text:
Ready Player One (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Ready Player One
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Steven Spielberg
Produced by
Steven Spielberg
Donald De Line
Dan Farah
Kristie Macosko Krieger
Screenplay by
Zak Penn
Ernest Cline
Based on
Ready Player One
by Ernest Cline
Starring
Tye Sheridan
Olivia Cooke
Ben Mendelsohn
T.J. Miller
Simon Pegg
Mark Rylance
Music by
Alan Silvestri[1]
Cinematography
Janusz Kamiński
Edited by
Michael Kahn
Sarah Broshar
Production
company
Warner Bros. Pictures[2]
Amblin Partners[2]
Amblin Entertainment[2]
Village Roadshow Pictures[2]
De Line Pictures[2]
Access Entertainment
Dune Entertainment
Farah Films & Management[2]
Distributed by
Warner Bros. Pictures
Release date
March 11, 2018 (2018-03-11) (SXSW)[3]
March 29, 2018 (2018-03-29) (United States)
Running time
140 minutes[4]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$175 million[5][6]
Box office
$523.7 million[7]
Ready Player One is a 2018 American science fiction adventure film produced and directed by Steven Spielberg, and written by Zak Penn and Ernest Cline, based on Cline's 2011 novel of the same name. The film stars Tye Sheridan, Olivia Cooke, Ben Mendelsohn, Lena Waithe, Simon Pegg, Hannah John-Kamen and Mark Rylance.
The film is set in the year 2045, when much of humanity, escaping the desolation of the real world, uses the virtual reality software OASIS to engage in work and play. Orphaned teenager Wade Watts (Sheridan) discovers clues to a hidden game within the program that promises the winner full ownership of the OASIS, and joins several allies to try to complete the game before players called "sixers" who are working for a large company, run by businessman Nolan Sorrento (Mendelsohn), can do so.
Ready Player One premiered at South by Southwest on March 11, 2018, was theatrically released by Warner Bros. Pictures in the United States on March 29, 2018, in 2D, Real D 3D, IMAX and IMAX 3D. It has grossed $521 million worldwide, making it the fourth highest-grossing film of 2018. The film received generally positive reviews, with critics praising its visuals, brisk pacing, and Rylance's performance, with some calling the film's plot an improvement over the book, although the perceived lack of character development was criticized.[8][9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Casting
3.3 Filming
3.4 Visual effects and post-production
4 Cultural references
5 Music
6 Release
7 Reception
7.1 Box office
7.2 Critical response
8 Possible sequel
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links
Plot[edit]
In 2045, due to various geopolitical events, many of Earth's cities have become slums; its inhabitants regularly escape into the virtual reality world of the OASIS. Its co-founder, the late James "Anorak" Halliday, announces a contest in which players must find an Easter egg inside a gate that requires three keys hidden in the worlds; the winner to receive full ownership and control of the OASIS. This attracts a number of Gunters ("egg hunters") as well as the video game conglomerate Innovative Online Industries (IOI), headed by their new CEO Nolan Sorrento, who employs researchers of Halliday, as well as top gamers and indentured servants called "Sixers".[a]
In Columbus, Ohio, Wade Watts, an orphaned 17-year-old Gunter, lives with his aunt Alice in the "stacks", makeshift towers of trailer homes, and logs onto the OASIS from a nearby cargo van. His avatar Parzival, and his online friend Aech, a male first-person shooter expert and virtual mechanic, participate in the first quest: a vehicle race across ever-shifting roadways in Manhattan. Parzival befriends a well-known Gunter named Art3mis by saving her from being "zeroed" by King Kong, which would have wiped her character progression. At Anorak's virtual archives containing video clips reconstructing Halliday's life, Parzival gets an insight from a comment that Halliday made to his former business partner, Ogden Morrow, and on the next race, uncovers an underground short cut to the finish line to acquire the first key. Aech and Art3mis, as well as players Daito and Sho, soon follow; appearing atop the global scoreboard as the "High Five".
At an OASIS dance club, i-R0k, a mercenary helping Sorrento, overhears Parzival tell Art3mis his real name. Sorrento requests Wade to join IOI, but when he refuses out of distrust, Sorrento and his aide F'Nale Zandor bomb Wade's stack, killing Alice and Wade's neighbors. Wade is taken to a Gunter hideout where he meets Art3mis in reality: Samantha Cook. They discover that Halliday regretted a movie date with a woman named Kira, who later married Morrow. After Parzival wins a coin on a small bet with the archive's curator, the High Five enter a re-creation of The Shining where they traverse a series of frightening events to eventually reach Kira to acquire the second key.
Zandor tracks Wade to the Gunter hideout, but finds only Samantha, who is arrested and made into a Sixer for defaulting on her family's debt. Wade is extracted by the other High Five players – Aech / Helen Harris, Daito / Toshiro, and Sho / Zhou – who have been secretly running their avatars from Helen's postal truck. i-R0k activates a force field around the location of the third key inside a fortress on Planet Doom. After tricking Sorrento into revealing Samantha's location, Wade helps her escape. She hacks Sorrento's station, allowing Wade to recruit OASIS players to join an all-out assault against Sorrento and the Sixers at the fortress. Hiding among the active Sixers, Samantha shuts down the force field. During the battle, the rebels defeat Sorrento's Mechagodzilla and i-R0k, but Parzival zeroes Samantha's avatar to let her escape IOI in reality.
Parzival and Sho find Sixers lining up to play on an Atari 2600 console, but failing on each game after time expires, even when one of them beats Adventure. Sorrento activates the Cataclyst, which zeroes everyone on Planet Doom. However, the curator's coin spares Parzival as an extra life. Parzival deduces that the goal is not to win Adventure but to simply find its own Easter egg, which Parzival completes to reveal the third key. Inside the gate, Anorak presents Parzival a contract; however, Wade declines as it is similar to the one Morrow had signed that dissolved his partnership with Halliday. Anorak transforms into Halliday and affirms Wade's decision to be correct. After showing Parzival a Big Red Button that would shut down the OASIS permanently, Halliday officially awards him the Golden Egg as the winner of the contest.
Sorrento and Zandor are arrested after Aech had sent the police a recording of Sorrento's conversation with Wade that resulted in the bombing. IOI's indentured players are freed from their debts, heavily restructuring the company. The High Five share control of the OASIS, with Wade hiring Morrow, who is revealed to be the archive curator, as a consultant. The OASIS resumes operations, but is shut down on Tuesdays and Thursdays to force people to spend more time in the real world, including Wade and Samantha who started a relationship together in a new apartment.
Cast[edit]
Tye Sheridan as Parzival / Wade Watts, a Gunter and one of the "High Five", who wishes to win the Quest so he can leave the stacks.
Olivia Cooke as Art3mis / Samantha Cook, a famous Gunter and one of the "High Five", who works with various allies to ensure the OASIS is kept free and out of the hands of IOI.
Ben Mendelsohn as Nolan Sorrento, the recently appointed CEO of Innovative Online Industries, who seeks full control over the OASIS. He leads the Sixers, an army of indentured servants in the OASIS.
Lena Waithe as Aech / Helen Harris, a Gunter and one of the "High Five", who is male in the OASIS and longtime friend of Wade's. Aech runs a virtual garage in her free time to create and fix various vehicles and items.
T.J. Miller as i-R0k, a freelance weapons and magic item dealer and bounty hunter, who is often employed by IOI.
Simon Pegg as Curator / Ogden Morrow, a co-creator of the OASIS, who eventually left the company due to personal reasons. He harbors a concern about how many people have developed an unhealthy dependency on the game.
Mark Rylance as Anorak / James Halliday, the deceased co-creator of the OASIS, who includes an Easter Egg hidden in the OASIS after his passing that grants control over the OASIS to its winner.
Philip Zhao as Sho / Zhou, a Gunter and one of the "High Five", an 11-year-old in reality.[10]
Win Morisaki as Daito / Toshiro, a Gunter and one of the "High Five".
Hannah John-Kamen as F'Nale Zandor, the head of IOI's operations in the physical world, as well as their indentured servitude programs.[10]
Additionally, Susan Lynch portrays Alice, Wade's aunt; Ralph Ineson portrays Rick, Alice's boyfriend; Perdita Weeks portrays Karen "Kira" Underwood, Morrow's wife; Clare Higgins portrays Mrs. Gilmore, Wade's neighbor; and Letitia Wright portrays a rebel who can briefly be seen at the safe house. McKenna Grace and Lulu Wilson appear as elementary school children who use the OASIS.
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
Warner Bros. and De Line Pictures won an auction for the rights to Ernest Cline's novel Ready Player One in 2010, before it had been published.[11] Cline was set to write the script for the film, which Donald De Line and Dan Farah would produce.[11] Eric Eason rewrote Cline's script,[12] and Zak Penn was hired to rewrite the previous drafts by Cline and Eason. Village Roadshow Pictures came aboard to co-finance and co-produce the film with Warner Bros.[13] Steven Spielberg signed on to direct and produce the film, which Kristie Macosko Krieger also produced, along with De Line and Farah.[14] Ready Player One is Spielberg's first action-fantasy film since The Adventures of Tintin in late 2011.[15] Cline and Penn made several revisions while adapting the novel to film. Most of these changes were to eliminate scenes that would be uninteresting in a visual format, such as when Wade beats a high score in Pac-Man, or recites all the lines from the film WarGames.[16]
Casting[edit]
Director Steven Spielberg (far left) and Ernest Cline with the cast of Ready Player One at San Diego Comic-Con. From third of left: Tye Sheridan, Olivia Cooke, T.J. Miller and Ben Mendelsohn
Three actresses were top-runners for the role of Art3mis: Elle Fanning, Olivia Cooke, and Lola Kirke;[17] In September 2015, Cooke was announced as having been cast in the coveted female lead role.[18] In January 2016, Ben Mendelsohn joined the cast.[19] In February 2016, Tye Sheridan was confirmed as playing the lead role of Wade, after a lengthy nationwide casting call failed to produce an unknown for the part.[20] In March 2016, Simon Pegg joined the cast.[21] In April 2016, Mark Rylance joined the cast,[22] and in June 2016, T.J. Miller, Hannah John-Kamen and Win Morisaki also joined.[23][24][25][26] In July 2016, Philip Zhao joined the cast,[27] and Lena Waithe, Ralph Ineson, McKenna Grace and Letitia Wright were later also announced to have been cast.[28][29][30][31]
Filming[edit]
Production was set to begin in July 2016.[24] Screenwriter Zak Penn tweeted on July 1, 2016 that the first week of filming had been completed.[32] In August and September 2016, filming took place in Birmingham, England; this included Livery Street in the Jewellery Quarter area of the city, which was extensively used, including the van chase that takes place towards the film's end. The chase was edited to make the street appear longer than it actually is. The backpackers' hostel Hatters, also on Livery Street, was used for internal filming for a basement scene. Also utilized was the Ludgate Hill Car Park lot on Lionel Street, in which caravan homes were partially built; a planned explosion caused some local business and homes to call emergency services, as no prior notification were given by the production. Other locations in the city included the former industrial area of Digbeth, with a rooftop scene that overlooks the Birmingham City Centre skyline, with some of the city's landmark buildings being erased and replaced with CGI buildings in order to create a dystopian Ohio in the year 2045.[33][34] Principal photography ended on September 27, 2016.[35][36]
Visual effects and post-production[edit]
Spielberg worked with Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) to oversee the film's visual effects, meeting with ILM for 3 hours three times a week.[36] He has stated that "[t]his is the most difficult movie I've done since Saving Private Ryan."[36]
A significant part of the film takes place in a virtual space based on the Overlook Hotel in the film The Shining. This was mostly a digital recreation of the film using high-quality telecine of the original film, giving them some freedom of new camera angles and shots that could be generated from this recreation. The final film includes a combination of the original footage from The Shining and ILM's additional work. Only a few scenes in this sequence which involved real actors, such as the appearance of the Grady twins, required them to construct a faithful reproduction of The Shining's set for the actors to interact with. Finally, the sequence was post-processed to introduce film grain and other aging effects to make the new footage indistinguishable from the original film.[37]
Cultural references[edit]
Ready Player One pays homage to the popular culture of the 1970s and 1980s as in the book, but also extends to the 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s; several reviewers have identified well over one hundred references to films, television shows, music, toys, video games, anime and comics of these eras.[38][39][40] Cline did not have any issues with these copyrighted elements when he published the book, but was aware that securing all necessary rights would be a major obstacle for a film adaptation, a task made easier by Spielberg's reputation.[16] Spielberg and producer Kristie Macosko Krieger spent several years securing the rights for the copyrighted elements used in the film, starting before filming began, since some scenes would not be possible without certain copyrighted elements.[41][42] Spielberg estimated that they had gotten about 80% of the copyrighted elements they wanted.[16] Spielberg noted that in some cases, the filmmakers were able to secure rights for some but not all the characters they wanted; in negotiating with Warner Bros., they could not secure Close Encounters of the Third Kind from Columbia Pictures, despite the latter being one of Spielberg's first films as director.[43]
