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Cars 3
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For the 2009 film, see Cars 3 (2009 film). For the video game adaptation, see Cars 3: Driven to Win.
Cars 3
Directed by
Brian Fee
Produced by
Kevin Reher
Screenplay by
Kiel Murray
Bob Peterson
Mike Rich[1]
Story by
Brian Fee
Ben Queen
Eyal Podell
Jonathan E. Stewart
Starring
Owen Wilson
Cristela Alonzo
Chris Cooper
Armie Hammer
Larry the Cable Guy
Bonnie Hunt
Nathan Fillion
Lea DeLaria
Kerry Washington
Music by
Randy Newman[2]
Cinematography
Jeremy Lasky
Edited by
Jason Hudak
Production
company
Walt Disney Pictures
Pixar Animation Studios
Distributed by
Walt Disney Studios
Motion Pictures
Release date
May 23, 2017 (2017-05-23) (Kannapolis)
June 16, 2017 (2017-06-16) (United States)
Running time
102 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$175 million[3]
Box office
$384 million[4]
Cars 3 is a 2017 American 3D computer-animated comedy film produced by Pixar and released by Walt Disney Pictures. Directed by Brian Fee in his directorial debut, the screenplay was written by Kiel Murray, Bob Peterson and Mike Rich. The film is the sequel to Cars and Cars 2 and the third installment of the Cars film series. The returning voices of Owen Wilson, Bonnie Hunt and Larry the Cable Guy are joined by Cristela Alonzo, Chris Cooper, Armie Hammer, Nathan Fillion, Kerry Washington and Lea DeLaria, in addition to a dozen NASCAR personalities.[5] In the film, Lightning McQueen sets out to prove to a new generation of high tech race cars that he is still the best race car in the world.
The film was released on June 16, 2017, grossed $384 million worldwide,[4] and received generally positive reviews, with many critics considering it an improvement over its predecessor, as well as praising its emotional story and animation.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Soundtracks
5 Release
5.1 Video game
5.2 Home media
5.3 Short Film
6 Reception
6.1 Box office
6.2 Critical response
6.3 Accolades
7 Possible sequel
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
Lightning McQueen, now a seven-time Piston Cup racing legend, and the other veterans of the Piston Cup, suddenly find themselves being displaced by the next-generation rookies such as Jackson Storm, outfitted with the latest technology to break speed records. As the season progresses, the amount of new racers begin to increase, resulting in many veterans either retiring, or being fired by their sponsors, to make way for the new generation. Then, in the last race of the season, McQueen is injured in a rollover crash while trying to catch up to Storm.
Four months later, McQueen, recovering in Radiator Springs, isolates himself from his friends, and is watching footage of Doc Hudson, whose career ended in a similar accident, and McQueen fears that this might happen to him as well. After receiving some encouragement from his girlfriend, Sally, McQueen decides to continue racing and call his sponsors from Rust-eze, Rusty and Dusty, who surprise him by telling him they opened a new state-of-the-art training center known as the Rust-eze Racing Center, only to reveal that they have sold the team to a new owner, Sterling. There, McQueen meets Sterling, and is assigned to train under Cruz Ramirez. Cruz's methodical approach to training wears on McQueen's impatience, and he attempts to use a high tech racing simulator - only to end up damaging it. Sterling decides that McQueen is unfit to race, and instead, plans to use him for promotional materials only. McQueen contests this, and instead, makes a deal; if he should win the first race of the season, he will get to determine when he retires, otherwise he will retire on the spot. Sterling accepts the deal, but assigns him to work one-on-one with Cruz.
McQueen tries to train on the nearby Fireball Beach in order to build up his speed, but he finds most of his time spent on teaching Cruz how to drive on various terrain. McQueen then attempts to race at a dirt track called Thunder Hollow, and inadvertently becomes part of a demolition derby called ″Crazy Eight″ that Cruz wins, and her elation leads to McQueen's embarrassment. Distraught at the waste of training time, McQueen rages at Cruz, and in a fit of frustration, he accidentally breaks her trophy. Upset and in retaliation, Cruz furiously reveals that she had wanted to race professionally all her life, since she was inspired by McQueen, but never started a race because she felt intimidated by the other race cars, and simply lacked confidence. She resigns as McQueen's trainer, and heads back to the training center.
Guilty and with no other options, McQueen calls up his friend Mater, who suggests that he should talk to Doc's mentor, Smokey in Doc's hometown of Thomasville. McQueen catches up to Cruz, and, after revealing that he had fixed her trophy, apologizes to her, and convinces her to join him. In Thomasville, McQueen meets up with Smokey, who recounts how, despite his forced retirement, Doc found a new happiness in training McQueen. After McQueen accepts that he will never be as fast as Storm, Smokey and his friends help McQueen learn new tricks to overcome his speed disadvantage with Cruz as his sparring partner. However, during the last practice race, Cruz suddenly overtakes him, giving him a flashback to his crash, shaking his confidence.
At the race in Florida, McQueen is coached by Smokey from the pits, and manages to gradually push up through the ranks. Sterling, who still believes McQueen cannot win, orders Cruz back to the center, despite her wanting to stay and watch the race. McQueen overhears this, and remembers Cruz's speech about wanting to be a racer. He devises a plan; the next time he pits, he tells his crew to outfit Cruz in his racing number to try and finally beat Storm, against Sterling's wishes. Cruz is initially shaken by her lack of confidence, but Smokey and McQueen help her to pull ahead. On the last lap, Cruz catches up to Storm. Storm, feeling threatened, tries to intimidate her - even to the point of ramming her against the wall, but she uses one of Doc's tricks to repel off it, take the lead, and win.
