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Flag of Mexico
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Mexico
Use
National flag and ensign
Proportion
4:7
Adopted
September 16, 1968
Design
A vertical tricolor of green, white and red with the National Coat of Arms centered on the white band.
Variant flag of Mexico
Use
Naval Jack
The flag of Mexico (Spanish: Bandera de México) is a vertical tricolor of green, white, and red with the national coat of arms charged in the center of the white stripe. While the meaning of the colors has changed over time, these three colors were adopted by Mexico following independence from Spain during the country's War of Independence, and subsequent First Mexican Empire. The form of the coat of arms was most recently revised in 1968, but the overall design has been used since 1821, when the First National Flag was created.
Red, white, and green are the colors of the national liberation army in Mexico. The central emblem is the Mexican coat of arms, based on the Aztec symbol for Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City), the center of the Aztec empire. It recalls the legend of an eagle sitting on a cactus while devouring a serpent that signaled to the Aztecs where to found their city, Tenochtitlan.[1] A ribbon in the national colors is at the bottom of the coat of arms. Throughout history, the flag has changed several times, as the design of the coat of arms and the length-width ratios of the flag have been modified. However, the coat of arms has had the same features throughout: an eagle, holding a serpent in its talon, is perched on top of a prickly pear cactus; the cactus is situated on a rock that rises above a lake. The coat of arms is derived from an Aztec legend that their gods told them to build a city where they spot an eagle on a nopal eating a serpent, which is now Mexico City.
The current law of national symbols, Law on the National Arms, Flag, and Anthem, that governs the use of the national flag has been in place since 1984. The current national flag is also used as the Mexican naval ensign by ships registered in Mexico.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Design and symbolism
2.1 Differences with Italian flag
3 Protocol
3.1 Civil ceremonies
3.2 Variants
3.3 Law articles
3.4 Regulations for use
4 Chronology
4.1 Others
5 Monumental flags
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
See also: List of Mexican flags
Flag display at the Mexican History Museum of Monterrey, Nuevo León
Before the adoption of the first national flag, various flags were used during the War of Independence from Spain. Though it was never adopted as an official flag, many historians consider the first Mexican flag to be the Standard of the Virgin of Guadalupe, which was carried by Miguel Hidalgo after the Grito de Dolores on September 16, 1810.[2] The Standard became the initial symbol of the rebel army during the Mexican War of Independence. Various other Standards were used during the war. José María Morelos used a flag with an image of the Virgin to which was added a blue and white insignia with a crowned eagle on a cactus over a three-arched bridge and the letters V.V.M. (Viva la Virgen María – "long live the Virgin Mary").[2] The Revolutionary Army also used a flag featuring the colors white, blue and red in vertical stripes. The first use of the modern colors—green, white and red—was in the flag of the unified Army of the Three Guarantees (pictured above) after independence from Spain was won.[3][dubious – [[Talk:Flag of Mexico#This is false, the Bandera Siera used by the rebels in the Orizaba region was also a green/white/red tricolor [1]|discuss]]]
While similar to the national flag that is used today, the eagle in these arms is not holding a serpent in his talons and a crown has been affixed to the head of the eagle to signify the Empire. Variants of this flag that appeared in this period also included a naval flag that had the tricolor pattern, but only contained the eagle with the crown above its head. The military also used a similar square flag, but the eagle was larger than on the national flag. The national flag was officially decreed by Agustín de Iturbide in November 1821 and first officially used in July 1822. This flag was no longer used upon the abolishment of the empire.[4]
The first national flag was established in 1821, the first year of Mexican recognized sovereignty. The imperial government that was set up chose a tricolor flag of green, white and red and charged with the national coat of arms. The official decree stated that
Sole article:... the national flag and flags of the army shall be tricolor, adopting forever the colors green, white and "encarnado" [flesh-colored red] arranged vertically, with the crowned eagle in the center of the white stripe, according to the following design[5]
The second national flag was adopted after the establishment of the first federal republic in 1823. The new flag was chosen for the republic in April of that year, the only differences being the appearance of the central emblem. The crown was removed from the eagle's head and a serpent was placed in the eagle's right talon. Another addition to the flag is a branch of oak and laurel branches, a tradition that was carried over to the current flag. This flag was discontinued in 1864 upon the dissolution of the first federal republic.[6]
The third national flag was that of the Second Mexican Empire. Once again, the national flag used the green, white and red tricolor pattern with the white stripe being charged with the national arms. However, the ratio of the flag was changed from 4:7 to 1:2 and four eagles, which had crowns above their heads, were placed at each corner of the flag. The design, which was ordered by the Emperor Maximilian, gave the arms a look similar to the French Imperial arms, but he decided to add a bit of "Mexican flavor" to the flag. The coat of arms was described in a decree issued in November 1865 as:
oval in shape in blue; in the center is depicted the eagle of Anahuac, in profile and passant, supported by a cactus, supported, in turn, by a rock sunk on water, and ripping a snake. The border is gold charged by a garland of encino and laurel. The crest is the Imperial Crown. As supporters, two griffins from our elders' arms, their upper half in black and the lower in gold; behind the scepter and sword in saltire. The shield is surrounded by the collar of the Order of the Águila Mexicana, and the motto: "Equidad en la Justicia" [Equity in Justice][7]
Reverse side of the flag
The current national flag was adopted on September 16, 1968, and was confirmed by law on February 24, 1984. The current version is an adaptation of the design approved by presidential decree in 1916 by Venustiano Carranza, where the eagle was changed from a front-facing to a side-facing position.[3] Before the adoption of the current national flag, official flags have been used by the government. All of these flags used the tricolor pattern, with the only differences being the changes in the coat of arms, which was still charged in the center of the white stripe. One possible reason for the 1968 flag and arms change was that Mexico City was the host of the 1968 Summer Olympic Games.[8] Around this same time period, the plain tricolor flag that Mexico used as its merchant ensign was also legally abandoned. The reasoning is that without the coat of arms, the flag would not be the Mexican flag; it would become nearly identical to the Italian flag.[9]
There was also debate in 1984 about how the coat of arms would be depicted on the reverse of the flag. To solve this problem, a PAN deputy proposed a change to the Law of the National Arms, Flag and Anthem that same year to allow for the eagle to face to the right when the reverse of the flag is displayed.[10] In 1995, the law was changed to include the following:
When the National Arms is reproduced in the reverse side of the National Flag, the Mexican Eagle will appear standing in its right grasp, holding with the left one and the beak the curved serpent.[11]
Design and symbolism[edit]
Official construction sheet
The Mexican coat of arms
Main article: Coat of arms of Mexico
The official design of the Mexican flag can be found in Article 3 of the Law on the National Arms, Flag, and Anthem, passed in 1984. While the exact shades of the flag have not been defined by law, in 2001 it was reported, through a personal communication, to Flags of the World that the Interior Ministry (Secretaría de Gobernación) has suggested the following tones in the Pantone system;[12] nevertheless, the ministry has not officially ruled on the matter. So far, there are not official printed documents nor statements on the color shades. The Pantone colors listed below were employed by the London Organising Committee of the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games Limited in its "Flag Manual".[13] while 2008 Beijing Olympic Games Flag Manual proposed others.[14]
Colour scheme
Green
White
Red
Pantone[15] 3425c Safe 186c
RGB[16] 0-104-71 255-255-255 206-17-38
CMYK[17] 100-34-93-30 0-0-0-0 0-92-82-19
Web colors[18] 006847 FFFFFF CE1126
The article dictates what must be featured on the flag and also its proportions. Copies of the national flag which are made according to this law are kept in two locations: the General National Archive (Archivo General de la Nación) and the National Museum of History (Museo Nacional de Historia).
