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Meninges
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It has been suggested that Subarachnoid space be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since January 2018.
"Meninx" redirects here. For the Tunisian island formerly known as "Meninx", see Djerba.
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Meninges
The meninges: dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater
Details
Artery
middle meningeal artery, meningeal branches of the ascending pharyngeal artery, accessory meningeal artery, branch of anterior ethmoidal artery, meningeal branches of vertebral artery
Nerve
middle meningeal nerve, nervus spinosus
Identifiers
Latin
Meninges
MeSH
D008578
TA
A14.1.01.001
FMA
231572
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The meninges (/məˈnɪndʒiːz/,[1][2] singular: meninx (/ˈmiːnɪŋks/ or /ˈmɛnɪŋks/[3]), from Ancient Greek: μῆνιγξ, translit. mēninx, lit. 'membrane',[4] adjectival: meningeal /məˈnɪndʒəl/) are the three membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord. In mammals, the meninges are the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. Cerebrospinal fluid is located in the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater. The primary function of the meninges is to protect the central nervous system.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Dura mater
1.2 Arachnoid mater
1.3 Pia mater
1.4 Leptomeninges
1.5 Spaces
2 Clinical significance
3 Other animals
4 Additional images
5 References
Structure[edit]
Dura mater[edit]
Main article: Dura mater
The dura mater (Latin: tough mother) (also rarely called meninx fibrosa or pachymeninx) is a thick, durable membrane, closest to the skull and vertebrae. The dura mater, the outermost part, is a loosely arranged, fibroelastic layer of cells, characterized by multiple interdigitating cell processes, no extracellular collagen, and significant extracellular spaces. The middle region is a mostly fibrous portion. It consists of two layers: the endosteal layer, which lies closest to the calvaria (skullcap), and the inner meningeal layer, which lies closer to the brain.[5] It contains larger blood vessels that split into the capillaries in the pia mater. It is composed of dense fibrous tissue, and its inner surface is covered by flattened cells like those present on the surfaces of the pia mater and arachnoid mater. The dura mater is a sac that envelops the arachnoid mater and surrounds and supports the large dural sinuses carrying blood from the brain toward the heart.
The dura has four areas of infolding:
Falx cerebri, the largest, sickle-shaped; separates the cerebral hemispheres. Starts from the frontal crest of frontal bone and the crista galli running to the internal occipital protuberance.
Tentorium cerebelli, the second largest, crescent-shaped; separates the occipital lobes from cerebellum. The falx cerebri attaches to it giving a tentlike appearance.
Falx cerebelli, vertical infolding; lies inferior to the tentorium cerebelli, separating the cerebellar hemispheres.
Diaphragma sellae, smallest infolding; covers the pituitary gland and sella turcica.
Arachnoid mater[edit]
Main article: Arachnoid mater
The middle element of the meninges is the arachnoid mater, so named because of its spider web-like appearance. It cushions the central nervous system. This thin, transparent membrane is composed of fibrous tissue and, like the pia mater, is covered by flat cells also thought to be impermeable to fluid.
The shape of the arachnoid does not follow the convolutions of the surface of the brain and so looks like a loosely fitting sac. In particular, in the region of the brain a large number of fine filaments called arachnoid trabeculae pass from the arachnoid through the subarachnoid space to blend with the tissue of the pia mater. The arachnoid is composed of an outermost portion (arachnoid barrier cell layer) with tightly packed cells and no extracellular collagen; that is why it is considered to represent an effective morphological and physiological meningeal barrier between the cerebrospinal fluid and subarachnoid space and the blood circulation in the dura.
The arachnoid barrier layer is characterized by a distinct continuous basal lamina on its inner surface toward the innermost collagenous portion of the arachnoid reticular layer.
Pia mater[edit]
Main article: Pia mater
The pia mater (Latin: tender mother[6]) is a very delicate membrane. It is the meningeal envelope that firmly adheres to the surface of the brain and spinal cord, following all of the brain's contours (the gyri and sulci). It is a very thin membrane composed of fibrous tissue covered on its outer surface by a sheet of flat cells thought to be impermeable to fluid. The pia mater is pierced by blood vessels to the brain and spinal cord, and its capillaries nourish the brain.