As Cruz celebrates her victory, Sterling offers her a role on his team, but she instead takes a counteroffer made by Tex Dinoco. Sterling reminds McQueen about his bet, but then McQueen's name is shared with Cruz's on the leaderboard as victors, since both he and Cruz raced with the winning number, thus winning the deal. Tex then goes to speak with Sterling, offering a deal. Sometime later, McQueen and Cruz return to Radiator Springs, decked out in Doc's old color and number, respectively. McQueen reveals that Tex has bought Rust-eze from Sterling, and McQueen decides to continue racing, and to be Cruz's crew chief.
In the post-credits scene, Mater at his junkyard tries to answer an incoming call from his phone. Somehow he accidentally touches his reception antenna and his phone goes dead much to his dismay.
Cast[edit]
See also: List of Cars characters
Owen Wilson as Lightning McQueen,[7] a legendary Piston Cup veteran who lives in Route 66's Radiator Springs; racer for Rust-eze; #95.
Cristela Alonzo as Cruz Ramirez,[7][8] Lightning McQueen's trainer and racing technician, who always longed to be a racer, but lacked confidence. She later becomes a yellow and blue Dinoco; #51 racer.
Chris Cooper as Smokey,[9] Doc's former mechanic and crew chief, who helps Lightning McQueen train for the Florida 500.
Nathan Fillion as Sterling,[10] a rich business car who runs the elite training facility Rust-eze Racing Center, who challenges McQueen's position as a racer.
Larry the Cable Guy as Mater, a jolly tow truck and Lightning McQueen's best friend.
Armie Hammer as Jackson Storm,[7][8] McQueen's new racing rival. The face of the newer generation of high-tech racers, he threatens to displace McQueen as the top racer, and McQueen's career; racer for IGNTR; #20.
Tom and Ray Magliozzi as Rusty and Dusty Rust-eze, respectively,[11] the owners of Rust-eze. Following Tom's death in 2014, unused archive recordings from the first film were used for Rusty's lines.
Tony Shalhoub as Luigi, a Fiat 500.
Bonnie Hunt as Sally Carrera, a Porsche 996, and Lightning McQueen's girlfriend.
Lea DeLaria as Miss Fritter,[10] an intimidating demolition derby-inspired monster school bus at the Thunder Hollow demolition derby.
Kerry Washington as Natalie Certain,[10] a statistical analyst.
Bob Costas as Bob Cutlass, a broadcaster at the race track.
Margo Martindale as Louise "Barnstormer" Nash,[12] a Piston Cup legend and a friend of Doc.
Darrell Waltrip as Darrell Cartrip,[5] a broadcaster and former Piston Cup racer working aside with Bob.
Isiah Whitlock Jr. as River Scott,[12] a legendary Piston Cup racer who is a friend of Smokey.
Bob Peterson as Chick Hicks,[11] a former Piston Cup racer and ex-rival of Lightning McQueen, who now works as an RSN announcer and hosts his own TV show, Chick's Picks. He was previously voiced by Michael Keaton in the first film.
Peterson also voices Dr. Damage, an ambulance monster truck competitor at Thunder Hollow; though the character is provided as an additional voice.
Guido Quaroni as Guido, a forklift who is Luigi's best friend and assistant.
John Ratzenberger as Mack,[11] a 1985 Mack Super-Liner who is Lightning's transport.
Kyle Petty as Cal Weathers, one of Lightning's racing friends, and a veteran racer for Dinoco.
Lewis Hamilton as Hamilton, a voice command assistant to Cruz Ramirez.[11] Hamilton previously voiced himself (as a WGP racer) in the second film.
Lloyd Sherr as Fillmore, a Volkswagen Bus. He was previously voiced by George Carlin in the first film who died in 2008.
Junior Johnson as Junior "Midnight" Moon,[12] a former Piston Cup racer who is a 1938 Ford Standard Coupe; #11.
Ray Evernham as Ray Reverham,[5] Jackson Storm's crew chief.
Paul Newman as Doc Hudson, Lightning McQueen's late mentor. He appears in the film with unused archive recordings of Newman from the first film. After Newman's death in September 2008, the character was written in a flashback for his final film eleven years ago.
Cheech Marin as Ramone, a Chevrolet Impala Lowrider, and Flo's husband.
Humpy Wheeler as Tex Dinoco, the owner of Dinoco.
Katherine Helmond as Lizzie, a Ford Model T.
Paul Dooley as Sarge, a Willys Jeep.
Jenifer Lewis as Flo, a Motorama show car, and Ramone's wife.
Shannon Spake as Shannon Spokes,[5] an RSN reporter who is not afraid to ask questions to racers.
Madeleine McGraw as Maddy McGear, a young Axxelo Microlux who is Lightning's biggest fan.
Michael Wallis as Sheriff, a seasoned 1949 Mercury Eight police car.
Mike Joy as Mike Joyride, the host on Lightning's radio.
Jeff Gordon as Jeff Gorvette,[5] a World Grand Prix competitor who now works as a Piston Cup announcer for races
Daniel Suárez as Danny Swervez, Octain Gain's next-gen racer; #19.[5]
Ryan Blaney as Ryan "Inside" Laney, Blinkr's next gen racer; #21.[5]
Bubba Wallace as Bubba Wheelhouse, Transberry Juice's next-gen racer; #6.[5]
Chase Elliott as Chase Racelott, Vitoline's next-gen racer; #24.[5]
Richard Petty as Strip "The King" Weathers, who has retired and now acts as crew chief for his nephew Cal.[5]
Andra Day as Sweet Tea, a forklift waiter and singer at Cotter Pin Bar & Grill.