“ Art. 3: The Bandera Nacional is a rectangle divided into three vertical stripes of identical measures, with the colours placed in the following order from hoist to fly: green, white, and red. Centred in the white stripe, the National Coat of Arms has a diameter of three-fourths the width of the white stripe. The proportion of the flag is four to seven (Ratio 4:7). It could carry a rope or tie of the same colours below the truck. ”
Differences with Italian flag[edit]
Mexican and Italian flags.
Although the Mexican tricolour (green, white, red) has been continuously used for a longer time than the Italian one, at the time of the Mexican flag's adoption, the similarly toned Italian tricolour had already been used briefly in Europe,[19] for example by the Cisalpine Republic, but it had different proportions from the modern Italian flag.
Both flags use the same colors (green, white and red), but the Mexican flag has darker shades of green and red (particularly the green). These flags present a different aspect ratio (proportions): the Italian flag aspect ratio is 2:3 (1 to 1.5), more squarish in shape, while the Mexican flag aspect ratio is 4:7 (1 to 1.75), resulting in a longer shape.
Protocol[edit]
The civil salute given by former Mexican President Vicente Fox
When the flag is paraded in front of a crowd, those in military uniform must present a salute according to military regulations. Civilians who are present give the following salute to the national flag: standing at attention (firmes), they raise their right arms and place their right hands on their chests, in front of the heart. The hand is flat and the palm of the hand is facing the ground. This salute is known as the El saludo civil a la Bandera Nacional ("The Civil Salute to the National Flag"). When the President is acting in the capacity of the Head of the Armed Forces, he salutes the national flag with a military salute. When the national anthem is played on television to open or close daily programming, the national flag will be shown at the same time.[20] During certain times of the year, the flag is flown by both civilians and government personnel. Mostly, these events coincide with national holidays and days of significance to the country. During some of these occasions, the flag will be flown at half-mast to honor the death of important Mexicans. These dates are listed in Article 18 of the Law of the National Flag, Arms and Anthem. The national Día de la Bandera (Flag Day) celebration occurs on February 24. On this day in 1821, all the factions fighting in the War of Independence joined together to form the Army of the Three Guarantees in response to the Plan de Iguala, which was signed by Vicente Guerrero and Agustín de Iturbide, declaring Mexico officially an independent country. General Vicente Guerrero was the first military official who swore allegiance to the national flag.[3] Another flag tradition is that before every Olympics in which Mexico is a participant, the President hands a flag over to the flag bearer, chosen by their peers, to carry with them to the host city.[21]
Civil ceremonies[edit]
Mexican sculpture about the founding of Tenochtitlan.
Churubusco flag
The flag songs are dedicated to the flag day, it is a national holiday in Mexico. Flag Day is celebrated every year on February 24 since its implementation in 1937. The songs were established by President of Mexico General Lázaro Cárdenas before the monument to General Vicente Guerrero, first to pledge allegiance to the Mexican flag and Agustin de Iturbide:
The Juramento a la Bandera
¡Bandera de México!
Legado de nuestros héroes,
símbolo de la unidad
de nuestros padres y nuestros hermanos.
Te prometemos ser siempre fieles
a los principios de libertad y de justicia
que hacen de nuestra patria la nación independiente, humana y generosa
a la que entregamos nuestra existencia.
Translation: The Oath to the Flag
Flag of Mexico!
Legacy of our heroes,
symbol of the unity
of our parents and our siblings.
We promise to always be loyal
to the principles of liberty and justice
that make our homeland
the independent nation, humane and generous
to the which one we give our existence.
The Toque de Bandera
Se levanta en el mástil mi bandera
como un sol entre céfiros y trinos
muy adentro en el templo de mi veneración,
oigo y siento contento latir mi corazón
Es mi bandera, la enseña nacional,
son estas notas su cántico marcial.
Desde niños sabremos venerarla
Y también por su amor, ¡vivir!
Almo y sacro pendón que en nuestro anhelo
como rayo de luz se eleva al cielo
inundando a través de su lienzo tricolor
inmortal nuestro ser de fervor y patrio ardor.
Es mi bandera, la enseña nacional,
son estas notas su cántico marcial.
Desde niños sabremos venerarla
Y también por su amor, ¡morir!
Translation: The Salute to the Flag
My flag rises in the mast
like a sun between winds and warbles
very inside in the temple of my veneration,
I hear and feel happily my heart beating
It's my flag, the national standard,
These notes are its martial canticle.
From childhood we'll know how to venerate it
and also for its love, to live!
Venerable and sacred banner of our yearning
like a ray of light rises to the sky
flooding through its three-colored canvas
our immortal being of fervour and homeland ardour.
It's my flag, the national standard,
these notes are its martial canticle.
Since children we'll know how to venerate it
and also for its love, to die!
Variants[edit]
Mexico (variants)
Proportion
4:7
Adopted
De facto
Variant flag of Mexico (variants)
Variant flag of Mexico (variants)
Name
Cravat
There are two variants of the national flag that are mostly used by the state and federal governments, the difference between the national flag and the variants are the designs of the coat of arms. In the first variant, which is used by the President of Mexico and secretaries of federal bodies, the entire coat of arms is coloured gold, with the exception of the tricolour ribbon, which is green, white and red, and with the stone, lake and talons of the eagle coloured in silver. In the second variant, the entire coat of arms is coloured gold, even the ribbon, lake, stone and talons. The second variant is used mostly by State governments and federal bodies who are not able to use the first variant.[22]
Law articles[edit]
In Article 3 of the Law on the National Arms, Flag and Anthem (Ley sobre el Escudo, la Bandera y el Himno Nacionales) also describes that the national flag can be decorated with a special tie called a corbata (cravat). The corbata is composed of a bow, two ribbons of different length and both ribbons are attached with a golden tassel called fringe. The corbata is placed on the top of the flag at the point where the truck is, and the colours of the corbata match that of the national flag. Organizations and political parties can adopt their own corbatas, such as the National Action Party (PAN), which uses a white corbata with blue fringes.[23]
In Article 3 of the Flag Law does not give an official symbolism to the colors, other meanings may be given to them. Other groups have used the national colors as part of their own logos or symbols. For example, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) political party has adopted the national colors as part of their logo. Another political party, the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD), also had the national colors as part of their logo, but changed them in the 1990s after a controversy surrounding impartiality issues, while the PRI did not.[24] Several states, such as Querétaro and Hidalgo have incorporated either elements of the national flag, or even the entire flag, into their coat of arms.
