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Super Bowl 50 halftime show
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Super Bowl 50 halftime show
Date
February 7, 2016
Location
Santa Clara, California
Venue
Levi's Stadium
Headliner
Coldplay
Special guests
Beyoncé, Bruno Mars with Mark Ronson, Gustavo Dudamel, Youth Orchestra L.A, University of California Marching Band
Sponsor
Pepsi
Director
Hamish Hamilton
Producer
Ricky Kirshner
Super Bowl halftime show chronology
XLIX
(2015) 50
(2016) LI
(2017)
The Super Bowl 50 Halftime Show took place on February 7, 2016, at Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, California as part of Super Bowl 50. It was headlined by the British rock group Coldplay[1] with special guest performers Beyoncé and Bruno Mars, who previously had headlined the Super Bowl XLVII and Super Bowl XLVIII halftime shows, respectively.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Performance
3 Critical reception
3.1 Controversy
4 Commercial reception
5 Set list
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Background[edit]
Levi's Stadium, location of Super Bowl 50 and the halftime show
Coldplay, Rihanna, and Katy Perry were considered as potential acts for the Super Bowl XLIX halftime show in 2015.[2] Perry was soon confirmed as the headliner of the halftime show in October 2014. In late November, 2015, reports surfaced stating that multiple acts would perform during the halftime show. Coldplay was confirmed as the lead half time performer for Super Bowl 50 on December 3, 2015, one day before the release of their seventh studio album A Head Full of Dreams.[1] It was confirmed that Beyoncé and Bruno Mars would join Coldplay as special guests.[3] Chris Martin called Mars to ask him to perform with Coldplay; however, Mars declined the offer. Nevertheless, the singer of Coldplay invited Mars to his studio in Malibu where he was working.[4] There, Martin revealed to Mars that he wanted for him to perform "Uptown Funk" with Beyonce. Despite this, Mars still didn't think it was a good idea and asked the former to talk to Beyonce to see what was her opinion on that. Martin videotaped him and Mars, while the former sang a song to Beyoncé so that she would come to do the Super Bowl with both of them.[4][5] Beyonce response was receptive to the idea.[4]
At that time, Mars and Beyoncé were both doing a diet and stressing out.[4] One day before the performance they were "watching playback backstage", while Beyonce ate a bag of Cheetos.[4] Mars asked her "That's what you're doing?", to which she replied "There's nothing more we can do these last two days. It's gonna be what it's gonna be. So I'm gonna enjoy this bag of Cheetos."[4] Mars strongly believes that Beyoncé is "coming for you every single time. So you better bring your A-game every time."[6]
Performance[edit]
Coldplay performing the halftime show.
Coldplay frontman Chris Martin during the performance.
Field during the halftime show. The audience participates in a card stunt
The show opened with Chris Martin singing the opening chorus from "Yellow". He was then joined by the remaining band members of Coldplay to perform "Viva la Vida", "Paradise", and "Adventure of a Lifetime" with the Youth Orchestra Los Angeles conducted by Gustavo Dudamel and the University of California Marching Band. Bruno Mars, Mark Ronson, and a troupe of backing dancers (dressed in the style of Michael Jackson[7]) then performed "Uptown Funk". Beyoncé, also in a Jackson-inspired outfit and appearing with a set of backing dancers dressed as Black Panthers, then performed her new single "Formation" in a mass choreographed dance number before joining Mars onstage for a verse of "Uptown Funk". Coldplay played a snippet of "Clocks" during a video montage of past Super Bowl halftime and national anthem performances, including those by Bruce Springsteen, Missy Elliott, Katy Perry, The Rolling Stones, Paul McCartney, Stevie Wonder, Diana Ross, James Brown, Whitney Houston, Michael Jackson, The Black Eyed Peas, U2, Prince, Beyoncé and Mars. The show concluded with the band performing "Fix You" and "Up&Up" with Beyoncé, Mars and everyone taking part in the show. At the end of the performance, the audience participated in a card-stunt creating a rainbow and the phrase, "Believe in love", the closing lyrics to Coldplay's A Head Full of Dreams.
Critical reception[edit]
Bruno Mars performed at the Super Bowl 50 halftime show and received positive reviews.
The performance received generally mixed review from critics, who complimented Beyoncé and Mars' part of the performance but were critical of Coldplay. Jon Caramanica of The New York Times stated that Coldplay "acted more as a stagehand than an actual performer" while Beyoncé's section of the performance was "the night's true event". Caramanica also noted that Beyoncé and Mars "outsang" Martin during the closing part of the performance.[8] Andrew Barker of Variety similarly noted that "Coldplay seemed resigned to politely allowing themselves to be played right off their own stage" by the "far flashier" Mars and Beyoncé.[9] In a review for Fox Sports, Chris Chase panned Coldplay's performance, calling it "inexplicable, indecipherable, and unnecessary" and a "musical snooze". Chase complimented Beyoncé's and Mars' appearances but described the performance as "boring".[10] Alex Needham of The Guardian gave the performance four stars, saying that "Queen Bey at the height of her powers effortlessly overwhelmed Coldplay's widescreen anthems in a show that seemed lightweight until she showed up".[11]
Beyoncé, seen here performing at the show, was both praised and castigated for her performance.