Production[edit]
Development on Cars 3 began in 2011 after the release of Cars 2,[13] and by March 2014 pre-production was underway.[14] In October 2014, Pixar's chief creative officer John Lasseter revealed at the Tokyo International Film Festival that the film would feature a tribute to Hayao Miyazaki's film The Castle of Cagliostro, in a form of an old Citroën 2CV.[15]
Prior to the film's release, John Lasseter, director of the previous Cars films, stated that the film had a "very emotional story", similar in tone to the first film.[16] Co-writer Kiel Murray, who also co-wrote the original Cars, said of the return to the series roots, "With these franchises you always want to know who it's about. The first movie was about McQueen, and the second movie was a sort of off-ramp to the Mater story. We wanted to get back to the McQueen story. When we looked at what would be next for him, we wondered what that would be like both as an athlete, and also for what he was dealing with in the rest of his life."[17]
On January 5, 2017, it was announced that Armie Hammer and Cristela Alonzo would voice Jackson Storm and Cruz Ramirez, respectively. Two months later, Nathan Fillion, Kerry Washington and Lea Delaria joined the cast.[8]
The production utilized a new rendering system, RIS, which made scenes like the demolition derby race possible. The system was previously used on Pixar's Finding Dory.[18]
Soundtracks[edit]
There are two soundtracks released for the third film. The original motion picture soundtrack features rock/pop songs featured in the film, while the original score soundtrack features the score composed and conducted by Randy Newman.[19]
Cars 3 Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Soundtrack album
Released
June 16, 2017
Genre
Western, Country, Pop
Length
28:40
Label
Walt Disney
No.
Title
Artist
Length
1. "Run that Race" Dan Auerbach 2:43
2. "Kings Highway" James Bay 3:07
3. "Truckaroo" Brad Paisley 2:36
4. "Thunder Hollow Breakdown" Brad Paisley 4:49
5. "Glory Days" Andra Day 4:07
6. "Ride" ZZ Ward featuring Gary Clark Jr. 4:03
7. "Drive My Car" Jorge Blanco 2:42
8. "Freeway of Love" Lea DeLaria 4:30
Cars 3 Original Score
Soundtrack album by Randy Newman
Released
June 16, 2017 (2017-06-16)
Recorded
2016–2017
Genre
Country, classical
Length
50:15
Label
Walt Disney
Randy Newman chronology
Monsters University
(2013) Cars 3 Original Score
(2017) Toy Story 4
(2019)
No.
Title
Length
1. "Storm's Winning Streak" 1:23
2. "When All Your Friends are Gone/ Crash" 3:44
3. "Doc's Painful Demise" 1:25
4. "Mater on the Horn" 0:29
5. "Sistine Chapel on Wheels" 1:06
6. "Temple of Rust-eze" 1:25
7. "A Career on a Wall/ Electronic Suit" 3:21
8. "Drip Pan" 1:12
9. "McQueen's Wild Ride" 2:05
10. "Biggest Brand in Racing" 3:12
11. "Fireball Beach" 2:16
12. "Pull Over, Now!/ Cruz's Racing Dreams" 2:00
13. "1.2%" 1:21
14. "If This Track Could Talk" 2:33
15. "Letters About You" 2:02
16. "Smokey Starts Training/ A Blaze of Glory" 5:56
17. "Starting Dead Last" 1:42
18. "Flashback/ Pit Stop" 3:32
19. "Through the Pack" 3:42
20. "Victory Lane" 3:51
21. "The Fabulous Lightning McQueen" 2:11
Release[edit]
Cars 3 was released in theaters on June 16, 2017, in the United States, in 3D[20] and selected IMAX theaters,[21] accompanied by the Pixar short film Lou.[22] The film had a special screening for the NASCAR industry in Kannapolis, North Carolina on May 23, 2017.[23] The world premiere was held in Anaheim, California on June 10, 2017.[24]
Video game[edit]
Main article: Cars 3: Driven to Win
A tie-in video game has been announced to accompany the film's release. It was developed by Avalanche Software, which was shut down by Disney in 2016, but was acquired and revived by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment. It was released on Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Wii U, Xbox 360, and Xbox One on June 13, 2017, in North America,[25] in Europe and Australia on July 14, 2017,[26] and in Japan on July 20, 2017.[27] As Disney no longer develops and publishes video games after the release of Disney Infinity 3.0, Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment published the tie-in game.[28]
Home media[edit]
Cars 3 was released on Digital HD on October 24, 2017 and was released on DVD, Blu-ray, and 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray on November 7, 2017, by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment.[29]
Short Film[edit]
BBC, Disney, and LEGO have released a short film via Youtube, on April 13, 2018, that is inspired by both the Cars animated series as well as the popular Top Gear TV series. The film tells the story of Lightning McQueen's trip to the Top Gear track where he achieves his dream of racing the Stig around the track.[30]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
Cars 3 grossed $153 million in the United States and Canada and $231 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $384 million, against a production budget of $175 million.[4]
In North America, Cars 3 was released alongside Rough Night, 47 Meters Down and All Eyez on Me, and was projected to gross $55–60 million from 4,256 theaters in its opening weekend.[31][32] It made $2.8 million from Thursday night previews and $19.5 million on its first day. It went on to open to $53.7 million, finishing first at the box office and dethroning two-time first-place finisher Wonder Woman. Cars 3 had the lowest opening of the series, but nevertheless was the 16th Pixar film to debut at number one.[33] In its second weekend, the film grossed $24.1 million, dropping to third place, behind Transformers: The Last Knight and Wonder Woman.[34] In its third weekend the film made $9.7 million ($14.1 million over the five-day 4th of July holiday weekend), dropping to 5th.[35]