Regulations for use[edit]
Flag of Mexico on television.
The image of the flag is protected under law. A special permit is needed to broadcast its image. In February 2010, MTV Mexico controversially canceled a much-publicized broadcast of an episode of South Park, called "Pinewood Derby", featuring the flag, because it claimed that the permit had not been issued.[25]
In 2008, Mexican pop singer Paulina Rubio was fined for posing nude wrapped in the flag in a photo shoot for a Spanish magazine. [26]
Chronology[edit]
Virgin of Guadalupe Standard.
National Flag (registered)
National Flag (unregistered)
Non-Independent Mexico
Northern America – New Spain – Mexican America
América Septentrional – Nueva España – América Mexicana
1535–1821
Adopted date
Related organization Promulgated Flag Description
April 17, 1535
Monarchy April 17, 1535 – November 25, 1550
Antonio de Mendoza
Viceroy April 29, 1783 – November 3, 1784
Matías de Gálvez y Gallardo
Viceroy Viceroy of New Spain
1785–1821
Monarchy Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid
Viceroy July 21, 1821 – September 28, 1821
Juan O'Donojú y O'Rian
Viceroy Viceroy of New Spain
Independent Mexico
Mexican Nation – Mexican Empire – Mexican Republic – United Mexican States
Nación Mexicana – Imperio Mexicano – República Mexicana – Estados Unidos Mexicanos
1821 –2018
Adopted date
Related organization Promulgated Flag Description
February 24, 1821
Sovereign Provisional Junta Agustín de Iturbide
Royalist
Vicente Ramón Guerrero
Insurgent Flag of the Three Guarantees
Designed by
José Magdaleno Ocampo
August 24, 1821
Sovereign Provisional Junta Agustín de Iturbide
Regency's President Flag of the Iturbide's Regency
Designed by
Agustin de Iturbide
November 2, 1821
Constitutional Congress Agustín Iturbide I of Mexico
Emperor
José Manuel de Herrera
First Minister Flag of the First Mexican Empire
Designed by
Agustin de Iturbide
Independence
Religion
Union
April 14, 1823
Constitutional Congress October 10, 1824 – April 1, 1829
Guadalupe Victoria
President
January 21, 1858 – December 28, 1862
Félix María Zuloaga
President Flag of the Mexican Republic
Designed by
Constitutional Congress
Government Executive
October 10, 1824 – May 15, 1867
Reform War
January 21, 1858 – December 28, 1862 Regency of the Second Mexican Empire
July 11, 1863 – November 18, 1863
July 15, 1864
Constitutional Congress Maximilian I of Mexico
Emperor
Juan Nepomuceno Almonte
First Minister Flag of the Second Mexican Empire
Designed by
Ferdinand Maximilian
Hope
Purity
Religion
June 19, 1867
Government Executive Benito Pablo Juárez García
President Readopted
Flag of the Mexican Republic
Designed by
Constitutional Congress
April 1, 1893
Government Executive José de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz
President Flag of the Mexican Republic
Designed by
Tomas de la Peña
September 20, 1916
Government Executive Venustiano Carranza Garza
President Flag of the United Mexican States
Designed by
Antonio Gómez
February 5, 1934
Government Executive Abelardo Rodríguez Luján
President Flag of the United Mexican States
Designed by
Jorge Enciso
September 16, 1968
Government Executive Gustavo Díaz Ordaz
President Flag of the United Mexican States
Designed by
Francisco Eppens Helguera
Hope
Union
Blood of Heroes
Others[edit]
Other flags were flown as Mexican flags, either designed to intimidate the enemy or to act as identification. These flags were considered without subsequent formal documentation as national flag and temporally situated; Flag of Francisco I. Madero (February 9, 1913), Flag of Doliente Hidalgo (January 2, 1812), Flag of José María Morelos y Pavón, Flag of Francisco Villa, Flag of Siera Battalion, Flag of Jalisco Battalion, Libres de Puebla Battalion, Artillería Mina Battalion, Oaxaca Battalion, Toluca Battalion, Flag of Chihuahua Battalion, Flag of Durango Battalion, Flag of San Lorenzo Battalion, Flag of Lanceros Battalion, Flag of San Luis Potosí Battalion, Flag of Aguascalientes Battalion, Flag of Galeana Battalion (May 22, 1864), Flag of San Blas Battalion (September 24, 1846), Flag of Tres Villas Battalion, Flag of Milicias Battalion, Flag of Remixto Battalion, Flag of Quautla Battalion, Flag of 201 Squadron, Etc.[27]
Monumental flags[edit]
Main article: Banderas monumentales
Raising of a monumental flag during a ceremony at the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Mexico City
In 1999, President of Mexico Ernesto Zedillo started a program erecting giant flags across the country. Directed by the Secretariat of National Defense, the banderas monumentales (monumental flags) were placed in various cities and spots, most of which are of great significance to the nation. In a decree issued on July 1, 1999, by Zedillo, the flags were to be placed in Mexico City, Tijuana, Ciudad Juárez, and Veracruz. The decree also stipulated for the flags to measure 14.3 meters by 25 meters, which are raised on flag poles that are 50 meters high. After these initial monumental flags were created, cities such as Ensenada, Nuevo Laredo and Cancún were reported to have their own monumental flags. Smaller flags, called banderas semi-monumentales, have been erected in smaller towns and at various educational institutes.[28]
As of December 22, 2010, the biggest Mexican flag in the world is now located in Piedras Negras, Coahuila.[29] Located at the Gran Plaza (Great Plaza) right across from International Bridge I connecting Piedras Negras with Eagle Pass, Texas. The pole is 120 meters in height and weighs 160 tons making it the tallest one in Latin America and one of the tallest in the world. The flag measures 60 by 34 meters and weights 420 kilograms.[30]
Mexico's first largest monumental flag was the one located at the Mirador del Obispado in Monterrey (northeast) with a pole of 120 tons and 100.6 meters in height. The flag measures 50 by 28.6 meters and weighs 230 kilograms, four times the size of most other monumental flags at the time. It is located at the top of the Cerro del Obispado (Bishopric Hill) at an altitude of 775 meters above the sea level (city's altitude 538 meters).[31] There is another monumental flag that is a similar size (in comparison to Monterrey's) in the city of Dolores Hidalgo in Guanajuato, the cradle of Mexican independence.