Blade Runner, which was integral to the plot of the book, was off limits to the film adaptation because Blade Runner 2049 was in production at the same time as Ready Player One. As a replacement, they conceived of players having to play out the events of The Shining, which Spielberg was able to secure the rights to as an homage to his friend Stanley Kubrick.[16] While Cline's original work heavily used the character of Ultraman, the rights over the character were still under legal dispute, requiring them to replace Ultraman with the titular robot from The Iron Giant.[44] Spielberg recognized that his past films were a significant part of the 1980s popular culture cited in the book, and to avoid being accused of "vanity", he opted to remove many of the references to his own work.[45] Cline stated that he believed Spielberg wanted to avoid self-references to films he directed, due to the criticism he received for his film 1941, which lampooned his own previous works Jaws and Duel. Cline said he had to convince Spielberg to include some iconic elements, such as the Back to the Future DeLorean time machine, which Spielberg conceded as the film was one he produced rather than directed.[46] Cline also asked ILM to include a reference to Last Action Hero, one of Penn's first screenplays, without Penn's knowledge.[47]
Music[edit]
On June 9, 2016, Variety stated that Spielberg's regular collaborator John Williams was planning to compose the film's score.[48] However, in July 2017, it was reported that Williams had left the project to work on Spielberg's The Post instead, with Alan Silvestri hired to take over scoring duties for Ready Player One.[1] The official score was released by WaterTower Music as a 2-CD set on March 30, 2018,[49] with vinyl and cassette releases projected for the summer.[50] At Spielberg's request, Silvestri references his own music from Back to the Future within the film's score, as well as quoting the music from The Shining for the film's sequence at the Overlook Hotel.[51]
The film also includes licensed music from the 1970s and 1980s, which appears on the digital-only album Ready Player One: Songs From The Motion Picture.
[show]Original Soundtrack
No.
Title
Musician
Length
1. "I Wanna Be Your Lover" Prince 5:48
2. "Everybody Wants to Rule the World" Tears for Fears 4:12
3. "Just My Imagination (Running Away with Me)" The Temptations 3:49
4. "Stand on It" Bruce Springsteen 3:06
5. "One Way or Another" Blondie 3:27
6. "Can't Hide Love" Earth, Wind & Fire 4:09
7. "Blue Monday" New Order 7:24
8. "Stayin' Alive" Bee Gees 4:45
9. "We're Not Gonna Take It" Twisted Sister 3:38
10. "You Make My Dreams" Hall & Oates 3:12
11. "Pure Imagination (feat. Merethe Soltvedt)" Bryan Nguyen 2:33
[show]Ready Player One (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Length
1. "The Oasis" Alan Silvestri 1:49
2. "Hello, I'm James Halliday" Alan Silvestri 2:01
3. "Why Can't We Go Backwards?" Alan Silvestri 4:18
4. "An Orb Meeting" Alan Silvestri 4:11
5. "Real World Consequences" Alan Silvestri 3:30
6. "Sorrento Makes an Offer" Alan Silvestri 3:34
7. "Welcome to the Rebellion" Alan Silvestri 3:14
8. "High 5 Assembles" Alan Silvestri 4:24
9. "Orb of Osuvox" Alan Silvestri 3:45
10. "Sorrento Punked" Alan Silvestri 3:57
11. "Wade's Broadcast" Alan Silvestri 5:51
12. "Arty on the Inside" Alan Silvestri 2:33
13. "Looking for a Truck" Alan Silvestri 5:36
14. "She Never Left" Alan Silvestri 2:41
15. "Last Chance" Alan Silvestri 3:21
16. "Get Me Out of This" Alan Silvestri 1:35
17. "Hold on to Something" Alan Silvestri 5:14
18. "This Is Wrong" Alan Silvestri 3:49
19. "What Are You?" Alan Silvestri 3:29
20. "There's Something I Need to Do" Alan Silvestri 5:01
21. "Main Title" Alan Silvestri 2:27
22. "End Credits" Alan Silvestri 8:04
Release[edit]
Ready Player One was initially scheduled to be released on December 15, 2017,[52] but was pushed back to March 30, 2018, to avoid competition with Star Wars: The Last Jedi.[53] In January 2018, it was announced the film's release date had been moved up one day to March 29, 2018.[54] The film had its world premiere at the Paramount Theatre in Austin, Texas on March 11, 2018 (as part of the South by Southwest Film Festival).[5]
Warner Bros. distributes the film worldwide, with Village Roadshow Pictures distributing in several overseas territories.[55]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
As of April 25, 2018[update], Ready Player One has grossed $127.9 million in the United States and Canada, and $395.8 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $523.7 million.[7] Made on a production budget of $175 million, with about $150 million more spent on global marketing costs, the film needed to gross at least $440 million in order to break-even.[56]
In the United States and Canada, Ready Player One was released alongside God's Not Dead: A Light in Darkness and Acrimony, and was projected to gross $40–50 million from 4,100 theaters over its first four days.[57] It made $12.1 million on its first day, including $3.75 million from Wednesday night previews. It ended up grossing $41.8 million in its opening weekend (for a four-day total of $53.7 million), marking Spielberg's biggest debut since 2008's Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull.[58] In its second weekend it grossed $25.1 million (a drop of 40%), finishing second behind newcomer A Quiet Place ($50 million).[59] In its third weekend the film made $11.2 million, coming in fourth behind Rampage, A Quiet Place and Truth or Dare.[60]
Worldwide, the film was released day-in-date in 62 countries, including China, where it was expected to make $100–120 million in its opening weekend.[57] It grossed $2.9 million on its first day from 11 countries, including $980,000 from Korea.[61] In China the film made $14.75 million on its first day and earned a score of 9.2 from audiences on Douban (compared to the average 6-7 earned by Hollywood films).[56] It grossed $61.7 million in China in its opening weekend which is the highest opening ever for Warner Bros in said territory. The film's other major opening weekend territories were South Korea ($8.1 million), United Kingdom ($7.3 million), Russia ($6.1 million) and France ($6 million).[62] In its second weekend in China it grossed $42 million, and in third weekend grossed $13.9 million.[63][64] The film grossed $81.7 million in its second weekend overseas, dropping only 35% and is ahead of other newcomers A Quiet Place and Blockers.[63] In its third weekend it grossed $33.8 million overseas dropping 58.6%.[64] On April 21, 2018, the film topped $200 million in China, becoming the 10th-biggest U.S. release ever in the country.[65] In its fourth weekend in China, it grossed $8.24 million finishing third at the box office and has a total gross of $207 million.[66] It grossed $23 million overseas from 67 territories in its fourth weekend.[67] It opened in Japan, its final major market and grossed $4.4 million.[67]
Critical response[edit]
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 74% based on 325 reviews, and an average rating of 6.9/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Ready Player One is a sweetly nostalgic thrill ride that neatly encapsulates Spielberg's strengths while adding another solidly engrossing adventure to his filmography."[68] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 64 out of 100, based on 54 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[69] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 82% overall positive score and a 65% "definite recommend".[56]
In a review for RogerEbert.com, Brian Tallerico wrote that the film's "overwhelming" nature and non-stop action will likely thrill fans of pop culture; while he observed narrative weaknesses, such as a lack of depth among the supporting characters, he felt that they ultimately do not hinder the film from working "on the level of technical, blockbuster mastery that Spielberg helped define."[70] Writing for Variety, Owen Gleiberman called the film a "coruscating explosion of pop-culture eye candy," and found The Shining sequence to be "irresistible". However, he also criticized Spielberg's dichotomization of fantasy and reality, as well as the film having "more activity than it does layers."[71] IndieWire's Eric Kohn characterized the film as "an astonishing sci-fi spectacle and a relentless nostalgia trip at once" and praised both The Shining sequence as well as Penn's screenplay, particularly with respect to Mendelsohn's character. Nevertheless, he remarked that the film "drags a bunch in its final third".[72]
Alissa Wilkinson, writing for Vox, praised both the quality and quantity of the world building. She also commented on just how dystopian the future portrayed is, where the main characters fight to save the OASIS and the escape from reality it represents, with arguably less concern for the problems of the real world.[73]
Monica Castillo was more critical of the film in her review for The Guardian and drew attention to the absence of character arcs, the lack of resolution for plot holes in the novel, and the bloating of scenes in the film by trivia.[74] Matt Bobkin scored the film a 6 out of 10 for Exclaim! saying the film "is not so much a groundbreaking recontextualizing, more doe-eyed affection with no critical commentary." [75]
Possible sequel[edit]
Cline is working on a sequel to the novel.[76] For a sequel to the film, he stated, "(...) I think there's a good chance that, if this one does well, Warner Bros. will want to make a sequel. I don't know if Steven [Spielberg] would want to dive back in, because he would know what he is getting into. He's said that it's the third hardest film he's made, out of dozens and dozens of movies."[77][78]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ IOI employees are called Sixers because their employee ID's are six-digits long and begin with the number 6
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Burlingame, Jon (July 7, 2017). "John Williams and Alan Silvestri to Score Steven Spielberg's Next Films (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Penske Business Media. Retrieved July 8, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Film Releases". Variety Insight. Variety Media. Archived from the original on February 5, 2018. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ Aziz, Neha (March 10, 2018). "2018 SXSW Film Festival Announces World Premiere of Steven Spielberg's Ready Player One". South by Southwest. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ "READY PLAYER ONE (12A)". British Board of Film Classification. March 19, 2018. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Rubin, Rebecca; Setoodeh, Ramin (March 12, 2018). "Steven Spielberg on Why 'Ready Player One's' SXSW Debut Gave Him an 'Anxiety Attack'". Variety. Penske Business Media. Retrieved March 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ McClintock, Pamela (March 28, 2018). "Box-Office Preview: Steven Spielberg's 'Ready Player One' Eyes $45M-$50M Bow". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ready Player One (2018)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ Jagneaux, David (March 13, 2018). "Ready Player One Movie Review Roundup: Another Spielberg Classic?". UploadVR. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Casey, Henry T. (March 14, 2018). "Ready Player One Review Roundup: Pretty, Flawed". Tom’s Guide. Purch Group. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Fullerton, Huw (March 29, 2018). "The 11 biggest differences between Ready Player One and the original novel". Radio Times. Immediate Media Company. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Fleming, Mike Jr. (June 18, 2010). "Warner Bros and De Line Pictures Win Book Auction For 'Ready Player One'". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved March 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ Sneider, Jeff (January 13, 2012). "Eason to rewrite 'Player' script". Variety. Penske Business Media. Retrieved March 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ Sneider, Jeff; Shaw, Lucas (June 23, 2014). "'X-Men' Scribe Zak Penn to Rewrite 'Ready Player One' for Warner Bros. (Exclusive)". TheWrap. Retrieved March 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (March 25, 2015). "Steven Spielberg to Direct Sci-Fi Novel 'Ready Player One' for Warner Bros". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved March 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ Mendelson, Scott (February 28, 2018). "Does Steven Spielberg Need A Box Office Comeback And Will 'Ready Player One' Provide It?". Forbes. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Rottenberg, Josh (April 1, 2018). "How the team behind 'Ready Player One' wrangled a bonanza of pop culture references into a single film". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Sneider, Jeff (September 1, 2015). "Steven Spielberg's 'Ready Player One' Shortlist Includes Elle Fanning, Olivia Cooke, Lola Kirke (Exclusive)". TheWrap. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (September 11, 2015). "Steven Spielberg's 'Ready Player One' Finds Female Lead in Olivia Cooke (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved September 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (January 6, 2016). "Ben Mendelsohn Eyed for Villain Role in Steven Spielberg's 'Ready Player One' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved January 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Chitwood, Adam (February 24, 2016). "Tye Sheridan Lands Lead in Steven Spielberg's 'Ready Player One'". Collider. Complex Media. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (March 17, 2016). "Simon Pegg in Talks to Join Steven Spielberg's 'Ready Player One' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (April 13, 2016). "Mark Rylance Joins Steven Spielberg's 'Ready Player One'". Variety. Penske Business Media. Retrieved June 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (June 1, 2016). "'Silicon Valley' Star T.J. Miller Joins Steven Spielberg's 'Ready Player One' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Busch, Anita (June 24, 2016). "Hannah John-Kamen Lands Role In Steven Spielberg's 'Ready Player One'". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved June 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ Variety Staff (June 5, 2016). "Japan's Win Morisaki Joins Steven Spielberg's 'Ready Player One'". Variety. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Blair, Gavin J. "Steven Spielberg's 'Ready Player One' Adds Japanese Actor-Singer Win Morisaki". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved August 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Busch, Anita (July 29, 2016). "Steven Spielberg's 'Ready Player One' Casts Young Newcomer Philip Zhao". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved July 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Breznican, Anthony (July 14, 2017). "See an exclusive first look at Steven Spielberg's Ready Player One". Entertainment Weekly. Time. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Squires, John (July 22, 2017). "Freddy Krueger Appears in Epic 'Ready Player One' Trailer! #SDCC". Bloody Disgusting. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Bonomolo, Cameron (February 1, 2018). "New Look At 'X-Men' Star Tye Sheridan in 'Ready Player One'". Comicbook.com. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Carr, Mary Kate (February 16, 2018). "5 things to know about Black Panther breakout star Letitia Wright". Entertainment Weekly. Time. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Penn, Zak [@zakpenn] (July 1, 2016). "First week of #ReadyPlayerOne finished. Surreal. It went to 11. Thanks for writing your book @erniecline and the assist in Oology" (Tweet). Retrieved March 23, 2018 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Evry, Max (August 16, 2016). "Ready Player One Set Photos Show a Grungy Dystopia". ComingSoon.net. CraveOnline Media. Retrieved August 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Young, Graham; Beardsworth, Luke; Bains, Sanjeeta (September 6, 2016). "Recap: Spielberg films Ready Player One in JQ - another set location revealed plus car chase filmed". Birmingham Mail. Midland Newspapers. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ Penn, Zak [@zakpenn] (September 25, 2016). "Two days of production left on #ReadyPlayerOne" (Tweet). Retrieved November 23, 2017 – via Twitter.
^ Jump up to: a b c Thompson, Anne (November 7, 2017). "Steven Spielberg Has Finally Finished 'The Post'". IndieWire. Penske Business Media. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lussier, Germain (April 11, 2018). "Here's How Steven Spielberg and ILM Recreated That Movie for Ready Player One". io9. Univision Interactive Media. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Crow, David; Cecchini, Mike (April 1, 2018). "Ready Player One: Complete Easter Egg and Reference Guide". Den of Geek. Dennis Publishing. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Dyce, Andrew (March 29, 2018). "Ready Player One: The COMPLETE Easter Egg Guide". Screen Rant. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Gallagher, Simon (March 29, 2018). "Ready Player One: 135 Easter Eggs & References Explained". What Culture. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Barnes, Brooks (March 21, 2018). "Can Steven Spielberg Remember How to Have Fun?". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hugh, William (March 19, 2018). "Well, nevermind, then: Of course there's going to be Star Wars shit in Ready Player One". The A.V. Club. The Onion. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Burke, Carolyn (March 15, 2018). "Ready Player One Won't Reference Disney's Star Wars Movies [Updated]". Screen Rant. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Lussier, Germain (March 15, 2018). "Steven Spielberg Tried to Get Star Wars Into Ready Player One, But Couldn't". io9. Univision Interactive Media. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Couch, Aaron (July 22, 2017). "Steven Spielberg Brings Ambitious 'Ready Player One' Footage to Comic-Con". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved July 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Long, Christian (February 27, 2018). "Ernest Cline on 'Ready Player Two' and the Scene Spielberg Fought For". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Lussier, Germain (March 22, 2018). "Last Action Hero and Ready Player One Screenwriter Shocked to Find Last Action Hero Reference in Ready Player One". io9. Univision Interactive Media. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Burlingame, Jon (June 9, 2016). "AFI Honoree John Williams Looks Back on Six Decades of Iconic Themes". Variety. Penske Business Media. Retrieved June 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ready Player One - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack". WaterTower Music. 30 March 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Newman, Melinda (March 28, 2018). "How Steven Spielberg Picked 'Ready Player One's' Classic '70s and '80s Tunes: Exclusive Track Listing". Billboard. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ Burton, Byron (April 2, 2018). "'Ready Player One' Composer Alan Silvestri on Its Touching Final Moments". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (August 6, 2015). "Steven Spielberg's 'Ready Player One' Slotted For December 2017". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved August 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ Chitwood, Adam (February 9, 2016). "Steven Spielberg's 'Ready Player One' Flees 'Star Wars', Sets New 2018 Release Date". Collider. Complex Media. Retrieved June 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (January 25, 2018). "'Ready Player One' Opening A Day Earlier Over Easter Weekend". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ Warner Bros. Pictures (July 7, 2017). "Warner Bros. Pictures Gets Ready to Run the Gamut at Comic-Con International: San Diego". Business Wire. Berkshire Hathaway. Retrieved July 9, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c D'Alessandro, Anthony (April 1, 2018). "How Warner Bros. Sold 'Ready Player One' On The Spielberg Spirit & Beat Tracking With $53M+ 4-Day – Sunday Postmortem". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b D'Alessandro, Anthony; Tartaglione, Nancy (March 27, 2018). "Steven Spielberg's 'Ready Player One' To Get Its Game On With $140M+ Global Start". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ Associated Press (April 2, 2018). "Box office Top 20: 'Ready Player One' launches with $53.7M". ABC News. American Broadcasting Company. Archived from the original on April 5, 2018. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (April 8, 2018). "'A Quiet Place' Screams To $50M+ Opening; 'Blockers' Breaks Through To $21M+ – Early Sunday Update". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (April 15, 2018). "The Rock Rebounds: 'Rampage' Shushes 'A Quiet Place' With $34M+ No. 1 Opening". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved April 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (March 31, 2018). "'Ready Player One' Raises Global Score To $109M Through Three Days". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ Rubin, Rebecca (2018-04-01). "'Ready Player One' Impresses With $61.7 Million in China". Variety. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
^ Jump up to: a b Rubin, Rebecca (April 8, 2018). "'Ready Player One' Crushes 'A Quiet Place,' 'Blockers' Overseas". Variety. Penske Business Media. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Tartaglione, Nancy (April 15, 2018). "'Rampage' Rocks Up $114M Offshore Bow; 'Quiet Place' Screams To $52M – International Box Office". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ "'Ready Player One' Tops $500M Global Box Office, Scores $200M+ In China". Deadline Hollywood. April 21, 2018. Retrieved April 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Frater, Patrick (2018-04-23). "China Box Office: 'Rampage' Wins Quiet Weekend". Variety. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
^ Jump up to: a b Rubin, Rebecca (2018-04-22). "Dwayne Johnson's 'Rampage' Continues to Roar Overseas". Variety. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
Jump up ^ "Ready Player One (2018)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Ready Player One Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Tallerico, Brian (March 12, 2018). "SXSW Film Festival 2018: "Ready Player One"". RogerEbert.com. Ebert Digital. Retrieved March 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ Gleiberman, Owen (March 12, 2018). "SXSW Film Review: 'Ready Player One'". Variety. Penske Business Media. Retrieved March 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kohn, Eric (March 12, 2018). "'Ready Player One' Review: Steven Spielberg Delivers Astonishing Sci-Fi Spectacle and Relentless Nostalgia — SXSW 2018". IndieWire. Penske Business Media. Retrieved March 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ Wilkinson, Alissa (March 29, 2018). "Ready Player One is a fun romp that's even more dystopian than it realizes". Vox. Vox Media. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ Castillo, Monica (March 12, 2018). "Ready Player One review – Spielberg's shiny VR caper isn't worth playing". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media. Retrieved March 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ Bobkin, Matt (March 31, 2018). "Ready Player One". Exclaim!. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ Sequel citations:
Lussier, Germain (January 16, 2015). "Ernie Cline Writing a 'Ready Player One' Sequel". /Film. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
West, Kelly (January 16, 2015). "Ready Player One Is Getting A Sequel". CinemaBlend. GatewayBlend. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
Berkey, Rachel (January 25, 2015). "READY PLAYER ONE Sequel Rumored To Be In The Works - Nerdist". Nerdist. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
Knight, Jacob (December 12, 2017). "Ernie Cline Penning A Sequel Novel To READY PLAYER ONE". Birth.Movies.Death. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Radish, Christina (March 29, 2018). "Ernest Cline on 'Ready Player One', Working with Spielberg, and Hopes for a Sequel". Collider. Complex Media. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Moran, Sarah (March 30, 2018). "Ready Player Two? It Could Happen – And The First Movie May Tease It". Screen Rant. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
External links[edit]
Official website
Ready Player One on IMDb
Ready Player One at AllMovie
Ready Player One at Box Office Mojo
[show]
v
t
e
Steven Spielberg
Filmography
Awards and nominations
Films directed
Firelight (1964)
Slipstream (1967)
Amblin' (1968)
Night Gallery ("Eyes" segment, 1969)
L.A. 2017 (1971)
Duel (1971)
Something Evil (1972)
Savage (1973)
The Sugarland Express (1974, also wrote)
Jaws (1975)
Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977, also wrote)
1941 (1979)
Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)
E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982)
Twilight Zone: The Movie ("Kick the Can" segment, 1983)
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984)
The Color Purple (1985)
Empire of the Sun (1987)
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)
Always (1989)
Hook (1991)
Jurassic Park (1993)
Schindler's List (1993)
The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997)
Amistad (1997)
Saving Private Ryan (1998)
A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001, also wrote)
Minority Report (2002)
Catch Me If You Can (2002)
The Terminal (2004)
War of the Worlds (2005)
Munich (2005)
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008)
The Adventures of Tintin (2011)
War Horse (2011)
Lincoln (2012)
Bridge of Spies (2015)
The BFG (2016)
The Post (2017)
Ready Player One (2018)
Films written
Ace Eli and Rodger of the Skies (1973)
Poltergeist (1982, also produced)
The Goonies (1985)
Films produced
An American Tail: Fievel Goes West (1991)
Memoirs of a Geisha (2005)
Flags of Our Fathers (2006)
Letters from Iwo Jima (2006)
Super 8 (2011)
The Hundred-Foot Journey (2014)
Television
Amazing Stories (1985–87)
High Incident (1996–97)
Invasion America (1998)
See also
Steven Spielberg bibliography
Amblin Partners
Amblin Entertainment
Amblin Television
DreamWorks Television
Amblimation
DreamWorks
USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education
[show]
v
t
e
Works by Zak Penn
Director
Incident at Loch Ness (2004)
The Grand (2007)
Atari: Game Over (2014)
Writer
Last Action Hero (1993)
PCU (1994)
Inspector Gadget (1999)
Behind Enemy Lines (2001)
X2 (2003)
Suspect Zero (2004)
Elektra (2005)
X-Men: The Last Stand (2006)
The Incredible Hulk (2008)
The Avengers (2012)
Ready Player One (2018)
Television
Alphas (2011-2012)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ready_Player_One_(film)&oldid=838542318"
Categories:
2018 films
English-language films
2010s adventure films
2010s coming-of-age films
2010s science fiction films
2018 3D films
Amblin Entertainment films
American adventure films
American coming-of-age films
American films
American 3D films
American science fiction films
Crossover films
Cyberpunk films
Drone films
Dystopian films
Films about telepresence
Films about video games
Films about virtual reality
Films based on American novels
Films based on science fiction novels
Films directed by Steven Spielberg
Films produced by Steven Spielberg
Films scored by Alan Silvestri
Films set in 2045
Films set in Columbus, Ohio
Films shot in Hertfordshire
Films shot in London
Films shot in Warwickshire
IMAX films
Performance capture in film
Science fiction adventure films
Village Roadshow Pictures films
Warner Bros. films
Hidden categories:
Use mdy dates from February 2018
Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2018
All articles containing potentially dated statements
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Languages
العربية
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
한국어
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Nederlands
日本語
Português
Русский
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
粵語
中文
16 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 27 April 2018, at 17:34.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

