text:
Michelle (song)
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"Michelle"
The Norwegian single release of the song, backed with "Girl"
Song by the Beatles
from the album Rubber Soul
Released
3 December 1965
Recorded
3 November 1965
EMI Studios, London
Genre
Pop[1]
Length
2:40
Label
Parlophone
Songwriter(s)
Lennon–McCartney
Producer(s)
George Martin
"Michelle"
The Beatles's "Michelle" from Rubber Soul
Problems playing this file? See media help.
"Michelle" is a love ballad by the Beatles, composed principally by Paul McCartney, with the middle eight co-written with John Lennon.[2][3] It is featured on their Rubber Soul album, released in December 1965. The song is unusual among Beatles recordings in that some of its lead vocals are in French, although "Paperback Writer" contains the backing vocals "Frère Jacques". "Michelle" won the Grammy Award for Song of the Year in 1967 and has since become one of the best known and most often recorded of all Beatles songs.
Contents
[hide]
1 Composition
2 Musical structure
3 Personnel
4 Awards and recognition
4.1 Chart performance
5 Cover versions
6 Live performance history
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Composition[edit]
The instrumental music of "Michelle" originated separately from the lyrical concept:
...'Michelle' was a tune that I'd written in Chet Atkins' finger-picking style. There is a song he did called 'Trambone' with a repetitive top line, and he played a bass line while playing a melody. This was an innovation for us; even though classical guitarists had played it, no rock'n'roll guitarists had played it. The first person we knew to use finger-picking style was Chet Atkins. .. I never learned it. But based on Atkins' "Trambone", I wanted to write something with a melody and a bass line in it, so I did. I just had it as an instrumental in C.
—  Paul McCartney[4]
The words and style of "Michelle" have their origins in the popularity of French Left Bank culture during McCartney's Liverpool days. McCartney had gone to a party of art students where a student with a goatee and a striped T-shirt was singing a French song. He soon wrote a farcical imitation to entertain his friends that involved French-sounding groaning instead of real words. The song remained a party piece until 1965, when John Lennon suggested he rework it into a proper song for inclusion on Rubber Soul.[2]
...we'd tag along to these parties, and it was at the time of people like Juliette Greco, the French bohemian thing... So I used to pretend to be French, and I had this song that turned out later to be 'Michelle'. It was just an instrumental, but years later John said: 'You remember that thing you wrote about the French?' I said: 'Yeah.' He said: 'That wasn't a bad song, that. You should do that, y'know.'
—  Paul McCartney[5]
McCartney asked Jan Vaughan, a French teacher and the wife of his old friend Ivan Vaughan, to come up with a French name and a phrase that rhymed with it. "It was because I'd always thought that the song sounded French that I stuck with it. I can't speak French properly so that's why I needed help in sorting out the actual words", McCartney said.[2]
Vaughan came up with "Michelle, ma belle", and a few days later McCartney asked for a translation of "these are words that go together well" — sont des mots qui vont très bien ensemble.[2] When McCartney played the song for Lennon, Lennon suggested the "I love you" bridge. Lennon was inspired by a song he heard the previous evening, Nina Simone's version of "I Put a Spell on You", which used the same phrase but with the emphasis on the last word, "I love you".:[2][3]
Each version of this song has a different length. The UK mono is 2:33 but the stereo version is 2:40 due to an extra guitar solo. The US mono was the longest of all, at 2:43, until The Beatles: Rock Band version was released, running at 2:50.
Musical structure[edit]
The song was initially composed in C, but was played in F on Rubber Soul (with a capo on the fifth fret). The verse opens with an F major chord ("Michelle" – melody note C) then the second chord (on "ma belle" – melody note D♭) is a B♭7♯9 (on the original demo in C, the second chord is a F7♯9). McCartney called this second chord a "great ham-fisted jazz chord" that was taught to them by Jim Gretty who worked at Hessey's music shop in Whitechapel, central Liverpool and which George Harrison uses (as a G♭7#9) (see Dominant seventh sharp ninth chord) as the penultimate chord of his solo on "Till There Was You".[6] After the E♭6 (of "these are words") there follows an ascent involving different inversions of the D dim chord. These progress from A♭dim on "go" – melody note F, bass note D; to Bdim (C♭dim) on "to" – melody note A♭, bass note D; to Ddim on "ge..." – melody note B (C♭) bass note B; to Bdim on ...'ther..." – melody note A♭ bass note B, till the dominant (V) chord (C major) is reached on "well" – melody note G bass note C.[7]
Personnel[edit]
Paul McCartney – lead vocal, bass, acoustic guitar
John Lennon – backing vocal, classical acoustic guitar
George Harrison – backing vocal, 12-string acoustic guitar, lead guitar
Ringo Starr – drums
Personnel per Ian MacDonald[8]
MacDonald wrote that "Michelle" was made in nine hours and seems to have been played mostly, if not entirely, by McCartney using overdubs."[8] He speculated that McCartney might even have sung the backing vocals and played the drums.[8]
Awards and recognition[edit]
"Michelle" won the Grammy Award for Song of the Year in 1967.[9] The song's win over "Born Free", "The Impossible Dream", "Somewhere My Love" and "Strangers in the Night" was seen as something of a triumph for The Beatles, who had in 1966 been nominated, but were unsuccessful, in nine categories.[citation needed] In 1999, BMI named "Michelle" as the 42nd most performed song of the 20th century.[10]
Chart performance[edit]
Chart (1966)
Peak
position
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[11] 3
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[12] 1
French EP charts[13][14] 1
Germany (Official German Charts)[15] 6
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[16] 1
New Zealand[17] 2
Norway (VG-lista)[18] 1
Cover versions[edit]
The song was a UK hit in 1966 by The Overlanders,[19] hitting number one on the Record Retailer chart. The Overlanders released their version after the Beatles declined to release it as a single themselves in the United Kingdom and United States (although the original version was released in some other European countries, including Norway, where both versions went to number one).
