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Flag of Ireland
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This article is about the flag of the state called Ireland. For flags associated with the island of Ireland, see List of flags of Ireland. For flags used in Northern Ireland, see List of flags used in Northern Ireland.
Republic of Ireland
Name
Bratach na hÉireann
Irish tricolour
Use
National flag and ensign
Proportion
1:2
Adopted
1922 (constitutional status; 1937)
Design
A vertical tricolour of green, white and orange
The national flag of Ireland (Irish: bratach na hÉireann) – frequently referred to as the Irish tricolour (trídhathach na hÉireann) – is the national flag and ensign of the Republic of Ireland. The flag itself is a vertical tricolour of green (at the hoist), white and orange.[1][2]
The proportions of the flag are 1:2 (that is to say, flown horizontally, the flag is half as high as it is wide). The Irish government has described the symbolism behind each colour as being that "green represents the older Gaelic tradition while the orange represents the supporters of William of Orange. The white in the centre signifies a lasting truce between the 'Orange' and the 'Green'."[3]
Presented as a gift in 1848 to Thomas Francis Meagher from a small group of French women sympathetic to the Irish cause,[4][5] it was not until the Easter Rising of 1916, when it was raised above the General Post Office in Dublin, that the tricolour came to be regarded as the national flag.[6] The flag was adopted by the Irish Republic during the Irish War of Independence (1919–1921).
The flag's use was continued by the Irish Free State (1922–1937) and it was later given constitutional status under the 1937 Constitution of Ireland. The tricolour is used by nationalists on both sides of the border as the national flag of the whole island of Ireland since 1916.[7] Thus it is flown by many nationalists in Northern Ireland as well as by the Gaelic Athletic Association.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Design and symbolism
1.1 Symbolism
2 History
2.1 Marine
2.2 Use in Northern Ireland
3 Protocol
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Design and symbolism[edit]
In relation to the national flag of Ireland, the Constitution of Ireland simply states in Article 7:
The national flag is the tricolour of green, white and orange.[9]
As there are no further statutory requirements in relation to the flag, the Department of the Taoiseach takes general responsibility over matters relating to the flag. In its advisory role, the Department has issued guidelines to assist persons in their use of the national flag.[10] The flag should be rectangular in shape and its length should be two times its width, translating into an aspect ratio of 1:2. The three coloured pales — green, white and orange — should be of equal size, and vertically disposed. The precise colours of the flag as set by the Department of the Taoiseach are:[10]
Scheme
Green
White
Orange
Pantone 347[11] White 151[12]
Hex triplet #169B62 #FFFFFF #FF883E
RGB 22-155-98 255-255-255 255-136-62
CMYK 86-0-37-39 0-0-0-0 0-47-76-0
The flag should normally be displayed on a flagstaff, with the green pale positioned next to the flagstaff, at the hoist; the white pale positioned in the centre; and the orange pale positioned at the fly, farthest from the flagstaff. Provided that the correct proportions are observed, the flag may be made to any convenient size.[6]
Symbolism[edit]
The green pale in the flag symbolises Irish republicanism dating back to the Society of United Irishmen in the 1790s.[13] The orange represents the minority who were supporters of King William III, who was of the House of Orange and originally the Stadtholder of the Netherlands, had defeated King James II and his predominantly Irish Catholic army[14] at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690. His title came from the Principality of Orange in the south of France that had been a Protestant bastion from the 16th century. It was included in the Irish flag in an attempt to reconcile the Orange Order in Ireland with the Irish independence movement.[citation needed] The white in the centre signifies a lasting truce between the two cultures and a living together in peace.[15] The flag, as a whole, is intended to symbolise the inclusion and hoped-for union of the people of different traditions on the island of Ireland, which is expressed in the Constitution as the entitlement of every person born in Ireland to be part of the independent Irish nation, regardless of ethnic origin, religion or political conviction.[16][17] There are exceptions to the general beneficent theory. Green was also used as the colour of such Irish bodies as the mainly-Protestant and non-sectarian Friendly Brothers of St. Patrick, established in 1751.
Occasionally, differing shades of yellow, instead of orange, are seen at civilian functions. However the Department of the Taoiseach state that this is a misrepresentation which "should be actively discouraged",[6] and that worn-out flags should be replaced.[18] In songs and poems, the colours are sometimes enumerated as "green, white and gold", using poetic licence.[19][20] Variants of different guises are utilised to include, for example, various emblems of Ireland, such as the presidential harp, the four provinces or county arms.[21][22]
History[edit]
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The Green harp flag, first used by Owen Roe O'Neill in 1642.
A green flag featuring a harp is described as being used by Owen Roe O'Neill in 1642.[23]
In the late 18th century green had become associated as the colour of revolution. The United Irishmen, founded in the 1790s, were inspired by the French revolution, and used a green flag, to which they had a harp emblazoned.[23] A rival organisation, the Orange Order, whose main strength was in Ulster, and which was exclusively for Protestants, especially members of the Anglican Church of Ireland, was founded in 1795 in memory of King William of Orange and the "Glorious Revolution" of 1688. Following the Irish Rebellion of 1798, which pitted the "green" tradition of the republican United Irishmen against the "orange" tradition of Anglican Protestant Ascendancy loyal to the British Crown, the ideal of a later nationalist generation in the mid-19th century was to make peace between the two traditions and, if possible, to found a self-governing Ireland on such peace and union.