tag: div

attr: id class

value: mw-page-base noprint

key: html

type: local

value: mw-head-base noprint

tag: a

attr: id class lang

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attr: alt src width height class data-file-width data-file-height

attr: scope style

attr: href title

tag: li

value:
/wiki/Warner_Bros._Pictures
mw-redirect
Warner Bros. Pictures

value:
/wiki/De_Line_Pictures
mw-redirect
De Line Pictures

value:
/wiki/Dune_Entertainment
mw-redirect
Dune Entertainment

value:
/wiki/Indentured_servant
mw-redirect
Indentured servant

value:
/wiki/Trailer_homes
mw-redirect
Trailer homes

value:
/wiki/Force_field
mw-disambig
Force field

value: Edit section: Visual effects and post-production

value:
tlheader mbox-text
4
text-align:left;background-color:#fff

value: display: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);

value: display: none; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);

value: Just My Imagination (Running Away with Me)

value: We're Not Gonna Take It (Twisted Sister song)

value: plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update

value:
/wiki/Pop_culture
mw-redirect
Pop culture

value:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: lower-alpha;

value:
/wiki/Penske_Business_Media
mw-redirect
Penske Business Media

value:
/wiki/CraveOnline_Media
mw-redirect
CraveOnline Media

value:
/wiki/Den_of_Geek
mw-redirect
Den of Geek

value:
/wiki/Fandango_Media
mw-redirect
Fandango Media

value:
/wiki/Guardian_News_and_Media
mw-redirect
Guardian News and Media

value:
nofollow
external text
http://readyplayeronemovie.com

value:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1677720/
external text

value:
nofollow
external text
https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v628720

value: List of awards and nominations received by Steven Spielberg

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: Template talk:Zak Penn (page does not exist)

value: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: Category:Films based on science fiction novels

value: Category:Films directed by Steven Spielberg

value: Category:Films produced by Steven Spielberg

value: Category:Science fiction adventure films

value: Category:Village Roadshow Pictures films

value: Category:Use mdy dates from February 2018

value: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2018

value: Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Ready_Player_One_(film)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: ريدي بلاير وان (فيلم) – Arabic

value: Ready Player One: Hra začíná (film) – Czech

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

value: Valmistub esimene mängija (film) – Estonian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

value: بازیکن شماره یک آماده (فیلم) – Persian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

value: 레디 플레이어 원 (영화) – Korean

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

value: שחקן מספר אחת (סרט) – Hebrew

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

value: レディ・プレイヤー1 – Japanese

value: Первому игроку приготовиться (фильм) – Russian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

value: สงครามเกมคนอัจฉริยะ – Thai

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

value: Першому гравцю приготуватися (фільм) – Ukrainian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

value: Ready Player One: Đấu trường ảo – Vietnamese

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

value: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Ready_Player_One_film rootpage-Ready_Player_One_film skin-vector action-view


text:
Factor income
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Factor Income is income derived from selling the services of factors of production. In the case of labour, this means wages, plus the part of the incomes of the self-employed which is a reward for their own labour. Income from land is rents, including part of the incomes of the self-employed, and part of the imputed incomes of owner-occupiers of houses. Incomes from capital and entrepreneurship are received as dividends, interest, the retained profits of companies and the part of the incomes of the self-employed which is a return on their own capital and entrepreneurship.
This economics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
t
e
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Factor_income&oldid=755407012"
Categories:
Factor income distribution
Economics and finance stubs
Hidden categories:
All stub articles
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Български
Deutsch
Nederlands
Svenska
Українська
Edit links
This page was last edited on 17 December 2016, at 21:20.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

tag: b

attr: href class title

value: /wiki/Dividends mw-redirect Dividends

tag: p

tag: br

tag: img

attr: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attr: href class

tag: td

attr: class href

tag: i

tag: abbr

value: position: absolute; right: 15px; display: none;

value:
metadata plainlinks stub
presentation
background:transparent

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Factor_income
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