"Michelle" was also covered by David and Jonathan, whose version went to #1 in Canada and was otherwise a Top 20 hit on both sides of the Atlantic in 1966.[20] (U.S. Pop #18, AC #3)[21]
Italian singer Mango did an a cappella cover of the song on the album Disincanto (2002).[22]
The band Rubblebucket released a trip hop version of the song on their 2010 Triangular Daisies EP.[23]
Andy Williams did a cover of the song on his 1966 album, The Shadow of your Smile.
Beatallica did a cover of the song incorporating the music For Whom the Bell Tolls of Metallica in their 2013 album, Abbey Load
Matt Monro covered the song in 1976 with a String Quartet.
"Michelle" was also covered by American jazz singer Sarah Vaughan.
It features as one of Louis Andriessen's 1966 "Satirical Arrangements" of Beatles songs for singer Cathy Berberian.
Live performance history[edit]
McCartney singing "Michelle" to Michelle Obama
"Michelle" was performed by McCartney throughout his 1993 world tour.[24] He has rarely performed the song since, but did include it in a 2009 performance in Washington, DC, in honour of Michelle Obama, the American First Lady, and he would play it on most (if not all) of his performances in France or other francophone countries.[25]
On 2 June 2010, after being awarded the Gershwin Prize for Popular Song by President Barack Obama in a ceremony at the White House, McCartney performed the song for Michelle Obama, who sang along from her seat. McCartney quipped, "I could be the first guy ever to be punched out by a president."[26][27] Michelle Obama reportedly later told others that she could never have imagined, after growing up an African-American girl on the South Side of Chicago, that someday a Beatle would sing "Michelle" to her as First Lady of the United States.[28]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Hamelman, Steven L. (2004). But is it Garbage?: On Rock and Trash. University of Georgia Press. pp. 10–. ISBN 978-0-8203-2587-3.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Turner 2010, pp. 94.
^ Jump up to: a b Sheff 2000, p. 137.
Jump up ^ Miles 1997, p. 273.
Jump up ^ The Guardian 2007.
Jump up ^ Pedler, Dominic. The Songwriting Secrets of the Beatles. Music Sales Limited. Omnibus Press. NY. 2003. pp. 435-437
Jump up ^ Pedler, Dominic. The Songwriting Secrets of the Beatles. Music Sales Limited. Omnibus Press. NY. 2003. pp. 412-413
^ Jump up to: a b c MacDonald 2005, pp. 174–175.
Jump up ^ infoplease 2007.
Jump up ^ Broadcast Music, Inc. 1999.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – The Beatles – Michelle" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – The Beatles – Michelle" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ It was issued as an EP in France
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 15 July 2014. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – The Beatles – Michelle". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – The Beatles – Michelle" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "NZ listener charts". flavourofnz.co.nz. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – The Beatles – Michelle". VG-lista. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Harry 2000, pp. 768–769.
Jump up ^ Unterberger 2007.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1993). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961–1993. Record Research. p. 65.
Jump up ^ "Mango – Disincanto". allmusic.com. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
Jump up ^ 50 Greatest Beatles Covers of All Time [1], Paste Magazine, 2010, accessed June 30, 2011.
Jump up ^ Madinger & Easter 2000.
Jump up ^ Gavin 2009.
Jump up ^ "McCartney rocks White House, croons 'Michelle'". Denver Post. 3 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Miller, Sunlen (3 June 2010). "ABC News television news report". World News Now.
Jump up ^ Caption by White House photographer Pete Souza in the official White House photostream on Flickr. Photo uploaded 30 December 2010. Accessed 12 January 2011.
References[edit]
"1966 Grammy Awards". infoplease. 2007. Retrieved 4 October 2007.
"BMI Announces Top 100 Songs of the Century". Broadcast Music, Inc. 13 December 1999. Retrieved 2 September 2007.
Gavin, Patrick (2 August 2009). "Paul McCartney dedicates Beatles' classic 'Michelle' to first lady Michelle Obama". politico.com. Retrieved 9 April 2010.
Harry, Bill (2000). The Beatles Encyclopedia: Revised and Updated. London: Virgin Publishing. ISBN 0-7535-0481-2.
MacDonald, Ian (2005). Revolution in the Head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties (Second Revised ed.). London: Pimlico (Rand). ISBN 1-84413-828-3.
Madinger, Chip; Easter, Mark (2000). Eight Arms To Hold You: The Solo Beatles Compendium. Chesterfield, MO: 44.1 Productions. ISBN 0-615-11724-4.
Miles, Barry (1997). Many Years From Now. New York: Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 0-8050-5249-6.
"Pete Doherty meets Paul McCartney". The Guardian. 14 October 2007.
Sheff, David (2000). All We Are Saying: The Last Major Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-25464-4.
Turner, Steve (2010). A Hard Day's Write: The Stories Behind Every Beatles Song. New York: Harper Paperbacks. ISBN 0-06-084409-4.