Internationally, the film made $21.3 million from its opening in 23 markets, which was 9% more than Cars 2 and 29% more than Cars.[36] The film opened in China on August 25 and grossed $10.8 million over its debut weekend.[37] The biggest markets in terms of total earnings are China ($20.8 million), followed by France ($19.5 million), Japan ($16.1 million), Mexico ($15.6 million), and the UK ($15.2 million).[38]
Critical response[edit]
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 67% based on 193 reviews, with an average rating of 6/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Cars 3 has an unexpectedly poignant story to go with its dazzling animation, suggesting Pixar's most middle-of-the-road franchise may have a surprising amount of tread left."[39] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the film has a score of 59 out of 100, based on reviews from 41 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[40] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[33]
In his review for Variety, Owen Gleiberman wrote, "Cars 3 is a friendly, rollicking movie made with warmth and dash, and to the extent that it taps our primal affection for this series, it more than gets the job done. Yet in many ways it’s the tasteful version of a straight-to-DVD (or streaming) sequel."[41] David Fear of Rolling Stone gave the film a positive review, saying: "There's an emotional resonance to this story about growing old, chasing glory days and the joy of passing the baton that leaves the other two films choking on its digitally rendered dust. The end goal this time out isn't just to sell a few more toys and Lightning McQueen lunchboxes. It's actually tapping into something deeper than a corporate bottom line."[42] Mike Ryan of Uproxx called the film 'The Rocky III Of The Cars Franchise,' and wrote "There’s a hint of sadness that seems to be present throughout Cars 3 that gives it a little more weight than the previous installments."[43]
Alonso Duralde of TheWrap gave the film a mixed review, saying: "As a spawner of merchandise, Cars 3 fires on all pistons but, as a movie, it's a harmless but never stimulating 109 minutes."[44] Vicky Roach gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, saying: "Returning to the iconic, backroads nostalgia of the original film, Cars 3 puts the flashy, unpopular middle film squarely in its rear vision mirror. The route that the filmmakers take might be familiar, but after gunning it, they take the corners like pros."[45]
Accolades[edit]
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref.
Teen Choice Awards August 13, 2017 Choice Movie: Comedy Walt Disney Pictures Nominated [46]
Choice Movie Actor: Comedy Owen Wilson Nominated
Detroit Film Critics Society December 7, 2017 Best Animated Film Cars 3 Nominated [47]
St. Louis Film Critics Association December 15, 2017 Best Animated Feature Brian Fee Nominated [48]
IGN Awards December 19, 2017 Best Animated Movie Cars 3 Nominated [49]
Central Ohio Film Critics Association January 4, 2017 Best Animated Film Nominated [50]
Image Awards January 15, 2018 Outstanding Character Voice-Over Performance Kerry Washington as Natalie Certain Nominated [51]
Satellite Awards February 10, 2018 Best Animated or Mixed Media Feature Cars 3 Nominated [52]
Art Directors Guild January 27, 2018 Production Design in an Animated Feature William Cone and Jay Shuster Nominated [53]
Visual Effects Society Awards February 13, 2018 Outstanding Visual Effects in an Animated Feature Brian Fee, Kevin Reher, Michael Fong, Jon Reisch Nominated [54]
Outstanding Created Environment in an Animated Feature Marlena Fecho, Thidartana Annee Jonjai, Jose L. Ramos Serrano, Frank Tai for "Abandoned Racetrack" Nominated
Outstanding Effects Simulations in an Animated Feature Greg Gladstone, Stephen Marshall, Leon JeongWook Park, Tim Speltz Nominated
Annie Award February 3, 2018 Best Animated Feature Kevin Reher Nominated [55]
Animated Effects in an Animated Production Amit Baadkar, Greg Gladstone, Stephen Marshall, Tim Speltz and Jon Reisch Nominated
Cinema Audio Society Awards February 24, 2018 Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Motion Picture – Animated Doc Kane, Tom Meyers, Michael Semanick, Nathan Nance, David Boucher and Blake Collins Nominated [56]
Saturn Awards June 2018 Best Animated Film Cars 3 Pending [57]
Possible sequel[edit]
Regarding a possible Cars 4, Cars 3 producers Kevin Reher and Andrea Warren stated speaking to Cinema Blend that "If there's a good story to tell, I mean, our heads kinda break after having gotten this one done, like "oh my God" what could you do the further adventures of? But like any sequel, from Toy Story 4 to Incredibles 2, as long as there's a good story to tell it's worth investing, we do love these characters, we love them as much as the public does."[58] Regarding which character would be the main protagonist in the film, Reher and Warren stated that "if Cruz is a breakout character, kind of like Mater was, she would be involved in a 4".[59] Owen Wilson stated at a Cars 3 press event that possible stories have been discussed for a Cars 4, though he would personally like for a fourth Cars film to delve into aspects of the thriller genre, akin to Cars 2.[60]
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Jump up ^ IGN Editors (December 4, 2017). "BEST OF 2017 NOMINEES". IGN Awards. Retrieved December 5, 2017. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "The 2017 Columbus Film Critics Association (CFCA) Nominations". nextbestpicture. January 2, 2018. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Haring, Bruce (2017-11-20). "NAACP Image Awards Nominees: Netflix, OWN Lead In TV; Universal, Annapurna, Open Road Top Film". Deadline. Retrieved 2017-12-10.
