -0.29 0.12 0.12 0.20 -0.45
Qatar 7.05 3.58 3.58 14.93 4.72
Romania -0.27 -0.29 -0.29 -1.06 -0.79
Russia 0.40 -0.03 -0.03 -0.07 0.04
Rwanda 2.77 2.63 2.63 2.67 2.41
Saint Kitts and Nevis 1.15 0.78 0.78 1.27 1.19
Saint Lucia 0.89 0.35 0.35 1.40 0.84
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0.01 -0.29 -0.29 0.10 0.03
Samoa 0.78 0.59 0.59 0.67 0.76
San Marino 0.64 0.87 0.87 0.97 0.70
São Tomé and Príncipe 2.65 1.89 1.89 2.19 2.16
Saudi Arabia 1.88 1.49 1.49 2.54 2.32
Senegal 2.92 2.48 2.48 2.79 3.10
Serbia -0.48 -0.46 -0.46 -0.28 -0.47
Seychelles 0.39 0.87 0.87 0.95 0.72
Sierra Leone 1.91 2.33 2.33 2.60 2.22
Singapore 2.45 1.92 1.92 2.44 1.97
Slovakia 0.22 0.03 0.03 0.08 0.07
Slovenia 0.26 -0.23 -0.23 0.55 0.15
Solomon Islands 2.13 2.07 2.07 2.29 2.07
Somalia 2.86 1.75 1.75 2.47 2.37
South Africa 1.18 -0.48 -0.48 1.31 1.08
South Sudan 4.30 4.12 4.33 4.09
Spain 0.09 0.81 0.81 1.22 -0.21
Sri Lanka 1.04 0.86 0.86 0.68 0.50
Sudan 2.08 1.78 1.78 2.43 2.16
Suriname 0.90 1.12 1.12 1.04 0.94
Swaziland 1.54 1.14 1.14 1.54 1.51
Sweden 0.71 0.79 0.79 0.77 0.83
Switzerland 1.07 0.78 0.78 1.11 1.16
Syria 1.97 -9.73 -9.73 2.67 -2.27
Taiwan 0.25 0.25
Tajikistan 2.45 1.75 1.75 2.16 2.24
Tanzania 3.04 2.80 2.80 3.12 3.16
Thailand 0.31 0.35 0.35 0.25 0.38
Timor-Leste 2.88 2.44 2.44 1.32 2.28
Togo 2.60 2.71 2.71 2.72 2.67
Tonga 0.37 0.09 0.09 0.60 0.42
Trinidad and Tobago 0.33 -0.11 -0.11 0.48 0.48
Tunisia 0.97 0.92 0.92 1.04 1.12
Turkey 1.28 1.12 1.12 1.27 1.69
Turkmenistan 1.29 1.14 1.14 1.20 1.27
Tuvalu 0.16 0.80 0.80 0.27 0.18
Uganda 3.35 3.24 3.24 3.35 3.27
Ukraine -0.25 -0.64 -0.64 -0.50 -0.36
United Arab Emirates 3.10 2.71 2.71 12.40 1.89
United Kingdom 0.75 0.54 0.54 0.82 0.63
United States 0.74 0.77 0.77 0.91 0.75
Uruguay 0.35 0.26 0.26 0.29 0.34
Uzbekistan 1.47 0.93 0.93 1.36 1.50
Vanuatu 2.24 2.01 2.01 2.42 2.27
Vatican City 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.03
Venezuela 1.53 1.42 1.42 1.60 1.41
Vietnam 1.06 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.12
Western Sahara (Sahrawi) 2.89 2.89 3.60 2.23
Yemen 2.33 2.72 2.72 2.81 2.57
Zambia 3.19 2.88 2.88 2.89 3.05
Zimbabwe 2.70 4.36 4.36 1.47 2.21
Anguilla (UK) 2.06 2.06 1.71 1.19
Aruba (Netherlands) 0.44 1.36 1.36 0.31 0.45
Bermuda (UK) 0.37 0.52 0.52 -0.36 -0.62
Caribbean Netherlands 7.49 3.43
Cayman Islands (UK) 1.70 2.14 2.14 2.65 1.55
Channel Islands ( UK) [10] 0.51 0.58 0.36 0.67 0.51
Christmas Island (Australia) 1.11
Cook Islands (NZ) -3.00 -3.00 0.89 0.53
Curaçao (Netherlands) 0.73 2.63 1.26
Faroe Islands (Denmark) 0.01 0.01 -0.59 0.33
Falkland Islands -0.09 0.49 0.49 0.10 -0.15
Gibraltar (UK) 0.25 0.25 1.11 0.94
Greenland (Denmark) -0.11 0.02 0.02 -0.14 -0.13
Guadeloupe (France) 0.27 0.50
Guam (USA) 1.21 0.44 0.44 0.13 1.27
French Guiana 2.78 2.78
Hong Kong 1.17 0.41 0.41 0.44 0.83
Isle of Man (UK) 0.74 0.80 0.80 0.97 0.80
Kosovo 0.86
Macau 1.90 0.83 0.83 2.66 1.89
Martinique (France) -0.12 0.09
Mayotte (France) 3.17 2.79
Montserrat (UK) 0.48 0.48 0.72 0.68
New Caledonia (France) 1.60 1.42 1.42 1.49 1.32
Niue (New Zealand) -0.03 -0.03 -0.79 -0.14
Norfolk Island (Australia) 0.01
Northern Mariana Islands (USA) 0.14 1.13 1.13 -3.57 0.44
Pitcairn Islands (UK) 0.00 0.00