Unterberger, Richie (2007). "Biography of David and Jonathan". Allmusic. Retrieved 4 October 2007.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Rubber Soul
Alan W. Pollack's Notes on "Michelle"
CoverTogether: Michelle
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
The Beatles version
Preceded by
"These Boots Are Made for Walkin'" by Nancy Sinatra New Zealand Singles Chart number-one single
22 April 1966 – 28 April 1966 Succeeded by
"Homeward Bound" by Simon & Garfunkel
The Overlanders version
Preceded by
"Keep On Running" by Spencer Davis Group UK Singles Chart number-one single
27 January 1966 – 16 February 1966 (3 weeks) Succeeded by
"These Boots Are Made for Walkin'" by Nancy Sinatra
David and Jonathan version
Preceded by
"Lightnin' Strikes" by Lou Christie Canadian RPM number-one single
28 February 1966 (1 week) Succeeded by
"These Boots Are Made for Walkin'" by Nancy Sinatra
[show]
v
t
e
Rubber Soul
Songs
Side one
"Drive My Car"
"Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)"
"You Won't See Me"
"Nowhere Man"
"Think for Yourself"
"The Word"
"Michelle"
Side two
"What Goes On"
"Girl"
"I'm Looking Through You"
"In My Life"
"Wait"
"If I Needed Someone"
"Run for Your Life"
Non-album single
"We Can Work It Out"
"Day Tripper"
Outtake
"12-Bar Original"
Related articles
The Beatles discography
The Beatles' 1965 UK tour
Yesterday and Today
This Bird Has Flown – A 40th Anniversary Tribute to the Beatles' Rubber Soul
Please Please Me
With the Beatles
A Hard Day's Night
Beatles for Sale
Help!
Rubber Soul
Revolver
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
Magical Mystery Tour
The Beatles (White Album)
Yellow Submarine
Abbey Road
Let It Be
Past Masters
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v
t
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Grammy Award for Song of the Year (1959 & 1960s)
1959
Domenico Modugno - "Volare"
1960
Jimmy Driftwood - "The Battle of New Orleans"
1961
Ernest Gold - "Theme from Exodus"
1962
Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini - "Moon River"
1963
Leslie Bricusse & Anthony Newley - "What Kind of Fool Am I?"
1964
Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini - "Days of Wine and Roses"
1965
Jerry Herman - "Hello, Dolly!"
1966
Paul Francis Webster & Johnny Mandel - "The Shadow of Your Smile"
1967
John Lennon & Paul McCartney - "Michelle"
1968
Jimmy Webb - "Up, Up, and Away"
1969
Bobby Russell - "Little Green Apples"
Complete list
(1960s)
(1970s)
(1980s)
(1990s)
(2000s)
(2010s)
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Myofascial trigger point
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with the "tender points", used for fibromyalgia diagnosis.
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. No cleanup reason has been specified. Please help improve this article if you can. (August 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Trigger point
Classification and external resources
Specialty
Rheumatology
ICD-10
M62.8
[edit on Wikidata]
Myofascial trigger points, also known as trigger points, are described as hyperirritable spots in the fascia surrounding skeletal muscle. They are associated with palpable nodules in taut bands of muscle fibers.[1] They are a topic of ongoing controversy, as there is limited data to inform a scientific understanding of the phenomenon. Accordingly, a formal acceptance of myofascial "knots" as an identifiable source of pain is more common among bodyworkers, physical therapists, chiropractors, and osteopathic practitioners. Nonetheless, the concept of trigger points provides a framework which may be used to help address certain musculoskeletal pain.
The trigger point model states that unexplained pain frequently radiates from these points of local tenderness to broader areas, sometimes distant from the trigger point itself. Practitioners claim to have identified reliable referred pain patterns which associate pain in one location with trigger points elsewhere. There is variation in the methodology for diagnosis of trigger points and a dearth of theory to explain how they arise and why they produce specific patterns of referred pain.[2]
Compression of a trigger point may elicit local tenderness, referred pain, or local twitch response. The local twitch response is not the same as a muscle spasm. This is because a muscle spasm refers to the entire muscle contracting whereas the local twitch response also refers to the entire muscle but only involves a small twitch, no contraction.
Among physicians, various specialists might use trigger point therapy. These include physiatrists (physicians specializing in physical medicine and rehabilitation), family medicine, and orthopedics. Osteopathic as well as chiropractic schools also include trigger points in their training.[3] Other health professionals, such as athletic trainers, occupational therapists, physiotherapists, acupuncturists, massage therapists and structural integrators are also aware of these ideas and many of them make use of trigger points in their clinical work as well.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Definition
2 Diagnosis
2.1 Imaging
2.2 Myofascial pain syndrome
2.3 Misdiagnosis of pain
3 Pathophysiology
4 Treatment
4.1 Physical muscle treatment
4.2 Trigger-point-injection
4.3 Risks
4.4 Efficacy
5 Overlap with acupuncture
6 See also
7 References
Definition[edit]
The term "trigger point" was coined in 1942 by Dr. Janet Travell to describe a clinical finding with the following characteristics:
Pain related to a discrete, irritable point in skeletal muscle or fascia, not caused by acute local trauma, inflammation, degeneration, neoplasm or infection.
The painful point can be felt as a nodule or band in the muscle, and a twitch response can be elicited on stimulation of the trigger point.
Palpation of the trigger point reproduces the patient's complaint of pain, and the pain radiates in a distribution typical of the specific muscle harboring the trigger point.
The pain cannot be explained by findings on neurological examination.
