text:
Substitute good
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If the price of Y increases then demand of X increases
A substitute good is one good that can be used instead of another. In consumer theory, substitute goods or substitutes are products that a consumer perceives as similar or comparable, so that having more of one product makes them desire less of the other product. Formally, X and Y are substitutes if, when the price of X rises, the demand for Y rises.
Potatoes from different farms are an example: if the price of one farm's potatoes goes up, then it can be presumed that fewer people will buy potatoes from that farm and source them from another farm instead.
There are different degrees of substitutability. For example, a car and a bicycle may substitute to some extent: if the price of motor fuel increases considerably, one may expect that some people will switch to bicycles.
Contents
[hide]
1 Introduction
2 Increase in price
3 Different types
3.1 Substitutability
3.2 Categorization
4 Substitutability of a good
5 Monopolistic competition
6 Perfect competition
7 Types of substitute goods
8 See also
9 References
Introduction[edit]
In economics, one way that two or more goods can be classified is by examining the relationship of the demand schedules when the price of one good changes. This relationship between demand schedules leads to classification of goods as either substitutes or complements. Substitute goods are goods which, as a result of changed conditions, may replace each other in use (or consumption).[1] A substitute good, in contrast to a complementary good, is a good with a positive cross elasticity of demand. This means a good's demand is increased when the price of another good is increased; both in the same direction.[2] Conversely, the demand for a good is decreased when the price of another good is decreased. If goods A and B are substitutes, an increase in the price of A will result in a leftward movement along the demand curve of A and cause the demand curve for B to shift out. A decrease in the price of A will result in a rightward movement along the demand curve of A and cause the demand curve for B to shift in.
Substitute good graphical example
Examples of substitute goods include margarine and butter, tea and coffee, beer and wine. Substitute goods not only occur on the consumer side of the market but also the producer side. Substitutable producer goods would include: petroleum and natural gas (used for heating or electricity). The degree to which a good has a perfect substitute depends on how specifically the good is defined. Take for example, the demand for Rice Krispies cereal, which is a very narrowly defined good as compared to the demand for cereal generally. The fact that one good is substitutable for another has immediate economic consequences: insofar as one good can be substituted for another, the demands for the two kinds of good will be interrelated by the fact that customers can trade off one good for the other if it becomes advantageous to do so.
Increase in price[edit]
An increase in price (ceteris paribus) will result in an increase in demand for its substitute goods. If two goods have a high substitutability, the change in demand will be much greater. Thus, economists can predict that a spike in the cost of a particular brand of detergent is likely to result in a large change in demand for other brands, whereas a change in the price of pencils will have a much smaller effect on the demand for other stationery, such as pens on legal documents or pencils on most high-school maths homework.
Different types[edit]
Substitutability[edit]
It is important to note that when speaking about substitute goods one is referring to two different kinds of goods; so the "substitutability" of one good for another is always a matter of degree. One good is a perfect substitute for another only if it can be used in exactly the same way. In that case the utility of a combination is an increasing function of the sum of the two amounts, and theoretically, in the case of a price difference, there would be no demand for the more expensive good.
In microeconomics, two types of substitutes are being distinguished, gross substitutes and net substitutes. Good X i {\displaystyle X_{i}} is said to be gross substitute of good Y {\displaystyle Y} if
∂ X i ∂ P Y > 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial X_{i}}{\partial P_{Y}}}>0}
Goods X and Y are said to be net substitutes if
∂ X i ∂ P Y | U = c o n s t > 0 {\displaystyle \left.{\frac {\partial X_{i}}{\partial P_{Y}}}\right|_{U=const}>0}
where U = U ( X , Y ) {\displaystyle U=U(X,Y)} is a utility function for the two goods.[1]
Categorization[edit]
Substitutes differ with respect to their category membership. Within-category substitutes are goods that are members of the same taxonomic category, goods sharing common attributes (e.g., chocolate, chairs, station wagons, etc.). Cross-category substitutes are goods that are members of different taxonomic categories but can satisfy the same goal. A person who cannot have the chocolate that she desires, for example, might instead buy ice cream to satisfy her goal to have a dessert.[3]
Substitutability of a good[edit]
Indifference curve for perfect substitutes
Goods that are completely substitutable with each other are called perfect substitutes. They may be characterized as goods having a linear utility function or a constant marginal rate of substitution.[4]
Writeable compact disks from different manufacturers are often considered to be perfect substitutes. As the price of one brand of CD rises, consumers will be expected to substitute other brands of CD in a one-to-one fashion. This means that the total quantity of CDs purchased would not change.
Imperfect substitutes have a lesser level of substitutability, and therefore exhibit variable marginal rates of substitution along the consumer indifference curve. The consumption points on the curve offer the same level of utility as before but the compensation now depends on the starting point of the substitution. An example of such a product is the soft drink. As the price of Coca-Cola rises, consumers could be expected to substitute Pepsi. However, many consumers prefer one brand of soft drink over the other. Consumers who prefer Coke to Pepsi, for example, will not trade between them in a one-to-one fashion. Rather, a consumer would be willing to give relatively large amounts of Pepsi in exchange for relatively small amounts of Coke.
People exhibit a strong preference for within-category substitutes to cross-category substitutes. Across a ten sets of different foods, a majority of research participants (79.7%) believed that a within-category substitute would better satisfy their craving for a food they could not have than a cross-category substitute. Unable to acquire a desired Godiva chocolate, for instance, a majority reported that they would prefer to eat a store-brand chocolate (a within-category substitute) than a chocolate-chip granola bar (a cross-category substitute). This preference for within-category substitutes appears, however, to be misguided. Because within-category substitutes are more similar to the missing good, their inferiority to it is more noticeable. This creates a negative contrast effect, and leads within-category substitutes to be less satisfying substitutes than cross-category substitutes.[3]
Monopolistic competition[edit]
Many markets for commonly used goods feature products which are perfectly substitutable yet are differently branded and marketed, a condition referred to as monopolistic competition. A good example may be the comparison between store brand and name brand versions of medications - the products may be identical but the packaging is differentiated by the vendors. Since the goods are essentially alike, the only genuine difference between them is the price - their vendors rely primarily on price and branding to effect sales. In those sectors consumer choice is usually driven by discriminate according to lowest price, with higher-priced variants relying on a sense of exclusivity created by slicker branding to maintain competitiveness.