Blessing of the Colours by John Lavery
The oldest known reference to the use of the three colours of green, white and orange as a nationalist emblem dates from September 1830 when tricolour cockades were worn at a meeting held to celebrate the French Revolution of that year — a revolution which restored the use of the French tricolour.[24] The colours were also used in the same period for rosettes and badges, and on the banners of trade guilds.[24] However, widespread recognition was not accorded to the flag until 1848. At a meeting in his native city of Waterford on 7 March 1848, Thomas Francis Meagher, the Young Ireland leader, first publicly unveiled the flag from a second-floor window of the Wolfe Tone Club as he addressed a gathered crowd on the street below who were present to celebrate another revolution that had just taken place in France.[24][25] It was inspired by the tricolours of France and Newfoundland; Meagher's father was born in Newfoundland.[25] Speeches made at that time by Meagher suggest that it was regarded as an innovation and not as the revival of an older flag.[24] From March of that year Irish tricolours appeared side-by-side with French ones at meetings held all over the country.[16] John Mitchel, referring to the tricolour of green, white and orange that Meagher had presented from Paris at a later meeting in Dublin on 15 April 1848, said: "I hope to see that flag one day waving, as our national banner".[16]
Although the tricolour was not forgotten as a symbol of the ideal of union and a banner associated with the Young Irelanders and revolution, it was rarely used between 1848 and 1916. Even up to the eve of the Easter Rising of 1916, the green flag featuring a harp held undisputed sway.[16] Neither the colours nor the arrangement of the early tricolours were standardised. All of the 1848 tricolours showed green, white and orange, but orange was sometimes put next to the staff, and in at least one flag the order was orange, green and white.[16] In 1850 a flag of green for the Roman Catholics, orange for the Protestants of the Established Church and blue for the Presbyterians was proposed.[16] In 1883, a Parnellite tricolour of yellow, white and green, arranged horizontally, was recorded. Down to modern times, yellow has occasionally been used instead of orange, but by this substitution the fundamental symbolism is destroyed.[16]
The Irish flag is always flown with the green at the hoist
Associated with separatism in the past, flown during the Easter Rising of 1916 and capturing the national imagination as the banner of the new revolutionary Ireland,[26] the tricolour came to be acclaimed throughout the country as somewhat of a national flag. To many Irish people, though, it was considered to be a "Sinn Féin flag".[27]
In the Irish Free State which existed between 1922 and 1937, the flag was adopted by the Executive Council. The Free State constitution did not specify national symbols; the decision to use the flag was made without recourse to statute. When the Free State joined the League of Nations in September 1923, the new flag "created a good deal of interest amongst the general public" in Geneva.[28] The defeated republicans who had fought the Free State's forces in the 1922–23 Civil War regarded the tricolour as the flag of the self-proclaimed Irish Republic, and condemned its appropriation by the new state, as expressed in the song "Take It Down From The Mast". The Executive Council's decision was a provisional one.[24] A 1928 British document said:
The government in Ireland have taken over the so called Free State Flag in order to forestall its use by republican element and avoid legislative regulation, to leave them free to adopt a more suitable emblem later.[29]
In 1937, the tricolour's position as the national flag was formally confirmed by the new Constitution of Ireland.[16]
Marine[edit]
The Red Ensign used by some Irish merchant vessels until 1939
The pre-independence Merchant Shipping Act 1894 was not repealed, and so the Free State's mercantile marine was technically required to fly the Red Ensign.[30] The collier Glenageary may have been the first to arrive in a British port flying the tricolour on 8 December 1921 (two days after the treaty). This flag along with a model of the Glenageary is on display in the National Maritime Museum of Ireland. While some ships, such as the cross-channel ferries flew the red ensign, others sailed under the tricolour.[31][32][33] Some masters of Irish ships were charged by the British Customs and fined by courts for flying an "improper ensign".[34] The tricolour was flown by the fisheries patrol vessel Muirchú, precursor to the Irish Naval Service; Frank Carney alleged in the Dáil in 1930 that a trespassing French trawler had refused to surrender to because it did not recognise Muirchú's flag.[32]
See also: Irish Mercantile Marine during World War II
Irish-register ships could fly the Red Ensign until September 1939, after the outbreak of World War II, when a decree under the state of emergency was made, to ensure neutral Irish ships were not mistaken for British ships.[30] Some ships flying the tricolour were nevertheless sunk by Germans.[35] When the tricolour was hoisted over the passenger ferries in Holyhead their British crews went on strike. Five days later their owners transferred the ferries to the British register and the Red Ensign was restored.[36] On the other hand, the Belfast to Liverpool ferry, British owned and British crewed, used the tricolour as a flag of convenience;[37] so did the whalers of Christian Salvesen Shipping, to take advantage of the Irish whale quota.[38]
The tricolour's marine status was formalised by the Merchant Shipping Act, 1947.[30][39]
Use in Northern Ireland[edit]
See also: Northern Ireland flags issue
A large tricolour flying from CuChulainn House in the New Lodge, Belfast
In 1921, Ireland was partitioned, with the unionist-dominated north-east becoming Northern Ireland, while later, in 1922, the remainder of Ireland left the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to form the Irish Free State.[40] Northern Ireland continued to use the UK's Union Flag and created its Ulster Banner derivation of the flag of Ulster with a crown on top of a six pointed star.[41] Furthermore, for many years the tricolour was effectively banned in Northern Ireland under the Flags and Emblems (Display) Act (Northern Ireland) 1954 which empowered the police to remove any flag that could cause a breach of the peace but specified, rather controversially, that a Union Flag could never have such an effect.[42] In 1964, the enforcement of this law by the Royal Ulster Constabulary at the behest of Ian Paisley, involving the removal of a single tricolour from the offices of Sinn Féin in Belfast, led to two days of rioting. The tricolour was immediately replaced, highlighting the difficulty of enforcing the law.[43]
The tricolour is regularly burnt on Loyalist bonfires during twelfth of July celebrations
Despite its original symbolism, in Northern Ireland the tricolour, along with most other markers of either British or Irish identity, has come to be a symbol of division.[41] The Ulster Unionist Party Government of Northern Ireland adopted the Ulster Banner (based on the flag of Ulster) in 1953.[44] Thus it is this flag and the Union Flag that are flown by unionists and loyalists, while the tricolour is flown by nationalists and republicans.[41] In Northern Ireland, each community uses its own flags, murals and other symbols to declare its allegiance and mark its territory, often in a manner that is deliberately provocative.[45] Kerb-stones in unionist and loyalist areas are often painted red, white and blue,[46] while in nationalist and republican areas kerb-stones may be painted green, white and orange, although this is a much less frequent occurrence.[47] Elements of both communities fly "their" flag from chimneys, tall buildings and lamp-posts on roads.[48]
Under the 1998 Good Friday or Belfast Agreement, it was recognised that flags continue to be a source of disagreement in Northern Ireland. The Agreement stated that:
All participants acknowledge the sensitivity of the use of symbols and emblems for public purposes, and the need in particular in creating the new institutions to ensure that such symbols and emblems are used in a manner which promotes mutual respect rather than division.[49]
Unionists argue that the recognition of the principle of consent in the Agreement — that Northern Ireland's constitutional status cannot change without a majority favouring it — by the signatories amounts to recognising that the Union Flag is the only legitimate official flag in Northern Ireland.[50][51][52] Nationalists maintain that the Agreement means that the use of the Union Flag for official purposes should be restricted, or that the tricolour should be flown alongside the UK's flag on government buildings.[53] However the tricolour is never flown from official buildings, alone or alongside the UK's flag. A Sinn Féin Lord Mayor of Belfast, Alex Maskey, displayed both flags in his own offices causing some controversy.[54][55]
