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Sweet Caroline
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For the Prison Break episode, see Sweet Caroline (Prison Break episode). For the Status Quo song, see Caroline (Status Quo song).
"Sweet Caroline"
Single by Neil Diamond
B-side
"Dig In"
Released
June 1969
Genre
Soft rock
Length
3:21
Label
Uni/MCA
Songwriter(s)
Neil Diamond
Producer(s)
Tommy Cogbill
Neil Diamond
Chips Moman
Neil Diamond singles chronology
"Brother Love's Traveling Salvation Show"
(1969) "Sweet Caroline"
(1969) "Holly Holy"
(1969)
"Brother Love's Traveling Salvation Show"
(1969) "Sweet Caroline"
(1969) "Holly Holy"
(1969)
"Sweet Caroline" is a song written and performed by American recording artist Neil Diamond and released in June 1969 as a single with the title "Sweet Caroline (Good Times Never Seemed So Good)". It was arranged by Charles Calello,[1] and recorded at American Sound Studio in Memphis, Tennessee.
The song reached No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart the week ending August 16, 1969,[2] and was certified gold by the RIAA on August 18, 1969, for sales of one million singles.[3] "Sweet Caroline" was also the first of fifty-eight entries on the US Easy Listening chart, peaking at #3.[4]
In the autumn of 1969, Diamond performed "Sweet Caroline" on several television shows. It later reached No. 8 on the UK singles chart in 1971.
In a 2007 interview, Diamond stated the inspiration for his song was John F. Kennedy's daughter, Caroline, who was eleven years old at the time it was released.[5][6] Diamond sang the song to her at her 50th birthday celebration in 2007.[7] On December 21, 2011, in an interview on CBS's The Early Show, Diamond said that a magazine cover photo of Caroline Kennedy as a young child on a horse with her parents in the background created an image in his mind, and the rest of the song came together about five years after seeing the picture.[8] However, in 2014 Diamond said the song was about his then-wife Marsha, but he needed a three-syllable name to fit the melody.[8]
The song has proven to be enduringly popular and, as of November 2014, has sold over two million digital downloads in the United States.[9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Chart history
1.1 Weekly charts
1.2 Year-end charts
2 Versions
3 Use at sporting events
4 Personnel
5 Cover versions
6 References
7 External links
Chart history[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1969)
Peak
position
Australia KMR 3
Canada RPM Top Singles[10] 3
Canada RPM Adult Contemporary[11] 2
US Billboard Hot 100[12] 4
US Billboard Adult Contemporary[13] 3
US Cash Box Top 100[14] 3
Chart (1971)
Peak
position
Germany 37
Ireland (IRMA)[15] 9
Netherlands 16
UK (OCC) 8
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1969)
Rank
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[16] 37
US Billboard Hot 100[17] 22
US Cash Box [18] 26
Versions[edit]
There are three distinct mixes of this song. The original mono 45 mix had a louder orchestra and glockenspiel compared to the stereo version on the Brother Love's Travelling Salvation Show LP. The third version was a remix found only on the initial CD release of Diamond's His 12 Greatest Hits.[19] This version has the orchestra mixed down and has the background vocals mixed up. It has a longer fade as well. A live version of the song is on his Hot August Night LP.
Use at sporting events[edit]
The playing of "Sweet Caroline" has become a fixture at many sporting events in the United States. In this version, the horn figure after Diamond sings "Sweet Caroline" in the chorus is replaced by the crowd singing "Bap Bap Bah”, and after he sings "Good times never seemed so good," the crowd sings "So good, so good, so good." This pattern is repeated whenever the chorus is played.
The song has been played at Fenway Park, home of Major League Baseball's Boston Red Sox, since at least 1997,[20] and in the middle of the eighth inning at every game since 2002.[21] On opening night of the 2010 season at Fenway Park, the song was performed by Diamond himself. "Sweet Caroline" was played at Penn State Nittany Lions football games at Beaver Stadium until August 2012, halting after the Penn State child sex abuse scandal.[22][23] Performances at Beaver Stadium resumed in September 2013, however.[24] The song is played at the start of the fourth quarter of Pittsburgh Panthers Football games at Heinz Field.[25] In response, West Virginia University students and fans will yell "eat shit, Pitt" during the refrain if heard played.[26] It is also an unofficial song of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, being played at athletic events and pep rallies.
On April 16, 2013, the day after the Boston Marathon bombing, the New York Yankees – longtime rivals of the Red Sox – announced they would play the song during their home game, preceded by a moment of silence, as a tribute to the victims.[27] On Saturday, April 20, 2013, during the 8th inning of the Red Sox-Kansas City game in Fenway Park, Neil Diamond led the crowd in a rendition of the song. The song was sung at sporting events across the country after the Boston Marathon bombings, in efforts to show solidarity with those affected by the tragedy. It was also played right before the start of the Hamburg Marathon in Hamburg, Germany, on Sunday, April 21, 2013, subsequent to a minute of silence.[28] The song was also played before the start of the Stockholm Marathon in Stockholm, Sweden, on Saturday, June 1, 2013, as a tribute to those affected by the Boston Marathon bombings.
On April 25, 2013, "Sweet Caroline" was played following a tribute to the victims of the Boston Marathon bombing during the NFL Draft. Diamond has announced that he will donate all royalties from sales of the song since the marathon bombings to the One Fund Boston charity to help the people most affected by the bombings.[29] Diamond said that sales of the song surged nearly 600 percent in the week after the bombings, to 19,000 copies, up from 2,800 the week before.[30]
The song is played after every Carolina Panthers home win.
The song is used by the Northern Ireland national football team fans at major tournaments. It is also used by the Castleford Tigers rugby league club after a win at the Mend a hose stadium.[31] It is also used by Northern Irish darts player Daryl Gurney in his walk-on prior to matches which he plays in.
The song is also played during the quarter time break of Sydney Swans AFL home games at the Sydney Cricket Ground.