French Polynesia 1.08 0.97 0.97 1.01 1.07
Puerto Rico (USA) -0.73 -0.65 -0.65 -0.28 -0.14
Réunion (France) 0.96 0.73
Saint Helena & dependencies (UK) 0.27 0.27 -0.48 -1.04
Saint Pierre and Miquelon (France) -1.02 -1.02 0.05 0.05
American Samoa -0.26 -0.35 -0.35 -1.21 -0.04
Sint Maarten (Netherlands) 1.51 0.36 3.13
Svalbard (Norway) -0.03
Tokelau (NZ) -0.01 -0.01 -1.28 1.93
Turks and Caicos Islands (UK) 2.19 2.58 2.58 3.17 2.05
British Virgin Islands 2.36 2.36 3.23 2.02
U.S. Virgin Islands -0.48 -0.56 -0.56 -0.26 -0.02
Wallis and Futuna (France) 0.33 0.33 -0.98 -0.62
Asia/Other non-specified areas 0.43 0.16
See also[edit]
World population
Human overpopulation
Overshoot (population)
List of population concern organizations
List of countries by future population (United Nations, medium fertility variant)
References[edit]
^ United Nations World Population Prospects: 2006 revision – Table A.8
^ "The World Factbook". Retrieved 4 October 2014.
^ "World Bank Population growth (annual %)". Retrieved 4 October 2014.
^ CIA The World Factbook: Population growth rate. Retrieved 11/08/2015.
^ UN World Population Prospects, the 2015 Revision. Population Growth Rate. Retrieved 11/08/2015.
^ Mainland only. Excludes SARs
^ Includes Mayotte
^ Metropolitan France only
^ Recent official estimates show a growth rate of 1.00 per Statistics New Zealand Archived 2008-02-14 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Consists of Jersey and Guernsey
v
t
e
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2017 US Open – Women's Singles
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Women's Singles
2017 US Open
Champion
Sloane Stephens
Runner-up
Madison Keys
Final score
6–3, 6–0
Details
Draw
128 (16Q / 8WC)
Seeds
32
Events
Singles
men women boys girls
Doubles
men women mixed boys girls
Legends
men women mixed
WC Singles
men women quad
WC Doubles
men women quad
← 2016 · US Open · 2018 →
Main article: 2017 US Open (tennis)
Angelique Kerber was the defending champion, but lost in the first round to Naomi Osaka. This loss would cause Kerber to fall outside the top ten in the WTA rankings for the first time since 2015.[1]
Sloane Stephens won her first Grand Slam title, defeating Madison Keys in the final, 6–3, 6–0.[2] It was the first all-American women's final at the US Open since 2002, and the second time in three years that the final featured two first-time Grand Slam singles finalists from the same country. Stephens became the second unseeded woman in the Open era to win the US Open after Kim Clijsters in 2009.[3][4]
For the first time since 1981 at the US Open—and at any Grand Slam event since the 1985 Wimbledon Championships—all four semifinalists were American. Both occasions were also the last time that four players from the same country accomplished these feats.[5] In addition, Kaia Kanepi became the first qualifier to reach the US Open quarterfinals since Barbara Gerken, also in 1981.[6]
This was Maria Sharapova's first Grand Slam appearance since the 2016 Australian Open, following a suspension for violating the anti-doping rules. Sharapova was awarded a wildcard into the main draw and advanced to the fourth round, where she lost to Anastasija Sevastova.[7]