Jump up ^ "'Dunkirk,' 'The Shape of Water' Lead Satellite Award Nominations". The Wrap. November 29, 2017. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Art Directors Guild Awards: 'Dunkirk,' 'Shape of Water,' 'Blade Runner 2049' Among Nominees". The Hollywood Reporter. January 9, 2018. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ Giardina, Carolyn (January 16, 2018). "Visual Effects Society Awards: 'Apes,' 'Blade Runner 2049' Lead Feature Nominees". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Amidi, Amid (December 4, 2017). "Walt Disney Company Picks Up 33 Annie Award Nominations, Including 13 For 'Coco'". Cartoon Brew. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "54th CAS Awards Nominees". Cinema Audio Society. January 18, 2018. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (March 15, 2018). "'Black Panther,' 'Walking Dead' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations". Variety. Archived from the original on March 15, 2018. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ https://www.cinemablend.com/news/1651339/will-pixar-ever-do-cars-4
Jump up ^ https://www.bustle.com/p/is-cars-3-the-last-cars-movie-the-franchise-could-keep-riding-for-years-63887
Jump up ^ https://www.cinemablend.com/news/1671059/what-cars-4-should-be-about-according-to-owen-wilson
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Pixel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the picture element. For other uses, including for the plural form "pixels", see Pixel (disambiguation).
This example shows an image with a portion greatly enlarged, in which the individual pixels are rendered as small squares and can easily be seen.
A photograph of sub-PIXEL display elements on a laptop's LCD screen
In digital imaging, a pixel, pel,[1] dots, or picture element[2] is a physical point in a raster image, or the smallest addressable element in an all points addressable display device; so it is the smallest controllable element of a picture represented on the screen.
Each pixel is a sample of an original image; more samples typically provide more accurate representations of the original. The intensity of each pixel is variable. In color imaging systems, a color is typically represented by three or four component intensities such as red, green, and blue, or cyan, magenta, yellow, and black.
In some contexts (such as descriptions of camera sensors), pixel refers to a single scalar element of a multi-component representation (more precisely called a photosite in the camera sensor context, although the neologism sensel is sometimes used to describe the elements of a digital camera's sensor),[3] while in yet other contexts it may refer to the set of component intensities for a spatial position. Drawing a distinction between pixels, photosites, and samples may reduce confusion when describing color systems that use chroma subsampling or cameras that use Bayer filter to produce color components via upsampling.
The word pixel is a portmanteau of pix (from "pictures", shortened to "pics") and el (for "element"); similar formations with 'el' include the words voxel[4] and texel.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Technical
2.1 Sampling patterns
2.2 Resolution of computer monitors
2.3 Resolution of telescopes
2.4 Bits per pixel
2.5 Subpixels
3 Megapixel
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Etymology[edit]
The word "pixel" was first published in 1965 by Frederic C. Billingsley of JPL, to describe the picture elements of video images from space probes to the Moon and Mars.[5] Billingsley had learned the word from Keith E. McFarland, at the Link Division of General Precision in Palo Alto, who in turn said he did not know where it originated. McFarland said simply it was "in use at the time" (circa 1963).[6]
The word is a combination of pix, for picture, and element. The word pix appeared in Variety magazine headlines in 1932, as an abbreviation for the word pictures, in reference to movies.[7] By 1938, "pix" was being used in reference to still pictures by photojournalists.[6]
The concept of a "picture element" dates to the earliest days of television, for example as "Bildpunkt" (the German word for pixel, literally 'picture point') in the 1888 German patent of Paul Nipkow. According to various etymologies, the earliest publication of the term picture element itself was in Wireless World magazine in 1927,[8] though it had been used earlier in various U.S. patents filed as early as 1911.[9]
Some authors explain pixel as picture cell, as early as 1972.[10] In graphics and in image and video processing, pel is often used instead of pixel.[11] For example, IBM used it in their Technical Reference for the original PC.
Pixels, abbreviated as 'px,' are also a unit of measurement commonly used in graphic and web design, equivalent to roughly 1⁄96 inch (0.26 mm). This measurement is used to make sure a given element will display as the same size no matter what screen resolution views it.[12]
Pixilation, spelled with a second i, is an unrelated filmmaking technique that dates to the beginnings of cinema, in which live actors are posed frame by frame and photographed to create stop-motion animation. An archaic British word meaning "possession by spirits (pixies)", the term has been used to describe the animation process since the early 1950s; various animators, including Norman McLaren and Grant Munro, are credited with popularizing it.[13]
Technical[edit]
A pixel does not need to be rendered as a small square. This image shows alternative ways of reconstructing an image from a set of pixel values, using dots, lines, or smooth filtering.
A pixel is generally thought of as the smallest single component of a digital image. However, the definition is highly context-sensitive. For example, there can be "printed pixels" in a page, or pixels carried by electronic signals, or represented by digital values, or pixels on a display device, or pixels in a digital camera (photosensor elements). This list is not exhaustive and, depending on context, synonyms include pel, sample, byte, bit, dot, and spot. Pixels can be used as a unit of measure such as: 2400 pixels per inch, 640 pixels per line, or spaced 10 pixels apart.
The measures dots per inch (dpi) and pixels per inch (ppi) are sometimes used interchangeably, but have distinct meanings, especially for printer devices, where dpi is a measure of the printer's density of dot (e.g. ink droplet) placement.[14] For example, a high-quality photographic image may be printed with 600 ppi on a 1200 dpi inkjet printer.[15] Even higher dpi numbers, such as the 4800 dpi quoted by printer manufacturers since 2002, do not mean much in terms of achievable resolution.[16]
The more pixels used to represent an image, the closer the result can resemble the original. The number of pixels in an image is sometimes called the resolution, though resolution has a more specific definition. Pixel counts can be expressed as a single number, as in a "three-megapixel" digital camera, which has a nominal three million pixels, or as a pair of numbers, as in a "640 by 480 display", which has 640 pixels from side to side and 480 from top to bottom (as in a VGA display), and therefore has a total number of 640×480 = 307,200 pixels or 0.3 megapixels.
The pixels, or color samples, that form a digitized image (such as a JPEG file used on a web page) may or may not be in one-to-one correspondence with screen pixels, depending on how a computer displays an image. In computing, an image composed of pixels is known as a bitmapped image or a raster image. The word raster originates from television scanning patterns, and has been widely used to describe similar halftone printing and storage techniques.