The song has also been adopted by Oxford United.[32]
The song's introduction, first verse and chorus are one of the regular songs played at English T20 cricket matches, getting particular coverage on televised matches, especially when David "Bumble" Lloyd is part of the commentary team. It is also played at the Olympia Horse Show.
At the 2018 Australian Open Women's Final, Sweet Caroline was played when Caroline Wozniacki won her maiden Grand Slam Title.
English Championship Football Team Bolton Wanderers use the song Sweet Caroline when the teams are coming out of the tunnel.
Personnel[edit]
Neil Diamond - vocals, guitar
Cover versions[edit]
Roy Orbison covered the song on his 1973 album Milestones, primarily a covers album.
Claude Gray in 1986 released a cover version. It peaked at #77 on the Billboard country charts, making it his last charted single to date.
In November 2001, Dustin the Turkey took the song to number one on the Irish Singles Chart.
DJ Ötzi, an Austrian entertainer and singer released it in 2009 finding great success in German-speaking charts peaking at number 19 on the German Singles Chart and number 18 on the Austrian charts.[33]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Calello, Charles. "Calello's Billboard Magazine Top 100". Retrieved June 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ Billboard, Hot 100, August 16, 1969
Jump up ^ "Gold & Platinum". www.riaa.com. RIAA. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2002). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961-2001. Record Research. p. 78.
Jump up ^ Glaister, Dan (November 21, 2007). "Neil Diamond reveals secret of Sweet Caroline". The Guardian. London. Retrieved June 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ Beggy, Carol; Shanahan, Mark (November 21, 2007). "'Sweet Caroline' revealed". The Boston Globe. Retrieved March 15, 2008.
Jump up ^ Cohen, Sandy (November 20, 2007). "Diamond Reveals `Caroline' Inspiration". Washington Post. Associated Press. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Respers, Lisa (October 20, 2014). "Neil Diamond reveals story behind 'Sweet Caroline'". CNN. Retrieved January 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Appel, Rich (November 26, 2014). "Revisionist History, Part 5: Bon Jovi's 'Prayer' Answered, 'Caroline' Is Sweeter Than 'Sugar'". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved November 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2017-04-04.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2017-04-04.
Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-1990 - ISBN 0-89820-089-X
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1993). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961–1993. Record Research. p. 72.
Jump up ^ "Cash Box Top 100 8/30/69". tropicalglen.com.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Sweet Caroline". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved June 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "RPM Top Singles of 1969". Library and Archives Canada. RPM. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1969/Top 100 Songs of 1969". www.musicoutfitters.com.
Jump up ^ "Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1969". tropicalglen.com.
Jump up ^ "Neil Diamond Album Overview Part 4: 1981-2003 The Compilation-Mania Years". Retrieved June 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ Browne, Ian (April 17, 2013). "Fenway Park's anthem started innocuously". MLB.com. Retrieved April 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ Vosk, Stephanie (May 29, 2005). "Another mystery of the Diamond, explained at last". The Boston Globe.
Jump up ^ Clark, Lauren (2012-08-27). "Penn State Kills 'Sweet Caroline'". Boston Magazine. Retrieved 2016-10-02.
Jump up ^ "No 'Sweet Caroline' at Penn State games, no public allowed in most athletic facilities – This Just In - CNN.com Blogs". News.blogs.cnn.com. Retrieved 2016-10-02.
Jump up ^ Horne, Kevin (2013-09-23). "Sweet Caroline Returns to Beaver Stadium". Onward State. Retrieved 2016-10-24.
Jump up ^ "WVU College Gameday 'Sweet Caroline'". YouTube. November 1, 2014. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Summer Ratcliff (2014-11-02), WVU College GameDay "Sweet Caroline", retrieved 2017-08-23
Jump up ^ "Yankees Twitter". New York Yankees. April 16, 2013. Retrieved April 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "15,000 expected at Hamburg Marathon". TheLocal. April 20, 2013. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Neil Diamond to Donate 'Sweet Caroline' Royalties to Boston Bombing Charity". The New York Times. April 25, 2013. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Neil Diamond to Donate 'Sweet Caroline' Royalties to Boston Charity". The Hollywood Reporter. April 25, 2013. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ Wilson, Andy (17 March 2014). "Set of Six: Why Castleford Tigers fans are singing Neil Diamond's Sweet Caroline". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "A Song for Wembley".
Jump up ^ Austriancharts.at: DJ ÖTZI - "Sweet Caroline"
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[show]
v
t
e
Neil Diamond singles discography
Singles 1960s
1962
"You Are My Love at Last"
"I'm Afraid"
1963
"At Night"
1966
"Solitary Man"
"Cherry, Cherry"
"I Got the Feelin' (Oh No No)"
1967
"Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon"
"Thank the Lord for the Night Time"
"Kentucky Woman"
"Some Day Baby"
1968
"New Orleans"
"Red Red Wine"
"Brooklyn Roads"
"Two-Bit Manchild"
"Shilo"
"Sunday Sun"
1969
"Brother Love's Travelling Salvation Show"
"Sweet Caroline"
"Holly Holy"
Singles 1970s
1970
"Shilo"
"Until It's Time for You to Go"
"Soolaimon"
"And The Grass Won't Pay No Mind"
"Solitary Man"
"Cracklin' Rosie"
"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother"
"Do It"
1971
"I Am... I Said"
"Done Too Soon"
"I'm a Believer"
"Stones"
1972
"Song Sung Blue"
"Play Me"
"Walk on Water"
1973
"Cherry, Cherry"
"The Long Way Home"
"The Last Thing on My Mind"
"Be"
1974
"Skybird"
"Longfellow Serenade"
1975
"Morningside"
"I've Been This Way Before"
"The Last Picasso"
1976
"If You Know What I Mean"
"Don't Think... Feel"
"Beautiful Noise"
1977
"Stargazer"
"Lady-Oh"
"Desiree"
1978
"God Only Knows"
"Let Me Take You In My Arms Again"
"I'm Glad You're Here With Me Tonight"
"You Don't Bring Me Flowers"
"The Dancing Bumble Bee / Bumble Boogie"
1979
"Forever in Blue Jeans"
"Say Maybe"
"The American Popular Song"
"September Morn"
Singles 1980s
1980
"That Kind"
"The Good Lord Loves You"
"Dancing in the Street"
"Love on the Rocks"
1981
"Hello Again"
"America"
"Yesterday's Songs"
1982
"On the Way to the Sky"
"Be Mine Tonight"
"Rainy Day Song"
"Heartlight"
1983
"I'm Alive"
"Turn Around"
[show]
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweet_Caroline&oldid=838401715"
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Vivo
Company logo
Native name
VIVO Mobile Communication Device（Dongguan）Co. Ltd
Type
Subsidiary
Industry
Consumer electronics
Founded
2009; 8 years ago (2009)
Founder
Shěn Wěi (沈炜)
Headquarters
Dongguan, Guangdong, China
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Shěn Wěi
(President and CEO)
Products
Smartphones, Smartphone Accessories, Software, and Online Services
Parent
BBK Electronics
Website
www.vivo.com/en/
vivo 维沃
Simplified Chinese
维沃移动通信有限公司
Traditional Chinese
維沃移動通信有限公司
Literal meaning
Vivo Mobile Communications Co., Ltd.