Example Locations
Piedras Negras, Coahuila
Monterrey, Nuevo León
Querétaro, Querétaro
Mexico City, Federal District:
Zócalo, in the city center
Campo Militar Marte, military base behind Los Pinos
San Jerónimo roundabout, in Periférico Sur
Chihuahua, Chihuahua
Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua
Iguala, Guerrero
Tonalá, Jalisco
Mérida, Yucatán
Cancún, Quintana Roo
Mexicali, Baja California
Tampico, Tamaulipas
Tijuana, Baja California
Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas
Campeche, Campeche
Veracruz, Veracruz
Acapulco, Guerrero
Dolores Hidalgo, Guanajuato
Pachuca, Hidalgo
Durango, Durango
Ensenada, Baja California
See also[edit]
Heraldry portal
Mexico portal
Flag flying days in Mexico
List of Mexican flags
Himno Nacional Mexicano
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Art of Mesoamerica, Miller. 245.
^ Jump up to: a b Diagrams of historical Mexican flags (in Spanish)
^ Jump up to: a b c Juán López de Escalera Diccionario Biográfico y de Historia de México, Editorial del Magisterio, México, 1964.
Jump up ^ "Mexican Empire (1821–1823)". Fotw.vexillum.com. January 17, 2009. Archived from the original on August 10, 2004. Retrieved March 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ January 7, 1822 Decree Establishing the Imperial Flag
Jump up ^ "Mexico (1823-1864/1823-1880)". Fotw.vexillum.com. January 17, 2009. Retrieved March 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ November 1, 1865 Decree on the Imperial Arms
Jump up ^ Page 45 of Adventure Guides Mexico's Pacific Coast by Vivien Lougheed, Hunter Publishing, ISBN 978-1-58843-395-4
Jump up ^ Flags of the World page "Mexico – Flag without arms" (Archive page)
Jump up ^ Flags of the World page "Mexico – Reverse side of the flag" Archived February 28, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Diario Oficial de la Federación (DOF) of May 9, 1995
Jump up ^ Gabino Villascán, Juan Manuel. "Mexico". Flags of the World. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Flags and Anthems Manual London 2012. London Organising Committee of the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games Limited. 2012. p. 91.
Jump up ^ Gabino Villascán, Juan Manuel. "Mexico". Flags of the World. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Flags of the World page "Mexico" Archived March 8, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Vexilla mundi page "Mexico" Archived February 11, 2005, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Inkscape RGB to CMYK converter (approx.)
Jump up ^ Adobe Photoshop RGB Translator
Jump up ^ Ghisi, Enrico Il tricolore italiano (1796–1870) Milan: Anonima per l'Arte della Stampa, 1931; see Gay, H. Nelson in The American Historical Review Vol. 37 No. 4 (pp. 750–751), July 1932
Jump up ^ "Artículo 41 Ley Sobre el Escudo, La Bandera y el Himno Nacionales (Article 41 of the Law of the National Arms, Flag and Anthem)". Info4.juridicas.unam.mx. Archived from the original on July 12, 2012. Retrieved March 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ 2000 ceremony in Mexico to hand the national flag over from President Zedillo to flag-bearer [[Fernando Platas for the Sydney Olympics]
Jump up ^ Flags of the World page "Mexico – Coat of arms" Archived November 25, 2005, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Photo of the PAN flag with the corbata". Retrieved March 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ Christian Science Monitor article on the PRI logo controversy[dead link]
Jump up ^ Miglierini, Julian (February 10, 2010). "MTV under fire as it pulls South Park episode in Mexico". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved February 10, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Multa SEGOB a Paulina Rubio for posar con bandera Mexicana". El Universal. February 14, 2008. Retrieved November 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ SEDENA, Libro de banderas históricas
Jump up ^ Installment of semi-monumental flags in León, Guanajuato September 9, 2005 (in Spanish)
Jump up ^ "En Piedras Negras ondea la bandera de México más grande del mundo". Milenio.com. Archived from the original on September 5, 2012. Retrieved March 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Por Hilda Aguilar (December 23, 2010). "En Piedras Negras, Izan Bandera más grande del mundo [ESPECIAL] – 23/12/2010 | Periódico Zócalo". Zocalo.com.mx. Retrieved March 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Secretariat of Interior article Archived March 2, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. (in Spanish)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Mexico.
The Flag of Mexico
Mexico at Flags of the World
Presidency of Mexico – National Symbols (in Spanish)
Artes e historia – Bandera de Mexico (in Spanish)
Las Banderas de México A Través de Su Historia (Especial: Día de la Bandera) (in Spanish)
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Waters (name)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Waters (disambiguation).
An automated process has detected links on this page on the local or global blacklist. If the links are appropriate you may request whitelisting by following these instructions; otherwise consider removing or replacing them with more appropriate links. (To hide this tag, set the "invisible" field to "true")
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http://surname.sofeminine.co.uk/w/surnames/surname-waters.html
Triggered by \bsofeminine\.co.uk\b on the local blacklist
Waters is a surname, derived from "Wat", or "Wa'ter", an old pronunciation of Gaultier or Walter, and similarly derived from the surname Watson ("Wat's son").[1] The name is common from an early date in Wales and Yorkshire.[2][3] The name is currently highly concentrated in the Welsh Borders and Shropshire area of the UK.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 People surnamed Waters
1.1 Military people
1.2 Performers
1.3 Politicians
1.4 Sportspeople
1.5 Others
2 People with the given name Waters
3 See also
4 References
People surnamed Waters[edit]
Military people[edit]
Daniel Waters (Minutemen) (1731–1816), officer in the United States Navy.