Diagnosis[edit]
Practitioners do not agree on what constitutes a trigger point, but the assessment typically considers symptoms, pain patterns and manual palpation. Usually there is a taut band in muscles containing trigger points, and a hard nodule can be felt. Often a twitch response can be felt in the muscle by running your finger perpendicular to the muscle's direction; this twitch response often activates the "all or nothing" response in a muscle that causes it to contract. Pressing on an affected muscle can often refer pain. Clusters of trigger points are not uncommon in some of the larger muscles, such as the gluteus group (gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus). Often there is a heat differential in the local area of a trigger point.[citation needed]
A 2007 review of diagnostic criteria used in studies of trigger points concluded that
there is as yet limited consensus on case definition in respect of MTrP pain syndrome. Further research is needed to test the reliability and validity of diagnostic criteria. Until reliable diagnostic criteria have been established, there is a need for greater transparency in research papers on how a case of MTrP pain syndrome is defined, and claims for effective interventions in treating the condition should be viewed with caution.[2]
A 2009 review of nine studies examining the reliability of trigger point diagnosis found that physical examination could not be recommended as reliable for the diagnosis of trigger points.[5]
Imaging[edit]
A 2008 review in Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation of two recent studies concludes they present findings that can reduce some of the controversy surrounding the cause and identification of myofascial trigger points (MTPs).[6] The study by Chen on the use of magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) imaging of the taut band of an MTP in an upper trapezius muscle may present a convincing demonstration of the cause of MTP symptoms. MRE is a modification of existing magnetic resonance imaging equipment to image stress produced by adjacent tissues with different degrees of tension. This report presents an MRE image of the taut band that shows the V-shaped signature of the increased tension compared with surrounding tissues.[7] Results were all consistent with the concept that taut bands are detectable and quantifiable with MRE imaging. The findings in the subjects suggest that the stiffness of the taut bands in patients with myofascial pain may be 50% greater than that of the surrounding muscle tissue. The findings suggest that MRE can quantitate asymmetries in muscle tone that could previously only be identified subjectively by examination.[8]
In the study by Shah and associates, they have shown the feasibility of continuous, in vivo recovery of small molecules from soft tissue without harmful effects. With this technique, they have been able to investigate the biochemistry of muscle in subjects with myofascial trigger points and to contrast this with that of the noninvolved muscle.[9]
Myofascial pain syndrome[edit]
The main innovation of Travell's work was the introduction of the myofascial pain syndrome concept (myofascial referring to the fascia that surrounds and permeates muscle). This is described as a focal hyperirritability in muscle that can strongly modulate central nervous system functions. Travell and followers distinguish this from fibromyalgia, which is characterized by widespread pain and tenderness and is described as a central augmentation of nociception giving rise to deep tissue tenderness that includes muscles. Studies estimate that in 75–95 percent of cases, myofascial pain is a primary cause of regional pain. Myofascial pain is associated with muscle tenderness that arises from trigger points, focal points of tenderness, a few millimeters in diameter, found at multiple sites in a muscle and the fascia of muscle tissue. Biopsy tests found that trigger points were hyperirritable and electrically active muscle spindles in general muscle tissue.[10]
Misdiagnosis of pain[edit]
The misdiagnosis of pain is the most important issue taken up by Travell and Simons. Referred pain from trigger points mimics the symptoms of a very long list of common maladies, but physicians, in weighing all the possible causes for a given condition, rarely consider a myofascial source. The study of trigger points has not historically been part of medical education. Travell and Simons hold that most of the common everyday pain is caused by myofascial trigger points and that ignorance of that basic concept could inevitably lead to false diagnoses and the ultimate failure to deal effectively with pain.[11]
Pathophysiology[edit]
Activation of trigger points may be caused by a number of factors, including acute or chronic muscle overload, activation by other trigger points (key/satellite, primary/secondary), disease, psychological distress (via systemic inflammation), homeostatic imbalances, direct trauma to the region, collision trauma (such as a car crash which stresses many muscles and causes instant trigger points) radiculopathy, infections and health issues such as smoking.
Trigger points form only in muscles. They form as a local contraction in a small number of muscle fibers in a larger muscle or muscle bundle. These in turn can pull on tendons and ligaments associated with the muscle and can cause pain deep within a joint where there are no muscles. The integrated hypothesis theory states that trigger points form from excessive release of acetylcholine which produces sustained depolarization of muscle fibers. Indeed, the trigger point has an abnormal biochemical composition with elevated concentrations of acetylcholine, noradrenaline and serotonin and a lower pH.[12] These sustained contractions of muscle sarcomeres compresses local blood supply restricting the energy needs of the local region. This crisis of energy produces sensitizing substances that interact with some nociceptive (pain) nerves traversing in the local region which in turn can produce localized pain within the muscle at the neuromuscular junction (Travell and Simons 1999). When trigger points are present in muscles there is often pain and weakness in the associated structures. These pain patterns in muscles follow specific nerve pathways and have been readily mapped to allow for identification of the causative pain factor. Many trigger points have pain patterns that overlap, and some create reciprocal cyclic relationships that need to be treated extensively to remove them.
Treatment[edit]
Physical muscle treatment[edit]
Therapists may use myotherapy (deep pressure as in Bonnie Prudden's approach, massage or tapotement as in Dr. Griner's approach), mechanical vibration, pulsed ultrasound, electrostimulation,[13] ischemic compression, trigger-point-injection (see below), dry-needling, "spray-and-stretch" using a cooling (vapocoolant) spray, Low Level Laser Therapy and stretching techniques that invoke reciprocal inhibition within the musculoskeletal system. Practitioners may use elbows, feet or various tools to direct pressure directly upon the trigger point, to avoid overuse of their hands.