Protocol[edit]
The Department of the Taoiseach has issued guidelines to assist persons in giving due respect to the national flag. Observance of the guidelines is a matter for each individual as there are no statutory requirements. It is expected, however, that the national flag will be treated at all times with appropriate respect by those who use it. The Department has general responsibility in relation to the national flag and this is primarily concerned with the protocol for the flying of the flag. The Department's role, therefore, is an advisory one.[10]
Irish Flag outside Department Store in Dublin showing EU flag to its left, or right as seen by an approaching observer
With respect to the display, placing and precedence of the national flag by both itself and in relation to other flags, the Department has made a number of suggestions. No flag or pennant should be flown above the national flag. When the flag is carried with another flag, or flags, it should be carried in the place of honour — that is on the marching right, or on the left of an observer towards whom the flags are approaching. Where one of these flags is that of the European Union, the European Union flag should be carried on the immediate left of the national flag, or, as seen by an observer when the flags are approaching, on the immediate right of the national flag. In the event of a display of crossed staffs, the national flag should be to the right and to the fore — that is to the left of the observer who is facing the flag. Its staff should be in front of the other flag or flags.[56]
When the group of flags of the European Union are flown, the sequence is alphabetical, based on the first letter of the country's name. The flags should be flown from left to right with the European Union flag flown from the first flagstaff before the group. An alternative order of flags is to begin on the left with the national flag and place the European Union flag on the far right of the group, as seen by an observer.[56] With regard to international flags; where either an even or an odd number of flags are flown in line on staffs of equal height, the national flag should be first on the right of the line — that is on the observer's left as he or she faces the flags. Where one of these flags is that of the European Union, the European Union flag should be flown on the immediate left of the national flag, or as seen by an observer, on the immediate right of the national flag. Where, however, an odd number of flags are displayed from staffs grouped so that there is one staff in the centre and higher than the others, the national flag should be displayed from the staff so placed. Where one of these flags is that of the European Union, the European Union flag should be flown from the first flagstaff on the right, or as seen by an observer, on the first flagstaff on the left. Only one national flag should be displayed in each group of flags or at each location. In all cases, the national flag should be in the place of honour. When the national flag is displayed either horizontally or vertically against a wall or other background, the green should be on the right (an observer's left) in the horizontal position or uppermost in the vertical position. When displayed on a platform, the national flag should be above and behind the speaker's desk. While being carried, the flag should not be dipped by way of salute or compliment except to the dead during memorial ceremonies.[56]
In raising or lowering, the national flag should not be allowed to touch the ground. When being hoisted to half-mast, the flag should first be brought to the peak of the staff and then lowered to the half-mast position.[57] It should again be brought to the peak of the staff before it is finally lowered.[58] On ceremonial occasions when the national flag is being hoisted or lowered, or when it is passing by in a parade, all present should face it, stand to attention and salute. Persons in uniform who normally salute with the hand should give the hand salute. Persons in civilian attire should salute by standing to attention. The salute to the flag when it is being borne past in a parade is rendered when the flag is six paces away and the salute is held until the flag has passed by. Where more than one national flag is carried, the salute should be given only to the leading flag.[59] When the national anthem is played in the presence of the national flag, all present should face the national flag, stand to attention and salute it, remaining at the salute until the last note of the music.[59]
When the national flag has become worn or frayed it is no longer fit for display, and should not be used in any manner implying disrespect.[60] The national flag, when used as a decoration, should always be treated with due respect. It may be used as a discreet lapel button or rosette or as part of a centrepiece for a table. When used in the latter context with the flags of other nations, the national flag should also be displayed in the place of honour on a nearby flag staff. Where multiple national flags are flown on festive occasions these should be of uniform dimensions. Bunting of the national colours may also be used on festive occasions.[61]
Michael Collins lying in state by John Lavery showing the green of the flag towards the head
The national flag should be displayed in the open only between sunrise and sunset, except on the occasion of public meetings, processions, or funerals, when it may be displayed for the duration of such functions.[61][62] When displayed on a platform, the national flag should not be used to cover the speaker’s desk, nor should it be draped over the platform. The national flag should never be defaced by placing slogans, logos, lettering or pictures of any kind on it, for example at sporting events. The flag should not be draped on cars, trains, boats or other modes of transport; it should not be carried flat, but should always be carried aloft and free, except when used to drape a coffin; on such an occasion, the green should be at the head of the coffin. The tricolour is draped across the coffins of Presidents of Ireland (including former presidents), soldiers and Garda Síochána personnel killed in the line of duty, and other notables accorded state funerals, such as Roger Casement in 1965, or Kevin Barry in 2001. Care should be taken at all times to ensure that the national flag does not touch the ground, trail in water or become entangled in trees or other obstacles.[63]
Irish flag flying from the General Post Office in Dublin
It is the normal practice to fly the national flag daily at all military posts and from a limited number of important State buildings. The European flag is flown alongside the national flag on all official buildings, and in most places where the Irish flag is flown over buildings. The national flag is flown over buildings including: the residence of the President of Ireland, Áras an Uachtaráin; Leinster House, the seat of the Irish parliament, when parliament is in session; Irish courts and state buildings; Irish military installations, at home and abroad; and Garda Síochána (police) stations. The national flag is also flown on Saint Patrick's Day (the national holiday), Easter Sunday and Easter Monday (in commemoration of the Easter Rising of 1916), and the National Day of Commemoration on the Sunday closest to 11 July. On these occasions the national flag is flown from all State buildings throughout the country which are equipped with flagpoles, and many private individuals and concerns also fly it. The national flag is flown on the occasion of other significant national and local events such as festivals and commemorations. The national flag is frequently flown at half-mast on the death of a national or international figure on all prominent government buildings equipped with a flag pole. The death of a prominent local figure may be marked locally by the national flag being flown at half-mast. Where the national flag is flown at half-mast no other flag should be half-masted.[64]
See also[edit]
Ireland portal
Coat of arms of Ireland
Cross-border flag for Ireland
List of flags of Ireland
Flag of Northern Ireland
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Library. "National Flag". Taoiseach.gov.ie. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Home". Taoiseach.gov.ie. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "National Flag". Department of the Taoiseach. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Sean Duffy, The Concise History of Ireland, 2005
Jump up ^ Rick Steve's Ireland 2008
^ Jump up to: a b c The National Flag: Design[permanent dead link], Department of the Taoiseach.