[show]Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Wéiwò Yídòng Tōngxìn Yǒuxiàn Gōngsī
Vivo is a Chinese technology company that designs, develops, and manufactures smartphones, smartphone accessories, software, and online services. It was founded in 2009 in Dongguan, Guangdong, China. The brand uses Hi-Fi chips in its smartphones.[1] Software developed by the company includes the Vivo App Store, iManager, and a proprietary Android-based operating system called Funtouch OS.
In 2012 Vivo released the X1.[2] The X1 was also the first Vivo phone to use a Hi-Fi chip, developed by American semiconductor company Cirrus Logic.[2] Vivo followed this up in 2013 by releasing the world’s first 2k-resolution screen phone, the Xplay3s.[3] Other popular phones in the Vivo lineup include the X5Pro, the X5Max, and the Xshot.
Vivo joined the ranks of the top 10 smartphone makers in the first quarter of 2015 with a global market share of 2.7%.[4] With research and development centers in Shenzhen and Nanjing, the company employed 1,600 R&D personnel as of January 2016.[5] Vivo smartphones is currently the sponsor for the Indian Premier League editions 2016 and 2017.
Contents
[hide]
1 Brand growth
2 Marketing
3 References
4 External links
Brand growth[edit]
Registered for the first time in 2009, Vivo has since become registered in over 100 countries around the world. Vivo began its international expansion in 2014 when it entered the Thai market.[6] The company quickly followed this up by launching in India, Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Myanmar, and the Philippines.[7][8][9][10]
In June, 2017 Vivo officially entered the Pakistan mobile phone market and currently it is one of the fastest growing smartphone brand in the country. [11][12]
Marketing[edit]
In October 2016, Vivo became the title sponsor of the Indian Premier League under a two-year deal starting in the 2016 season.[13][14] In July 2017, the deal was extended until 2022.[15]
In June 2017, Vivo reached a sponsorship deal with FIFA to become the official smartphone brand of the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups.[16] The company also became title sponsor of India's Pro Kabaddi.[17]
Vivo currently has a sponsorship deal with the U.S. National Basketball Association in China, with Golden State Warriors player Stephen Curry endorsing the brand in China and the Philippines.[18]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Soomal作品 – vivo X1智能手机音质测评报告. Soomal.com. Retrieved on 2017-01-03.
^ Jump up to: a b Vivo X1 arrives: world's new thinnest smartphone is also a joy for Hi-Fi enthusiasts Phonearena.com. Retrieved on 2017-01-03.
Jump up ^ Vivo officially unveils the Xplay 3S, the world’s first ‘2K’ smartphone. Androidauthority.com (2013-12-18). Retrieved on 2017-01-03.
Jump up ^ Top 10 smartphone makers in Q1 2015: Sony and Microsoft drop out of the picture, Chinese phone makers take over. Phonearena.com. Retrieved on 2017-01-03.
Jump up ^ Vivo Global Website About Page. Vivoglobal.com. Retrieved on 2017-01-03.
Jump up ^ Vivo Enters Thailand, Gunning for Overseas Markets. Gsmdome.com. Retrieved on 2017-01-03.
Jump up ^ Vivo Mobile enters Myanmar market. Dealstreetasia.com (2015-03-27). Retrieved on 2017-01-03.
Jump up ^ Chinese smartphone maker Vivo Mobile set to enter India, to launch X5Max on Dec 15. Bgr.in. Retrieved on 2017-01-03.
Jump up ^ Vivo Officially Launches Brand and X5Pro in Malaysia. Ipdatainfo.com (2015-06-25). Retrieved on 2017-01-03.
Jump up ^ Meet Vivo X5 Max - the world's slimmest smartphone at 4.75mm. Neotryx.com (2015-01-02). Retrieved on 2017-01-03.
Jump up ^ "Vivo Officially Launches Its Music and Camera Focused Smartphones in Pakistan". 2017-07-05. Retrieved 2017-08-21.
Jump up ^ Mustafa, Onsa (2017-06-29). "World's 5th Most Selling Smartphone Brand, Vivo will Launch in Pakistan on July 5th 2017 - PhoneWorld". PhoneWorld. Retrieved 2017-08-21.
Jump up ^ VIVO bags IPL title sponsorship for two years. Cricbuzz.com (2015-10-19). Retrieved on 2017-01-03.
Jump up ^ Vivo Formally Announces Partnership With BCCI as IPL Sponsor. Thequint.com (2015-10-27). Retrieved on 2017-01-03.
Jump up ^ "Vivo retains IPL title rights till 2022 after massive bid". Cricinfo. Retrieved 2017-06-27.
Jump up ^ "Vivo wants you to know its name so much it's sponsoring the World Cup". The Verge. Retrieved 4 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pro Kabaddi league: STAR Sports signs record five-year deal with VIVO". Hindustan Times. 2017-05-08. Retrieved 2017-09-04.