Gasoline / Petrol
Milk
Internet connectivity (ISP services)
Electricity
Telephony
Airline tickets
Perfect substitutability is significant in the era of deregulation, since there are usually several competing providers in a field (e.g. electricity suppliers) each retailing exactly the same product. The result is often aggressive price competition between the retailers.
Perfect competition[edit]
One of the requirements for perfect competition is that the products of competing firms should be perfect substitutes. When this condition is not satisfied, the market is characterized by product differentiation.
Types of substitute goods[edit]
Unit-demand goods are goods from which the consumer wants only a single item. If the consumer has two items, then his utility is the maximum of the utilities he gains from each of these items. For example, consider a certain consumer that only wants a means of transportation, which may be either a car or a bicycle. His utility from a car is 100 and from a bicycle is 50. If he has both a car and a bicycle, then he uses only the car so his utility is 100. Unit-demand goods are always substitutes, since if the price of one good increases, the consumer will tend to want the other good (Laizer 2016).
See also[edit]
Competitive equilibrium
Ersatz, the original German word
List of economics topics
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Nicholson, Walter (1998). Microeconomic Theory. The Dryden Press.
Jump up ^ Kroon, George E. (2007). Macroeconomics the Easy Way. Barron's Educational Series. p. 39. ISBN 0764132377. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Huh, Young Eun; Vosgerau, Joachim; Morewedge, Carey K. (2016-06-01). "More Similar but Less Satisfying Comparing Preferences for and the Efficacy of Within- and Cross-Category Substitutes for Food". Psychological Science. 27 (6): 894–903. doi:10.1177/0956797616640705. ISSN 0956-7976. PMID 27142460.
Jump up ^ Browning, Edgar K (1999). Microeconomic Theory & Applications 6th Edition. New York: Addison Wesley Educational Publishers.
[hide]
v
t
e
Types of goods
Public goods
Private goods (includes household goods)
Common goods
Common-pool resource
Club goods
Anti-rival goods
Global public goods
Global commons
(Non-)Rivalrous goods and (Non-)Excludable goods
Complementary goods vs. Substitute goods vs. Independent goods
Free goods vs. Positional goods
(Non-)Durable goods
Intermediate goods (producer goods)
Final goods
Capital goods
Inferior goods
Normal goods (Necessity goods)
Neutral goods
Ordinary goods
Information goods
Giffen goods
Luxury goods
Veblen goods
Superior goods
Search goods
(Post-)Experience goods
Credence goods
Merit goods
Demerit goods
Damaged goods
Composite goods
Intangible goods
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text:
Lord's Prayer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Lord's Prayer (disambiguation), Our Father (disambiguation) and Pater Noster (disambiguation).
"Hallowed Be Thy Name" redirects here. For the Iron Maiden song, see Hallowed Be Thy Name (song).
James Tissot – The Lord's Prayer (Le Pater Noster) – Brooklyn Museum
The Lord's Prayer (also called the Our Father or Pater Noster, among other names)[examples needed] is a venerated Christian prayer which, according to the New Testament, Jesus taught as the way to pray:
Pray then in this way ... (Matthew 6:9 NRSV)
When you pray, say ... (Luke 11:2 NRSV)
Two versions of this prayer are recorded: the long form in the Gospel of Matthew in the middle of the Sermon on the Mount, and the short form in the Gospel of Luke when "one of his disciples said to him, 'Lord, teach us to pray, as John taught his disciples.'"[1]
The first three of the seven petitions in Matthew address God; the other four are related to human needs and concerns. The Matthew account alone includes the "Your will be done" and the "Rescue us from the evil one" (or "Deliver us from evil") petitions. Both original Greek texts contain the adjective epiousios, which does not appear in any other classical or Koine Greek literature; while controversial, "daily" has been the most common English-language translation of this word. Some Christians, particularly Protestants, conclude the prayer with a doxology, a later addendum appearing in some manuscripts of Matthew.
Matthew 6:9-13 (RSV-2CE)
Our Father who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread; and forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive those who trespass against us; and lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil.
Luke 11:2-4 (RSV-2CE)
Father, hallowed be your name. Your kingdom come. Give us each day our daily bread; and forgive us our sins, for we ourselves forgive everyone who is indebted to us; and lead us not into temptation.
Initial words on the topic from the Catechism of the Catholic Church teach that it "is truly the summary of the whole gospel".[2] The prayer is used by most Christian churches in their worship; with few exceptions, the liturgical form is the Matthean. Although theological differences and various modes of worship divide Christians, according to Fuller Seminary professor Clayton Schmit, "there is a sense of solidarity in knowing that Christians around the globe are praying together ... and these words always unite us."[3]
In biblical criticism, the prayer's absence in the Gospel of Mark together with its occurrence in Matthew and Luke has caused scholars who accept the two-source hypothesis (against other document hypotheses) to conclude that it is probably a logion original to Q.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Text
1.1 Original Greek text and Vulgate Latin translation
1.2 Liturgical Greek and Latin texts
1.3 English versions
2 Analysis
2.1 Introduction
2.2 First Petition
2.3 Second Petition
2.4 Third Petition
2.5 Fourth Petition
2.6 Fifth Petition
2.7 Sixth Petition
2.8 Seventh Petition
2.9 Doxology
3 Use as a language comparison tool
4 Relation to Jewish prayer
5 Musical settings
6 See also
7 References
7.1 Notes
7.2 Bibliography
8 External links
Text[edit]
The Lord's Prayer in Gregorian chant
Pater Noster
The Lord's Prayer in Latin sung in Gregorian chant
Original Greek text and Vulgate Latin translation[edit]
Standard edition of Greek text [5]
Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς·
ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου·
ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου·
γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου,
ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς·
τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον·
καὶ ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα ἡμῶν,
ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφήκαμεν τοῖς ὀφειλέταις ἡμῶν·
καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν,
ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ.
Vulgate Latin translation[6]
Pater noster, qui es in caelis,
sanctificetur nomen tuum,
adveniat regnum tuum,
fiat voluntas tua,
sicut in caelo, et in terra.
Panem nostrum supersubstantialem da nobis hodie;
et dimitte nobis debita nostra,
sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris;
et ne inducas nos in tentationem;
sed libera nos a Malo.[7][8]
Liturgical Greek and Latin texts[edit]
Patriarchal Edition 1904 [9]
Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς·
ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου·
ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου·
γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου,
ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ, καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς·
τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον·
καὶ ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα ἡμῶν,
ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφίεμεν τοῖς ὀφειλέταις ἡμῶν·
καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν,
ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ.
ὅτι σοῦ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας· ἀμήν.
Roman Missal [10][11]
Pater noster, qui es in caelis:
sanctificetur nomen tuum;
adveniat regnum tuum;
fiat voluntas tua, sicut in caelo, et in terra.
Panem nostrum cotidianum[12] da nobis hodie;
et dimitte nobis debita nostra,
sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris;
et ne nos inducas in tentationem;
sed libera nos a malo.
English versions[edit]
Main article: History of the Lord's Prayer in English
A crucifix on an open Bible showing an English translation of the prayer (from Matthew)
There are several different English translations of the Lord's Prayer from Greek or Latin, beginning around AD 650 with the Northumbrian translation. Of those in current liturgical use, the three best-known are:
The translation in the 1662 Anglican Book of Common Prayer (BCP) of the Church of England
The slightly modernized form used in the 1928 version of the Prayer Book of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America (along with the doxology) and in the English vernacular translation of the Catholic Mass
The 1988 translation of the ecumenical English Language Liturgical Consultation (ELLC)
The square brackets in three of the texts below indicate the doxology often added at the end of the prayer by Protestants and, in a slightly different form, by the Byzantine Rite ("For thine is the kingdom and the power and the glory: of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, now and ever, and unto ages of ages. Amen."[13]), among whom the prayer proper is usually recited by the cantors and congregation in unison, and the doxology by the priest as the conclusion of the prayer. The Anglican Book of Common Prayer adds it in some services but not in all. Older English translations of the Bible, based on late Byzantine Greek manuscripts, included it, but it is excluded in critical editions of the New Testament, such as that of the United Bible Societies. It is absent in the oldest manuscripts and is not considered to be part of the original text of Matthew 6:9–13. The Catholic Church has never attached it to the Lord's Prayer, but has included it in the Roman Rite Mass as revised in 1969, not as part of the Our Father but separated from it by a prayer called the embolism spoken or sung by the priest (in the official ICEL English translation: "Deliver us, Lord, we pray, from every evil, graciously grant peace in our days, that, by the help of your mercy, we may be always free from sin and safe from all distress, as we await the blessed hope and the coming of our Saviour, Jesus Christ.") that elaborates on the final petition, "Deliver us from evil." For more information on this doxology, see Doxology, below. When Reformers set out to translate the King James Bible, they assumed that a Greek manuscript they possessed was ancient and therefore adopted the phrase "For thine is the kingdom, the power, and the glory forever" into the Lord’s Prayer. Later scholarship demonstrated that the manuscript was actually a late addition based on Eastern liturgical tradition.
1928 Episcopal BCP (with doxology);[14] Catholic version (without doxology)[15]
Our Father who art in heaven,
Hallowed be thy name.
Thy kingdom come.
Thy will be done
on earth as it is in heaven.
Give us this day our daily bread,
and forgive us our trespasses,
as we forgive those who trespass against us,
and lead us not into temptation,
but deliver us from evil.
[The 1928 BCP adds:
For thine is the kingdom,
and the power, and the glory,
for ever and ever
Amen.]
1662 Anglican BCP[16]
Our Father, which art in heaven,
Hallowed be thy Name;
Thy kingdom come;
Thy will be done
in earth, as it is in heaven:
Give us this day our daily bread;
And forgive us our trespasses,
as we forgive them that trespass against us;
And lead us not into temptation,
But deliver us from evil:
When before the Collect the priest alone recites the prayer, the people here respond: Amen.
When after all have communicated the people repeat each petition after the priest, the prayer ends:
For thine is the kingdom,
the power, and the glory,
For ever and ever.
Amen.
1988 ELLC[17]
Our Father in heaven,
hallowed be your name,
your kingdom come,
your will be done,
on earth as in heaven.
Give us today our daily bread.
Forgive us our sins
as we forgive those who sin against us.
Save us from the time of trial
and deliver us from evil.
For the kingdom, the power, and the glory are yours
now and for ever. Amen.
Other English translations are also used.
Though Matthew 6:12 uses the term debts, the older English versions of the Lord's Prayer uses the term trespasses, while ecumenical versions often use the term sins. The latter choice may be due to Luke 11:4, which uses the word sins, while the former may be due to Matthew 6:14 (immediately after the text of the prayer), where Jesus speaks of trespasses. As early as the third century, Origen of Alexandria used the word trespasses (παραπτώματα) in the prayer. Although the Latin form that was traditionally used in Western Europe has debita (debts), most English-speaking Christians (except Scottish Presbyterians and some others of the Reformed tradition) use trespasses. The Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.), the Established Presbyterian Church of Scotland as well as the Congregational denomination follow the version found in Matthew 6 in the Authorized Version (known also as the King James Version), which in the prayer uses the words "debts" and "debtors".
All these versions are based on the text in Matthew, rather than Luke, of the prayer given by Jesus:
Matthew 6:9–13 (ESV)
"Pray then like this: 'Our Father in heaven, hallowed be your name. Your kingdom come, your will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread, and forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil.'"
Luke 11:2–4 (ESV)
And he said to them, "When you pray, say: 'Father, hallowed be your name. Your kingdom come. Give us each day our daily bread, and forgive us our sins, for we ourselves forgive everyone who is indebted to us. And lead us not into temptation.'"
Analysis[edit]
The Lord's Prayer in Greek
Subheadings use 1662 Book of Common Prayer (BCP) (see above)
Introduction[edit]
"Our Father, which art in heaven"
This explains that God, the Father, rests in Heaven, and the plural word "Our" indicates that there are a group of God's children who call him Father.
Augustine interpreted "heaven" (coelum, sky) in this context as meaning "in the hearts of the righteous, as it were in His holy temple".[18]
First Petition[edit]
"Hallowed be thy Name;"
See also: Names of God in Christianity and Matthew 6:9
Former Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams explains this phrase as a petition that people may look upon God's name as holy, as something that inspires awe and reverence, and that they may not trivialize it by making God a tool for their purposes, to "put other people down, or as a sort of magic to make themselves feel safe". He sums up the meaning of the phrase by saying: "Understand what you're talking about when you're talking about God, this is serious, this is the most wonderful and frightening reality that we could imagine, more wonderful and frightening than we can imagine."[19]
Second Petition[edit]
"Thy kingdom come;"
See also: Matthew 6:10
"This petition has its parallel in the Jewish prayer, 'May he establish his Kingdom during your life and during your days.'[20] In the gospels Jesus speaks frequently of God's kingdom, but never defines the concept: "He assumed this was a concept so familiar that it did not require definition."[21] Concerning how Jesus' audience in the gospels would have understood him, G. E. Ladd turns to the concept's Hebrew Biblical background: "The Hebrew word malkuth [...] refers first to a reign, dominion, or rule and only secondarily to the realm over which a reign is exercised. [...] When malkuth is used of God, it almost always refers to his authority or to his rule as the heavenly King."[22] This petition looks to the perfect establishment of God's rule in the world in the future, an act of God resulting in the eschatological order of the new age.[23]