Leptomeninges[edit]
The arachnoid and pia mater together are sometimes called the leptomeninges,[7] literally "thin meninges" (Greek: λεπτός leptos - thin). Acute meningococcal meningitis can lead to an exudate within the leptomeninges along the surface of the brain.[8] Because the arachnoid is connected to the pia by cob-web like strands, it is structurally continuous with the pia, hence the name pia-arachnoid or leptomeninges. They are responsible for the production of beta-trace protein (prostaglandin D synthase) a major cerebrospinal fluid protein . [9][10]
Spaces[edit]
Main article: Subarachnoid space
The subarachnoid space is the space that normally exists between the arachnoid and the pia mater, which is filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
The dura mater is attached to the skull, whereas in the spinal cord, the dura mater is separated from the bone (vertebrae) by a space called the epidural space, which contains fat and blood vessels. The arachnoid is attached to the dura mater, while the pia mater is attached to the central nervous system tissue. When the dura mater and the arachnoid separate through injury or illness, the space between them is the subdural space. There is a subpial space underneath the pia mater that separates it from the glia limitans.
Clinical significance[edit]
Injuries involving the meninges, can result in a hemorrhage and two types of hematoma.[11]
A subarachnoid hemorrhage is acute bleeding under the arachnoid; it may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma.[12]
A subdural hematoma is a hematoma (collection of blood) located in a separation of the arachnoid from the dura mater. The small veins that connect the dura mater and the arachnoid are torn, usually during an accident, and blood leaks into this area.
An epidural hematoma may arise after an accident or spontaneously.
Other medical conditions that affect the meninges include meningitis (usually from fungal, bacterial, or viral infection) and meningiomas that arise from the meninges, or from meningeal carcinomatoses (tumors) that form elsewhere in the body and metastasize to the meninges.
Other animals[edit]
In fish, there is a single membrane known as the primitive meninx. In other vertebrates – amphibians, reptiles and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater and a thick inner secondary meninx. In the early 1900s, Giuseppe Sterzi an Italian anatomist carried out comparative studies on the meninges from the lancelet to man. Contrary to previous reports the spinal meninges were seen to be very simple, both in the adult lower vertebrates and in the early developmental stages of the more advanced vertebrates. From the mesenchyme surrounding the neural tube only a single leaflet forms the primitive meninx. In the following phylogenetic and ontogenetic stages, the latter divides into an internal leaflet: the secondary meninx, and into an external one: the dura mater. Finally, in higher vertebrates, even the secondary meninx divides into the arachnoid and the pia. In the same animals, Sterzi demonstrated that, while in the spinal medulla the dura keeps its identity, in the skull it fuses with the periosteum. He also demonstrated the continuity of all meninges with the envelopes of nerves and with the filum terminale.
Mammals (as higher vertebrates) retain the dura mater, and the secondary meninx divides into the arachnoid and pia mater.[13]
Additional images[edit]
Diagrammatic representation of a section across the top of the skull
Diagrammatic section of scalp.
Illustration of the work by Antonio Pacchioni Disquisitio anatomicae de durae meningis ... published in Acta Eruditorum, 1703
References[edit]
Jump up ^ OED 2nd edition, 1989.
Jump up ^ Entry "meninges" in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, retrieved 2012-07-28.
Jump up ^ Entry "meninx" in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, retrieved 2012-07-28.
Jump up ^ μῆνιγξ. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
Jump up ^ "Scalp Anatomy: Structure, Nerve Supply, Arterial Supply". 20 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Entry "pia mater" in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, retrieved 2015-11-27.
Jump up ^ "leptomeninges - definition of leptomeninges in English | Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford Dictionaries | English.
Jump up ^ Kumar, Vinay (2015). Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Mechanisms of Disease. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. p. 1273. In acute meningitis, an exudate is evident within the leptomeninges over the surface of the brain (Fig. 28-21).
Jump up ^ Yamashima, Tetsumori; Sakuda, Kazushige; Tohma, Yasuo; Yamashita, Junkoh; Oda, Hiroshi; Irikura, Daisuke; Eguchi, Naomi; Beuckmann, Carsten T.; Kanaoka, Yoshihide; Urade, Yoshihiro; Hayaishi, Osamu (1 April 1997). "Prostaglandin D Synthase (β-Trace) in Human Arachnoid and Meningioma Cells: Roles as a Cell Marker or in Cerebrospinal Fluid Absorption, Tumorigenesis, and Calcification Process". Journal of Neuroscience. pp. 2376–2382. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
Jump up ^ attribution, no. "Prostaglandin D2 synthase". TheFreeDictionary.com. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Overview of Adult Traumatic Brain Injuries" (PDF). Orlando Regional Healthcare, Education and Development. 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 27, 2008.
Jump up ^ van Gijn J, Kerr RS, Rinkel GJ (2007). "Subarachnoid haemorrhage". Lancet. 369 (9558): 306–18. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60153-6. PMID 17258671.
Jump up ^ Kardong, Kenneth V. (1995). Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Funuction, Evolution. Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown Publishers. p. 539. ISBN 0-697-21991-7.