Jump up ^ Doland, Angela (2017-04-24). "Why Stephen Curry Is Plugging a Chinese Smartphone". Advertising Age. Retrieved 2017-08-17.
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Jennifer Jareau
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Jennifer Jareau
Criminal Minds character
A. J. Cook as Jennifer Jareau
First appearance
"Compulsion"
1x02, September 28, 2005
Created by
Jeff Davis
Portrayed by
A. J. Cook
Information
Nickname(s)
JJ
Occupation
FBI Special Agent
Title
FBI BAU Supervisory Special Agent
Family
Rosaline Jareau (sister, deceased)
Unnamed niece
Sandy Jareau (mother)
Unnamed sibling
Significant other(s)
William LaMontagne (Husband)
Children
Henry Jareau LaMontagne
Michael Jareau LaMontagne
Seasons
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13
Jennifer "JJ" Jareau is a fictional character from the CBS crime drama Criminal Minds, portrayed by A. J. Cook.
Contents
[hide]
1 Character background
2 Storylines
2.1 Promotion to Pentagon and brief return
2.2 Return to the BAU
2.3 Relationships and family
3 Characterization
3.1 Fears and obsessions
4 References
5 External links
Character background[edit]
During various episodes, Jareau has described growing up in a small town near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. When she was eleven, her seventeen-year-old sister Rosaline committed suicide[1] by cutting.[2] Rosaline's death was a particularly painful topic for her and she initially chose not to tell her young son about Rosaline, until her mother Sandy reminded her that avoidance was not the solution to dealing with the pain. A high school athlete, Jareau graduated valedictorian[3] from East Allegheny High School, where she was the captain of the varsity soccer team her senior year and earned an athletic scholarship to the University of Pittsburgh. She also attended Georgetown, presumably for graduate studies.
JJ decided to join the FBI after attending a book reading by BAU founder and then-Unit Chief Agent David Rossi. She once told Rossi that she had not known what to do with her life until she listened to his reading, which was held in the campus bookstore during her senior year in college. The next fall, she applied to the FBI Academy.
Storylines[edit]
In the FBI's Behavioral Analysis Unit (BAU), JJ acted as the team's liaison with the media and local police agencies.[4] Though talented and helpful, she was not actually a profiler, having once declined Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner's suggestion to take the necessary classes in behavioral analysis.[5] She works mostly out of the confines of the police stations and field offices the team visits. However, she does accompany the team on raids, and is proficient with firearms. This is made particularly clear when JJ resolves a hostage situation inside the BAU by killing the hostage-taker, Jason Clark Battle, with a single shot (Battle is a serial perpetrator of hero homicide, who lured Technical Analyst Penelope Garcia onto a date, and then shot her, in an attempt to keep his crimes from being discovered). During season six, JJ is given a promotion to the Pentagon; however, she returns in season seven as a full-time profiler, having received the necessary training. In season 9 ("200"), she is then kidnapped, and it is revealed that her year as the DOD Liaison at the Pentagon was a cover story. It turns out she was on a task force in Afghanistan, in search for Bin Laden. The team saves her, and in season 10, it is revealed she has PTSD, and hasn't been dealing with her ordeal being tortured when she was kidnapped, as well as 2 main events that happened when she was in Afghanistan, one of which includes her having a miscarriage, after a convoy was attacked. She tries to work through it with the help of Reid, who calls her on it when she disappears into the morgue one day, for almost a half-hour, after seeing herself on the table, in place of the victim.
Promotion to Pentagon and brief return[edit]
It is revealed in "JJ", that JJ had twice rejected a promotion to The Pentagon and hid the offers from her superiors. However, she is finally forced to transfer by "the brass."[6] JJ's departure reflects that Cook was let go at the beginning of season six, for financial reasons relating to the premiere of the spin-off Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior.[7] JJ's time at the Pentagon was revealed in depth in season nine.
Cook later returned for the departure of Paget Brewster (Agent Emily Prentiss).[8] In the episode titled "Lauren", JJ receives a call and returns to help the BAU find Emily and capture Ian Doyle. The episode ends with Emily presumed dead after being stabbed with a broken chair leg in the stomach. It is later revealed that Emily is alive and in Paris with JJ's help, providing her passports from three different countries and a bank account in each "to keep her comfortable". In the season six finale, JJ returns in order to tell David Rossi that she is "coming back".
In "200", it was revealed that JJ's transfer was a backstop and that she was actually put on a task force in the Middle East with Mateo Cruz (who later became the section chief of the BAU following Strauss's death). During this time, she witnessed a mission she had pushed for fail and discovered one of the task force's informants dead. In February 2011, while overseas, she discovered that she was pregnant. However, in April 2011, following the events of "Lauren", during an attack on the task force, she was wounded and miscarried the baby. She didn't initially tell Will of the pregnancy, and it remained a secret between her and Cruz. In "The Forever People", when she starts showing signs of PTSD, Reid calls her on it, and he tries to help her and talk to her. She eventually admits she had a miscarriage due to the attack on her convoy, and asks him to keep it between them.
Return to the BAU[edit]
The season seven premiere reveals that JJ has returned to the Behavioral Analysis Unit, having received the training to become a full-time profiler, instead of the Media Liaison, a position which has been split between Hotch and Garcia.
She is initially against summoning Prentiss "back from the dead," but Hotch insists on telling the team the truth. Also, she learns Reid is emotionally hurt by her deception, as she knew he cried for ten weeks after losing Prentiss and she never said a word, and Reid revealed he considered taking Dilaudid again.
In season nine, the events during her departure in 2010–11 returned when Mateo Cruz was promoted to Section Chief. In "The Road Home", while waiting to meet Cruz, she is suddenly kidnapped. In "200", it is revealed that she was kidnapped by a man named Tivon Askari, who was a traitor in the task force, in order to access files from her mission in the Middle East. She was held hostage alongside Cruz and was tortured into giving up the code. She discovered that Askari was not working alone when he mentioned her miscarriage, revealing the true enemy to be Michael Hastings, a man she worked with on the task force. He threatened to rape JJ in order to get Cruz to give up his access code. She is rescued by Hotch and Prentiss, and she proceeds to chase after Hastings. Prentiss accompanies her and they both take on Hastings, resulting in Hastings falling off a roof to his death. JJ is left traumatized by the situation and promises to stop the lies and give only the truth.