Sampling patterns[edit]
For convenience, pixels are normally arranged in a regular two-dimensional grid. By using this arrangement, many common operations can be implemented by uniformly applying the same operation to each pixel independently. Other arrangements of pixels are possible, with some sampling patterns even changing the shape (or kernel) of each pixel across the image. For this reason, care must be taken when acquiring an image on one device and displaying it on another, or when converting image data from one pixel format to another.
For example:
Text rendered using ClearType
LCD screens typically use a staggered grid, where the red, green, and blue components are sampled at slightly different locations. Subpixel rendering is a technology which takes advantage of these differences to improve the rendering of text on LCD screens.
The vast majority of color digital cameras use a Bayer filter, resulting in a regular grid of pixels where the color of each pixel depends on its position on the grid.
A clipmap uses a hierarchical sampling pattern, where the size of the support of each pixel depends on its location within the hierarchy.
Warped grids are used when the underlying geometry is non-planar, such as images of the earth from space.[17]
The use of non-uniform grids is an active research area, attempting to bypass the traditional Nyquist limit.[18]
Pixels on computer monitors are normally "square" (that is, have equal horizontal and vertical sampling pitch); pixels in other systems are often "rectangular" (that is, have unequal horizontal and vertical sampling pitch – oblong in shape), as are digital video formats with diverse aspect ratios, such as the anamorphic widescreen formats of the Rec. 601 digital video standard.
Resolution of computer monitors[edit]
Computers can use pixels to display an image, often an abstract image that represents a GUI. The resolution of this image is called the display resolution and is determined by the video card of the computer. LCD monitors also use pixels to display an image, and have a native resolution. Each pixel is made up of triads, with the number of these triads determining the native resolution. On some CRT monitors, the beam sweep rate may be fixed, resulting in a fixed native resolution. Most CRT monitors do not have a fixed beam sweep rate, meaning they do not have a native resolution at all - instead they have a set of resolutions that are equally well supported. To produce the sharpest images possible on an LCD, the user must ensure the display resolution of the computer matches the native resolution of the monitor.
Resolution of telescopes[edit]
The pixel scale used in astronomy is the angular distance between two objects on the sky that fall one pixel apart on the detector (CCD or infrared chip). The scale s measured in radians is the ratio of the pixel spacing p and focal length f of the preceding optics, s=p/f. (The focal length is the product of the focal ratio by the diameter of the associated lens or mirror.) Because p is usually expressed in units of arcseconds per pixel, because 1 radian equals 180/π*3600≈206,265 arcseconds, and because diameters are often given in millimeters and pixel sizes in micrometers which yields another factor of 1,000, the formula is often quoted as s=206p/f.
Bits per pixel[edit]
Main article: Color depth
The number of distinct colors that can be represented by a pixel depends on the number of bits per pixel (bpp). A 1 bpp image uses 1-bit for each pixel, so each pixel can be either on or off. Each additional bit doubles the number of colors available, so a 2 bpp image can have 4 colors, and a 3 bpp image can have 8 colors:
1 bpp, 21 = 2 colors (monochrome)
2 bpp, 22 = 4 colors
3 bpp, 23 = 8 colors
...
8 bpp, 28 = 256 colors
16 bpp, 216 = 65,536 colors ("Highcolor" )
24 bpp, 224 = 16,777,216 colors ("Truecolor")
For color depths of 15 or more bits per pixel, the depth is normally the sum of the bits allocated to each of the red, green, and blue components. Highcolor, usually meaning 16 bpp, normally has five bits for red and blue each, and six bits for green, as the human eye is more sensitive to errors in green than in the other two primary colors. For applications involving transparency, the 16 bits may be divided into five bits each of red, green, and blue, with one bit left for transparency. A 24-bit depth allows 8 bits per component. On some systems, 32-bit depth is available: this means that each 24-bit pixel has an extra 8 bits to describe its opacity (for purposes of combining with another image).
Subpixels[edit]
Geometry of color elements of various CRT and LCD displays; phosphor dots in the color display of CRTs (top row) bear no relation to pixels or subpixels.
Many display and image-acquisition systems are, for various reasons, not capable of displaying or sensing the different color channels at the same site. Therefore, the pixel grid is divided into single-color regions that contribute to the displayed or sensed color when viewed at a distance. In some displays, such as LCD, LED, and plasma displays, these single-color regions are separately addressable elements, which have come to be known as subpixels.[19] For example, LCDs typically divide each pixel vertically into three subpixels. When the square pixel is divided into three subpixels, each subpixel is necessarily rectangular. In display industry terminology, subpixels are often referred to as pixels,[by whom?] as they are the basic addressable elements in a viewpoint of hardware, and hence pixel circuits rather than subpixel circuits is used.
Most digital camera image sensors use single-color sensor regions, for example using the Bayer filter pattern, and in the camera industry these are known as pixels just like in the display industry, not subpixels.
For systems with subpixels, two different approaches can be taken:
The subpixels can be ignored, with full-color pixels being treated as the smallest addressable imaging element; or
The subpixels can be included in rendering calculations, which requires more analysis and processing time, but can produce apparently superior images in some cases.
This latter approach, referred to as subpixel rendering, uses knowledge of pixel geometry to manipulate the three colored subpixels separately, producing an increase in the apparent resolution of color displays. While CRT displays use red-green-blue-masked phosphor areas, dictated by a mesh grid called the shadow mask, it would require a difficult calibration step to be aligned with the displayed pixel raster, and so CRTs do not currently use subpixel rendering.
The concept of subpixels is related to samples.