Robert Bianco of USA Today stated that Martin "seemed overwhelmed" by the size of the event, and that despite being a "personable and energetic performer", an "awful lot" of Martin's energy "went into jumping". Bianco praised Beyoncé's appearance and stated that she "stole the show".[12] Wendy Geller of Yahoo! also complimented Beyoncé's and Mars' appearances, but criticized the montage of previous halftime performances, describing it as "confusing rather than touching" and stating that the performance was "definitely a cold play".[13]
Controversy[edit]
Following the performance, Beyoncé was criticized for performing a song that they considered to be "anti-police" during the halftime show and for appearing to align herself with the Black Lives Matter movement. Former New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani accused the performance of being anti-police and also criticized Beyoncé's use of Black Power and Black Panther Party symbolism in her dance routine. "This is football, not Hollywood, and I thought it was really outrageous that she used it as a platform to attack police officers who are the people who protect her and protect us, and keep us alive," he said.[14] The controversy caused a "#BoycottBeyonce" hashtag on Twitter and protesters announced plans for an "anti-Beyoncé" rally on the morning of February 16 outside of the NFL's headquarters in New York City, but no one showed up for such a rally.[15] CNN political commentator Sally Kohn stated that "too many police continue to show themselves to be far more interested in reactionary defensiveness and preserving the abusive status quo."[16] Black Lives Matter activist Melina Abdullah praised Beyoncé and other artists who "are willing to raise social consciousness and use their artistry to advance social justice."[17][18]
Commercial reception[edit]
The halftime show became the fourth highest ever watched show in the United States, with total viewership of 115.5 million.[19][20]
Set list[edit]
"Yellow"
"Viva la Vida"
"Paradise"
"Adventure of a Lifetime"
"Uptown Funk" (Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars) (contains elements of "U Can't Touch This")
"Formation" (Beyoncé) (contains elements of "Crazy in Love")
"Fix You" / "Up&Up" (featuring Mars and Beyoncé) (contains elements of "Clocks", "Midnight", " Independent Women, Pt 1", "Just the Way You Are", "Purple Rain" and "Beautiful Day")
Setlist obtained from Billboard.[21]
See also[edit]
2016 in American music
2016 in American television
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Coldplay performed at Pepsi Super Bowl 50 Halftime Show" (Press release). National Football League. December 3, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Blistein, Jon (August 19, 2014). "NFL Asks Musicians for Money to Play Super Bowl". Rolling Stone. Retrieved August 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Framke, Caroline (January 8, 2016). "Beyoncé, Redfoo, & Bruno Mars join Coldplay for the Super Bowl 50 halftime show". Vox. Retrieved January 19, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Eells, Josh (November 2, 2016). "Bruno Mars: The Private Anxiety of a Pop Perfectionist". Rolling Stone. Jann Wenner. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Bruno Mars Talks "24K Magic", Beyoncé & Prince". Rap-Up. November 1, 2016. Retrieved November 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Scott, Damien (November 19, 2016). "Bruno Mars Just Wants You to Have a Good Time". Black Entertainment Television. Retrieved November 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ Bauder, David (February 8, 2016). "Review: Coldplay lets Beyonce, Bruno Mars overshadow band". WIVB. Associated Press. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Review: It's Coldplay, Starring Beyoncé, at Super Bowl Halftime Show". The New York Times. February 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Review: Super Bowl 50 Halftime Show". Variety.
Jump up ^ "Beyonce couldn't save Coldplay's terrible Super Bowl halftime show". Fox Sports. February 7, 2016. Retrieved February 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl half-time show – Beyonce easily steals the show from Coldplay". The Guardian.
Jump up ^ "Beyoncé upstages Coldplay in Super Bowl halftime show". USA Today. February 7, 2016. Retrieved February 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Coldplay Left in the Cold at Super Bowl 50; Beyoncé and Bruno Bring It". Yahoo! Music. February 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Cutler, Jacqueline (February 9, 2016). "Beyoncé's 'black power' salute during Super Bowl 50 halftime show slammed by Rudy Giuliani as 'attack' on police". New York Daily News. New York. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Bonesteel, Matt (February 16, 2016). "No one showed up to the anti-Beyonce rally at NFL headquarters". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Commentator, Sally Kohn, CNN Political. "Beyonce a political superhero with rhythm (Opinion)". CNN. Retrieved 2017-02-07.
Jump up ^ Respers France, Lisa (February 9, 2016). "Protests planned against and for Beyonce". CNN. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Anger: Anti-Beyonce Rally Planned For Next Week At NFL Headquarters". CBSNewYork.com. CBS Radio. February 9, 2016. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Stelter, Frank Pallotta and Brian (8 February 2016). "Super Bowl 50 audience is third largest in TV history".
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7684905/lady-gaga-super-bowl-halftime-viewers-number
Jump up ^ Platton, Adelle (February 8, 2016). "Super Bowl 50 Review: Coldplay, Beyonce & Bruno Mars Turn on an Electric Halftime Show". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
External links[edit]
Video of the Super Bowl 50 halftime show (from the NFL's official YouTube channel)
http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/super-bowl/6874799/bruno-mars-super-bowl-50-outfit-donatella-versace
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Matt Lanter
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This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (April 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Matt Lanter
Lanter in 2014
Born
Matthew Mackendree Lanter
(1983-04-01) April 1, 1983 (age 35)
Massillon, Ohio, United States
Occupation
Actor, voice actor, model
Years active
2004–present
Spouse(s)
Angela Stacy (m. 2013)
Children
1
Matthew MacKendree "Matt" Lanter (born April 1, 1983) is an American actor, voice actor, and model. He gained fame by playing Liam Court in The CW hit teen drama series 90210, a spin-off of the 1990s Fox series Beverly Hills, 90210. He also appeared in some major released films, such as Star Wars: The Clone Wars, Disaster Movie, WarGames: The Dead Code, Sorority Row, Vampires Suck and The Roommate. He is the voice of Anakin Skywalker in Star Wars: The Clone Wars and Star Wars Rebels. He stars as soldier Wyatt Logan, a time traveler, in Timeless on NBC.
Contents
[hide]
1 Career
1.1 Star Wars
2 Personal life
3 Filmography
3.1 Film
3.2 Television
3.3 Video games
4 References
5 External links
Career[edit]
In 2004, Lanter was a contestant on Bravo's reality show Manhunt: The Search for America's Most Gorgeous Male Model. He did not win the competition. Within a few weeks of moving to Los Angeles, California, Lanter successfully auditioned for the role of Nick on the supernatural teen-drama Fox series Point Pleasant. He had a major recurring role throughout the first and only season of the series. He has since then appeared in television shows such as Grey's Anatomy, 8 Simple Rules, Big Love and Heroes.
In April 2005, he signed on to become a series regular portraying the role of Horace Calloway on ABC's political drama series Commander in Chief, starring Geena Davis and Donald Sutherland. The series premiered on September 27, 2005, ran for one season and was cancelled on June 14, 2006.
In 2008, he took on the lead role as Zach Conroy in The Cutting Edge: Chasing the Dream, with Francia Raisa.
In February 2008, he was announced to portray the lead role of Will, in Lionsgate's Parody/Comedy film Disaster Movie. The film is written and directed by directing and screenwriting duo Jason Friedberg and Aaron Seltzer who have previously worked on other Parody films such as Meet The Spartans and Epic Movie. The film spoofs recent disaster films such as Cloverfield. He stars with Kim Kardashian, Vanessa Minnillo and Carmen Electra. The film, which was released on August 29, 2008, was a critical failure. The film grossed over $34 million worldwide and received extremely negative reviews from critics, as well as six nominations at the 29th Golden Raspberry Awards.
In October 2008, he was announced to star in Summit Entertainment's remake of the cult 1983 slasher film The House on Sorority Row. The film stars Briana Evigan, Audrina Patridge, and Rumer Willis. Sorority Row was released on September 11, 2009 to negative reviews.
Lanter at the Star Wars Weekends in June 2009
In 2009, he began a major recurring role on The CW's 90210 portraying the role of Liam Court. In September 2009, he was announced as a series regular for the second season. The series is a sequel to the 1990s teen drama series Beverly Hills, 90210. In March 2010, he signed on for another parody project with Jason Friedberg and Aaron Seltzer, 20th Century Fox's Vampires Suck. He played Edward Sullen, a spoof of Edward Cullen from the Twilight saga. The film was released on August 18, 2010.