A year after her kidnapping and torture, she starts experiencing PTSD, something that Reid notices. When she is confronted by him, she asks him to provide a term to describe her situation, saying that it's more than PTSD. She breaks down and reveals the source of her PTSD to be Tivon Askari and reveals her miscarriage to Reid. She later takes an extremely large risk against an UnSub in a room with a gas leak, which could have resulted the deaths of herself, the UnSub, and a hostage. Reid approaches her in the BAU to tell her that while he couldn't find a term to describe JJ's condition, he called Emily and managed to obtain Askari's file, revealing his background of his life on the streets of Tikrit, Iraq, and his criminal background. JJ unknowingly hallucinates Askari in the room with her. He taunts her and tells her that he wants to watch her kill herself. He also tells her that he will take her sleep, her smile, and her safety away, as well as change her so that her husband and son won't even recognise her. He explains that the memories will eventually take away everything she holds dear, but JJ snarls a harsh "No" to Askari before realizing it was all a hallucination.
Relationships and family[edit]
Prior to her courtship and marriage to Will, JJ displayed little interest in dating. She once went on a date with Spencer Reid to a Washington Redskins game, but little came of it romantically, although the two became very good friends. In the season 2 episode "Jones", JJ first meets William "Will" LaMontagne, Jr. a NOPD detective whom the team worked with while in New Orleans after a serial killer presumed dead following Hurricane Katrina resurfaces. It is revealed the following season that he and JJ had been seeing each other for the past year but kept it a secret as she wanted to keep her personal life away from the prying eyes of her colleagues, which Will initially misunderstood as her being ashamed of their relationship.[9] When she finally reveals their relationship by kissing him goodbye in her office with the blinds open, it is apparent that her colleagues already knew about them.
In "The Crossing",[10] JJ told Will that she was pregnant with his child. He later asked her to marry him, and indicated that he was willing to give up his detective's shield in order to help take care of the baby and allow JJ to continue to do her job, though he was worried about her safety and the safety of their child.[11] JJ later told Hotch she had found a temporary replacement for the duration of her maternity leave,[12] and soon after gave birth to a baby boy named Henry. Will transfers to the MPDC, and the family live together in Washington.[13] In later seasons, toddler Henry is portrayed by actress A. J. Cook's real-life son Mekhai Andersen. JJ and Will named Reid and Technical Analyst Penelope Garcia as Henry's godparents. When JJ returned from maternity leave, she and Will had exchanged rings with Henry's birthstone, but did not seem to be officially engaged, as she wore her ring on her right hand, not the left. In the season seven finale, JJ tearfully asked Will to propose to her again, and they married the following evening in a small ceremony in David Rossi's backyard.
Characterization[edit]
JJ is very loyal to her family and friends, as well as very protective. She is also known to be a crack shot. This was demonstrated in many episodes such as "Nanny Dearest" by shooting a fleeing suspect in the head at a faraway distance. In "Revelations", she killed numerous flesh eating dogs in a dark barn. In "Penelope", she kills Garcia's attacker by shooting him directly between the eyes precisely as he turns around to find JJ behind him. Despite her petite frame, she is very athletic and has shown herself to be able to hold her own even if disarmed. In the season 7 finale, she manages to physically fight off a stronger and taller suspect who had tried to kill Will and took their son Henry hostage. She is best friends with Spencer (and is the only one who calls him "Spence"), Penelope, and Emily.
Fears and obsessions[edit]
In "The Boogeyman", JJ reveals that she is afraid of the woods. When agents Derek Morgan and Dr. Spencer Reid ask her why, she tells them a chilling story about working as a summer camp counselor and discovering her boss's murdered body in his cabin. After telling the story, she admits she was joking, and says she doesn't know why she is afraid of the woods. In the same episode, JJ also states that she has a niece who, at the time, is about 8 years old.
When she and Reid unexpectedly came across serial killer Tobias Hankel in the episode "The Big Game", and split up to apprehend the suspect, JJ walked into a dark barn and was attacked by several attack dogs. Although JJ shot and killed the dogs, saving her own life, Reid was abducted by Hankel in the meantime, and would later be tortured and almost killed by Hankel before the BAU team was able to rescue him. After this traumatic experience, it appears that JJ developed a fear of dogs.
In the episode "Penelope", it's announced that JJ has never shot someone until she shot the man who had attempted to kill, and who continued to threaten the life of, Penelope Garcia.
She also seems to have a slight obsession with Cheetos. She can be seen eating them often, and it was implied that her online Scrabble handle was "Cheeto-breath" when she was playing Emily (who was hiding in Paris at the time).
In "Mr. Scratch", JJ tells Hotch that her worst fear as a child was being separated from her parents.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "If the Shoe Fits". Criminal Minds. Season 10. Episode 6. November 5, 2014. CBS.
Jump up ^ "Route 66". Criminal Minds. Season 9. Episode 5. October 23, 2013. CBS.
Jump up ^ "Painless". Criminal Minds. Season 7. Episode 4. October 12, 2011. CBS.
Jump up ^ CBS Corporation. "About Criminal Minds - CBS.com". Retrieved March 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ "North Mammon". Criminal Minds. Season 2. Episode 7. November 1, 2006. CBS.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ 'Criminal Minds' update: Cook and Brewster returning — but for how long?
Jump up ^ A.J. Cook Returns to 'Criminal Minds' for Paget Brewster's Final Episode
Jump up ^ "In Heat". Criminal Minds. Season 3. Episode 17. April 30, 2008. CBS.
Jump up ^ "The Crossing". Criminal Minds. Season 3. Episode 18. May 7, 2008. CBS.
Jump up ^ "Lo-Fi". Criminal Minds. Season 3. Episode 20. May 21, 2008. CBS.