value: Факторен доход – Bulgarian

value: Факторні доходи – Ukrainian

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Factor_income rootpage-Factor_income vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
History of navigation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Map of the world produced in 1689 by Gerard van Schagen.
The history of navigation is the history of seamanship, the art of directing vessels upon the open sea through the establishment of its position and course by means of traditional practice, geometry, astronomy, or special instruments. A few people have excelled as seafarers, prominent among them the Austronesians, their descendants the Malays, Micronesians, and Polynesians, the Harappans, the Phoenicians, the ancient Greeks, the Romans, the Arabs, the ancient Indians, the Norse, the Chinese, the Venetians, the Genoese, the Hanseatic Germans, the Portuguese, the Spanish, the English, the French, the Dutch and the Danes.
Contents
[hide]
1 Antiquity
1.1 Pacific Ocean
1.2 Mediterranean
1.2.1 Phoenicia and Carthage
1.3 Asia
2 Medieval age of navigation
3 Age of exploration
4 Modern times
5 Integrated bridge systems
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
Antiquity[edit]
Pacific Ocean[edit]
Main article: Polynesian navigation
Navigation in the Pacific began at some point between about 3000 and 1000 BC, by Austronesians from Taiwan. By about 900 BC their descendants had spread more than 6,000 kilometers across the Pacific, reaching Tonga and Samoa. In this region, a distinctive Polynesian culture developed. Within the next few centuries Polynesians reached New Zealand, Easter Island and possibly South America.
Polynesian navigators used a range of tools and methods, including observation of birds, star navigation, and use of waves and swells to detect nearby land. Songs, mythological stories, and star charts were used to help people remember important navigational information.
Mediterranean[edit]
Sailors navigating in the Mediterranean made use of several techniques to determine their location, including staying in sight of land and understanding of the winds and their tendencies. Minoans of Crete are an example of an early Western civilization that used celestial navigation. Their palaces and mountaintop sanctuaries exhibit architectural features that align with the rising sun on the equinoxes, as well as the rising and setting of particular stars.[1] The Minoans made sea voyages to the island of Thera and to Egypt.[2] Both of these trips would have taken more than a day’s sail for the Minoans and would have left them traveling by night across open water.[2] Here the sailors would use the locations of particular stars, especially those of the constellation Ursa Major, to orient the ship in the correct direction.[2]
Written records of navigation using stars, or celestial navigation, go back to Homer’s Odyssey where Calypso tells Odysseus to keep the Bear (Ursa Major) on his left hand side and at the same time to observe the position of the Pleiades, the late-setting Boötes and the Orion as he sailed eastward from her island Ogygia traversing the Ocean.[3] The Greek poet Aratus wrote in his Phainomena in the third century BC detailed positions of the constellations as written by Eudoxos.[4] The positions described do not match the locations of the stars during Aratus’ or Eudoxos’ time for the Greek mainland, but some argue that they match the sky from Crete during the Bronze Age.[4] This change in the position of the stars is due to the wobble of the Earth on its axis which affects primarily the pole stars.[5] Around 1000 BC the constellation Draco would have been closer to the North Pole than Polaris.[6] The pole stars were used to navigate because they did not disappear below the horizon and could be seen consistently throughout the night.[5]
By the third century BC the Greeks had begun to use the Little Bear, Ursa Minor, to navigate.[7] In the mid-1st century AD Lucan writes of Pompey who questions a sailor about the use of stars in navigation. The sailor replies with his description of the use of circumpolar stars to navigate by.[8] To navigate along a degree of latitude a sailor would have needed to find a circumpolar star above that degree in the sky.[9] For example, Apollonius would have used β Draconis to navigate as he traveled west from the mouth of the Alpheus River to Syracuse.[9]
The voyage of the Greek navigator Pytheas of Massalia is a particularly notable example of a very long, early voyage.[10] A competent astronomer and geographer,[10] Pytheas ventured from Greece through the strait of Gibraltar to Western Europe and the British Isles.[10] Pytheas is the first known person to describe the Midnight Sun,[11] polar ice, Germanic tribes and possibly Stonehenge. Pytheas also introduced the idea of distant "Thule" to the geographic imagination and his account is the earliest to state that the moon is the cause of the tides.
Nearchos’s celebrated voyage from India to Susa after Alexander's expedition in India is preserved in Arrian's account, the Indica. Greek navigator Eudoxus of Cyzicus explored the Arabian Sea for Ptolemy VIII, king of the Hellenistic Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt. According to Poseidonius, later reported in Strabo's Geography, the monsoon wind system of the Indian Ocean was first sailed by Eudoxus of Cyzicus in 118 or 116 BC.[12]
Nautical charts and textual descriptions known as sailing directions have been in use in one form or another since the sixth century BC.[13] Nautical charts using stereographic and orthographic projections date back to the second century BC.[13]
In 1900, the Antikythera mechanism was recovered from Antikythera wreck. This mechanism was built around 1st century BC.
Phoenicia and Carthage[edit]
The Phoenicians and their successors, the Carthaginians, were particularly adept sailors and learned to voyage further and further away from the coast in order to reach destinations faster. One tool that helped them was the sounding weight. This tool was bell shaped, made from stone or lead, with tallow inside attached to a very long rope. When out to sea, sailors could lower the sounding weight in order to determine how deep the waters were, and therefore estimate how far they were from land. Also, the tallow picked up sediments from the bottom which expert sailors could examine to determine exactly where they were. The Carthaginian Hanno the Navigator is known to have sailed through the Strait of Gibraltar c. 500 BC and explored the Atlantic coast of Africa. There is general consensus that the expedition reached at least as far as Senegal.[14] There is a lack of agreement whether the furthest limit of Hanno's explorations was Mount Cameroon or Guinea's 890-metre (2910-foot) Mount Kakulima.[15]
Asia[edit]
In the South China Sea and Indian Ocean, a navigator could take advantage of the fairly constant monsoon winds to judge direction.[16] This made long one-way voyages possible twice a year.[16]
Medieval age of navigation[edit]
An 18th century Persian Astrolabe, kept at The Whipple Museum of the History of Science in Cambridge, England.
Iceland spar, possibly the Icelandic medieval sunstone used to locate the sun in the sky when obstructed from view.
Further information: Middle Ages, Medieval ships, and Islamic geography
The Arab Empire significantly contributed to navigation, and had trade networks extending from the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea in the west to the Indian Ocean and China Sea in the east,[17] Apart from the Nile, Tigris and Euphrates, navigable rivers in the Islamic regions were uncommon, so transport by sea was very important. Islamic geography and navigational sciences made use of a magnetic compass and a rudimentary instrument known as a kamal, used for celestial navigation and for measuring the altitudes and latitudes of the stars. The kamal itself was simple to construct. It was a rectangular piece of either bone or wood which had a string with 9 consecutive knots attached to it. Another instrument available, developed by the Arabs as well, was the quadrant. Also a celestial navigation device, it was originally developed for astronomy and later transitioned to navigation.[18] When combined with detailed maps of the period, sailors were able to sail across oceans rather than skirt along the coast. Muslim sailors were also responsible for introducing the lateen sails and large three-masted merchant vessels to the Mediterranean. The origins of the caravel ship, developed and used for long-distance travel by the Portuguese, and later by the rest of Iberians, since the 15th century, also date back to the qarib used by Andalusian explorers by the 13th century.[19]
The sea lanes between India and neighboring lands were the usual form of trade for many centuries, and are responsible for the widespread influence of Indian culture to the societies of Southeast Asia. Powerful navies included those of the Maurya, Satavahana, Chola, Vijayanagara, Kalinga, Maratha and Mughal Empire.
In China between 1040 and 1117, the magnetic compass was being developed and applied to navigation.[20] This let masters continue sailing a course when the weather limited visibility of the sky. The true mariner's compass using a pivoting needle in a dry box was invented in Europe no later than 1300.[16][21]
Nautical charts called portolan charts began to appear in Italy at the end of the 13th century.[22] However, their use did not seem to spread quickly: there are no reports of the use of a nautical chart on an English vessel until 1489.[22]
Vikings used polarization and the Sunstone to allow navigation of their ships by locating the Sun even in a completely overcast sky. This special mineral was talked about in several 13th–14th century written sources in Iceland.
Age of exploration[edit]
Further information: Age of Discovery
The Fra Mauro map, "considered the greatest memorial of medieval cartography" according to Roberto Almagià[23] is a map made between 1457 and 1459 by the Venetian monk Fra Mauro. It is a circular planisphere drawn on parchment and set in a wooden frame, about two meters in diameter.
The cross-staff was an ancient precursor to the modern marine sextant.
"The light of navigation", Dutch sailing handbook, 1608, showing compass, hourglass, sea astrolabe, terrestrial and celestial globes, divider, Jacob's staff and astrolabe.
Fairly accurate maps of the Americas were being drawn in the early 17th century.
The commercial activities of Portugal in the early 15th century marked an epoch of distinct progress in practical navigation for Europeans.[16] These exploration and trade expeditions sent out by Infante Henrique (later called "Henry the Navigator") led first to the discovery of Porto Santo Island (near Madeira) in 1418, rediscovery of the Azores in 1427, the discovery of the Cape Verde Islands in 1447 and Sierra Leone in 1462.[16] Combined with the empirical observations gathered in oceanic seafaring, mapping winds and currents, Portuguese explorers took the lead in the long distance oceanic navigation,[24] opening later, at the beginning of the 16th century, a network of ocean routes covering the Atlantic, the Indian and the western Pacific oceans, from the North Atlantic and South America, to Japan and Southeast Asia.