Megapixel[edit]
Diagram of common sensor resolutions of digital cameras including megapixel values
A megapixel (MP) is a million pixels; the term is used not only for the number of pixels in an image, but also to express the number of image sensor elements of digital cameras or the number of display elements of digital displays. For example, a camera that makes a 2048×1536 pixel image (3,145,728 finished image pixels) typically uses a few extra rows and columns of sensor elements and is commonly said to have "3.2 megapixels" or "3.4 megapixels", depending on whether the number reported is the "effective" or the "total" pixel count.[20]
Digital cameras use photosensitive electronics, either charge-coupled device (CCD) or complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors, consisting of a large number of single sensor elements, each of which records a measured intensity level. In most digital cameras, the sensor array is covered with a patterned color filter mosaic having red, green, and blue regions in the Bayer filter arrangement, so that each sensor element can record the intensity of a single primary color of light. The camera interpolates the color information of neighboring sensor elements, through a process called demosaicing, to create the final image. These sensor elements are often called "pixels", even though they only record 1 channel (only red, or green, or blue) of the final color image. Thus, two of the three color channels for each sensor must be interpolated and a so-called N-megapixel camera that produces an N-megapixel image provides only one-third of the information that an image of the same size could get from a scanner. Thus, certain color contrasts may look fuzzier than others, depending on the allocation of the primary colors (green has twice as many elements as red or blue in the Bayer arrangement).
DxO Labs invented the Perceptual MegaPixel (P-MPix) to measure the sharpness that a camera produces when paired to a particular lens – as opposed to the MP a manufacturer states for a camera product which is based only on the camera's sensor. The new P-MPix claims to be a more accurate and relevant value for photographers to consider when weighing-up camera sharpness.[21] As of mid-2013, the Sigma 35mm f/1.4 DG HSM lens mounted on a Nikon D800 has the highest measured P-MPix. However, with a value of 23 MP, it still wipes-off more than one-third of the D800's 36.3 MP sensor.[22]
One new method to add Megapixels has been introduced in a Micro Four Thirds System camera which only uses 16MP sensor, but can produce 64MP RAW (40MP JPEG) by making two exposures, shifting the sensor by a half pixel between them. Using a tripod to take level multi-shots within an instance, the multiple 16MP images are then generated into a unified 64MP image.[23]
See also[edit]
Computer graphics portal
Computer display standard
Dexel
Gigapixel image
Image resolution
Intrapixel and Interpixel processing
LCD crosstalk
PenTile matrix family
Pixel advertising
Pixel art
Pixel art scaling algorithms
Pixel aspect ratio
Point (typography)
Glossary of video terms
Voxel
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Foley, J. D.; Van Dam, A. (1982). Fundamentals of Interactive Computer Graphics. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0201144689.
Jump up ^ Rudolf F. Graf (1999). Modern Dictionary of Electronics. Oxford: Newnes. p. 569. ISBN 0-7506-4331-5.
Jump up ^ Michael Goesele (2004). New Acquisition Techniques for Real Objects and Light Sources in Computer Graphics. Books on Demand. ISBN 3-8334-1489-8. Archived from the original on 2018-01-22.
^ Jump up to: a b Foley, James D.; Andries van Dam; John F. Hughes; Steven K. Feiner (1990). "Spatial-partitioning representations; Surface detail". Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice. The Systems Programming Series. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-12110-7. These cells are often called voxels (volume elements), in analogy to pixels.
Jump up ^ Fred C. Billingsley, "Processing Ranger and Mariner Photography," in Computerized Imaging Techniques, Proceedings of SPIE, Vol. 0010, pp. XV-1–19, Jan. 1967 (Aug. 1965, San Francisco).
^ Jump up to: a b Lyon, Richard F. (2006). A brief history of 'pixel' Archived 2009-02-19 at the Wayback Machine.. IS&T/SPIE Symposium on Electronic Imaging.
Jump up ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Archived from the original on 2010-12-30.
Jump up ^ Safire, William (2 April 1995). "Modem, I'm Odem". On Language. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
Jump up ^ US 1175313, Alf Sinding-Larsen, "Transmission of pictures of moving objects", published 1916-03-14
Jump up ^ Robert L. Lillestrand (1972). "Techniques for Change Detection". IEEE Trans. Comput. C–21 (7).
Jump up ^ Lewis, Peter H. (12 February 1989). "Compaq Sharpens Its Video Option". The Executive Computer. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 20 December 2017. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "CSS: em, px, pt, cm, in…". w3.org. 8 November 2017. Archived from the original on 6 November 2017. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Tom Gasek (17 January 2013). Frame by Frame Stop Motion: NonTraditional Approaches to Stop Motion Animation. Taylor & Francis. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-136-12933-9. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Derek Doeffinger (2005). The Magic of Digital Printing. Lark Books. p. 24. ISBN 1-57990-689-3. Archived from the original on 2018-01-22.
Jump up ^ "Experiments with Pixels Per Inch (PPI) on Printed Image Sharpness". ClarkVision.com. July 3, 2005. Archived from the original on December 22, 2008.
Jump up ^ Harald Johnson (2002). Mastering Digital Printing. Thomson Course Technology. p. 40. ISBN 1-929685-65-3.
Jump up ^ "Image registration of blurred satellite images". staff.utia.cas.cz. 28 February 2001. Archived from the original on 20 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
Jump up ^ "Image representation by a new optimal non-uniform morphological sampling". Pattern Recognition. 33 (6): 961–977. doi:10.1016/S0031-3203(99)00158-2. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
Jump up ^ "Subpixel in Science". dictionary.com. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Now a megapixel is really a megapixel". Archived from the original on 2013-07-01.
Jump up ^ "Looking for new photo gear? DxOMark's Perceptual Megapixel can help you!". dxomark.com. 17 December 2012. Archived from the original on 8 May 2017.