Jump up ^ "Catching Out". Criminal Minds. Season 4. Episode 5. October 29, 2008. CBS.
Jump up ^ "Memoriam". Criminal Minds. Season 4. Episode 7. November 12, 2008. CBS.
External links[edit]
Jennifer "JJ" Jareau on IMDb
[hide]
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Epistle to the Philippians
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the Russian sect, see Filippians.
"Philippians" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Philippines.
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The Epistle of Paul to the Philippians, often referred to simply as Philippians, is the eleventh book in the New Testament. Paul and Timothy first visited Philippi in Greece during Paul's second missionary journey, which occurred between approximately 49 and 51 AD. Philippi was the location of the first Christian community established in Europe.
Biblical scholars are in general agreement that the letter was indeed written by Paul of Tarsus. The estimated date of the letter is 62 AD, about 10 years after Paul's first visit to Philippi.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Historical background
2 Authorship
3 Outline
4 Composition
5 Christology
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Historical background[edit]
The historical background of Philippians is traditionally gathered from two main primary New Testament sources: informative internal data from the letter itself, and related information garnered from the rest of the New Testament Canon, especially from the Acts of the Apostles and the other Pauline Epistles.[2] Other primary information is also derived from external historical sources related to the chronological connections between Paul's association with Philippi, its political and economical setting, and its social and religio-philosophical context.[3]
According to the document itself, the Philippians had sent Epaphroditus, their envoy ("messenger [apostolon] and minister [leitourgon]" Phil 2:25), with contributions as an expression of their "partnership" and "concern" to meet the needs of Paul (Phil 1:3–5, Phil 2:30, and Phil 4:10–19).
During the execution of his responsibilities of travel to deliver their "gift" (Phil 4:17), Epaphroditus contracted some life-threatening debilitating illness (esthenese, cf. Phil 2:26–27). At some point he recovers. It is at this time, whether premeditated or due to an extended stay with the apostle, various internal matters are revealed to Paul on the part of Epaphroditus (Phil 1:27–30, Phil 2:19–24, Phil 3:2–3, Phil 3:17–20, Phil 4:2–3, and Phil 4:9).
Upon Epaphroditus' return to health, Paul sends word to the Philippians through Epaphroditus of his upcoming sentence in Rome and of his optimism in the face of death (1:18b–26), along with exhortations to imitate his capacity to rejoice in the Lord despite one's circumstances (2:14–18). Moreover, Paul sends counsel regarding spiritual adversaries among the Philippians (3:1–21), and conflicts within their fellowship (4:2–3). Lastly, he provides receipt of both Epaphroditus' heroism (2:25–30) and the arrival of "the gift" (4:10), along with his promise of a divine accounting (4:17–20).
Within the letter is also found an optimism where Paul's belief of his release is the basis upon which he promises to send Timothy to them for ministry (3:19–23), and an anticipation to also pay them a personal visit (2:24). With this communication Epaphroditus sets out on his homeward journey (2:28–29).
There has been ongoing debate regarding where Paul was when he wrote this letter (and therefore the date of the letter's composition). Internal evidence in the letter itself points clearly to it being composed while Paul was in custody (Philippians 1:7,13), but which period of imprisonment is highly debated[citation needed]. Some suggest the Roman imprisonment at the end of the Book of Acts (chapter 28:30,31). Others suggest the earlier Caesarean imprisonment (Acts 23–26). Still others suggest an earlier imprisonment again, and postulate an Ephesian imprisonment during Paul's lengthy stay in that city (Acts 19). Until recently no one seems to have advocated the second period of Roman imprisonment (after the end of the book of Acts, but attested to in the writings of early church fathers).[4] Jim Reiher considered and speculated on this theory in a 2012 article.[5] The main reasons suggested for a later date, include:
The letter's highly developed Ecclesiology
An impending sense of death permeating the letter
The absence of any mention of Luke in a letter to Luke’s home church (when the narrative in Acts clearly suggests that Luke was with Paul in his first Roman imprisonment)
A harsher imprisonment than the open house arrest of his first Roman imprisonment
A similar unique expression that is shared only with 2 Timothy[citation needed]
A similar disappointment with co-workers shared only with 2 Timothy.
This second Roman imprisonment theory is still to be rigorously debated in the wider theological community.
Authorship[edit]
The letter begins in standard form for an ancient Hellenistic letter structure, with author – or senders – first, then recipients with a greeting (Phil. 1.1–2).[6]
The address and the greeting is clear:
"Paul and Timothy, servants of Christ Jesus. To all the saints in Christ Jesus who are at Philippi, with the overseers and deacons. Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ." (English Standard Version)
Outline[edit]
I. Preface (1:1–11)[7]
A. Salutation (1:1–2)
B. Thanksgiving for the Philippians’ Participation in the Gospel (1:3–8)
C. Prayer for the Philippians’ Discerning Love to Increase until the Day of Christ (1:9–11)
II. Paul’s Present Circumstances (1:12–26)
A. Paul’s Imprisonment (1:12–13)
B. The Brothers’ Response (1:14–17)
C. Paul’s Attitude (1:18–26)
III. Practical Instructions in Sanctification (1:27–2:30)
A. Living Boldly as Citizens of Heaven (1:27–1:30)
B. Living Humbly as Servants of Christ (2:1–11)
1. The Motivation to Live Humbly (2:1–4)
2. The Model of Living Humbly (2:5–11)
a. Christ’s Emptying (2:5–8)
b. Christ’s Exaltation (2:9–11)
C. Living Obediently as Children of God (2:12–18)
1. The Energizing of God (2:12–13)
2. The Effect on the Saints (2:14–18)
D. Examples of Humble Servants (2:19–30)
1. The Example of Timothy (2:19–24)
2. The Example of Epaphroditus (2:25–30)
IV. Polemical Doctrinal Issues (3:1–4:1)
A. The Judaizers Basis: The Flesh (3:1–6)
B. Paul’s Goal: The Resurrection (3:7–11)
C. Perfection and Humility (3:12–16)
D. Paul as an Example of Conduct and Watchfulness (3:17–4:1)
V. Postlude (4:2–23)
A. Exhortations (4:2–9)
1. Being United (4:2–3)
2. Rejoicing without Anxiety (4:4–7)
3. Thinking and Acting Purely (4:8–9)
B. A Note of Thanks (4:10–20)
1. Paul’s Contentment (4:10–13)
2. The Philippians’ Gift (4:14–18)
3. God’s Provision (4:19–20)
C. Final Greetings (4:21–23)
Composition[edit]
Philippians 2:5–11:[8]
Have this attitude in yourselves which was also in Christ Jesus, who, although He existed in the form of God, did not regard equality with God a thing to be grasped, but emptied Himself, taking the form of a bond-servant, and being made in the likeness of men. Being found in appearance as a man, He humbled Himself by becoming obedient to the point of death, even death on a cross. For this reason also, God highly exalted Him, and bestowed on Him the name which is above every name, so that at the name of Jesus every knee will bow, of those who are in heaven and on earth and under the earth, and that every tongue will confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father.