Jump up ^ Symbols in Northern Ireland – Flags Used in the Region CAIN Web Service. Retrieved on 8 November 2011
Jump up ^ Sugden, John & Harvie, Scott (1995). Sport and Community Relations in Northern Ireland, Centre for the Study of Conflict, School of History, Philosophy and Politics, Faculty of Humanities, University of Ulster. Retrieved on 14 June 2007.
Jump up ^ Article 7, Bunreacht na hÉireann.
^ Jump up to: a b c The National Flag: Guidelines for use of the National Flag[permanent dead link], Department of the Taoiseach.
Jump up ^ rgb.to. "Color not found!". rgb.to. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
Jump up ^ rgb.to. "Color not found!". rgb.to. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Ireland: Green Flag – Flags of the World
Jump up ^ [1] King James II leader at Battle of Boyne
Jump up ^ National Flag, Department of the Taoiseach
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h The National Flag, Department of the Taoiseach.
Jump up ^ Subject to the Twenty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland, 2004.
Jump up ^ The national Flag Department of the Taoiseach
Jump up ^ See, for example: Long Journey Home by Elvis Costello and Paddy Moloney.
Jump up ^ See, for example, the lyrics and commentary on the following Irish rebel songs: Green White and Gold; The Dying Rebel. Archived 14 April 2005 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ others, The Zen Cart™ Team and. "County Coat of Arms Irish Flag buy discounted Irish flags with family crest for Irish family reunion [] - $24.00 : A Bit O Blarney.com Celtic Jewelry Shop, serving online since 1999". Abitoblarney.com. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Photographic image" (PNG). S1.thejournal.ie. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Andries Burgers Ireland: Green Flag, Flags of the World (21 May 2006), citing G. A. Hayes-McCoy, A History of Irish Flags from earliest times (1979).
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Ireland, Flags of the World, 2001. Retrieved on 11 June 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Tricolour Flag of Ireland, Your Irish Culture, 2007. Retrieved on 11 June 2007.Archived 2008
Jump up ^ Contrary to popular belief, the tricolour was not the actual flag of the Easter Rising, although it had been flown from the General Post Office; that flag was a green flag featuring in gold a harp and the words "Irish Republic".
Jump up ^ Hayes-McCoy, Gerard Anthony (1979). A History of Irish flags from Earliest Times. Academy Press, Dublin. ISBN 978-0-906187-01-2.
Jump up ^ "NAI DFA 26/102: Extracts from the report of the Irish delegation to the Fourth Assembly of the League of Nations (September 1923)". Documents on Irish Foreign Policy. 2 (1923–1926). Royal Irish Academy. September 2000. No. 134. ISBN 1-874045-83-6. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Public Record Office document DO 117/100, written in 1928.
^ Jump up to: a b c Merchant Shipping Bill, 1947—Second Stage. (20 November 1947) Dáil debates Vol.108 No.15 p.23
Jump up ^ Forde, Frank (2000). The Long Watch. Island Books. p. 108. ISBN 1-902602-42-0.
^ Jump up to: a b Dáil debates Vol. 33 No. 17 p.7 cc.2290–95 20 March 1930
Jump up ^ Dáil debates Vol. 53 No. 7 p.4 21 June 1934
Jump up ^ Sweeney, Pat (2010). Liffey Ships. Mercier Press. p. 202. ISBN 978-1-85635-685-5.
Jump up ^ Dáil debates Vol.81 No.14 p.23 20 February 1941
Jump up ^ Forde, Frank (2000). The Long Watch. Island Books. p. 2. ISBN 1-902602-42-0.
Jump up ^ McRonald, Malcolm (2007). The Irish Boats. 3, Liverpool to Belfast. Tempus. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-7524-4235-8.
Jump up ^ Share, Bernard (1978). The Emergency. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan. p. 99. ISBN 0-71710-916-X.
Jump up ^ Sections 2 and 14, Merchant Shipping Act, 1947 Irish Statute Book
Jump up ^ FitzGerald, Garret. Ireland, Partition of, Encarta, 2007. Retrieved on 14 June 2007. Archived 9 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine. 31 October 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c Flags Used in Northern Ireland, Conflict Archive on the Internet, 1 April 2007. Retrieved on 14 June 2007.
Jump up ^ Flags and Emblems (Display) Act (Northern Ireland) 1954, Conflict Archive on the Internet, 1 April 2007. Retrieved on 14 June 2007.
Jump up ^ Boyd, Andrew (1969). Holy War in Belfast — "1964: The Tricolour Riots". Anvil Press. ISBN 0-900068-10-8.
Jump up ^ Northern Ireland (United Kingdom), Flags of the World, 2007. Retrieved on 14 June 2007.
Jump up ^ Ewart, Shirley & Schubotz, Dirk (2004). Voices behind the Statistics: Young People’s Views of Sectarianism in Northern Ireland, National Children's Bureau, p. 7.
Jump up ^ "Loyalist paramilitary flags explosion", BBC News Online, 21 June 2000. Retrieved on 14 June 2007.
Jump up ^ Brown, Kris. & MacGinty, Roger (2003). "Public Attitudes toward Partisan and Neutral Symbols in Post-Agreement Northern Ireland", Identities: Global Studies in Power and Culture. Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 83–108.