The Portuguese discovered the two large volta do mar (meaning literally turn of the sea but also return from the sea) currents and trade winds of North and of South Atlantic ocean (approximately in the first half and in the late 15th century respectively), that paved the way to reach the New World and return to Europe, as well as to circumnavigate Africa in western open sea, in future voyages of discovery, avoiding contrary winds and currents.
King John II of Portugal continued this effort, forming a committee on navigation.[16] This group computed tables of the sun's declination and improved the mariner's astrolabe, believing it a good replacement for the cross-staff.[16] These resources improved the ability of a navigator at sea to judge his latitude.[16] Castilian Jew Abraham Zacut, the author of an exceptional treatise on astronomy/astrology in Hebrew, with the title Ha-jibbur Ha-gadol, fled to Portugal in 1492. He published in the printing press of Leiria in 1496, the book Biur Luhoth, or in Latin Almanach Perpetuum, which was soon translated into Latin and Spanish. In this book were the astronomical tables (ephemerides) for the years 1497 to 1500, which may have been instrumental, together with the new astrolabe, made of metal and not wood as before[citation needed] (created and perfected at the beginning of the Portuguese discoveries), to Vasco da Gama and Pedro Álvares Cabral in their voyages to India (also passing through South America) around the open Atlantic ocean (including the Southwest Atlantic) and in the Indian Ocean. Nevertheless, the Portuguese had to hire local pilots in the Indian Ocean for several decades to guide their ships.[25]
In the 15th and 16th centuries, the Crown of Castile and then the "unified" Crown of Spain was also in the vanguard of European global exploration and colonial expansion. The Spanish Crown opened trade routes across the oceans, specially the transatlantic expeditions of Christopher Columbus on behalf of Castile, from 1492. The Crown of Castile, under Charles I of Spain, also sponsored the first expedition of world circumnavigation in 1521. The enterprise was led by Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan and completed by the Spanish Basque Juan Sebastián Elcano. The trips of exploration led to trade flourishing across the Atlantic Ocean between Spain and America and across the Pacific Ocean between Asia-Pacific and Mexico via the Philippines. Later, Andrés de Urdaneta discovered the northern Pacific`s volta do mar return voyage.
The compass, a cross-staff or astrolabe, a method to correct for the altitude of Polaris and rudimentary nautical charts were all the tools available to a navigator at the time of Christopher Columbus.[16] In his notes on Ptolemy's geography, Johannes Werner of Nurenberg wrote in 1514 that the cross-staff was a very ancient instrument, but was only beginning to be used on ships.[22]
Prior to 1577, no method of judging the ship's speed was mentioned that was more advanced than observing the size of the vessel's bow wave or the passage of sea foam or various floating objects.[26] In 1577, a more advanced technique was mentioned: the chip log.[16] In 1578, a patent was registered for a device that would judge the ship's speed by counting the revolutions of a wheel mounted below the ship's waterline.[16]
Accurate time-keeping is necessary for the determination of longitude.[22] As early as 1530, precursors to modern techniques were being explored.[22] However, the most accurate clocks available to these early navigators were water clocks and sand clocks, such as hourglass.[22] Hourglasses were still in use by the Royal Navy of Britain until 1839 for the timing of watches.[22]
Continuous accumulation of navigational data, along with increased exploration and trade, led to increased production of volumes through the Middle Ages.[13] "Routiers" were produced in France about 1500; the English referred to them as "rutters."[13] In 1584 Lucas Waghenaer published the Spieghel der Zeevaerdt (The Mariner’s Mirror), which became the model for such publications for several generations of navigators.[13] They were known as "Waggoners" by most sailors.[13]
In 1537, Pedro Nunes published his Tratado da Sphera. In this book he included two original treatises about questions of navigation. For the first time the subject was approached using mathematical tools. This publication gave rise to a new scientific discipline: "theoretical or scientific navigation".
In 1545, Pedro de Medina published the influential Arte de navegar. The book was translated into French, Italian, Dutch and English.[22]
In 1569, Gerardus Mercator published for the first time a world map in such a cartographic projection that constant-rhumb trajectories were plotted as straight lines. This Mercator projection would be widely used for nautical charts from the 18th century onward.[27]
In 1594, John Davis published an 80-page pamphlet called The Seaman's Secrets which, among other things describes great circle sailing.[28] It's said that the explorer Sebastian Cabot had used great circle methods in a crossing of the North Atlantic in 1495.[28] Davis also gave the world a version of the backstaff, the Davis quadrant, which became one of the dominant instruments from the 17th century until the adoption of the sextant in the 19th century.
In 1599, Edward Wright published Certaine Errors in Navigation, which for the first time explained the mathematical basis of the Mercator projection, with calculated mathematical tables which made it possible to use in practice. The book made clear why only with this projection would a constant bearing correspond to a straight line on a chart. It also analysed other sources of error, including the risk of parallax errors with some instruments; and faulty estimates of latitude and longitude on contemporary charts.
In 1599/1600, Edward Wright's World Chart of 1599 was the first map under the Mercator projection drawn by an Englishman for English navigation. The map prominently displays the Queen Elizabeth I Privy Seal; the only one of her realm to carry her private seal. The Molyneux 1592 globe is the only other cartography with her Privy Seal. Both identify "Nova Albion", the land Captain Francis Drake claimed for his Queen during his 1577-1580 circumnavigation, above the 40th parallel.
In 1631, Pierre Vernier described his newly invented quadrant that was accurate to one minute of arc.[28] In theory, this level of accuracy could give a line of position within a nautical mile of the navigator's actual position.
In 1635, Henry Gellibrand published an account of yearly change in magnetic variation.[29]
In 1637, using a specially built astronomical sextant with a 5-foot radius, Richard Norwood measured the length of a nautical mile with chains.[30] His definition of 2,040 yards is fairly close to the modern International System of Units (SI) definition of 2,025.372 yards. Norwood is also credited with the discovery of magnetic dip 59 years earlier, in 1576.[30]
Modern times[edit]
Edmond Halley's 1701 map charting magnetic variation from true north
In 1714 the British Commissioners for the discovery of longitude at sea came into prominence.[31] This group, which existed until 1828, offered grants and rewards for the solution of navigational problems.[31] Between 1737 and 1828, the commissioners disbursed some £101,000.[31] The government of the United Kingdom also offered significant rewards for navigational accomplishments in this era, such as £20,000 for the discovery of the Northwest Passage and £5,000 for the navigator that could sail within a degree of latitude of the North Pole.[31] A widespread manual in the 18th century was Navigatio Britannica by John Barrow, published in 1750 by March & Page and still being advertised in 1787.[32]
Isaac Newton invented a reflecting quadrant around 1699.[33] He wrote a detailed description of the instrument for Edmond Halley, which was published in 1742. Due to this time lapse, credit for the invention has often been given instead to John Hadley and Thomas Godfrey. The octant eventually replaced earlier cross-staffs and Davis quadrants,[31] and had the immediate effect of making latitude calculations much more accurate.
A highly important breakthrough for the accurate determination of longitude came with the invention of the marine chronometer. The 1714 longitude prize offer for a method of determining longitude at sea, was won by John Harrison, a Yorkshire carpenter. He submitted a project in 1730, and in 1735 completed a clock based on a pair of counter-oscillating weighted beams connected by springs whose motion was not influenced by gravity or the motion of a ship. His first two sea timepieces H1 and H2 (completed in 1741) used this system, but he realised that they had a fundamental sensitivity to centrifugal force, which meant that they could never be accurate enough at sea. Harrison solved the precision problems with his much smaller H4 chronometer design in 1761. H4 looked much like a large five-inch (12 cm) diameter pocket watch. In 1761, Harrison submitted H4 for the £20,000 longitude prize. His design used a fast-beating balance wheel controlled by a temperature-compensated spiral spring. These features remained in use until stable electronic oscillators allowed very accurate portable timepieces to be made at affordable cost. In 1767, the Board of Longitude published a description of his work in The Principles of Mr. Harrison's time-keeper.
In 1757, John Bird invented the first sextant.This replaced the Davis quadrant and the octant as the main instrument for navigation. The sextant was derived from the octant in order to provide for the lunar distance method. With the lunar distance method, mariners could determine their longitude accurately. Once chronometer production was established in the late 18th century, the use of the chronometer for accurate determination of longitude was a viable alternative.[31][34] Chronometers replaced lunars in wide usage by the late 19th century.[26]
In 1891 radios, in the form of wireless telegraphs, began to appear on ships at sea.[35]
In 1899 the R.F. Matthews was the first ship to use wireless communication to request assistance at sea.[35] Using radio for determining direction was investigated by "Sir Oliver Lodge, of England; Andre Blondel, of France; De Forest, Pickard; and Stone, of the United States; and Bellini and Tosi, of Italy."[36] The Stone Radio & Telegraph Company installed an early prototype radio direction finder on the naval collier Lebanon in 1906.[36]
By 1904 time signals were being sent to ships to allow navigators to check their chronometers.[37] The U.S. Navy Hydrographic Office was sending navigational warnings to ships at sea by 1907.[37]