A successful treatment protocol relies on identifying trigger points, resolving them and, if all trigger points have been deactivated, elongating the structures affected along their natural range of motion and length. In the case of muscles, which is where most treatment occurs, this involves stretching the muscle using combinations of passive, active, active isolated (AIS), muscle energy techniques (MET), and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching to be effective. Fascia surrounding muscles should also be treated to elongate and resolve strain patterns, otherwise muscles will simply be returned to positions where trigger points are likely to re-develop.
The results of manual therapy are related to the skill level of the therapist. If trigger points are pressed too short a time, they may activate or remain active; if pressed too long or hard, they may be irritated or the muscle may be bruised, resulting in pain in the area treated. This bruising may last for a 1–3 days after treatment, and may feel like, but is not similar to, delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), the pain felt days after overexerting muscles. Pain is also common after a massage if the practitioner uses pressure on unnoticed latent or active trigger points, or is not skilled in myofascial trigger point therapy.
Researchers of evidence-based medicine concluded as of 2001 that evidence for the usefulness of trigger points in the diagnosis of fibromyalgia is thin.[14] More recently, an association has been made between fibromyalgia tender points and active trigger points.[15][16]
Trigger-point-injection[edit]
Injections without anesthetics, or dry needling, and injections including saline, local anesthetics such as procaine hydrochloride (Novocain) or articaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine,[17] steroids, and botulinum toxin provide more immediate relief and can be effective when other methods fail. In regards to injections with anesthetics, a low concentration, short acting local anesthetic such as procaine 0.5% without steroids or adrenalin is recommended. High concentrations or long acting local anesthetics as well as epinephrine can cause muscle necrosis, while use of steroids can cause tissue damage.
Despite the concerns about long acting agents,[1] a mixture of lidocaine and marcaine is often used.[18] A mixture of 1 part 2% lidocaine with 3 parts 0.5% bupivacaine (trade name:Marcaine) provides 0.5% lidocaine and 0.375% bupivacaine. This has the advantages of immediate anesthesia with lidocaine during injection to minimize injection pain while providing a longer duration of action with a lowered concentration of bupivacaine.
In 1979, a study by Czech physician Karl Lewit reported that dry needling had the same success rate as anesthetic injections for the treatment of trigger points. He dubbed this the 'needle effect'.[19]
In the 1950s and 1960s, studies relevant to trigger points were done by J. H. Kellgren at University College Hospital, London, in the 1930s and, independently, by Michael Gutstein in Berlin and Michael Kelly in Australia. [20]
Health insurance companies in the US such as Blue Cross, Medica, and HealthPartners began covering trigger point injections in 2005.[citation needed]
Risks[edit]
Treatment, whether by self or by a professional, has some inherent dangers. It may lead to damage of soft tissue and other organs. The trigger points in the upper quadratus lumborum, for instance, are very close to the kidneys and poorly administered treatment (particularly injections) may lead to kidney damage. Likewise, treating the masseter muscle may damage the salivary glands superficial to this muscle. Furthermore, some experts believe trigger points may develop as a protective measure against unstable joints.[citation needed]
Efficacy[edit]
Studies to date on the efficacy of dry needling for MTrPs and pain have been too small to be conclusive.[21]
Overlap with acupuncture[edit]
In a June 2000 review, Chang-Zern Hong correlates the MTrP "tender points" to acupunctural "ah shi" ("Oh Yes!") points, and the "local twitch response" to acupuncture's "de qi" ("needle sensation"),[22] based on a 1977 paper by Melzack et al.[23] Peter Dorsher comments on a strong correlation between the locations of trigger points and classical acupuncture points, finding that 92% of the 255 trigger points correspond to acupuncture points, including 79.5% with similar pain indications.[24][25]
See also[edit]
Pressure point
Myofascial pain syndrome
Myofascial release
Neuromuscular therapy
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Travell, Janet; Simons David; Simons Lois (1999). Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction: The Trigger Point Manual (2 vol. set, 2nd Ed.). USA: Lippincott Williams & Williams. ISBN 9780683083637.
^ Jump up to: a b Tough EA, White AR, Richards S, Campbell J (March–April 2007). "Variability of criteria used to diagnose myofascial trigger point pain syndrome—evidence from a review of the literature". Clin J Pain. 23 (3): 278–86. PMID 17314589. doi:10.1097/AJP.0b013e31802fda7c.
Jump up ^ McPartland JM (June 2004). "Travell trigger points--molecular and osteopathic perspectives". Journal of the American Osteopathic Association. 104 (6): 244–49. PMID 15233331.
Jump up ^ Alvarez DJ, Rockwell PG (February 2002). "Trigger points: diagnosis and management". Am Fam Physician. 65 (4): 653–60. PMID 11871683.
Jump up ^ Lucas N, Macaskill P, Irwig L, Moran R, Bogduk N (January 2009). "Reliability of physical examination for diagnosis of myofascial trigger points: a systematic review of the literature". Clin J Pain. 25 (1): 80–9. PMID 19158550. doi:10.1097/AJP.0b013e31817e13b6.
Jump up ^ Myburgh, C; Larsen AH; Hartvigsen J. (2008). "A systematic, critical review of manual palpation for identifying myofascial trigger points: evidence and clinical significance". Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 89 (6): 1169–76. PMID 18503816. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2007.12.033. Retrieved 2012-07-23.