The request for God's kingdom to come is commonly interpreted at the most literal level: as a reference to the belief, common at the time, that a Messiah figure would bring about a kingdom of God.[citation needed]Traditionally, the coming of God's kingdom is seen as a divine gift to be prayed for, not a human achievement.[citation needed] This idea is frequently challenged by groups who believe that the Kingdom will come by the hands of those faithful who work for a better world. These believe that Jesus' commands to feed the hungry and clothe the needy are the kingdom to which he was referring.[citation needed]
Hilda C. Graef notes that the operative Greek word, basileia, means both kingdom and kingship (i.e., reign, dominion, governing, etc.), but that the English word kingdom loses this double meaning.[24] Kingship adds a psychological meaning to the petition: one is also praying for the condition of soul where one follows God's will.
Third Petition[edit]
"Thy will be done in earth, as it is in heaven:"
See also: Matthew 6:10
John Ortberg interprets this phrase as follows: “Many people think our job is to get my afterlife destination taken care of, then tread water till we all get ejected and God comes back and torches this place. But Jesus never told anybody—neither his disciples nor us—to pray, 'Get me out of here so I can go up there.' His prayer was, 'Make up there come down here.' Make things down here run the way they do up there.”[25] The request that “thy will be done” is God’s invitation to “join him in making things down here the way they are up there.”[25]
Fourth Petition[edit]
"Give us this day our daily (epiousios) bread;"
See also: Matthew 6:11
See also: Epiousios
As mentioned earlier in this article, the original word ἐπιούσιος (epiousios), commonly characterized as daily, is unique to the Lord's Prayer in all of ancient Greek literature. The word is almost a hapax legomenon, occurring only in Luke and Matthew's versions of the Lord's Prayer, and nowhere else in any other extant Greek texts. While epiousios is often substituted by the word "daily," all other New Testament translations from the Greek into "daily" otherwise reference hemeran (ἡμέραν, "the day"), which does not appear in this usage.[26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]
Via linguistic parsing, Jerome translated "ἐπιούσιον" (epiousios) as "supersubstantialem" in the Gospel of Matthew, but chose "cotidianum" ("daily") in the Gospel of Luke. This wide-ranging difference with respect to meaning of epiousios is discussed in detail in the current Catechism of the Catholic Church by way of an inclusive approach toward tradition as well as a literal one for meaning: "Taken in a temporal sense, this word is a pedagogical repetition of "this day," to confirm us in trust "without reservation." Taken in the qualitative sense, it signifies what is necessary for life, and more broadly every good thing sufficient for subsistence. Taken literally (epi-ousios: "super-essential"), it refers directly to the Bread of Life, the Body of Christ, the "medicine of immortality," without which we have no life within us."[37]
Epiousios is translated as supersubstantialem in the Vulgate (Matthew 6:11) and accordingly as supersubstantial in the Douay-Rheims Bible (Matthew 6:11).
Barclay M. Newman's A Concise Greek-English Dictionary of the New Testament, published in a revised edition in 2010 by the United Bible Societies has the following entry:
ἐπι|ούσιος, ον (εἰμί) of doubtful meaning, for today; for the coming day; necessary for existence[38] It thus derives the word from the preposition ἐπί (epi) and the verb εἰμί (eimi), from the latter of which are derived words such as οὐσία (ousia), the range of whose meanings is indicated in A Greek-English Lexicon.[39]
Fifth Petition[edit]
"And forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive them that trespass against us;"
See also: Matthew 6:12
The Presbyterian and other Reformed churches tend to use the rendering "forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors". Roman Catholics, Anglicans and Methodists are more likely to say "trespasses ... those who trespass against us".[40] The "debts" form appears in the first English translation of the Bible, by John Wycliffe in 1395 (Wycliffe spelling "dettis"). The "trespasses" version appears in the 1526 translation by William Tyndale (Tyndale spelling "treaspases"). In 1549 the first Book of Common Prayer in English used a version of the prayer with "trespasses". This became the "official" version used in Anglican congregations.
After the request for bread, Matthew and Luke diverge slightly. Matthew continues with a request for debts to be forgiven in the same manner as people have forgiven those who have debts against them. Luke, on the other hand, makes a similar request about sins being forgiven in the manner of debts being forgiven between people. The word "debts" (ὀφειλήματα) does not necessarily mean financial obligations, as shown by the use of the verbal form of the same word (ὀφείλετε) in passages such as Romans 13:8. The Aramaic word ḥôbâ can mean "debt" or "sin".[41][42] This difference between Luke's and Matthew's wording could be explained by the original form of the prayer having been in Aramaic. The generally accepted interpretation is thus that the request is for forgiveness of sin, not of supposed loans granted by God.[43] Asking for forgiveness from God was a staple of Jewish prayers.[citation needed] It was also considered proper for individuals to be forgiving of others, so the sentiment expressed in the prayer would have been a common one of the time.[citation needed]
Anthony C. Deane, Canon of Worcester Cathedral, suggested that the choice of the word "ὀφειλήματα" (debts), rather than "ἁμαρτίας" (sins), indicates a reference to failures to use opportunities of doing good. He linked this with the parable of the sheep and the goats (also in Matthew's Gospel), in which the grounds for condemnation are not wrongdoing in the ordinary sense, but failure to do right, missing opportunities for showing love to others.[Matt. 25:31–46][44]
"As we forgive...". Divergence between Matthew's "debts" and Luke's "sins" is relatively trivial compared to the impact of the second half of this statement. The verses immediately following the Lord's Prayer,[Matt. 6:14–15] show Jesus teaching that the forgiveness of our sin/debt (by God) is contingent on how we forgive others. Later, Matthew elaborates with Jesus' Parable of the Unforgiving Servant.[Matt. 18:23–35] In this parable, forgiveness from the king (God) is conditional on the servant's forgiveness of a small debt owed to him.
Sixth Petition[edit]
"And lead us not into temptation,"
See also: Matthew 6:13
Interpretations of the penultimate petition of the prayer—not to be led by God into peirasmos—vary considerably. The range of meanings of the Greek word "πειρασμός" (peirasmos) is illustrated in New Testament Greek lexicons.[45] In different contexts it can mean temptation, testing, trial, experiment. Although the traditional English translation uses the word "temptation" and Carl Jung saw God as actually leading people astray,[46] Christians generally interpret the petition as not contradicting James 1:13–14: "Let no one say when he is tempted, 'I am being tempted by God', for God cannot be tempted with evil, and he himself tempts no one. But each person is tempted when he is lured and enticed by his own desire." Some see the petition as an eschatological appeal against unfavourable Last Judgment, a theory supported by the use of the word "peirasmos" in this sense in Revelation 3:10. Others see it as a plea against hard tests described elsewhere in scripture, such as those of Job.[47] It is also read as: "Do not let us be led (by ourselves, by others, by Satan) into temptations". Since it follows shortly after a plea for daily bread (i.e., material sustenance), it is also seen as referring to not being caught up in the material pleasures given. A similar phrase appears in Matthew 26:41 and Luke 22:40 in connection with the prayer of Jesus in Gethsemane.[48]