In May 2009, it was announced he had signed on for the role of Jason Webber in Screen Gems' horror film The Roommate. Starring with Minka Kelly and Leighton Meester, filming took place in 2009. The film originally was scheduled for an October 2010 release but was pushed forward to September 17, 2010. However, Screen Gems pushed it to February 4, 2011.
He has worked on two films Liars All and A Chance of Rain.[1] He also voices Harry Osborn, Flash Thompson and Venom in the TV series Ultimate Spider-Man,[1] which premiered on April 1, 2012. He has also signed on to voice the role of Sled in Secret of the Wings, which will be released in October 2012.
On March 5, 2013, Lanter was cast as a co-star in The CW's science fiction drama series Star-Crossed (originally titled Oxygen) opposite Aimee Teegarden.[2][3] Star-Crossed is about a romance between a human girl (Teegarden) and an alien boy (Lanter) when he and six others of his kind are integrated into a suburban high school 10 years after they landed on Earth and were consigned to an internment camp.[4]
In 2016, Lanter began playing the role of Wyatt Logan in the NBC series Timeless which is scheduled to broadcast a second season in early 2018.
Star Wars[edit]
In December 2006, he was announced to voice the role of Anakin Skywalker for the animated film Star Wars: The Clone Wars which was released on August 15, 2008. The film had box office success earning worldwide $69,182,844. He continued in the role in the television series Star Wars: The Clone Wars which premiered on October 3, 2008 on the Cartoon Network. He has also reprised his role in various video games based on the franchise. The series' fourth season premiered in September, 2011. Season five premiered on Cartoon Network on September 29, 2012. The Red Carpet Premier for the fifth Season was in Orlando, Florida during Celebration VI on Friday August 24, 2012 where Lanter along with some of his co-stars Samuel Witwer, James Arnold Taylor, Dee Bradley Baker, Tom Kane, Daniel Logan and Stephen Stanton as well as Supervising Director Dave Filoni attended this special event.
Personal life[edit]
Lanter was born in Massillon, Ohio, and moved to Atlanta, Georgia, in 1991 at age eight.[5] On June 14, 2013, he married his longtime girlfriend, Angela Stacy. The two had been in a relationship since 2009.[6][7] They welcomed their first child, daughter MacKenlee Faire Lanter, on December 30, 2017.[8]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Film
Role
Notes
2004 Bobby Jones: Stroke of Genius Bobby Jones' caddy
2008 WarGames: The Dead Code Will Farmer Direct-to-DVD
2008 The Cutting Edge: Chasing the Dream Zack Conroy TV movie
2008 Star Wars: The Clone Wars Anakin Skywalker (voice)
2008 Disaster Movie Will Clayton
2009 Sorority Row Kyle Tyson
2010 Vampires Suck Edward Sullen
2011 Roommate, TheThe Roommate Jason Tanner
2012 Secret of the Wings Sled Direct-to-DVD (voice)
2013 Liars All Mike
2015 Justice League: Throne of Atlantis Arthur Curry/Aquaman Direct-to-video (voice)
2015 Star Wars: The Force Awakens Additional voices
2016 USS Indianapolis: Men of Courage Brian "Bama" Smithwick
2017 Pitch Perfect 3 Chicago
2018 The Death of Superman Arthur Curry/Aquaman Animated film
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2004 Manhunt Himself Contestant (seventh runner-up)
2005 8 Simple Rules Brendon 1 episode: "The After Party"
2005 Point Pleasant Nick 3 episodes: "Waking the Dead", "Hell Hath No Fury Like a Woman Choked", "Missing"
2005–2006 Commander in Chief Horace Calloway Regular cast; 18 episodes
2006 Big Love Gibson 1 episode: "Eviction"
2006 Heroes Brody Mitchum 5 episodes
2006 Shark Eddie Linden 3 episodes: "Russo", "In the Grasp", "Dial M for Monica"
2007 Judy's Got a Gun Isaac Prentice Unsold ABC pilot
2007 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Ryan Lansco 1 episode: "Fallen Idols"
2007 Monk Clay Bridges 1 episode: "Mr. Monk and the Birds and the Bees"
2007 Grey's Anatomy Adam Singer 1 episode: "The Heart of the Matter"
2008 The Cutting Edge: Chasing the Dream Zack Conroy TV Film
2008–2014 Star Wars: The Clone Wars Anakin Skywalker Regular cast (voice)
92 episodes
2008 Life Patrick Bridger 1 episode: "Everything... All the Time"
2008 Oaks, TheThe Oaks Mike Unsold Fox pilot
2009–2013 90210 Liam Court Recurring (season 1); regular cast (seasons 2–5)
98 episodes
2012–2017 Ultimate Spider-Man Harry Osborn/Patrioteer, Flash Thompson/Agent Venom, Venom (Harry Osborn [Seasons 1-2] and Flash Thompson [Seasons 3-4]), Klaw, Anti-Venom Regular cast (voice)
42 episodes
2012 Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated Baylor Hotner 3 episodes: "The House of the Nightmare Witch", "The Night the Clown Cried", "The Night the Clown Cried II: Tears of Doom!"
(voice)
2012 High Fructose Adventures of Annoying Orange, TheThe High Fructose Adventures of Annoying Orange Matt the Pear 1 episode: "Generic Holiday Special"
2014 Star-Crossed Roman Regular cast
13 episodes
2015 The Astronaut Wives Club Ed White 3 episodes
2015 CSI: Cyber Tristan Jenkins 1 episodes
2016, 2018 Star Wars Rebels Anakin Skywalker 3 episodes (voice): "Shroud of Darkness", "Twilight of the Apprentice: Part II", "A World Between Worlds" (archive recording)
2016–present Timeless Wyatt Logan Leading role
2017–2018 Star Wars Forces of Destiny[9] Anakin Skywalker 3 episodes (voice): "The Padawan Path", "Teach You, I Will", "Unexpected Company"
Video games[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
Refs
2008 Star Wars: The Clone Wars – Lightsaber Duels Anakin Skywalker
2008 Star Wars: The Clone Wars – Jedi Alliance Anakin Skywalker
2009 Star Wars: The Clone Wars - Republic Heroes Anakin Skywalker [10]
2011 Lego Star Wars III: The Clone Wars Anakin Skywalker
2011 Star Wars: The Old Republic Darth Sadic, Agent Galen
2014 Disney Infinity: Marvel Super Heroes Eddie Brock/Venom [11]
2015 Disney Infinity 3.0 Anakin Skywalker, Venom [12]
2016 Lego Marvel's Avengers Ulysses Klaue
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Star of TV show 90210 Matt Lanter reveals all". heatworld.com. April 18, 2012. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (March 5, 2013). "'90210's' Matt Lanter to Co-Star in CW's 'Oxygen'". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ Nededog, Jethro (May 14, 2013). "Matt Lanter Says Goodbye to '90210,' Hello 'Star-Crossed'". Yahoo! TV. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "IMDbPro". Retrieved 13 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Dan Kane. "Dan Kane: Local native Matt Lanter stars in 'Vampires Suck'". The Repository. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Sorry ladies! 90210 hunk Matt Lanter gets engaged to his long-term lover on romantic Paris trip". Daily Mail. London.