Jump up ^ DxO. "Lens scoring versus Optical Metrics - DxOMark". Archived from the original on 2013-05-26.
Jump up ^ Damien Demolder (February 14, 2015). "Soon, 40MP without the tripod: A conversation with Setsuya Kataoka from Olympus". Archived from the original on March 11, 2015. Retrieved March 8, 2015.
External links[edit]
A Pixel Is Not A Little Square: Microsoft Memo by computer graphics pioneer Alvy Ray Smith.
Video of Lyon's talk on pixel history at the Computer History Museum
Square and non-Square Pixels: Technical info on pixel aspect ratios of modern video standards (480i, 576i, 1080i, 720p), plus software implications.
120 Megapixel is here now: A lot of information about MegaPixel and Gigapixel.
How a TV Works in Slow Motion - The Slow Mo Guys – YouTube video by The Slow Mo Guys
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Air Bud: World Pup
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Air Bud: World Pup
DVD cover art
Directed by
Bill Bannerman
Produced by
Ian Fodie
Written by
Mike Whiting
Robert Vince
Anne Vince
Based on
Characters
by Paul Tamasy
Aaron Mendelsohn
Kevin DiCicco
Starring
Kevin Zegers
Brittany Paige Bouck
Dale Midkiff
Caitlin Wachs
Chilton Crane
Shayn Solberg
Miguel Sandoval
Chantal Strand
Music by
Brahm Wenger
Cinematography
Cyrus Block
Edited by
Kelly Herron
Laura Mazur
Production
company
Dimension Films
Keystone Entertainment
Distributed by
Walt Disney Home Video
Release date
December 12, 2000
Running time
83 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Air Bud: World Pup (also known as Air Bud 3 in most other countries) is a 2000 made-for-video American film, and the third film in the Air Bud series. It was the first Air Bud movie to be filmed without Buddy, the canine star of the first two films; Buddy died after production of the previous film, Golden Receiver.
World Pup was the first film in the Air Bud series not to be released theatrically in the US; however, it was played in Philippine theaters for a limited time.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Film location
4 External links
Plot[edit]
Teenager Josh Framm's mother, Jackie, has just married her veterinarian boyfriend, Patrick Sullivan. Josh and his best friend, Tom Stewart, have just made their school's soccer team when their coach reveals that their team will become co-ed. Josh meets Emma, an attractive girl who just moved with her family from England; and not only will she be playing on his soccer team, but she also has a golden retriever named Molly. Buddy also finds Molly attractive.
Emma invites Josh and Tom to a party at her house and Tom dressed up like a British soldier and he looked quite silly. At the same time, things work out between Buddy and Molly and they become infatuated on the second floor in Emma's house, all the while Andrea Framm and her best friend Tammy want to scope out what was going on at the party. Molly quickly has puppies with Josh's basketball and football-playing dog, Buddy. Next, it is discovered that Buddy also has the uncanny ability to play soccer.
However, the soccer committee decided to ban the Timberwolves from the soccer league just because they had Buddy on their team. The Timberwolves could remove Buddy from their team or remove their team from the league. Knowing Buddy was the star player, they naturally quit the league. The head of the committee's son sees that the Timberwolves have been banned from the league and is outraged, making the head of the committee to have a change of heart, letting the Timberwolves back into the league.
Buddy has a uniform and is on the roster, leading Josh's soccer team to the state championship. However, trouble occurs when Buddy's six newborn puppies are kidnapped by a man called Snerbert (Martin Ferrero) who wants to sell them for whippets. Once they have been caught, Snerbert's assistant, Webster, confessed and helped bring Josh, and Buddy to the championships, which their team was losing horribly on because the two were late. They didn't care about Snerbert because Buddy had an army of dogs and they weren't going to let Snerbert go anywhere.
Buddy's team wins the championships.
Cast[edit]
Kevin Zegers – Josh Framm
Martin Ferrero – Snerbert
Dale Midkiff – Dr. Patrick Sullivan
Caitlin Wachs – Andrea Framm
Chilton Crane – Mrs. Jackie Framm-Sullivan
Brittany Paige Bouck – Emma Putter
Shayn Solberg – Tom Stewart
Miguel Sandoval – Coach Montoya
Chantal Strand – Tammy
Duncan Regehr – Geoffrey Putter
Briana Scurry – Herself
Alexander Ludwig – Cameo
Don McMillan as Webster
Film location[edit]
Shooting took place in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The soccer field and red brick buildings in the background are part of Shaughnessy Elementary School.
External links[edit]
Official website
Air Bud: World Pup on IMDb
Air Bud: World Pup at Allmovie
[hide]
v
t
e
Air Bud
Air Buddy
Air Bud
Air Bud (1997)
Air Bud: Golden Receiver (1998)
Air Bud: World Pup (2000)
Air Bud: Seventh Inning Fetch (2002)
Air Bud: Spikes Back (2003)
Air Buddies
Air Buddies (2006)
Snow Buddies (2008)
Space Buddies (2009)
Santa Buddies (2009)
Spooky Buddies (2011)
Treasure Buddies (2012)
Super Buddies (2013)
Santa Paws
The Search for Santa Paws (2010)
Santa Paws 2: The Santa Pups (2012)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_Bud:_World_Pup&oldid=827859865"
Categories:
English-language films
American sequel films
2000 films
Disney direct-to-video films
2000 direct-to-video films
Films about dogs
Association football films
American comedy films
American films
American children's films
Films about animals playing sports
Air Bud (series)
2000s comedy films
Films shot in Vancouver
DHX Media films
Films about animals
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This page was last edited on 27 February 2018, at 04:09.
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value: Air Bud 3 – Ein Hund für alle Bälle – German

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