Jump up ^ Bryan, Dr. Dominic & Stevenson, Dr. Clifford (2006). Flags Monitoring Project 2006: Preliminary Findings, Institute of Irish Studies, Queen's University, Belfast. Retrieved on 14 June 2007.
Jump up ^ The Belfast Agreement 1998, Conflict Archive on the Internet. Retrieved on 14 June 2007.
Jump up ^ Wilson, Robin (July 2000). Flagging concern: The Controversy over Flags and Emblems, Democratic Dialogue, Retrieved on 14 June 2007.
Jump up ^ Northern Ireland Assembly Official Report of Tuesday 6 June 2000, Northern Ireland Assembly, 6 June 2000. Retrieved on 14 June 2007.
Jump up ^ Report on Draft Regulations proposed under Article 3 of the Flags (Northern Ireland) Order 2000, Northern Ireland Assembly, 17 October 2000. Retrieved on 14 June 2007.
Jump up ^ Alex Maskey Motion 39 – flags and emblems, SinnFein.ie, 17 February 2006. Retrieved on 14 June 2007.
Jump up ^ "Tricolour raised in City Hall", BBC News Online, 4 September 2002. Retrieved on 14 June 2007.
Jump up ^ Should Belfast have its own flag?, BBC News Talking Point, 5 September 2002. Retrieved on 14 June 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c The National Flag: Display, placing and precedence[permanent dead link], Department of the Taoiseach.
Jump up ^ A flag is at half-mast in any position below the top of the staff but never below the middle point of the staff. As a general guide, the half-mast position may be taken as that where the top of the flag is the depth of the flag below the top of the staff.
Jump up ^ The National Flag: Hoisting and lowering the Flag[permanent dead link], Department of the Taoiseach.
^ Jump up to: a b The National Flag: Saluting the Flag[permanent dead link], Department of the Taoiseach.
Jump up ^ The National Flag: Worn-out Flag[permanent dead link], Department of the Taoiseach.
^ Jump up to: a b The National Flag: Respect for the National Flag[permanent dead link], Department of the Taoiseach.
Jump up ^ For military purposes, sunrise occurs at 8:00 a.m. between March and October, and at 8:30 a.m. between November and February. Sunset is deemed to occur at: 3:30 p.m. in January and December; 4:30 p.m. in February and November; 5:30 p.m. in March and October; 6:00 p.m. in April; 7:00 p.m. in May and September; and 8:00 p.m. between June and August.
Jump up ^ The National Flag: Practices to avoid[permanent dead link], Department of the Taoiseach.
Jump up ^ The National Flag: Occasions on which the National Flag is flown[permanent dead link], Department of the Taoiseach.
External links[edit]
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text:
River Mersey
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Mersey" redirects here. For other uses, see Mersey (disambiguation).
River Mersey
River
The River Mersey at Liverpool, looking towards the Royal Liver Building
Country
England
Counties
Greater Manchester, Cheshire, Merseyside
City
Manchester, Liverpool
Primary source
(source of the River Tame)
- location west of Buckstones Moss, West Yorkshire
- elevation 473 m (1,552 ft)
- coordinates 53°37′07″N 2°00′13″W / 53.6187°N 2.0035°W / 53.6187; -2.0035
Secondary source
(confluence of Tame and Goyt)
- location Stockport, Greater Manchester
- elevation 40 m (131 ft)
- coordinates 53°24′51″N 2°09′23″W / 53.4143°N 2.1565°W / 53.4143; -2.1565
Mouth
- location Liverpool Bay
Length
112 km (70 mi)
Basin
4,680 km2 (1,807 sq mi)
Designation
Ramsar Wetland
Official name
Mersey Estuary
Designated
20 December 1995
The River Mersey is highlighted in red
Click to enlarge map
Coordinates: 53°27′00″N 3°01′59″W / 53.45°N 3.033°W / 53.45; -3.033
The River Mersey /ˈmɜːrzi/ is a river in the North West of England. Its name is derived from the Anglo-Saxon language and translates as "boundary river". The river may have been the border between the ancient kingdoms of Mercia and Northumbria[1] and for centuries it formed part of the boundary between the historic counties of Lancashire and Cheshire.[2]
The start of the Mersey is at the confluence of the River Tame and River Goyt in Stockport. It flows westwards through the suburban areas of south Manchester, then into the Manchester Ship Canal at Irlam, becoming a part of the canal and maintaining the canal's water levels. After 4 miles (6.4 km) the river exits the canal flowing towards Warrington where the river widens before it then narrows as it passes between the towns of Runcorn and Widnes. From Runcorn the river widens into a large estuary, which is 3 miles (4.8 km) wide at its widest point near Ellesmere Port. The course of the river then turns north as the estuary narrows between Liverpool and Birkenhead on the Wirral Peninsula to the west, and empties into Liverpool Bay. In total the river flows 70.33 miles (113 km).
A railway tunnel between Birkenhead and Liverpool as part of the Mersey Railway opened in 1886. Two road tunnels pass under the estuary from Liverpool: the Queensway Tunnel opened in 1934 connecting the city to Birkenhead, and the Kingsway Tunnel, opened in 1971, to Wallasey. A road bridge, completed in 1961 and later named the Silver Jubilee Bridge, crosses between Runcorn and Widnes, adjacent to the Runcorn Railway Bridge which opened in 1868. A second road bridge, the "Mersey Gateway", opened in October 2017, a six-lane road connecting Runcorn's Central Expressway with Speke Road and Queensway in Widnes.[3] The Mersey Ferry operates between Pier Head in Liverpool and Woodside in Birkenhead and Seacombe, and has become a tourist attraction offering cruises that provide an overview of the river and surrounding areas.