Jump up ^ Simons DG (2008). "New views of myofascial trigger points: etiology and diagnosis". Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 89 (1): 157–9. PMID 18164347. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2007.11.016.
Jump up ^ Chen Q, Bensamoun S, Basford JR, Thompson JM, An KN (December 2007). "Identification and quantification of myofascial taut bands with magnetic resonance elastography" (PDF). Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 88 (12): 1658–61. PMID 18047882. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2007.07.020.
Jump up ^ Shah JP, Danoff JV, Desai MJ, et al. (2008). "Biochemicals associated with pain and inflammation are elevated in sites near to and remote from active myofascial trigger points". Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 89 (1): 16–23. PMID 18164325. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2007.10.018.
Jump up ^ Jantos M (June 2007). "Understanding chronic pelvic pain". Pelviperineology. 26 (2). ISSN 1973-4913. OCLC 263367710. Full open-access article
Jump up ^ Davies Clair; Davies Amber (2004). The trigger point therapy workbook : your self-treatment guide for pain relief (2nd ed.). Oakland, California: New Harbinger Publications. p. 323. ISBN 978-1-57224-375-0.
Jump up ^ Shah JP, Gilliams EA (2008). "Uncovering the biochemical milieu of myofascial trigger points using in vivo microdialysis: an application of muscle pain concepts to myofascial pain syndrome.". J Bodyw Mov Ther. 12 (4): 371–84. PMID 19083696. doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2008.06.006.
Jump up ^ Hsueh TC, Cheng PT, Kuan TS, Hong CZ (November–December 1997). "The immediate effectiveness of electrical nerve stimulation and electrical muscle stimulation on myofascial trigger points". American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 76 (6): 471–6. PMID 9431265. doi:10.1097/00002060-199711000-00007.
Jump up ^ "Fibromyalgia: diagnosis and treatment". Bandolier (90). August 2001. ISSN 1353-9906.
Jump up ^ Ge HY, Nie H, Madeleine P, Danneskiold-Samsøe B, Graven-Nielsen T, Arendt-Nielsen L (2009-12-15). "Contribution of the local and referred pain from active myofascial trigger points in fibromyalgia syndrome". Pain. 147 (1–3): 233–40. PMID 19819074. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2009.09.019.
Jump up ^ Brezinschek HP (December 2008). "Mechanismen des Muskelschmerzes" [Mechanisms of muscle pain : significance of trigger points and tender points]. Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie (in German). 67 (8): 653–4, 656–7. PMID 19015861. doi:10.1007/s00393-008-0353-y.
Jump up ^ Raab D: Craniomandibular disorders simulating odontalgia and Eustachian tube -disorders – a case report. [Durch craniomandibuläre Dysfunktionen vorgetäuschte Zahnschmerzen und Tubenfunktionsstörungen – ein Fallbericht.] Wehrmedizinische Monatsschrift 2015: 59(12); 396-401. http://www.wehrmed.de/article/2738-durch-craniomandibulaere-dysfunktionen-vorgetaeuschte-zahnschmerzen-tubenfunktionsstoerungen-ein-fallbericht.html
Jump up ^ "Trigger point injection". Non-Surgical Orthopaedic & Spine Center. October 2006. Archived from the original on 2006-10-26. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
Jump up ^ Lewit K (1979). "The needle effect in the relief of myofascial pain". Pain. 6 (1): 83–90. PMID 424236. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(79)90142-8.
Jump up ^ Wilson VP (2003). "Janet G. Travell, MD: A Daughter's Recollection". Tex Heart Inst J. 30 (1): 8–12. PMC 152828  . PMID 12638664.
Jump up ^ Tough EA, White AR, Cummings TM, Richards SH, Campbell JL (January 2009). "Acupuncture and dry needling in the management of myofascial trigger point pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials". European Journal of Pain. 13 (1): 3–10. PMID 18395479. doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2008.02.006.
Jump up ^ Hong CZ (June 2000). "Myofascial trigger points: pathophysiology and correlation with acupuncture points". Acupunct Med. 18 (1): 41–47. doi:10.1136/aim.18.1.41.
Jump up ^ Melzack R, Stillwell DM, Fox EJ (February 1977). "Trigger points and acupuncture points for pain: correlations and implications" (PDF). Pain. 3 (1): 3–23. PMID 69288. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(77)90032-X.
Jump up ^ Dorsher PT (May 2006). "Trigger points and acupuncture points: anatomic and clinical correlations". Medical Acupuncture. 17 (3).
Jump up ^ Dorsher PT (July 2009). "Myofascial referred-pain data provide physiologic evidence of acupuncture meridians". J Pain. 10 (7): 723–31. PMID 19409857. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2008.12.010.
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Dye
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Dye (disambiguation).
Yarn drying after being dyed in the early American tradition, at Conner Prairie living history museum.
A dye is a colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied. The dye is generally applied in an aqueous solution, and may require a mordant to improve the fastness of the dye on the fiber.[1]
Both dyes and pigments are colored, because they absorb only some wavelengths of visible light. Dyes are usually soluble in water whereas pigments are insoluble. Some dyes can be rendered insoluble with the addition of salt to produce a lake pigment.