Garbiñe Muguruza became the new WTA No. 1 player at the end of the tournament despite losing in the fourth round, after Karolína Plíšková (who held the top ranking at the start of the tournament) failed to defend her finalist points from 2016. Eight of the top nine seeds (with the exception of Kerber) were in contention for the no. 1 ranking at the start of the tournament.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Seeds
2 Qualifying
3 Draw
3.1 Key
3.2 Finals
3.3 Top half
3.3.1 Section 1
3.3.2 Section 2
3.3.3 Section 3
3.3.4 Section 4
3.4 Bottom half
3.4.1 Section 5
3.4.2 Section 6
3.4.3 Section 7
3.4.4 Section 8
4 References
5 External links
Seeds[edit]
01. Karolína Plíšková (Quarterfinals)
02. Simona Halep (First round)
03. Garbiñe Muguruza (Fourth round)
04. Elina Svitolina (Fourth round)
05. Caroline Wozniacki (Second round)
06. Angelique Kerber (First round)
07. Johanna Konta (First round)
08. Svetlana Kuznetsova (Second round)
09. Venus Williams (Semifinals)
10. Agnieszka Radwańska (Third round)
11. Dominika Cibulková (Second round)
12. Jeļena Ostapenko (Third round)
13. Petra Kvitová (Quarterfinals)
14. Kristina Mladenovic (First round)
15. Madison Keys (Final)
16. Anastasija Sevastova (Quarterfinals)
17. Elena Vesnina (Third round)
18. Caroline Garcia (Third round)
19. Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova (First round)
20. CoCo Vandeweghe (Semifinals)
21. Ana Konjuh (First round)
22. Peng Shuai (Second round)
23. Barbora Strýcová (Second round)
24. Kiki Bertens (First round)
25. Daria Gavrilova (Second round)
26. Anett Kontaveit (First round)
27. Zhang Shuai (Third round)
28. Lesia Tsurenko (First round)
29. Mirjana Lučić-Baroni (Second round)
30. Julia Görges (Fourth round)
31. Magdaléna Rybáriková (Third round)
32. Lauren Davis (First round)
Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section.
Qualifying[edit]
Main article: 2017 US Open – Women's Singles Qualifying
Draw[edit]
Key[edit]
Q = Qualifier
WC = Wild Card
LL = Lucky Loser
Alt = Alternate
SE = Special Exempt
PR = Protected Ranking
w/o = Walkover
r = Retired
d = Defaulted
Finals[edit]
Quarterfinals Semifinals Final
1 Karolína Plíšková 64 3
20 CoCo Vandeweghe 77 6
20 CoCo Vandeweghe 1 2
15 Madison Keys 6 6
15 Madison Keys 6 6
Q Kaia Kanepi 3 3
15 Madison Keys 3 0
PR Sloane Stephens 6 6
9 Venus Williams 6 3 77
13 Petra Kvitová 3 6 62
9 Venus Williams 1 6 5
PR Sloane Stephens 6 0 7
PR Sloane Stephens 6 3 77
16 Anastasija Sevastova 3 6 64
Top half[edit]
Section 1[edit]
First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round
1 Ka Plíšková 6 6
M Linette 2 1 1 Ka Plíšková 2 6 6
V Cepede Royg 0 6 1 Q N Gibbs 6 3 4
Q N Gibbs 6 1 6 1 Ka Plíšková 3 7 6
R Ozaki 6 65 77 27 S Zhang 6 5 4
Q D Lao 3 77 65 R Ozaki 0 3
PR S Lisicki 77 3 0 27 S Zhang 6 6
27 S Zhang 64 6 6 1 Ka Plíšková 6 6
23 B Strýcová 6 6 J Brady 1 0
M Doi 1 3 23 B Strýcová 1 1
J Brady 6 3 6 J Brady 6 6
A Petkovic 4 6 1 J Brady 6 4 77
WC T Townsend 4 6 3 M Niculescu 3 6 63
A Bogdan 6 4 6 A Bogdan 2 6 3
M Niculescu 6 6 M Niculescu 6 3 6
14 K Mladenovic 3 2
Section 2[edit]
First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round
10 A Radwańska 6 77
P Martić 4 63 10 A Radwańska 7 6