The letter was written to the church at Philippi, one of the earliest churches to be founded in Europe. They were very attached to Paul, just as he was very fond of them. Of all the churches, their contributions (which Paul gratefully acknowledges) are among the only ones he accepts. (Acts 20:33–35; 2 Cor. 11:7–12; 2 Thess. 3:8). The generosity of the Philippians comes out very conspicuously (Phil. 4:15). "This was a characteristic of the Macedonian missions, as 2 Cor. 8 and 9 amply and beautifully prove. It is remarkable that the Macedonian converts were, as a class, very poor (2 Cor. 8:2), though the very first converts were of all classes (Acts 16); and the parallel facts, their poverty and their open-handed support of the great missionary and his work, are deeply harmonious." (Moule).
As with all epistles, the original was composed in Greek.[9]
Christology[edit]
Philippians has been the subject of much research and Ralph P. Martin argues that Philippians 2 may be considered the beginning of the field of Christology, specifically referring to the rich analysis that Apostle Paul began in Philippians 2:5–6.[10] Veronica Koperski views Philippians 3:10 as the beginning of the analysis of the knowledge of Christ.[11]
While Paul's opening prayer is for love (1:9), based on knowledge of Christ, his final prayer is for the peace of God (4:7), which surpasses all understanding. Thus the concepts of love, knowledge and peace are jointly developed in the Epistle.[12]
See also[edit]
Textual variants in the Epistle to the Philippians
Cupio dissolvi
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Harris, Stephen L., Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985.
Jump up ^ Frederick F. Bruce, 1989, Philippians, NIBC, NT Series, edited by W. Ward Gasque (Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson), 4.
Jump up ^ Wayne Jackson, 1987, The Book of Philippians: A Grammatical and Practical Study (Abilene, Tex.: Quality Publications), 13–17.
Jump up ^ Clement of Rome (late 1st century) makes a reference to the ministry of Paul after the end of Acts. Clement, To the Corinthians, 5. In J. B. Lightfoot (ed), The Apostolic Fathers (Michigan: Baker Book House, 1978) 15. The author of the Muratorian Canon (late 2nd century) says that Luke recorded mostly that which he himself witnessed and therefore that is why he did not include ‘the journey of Paul, when he went from the city – Rome – to Spain.’ The Muratoriun Canon. 2. The apocryphal Acts of Peter makes reference to the tradition that Paul reached Spain. Paul is described in prison in Rome, receiving a vision from God that he would go to Spain. Acts of Peter, Verscelli Acts 1 and 3. Eusebius (early 300’s) recorded that Paul did more ministry after his first jail time in Rome. Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History, II, 22, 1–8, in Philip Schaff and Henry Wace (editors), A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church 2nd series. Vol.1. Eusebius: Church History, Life of Constantine the Great, and Oration in Praise of Constantine (Edinburgh: Eerdmans, 1997) 124–125.
Jump up ^ Jim Reiher, “Could Philippians have been written from the Second Roman Imprisonment?” Evangelical Quarterly. Vol. LXXXIV. No. 3 July 2012. pp. 213–233. This article summarises the other theories, and offers examples of different scholars who adhere to different theories, but presents a different option for consideration
Jump up ^ Ronald Russell, 1982, "Pauline Letter Structure in Philippians," Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 25.3 (Sept.): 297–298.
Jump up ^ "11. Philippians: Introduction, Argument, and Outline". Bible.org.
Jump up ^ Philippians 2:5–11: Scripture taken from the New American Standard Bible, Copyright © 1960,1962,1963,1968,1971,1972,1973,1975,1977,1995 by The Lockman Foundation. Used by permission.
Jump up ^ Section X. Testimonies to the Canonical Authority of the Fourteen Epistles of Paul. Canon of the Old and New Testaments Ascertained, or The Bible Complete without the Apocrypha and Unwritten Traditions. Alexander, Archibald (1772–1851).
Jump up ^ Where Christology began: essays on Philippians 2 by Ralph P. Martin, Brian J. Dodd 1998 ISBN 0-664-25619-8 pp. 1–3
Jump up ^ The knowledge of Christ Jesus by Veronica Koperski 1996 ISBN 90-390-0132-4 pp. 5–17
Jump up ^ The knowledge of Christ Jesus by Veronica Koperski 1996 ISBN 90-390-0132-4 pp. 291–293
References[edit]
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Easton, Matthew George (1897). "article name needed". Easton's Bible Dictionary (New and revised ed.). T. Nelson and Sons.
Further reading[edit]
Abrahamsen, Valerie (March 1988). "Christianity and the Rock Reliefs at Philippi". Biblical Archaeologist. 51 (1): 46–56. doi:10.2307/3210038. JSTOR 3210038.
Barclay, William. 1975. The Letters to the Philippians, Colossians, and Thessalonians. Rev. ed. Daily Bible Study Series. Louisville, Ky.: Westminster.
Barnes, Albert. 1949. Ephesians, Philippians, and Colossians. Enlarged type edition. Edited by Robert Frew. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker.