Joseph Smith, the founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, in a translation of the Holy Bible which was not completed before his death, used this wording: "And suffer us not to be led into temptation".[49]
In 2017, Pope Francis, speaking on the Italian TV channel TV2000, proposed that the wording be changed to "do not let us fall into temptation", explaining that "it is I who fall, it is not God who throws me into temptation".[50]
Seventh Petition[edit]
"But deliver us from evil:"
See also: Matthew 6:13
Translations and scholars are divided over whether the final word here refers to "evil" in general or "the evil one" (the devil) in particular. In the original Greek, as well as in the Latin translation, the word could be either of neuter (evil in general) or masculine (the evil one) gender. Matthew's version of the prayer appears in the Sermon on the Mount, in earlier parts of which the term is used to refer to general evil. Later parts of Matthew refer to the devil when discussing similar issues. However, the devil is never referred to as the evil one in any known Aramaic sources. While John Calvin accepted the vagueness of the term's meaning, he considered that there is little real difference between the two interpretations, and that therefore the question is of no real consequence. Similar phrases are found in John 17:15 and 2 Thessalonians 3:3.[51]
Doxology[edit]
"For thine is the kingdom, the power, and the glory, For ever and ever. Amen."
See also: Matthew 6:13
The doxology of the prayer is not contained in Luke's version, nor is it present in the earliest manuscripts of Matthew,[52] representative of the Alexandrian text, although it is present in the manuscripts representative of the later Byzantine text.[53] Most scholars do not consider it part of the original text of Matthew.[54][55] New translations generally omit it.[56]
The first known use of the doxology, in a less lengthy form ("for yours is the power and the glory forever"),[57] as a conclusion for the Lord's Prayer (in a version slightly different from that of Matthew) is in the Didache, 8:2. It has similarities with 1 Chronicles—"Yours, O LORD, is the greatness and the power and the glory and the victory and the majesty, for all that is in the heavens and in the earth is yours. Yours is the kingdom, O LORD, and you are exalted as head above all." In the Byzantine Rite, a similar doxology is sung within the context of the Divine Liturgy. Following the last line of the prayer, the priest sings "For thine is the kingdom and the power and the glory, of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, now and ever and unto ages of ages."
Latin Church Roman Catholics do not use the doxology when reciting the Lord's Prayer, because it is not part of their received liturgical tradition and is not found in the Latin Vulgate of St. Jerome. Since 1970 it is included in the Roman Rite Mass as an independent item, not as part of the Lord's Prayer. The Anglican Book of Common Prayer sometimes gives the Lord's Prayer with the doxology, sometimes without.[58] Most Protestants append it to the Lord's Prayer.
Use as a language comparison tool[edit]
Detail of the Europa Polyglotta published with Synopsis Universae Philologiae in 1741; the map gives the first phrase of the Lord's Prayer in 33 different languages of Europe.
In the course of Christianization, one of the first texts to be translated between many languages has historically been the Lord's Prayer, long before the full Bible would be translated into the respective languages. Since the 16th century, collections of translations of the prayer have often been used for a quick comparison of languages.
The first such collection, with 22 versions, was Mithridates de differentis linguis by Conrad Gessner (1555; the title refers to Mithridates VI of Pontus who according to Pliny the Elder was an exceptional polyglot).
Gessner's idea of collecting translations of the prayer was taken up by authors of the 17th century, including Hieronymus Megiserus (1603) and Georg Pistorius (1621). Thomas Lüdeken in 1680 published an enlarged collection of 83 versions of the prayer, of which three were in fictional philosophical languages. Lüdeken quotes as a Barnum Hagius as his source for the exotic scripts used, while their true (anonymous) author was Andreas Müller. In 1700, Lübeck's collection was re-edited by B. Mottus as Oratio dominica plus centum linguis versionibus aut characteribus reddita et expressa. This edition was comparatively inferior, but a second, revised edition was published in 1715 by John Chamberlain. This 1715 edition was used by Gottfried Hensel in his Synopsis Universae Philologiae (1741) to compile "geographico-polyglot maps" where the beginning of the prayer was shown in the geographical area where the respective languages were spoken. Johann Ulrich Kraus also published a collection with more than 100 entries.[59]
Lord's Prayer in Classical Chinese
These collections continued to be improved and expanded well into the 19th century; Johann Christoph Adelung and Johann Severin Vater in 1806–1817 published the prayer in "well-nigh five hundred languages and dialects".[60]
Samples of scripture, including the Lord's Prayer, were published in 52 oriental languages, most of them not previously found in such collections, translated by the brethren of the Serampore Mission and printed at the mission press there in 1818.
Relation to Jewish prayer[edit]
There are similarities between the Lord's Prayer and both biblical and post-biblical material in Jewish prayer especially Kiddushin 81a (Babylonian).[61] "Hallowed be thy name" is reflected in the Kaddish. "Lead us not into sin" is echoed in the "morning blessings" of Jewish prayer. A blessing said by some Jewish communities after the evening Shema includes a phrase quite similar to the opening of the Lord's Prayer: "Our God in heaven, hallow thy name, and establish thy kingdom forever, and rule over us for ever and ever. Amen." There are parallels also in 1 Chronicles 29:10–18.[62]
Rabbi Aron Mendes Chumaceiro has said[63] that nearly all the elements of the prayer have counterparts in the Jewish Bible and Deuterocanonical books: the first part in Isaiah 63:15–16 ("Look down from heaven and see, from your holy and beautiful habitation ... For you are our Father ...") and Ezekiel 36:23 ("I will vindicate the holiness of my great name ...") and Ezekiel 38:23 ("I will show my greatness and my holiness and make myself known in the eyes of many nations ..."), the second part in Obadiah 1:21 ("Saviours shall go up to Mount Zion to rule Mount Esau, and the kingdom shall be the LORD's") and 1 Samuel 3:18 ("... It is the LORD. Let him do what seems good to him"), the third part in Proverbs 30:8 ("... feed me with my apportioned bread"), the fourth part in Sirach 28:2 ("Forgive your neighbour the wrong he has done, and then your sins will be pardoned when you pray"). "Deliver us from evil" can be compared with Psalm 119:133 ("... let no iniquity get dominion over me."). Chumaceiro says that, because the idea of God leading a human into temptation contradicts the righteousness and love of God, "Lead us not into temptation" has no counterpart in the Jewish Bible/Christian Old Testament.