John K. Waters (1906–1989), former U.S. General, prisoner of war, and son-in-law of George S. Patton
Terence Edward Waters (1929–1951), British soldier awarded the George Cross
Performers[edit]
Crystal Waters (born 1964), American singer/songwriter
David Waters (Australian actor)
Dina Waters (born 1965), American actress, also known as Dina Spybey
Doris Ethel Waters, better known as half of the comedy duo Gert and Daisy
Ethel Waters (1896–1977, American blues vocalist and actress
Florence Elsie Waters, better known as half of the comedy duo Gert and Daisy
Horace John Waters, the birth name of actor Jack Warner
Jeff Waters (born 1966), Canadian guitarist
John Waters (actor) (born 1948), Australian actor
Latanza Waters, house music singer
Roger Waters (born 1943), English rock bassist and lyricist, most notably of Pink Floyd
Russell Waters (1908–1982), Scottish film actor
Zac Waters, Australian music producer
Politicians[edit]
Dan Waters, politician in Ontario, Canada
Maxine Waters (born 1938), Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives
Stanley Waters (1920–1991), Canadian Senator
Sportspeople[edit]
Anthony Waters (born 1985), American football linebacker
Beau Waters (born 1986), Australian rules footballer
Ben Waters (1904–1962), New Zealand rower
Brian Waters (born 1977), American football guard
Carole Waters, retired Australian basketball player
Fraser Waters (born 1976), South African footballer
Guy Waters, Australian boxer of the 1980s, '90s and 2000s
Harry Waters (s. 1976), British piano and Hammond organ player
Huw Waters (born 1986), Welsh cricketer
Joseph Waters (rugby union)
Katarina Waters (born 1980), English wrestler
Others[edit]
Alice Waters (born 1944), American chef
Allan Waters (1921–2005), Canadian businessman
Craig Waters (born 1956), public information officer of the Florida Supreme Court
Daniel Waters (screenwriter) (born 1962), American screenwriter and film director, brother of Mark S. Waters
David Roland Waters, the killer of the American activist Madalyn Murray O'Hair
James Waters, Chairman of CHUM Limited
John Waters (disambiguation)
John Waters (columnist), Irish columnist
John S. Waters (1893–1965), American filmmaker who directed films from 1916 until 1958
John Samuel Waters, Jr. (born 1946), American filmmaker
Joseph Waters, composer
Keith Waters (born 1962), pioneer in facial animation
Lesley Waters (born 1961), English celebrity chef
Lou Waters, CNN anchor
Margaret Waters (1835–1870), English murderer
Mark Waters (director) (born 1964), American film director
Mark AJ Waters (Irish Director)
Miriam Van Waters (1887–1974), American feminist social worker
Richard Waters (1935–2013), American artist, inventor of Waterphone
Ron Waters, director and Vice President of CHUM Limited
Sarah Waters (born 1966), British novelist
T.A. Waters, American writer fl. 1960s
People with the given name Waters[edit]
Waters W. Braman (1840–1893), New York politician
See also[edit]
Walters (surname)
Watters (disambiguation)
Water (disambiguation)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ J.O. Halliwell-Phillipps Life of William Shakespeare 1912 Page 110 "Gaultier or Walter, which it is, I care not: Never did base dishonor blur our name, But with our sword we wiped away the blot; 40 Therefore, when ... “Walter,” pronounced Water; a pronunciation still traceable in the surname Waters.—"
Jump up ^ Zimmerman, Waters and allied families - Page 45 Dorothy Edmonstone Zimmerman Allen - 19?? - The name Waters is found at an early period both in Wales and in Yorkshire Eng.,
Jump up ^ One Waters family: some descendants of James Waters Jeanne Waters Strong - 1980 "... name Waters is found early in Wales and Yorkshire."
Jump up ^ Surname distribution
Surname list
This page lists people with the surname Waters. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waters_(name)&oldid=836248126"
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James Waters

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text:
Gunfighter Ballads and Trail Songs
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Gunfighter Ballads and Trail Songs
Studio album by Marty Robbins
Released
September 1959 (LP)
1999 (CD)
Recorded
April 7, 1959
Genre
Country
Length
35:25 (1959 LP)
44:44 (1999 CD)
Label
Columbia
Producer
Don Law
Marty Robbins chronology
Marty's Greatest Hits
(1959)Marty's Greatest Hits1959 Gunfighter Ballads and Trail Songs
(1959) More Gunfighter Ballads and Trail Songs
(1960)More Gunfighter Ballads and Trail Songs1960
Gunfighter Ballads and Trail Songs is an album released by Marty Robbins on the Columbia Records label in September 1959, peaking at #6 on the U.S. pop albums chart. It was recorded on April 7, 1959, and was certified a gold record by the RIAA in 1965.[1] It is perhaps best known for Robbins' most successful single, "El Paso", a major hit on both the country and pop music charts. It reached #1 in both charts at the start of 1960 and won the Grammy Award for Best Country & Western Recording the following year. In 2017, the album was selected for preservation in the National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or artistically significant."[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Reception
2 Track listing
2.1 Side one
2.2 Side two
2.3 1999 reissue track listing
3 Personnel
4 References
Reception[edit]
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
AllMusic [3]
Rolling Stone Positive [4]
AllMusic gave the album four-and-a-half stars, calling it "the single most influential album of Western songs in post-World War II American music".[5] It is included in every revision of the list of 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.[6]
Years after the album's release, members of the Western Writers of America chose six of its songs as being among the Top 100 Western Songs of all time. Three of them were written by Robbins: "El Paso", "Big Iron", and "The Master's Call". Three were written and previously recorded by others: "Cool Water", "Billy the Kid", and "The Strawberry Roan".[7]
In 1999 the album was reissued for compact disc on the Legacy Records label with the tracks resequenced and with three bonus tracks, including the full length version of "El Paso". It was part of Sony's American Milestones reissue series for classic country and western albums including, among others, At Folsom Prison by Johnny Cash and Red Headed Stranger by Willie Nelson.
Track listing[edit]
Side one[edit]
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Length
1. "Big Iron" Marty Robbins 3:56
2. "Cool Water" Bob Nolan 3:09
3. "Billy the Kid" traditional 2:19
4. "A Hundred and Sixty Acres" David Kapp 1:40
5. "They're Hanging Me Tonight" James Low, Art Wolpert 3:05
6. "The Strawberry Roan" Curley Fletcher 3:25
Side two[edit]
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Length
1. "El Paso" Marty Robbins 4:19
2. "In The Valley" Marty Robbins 1:48
3. "The Master's Call" Marty Robbins 3:05
4. "Running Gun" Tompall Glaser, Jim Glaser 2:10
5. "The Little Green Valley" Carson Robison 2:26
6. "Utah Carol" traditional 3:13
1999 reissue track listing[edit]
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Length
1. "Big Iron" Marty Robbins 3:56
2. "A Hundred and Sixty Acres" David Kapp 1:40
3. "They're Hanging Me Tonight" James Low, Art Wolpert 3:05
4. "Cool Water" Bob Nolan 3:09
5. "Billy the Kid" traditional 2:19
6. "Utah Carol" traditional 3:13
7. "The Strawberry Roan" Curley Fletcher 3:25
8. "The Master's Call" Marty Robbins 3:05
9. "Running Gun" Tompall Glaser, Jim Glaser 2:10
10. "El Paso" Marty Robbins 4:19
11. "In The Valley" Marty Robbins 1:48
12. "The Little Green Valley" Carson Robison 2:26
13. "The Hanging Tree" Jerry Livingston, Mack David 2:50
14. "Saddle Tramp" Marty Robbins 2:03
15. "El Paso" (full length version) Marty Robbins 4:38
Personnel[edit]
Marty Robbins — vocals, guitar
Grady Martin, Jack Pruett — lead guitar
Bob Moore — bass
Louis Dunn — drums
Tompall & the Glaser Brothers — backing vocals
References[edit]
Jump up ^ RIAA Gold and Platinum database retrieved 30 July 2014
Jump up ^ "National Recording Registry Picks Are "Over the Rainbow"". Library of Congress. March 29, 2016. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Eder, Bruce. Gunfighter Ballads and Trail Songs at AllMusic. Retrieved December 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Dubro, Alec (20 September 1969). "Records". Rolling Stone. San Francisco: Straight Arrow Publishers, Inc. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Eder, Bruce. "Gunfighter Ballads and Trail Songs review". AllMusic. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "1001 Series". 1001 Series. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Western Writers of America (2010). "The Top 100 Western Songs". American Cowboy. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014.