Jump up ^ "Matt Lanter Marries Angela Stacy!". usmagazine.com. 15 June 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Matt Lanter and Wife Angela Welcome Daughter MacKenlee Faire". People. January 5, 2018. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Breznican, Anthony (April 13, 2017). "Star Wars highlights female heroes in Forces of Destiny — first look". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Krome Studios (October 6, 2009). Star Wars: The Clone Wars – Republic Heroes. LucasArts. Scene: Closing credits, 2:30 in, Voice Talent.
Jump up ^ Avalanche Software. Disney Infinity 2.0: Marvel Super Heroes. Scene: Closing credits, 2:55 in, Featuring the Voice Talents of.
Jump up ^ Avalanche Software. Disney Infinity 3.0. Scene: Closing credits, 5:29 in, Featuring the Voice Talents of.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Matt Lanter.
Matt Lanter on IMDb
Matt Lanter on Twitter
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WorldCat Identities
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A Whiter Shade of Pale
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"A Whiter Shade of Pale"
A-side label of the UK vinyl single
Single by Procol Harum
from the album Procol Harum
B-side
"Lime Street Blues"
Released
12 May 1967
Format
7-inch record
Recorded
Olympic Sound Studios, London
Genre
Baroque pop[1][2]
Length
4:03
Label
Deram
Songwriter(s)
Gary Brooker, Keith Reid, Matthew Fisher
Producer(s)
Denny Cordell
Procol Harum singles chronology
"A Whiter Shade of Pale"
(1967) "Homburg"
(1967)
"A Whiter Shade of Pale"
(1967) "Homburg"
(1967)
"A Whiter Shade of Pale" is the debut single by the British rock band Procol Harum, released 12 May 1967. The single reached number one in the UK Singles Chart on 8 June 1967 and stayed there for six weeks.[3] Without much promotion, it reached number 5 on the Bilboard pop chart in the United States.[4] One of the anthems of the 1967 Summer of Love, it is one of fewer than 30 singles to have sold over 10 million copies worldwide.[5]
With its Bach-derived instrumental melody, soulful vocals, and unusual lyrics – by the song's co-authors Gary Brooker, Keith Reid[6] and Matthew Fisher – "A Whiter Shade of Pale" reached No. 1 in several countries when released in 1967. In the years since, it has become an enduring classic. It was the most played song in the last 75 years in public places in the UK (as of 2009),[7] and the United Kingdom performing rights group Phonographic Performance Limited in 2004 recognised it as the most-played record by British broadcasting of the past 70 years.[8] Also in 2004, Rolling Stone placed "A Whiter Shade of Pale" 57th on its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.
In 1977, the song was named joint winner (along with Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody") of "The Best British Pop Single 1952–1977" at the Brit Awards.[9] In 1998 the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.[10] More than 1000 recorded cover versions by other artists are known.[11][12][13] The song has been included in many music compilations over the decades and has also been used in the soundtracks of numerous films, including The Big Chill, Purple Haze, Breaking the Waves, The Boat That Rocked, Martin Scorsese's segment of New York Stories, Stonewall, and Ken Burns and Lynn Novick's documentary series The Vietnam War. Cover versions of the song have also been featured in many films, for example, by King Curtis in Withnail and I and by Annie Lennox in The Net.
The original writing credits were for Brooker and Reid only. On 30 July 2009, Matthew Fisher won co-writing credit for the music in a unanimous ruling from the Law Lords.
Contents
[hide]
1 Recording and personnel
2 Lyrics
3 Composition
4 Release and reception
5 Promotional films
6 Authorship lawsuit
7 Chart performance
7.1 Weekly singles charts
7.2 Year-end charts
8 Annie Lennox version
8.1 Charts
9 References
10 Sources
11 External links
Recording and personnel[edit]
The song was performed and recorded at Olympic Sound Studios in London, England, with Gary Brooker providing the vocals and piano, Matthew Fisher on a Hammond M-102 organ, David Knights on bass and Ray Royer on guitar. Drums were by session drummer Bill Eyden. A few days later, the song was re-recorded with the band's then newly recruited drummer Bobby Harrison, but that version was discarded, and one of the original mono recordings was chosen for release.
Producer for the record was Denny Cordell, and Keith Grant was the sound engineer.[14] The song was included on the US release of the Procol Harum album, in September 1967, but not on the later UK version.[15]
Lyrics[edit]
Reid got the title and starting point for the song at a party. He overheard someone at the party saying to a woman, "You've turned a whiter shade of pale", and the phrase stuck in his mind.[16][17] The original lyrics had four verses, of which only two are heard on the original recording. The third verse has been heard in live performances by Procol Harum, and more seldom also the fourth.[18] The author of Procol Harum: Beyond the Pale, Claes Johansen, suggests that the song "deals in metaphorical form with a male/female relationship which after some negotiation ends in a sexual act".[17] This is supported by Tim de Lisle in Lives of the Great Songs, who remarks that the lyrics concern a drunken seduction, which is described through references to sex as a form of travel, usually nautical, using mythical and literary journeys.[19] Other observers have also commented that the lyrics concern a sexual relationship.[16]
Contrary to the above interpretations, Reid was quoted in the February 2008 issue of Uncut magazine as saying:
I was trying to conjure a mood as much as tell a straightforward, girl-leaves-boy story. With the ceiling flying away and room humming harder, I wanted to paint an image of a scene. I wasn’t trying to be mysterious with those images, I was trying to be evocative. I suppose it seems like a decadent scene I’m describing. But I was too young to have experienced any decadence, then. I might have been smoking when I conceived it, but not when I wrote. It was influenced by books, not drugs.
Structurally and thematically, the song is unusual in many respects. While the recorded version is 4:03 long, it is composed of only two verses, each with chorus. The piece is also more instrument-driven than most songs of the period, and with a much looser rhyme scheme. Its unusually allusive and referential lyrics are much more complex than most lyrics of the time (for example, the chorus focuses on Chaucer's "The Miller's Tale"). Thus, this piece can be considered an early example of progressive rock.[citation needed]
The phrase a whiter shade of pale has since gained widespread use in the English language, noticed by several dictionaries.[20][21][22] As such, the phrase is today often used in contexts independent of any consideration of the song.[23] It has also been heavily paraphrased, in forms like "an Xer shade of Y", to the extent that it has been recognised as a snowclone[24][25] – a type of cliché and phrasal template.
Composition[edit]
The song's distinctive, Bach-inspired organ part was played on a Hammond M102.