The word "πειρασμός", which is translated as "temptation", could also be translated as "test" or "trial", making evident the attitude of someone's heart. Well-known examples in the Old Testament are God's test of Abraham (Genesis 22:1), his "moving" (the Hebrew word means basically "to prick, as by weeds, thorns") David to do (numbering Israel) what David later acknowledged as sin (2 Samuel 24:1–10; see also 1 Chronicles 21:1–7), and the Book of Job.
Musical settings[edit]
In modern times, various composers have incorporated The Lord's Prayer into a musical setting for utilization during liturgical services for a variety of religious traditions as well as interfaith ceremonies. Included among them are:
9th-10th century: Gregorian chant
1878: Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky — Otche Nash (Отче наш; Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom, op. 41)
1883: Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov — Otche Nash
1910: Sergei Rachmaninoff — Otche Nash (Отче наш; Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom, op. 31)
1926: Igor Stravinsky — Otche Nash (1926), arr. Pater Noster (Latin, some time later)
1935: The Lord's Prayer (Albert Hay Malotte song)
1974: The Lord's Prayer (Sister Janet Mead song) — 1974 hit song
1992: John Serry Sr. — The Lord's Prayer for Organ & Chorus[64]
1999: John Tavener — The Lord's Prayer
2005: Christopher Tin — Baba Yetu
2016: Chris M. Allport — The Lord's Prayer
See also[edit]
Christianity portal
Amen
Didache, an early book of rituals which mentions saying the prayer three times daily
Discourse on ostentation, a portion of the Sermon on the Mount
Five Discourses of Matthew
High Priestly Prayer
Prayer in the New Testament
Novum Testamentum Graece, the primary source for most contemporary New Testament translations
Textus Receptus
Church of the Pater Noster on the Mount of Olives, Jerusalem
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Luke 11:1 NRSV
Jump up ^ "Catechism of the Catholic Church - The summary of the whole Gospel". Retrieved 14 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Kang, K. Connie. "Across the globe, Christians are united by Lord's Prayer." Los Angeles Times, in Houston Chronicle, p. A13, April 8, 2007.
Jump up ^ Farmer, William R., The Gospel of Jesus: The Pastoral Relevance of the Synoptic Problem, Westminster John Knox Press (1994), p. 49, ISBN 978-0-664-25514-5
Jump up ^ The text given here is that of the latest edition of Greek New Testament of the United Bible Societies and in the Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece. Most modern translations use a text similar to this one. Most older translations are based on a Byzantine-type text with ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς in line 5 (verse 10) instead of ἐπὶ γῆς, and ἀφίεμεν in line 8 (verse 12) instead of ἀφήκαμεν, and adding at the end (verse 13) the doxology ὅτι σοῦ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας. ἀμήν.
Jump up ^ Three editions of the Vulgate: the Clementine edition of the Vulgate, which varies from the Nova Vulgata only in punctuation and in having "ne nos inducas" in place of "ne inducas nos", and another edition of the Vulgate, which has "qui in caelis es" in place of "qui es in caelis"; "veniat" in place of "adveniat"; "dimisimus" in place of "dimittimus"; "temptationem" in place of "tentationem".
Jump up ^ In the Nova Vulgata, the official Latin Bible of the Catholic Church, the last word is capitalized, indicating that it is a reference to Malus (the Evil One), not to malum (evil).
Jump up ^ The doxology associated with the Lord's Prayer in Byzantine Greek texts is found in four Vetus Latina manuscripts, only two of which give it in its entirety. The other surviving manuscripts of the Vetus Latina Gospels do not have the doxology. The Vulgate translation also does not include it, thus agreeing with critical editions of the Greek text.
Jump up ^ The Greek Orthodox Church uses a slightly different Greek version. which can be found in the Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom ([1] Greek Orthodox Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom]), as presented in the [2] 1904 text of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople] and various Greek prayer books and liturgies. This is the Greek version of the Lord's Prayer most widely used for prayer and liturgy today, and is similar to other texts of the Byzantine text-type used in older English Bible translations, with ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς instead of ἐπὶ γῆς on line 5 and ἀφίεμεν instead of ἀφήκαμεν (present rather than aorist tense) in line 8. The last part, ὅτι σοῦ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας· ἀμήν, is said by the priest after the prayer.
Jump up ^ 2002 edition; 1962 edition, pp. 312−313
Jump up ^ The version of the Lord's Prayer most familiar to Christians until the Protestant Reformation, and beyond for Catholics, is that in the Roman Missal, which has had cultural and historical importance for most regions where English is spoken. The text is used in the Roman Rite liturgy (Mass, Liturgy of the Hours, etc.). It differs from the Vulgate in having cotidianum in place of supersubstantialem. It does not add the Byzantine doxology: this is never joined immediately to the Lord's Prayer in the Latin liturgy or the Latin Bible, but it appears, in the form quia tuum est regnum, et potestas, et gloria, in saecula, in the Mass of the Roman Rite, as revised in 1969, separated from the Lord's Prayer by the prayer, Libera nos, quaesumus... (the embolism), which elaborates on the final petition, libera nos a malo (deliver us from evil). Others have translated the Byzantine doxology into Latin as quia tuum est regnum; et potentia et gloria; per omnia saecula or in saecula saeculorum.
Jump up ^ In editions of the Roman Missal prior to that of 1962 (the edition of Pope John XXIII) the word cotidianum was spelled quotidianum.
Jump up ^ In Greek: Ὅτι σοῦ ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δόξα· τοῦ Πατρὸς καὶ τοῦ Υἱοῦ καὶ τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος· νῦν καὶ ἀεὶ καὶ εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων. Ἀμήν.
Jump up ^ "The 1928 Book of Common Prayer: Family Prayer". Retrieved 14 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church
Jump up ^ "The Communion". Retrieved 14 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Praying Together
Jump up ^ Augustine, On the Sermon on the Mount, Book II, Chapter 5, 17–18; original text
Jump up ^ Rowan Williams, The Lord's Prayer
Jump up ^ G. Dalman, The Words of Jesus (1909), 99. As cited in G. E. Ladd, The Presence of the Future (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans 1974), 137
Jump up ^ George Eldon Ladd, The Presence of the Future: The Eschatology of Biblical Realism, Eerdmans (Grand Rapids: 1974), 45.
Jump up ^ George Eldon Ladd, The Presence of the Future: The Eschatology of Biblical Realism, Eerdmans (Grand Rapids: 1974), 46–47.
Jump up ^ G. E. Ladd, The Presence of the Future (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans 1974), 136–137
Jump up ^ Hilda C. Graef, St. Gregory of Nyssa: The Lord's Prayer and the Beatitudes (Ancient Christin Writers, No. 18), Paulist Press (New York: 1954), n.68, p. 187.
^ Jump up to: a b Ortberg, John Ortberg. “God is Closer Than You Think”. Zondervan,2005, p.176.
Jump up ^ "Matthew 6:11 Interlinear: 'Our appointed bread give us to-day". Retrieved 14 October 2016.
Jump up ^ The New Greek-English Interlinear New Testament, 1993, The United Bible Societies, (basis: UBS4 Greek text), page x of Introduction