Water quality in the Mersey was severely affected by industrialisation, and in 1985, the Mersey Basin Campaign was established to improve water quality and encourage waterside regeneration. In 2009 it was announced that the river is "cleaner than at any time since the industrial revolution" and is "now considered one of the cleanest in the UK". The Mersey Valley Countryside Warden Service manages local nature reserves such as Chorlton Ees and Sale Water Park. The river gave its name to Merseybeat, developed by bands from Liverpool, notably the Beatles. In 1965 it was the subject of the top-ten hit single "Ferry Cross the Mersey" by Gerry and the Pacemakers.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Course
2.1 Stockport to Warrington
2.2 Runcorn Gap
2.3 Estuary
3 River crossings
4 Environment
4.1 Sediment pollution
4.2 Fauna
5 Navigation
6 Recreation
7 In popular culture
8 Religious significance
9 Tributaries
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Etymology[edit]
Its name is derived from the Anglo-Saxon mǣres, "of a boundary" and ēa, "a river."[2] The Mersey was possibly the border river between Mercia and Northumbria.[1] Its Welsh name is Afon Merswy, and it has been given the alternative etymology of Celtic "môr-afon" meaning "sea river".[citation needed]
Course[edit]
The Mersey is formed from three tributaries: the River Etherow, the River Goyt and the River Tame. The modern accepted start of the Mersey is at the confluence of the Tame and Goyt, in central Stockport, Greater Manchester. However, older definitions, and many older maps, place its start a few miles up the Goyt at Compstall; for example the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica states "It is formed by the junction of the Goyt and the Etherow a short distance below Marple in Cheshire on the first-named stream." The 1784 John Stockdale map shows the River Mersey extending to Mottram, and forming the boundary between Cheshire and Derbyshire.[4] In the west of Stockport it flows at the base of a cliff below the road called Brinksway before reaching flat country.
Stockport to Warrington[edit]
The River Mersey empties into the Manchester Ship Canal at Irlam
From Central Stockport the river flows through or past Heaton Mersey, Didsbury, Northenden, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Stretford, Sale, Ashton on Mersey, Urmston and Flixton, then at Irlam flows into the Manchester Ship Canal, which is the canalised section of the River Irwell at this point. The old course of the Mersey has been obliterated by the canal past Hollins Green to Rixton although the old river bed can be seen outside Irlam and at Warburton. At Rixton the River Bollin enters the canal from the south and the Mersey leaves the canal to the north, meandering through Woolston, where the ship canal company's dredgings have formed the Woolston Eyes nature reserve, and on to Warrington. The river is tidal from Howley Weir in Warrington, although high spring tides often top the weir. Before construction of the ship canal, work to improve navigation included Woolston New Cut, bypassing a meander, and Howley Lock for craft to avoid the weir; the new cut and lock are still evident. The island formed between the weir and the lock is known locally as "Monkey Island".
Runcorn Gap[edit]
West of Warrington the river widens, and then narrows as it passes through the Runcorn Gap between the towns of Runcorn and Widnes, in Halton. The Manchester Ship Canal passes through the gap to the south of the river. The gap is bridged by the Silver Jubilee Bridge and Runcorn Railway Bridge. Another crossing, the Mersey Gateway road bridge opened in October 2017.
Estuary[edit]
An aerial image of the estuary in 1962.
From the Runcorn Gap, the river widens into a large estuary, which is 3 miles (4.8 km) wide at its widest point near Ellesmere Port. The course of the river then heads north, with Liverpool to the east and the Wirral Peninsula to the west. The Manchester Ship Canal enters the river at Eastham Locks. The eastern part of the estuary is much affected by silting, and part of it is marked on modern maps as dry land rather than tidal. The wetlands are of importance to wildlife, and are listed as a Ramsar site.
Most of the conurbation on both sides of the estuary is known as Merseyside. The estuary narrows between Liverpool and Birkenhead, where it is constricted to a width of 0.7 miles (1.1 km), between Albert Dock in Liverpool and the Woodside ferry terminal in Birkenhead. On the Liverpool side, Liverpool Docks stretch for over 7.5 miles (12.1 km), the largest enclosed interconnected dock system in the world. American author Herman Melville described Liverpool Docks as being comparable to the pyramids in the vast scale of their construction. The docks were built out into the river bed. The Mersey Docks and Harbour Board used granite from a quarry it owned in Scotland for construction of the quays. Birkenhead grew quickly in the 19th century following the introduction of steamships, the earliest being the wooden paddle steamer Elizabeth in 1815.[5] Docks were developed along with a shipbuilding industry, flour milling and soap manufacture on the river's Cheshire bank.[6]
Seaforth Dock, a freeport on the Liverpool side of the estuary where it meets Liverpool Bay, opened in 1971. The dock deals with around 500,000 containers, over 1.2 million tonnes of oil, over 2.5 million tonnes of grain and animal feed, 452,000 tonnes of wood per year. About 25% of all container traffic between the UK and USA passes through the port making it one of the most successful in the world and known as the "Atlantic Gateway".[7] Liverpool was the first UK port with radar assisted operations.[7]
The tidal bore, seen from near the Silver Jubilee Bridge, Widnes.
The river empties into Liverpool Bay on the Irish Sea, after a total course of 68 miles (109 km). From 4 metres (13.1 ft) neap tide to 10 metres (32.8 ft) spring tide, the River Mersey has the second highest tidal range in Britain – second only to the River Severn. The narrows in the river estuary between Dingle Point on the Liverpool banks to New Brighton on the Wirral, forces water to flow faster creating a deep channel along the section of river.
Strong river water currents have led to proposals for the future construction of a tidal barrage to generate electricity and create another crossing.[8] Very high spring tides can generate a tidal bore from Hale as far upstream as Warrington.
Taylor's Bank is a large sandbank extending out to sea on the north side of the channel entrance to the river on which many ships have come to grief over the years.[9][10]
River crossings[edit]
Artists impression of the new Mersey Gateway Bridge due for completion in 2017.
Historically the lowest bridging point on the Mersey was at Warrington where there has been a bridge since medieval times.[11][12]
The first ferry across the estuary was introduced in medieval times by monks from Birkenhead Priory. They transported travellers or accommodated them at the priory in bad weather. In the early 19th century steam operated ferries were introduced.[6] The Mersey Ferry, managed and operated by Merseytravel, operates between Pier Head in Liverpool and Woodside in Birkenhead and Seacombe. It has become a tourist attraction offering cruises that provide an overview of the river and surrounding areas.[13]
The Mersey Railway completed its tunnel through the estuary's underlying Triassic sandstone using manual labour in 1885. Intended as a pneumatic railway, the company opted for steam trains from its opening until it was electrified in 1903. The centre of the running tunnel is between 30 feet (9.1 m) and 70 feet (21.3 m) below the river bed. The railway is now part of the Merseyrail network.[14] Two road tunnels pass under the estuary from Liverpool. The Queensway Tunnel opened in 1934 connecting the city to Birkenhead, and the Kingsway Tunnel, opened in 1971, connects with Wallasey.