Later developments included the placing of lighthouses and buoys close to shore to act as marine signposts identifying ambiguous features, highlighting hazards and pointing to safe channels for ships approaching some part of a coast after a long sea voyage. In 1912 Nils Gustaf Dalén was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his invention of automatic valves designed to be used in combination with gas accumulators in lighthouses[38]
1921 saw the installation of the first radiobeacon.[37]
The first prototype shipborne radar system was installed on the USS Leary in April 1937.[39]
On November 18, 1940 Mr. Alfred L. Loomis made the initial suggestion for an electronic air navigation system which was later developed into LORAN (long range navigation system) by the Radiation Laboratory of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,[40] and on November 1, 1942 the first LORAN System was placed in operation with four stations between the Chesapeake Capes and Nova Scotia.[40]
A 1943 United States military map of world ocean currents and ice packs, as they were known at the time.
In October 1957, the Soviet Union launched the world's first artificial satellite, Sputnik.[41] Scientists at Johns Hopkins University’s Applied Physics Laboratory took a series of measurements of Sputnik's doppler shift yielding the satellite's position and velocity.[41] This team continued to monitor Sputnik and the next satellites into space, Sputnik II and Explorer I. In March 1958 the idea of working backwards, using known satellite orbits to determine an unknown position on the Earth's surface began to be explored.[41] This led to the TRANSIT satellite navigation system.[41] The first TRANSIT satellite was placed in polar orbit in 1960.[41] The system, consisting of 7 satellites, was made operational in 1962.[41] A navigator using readings from three satellites could expect accuracy of about 80 feet.[41]
On July 14, 1974 the first prototype Navstar GPS satellite was put into orbit, but its clocks failed shortly after launch.[41] The Navigational Technology Satellite 2, redesigned with caesium clocks, started to go into orbit on June 23, 1977.[41] By 1985, the first 11-satellite GPS Block I constellation was in orbit.[41]
Satellites of the similar Russian GLONASS system began to be put into orbit in 1982, and the system is expected to have a complete 24-satellite constellation in place by 2010.[41] The European Space Agency expects to have its Galileo with 30 satellites in place by 2011/12 as well.[41]
Integrated bridge systems[edit]
Electronic integrated bridge concepts are driving future navigation system planning.[42] Integrated systems take inputs from various ship sensors, electronically display positioning information, and provide control signals required to maintain a vessel on a preset course.[42] The navigator becomes a system manager, choosing system presets, interpreting system output, and monitoring vessel response.[42]
See also[edit]
Nautical portal
Air navigation
Austronesian navigation
Celestial navigation
Galileo positioning system
Geodetic system
Great-circle distance explains how to find that quantity if one knows the two latitudes and longitude
History of longitude
Ma Jun
Shen Kuo
List of explorers
Maritime history of the United States
Marshall Islands stick chart
Navigation
Polynesian navigation
South-pointing chariot
Franz Xaver, Baron Von Zach, a scientific editor and astronomer, first located many places geographically
Rhumbline grid
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Bloomberg, 1678:793
^ Jump up to: a b c Bloomberg, 1997:77
Jump up ^ Homer, Odyssey, 273-276
^ Jump up to: a b Bloomberg, 1997:72
^ Jump up to: a b Taylor, 1971:12
Jump up ^ Taylor, 1971:10
Jump up ^ Taylor, 1971:43
Jump up ^ Taylor, 1971:46-47
^ Jump up to: a b Bilic, 2009:126
^ Jump up to: a b c Chisholm, 1911:703.
Jump up ^ The theoretical existence of a Frigid Zone where the nights are very short in summer and the sun does not set at the summer solstice was already known. Similarly reports of a country of perpetual snows and darkness (the country of the Hyperboreans) had been reaching the Mediterranean for some centuries. Pytheas is the first known scientific visitor and reporter of the arctic.
Jump up ^ Strabo's Geography - Book II Chapter 3, LacusCurtius.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Bowditch, 2003:2.
Jump up ^ Donald Harden, The Phoenicians, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, page 168
Jump up ^ B.H. Warmington, op. cit., page 79
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Chisholm, 1911:284.
Jump up ^ Subhi Y. Labib (1969), "Capitalism in Medieval Islam", The Journal of Economic History 29 (1), p. 79-96.
Jump up ^ ThinkQuest: Library, “Early Navigational Instruments,” http://library.thinkquest.org/C004706/contents/1stsea/nap/page/n-2.html# Archived 2011-08-08 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ John M. Hobson (2004), The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation, p. 141, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521547245.
Jump up ^ Li Shu-hua, “Origine de la Boussole 11. Aimant et Boussole,” Isis, Vol. 45, No. 2. (July 1954), p.181
Jump up ^ Frederic C. Lane, “The Economic Meaning of the Invention of the Compass,” The American Historical Review, Vol. 68, No. 3. (April 1963), p.615ff.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Chisholm, 1911:285.
Jump up ^ Almagià, discussing the copy of another map by Fra Mauro, in the Vatican Library: Roberto Almagià, Monumenta cartographica vaticana, (Rome 1944) I:32-40.
Jump up ^ Kenneth Maxwell, Naked tropics: essays on empire and other rogues, p. 16, Routledge, 2003, ISBN 0-415-94577-1
Jump up ^ Semedo de Matos, Jorge (2015). "Tábuas Solares na náutica portugues dos séculos XV e XVI". In Contente Domingues, Francisco. D’Aquém, d’Além e d’Ultramar. Homenagem a António Dias Farinha. Lisboa: CHUL. pp. 1235–1250.
^ Jump up to: a b May, William Edward, A History of Marine Navigation, G. T. Foulis & Co. Ltd., Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, 1973, ISBN 0-85429-143-1
Jump up ^ Brotton, Jerry (2012). A History of the World in Twelve Maps. Penguin UK. pp. chapter 7. ISBN 9781846145704.
^ Jump up to: a b c Chisholm, 1911:287.
Jump up ^ Chisholm, 1911:288.
^ Jump up to: a b Chisholm, 1911:289.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Chisholm, 1911:290.
Jump up ^ ODNB entry for John Barrow (fl. 1735–1774): Retrieved 18 July 2011. Subscription required.
Jump up ^ Newton, I., “Newton’s Octant” (posthumous description), Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, vol. 42, p. 155, 1742
Jump up ^ Roberts, Edmund (Digitized October 12, 2007) [First published in 1837]. "Chapter XXIV―departure from Mozambique". Embassy to the Eastern courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat : in the U. S. sloop-of-war Peacock ... during the years 1832-3-4 (Digital ed.). Harper & brothers. p. 373. Retrieved April 25, 2012. ...what I have stated, will serve to show the absolute necessity of having firstrate chronometers, or the lunar observations carefully attended to; and never omitted to be taken when practicable. Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b "Short History of Radio" (PDF). fcc.gov. Retrieved 2007-04-22.
^ Jump up to: a b Howeth, Captain Linwood S. (1963). "XXII". History of Communications-Electronics in the United States Navy. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Ships and Office of Naval History. pp. 261–265.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bowditch, 2002:8.
Jump up ^ "Gustav Dalén, The Nobel Prize in Physics 1912: Biography". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2007-04-17.
Jump up ^ Howeth, Captain Linwood S. (1963). "XXXVIII". History of Communications-Electronics in the United States Navy. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Ships and Office of Naval History. pp. 443–469.
^ Jump up to: a b Howeth, Captain Linwood S. (1963). "Appendix A. Chronology of Developments in Communications and Electronics". History of Communications-Electronics in the United States Navy. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Ships and Office of Naval History. pp. 443–469.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Bedwell, Don (2007). "Where Am I?". American Heritage Magazine. 22 (4). Retrieved 2007-04-20.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bowditch, 2002:1.
References[edit]
Bowditch, Nathaniel (2002). The American Practical Navigator. Bethesda, MD: National Imagery and Mapping Agency. ISBN 0-939837-54-4. Archived from the original on 2007-06-24.
Cutler, Thomas J. (December 2003). Dutton's Nautical Navigation (15th ed.). Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-248-3.
Department of the Air Force (March 2001). Air Navigation (PDF). Department of the Air Force. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-03-25. Retrieved 2007-04-17.
Great Britain Ministry of Defence (Navy) (1995). Admiralty Manual of Seamanship. The Stationery Office. ISBN 0-11-772696-6.
Maloney, Elbert S. (December 2003). Chapman Piloting and Seamanship (64th ed.). New York, NY: Hearst Communications Inc. ISBN 1-58816-089-0.
National Imagery and Mapping Agency (2001). Publication 1310: Radar Navigation and Maneuvering Board Manual (7th ed.). Bethesda, MD: U.S. Government Printing Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-03-07.
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Navigation". Encyclopædia Britannica. 19 (11th ed.). Retrieved 2007-04-17.
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Pytheas". Encyclopædia Britannica. 22 (11th ed.). Retrieved 2007-04-17.
Bilic, Tomislav (March 2009). "The Myth of Alpheus and Arethusa and Open-Sea Voyages on the Mediterranean--Stellar Navigation in Antiquity". International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. 38 (1): 116–132. doi:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2008.00189.x.
Bloomberg, Mary; Göran Henricksson (1997). "Evidence for the Minoan origins of stellar navigation in the Aegean". Actes de la Vème conférence annuelle de la SEAC. Gdansk. pp. 69–81.
Taylor, E. G. R. (1971). link; link, eds. The haven-finding art; A History of Navigation from Odysseus to Captain Cook. New York: American Elsevier Publishing Company, INC. |first2= missing |last2= in Authors list (help)
Homer. link; link, eds. The Odyssey. , Book V. |first2= missing |last2= in Authors list (help)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_navigation&oldid=835635487"
Categories:
Navigation
History of navigation
Maritime history
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
CS1 errors: dates
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016
CS1 errors: missing author or editor
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Català
Čeština
Español
Français
Српски / srpski
Edit links
This page was last edited on 9 April 2018, at 21:29.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attr: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attr: class style