Jump up ^ "Matthew 20:2 Interlinear: and having agreed with the workmen for a denary a day, he sent them into his vineyard". Retrieved 14 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Luke 9:23 Interlinear: And he said unto all, 'If any one doth will to come after me, let him disown himself, and take up his cross daily, and follow me;". Retrieved 14 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Acts 6:1 Interlinear: And in these days, the disciples multiplying, there came a murmuring of the Hellenists at the Hebrews, because their widows were being overlooked in the daily ministration,". Retrieved 14 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Acts 17:11 Interlinear: and these were more noble than those in Thessalonica, they received the word with all readiness of mind, every day examining the Writings whether those things were so;". Retrieved 14 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Acts 17:17 Interlinear: therefore, indeed, he was reasoning in the synagogue with the Jews, and with the worshipping persons, and in the market-place every day with those who met with him". Retrieved 14 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Acts 19:9 Interlinear: and when certain were hardened and were disbelieving, speaking evil of the way before the multitude, having departed from them, he did separate the disciples, every day reasoning in the school of a certain Tyrannus". Retrieved 14 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "2 Corinthians 11:28 Interlinear: apart from the things without -- the crowding upon me that is daily -- the care of all the assemblies". Retrieved 14 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Hebrews 3:13 Interlinear: but exhort ye one another every day, while the To-day is called, that none of you may be hardened by the deceitfulness of the sin,". Retrieved 14 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Hebrews 10:11 Interlinear: and every priest, indeed, hath stood daily serving, and the same sacrifices many times offering, that are never able to take away sins". Retrieved 14 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Catechism of the Catholic Church - The seven petitions". Retrieved 14 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Cf. [3] Barclay M. Newman, A Concise Greek-English Dictionary of the New Testament, Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, United Bible Societies 2010 ISBN 978-3-438-06019-8. Partial preview]
Jump up ^ Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon: οὐσία
Jump up ^ Chaignot, Mary Jane. Questions and Answers. <http://biblewise.com/archives/2005/september/overview/questions.htm#trespasses> Accessed:11 Feb 2013
Jump up ^ [4] Nathan Eubank, Wages of Cross-Bearing and Debt of Sin (Walter de Gruyter 2013 ISBN 978-31-1030407-7), p. 2
Jump up ^ [5] John S. Kloppenborg, Q, the Earliest Gospel (Westminster John Knox Press 2008 ISBN 978-1-61164058-8), p. 58.
Jump up ^ See: Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, edited by Kittel and Friedrich, Abridged in One Volume by Goeoffrey W. Bromiley; William B. Eeerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids, Mich; 1985; Pages 746–750: Gives use of ὸφείλω opheilo (to owe, be under obligation), ὸφειλή opheile (debt, obligation) and two other word forms as used in the New Testament and outside the New Testament, including use in Judaism.
Jump up ^ Deane, Anthony C. (1926). "Our Father: A Study of the Lord's Prayer. Chapter VI. Forgiveness". abcog.org. Archived from the original on 3 December 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Entry for Strong's #3986: πειρασμός". StudyLight.org.
Jump up ^ Jung, Carl, "Answer to Job"
Jump up ^ Psalm 26:2 and Psalm 139:23 are respectful challenges for a test to prove the writer's innocence and integrity.
Jump up ^ Clontz, T.E. and J., "The Comprehensive New Testament", Cornerstone Publications (2008), pp. 451–452, ISBN 978-0-9778737-1-5
Jump up ^ JST Matthew 6:14
Jump up ^ "Pope Francis wants Lord's Prayer changed". BBC News. December 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Clontz, p. 452
Jump up ^ Nicholas Ayo, The Lord's Prayer: A Survey Theological and Literary, University of Notre Dame Press (1993), p. 7, ISBN 978-0-268-01292-2
Jump up ^ Clontz, p. 8
Jump up ^ David E. Aune, The Blackwell Companion to the New Testament (Blackwell 2010 ISBN 978-1-4051-0825-6), p. 299.
Jump up ^ Kurt Aland and Barbara Aland, The Text of the New Testament (Eerdmans 1998 ISBN 0-8028-4098-1), p. 306.
Jump up ^ The doxology is not included in the following modern translations: American Standard Version Contemporary English Version English Standard Version GOD'S WORD Translation Good News Translation New International Reader's Version New International Version New Living Translation Today's New International Version. It is enclosed in square brackets in Holman Christian Standard Bible New American Standard Bible New Century Version. Two publications that are updates of the Authorized King James Version rather than new translations keep it: 21st Century King James Version and New King James Version; but the second of these adds a note: " "NU-Text omits For Yours through Amen."
Jump up ^ "Early Christian Fathers - Christian Classics Ethereal Library". Retrieved 14 October 2016.
Jump up ^ For instance, in Morning Prayer the doxology is included in the Lord's Prayer in the Introduction, but not in the Prayers after the Apostles' Creed.
Jump up ^ Augustin Backer, Alois Backer, Bibliothèque des écrivains de la compagnie de Jésus ou notices bibliographiques, vol. 5, 1839, 304f.
Jump up ^ Mithridates oder allgemeine Sprachenkunde mit dem Vater Unser als Sprachprobe in bey nahe fünf hundert Sprachen und Mundarten, 1806–1817, Berlin, Vossische Buchlandlung, 4 volumes. Facsimile edition, Hildesheim-Nueva York, Georg Olms Verlag, 1970.
Jump up ^ Clontz, p. 451
Jump up ^ Clontz, pp. 8, 451
Jump up ^ "Verdediging is geen aanval" pp. 121–122
Jump up ^ Library of Congress Copyright Office.The Lord's Prayer, Composer: John Serry Sr., September 2, 1992, #PAU 1-665-838
Bibliography[edit]
Clark, D. The Lord's Prayer. Origins and Early Interpretations (Studia Traditionis Theologiae, 21) Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2016, ISBN 978-2-503-56537-8
Albright, W.F. and C.S. Mann. "Matthew." The Anchor Bible Series. New York: Doubleday & Company, 1971.
Augsburger, Myron. Matthew. Waco, Texas: Word Books, 1982.
Barclay, William. The Gospel of Matthew: Volume 1 Chapters 1–10. Edinburgh: Saint Andrew Press, 1975.
Beare, Francis Wright. The Gospel According to Matthew. Oxford: B. Blackwell, 1981.
Brown, Raymond E. The Pater Noster as an Eschatological Prayer, article in Theological Studies (1961) Volume 22, pages 175-208: available online as a PDF file from the website of Marquette University; also reprinted in New Testament Essays (1965)
Clontz, T.E. and J., "The Comprehensive New Testament with complete textual variant mapping and references for the Dead Sea Scrolls, Philo, Josephus, Nag Hammadi Library, Pseudepigrapha, Apocrypha, Plato, Egyptian Book of the Dead, Talmud, Old Testament, Patristic Writings, Dhammapada, Tacitus, Epic of Gilgamesh", Cornerstone Publications, 2008, ISBN 978-0-9778737-1-5
Filson, Floyd V. A Commentary on the Gospel According to St. Matthew. London: A. & C. Black, 1960.
Fowler, Harold. The Gospel of Matthew: Volume One. Joplin: College Press, 1968
France, R.T. The Gospel According to Matthew: an Introduction and Commentary. Leicester: Inter-Varsity, 1985.
Hendriksen, William. The Gospel of Matthew. Edinburgh: Banner of Truth Trust, 1976
Hill, David. The Gospel of Matthew. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1981
"Lilies in the Field." A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature. David Lyle Jeffrey, general editor. Grand Rapids: W.B. Eerdmans, 1992.
Lewis, Jack P. The Gospel According to Matthew. Austin, Texas: R.B. Sweet, 1976..
Luz, Ulrich. Matthew 1–7: A Commentary. trans. Wilhlem C. Linss. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 1989.
Morris, Leon. The Gospel According to Matthew. Grand Rapids: W.B. Eerdmans, 1992.
Schweizer, Eduard. The Good News According to Matthew. Atlanta: John Knox Press, 1975
Underhill, Evelyn, Abba. A meditation on the Lord's Prayer (1940); reprint 2003.
External links[edit]
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value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