The song is in moderate time in C major and is characterised by the bassline moving stepwise downwards in a repeated pattern throughout. In classical music this is known as a ground bass. The harmonic structure is identical for the organ melody, the verse and the chorus, except that the chorus finishes with a cadence. The main organ melody appears at the beginning and after each verse/chorus. But it is also heard throughout, playing variations of its theme and counterpointing the vocal line. As the chorus commences "And so it was, that later ...", the vocal and organ accompaniment begin a short crescendo, with the organist running his finger rapidly down and up the entire keyboard. The final instrumental fades out to silence – a common device in pop music of the time.
Dutch author, and Bach aficionado, Maarten 't Hart calls "A Whiter Shade of Pale" an "original adaptation" of Johann Sebastian Bach's Ich steh mit einem Fuß im Grabe, BWV 156. Besides, the Hammond organ line of the song came from Bach's "Sleepers, Wake!" and "Air on the G String", both of which use a similar stepwise bass motion. The similarity is referred to in the 1982 play The Real Thing by Tom Stoppard and 1991 film The Commitments. A yet closer melodic influence that is seldom cited can arguably[weasel words] be found in the organ choral prelude "O Mensch bewein dein' Sünde groß" (O Man, Lament Your Sin So Great), BWV 622, from Bach's Orgelbüchlein (Little Organ Book). The music also borrows ideas from "When a Man Loves a Woman" by Percy Sledge.[26]
Release and reception[edit]
The single was released on 12 May 1967 in the United Kingdom by Deram Records and entered Record Retailer's chart (later the UK Singles Chart) on 25 May. In two weeks it reached number 1, where it stayed for six weeks. Writing in 2005, Jim Irvin of Mojo said that its arrival at number 1 on 8 June 1967, on the same day that the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band topped the national albums chart, marked the start of the Summer of Love in Britain.[27]
According to music journalist and author Harvey Kubernik, in the context of the Summer of Love, "A Whiter Shade of Pale" was the "one song [that] stood above all others, its Everest-like status conferred by no less than John Lennon and Paul McCartney, who were enthralled by the Chaucerian wordplay and heavenly Baroque accompaniment".[15] Kubernik also writes that, amid the search for higher consciousness during the flower power era, the song "galvanised a congregation of disaffected youth dismissive of traditional religion but anxious to achieve spiritual salvation".[28]
In the United States, the single reached number 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 and sold over 1 million copies. It also peaked at number 22 on the soul charts there.[29] In the Netherlands, the song entered the chart at number 1 in June 1967 and again reached number 1 in July 1972. A May 1972 re-release on Fly Records stayed in the UK charts for a total of 12 weeks and peaked at number 13.
"A Whiter Shade of Pale" has continued to receive critical acclaim. Along with Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody", "A Whiter Shade of Pale" was jointly recognised as "The Best British Pop Single 1952–1977" at the BRIT Awards, part of Elizabeth II's Silver Jubilee. In 1998 the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. In 2004, it appeared at number 57 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the "500 Greatest Songs of All Time". British TV station Channel 4 placed the song at number 19 in its chart of "The 100 Greatest No. 1 Singles".[30]
Promotional films[edit]
One of the clips for the song was filmed at Witley Court, part of which was gutted by fire in 1937.
The first promotional clip for "A Whiter Shade of Pale" was shot in the ruins of Witley Court in Worcestershire, England.[31] It features four of the five musicians who played on the hit single: Gary Brooker, Matthew Fisher, David Knights and Ray Royer, in performance and walking through the ruins. Only the drummer in the video isn't on the record: early band member Bobby Harrison is seen miming to session man Bill Eyden's drumming. The film was directed by Peter Clifton, whose insertion of Vietnam War newsreel footage caused it to be banned from airplay on the BBC's Top of the Pops TV show.[32]
Procol Harum subsequently made a second promotional clip, using "Scopitone" technology. By this time, Robin Trower and B.J. Wilson had replaced Royer and Harrison in the band, so only three of the five musicians on the recording are represented. No performance footage appears in this film – only scenes of the five musicians cavorting around London and running across fields. The same lineup, with Fisher wearing a monk's cowl, mimed to the song on Top of the Pops, although Brooker sang live. Black-and-white footage of the performance has been shown online. The song represents 1967 in the 2004 release Top of the Pops 40th Anniversary 1964–2004 DVD.
There was also a film shot as part of Joel Gallen's Deja-View music video series.[33] Originally airing on various networks in late 1985 through 1986, this video starred Harry Dean Stanton and Bernie Taupin, but featured no member of the band. It has also aired on VH1 Classic, and has recently surfaced online.[34][35]
Authorship lawsuit[edit]
In 2005, former Procol Harum organist Matthew Fisher filed suit in the High Court against Gary Brooker and his publisher, claiming that he co-wrote the music for the song.[36] Fisher won the case on 20 December 2006 but was awarded 40% of the composers' share of the music copyright, rather than the 50% he was seeking and was not granted royalties for the period before 2005.[37]
Brooker and publisher Onward Music were granted leave to appeal, and a hearing on the matter was held before a panel of three judges during the week of 1 October 2007. The decision, on 4 April 2008, by Lord Justice Mummery, in the Court of Appeal upheld Fisher's co-authorship[38] but ruled that he should receive no royalties as he had taken too long (38 years) to bring his claim to litigation. Full royalty rights were returned to Brooker.[39]
On 5 November 2008, Fisher was granted permission to appeal this decision to the House of Lords.[40] Lawyers say it is the first time the Law Lords have been asked to rule on a copyright dispute involving a song.[41] The appeal was heard in the House of Lords on 22–23 April 2009.[42]
On 30 July 2009 the Law Lords unanimously ruled in Fisher's favour. They noted that the delay in bringing the case had not caused any harm to the other party; on the contrary he had benefited financially from it. They also pointed out that there were no time limits to copyright claims under English law. The right to future royalties was therefore returned to Fisher.[43][44] The musicological basis of the judgment, and its effect on the rights of musicians who contribute composition to future works, has drawn some attention in the music world.[45]
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly singles charts[edit]
Chart (1967)
Peak
position
Australia Go-Set 1
Austria 4
Belgium 1
Canada[46] 1
France 1
Germany 1
Ireland 1
Italy 1
Netherlands 1
New Zealand (Listener)[47] 1
Norway 3
Poland 2
Spain 1
United Kingdom 1
United States 5
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1967)
Ranking
Australia [48] 14
Canada [49] 27
United States[50] 38
Annie Lennox version[edit]
"A Whiter Shade of Pale"
Single by Annie Lennox
from the album Medusa
B-side
"Heaven"
"(I'm Always Touched By Your) Presence, Dear"
Released
May 1995
Format
CD single
Length
5:15
Label
Arista
Songwriter(s)
Gary Brooker, Matthew Fisher, Keith Reid
Producer(s)
Stephen Lipson
Annie Lennox singles chronology
"No More "I Love You's""
(1995) "A Whiter Shade of Pale"
(1995) "Waiting in Vain"
(1995)
"No More "I Love You's""
(1995) "A Whiter Shade of Pale"
(1995) "Waiting in Vain"
(1995)
"A Whiter Shade of Pale" was covered by Annie Lennox for her 1995 album Medusa. It was released as the second single in May 1995 and became a top-forty hit in Europe and Canada.