Black, David A. 1995. "The Discourse Structure of Philippians: A Study in Textlinquistics." Novum Testamentum 37.1 (Jan.): 16–49
Blevins, James L. 1980. "Introduction to Philippians." Review and Expositor 77 (Sum.): 311–325.
Brooks, James A. 1980. “Introduction to Philippians.” Southwestern Journal of Theology 23.1 (Fall): 7–54.
Bruce, Frederick F. 1989. Philippians. New International Biblical Commentary. New Testament Series. Edited by W. Ward Gasque. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 2002.
Burton, Ernest De Witt. 1896. “The Epistles of the Imprisonment.” Biblical World 7.1: 46–56.
Elkins, Garland. 1976. “The Living Message of Philippians.” pp. 171–180 in The Living Messages of the Books of the New Testament. Edited by Garland Elkins and Thomas B. Warren. Jonesboro, Ark.: National Christian.
Garland, David E. 1985. “The Composition and Unity of Philippians: Some Neglected Literary Factors.” Novum Testamentum 27.2 (April): 141–173.
Hagelberg, Dave. 2007. Philippians: An Ancient Thank You Letter – A Study of Paul and His Ministry Partners’ Relationship. English ed. Metro Manila: Philippine Challenge.
Hawthorne, Gerald F. 1983. Philippians. Word Biblical Commentary 43. Edited by Bruce Metzger. Nashville, Tenn.: Nelson.
Herrick, Greg. “Introduction, Background, and Outline to Philippians.” Bible.org.
Jackson, Wayne. 1987. The Book of Philippians: A Grammatical and Practical Study. Abilene, Tex.: Quality.
Kennedy, H. A. A. 1900. “The Epistle to the Philippians.” Expositor’s Greek Testament. Vol. 3. Edited by W. Robertson Nicoll. New York, NY: Doran.
Lenski, Richard C. H. 1937. The Interpretation of St. Paul’s Epistles to the Galatians, to the Ephesians, and to the Philippians. Repr. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 2001.
Lipscomb, David and J.W. Shepherd. 1968. Ephesians, Philippians, and Colossians. Rev. ed. Edited by J.W. Shepherd. Gospel Advocated Commentary. Nashville, Tenn.: Gospel Advocate.
Llewelyn, Stephen R. 1995. “Sending Letters in the Ancient World: Paul and the Philippians.” Tyndale Bulletin 46.2: 337–356.
Mackay, B. S. 1961. “Further Thoughts on Philippians.” New Testament Studies 7.2 (Jan.): 161–170.
Martin, Ralph P. 1959. The Epistle of Paul to the Philippians. Tyndale New Testament Commentaries. Ed. By R.V.G. Tasker. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1977.
Martin, Ralph P. 1976. Philippians. New Century Bible Commentary. New Testament. Edited by Matthew Black. Repr. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans.
McAlister, Bryan. 2011. “Introduction to Philippians: Mindful of How We Fill Our Minds.” Gospel Advocate 153.9 (Sept.): 12–13
Mule, D. S. M. (1981). The Letter to the Philippians. Cook Book House.
Müller, Jacobus J. 1955. The Epistle of Paul to the Philippians. New International Commentary on the New Testament. Ed. By Frederick F. Bruce. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1991.
Pelaez, I. N. (1970). A Epistle on the Philippians. Angel & Water;reprint, Angels new books, ed. Michael Angelo. (1987). Peabody, MA: Hendrickson.
Dictionary of Paul and His Letters, s.v. "Philippians, Letter to the"
Reicke, Bo. 1970. “Caesarea, Rome, and the Captivity Epistles.” pp. 277–286 in Apostolic History and the Gospel: Biblical and Historical Essays Presented to F. F. Bruce. Edited by W. Ward Gasque and Ralph P. Martin. Exeter: Paternoster Press.
Roper, David. 2003. “Philippians: Rejoicing in Christ.” BibleCourses.com. Accessed: 3 Sept. 2011.
Russell, Ronald. 1982. "Pauline Letter Structure in Philippians." Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 25.3 (Sept.): 295–306.
Sanders, Ed. 1987. “Philippians.” pp. 331–339 in New Testament Survey. Edited by Don Shackelford. Searcy, Ark.: Harding University.
Sergio Rosell Nebreda, Christ Identity: A Social-Scientific Reading of Philippians 2.5–11 (Göttingen, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2011) (Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments, 240).
Swift, Robert C. 1984. "The Theme and Structure of Philippians." Bibliotheca Sacra 141 (July): 234–254.
Synge, F.C. 1951. Philippians and Colossians. Torch Bible Commentaries. Edited by John Marsh, David M. Paton, and Alan Richardson. London: SCM, 1958.
Thielman, Frank. 1995. Philippians. NIV Application Commentary. General Editor. Terry Muck. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan.
Vincent, Marvin R. 1897. The Epistle to the Philippians and to Philemon. International Critical Commentary. Ed. By Samuel R. Driver, Alfred Plummer, Charles A. Briggs. Edinburgh: Clark, 1902.
Vincent, Marvin R. Vincent’s Word Studies in the New Testament. 4 vols. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, n.d.
Wallace, Daniel B. “Philippians: Introductions, Argument, and Outline.” Bible.org.
Walvoord, John F. 1971. Philippians: Triumph in Christ. Everyman’s Bible Commentary. Chicago, Ill.: Moody.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Epistle to the Philippians
Online translations of the Epistle to the Philippians:
Online Bible at GospelHall.org
Bible: Philippians public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions
Online Study of Philippians:
Letter to the Philippians Online Reading Room: Commentaries and other resources (Tyndale Seminary)
Letter to the Philippians Online Reading Room: Commentaries and other resources (BiblicalStudies.org.uk)
Letter to the Philippians Online Reading Room: Commentaries and other resources (NTGateway.com)
Letter to the Philippians Online Reading Room: Commentaries and other resources (TextWeek.com)
Related articles:
Bible.org introduction to Philippians
Sermons on Philippians
Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Epistle to the Philippians". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
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value: Brief des Paulus an die Philipper – German

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