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Coahuila y Tejas
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Estado Libre y Soberano de
Coahuila y Texas
Coahuila y Tejas
State of Mexico
←
1824–1835 →
→
Flag
Coahuila y Tejas within Mexico
Capital Saltillo
Monclova (March 9, 1833)
Government Federated state
Governor
Governors[show]
• Rafael Gonzales
1824 - 1826
• Victor Blanco
1826 - 1827
• José María Viesca
1827 - 1830
• Ramón Músquiz
1830 - 1831
• Juan Martin
1831 - 1833
• Juan José de Vidaurri
1833 - 1834
• Juan José Elguézabal
1834 - 1835
• José María Cantú
1835
• Agustín Viesca
1835
• Marciél Borrego
1835
• Ramón Músquiz
1835
Legislature Unicameral Congress
• Upper house Congreso del Estado Libre y Soberano de Coahuila y Tejas[1]
History
• Mexican Independence September 27, 1821
• Established May 7,[2] 1824
• Texas Revolution October 2, 1835
• Disestablished 1835
• Texas statehood December 29, 1845
Area
• 1824[3][a] 800,000 km2 (308,882 sq mi)
Population
• 1828[4] 70,955
Today part of Mexico
- Coahuila
United States
- Texas
^ a. The size of the state was about more than 800 000 square kilometers, Mexico never did a precise measurement of the territory of Coahuila y Tejas.
Coahuila y Tejas (Coahuila and Texas) was one of the constituent states of the newly established United Mexican States under its 1824 Constitution.[5]
It had two capitals: first Saltillo, years 1822-1825 for petition of Miguel Ramos Arizpe, that changing the capital for dispute of political groups, but Monclova recovered primacy because it was the colonial capital since 1689, this action provoked a struggle between the residents of Saltillo and Monclova in 1838-1840, but the political actions of Santa Anna convinced the monclovitas to accept the final change of political powers to Saltillo. In the case of Tejas her territory was organized for administrative purposes, with the state being divided into three districts: Béxar, comprising the area covered by Texas; Monclova, comprising northern Coahuila; and Río Grande Saltillo, comprising southern Coahuila.
The state remained in existence until the adoption of the 1835 "Constitutional Bases", whereby the federal republic was converted into a unitary one, and the nation's states (estados) were turned into departments (departamentos). The State of Coahuila and Texas was split in two and became the Department of Coahuila and the Department of Texas.
Both Coahuila and Texas seceded from Mexico because of Antonio López de Santa Anna's attempts to centralize the government. Texas eventually became the independent Republic of Texas, which in 1845 became a state of the United States of America. Coahuila joined with Nuevo León and Tamaulipas, to form the short-lived Republic of the Rio Grande.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Formation
1.2 Immigration and slavery
1.3 Tensions
1.4 Disestablishment
2 Government
2.1 Defense
3 Demographics
4 Economy
5 See also
6 References
7 Sources
8 External links
History[edit]
Formation[edit]
Mexico in 1824. Coahuila y Tejas is the northeastern-most state.
In 1821, the Mexican War for Independence severed the control that Spain had exercised on its North American territories, and the new country of Mexico was formed from much of the lands that had comprised New Spain.[6] In the early days of the country, there was much disagreement over whether Mexico should be a federal republic or a constitutional monarchy.[7] In 1824, a new constitution restructured the country as a federal republic with nineteen states and four territories.[8] One of the new states was Coahuila y Tejas, which combined the sparsely populated Spanish provinces of Texas and Coahuila.[8][9] The poorest state in the Mexican federation,[10] Coahuila y Tejas covered the boundaries of Spanish Texas but did not include the area around El Paso, which belonged to the state of Chihuahua and the area of Laredo, Texas, which became part of Tamaulipas.[8]
Erasmo Seguin, Texas's representative to Congress during the constitutional deliberations, originally advocated for Texas to become a federal territory. He knew that Texas's small population and insufficient resources made the region ill-prepared to be an independent state, and that the federal government had an obligation to assist territories. Because Coahuila was more populous than Texas, he feared that in a combined state Coahuila would wield greater power in decision making. The representative from Coahuila, Miguel Ramos Arizpe, was likewise concerned that his region was ill-equipped to become an independent state. Ramos Arizpe was unwilling to join with other nearby states, as Coahuila compared unfavorably to those states in either population or economy and would thus be a weaker partner. To convince the Texans to join forces with Coahuila, Ramos Arizpe wrote to the ayuntamiento in Bexar to warn the political leaders that a territory would lose its ownership of public lands to the federal government. State governments retained ownership of public land. This was enough to persuade the Texans to drop their opposition to the merger.[11]
Immigration and slavery[edit]
The federal government had little money to spare for the military, so settlers were empowered to create their own militias to help control hostile native tribes. The border region of Texas faced frequent raids by Apache and Comanche tribes. In the hopes that an influx of settlers could control the raids, the government liberalized its immigration policies, and settlers from the United States were permitted to move to Mexico.[12]
States were responsible for implementing the General Colonization Law. Officials in Saltillo, the capital of Coahuila y Tejas, were soon besieged by foreign land speculators who wanted to claim land in Texas.[13] The state passed its own colonization law in 1825.[14] Approximately 3420 land grant applications were submitted by immigrants and naturalized citizens, many of them Anglo-Americans.[15] Only one of the twenty-four empresarios, Martín De León settled citizens from within Mexico; the others came primarily from the United States.[16][17]
From the time the country became independent from Spain there was public support for abolishing slavery. Fears of an economic crisis if all of the slaves were simultaneously freed led to a gradual emancipation policy.[18] In 1823, Mexico forbade the sale or purchase of slaves and required that the children of slaves be freed when they reached fourteen.[19] Any slave introduced into Mexico by purchase or trade would also be freed.[18] Many of the colonists in Texas, however, owned slaves which they had brought with them from the United States.[19] In 1827, the legislature of Coahuila y Tejas outlawed the introduction of additional slaves into the state and granted freedom at birth to all children born to a slave.[19] The new laws also stated that any slave brought into Texas should be freed within six months.[20] Two years later, slavery was officially outlawed in Mexico.[19] This led to murmurings of revolt within Texas, and the governor of Coahuila y Tejas, Jose Maria Viesca, wrote to the president to explain the importance of slavery to the Texas economy, and the importance of the Texas economy to the development of the state. Texas was temporarily exempted from the rule.[21] By 1830, the state was ordered to comply in full with the emancipation law. Many colonists converted their slaves to indentured servants with a 99-year term, a practice which the state outlawed in 1832.[22]
Tensions[edit]
As the number of Americans living in Texas blossomed, Mexican authorities became apprehensive that the United States might wish to annex the area, possibly using force.[23][24] On April 6, 1830, the Mexican government passed a series of laws restricting immigration from the United States into Texas. The laws also cancelled all unfilled empresario contracts and called for the first enforcement of customs duties.[23] Implementation of the new laws angered colonists in Texas, and in June 1832 a group of armed settlers marched on the military base at Anahuac, and deposed the commander, Juan Davis Bradburn. A second group forced the surrender of another Mexican military commander at the Battle of Velasco.[25][26] The small rebellion coincided with a revolt led by General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna against the centralist policies of Mexican president Anastasio Bustamante. Texans aligned themselves with Santa Anna's federalist policies.[27]
Settlers in Texas continued to press for changes in Mexican law.[28] In 1833, they requested separate statehood, going so far as to draft a proposed state constitution.[28]
In March 1833, the capital of the state was transferred from Saltillo to Monclova, which was closer to Tejas.[29] Shortly thereafter, civil war erupted as the federal government moved away from federalism and towards a more centralized government. As fighting erupted, residents in Saltillo declared that Monclova had been illegally made the state capitol and selected a new governor. Texans in Saltillo recommended establishing a provisional government in Bexar during the unrest to strengthen the autonomy of Texas. Juan Seguin, political chief of Bexar, called for a town meeting to create a government but was forced to postpone it when Mexican troops advanced in the direction of Texas.[30]
Disestablishment[edit]
In 1835, President Santa Anna revoked the Constitution of 1824 and began consolidating his power. In various parts of the country federalists revolted, and in May 1835 Santa Anna brutally crushed a revolt in Zacatecas.[31] The federalists, including Agustín Viesca, the governor of Coahuila y Tejas, were afraid that Santa Anna would march against Coahuila after subduing the rebels in Zacatecas, so they disbanded the state legislature on May 21, 1835, and authorized the governor to set up an office in a different part of the state. Viesca was arrested as he traveled to San Antonio. When Viesca escaped and reached Texas, no one recognized him as governor.[30] In October 1835, Santa Anna abolished all state governments, replacing them with administrative divisions from Mexico City.[32] Settlers in Texas revolted the same month, and, at the conclusion of the Texas Revolution in April 1836, Texas had become self-established as the independent Republic of Texas.