Q S Zhuk 63 3 Y Putintseva 5 2
Y Putintseva 77 6 10 A Radwańska 5 6 4
O Jabeur 6 7 20 C Vandeweghe 7 4 6
WC B Minor 1 5 O Jabeur 66 2
A Riske 6 3 4 20 C Vandeweghe 78 6
20 C Vandeweghe 2 6 6 20 C Vandeweghe 6 77
26 A Kontaveit 77 1 4 L Šafářová 4 62
L Šafářová 65 6 6 L Šafářová 6 3 6
N Hibino 6 4 7 N Hibino 1 6 2
C Bellis 3 6 5 L Šafářová 6 6
K Nara 6 6 K Nara 3 2
S Sorribes Tormo 1 2 K Nara 6 3 6
M Vondroušová 6 4 62 8 S Kuznetsova 3 6 3
8 S Kuznetsova 4 6 77
Section 3[edit]
First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round
4 E Svitolina 6 65 6
K Siniaková 0 77 3 4 E Svitolina 6 6
E Rodina 77 6 E Rodina 4 4
E Bouchard 62 1 4 E Svitolina 6 7
S Rogers 6 4 6 S Rogers 4 5
WC K Day 2 6 4 S Rogers 78 4 77
Q A Kiick 2 1 25 D Gavrilova 66 6 65
25 D Gavrilova 6 6 4 E Svitolina 62 6 4
17 E Vesnina 6 6 15 M Keys 77 1 6
Q A Blinkova 1 3 17 E Vesnina 6 6
M Brengle 2 3 K Flipkens 4 4
K Flipkens 6 6 17 E Vesnina 6 4 1
T Maria 6 6 15 M Keys 2 6 6
WC A Kratzer 1 1 T Maria 3 4
E Mertens 3 66 15 M Keys 6 6
15 M Keys 6 78
Section 4[edit]
First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round
12 J Ostapenko 6 1 6
L Arruabarrena 2 6 1 12 J Ostapenko 6 6
Q L Kerkhove 1 3 S Cîrstea 4 4
S Cîrstea 6 6 12 J Ostapenko 3 2
D Kasatkina 67 6 6 D Kasatkina 6 6
Q Wang 79 2 3 D Kasatkina 7 6
C McHale 3 6 6 C McHale 5 3
19 A Pavlyuchenkova 6 3 2 D Kasatkina 4 4
28 L Tsurenko 3 1 Q K Kanepi 6 6
Y Wickmayer 6 6 Y Wickmayer 4 2
Q K Kanepi 0 6 6 Q K Kanepi 6 6
F Schiavone 6 4 2 Q K Kanepi 6 2 7
D Allertová 6 77 N Osaka 3 6 5
Q R Peterson 2 65 D Allertová 3 6 5
N Osaka 6 6 N Osaka 6 4 7
6 A Kerber 3 1
Bottom half[edit]
Section 5[edit]
First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round
5 C Wozniacki 6 7
Q M Buzărnescu 1 5 5 C Wozniacki 2 77 1
M Barthel 2 1 E Makarova 6 65 6
E Makarova 6 6 E Makarova 1 6 3
Q İ Soylu 4 2 C Suárez Navarro 6 3 6
C Suárez Navarro 6 6 C Suárez Navarro 4 77 6
M Puig 4 77 64 29 M Lučić-Baroni 6 64 2
29 M Lučić-Baroni 6 64 77 C Suárez Navarro 3 6 1
24 K Bertens 3 4 9 V Williams 6 3 6
M Sakkari 6 6 M Sakkari 7 6
R Hogenkamp 5 5 WC Ar Rodionova 5 3
WC Ar Rodionova 7 7 M Sakkari 3 4
P Parmentier 6 0 66 9 V Williams 6 6
O Dodin 3 6 78 O Dodin 5 4
Q V Kužmová 3 6 2 9 V Williams 7 6
9 V Williams 6 3 6
Section 6[edit]
First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round
13 P Kvitová 7 7
J Janković 5 5 13 P Kvitová 6 6
H Watson 4 4 A Cornet 1 2
A Cornet 6 6 13 P Kvitová 6 6
Q A Zaja 2 3 18 C Garcia 0 4
E Alexandrova 6 6 E Alexandrova 6 3 0
Q T Martincová 0 1 18 C Garcia 4 6 6
18 C Garcia 6 6 13 P Kvitová 77 6
31 M Rybáriková 6 6 3 G Muguruza 63 3
C Giorgi 3 4 31 M Rybáriková 77 77
Kr Plíšková 6 6 Kr Plíšková 64 63
PR M Eguchi 2 2 31 M Rybáriková 1 1
Q C Liu 68 63 3 G Muguruza 6 6
Y Duan 710 77 Y Duan 4 0
V Lepchenko 0 3 3 G Muguruza 6 6
3 G Muguruza 6 6
Section 7[edit]
First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round
7 J Konta 6 3 4
A Krunić 4 6 6 A Krunić 6 6
PR A Tomljanović 7 6 PR A Tomljanović 3 2
J Larsson 5 4 A Krunić 3 3
S Zheng 6 3 6 30 J Görges 6 6
A Van Uytvanck 4 6 1 S Zheng 2 1
A Beck 1 0 30 J Görges 6 6
30 J Görges 6 6 30 J Görges 3 6 1
21 A Konjuh 6 0 1 PR S Stephens 6 3 6
A Barty 4 6 6 A Barty 6 79