Contents
[hide]
1 Natural
2 Synthetic
3 Organic
4 Types
5 Food dyes
6 Other important dyes
7 Chromophoric dyes
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
Natural[edit]
Dyeing wool cloth, 1482: from a French translation of Bartolomaeus Anglicus
Main article: Natural dye
The majority of natural dyes are derived from plant sources: roots, berries, bark, leaves, and wood, fungi, and lichens. Textile dyeing dates back to the Neolithic period. Throughout history, people have dyed their textiles using common, locally available materials. Scarce dyestuffs that produced brilliant and permanent colors such as the natural invertebrate dyes Tyrian purple and crimson kermes were highly prized luxury items in the ancient and medieval world. Plant-based dyes such as woad, indigo, saffron, and madder were raised commercially and were important trade goods in the economies of Asia and Europe. Across Asia and Africa, patterned fabrics were produced using resist dyeing techniques to control the absorption of color in piece-dyed cloth. Dyes from the New World such as cochineal and logwood were brought to Europe by the Spanish treasure fleets[2], and the dyestuffs of Europe were carried by colonists to America.[3]
Dyed flax fibers have been found in the Republic of Georgia in a prehistoric cave dated to 36,000 BP.[4][5] Archaeological evidence shows that, particularly in India and Phoenicia, dyeing has been widely carried out for over 5,000 years. The dyes were obtained from animal, vegetable or mineral origin, with none to very little processing. By far the greatest source of dyes has been from the plant kingdom, notably roots, berries, bark, leaves and wood, but only a few have ever been used on a commercial scale.
The discovery of man-made synthetic dyes late in the 19th century ended the large-scale market for natural dyes.
Historical collection of over 10,000 dyes at Technical University Dresden, Germany
Synthetic[edit]
Synthetic dyes are man-made. These dyes are made from petroleum, sometimes in combination with mineral-derived components.
The first human-made organic aniline dye, mauveine, was discovered serendipitously by William Henry Perkin in 1856, the result of a failed attempt at the total synthesis of quinine. Other aniline dyes followed, such as fuchsine, safranine, and induline. Many thousands of synthetic dyes have since been prepared.[6][7]
Organic[edit]
Many dyes are organic compounds. These may be natural (from plant sources)[8] or synthetic.[9] Other than pigmentation, they have a range of applications including organic dye lasers,[10] optical media (CD-R) and camera sensors (color filter array). This is the basic classification for dye
Types[edit]
RIT brand dye from mid-20th century Mexico, part of the permanent collection of the Museo del Objeto del Objeto
Dyes are classified according to their solubility and chemical properties.[1]
Acid dyes are water-soluble anionic dyes that are applied to fibers such as silk, wool, nylon and modified acrylic fibers using neutral to acid dye baths. Attachment to the fiber is attributed, at least partly, to salt formation between anionic groups in the dyes and cationic groups in the fiber. Acid dyes are not substantive to cellulosic fibers. Most synthetic food colors fall in this category.Examples of acid dye are Alizarine Pure Blue B, Acid red 88 etc.
Basic dyes are water-soluble cationic dyes that are mainly applied to acrylic fibers, but find some use for wool and silk. Usually acetic acid is added to the dye bath to help the uptake of the dye onto the fiber. Basic dyes are also used in the coloration of paper.
Direct or substantive dyeing is normally carried out in a neutral or slightly alkaline dye bath, at or near boiling point, with the addition of either sodium chloride (NaCl) or sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) or sodium carbonate (Na2CO3). Direct dyes are used on cotton, paper, leather, wool, silk and nylon. They are also used as pH indicators and as biological stains.
Mordant dyes require a mordant, which improves the fastness of the dye against water, light and perspiration. The choice of mordant is very important as different mordants can change the final color significantly. Most natural dyes are mordant dyes and there is therefore a large literature base describing dyeing techniques. The most important mordant dyes are the synthetic mordant dyes, or chrome dyes, used for wool; these comprise some 30% of dyes used for wool, and are especially useful for black and navy shades. The mordant, potassium dichromate, is applied as an after-treatment. It is important to note that many mordants, particularly those in the heavy metal category, can be hazardous to health and extreme care must be taken in using them.
Vat dyes are essentially insoluble in water and incapable of dyeing fibres directly. However, reduction in alkaline liquor produces the water-soluble alkali metal salt of the dye, which, in this leuco form, has an affinity for the textile fibre. Subsequent oxidation reforms the original insoluble dye. The color of denim is due to indigo, the original vat dye.
Reactive dyes utilize a chromophore attached to a substituent that is capable of directly reacting with the fiber substrate. The covalent bonds that attach reactive dye to natural fibers make them among the most permanent of dyes. "Cold" reactive dyes, such as Procion MX, Cibacron F, and Drimarene K, are very easy to use because the dye can be applied at room temperature. Reactive dyes are by far the best choice for dyeing cotton and other cellulose fibers at home or in the art studio.
Disperse dyes were originally developed for the dyeing of cellulose acetate, and are water-insoluble. The dyes are finely ground in the presence of a dispersing agent and sold as a paste, or spray-dried and sold as a powder. Their main use is to dye polyester, but they can also be used to dye nylon, cellulose triacetate, and acrylic fibers. In some cases, a dyeing temperature of 130 °C (266 °F) is required, and a pressurized dyebath is used. The very fine particle size gives a large surface area that aids dissolution to allow uptake by the fiber. The dyeing rate can be significantly influenced by the choice of dispersing agent used during the grinding.