Government[edit]
Possible flag of the Mexican State of Coahuila y Tejas 1824-1836
Coahuila y Tejas was divided into several departments, each of which was governed by a political chief. Departments were further subdivided into municipalities, which were governed by alcaldes, similar to a modern-day mayor. Each municipality also had an elected ayuntamiento, similar to a city council. Originally, all of Texas was included in the Department of Béxar, while Coahuila comprised several departments.[33] After many protests from residents of Texas, in early 1834 the region was divided into three departments, Béxar, Brazos, and Nacogdoches. At the same time, Texas was granted three representatives to the state legislature from the original two.[34]
Laws were set by a state legislature. Ten of the 12 members were elected from Coahuila, with two coming from Texas.[35] Legislators met at the state capital, originally Saltillo, Coahuila, later Monclova, Coahuila. The choice of capital city was controversial; Saltillo was located in the extreme south of the state, more than 300 leagues from the northernmost part of Texas.[36]
Defense[edit]
The federal government recognized that border states required a different military model than other states. In 1826, Coahuila y Tejas and the nearby states of Tamaulipas and Nuevo León were placed under a single military commandant general, who was stationed near Laredo.[37] According to the regulations, each of the garrisons in Texas (at the Alamo Mission in Bexar and at Presidio La Bahia in Goliad) should have 107 soldiers, not including officers.[37] By 1832 there were a combined 70 soldiers with guns (with an additional 70 who had no weapons).[38] The federal government occasionally established other garrisons within Texas, but when the immediate threat was considered to be gone the garrisons were usually disbanded.[39] The bulk of the rest of the army remained in Mexico City, in large part so its leaders could curry political favor.[40]
The government had little money, and troops were often unpaid, with ammunition, guns, and food in short supply. In many cases townspeople were forced to provide food and other supplies to the soldiers.[41] Few men volunteered for military service in the frontier, so many garrisons were composed of convicts or others forcibly recruited.[42]
In 1828, Coahuila y Tejas passed legislation authorizing an official state militia. Texas had at least three militia units - at Bexar, Goliad, and in Stephen F. Austin's colony along the Brazos River.[43]
Demographics[edit]
Despite the influx of settlers from the United States after the colonization laws were passed, the majority of settlers within Coahuila y Tejas were either Mexican citizens or Tejanos. Within Texas, however, by 1830 approximately 80% of the population was from the United States or Europe.[44]
In the frontier areas of the state, similar to the rest of the Mexican frontier, there was more ethnic intermarriage than in the interior regions.[45] Although both the federal and state constitutions established the Catholic Church as the official religion, the frontier areas often disobeyed the rule.[35][45]
Economy[edit]
For the most part, only enough food was grown for use in the area; little was exported. This was partially due to labor shortages and partly due to raids from native tribes. Wild game was abundant, and many families survived by hunting, keeping a few head of livestock, and subsistence farming.[46]
Within Texas, the economy depended heavily on the cultivation of cotton. In 1834, Texas exported over 7,000 bales of cotton. Ranching was also lucrative, and Texas exported over 5,000 head of cattle in 1834.[47] Lumber was exported in small quantities, primarily to Matamoros.[48] In the mid-1830s, Texas imported approximately $630,000 worth of goods. Exports amounted to only about $500,000. The trade deficit resulted in a lack of currency in Texas; in a report to his superiors Juan Almonte estimated that only about 10% of transactions within Texas were conducted with specie.[49]
Much of the trade was run by recent immigrants; few Tejanos were involved in exporting or industry. The newcomers may have had increased access to capital markets and to transportation, and may have had closer ties with, or at least a better understanding of, foreign markets.[50]
Many inhabitants of the Mexican frontier chafed at rules that limited trade with the United States. As these areas, including Texas, were far from federal – and often state – control, smuggling was rampant.[45] Coahuila did not have a coastline, and thus could not import goods from other countries. From 1823 through 1830, Texas settlers had an exemption on tariffs for some goods. Tariffs could not be collected on other goods because there was no customs house to collect the duties. A customs house was established in Anahuac in 1830, but the soldiers were expelled by settlers in 1832. A similar incident occurred in 1835, again resulting in the closure of the customs house. Texas continued to serve as a smuggling haven, with some of the goods being sent into the Mexican interior and into the territory of New Mexico.[51]
See also[edit]
Mexican Texas
Fredonian Rebellion
Law of April 6, 1830
Territorial evolution of Mexico
States of Mexico
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Historia Legislativa del Congreso del Estado de Coahuila (15 de agosto de 1824)" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2011-07-24.
Jump up ^ "Las Diputaciones Provinciales" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 15.
Jump up ^ "Historia Legislativa del Congreso del Estado de Coahuila (Constitucion de 1824)" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2011-07-24.
Jump up ^ "Las Diputaciones Provinciales" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 76.
Jump up ^ 5th. Article of Mexican Constitution of 1824.
Jump up ^ Manchaca (2001), p. 161.