Further upstream, the Runcorn Railway Bridge over the river at Runcorn Gap was built in the 1860s for the London and North Western Railway on the mainline between London and Liverpool. It had a cantilevered footway providing an alternative crossing to a ferry.[15] The Silver Jubilee Bridge, completed in 1961, is immediately adjacent.[16]
East of Warrington, the M6 motorway crosses the river and the Manchester Ship Canal on the Thelwall Viaduct. When the viaduct opened in 1963, it was the longest motorway bridge in England.[17] A second viaduct alongside opened in 1995; northbound traffic uses the old viaduct and southbound the new.
A new 6-lane bridge, the "Mersey Gateway", between Runcorn and Widnes began its construction phase in May 2014 and opened just after midnight on 14th October 2017.[3] At the same time the Silver Jubilee Bridge was closed to undergo maintenance for approximately 6-12 months, but will remain open to pedestrians and cyclists.[18] The new Mersey Gateway bridge uses tolls and the existing Silver Jubilee Bridge will also be tolled.
Environment[edit]
Water quality in the Mersey was severely affected by industrialisation, and in 1985, the Mersey Basin Campaign was established to improve water quality and encourage waterside regeneration. In 2002, oxygen levels that could support fish along the entire length were recorded for the first time since industry began on the Mersey.[19]
In 2009 it was announced that the river is "cleaner than at any time since the industrial revolution" and is "now considered one of the cleanest [rivers] in the UK".[20]
Sediment pollution[edit]
Persistent organic and mercury (Hg) pollution contained within sediments of the Mersey estuary have been evaluated by British Geological Survey.[21][22] Mersey river sediments from outer to inner estuary (Alfred Dock to Widnes) contain a variety of common organic pollutants, including polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) with concentrations which fall in the middle of the range of similarly industrial-urban river-estuaries.[21] The distribution of individual PAH compounds suggests that the Mersey has contaminants mainly derived from combustion sources such as vehicle exhaust as well as coal burning. The distribution of the toxic heavy metal Mercury (Hg) have been assessed by measuring 203 sediments taken from shallow cores (0.4 – 1.6 m) extracted from both the main river and adjacent salt marshes.[22] The average amount of Hg in the Mersey was found to be 2 mg/kg with the highest amounts of 5 mg/kg occurring below the surface at concentrations harmful to sediment dwelling biota. The vertical rise and fall in Hg pollution observed at four Mersey salt marshes indicated a decline in metal pollution since the 1980s.[22]
Fauna[edit]
Salmon have returned to the river[23] and have been seen jumping at Woolston and Howley Weirs between September and November. Salmon parr and smolt have been caught in the Mersey's tributaries, the River Goyt and the River Bollin.[24] Atlantic grey seals from Liverpool Bay occasionally venture into the estuary[25] along with bottlenose dolphin and harbour porpoise. Otter pawprints have been observed near Fiddlers Ferry.[26] Other fish in the estuary include Cod, Whiting, Dab, Plaice and Flounder.[27] Dogfish, Mackerel and Tope feed on Shrimp and Whitebait in the estuary.[27] For ducks, the estuary is important to Shelducks and Teal.[28] Waders include Redshank, Black-tailed godwit, Dunlin, Pintail and Turnstone.[29][30]
Navigation[edit]
Ferry across the Mersey, June 2005
Egg Buoy near Egremont, Wallasey
Capt. William Gill of the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company, charted a safe, navigable channel (the Victoria Channel) through the treacherous uncharted waters of the estuary in 1830.[31]
Since the construction of the Manchester Ship Canal, large commercial vessels do not usually navigate the estuary beyond Garston on the north bank, or the locks into the ship canal at Eastham. Deep-water channels are maintained to both. Until the early 20th century, commercial traffic bound for further upstream carried cargo in large flat-bottomed sailing barges known as Mersey Flats to Howley Wharf in Warrington and (via the Sankey Canal) to St Helens. Motor barges delivered to riverside factories at Warrington until at least the 1970s, but nowadays only pleasure craft and yachts use the upper estuary and the tidal river where a number of sailing clubs are based. On most high tides, seagoing yachts with masts raised can navigate as far upstream as Fiddlers Ferry – about 3.1 mi (5.0 km) downstream of Warrington – where there is a small marina accessed via a river lock. Although river craft can continue upstream to Howley Weir, there are no landing or mooring facilities. Before construction of the ship canal, a lock bypassing Howley Weir allowed navigation further upstream via a straight "cut" avoiding a meander around Woolston.
Recreation[edit]
The Mersey Valley Countryside Warden Service manages local nature reserves such as Chorlton Ees and Sale Water Park recreational sites and provides an educational service along the Mersey from Manchester to the Manchester Ship Canal. [32]
It is possible to canoe on parts of the river between Stockport and Carrington.[33] Liverpool Sailing Club located at Garston Coastal Park on the north bank of the estuary has a 1000 feet slipway giving access to river for water sports.[34]
The wooded suburban stretch of the river from above Howley Weir to Woolston is also used for recreational and competitive rowing, operated from the Warrington Rowing Club.
Angling has become popular on some stretches of the river as fish such as perch, barbel, grayling, carp, roach, chub, trout, pike, bream and dace have been caught.
The river has also faced problems regarding the poaching of fish despite a strict 'catch and release' policy imposed on anglers for ecological reasons which applies to most UK waterways.[35]
In popular culture[edit]
The river gave its name to Merseybeat, developed by bands from Liverpool, notably the Beatles. In 1965 it was the subject of the top-ten hit single "Ferry Cross the Mersey" by Gerry and the Pacemakers, and a musical film of the same name. The Liverpool poets published an anthology of their work, The Mersey Sound, in 1967.
The river's stretch through Manchester is the main theme in the Stone Roses song "Mersey Paradise", included on the B-side of the 12" version of their 1989 hit "She Bangs the Drums", and on their 1992 compilation album Turns into Stone.