Azoic dyeing is a technique in which an insoluble Azo dye is produced directly onto or within the fiber. This is achieved by treating a fiber with both diazoic and coupling components. With suitable adjustment of dyebath conditions the two components react to produce the required insoluble azo dye. This technique of dyeing is unique, in that the final color is controlled by the choice of the diazoic and coupling components. This method of dyeing cotton is declining in importance due to the toxic nature of the chemicals used.
Sulfur dyes are inexpensive dyes used to dye cotton with dark colors. Dyeing is effected by heating the fabric in a solution of an organic compound, typically a nitrophenol derivative, and sulfide or polysulfide. The organic compound reacts with the sulfide source to form dark colors that adhere to the fabric. Sulfur Black 1, the largest selling dye by volume, does not have a well defined chemical structure
Food dyes[edit]
One other class that describes the role of dyes, rather than their mode of use, is the food dye. Because food dyes are classed as food additives, they are manufactured to a higher standard than some industrial dyes. Food dyes can be direct, mordant and vat dyes, and their use is strictly controlled by legislation. Many are azo dyes, although anthraquinone and triphenylmethane compounds are used for colors such as green and blue. Some naturally occurring dyes are also used.
Other important dyes[edit]
A number of other classes have also been established, including:
Oxidation bases, for mainly hair and fur
Laser dyes:rhodamine 6G and coumarin dyes.[11]
Leather dyes, for leather
Fluorescent brighteners, for textile fibres and paper
Solvent dyes, for wood staining and producing colored lacquers, solvent inks, coloring oils, waxes.
Contrast dyes, injected for magnetic resonance imaging, are essentially the same as clothing dye except they are coupled to an agent that has strong paramagnetic properties.[12]
Mayhems dye, used in water cooling for looks, often rebranded RIT dye
Chromophoric dyes[edit]
By the nature of their chromophore, dyes are divided into:[13]
Category:Acridine dyes, derivates of acridine
Category:Anthraquinone dyes, derivates of anthraquinone
Arylmethane dyes
Category:Diarylmethane dyes, based on diphenyl methane
Category:Triarylmethane dyes, derivates of triphenylmethane
Category:Azo dyes, based on -N=N- azo structure
Diazonium dyes, based on diazonium salts
Nitro dyes, based on a -NO2 nitro functional group
Nitroso dyes, based on a -N=O nitroso functional group
Phthalocyanine dyes, derivatives of phthalocyanine
Quinone-imine dyes, derivatives of quinone
Category:Azin dyes
Category:Eurhodin dyes
Category:Safranin dyes, derivates of safranin
Indamins
Category:Indophenol dyes, derivates of indophenol
Category:Oxazin dyes, derivates of oxazin
Oxazone dyes, derivates of oxazone
Category:Thiazine dyes, derivatives of thiazine
Category:Thiazole dyes, derivatives of thiazole
Category:Safranin dyes, derivates of safranin
Xanthene dyes, derived from xanthene
Fluorene dyes, derivatives of fluorene
Pyronin dyes
Category:Fluorone dyes, based on fluorone
Category:Rhodamine dyes, derivatives of rhodamine
See also[edit]
Biological pigment, any colored substance in organisms
Blue Wool Scale
Hair coloring
Industrial dye degradation
J-aggregate
Oxidant
Phototendering
Laser dyes
List of dyes
Natural dyes
Pigments
Inorganic pigments
Organic pigments
Stain
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Booth, Gerald (2000). Dyes, General Survey. Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a09_073.
Jump up ^ Castillejo, Marta; Moreno, Pablo; Oujja, Mohamed; Radvan, Roxana; Ruiz, Javier (15 August 2008). "Lasers in the Conservation of Artworks: Proceedings of the International Conference Lacona VII, Madrid, Spain, 17 - 21 September 2007". CRC Press. Retrieved 8 November 2017 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Adrosko, Rita J. (8 November 1971). "Natural Dyes and Home Dyeing (formerly Titled: Natural Dyes in the United States)". Courier Corporation. Retrieved 8 November 2017 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Balter, M (2009). "Clothes Make the (Hu) Man". Science. 325 (5946): 1329. doi:10.1126/science.325_1329a. PMID 19745126.
Jump up ^ Kvavadze, E; Bar-Yosef, O; Belfer-Cohen, A; Boaretto, E; Jakeli, N; Matskevich, Z; Meshveliani, T (2009). "30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers". Science. 325 (5946): 1359. doi:10.1126/science.1175404. PMID 19745144. Supporting Online Material
Jump up ^ Hunger, K., ed. (2003). Industrial Dyes. Chemistry, Properties, Applications. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
Jump up ^ Zollinger, H. (2003). Color Chemistry. Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Organic Dyes and Pigments, 3rd ed. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
Jump up ^ Burgess, Rebecca (8 November 2017). "Harvesting Color: How to Find Plants and Make Natural Dyes". Artisan Books. Retrieved 8 November 2017 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ "Syntheses, Properties, and Applications of Organic Dyes and Pigments".
Jump up ^ Silfvast, William T. (21 July 2008). "Laser Fundamentals". Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 8 November 2017 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ F. J. Duarte and L. W. Hillman (Eds.), Dye Laser Principles (Academic, New York, 1990).
Jump up ^ "patentstorm.us". Patentstorm.us. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Llewellyn, Bryan D. "Stainsfile - Dye index". Stainsfile.info. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
Further reading[edit]
Abelshauser, Werner. German History and Global Enterprise: BASF: The History of a Company (2004) covers 1865 to 2000
Beer, John J. The Emergence of the German Dye Industry (1959)
Look up leuco form in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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