value:
/wiki/Marine_vessel
mw-redirect
Marine vessel

value:
/wiki/Micronesian_people
mw-redirect
Micronesian people

value:
/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization
mw-redirect
Indus Valley Civilization

value:
/wiki/Ancient_Greeks
mw-redirect
Ancient Greeks

value:
/wiki/Spanish_people
mw-redirect
Spanish people

value:
/wiki/Marcus_Annaeus_Lucanus
mw-redirect
Marcus Annaeus Lucanus

value:
/wiki/Circumpolar_stars
mw-redirect
Circumpolar stars

value:
/wiki/%CE%92_Draconis
mw-redirect
Β Draconis

value:
/wiki/Alpheus_River
mw-redirect
Alpheus River

value:
/wiki/Midnight_Sun
mw-redirect
Midnight Sun

value:
/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization
mw-redirect
Hellenistic civilization

value:
/wiki/Geographica_(Strabo)
mw-redirect
Geographica (Strabo)

value:
/wiki/Sounding_line
mw-redirect
Sounding line

value: Edit section: Medieval age of navigation

value: Whipple Museum of the History of Science

value:
/wiki/Islamic_geography
mw-redirect
Islamic geography

value:
/wiki/Indian_culture
mw-redirect
Indian culture

value:
/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_kingdom)
mw-redirect
Kalinga (historical kingdom)

value:
/wiki/Magnetic_compass
mw-redirect
Magnetic compass

value:
/wiki/Portolan_charts
mw-redirect
Portolan charts

value:
/wiki/Henry_the_Navigator
mw-redirect
Henry the Navigator

value:
/wiki/Atlantic_ocean
mw-redirect
Atlantic ocean

value:
/wiki/Solar_declination
mw-redirect
Solar declination

value:
/wiki/Abraham_Zacut
mw-redirect
Abraham Zacut

value: I would swear I have seen medieval astrolabes made of metal. (August 2016)

value:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

value:
/wiki/Charles_I_of_Spain
mw-redirect
Charles I of Spain

value:
/wiki/Cartographic_projection
mw-redirect
Cartographic projection

value:
/wiki/Certaine_Errors_in_Navigation
mw-redirect
Certaine Errors in Navigation

value:
/wiki/Magnetic_variation
mw-redirect
Magnetic variation

value:
/wiki/Davis_quadrant
mw-redirect
Davis quadrant

value:
/wiki/Longitude_prize
mw-redirect
Longitude prize

value:
/wiki/Lunar_distance_method
mw-redirect
Lunar distance method

value:
/wiki/Lee_De_Forest
mw-redirect
Lee De Forest

value:
/wiki/Nils_Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n
mw-redirect
Nils Gustaf Dalén

value: World ocean currents (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/Polar_ice_packs
mw-redirect
Polar ice packs

value:
/wiki/Doppler_shift
mw-redirect
Doppler shift

value: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

value: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

value:
/wiki/Austronesian_navigation
mw-redirect
Austronesian navigation

value:
/wiki/Galileo_positioning_system
mw-redirect
Galileo positioning system

value:
/wiki/Geodetic_system
mw-redirect
Geodetic system

value:
/wiki/Franz_Xaver,_Baron_Von_Zach
mw-redirect
Franz Xaver, Baron Von Zach

value:
/wiki/Rhumbline_grid
mw-redirect
Rhumbline grid

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value:
nofollow
http://www.irbs.com/bowditch/
external text

value: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

value: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016

value: Category:CS1 errors: missing author or editor

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/History_of_navigation
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: Història de la navegació astronòmica – Catalan

value: Historia de la navegación astronómica – Spanish

value: Histoire de la navigation astronomique – French

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-History_of_navigation rootpage-History_of_navigation skin-vector action-view