The Tall ships' fleet has twice visited the Mersey, in 2008 and 2012.[36]
Religious significance[edit]
The Mersey is considered sacred by British Hindus, and worshipped in a similar way to the River Ganges. Festival of Immersion ceremonies are held annually on the river, in which clay figures representing the Hindu Lord Ganesha, the elephant deity riding a mouse, are submerged in the river from a ferry boat. Followers throw flowers, pictures and coins into the river.[37][38]
Tributaries[edit]
The River Tame (left) and the River Goyt (right) meeting to form the Mersey in Stockport
From its lowest point, moving upstream, confluences and tributaries of the Mersey catchment include:
The Birket
River Fender
Prenton Brook
Arrowe Brook
Greasby Brook
Newton Brook
River Dibbin
Clatter Brook
River Gowy
Hornsmill Brook
River Weaver
River Dane
River Wheelock
River Croco
Ram's Brook
Bowers Brook
Sankey Brook
Padgate Brook
Morris Brook
Spittle Brook
Thelwall Brook
Fishington Brook
River Bollin
River Dean
Marsh Brook
Red Brook
Glaze Brook/River Glaze
River Irwell
River Medlock
River Roch
River Beal
River Spodden
River Irk
River Croal
Old Eea Brook
Stromford Brook
Chorlton Brook
Barrow Brook
Gatley Brook
Micker Brook
River Tame
River Goyt
River Etherow
River Sett
River Kinder
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Arrowsmith, Peter (1997). Stockport: a History. Stockport: Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council. p. 21. ISBN 0-905164-99-7.
^ Jump up to: a b Mills, A D (1998). A dictionary of English place-names. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 240. ISBN 0-19-280074-4.
^ Jump up to: a b "Mersey Gateway Bridge is now open | The Mersey Gateway Project". www.merseygateway.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-10-27.
Jump up ^ John Stockdale, 1794, Map of the Environs of Mottram-in-Longdendale
Jump up ^ Mersey ferries (PDF), Liverpool Museums, retrieved 24 August 2012
^ Jump up to: a b River Mersey, National Oceanography Centre, retrieved 24 August 2012
^ Jump up to: a b "Merseyside History, Seaforth Dock". Mersey Reporter. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011.
Jump up ^ http://www.merseytidalpower.co.uk/content/mersey-tidal-power-feasibility-study
Jump up ^ Liverpool Approaches, Docks and Marina
Jump up ^ "Long-term morphological change and its causes in the Mersey Estuary, NW England". Geomorphology. 81: 185–206. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.04.008.
Jump up ^ Warrington Background and analysis, merseyforest.org.uk, retrieved 25 August 2012
Jump up ^ Warrington Bridge, Engineering timelines, retrieved 25 August 2012
Jump up ^ "River Explorer Cruises". Mersey Ferries. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Mersey Railway, Engineering Timelines, retrieved 25 August 2012
Jump up ^ Runcorn Rail Bridge, Engineering Timelines, retrieved 25 August 2012
Jump up ^ Runcorn Widnes Road Bridge, English Heritage, retrieved 25 August 2012
Jump up ^ M6 Warrington to Preston (J20 to J29), accessed on 4 August 2012
Jump up ^ "Future of the Silver Jubilee Bridge | The Mersey Gateway Project". www.merseygateway.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-10-27.
Jump up ^ "Mersey cleanest for 200 years". BBC News. 9 May 2003.
Jump up ^ Smith, Mark (24 September 2009). "Mersey 'cleanest since industrial revolution'". Runcorn Weekly News. Trinity Mirror North West & North Wales. p. 7.
^ Jump up to: a b Vane, C.H., Harrison, I., Kim, A.W. (2007), "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediments from the Mersey Estuary, U.K.", Science of the Total Environment CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b c Vane, C.H. Jones, D.G., and Lister T.R. (2009), "Mercury contamination in surface sediments and sediment cores of the Mersey Estuary, UK.", Marine Pollution Bulletin CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "The origins of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) recolonizing the River Mersey in northwest England". Ecology and Evolution. 2: 2537–2548. doi:10.1002/ece3.353. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Billington, Sam. "Salmon behaviour in the Mersey Catchment" (PDF). Environment Agency. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Atlantic grey seal, Cheshire Region Biodiversity Project, retrieved 25 August 2012
Jump up ^ Otters return to once-polluted River Mersey, The BBC, retrieved 25 August 2012
^ Jump up to: a b "Making the most of the Mersey" (PDF). Liverpool Hope University. p. 25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 August 2003.
Jump up ^ "Mersey Estuary". RSPB. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Flocking to the Mersey" (PDF). Mersey Basin. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Waterbird population trend analysis of the Mersey Estuary SPA, Mersey Narrows & North Wirral Foreshore pSPA and Ribble & Alt Estuaries SPA". Natural England. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Discovering the Channel, isle-of-man.com, retrieved 25 August 2012
Jump up ^ Welcome to the Mersey Valley Countryside Warden Service, Mersey Valley Countryside Warden Service, retrieved 27 August 2012
Jump up ^ Canoe trail of the River Mersey (PDF), Canoe England, retrieved 27 August 2012
Jump up ^ Liverpool Sailing Club, Liverpool Sailing Club, retrieved 27 August 2012
Jump up ^ "Pair guilty of illegal fish poaching". Warrington Guardian. 5 July 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Tall Ships to return to Liverpool after River Mersey event added, Liverpool Daily Post, retrieved 27 August 2012
Jump up ^ "River Mersey festival celebrates Hindus birthday of Lord Ganesh". Liverpool Daily Post. 23 September 2010. Archived from the original on 20 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "River marks religious ceremony". BBC News. 14 September 2008.
Further reading[edit]
Hills, Graham H. (1858). Essay on the hydrography of the Mersey Estuary. Liverpool: George McCorquodale & Co.
Various well-known experts (1888). Industrial rivers of the United Kingdom. London: T. Fisher Unwin. pp. 19–44.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to River Mersey.
Route map: Google
KML file (edit • help)
Display on Google Maps
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Cheshire portal
River Mersey Information
Howley Lock
"Salmon behaviour in the Mersey Catchment" at environment-agency.gov.uk
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Mersey". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Thorp, Robert. Mersey Built: The Role of Merseyside in the American Civil War. Wilmington: Vernon Press, 2017.
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