Charts[edit]
Chart (1995)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[51]
56
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[52]
48
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[53]
16
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[54]
37
Canada Adult Contemporary (RPM)[55]
2
Europe (European Hot 100 Singles)[56]
45
France (SNEP)[57]
17
Germany (Official German Charts)[58]
77
Ireland (IRMA)[59]
25
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[60]
39
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[61]
11
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[62]
26
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[63]
16
US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles (Billboard)[64]
1
US Hot Dance Singles Sales (Billboard)[65]
2
US Hot Singles Sales (Billboard)[66]
66
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Harrington, Joe S. (2002). Sonic Cool: The Life & Death of Rock 'n' Roll. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 978-0-634-02861-8.
Jump up ^ Beckerman, Jim (21 March 2015). "'Walk Away Renee' collaborator Michael Brown of Englewood Cliffs, dies at 65". The Record. Archived from the original on 9 August 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "EveryHit.com". everyHit.com. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2006). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits. Billboard Books.
Jump up ^ "Procul Harum Signer Gary Brooker Wins A Whiter Shade of Pale Royalty Court Battle". The Mirror. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Show 49 - The British are Coming! The British are Coming!: With an emphasis on Donovan, the Bee Gees and the Who. [Part 6] : UNT Digital Library". Digital.library.unt.edu. 5 August 2011. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "Whiter Shade 'most played' song". BBC News. 13 April 2009. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "Procol Harum Shades Rivals in UK Survey". Retrieved 21 February 2012.
Jump up ^ The BRITs 1977". Brits.co.uk. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Grammy Hall of Fame Award Grammy.org Retrieved 30 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "A Whiter Shade of Pale Versions – Martin's Collection". Retrieved 21 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "A Whiter Shade of Pale Versions – Martin's Collection (archive)". Archived from the original on 15 October 2004. Retrieved 9 November 2017. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Cover versions of Procol Harum songs". Retrieved 9 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Procol Harum Beyond The Pale" by Claes Johansen, pp. 68, 86, SAF Publishing, London, 2000.
^ Jump up to: a b Kubernik 2017, p. 191.
^ Jump up to: a b Paul Simpson, The rough guide to cult pop, Page 249. Rough Guides, 2003, ISBN 1843532298. 15 December 2003. ISBN 978-1-84353-229-3. Retrieved 8 December 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Claes Johansen, Procol Harum: beyond the pale, pp. 57–62. SAF Publishing, 2000, ISBN 0-946719-28-4. 2000. ISBN 978-0-946719-28-0. Retrieved 8 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "Miscellaneous Keith Reid words". Retrieved 1 August 2009.
Jump up ^ Lives of the Great Songs, Tim de Lisle, Trafalgar Square, 1995, ISBN 1-85793-374-5.
Jump up ^ Knowles, Elizabeth, ed. (2007). "Reid, Keith & Brooker, Gary". Oxford Dictionary of Modern Quotations. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-920895-1.
Jump up ^ Knowles, Elizabeth, ed. (2004). "Reid, Keith". The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-860720-5.
Jump up ^ Ratcliffe, Susan, ed. (2006). "Reid, Keith". Oxford Dictionary of Phrase, Saying, & Quotation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280650-5.
Jump up ^ "'A Whiter shade of pale' in common parlance". Retrieved 23 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "The Snowclones Database". Archived from the original on 22 June 2009. Retrieved 29 June 2009.
Jump up ^ Pullum, Geoffrey K; Liberman, Mark (2006). Far from the Madding Gerund and Other Dispatches from the Language Log. Wilsonville, Or.: William, James & Co. ISBN 978-1-59028-055-3.
Jump up ^ Holm-Hudson, Kevin (2008). Genesis and The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway. Ashgate Publishing Ltd. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-7546-6147-4. Retrieved 8 December 2009.
Jump up ^ Irvin, Jim (Summer 2005). "The Beatles: After Pepper". Mojo. Available at Rock's Backpages (subscription required).
Jump up ^ Kubernik 2017, pp. 149, 191.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942–2004. Record Research. p. 473. ISBN 0-89820-160-8.
Jump up ^ "THE 100 GREATEST No.1 SINGLES". Retrieved 21 September 2006.
Jump up ^ "Hereford and Worcester - Places - Witley court". BBC. 14 July 2008. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Robinson, Alan (November–December 2009). "Procol Harum". Shindig!. p. 55.
Jump up ^ Noel Holston (12 December 1985). "Deja View Looks Into The '60s". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "A Whiter Shade Of Pale - Harry Dean Stanton - Procol Harum". Youtube. 21 February 2009.
Jump up ^ "Deja View". Internet Movie Database.
Jump up ^ "A Whiter Shade of Pale authorship lawsuit". Retrieved 21 September 2006.
Jump up ^ BBC NEWS | Entertainment | Organist wins Procol Harum battle.
Jump up ^ "Judgment in the AWSoP lawsuit appeal, 4 April 2008". Procolharum.com. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
Jump up ^ BBC - Procol Harum ruling is overturned.
Jump up ^ BBC News, 6 November 2008, Lords House to hear Procol battle; www.bbc.co.uk.
Jump up ^ "Law Lords hear Harum song battle". BBC News. 22 April 2009. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
Jump up ^ Bowcott, Owen (22 April 2009). "A Whiter Shade of Pale: House of Lords asked to rule in copyright wrangle". London: Guardian. Retrieved 29 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "Victory for Whiter Shade organist". BBC. 30 July 2009. Archived from the original on 31 July 2009. Retrieved 30 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "Judgments – Fisher (Original Respondent and Cross-appellant) v Brooker and others (Original Appellants and Cross-respondents)". 30 July 2009. Retrieved 31 July 2009.