A Sasnovich 6 6 A Sasnovich 1 67
J Boserup 2 2 A Barty 2 4
PR S Stephens 7 6 PR S Stephens 6 6
R Vinci 5 1 PR S Stephens 6 5 6
J Čepelová 77 3 2 11 D Cibulková 2 7 3
11 D Cibulková 65 6 6
Section 8[edit]
First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round
16 A Sevastova 7 6
C Witthöft 5 1 16 A Sevastova 6 6
I-C Begu 2 67 Q K Kozlova 4 4
Q K Kozlova 6 79 16 A Sevastova 6 6
D Vekić 6 6 D Vekić 2 3
B Haddad Maia 2 1 D Vekić 6 6
WC A Hesse 4 1 22 S Peng 0 2
22 S Peng 6 6 16 A Sevastova 5 6 6
32 L Davis 5 5 WC M Sharapova 7 4 2
WC S Kenin 7 7 WC S Kenin 6 4 77
N Vikhlyantseva 6 4 1 Q S Vickery 3 6 60
Q S Vickery 4 6 6 WC S Kenin 5 2
V Golubic 5 7 5 WC M Sharapova 7 6
T Babos 7 5 7 T Babos 77 4 1
WC M Sharapova 6 4 6 WC M Sharapova 64 6 6
2 S Halep 4 6 3
Flag Icon Key
List of National Flags
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ben Rothenberg (29 August 2017). "Naomi Osaka Ousts Angelique Kerber, the Defending Champion, at the U.S. Open". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sloane Stephens beats Madison Keys to win US Open". BBC Sport. 9 September 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
Jump up ^ E.J. Crawford (9 September 2017). "Day 13 Recap: Stephens stands tall, a US Open champion". usopen.org. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sloane Stephens surges past Madison Keys to win US Open title". Guardian. 10 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Christopher Clarey and Ben Rothenberg (6 September 2017). "U.S. Open: Madison Keys Completes All-American Semifinals; Nadal Advances". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Scott Cacciola (4 September 2017). "CoCo Vandeweghe’s Hard Work Is Taking Her Further". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Piers Newbery (4 September 2017). "Maria Sharapova knocked out of US Open by Anastasija Sevastova". BBC Sport. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Courtney Nguyen (23 August 2017). "Battle for No.1: Eight players set to fight for top spot at US Open". Women's Tennis Association. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
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value: 2017 St. Petersburg Ladies' Trophy – Doubles

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value: بطولة امريكا المفتوحة 2017 - فردي سيدات – Arabic

value: Открито първенство на САЩ 2017 – сингъл жени – Bulgarian

value: US Open-mesterskabet i damesingle 2017 – Danish

value: Anexo:Abierto de Estados Unidos 2017 (individual femenino) – Spanish

value: Simple dames de l'US Open de tennis 2017 – French

value: US Open 2017 - Singolare femminile – Italian

value: 2017年全米オープン女子シングルス – Japanese

value: US Open 2017 (gra pojedyncza kobiet) – Polish

value: Открытый чемпионат США по теннису 2017 в женском одиночном разряде – Russian

value: Odprto prvenstvo ZDA 2017 - ženske posamično – Slovenian

value: Отворено првенство САД у тенису 2017 — жене појединачно – Serbian

value: Yhdysvaltain avoin tennisturnaus 2017 – naisten kaksinpeli – Finnish

value: Відкритий чемпіонат США з тенісу 2017, жінки, одиночний розряд – Ukrainian

value: 2017年美國網球公開賽女子單打比賽 – Chinese

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