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/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-als
display: none;

value: አባታችን ሆይ – Amharic

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interlanguage-link interwiki-am
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ang
display: none;

value: الصلاة الربية – Arabic

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interlanguage-link interwiki-an
display: none;

value: ܨܠܘܬܐ ܡܪܢܝܬܐ – Aramaic

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interlanguage-link interwiki-arc
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-frp
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

value:
https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ore_Ru
Ore Ru – Guarani
gn
gn
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gn
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ay
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

value: Малітва Гасподняя – Belarusian

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interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

value: Ойча наш – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

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interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-bi
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
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interlanguage-link interwiki-bar
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interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
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interlanguage-link interwiki-br
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interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
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interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-tum
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-co
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

value:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fader_vor
Fader vor – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-nv
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

value: Κυριακή προσευχή – Greek

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interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-eml
display: none;

value: Тетянек – Erzya

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interlanguage-link interwiki-myv
display: none;

value:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patro_nia
Patro nia – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

value:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gure_Aita
Gure Aita – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

value: دعای ربانی – Persian

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interlanguage-link interwiki-hif
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-fo
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
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interlanguage-link interwiki-fur
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-gv
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-gd
display: none;

value:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosopai
Nosopai – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

value: Amchea Bapa - The Lord's Prayer – Goan Konkani

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gom
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hak
display: none;

value: 주님의 기도 – Korean

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-haw
display: none;

value: Տերունական աղոթք – Armenian

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interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

value: परमात्मा की प्रार्थना – Hindi

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interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

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https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patro_nia
Patro nia – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ia
display: none;

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https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patre_nor
Patre nor – Interlingue
ie
ie
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ie
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ik
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-xh
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

value: תפילת האדון – Hebrew

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kl
display: none;

value:
https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibpa_Mi
Ibpa Mi – Pampanga
pam
pam
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pam
display: none;

value: მამაო ჩვენო – Georgian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-csb
display: none;

value:
https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pader
Pader – Cornish
kw
kw
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kw
display: none;

value:
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_yetu
Baba yetu – Swahili
sw
sw
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

value: Батьӧй миян – Komi

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kv
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ku
display: none;

value: Асмандагы Атабыз – Kyrgyz

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

value:
https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eise_Papp
Eise Papp – Luxembourgish
lb
lb
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lij
display: none;

value:
https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oze_vader
Oze vader – Limburgish
li
li
interlanguage-link-target

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interlanguage-link interwiki-li
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ln
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-mg
display: none;

value: കർത്തൃപ്രാർത്ഥന – Malayalam

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-mi
display: none;

value: Менелень Аляньке – Moksha

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-my
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nah
display: none;

value:
https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_Masu
Na Masu – Fijian
fj
fj
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fj
display: none;

value:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onzevader
Onzevader – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nap
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

value:
https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ama_Mi
Ama Mi – Pangasinan
pag
pag
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pag
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-koi
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pms
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nds
display: none;

value: Πάτερ Ημών – Pontic

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt
display: none;

value:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pai_Nosso
Pai Nosso – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy
display: none;

value:
https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babnoss
Babnoss – Romansh
rm
rm
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-rm
display: none;

value:
https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yayayku
Yayayku – Quechua
qu
qu
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-qu
display: none;

value: Отче наш – Rusyn

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-rue
display: none;

value: Отче наш – Russian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sm
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sc
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-st
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nso
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-scn
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ss
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cu
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-szl
display: none;

value: Оченаш – Serbian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-su
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

value:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ama_Namin
Ama Namin – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

value: கிறித்து கற்பித்த செபம் – Tamil

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara
display: none;

value: Күктәге Атабыз – Tatar

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tt
display: none;

value: คำอธิษฐานขององค์พระผู้เป็นเจ้า – Thai

value: ᎣᎩᏙᏓ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎮᎯ – Cherokee

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-chr
display: none;

value: ಕರ್ತವ ಪ್ರಾರ್ಥನೆ – Tulu

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

value: دعائے ربانی – Urdu

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vec
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vep
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vo
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wa
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vls
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ts
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-diq
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zea
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg
display: none;

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

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value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

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