Jump up ^ Edmondson (2000), p. 71.
^ Jump up to: a b c Manchaca (2001), p. 162.
Jump up ^ Vazquez (1997), p. 51.
Jump up ^ de la Teja (1997), p. 85.
Jump up ^ Weber (1982), p. 24.
Jump up ^ Manchaca (2001), p. 164.
Jump up ^ Vazquez (1997), p. 53.
Jump up ^ Manchaca (2001), p. 195.
Jump up ^ Manchaca (2001), p. 198.
Jump up ^ de la Teja (1997), p. 88.
Jump up ^ Manchaca (2001), p. 199.
^ Jump up to: a b Manchaca (2001), p. 163.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Barr (1990), p. 14.
Jump up ^ Manchaca (2001), p. 165.
Jump up ^ Edmondson (2000), p. 80.
Jump up ^ Vazquez (1997), pp. 57, 63.
^ Jump up to: a b Henson (1982), pp. 47–8.
Jump up ^ Morton (1947), p. 33.
Jump up ^ Henson (1982), p. 107–8.
Jump up ^ Vazquez (1997), p. 65.
Jump up ^ Vazquez (1997), p. 66.
^ Jump up to: a b Vazquez (1997), p. 67.
Jump up ^ Vazquez (1997), p. 70.
^ Jump up to: a b Vazquez (1997), p. 71.
Jump up ^ Hardin (1994), p. 6.
Jump up ^ Nugent (2009), p. 151.
Jump up ^ Ericson (2000), p. 33.
Jump up ^ Vazquez (1997), p. 69.
^ Jump up to: a b Nugent (2009), p. 144.
Jump up ^ Weber (1982), p. 26.
^ Jump up to: a b Weber (1982), p. 108.
Jump up ^ Weber (1982), p. 109.
Jump up ^ Weber (1982), p. 111.
Jump up ^ Weber (1982), p. 110.
Jump up ^ Weber (1982), pp. 111–112.
Jump up ^ Weber (1982), p. 114.
Jump up ^ Weber (1982), p. 116.
Jump up ^ Mintz (2009), p. 10.
^ Jump up to: a b c Mintz (2009), p. 9.
Jump up ^ Weber (1982), p. 140.
Jump up ^ de la Teja (1997), pp. 91–92.
Jump up ^ Weber (1982), p. 142.
Jump up ^ Weber (1982), p. 141.
Jump up ^ Weber (1982), p. 143.
Jump up ^ Weber (1982), p. 155.
Sources[edit]
de la Teja, Jesus F. (1997), "The Colonization and Independence of Texas: A Tejano Perspective", in Rodriguez O., Jaime E.; Vincent, Kathryn, Myths, Misdeeds, and Misunderstandings: The Roots of Conflict in U.S.–Mexican Relations, Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources Inc., ISBN 0-8420-2662-2
Edmondson, J.R. (2000), The Alamo Story-From History to Current Conflicts, Plano, TX: Republic of Texas Press, ISBN 1-55622-678-0
Ericson, Joe E. (2000), The Nacogdoches story: an informal history, Heritage Books, ISBN 978-0-7884-1657-6
Henson, Margaret Swett (1982), Juan Davis Bradburn: A Reappraisal of the Mexican Commander of Anahuac, College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, ISBN 978-0-89096-135-3
Manchaca, Martha (2001), Recovering History, Constructing Race: The Indian, Black, and White Roots of Mexican Americans, The Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long Series in Latin American and Latino Art and Culture, Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, ISBN 0-292-75253-9
Mintz, Steven (2009), Mexican American Voices: A Documentary Reader, Volume 4 of Uncovering the Past: Documentary Readers in American History, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-1-4051-8260-7
Morton, Ohland (July 1943), "Life of General Don Manuel de Mier y Teran", Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Texas State Historical Association, 47 (1), retrieved 2009-01-29
Nugent, Walter (2009), Habits of Empire: a History of American Expansionism, Random House, ISBN 978-1-4000-7818-9
Vazquez, Josefina Zoraida (1997), "The Colonization and Loss of Texas: A Mexican Perspective", in Rodriguez O., Jaime E.; Vincent, Kathryn, Myths, Misdeeds, and Misunderstandings: The Roots of Conflict in U.S.–Mexican Relations, Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources Inc., ISBN 0-8420-2662-2
Weber, David J. (1982), The Mexican frontier, 1821-1846: the American Southwest under Mexico, Histories of the American frontier, University of New Mexico Press, ISBN 978-0-8263-0603-6
External links[edit]
Coahuila y Tejas: From liberal federalism to centralista dictatorship
Compendium of Mexican Constitutions (in Spanish)
See an 1833 Map of the state of Coahuila and Texas / W. Hooker, sculpt.[permanent dead link] hosted by the Portal to Texas History.
Laws and Decrees of Coahuila and Texas from Gammel's Laws of Texas, Vol. I.[permanent dead link] hosted by the Portal to Texas History.
[show]
v
t
e
Mexican Texas
Empresarios
Stephen F. Austin
Martín De León
Green DeWitt
Haden Edwards
James Hewetson
James Power
Sterling C. Robertson
Political conventions
Convention of 1832
Convention of 1833
Consultation (1835)
Convention of 1836
Armed conflicts
Fredonian Rebellion
Anahuac Disturbances
Battle of Velasco
Battle of Nacogdoches
Texas Revolution
See also
Coahuila y Tejas state
Governors of Mexican Texas
[show]
v
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and
(municipal seats)
Abasolo (Abasolo)
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Allende (Allende)
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Cuatrociénegas (Cuatrociénegas de Carranza)
Escobedo (Escobedo)
Francisco I. Madero (Francisco I. Madero)
Frontera (Ciudad Frontera)
General Cepeda (General Cepeda)
Guerrero (Guerrero)
Hidalgo (Hidalgo)
Jiménez (Jiménez)
Juárez (Juárez)
Lamadrid (Lamadrid)
Matamoros (Matamoros de la Laguna)
Monclova (Monclova)
Morelos (Morelos)
Múzquiz (Santa Rosa de Múzquiz)
Nadadores (Nadadores)
Nava (Nava)
Ocampo (Ocampo)
Parras (Parras de la Fuente)
Piedras Negras (Piedras Negras)
Progreso (Progreso)
Ramos Arizpe (Ramos Arizpe)
Sabinas (Sabinas)
Sacramento (Sacramento)
Saltillo (Saltillo)
San Buenaventura (San Buenaventura)
San Juan de Sabinas (Nueva Rosita)
San Pedro de las Colonias (San Pedro de las Colonias)
Sierra Mojada (Sierra Mojada)
Torreón (Torreón)
Viesca (Viesca)
Villa Unión (Villa Unión)
Zaragoza (Zaragoza)
Coordinates: 28°50′N 99°30′W / 28.833°N 99.500°W / 28.833; -99.500
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coahuila_y_Tejas&oldid=807240883"
Categories:
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