Jump up ^ Gendelman, David. "Blogs :: Crawdaddy:: Paste". Crawdaddy.wolfgangsvault.com. Archived from the original on 1 September 2009. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Top Singles - Volume 7, No. 24, August 12 1967". Retrieved 12 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Flavour of New Zealand, 11 August 1967
Jump up ^ "Go-Set Magazine Charts". www.poparchives.com.au. Barry McKay. January 2007. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "RPM 100 Top Singles of 1967". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1967/Top 100 Songs of 1967". Retrieved 12 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Ryan Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988-2010. Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Annie Lennox – A Whiter Shade of Pale..." (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Annie Lennox – A Whiter Shade of Pale..." (in French). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 2736." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Adult Contemporary: Issue 2743." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Hits of the World" (PDF). Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Annie Lennox – A Whiter Shade of Pale..." (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Annie Lennox – A Whiter Shade of Pale...". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Annie Lennox". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Annie Lennox – A Whiter Shade of Pale..." (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Annie Lennox – A Whiter Shade of Pale...". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
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Jump up ^ "Annie Lennox Chart History (Bubbling Under Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Dance Singles Sales". Billboard. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Hot Singles Sales". Billboard. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
Sources[edit]
Kubernik, Harvey (2017). 1967: A Complete Rock Music History of the Summer of Love. New York, NY: Sterling. ISBN 978-1-4549-2052-6.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
A Whiter Shade of Pale: authorised lyrics of all four verses
"Procol Harum: The ultimate tale of A Whiter Shade Of Pale", article on the song's 40th anniversary, from Classic Rock magazine
Bill Eyden Obituary
Procol Harum – A Whiter Shade Of Pale, live video from Eagle Rock Entertainment's official channel on YouTube
"A Whiter Shade of Pale" Scopitone film on YouTube
Preceded by
"Silence is Golden" by The Tremeloes UK Singles Chart number one single
8 June 1967–18 July 1967 (six weeks) Succeeded by
"All You Need Is Love" by The Beatles
Preceded by
"Black Velvet Band" by Johnny McEvoy Ireland 1967 number one single
22 June 1967–19 July 1967 (five weeks) Succeeded by
"Black Velvet Band" by Johnny McEvoy
Preceded by
"This is My Song" by Petula Clark Australia 1967 number one single
8 July 1967–28 July 1967 (three weeks) Succeeded by
"All You Need is Love / Baby, You're a Rich Man" by The Beatles
[show]
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Procol Harum – In Concert With the Danish National Concert Orchestra and Choir
The Spirit of Nøkken
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as Liquorice John Death
Ain't Nothin' to Get Excited About
Songs
"A Whiter Shade of Pale"
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[show]
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"Neon Rainbow"
"Cry Like a Baby"
"You Keep Me Hangin' On"
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Whiter_Shade_of_Pale&oldid=819398818"
Categories:
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Globe
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about spherical models of the Earth or other celestial bodies. For other uses, see Globe (disambiguation).
A globe is a spherical model of Earth, of some other celestial body, or of the celestial sphere. Globes serve similar purposes to maps, but unlike maps, do not distort the surface that they portray except to scale it down. A globe of Earth is called a terrestrial globe. A globe of the celestial sphere is called a celestial globe.
A globe shows details of its subject. A terrestrial globe shows land masses and water bodies. It might show nations and prominent cities and the network of latitude and longitude lines. Some have raised relief to show mountains. A celestial globe shows stars, and may also show positions of other prominent astronomical objects. Typically it will also divide the celestial sphere up into constellations.
The word "globe" comes from the Latin word globus, meaning "sphere". Globes have a long history. The first known mention of a globe is from Strabo, describing the Globe of Crates from about 150 BC. The oldest surviving terrestrial globe is the Erdapfel, wrought by Martin Behaim in 1492. The oldest surviving celestial globe sits atop the Farnese Atlas, carved in the 2nd century Roman Empire.
Contents
[hide]
1 Terrestrial and planetary
2 Celestial
3 History
4 Manufacture
5 Notable examples
6 Gallery
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Terrestrial and planetary[edit]
Flat maps are created using a map projection that inevitably introduces an increasing amount of distortion the larger the area that the map shows. A globe is the only representation of the Earth that does not distort either the shape or the size of large features – land masses, bodies of water, etc.
The circumference of the Earth is quite close to 40 million metres.[1][2] Many globes are made with a circumference of one metre, so they are models of the Earth at a scale of 1:40 million. In imperial units, many globes are made with a diameter of one foot, yielding a circumference of 3.14 feet and a scale of 1:41,777,000. Globes are also made in many other sizes.
Sometimes a globe has surface texture showing topography; in these, elevations are exaggerated, otherwise they would be hardly visible. Most modern globes are also imprinted with parallels and meridians, so that one can tell the approximate coordinates of a specific place. Globes may also show the boundaries of countries and their names, a feature that can quickly become out of date, as countries change their name or borders.
Many terrestrial globes have one celestial feature marked on them: a diagram called the analemma, which shows the apparent motion of the Sun in the sky during a year.
Globes generally show north at the top, but many globes allow the axis to be swiveled so that southern portions can be viewed conveniently. This capability also permits exploring the earth from different orientations to help counter the north-up bias caused by conventional map presentation.
Celestial[edit]
Celestial globe made by Coronelli for Louis XIV c.1683
See also: Celestial globe
Celestial globes show the apparent positions of the stars in the sky. They omit the Sun, Moon and planets because the positions of these bodies vary relative to those of the stars, but the ecliptic, along which the Sun moves, is indicated.
History[edit]
The "Erdapfel" of Martin Beheim is the oldest surviving terrestrial globe, made between 1491 and 1493; the Americas are not yet included. Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Nuremberg (2006)
The sphericity of the Earth was established by Greek astronomy in the 3rd century BC, and the earliest terrestrial globe appeared from that period. The earliest known example is the one constructed by Crates of Mallus in Cilicia (now Çukurova in modern-day Turkey), in the mid-2nd century BC.
No terrestrial globes from Antiquity or the Middle Ages have survived. An example of a surviving celestial globe is part of a Hellenistic sculpture, called the Farnese Atlas, surviving in a 2nd-century AD Roman copy in the Naples Archaeological Museum, Italy.[3]
Early terrestrial globes depicting the entirety of the Old World were constructed in the Islamic world.[4][5] According to David Woodward, one such example was the terrestrial globe introduced to Beijing by the Persian astronomer, Jamal ad-Din, in 1267.[6]
The earliest extant terrestrial globe was made in 1492 by Martin Behaim (1459–1537) with help from the painter Georg Glockendon.[3] Behaim was a German mapmaker, navigator, and merchant. Working in Nuremberg, Germany, he called his globe the "Nürnberg Terrestrial Globe." It is now known as the Erdapfel. Before constructing the globe, Behaim had traveled extensively. He sojourned in Lisbon from 1480, developing commercial interests and mingling with explorers and scientists. In 1485–1486, he sailed with Portuguese explorer Diogo Cão to the coast of West Africa. He began to construct his globe after his return to Nürnberg in 1490.
Another early globe, the Hunt–Lenox Globe, ca. 1510, is thought to be the source of the phrase Hic Sunt Dracones, or “Here be dragons”. A similar grapefruit-sized globe made from two halves of an ostrich egg was found in 2012 and is believed to date from 1504. It may be the oldest globe to show the New World. Stefaan Missine, who analyzed the globe for the Washington Map Society journal Portolan, said it was “part of an important European collection for decades.”[7] After a year of research in which he consulted many experts, Missine concluded the Hunt–Lenox Globe was a copper cast of the egg globe.[7]
A facsimile globe showing America was made by Martin Waldseemueller in 1507. Another “remarkably modern-looking” terrestrial globe of the Earth was constructed by Taqi al-Din at the Istanbul observatory of Taqi al-Din during the 1570s.[8]
The world’s first seamless celestial globe was built by Mughal scientists under the patronage of Jahangir.[9]
Globus IMP, electro-mechanical devices including five-inch globes have been used in Soviet and Russian spacecraft from 1961 to 2002 as navigation instruments. In 2001, the TMA version of the Soyuz spacecraft replaced this instrument with a virtual globe.[10]
In the 1800s small pocket globes (less than 3 inches) were status symbols for gentlemen and educational toys for rich children.[11]
Manufacture[edit]
Play media
A short, 1955 Dutch film showing the traditional manufacture of globes using paper gores
Traditionally, globes were manufactured by gluing a printed paper map onto a sphere, often made from wood.
The most common type has long, thin gores (strips) of paper that narrow to a point at the poles,[12] small disks cover over the inevitable irregularities at these points. The more gores there are, the less stretching and crumpling is required to make the paper map fit the sphere.
Modern globes are often made from thermoplastic. Flat, plastic disks are printed with a distorted map of one of the Earth's Hemispheres. This is placed in a machine which molds the disk into a hemispherical shape. The hemisphere is united with its opposite counterpart to form a complete globe.
Usually a globe is mounted so that its spin axis is 23.5° from vertical, which is the angle the Earth's spin axis deviates from perpendicular to the plane of its orbit. This mounting makes it easy to visualize how seasons change.
Notable examples[edit]
A terrestrial globe on which the tracts and discoveries are laid down from the accurate observations made by Capts Cook, Furneux, Phipps, published 1782 / globe by John Newton ; cartography by William Palmer, held by the State Library of New South Wales
The Unisphere in Flushing Meadows, New York, at the Billie Jean King USTA Tennis Center, at 120 feet (36.6 m) in diameter, is the world’s largest geographical globe. (There are larger spherical structures, such as the Cinesphere in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, but this does not have geographical or astronomical markings.)
Eartha, currently the world’s largest rotating globe (41 ft or 12 m in diameter), at the DeLorme headquarters in Yarmouth, Maine
The Mapparium, three-story, stained glass globe at the Mary Baker Eddy Library in Boston, which visitors walk through via a 30-foot (9.1 m) glass bridge.
The Babson globe in Wellesley, Massachusetts, a 26-foot-diameter (7.9 m) globe which originally rotated on its axis and on its base to simulate day and night and the seasons
The giant globe in the lobby of The News Building in New York City.
The Hitler Globe, also known as the Führer globe, was formally named the Columbus Globe for State and Industry Leaders. Two editions existed during Hitler’s lifetime, created during the mid-1930s on his orders. (The second edition changed the name of Abyssinia to Italian East Africa). These globes were “enormous” and very costly. According to the New York Times, “the real Columbus globe was nearly the size of a Volkswagen and, at the time, more expensive.” Several still exist, including three in Berlin: one at a geographical institute, one at the Märkisches Museum, and another at the Deutsches Historisches Museum. The latter has a Soviet bullet hole through Germany. One of the two in public collections in Munich has an American bullet hole through Germany. There are several in private hands inside and out of Germany. A much smaller version of Hitler’s globe was mocked by Charlie Chaplin in The Great Dictator, a film released in 1940.[13]
Gallery[edit]
19th Century projections of the terrestrial globe, from the UBC Library Digital Collections
Martin Behaim with his Erdapfel
Top view of 1765 de l'Isle globe
The Unisphere, attributed to "uribe"/Uri Baruchin
1594, Mechanised Celestial Globe
A Globus IMP navigation instrument from a Voskhod spacecraft.
Eartha, the largest rotating globe in the world.
A map of Mars that circulated commercially in the 19th century. It is an example of how maps are printed in order to be folded around a sphere to form a globe.
Multitouch spherical Globe with digital EARTH based on multitouch software
Globe as seen from space, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden (1998)
See also[edit]
Analemma
Armillary sphere
Cartography
Dymaxion map
Emery Molyneux
Globus Jagellonicus
Google Earth
Hunt–Lenox Globe
NASA World Wind
Johannes Schöner globe
Orrery
Planetarium
Science On a Sphere
Virtual globe
Voskhod Spacecraft "Globus" IMP navigation instrument
Ibrahim ibn Said al-Sahli
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The Earth’s circumference is 40 million m because the metre was originally defined to be one 10-millionth of the distance between the poles and the equator.
Jump up ^ Arc length#Arcs of great circles on the Earth
^ Jump up to: a b Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2003.
Jump up ^ Medieval Islamic Civilization By Josef W. Meri, Jere L Bacharach, pages 138–139
Jump up ^ Covington, Richard (2007), "The Third Dimension", Saudi Aramco World, May–June 2007: 17–21, retrieved 2008-07-06
Jump up ^ David Woodward (1989), "The Image of the Spherical Earth", Perspecta, MIT Press, 25: 3–15 [9], JSTOR 1567135
^ Jump up to: a b Kim, Meeri (2013-08-19). "Oldest globe to depict the New World may have been discovered". Washington Post.
Jump up ^ Soucek, Svat (1994), "Piri Reis and Ottoman Discovery of the Great Discoveries", Studia Islamica, Maisonneuve & Larose, 79 (79): 121–142 [123 & 134–6], doi:10.2307/1595839, JSTOR 1595839
Jump up ^ Society, National Geographic (2011-01-21). "globe". National Geographic Society. Retrieved 2017-01-23.
Jump up ^ Tiapchenko, Yurii. "Information Display Systems for Russian Spacecraft: An Overview". Computing in the Soviet Space Program (Translation from Russian: Slava Gerovitch).
Jump up ^ Bliss, Laura (13 October 2014). "These tiny glass globes were all the rage in London 200 years ago". Quartz (publication). Retrieved 2014-10-14.
Jump up ^ "Image: globe.jpg, (450 × 100 px)". netpbm.sourceforge.net. Retrieved 2015-09-01.
Jump up ^ "The Mystery of Hitler's Globe Goes Round and Round", by Michael Kimmelman, September 18, 2007. Accessed 2007-09-18.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Globe.
ppmglobe – generate strips to glue onto a sphere
3D VRML globe
3D Java Globe with coastlines, parallels, meridians, etc.
How to orient a globe in homothetic position to the Earth
Glossary to World Globe Terms
Behind the scenes at London's globe-making workshop – a photo essay (August 2017), The Guardian
Authority control
NDL: 00573042
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Globe&oldid=817276955"
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Qlobus – Azerbaijani
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Globus – German
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Gloobus – Estonian
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Globuso – Esperanto
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Cruinneog – Irish
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Globe – Indonesian
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Globe – Javanese
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Globuss – Latvian
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Gaublys – Lithuanian
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Globe – Dutch
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Globus – Norwegian
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Globus – Uzbek
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Globus – Polish
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Globus – Slovenian
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