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text:
Cell-mediated immunity
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Cell-mediated immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies, but rather involves the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen.
Historically, the immune system was separated into two branches: humoral immunity, for which the protective function of immunization could be found in the humor (cell-free bodily fluid or serum) and cellular immunity, for which the protective function of immunization was associated with cells. CD4 cells or helper T cells provide protection against different pathogens. Naive T cells, mature T cells that have yet to encounter an antigen, are converted into activated effector T cells after encountering antigen-presenting cells (APCs). These APCs, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells in some circumstances, load antigenic peptides onto the MHC of the cell, in turn presenting the peptide to receptors on T cells. The most important of these APCs are highly specialized dendritic cells; conceivably operating solely to ingest and present antigens. [1]
Activated Effector T cells can be placed into three functioning classes, detecting peptide antigens originating from various types of pathogen: The first class being Cytotoxic T cells, which kill infected target cells by apoptosis without using cytokines, the second class being TH1 cells, which primarily function to activate macrophages, and the third class being TH2 cells, which primarily function to stimulate B cells into producing antibodies.[2]
The innate immune system and the adaptive immune system each comprise both humoral and cell-mediated components.
Cellular immunity protects the body by:
T-cell mediated immunity or T-cell immunity : activating antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells that are able to induce apoptosis in body cells displaying epitopes of foreign antigen on their surface, such as virus-infected cells, cells with intracellular bacteria, and cancer cells displaying tumor antigens;
activating macrophages and natural killer cells, enabling them to destroy pathogens; and
stimulating cells to secrete a variety of cytokines that influence the function of other cells involved in adaptive immune responses and innate immune responses.[citation needed]
Cell-mediated immunity is directed primarily at microbes that survive in phagocytes and microbes that infect non-phagocytic cells. It is most effective in removing virus-infected cells, but also participates in defending against fungi, protozoans, cancers, and intracellular bacteria. It also plays a major role in transplant rejection.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Janeway, Charles; Travers, Paul; Walport, Mark; Shlomchik, Mark (2001). Immunobiology (5th ed.). New York: Garland Science. ISBN 0-8153-3642-X. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Janeway, Charles; Travers, Paul; Walport, Mark; Shlomchik, Mark (2001). Immunobiology (5th ed.). New York: Garland Science. ISBN 0-8153-3642-X. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
Cell-mediated immunity (Encyclopædia Britannica)
Chapter 8:T Cell-Mediated Immunity Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition.
Further reading[edit]
Cell-Mediated Immunity. Murphy
Cell-mediated immunity: How T cells recognize and respond to foreign antigens
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action: Immunity
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Hypersensitivity and autoimmune diseases (279.5–6)
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common allergies include: Milk
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Graves' disease
Myasthenia gravis
Pernicious anemia
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Foreign
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Hypersensitivity vasculitis
Reactive arthritis
Farmer's lung
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Serum sickness
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Autoimmune
Systemic lupus erythematosus
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Type IV/cell-mediated
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Foreign
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Mantoux test
Autoimmune
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Unknown/
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Brownie points
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Brownie points in modern usage are a hypothetical social currency, which can be acquired by doing good deeds or earning favor in the eyes of another, often one's superior.
Contents
[hide]
1 Conjectures for etymology
1.1 Girlguiding
1.2 Brown stamps
1.3 George R. Brown
1.4 Curtis Publishing
1.5 Scatological
1.6 Earliest use
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Conjectures for etymology[edit]
Girlguiding[edit]
A popular etymology is an allusion to the merit badges or six points earned by Brownies (junior Girl Guides/Girl Scouts) for carrying out good deeds. Brownies were named after a kind of mythological elf that does helpful things around the house.[1]
Brown stamps[edit]
A popular marketing practice employed by many stores in post-World War II US was the distribution of stamps with each purchase. The number of stamps given out varied with the amount of the purchase. These stamps were collected by customers and later redeemed for household gifts. The earliest of these stamps were brown in color and known as "brown stamps" or "brown points". The relationship between a purchase and the collection of these "brown points" equated with doing a good thing (supporting the local vendor) and getting a bonus (the valuable stamps). Purportedly, the collection of these "brownie points" eventually evolved into the modern usage.[citation needed] The term Browniepoints is still used as a marketing practice in business today by a New Zealand power company[2] and also used by a gift service.[3]
George R. Brown[edit]
Another proposed etymology is that the term derives from the name of a 19th-century American railroad superintendent, George R. Brown who, in 1886, devised what was then an innovative system of merits and demerits for railroad employees on the Fall Brook Railway in New York state. Accounts of his system were published in railroad journals, and adopted by many leading U.S. railroads.[4] American railroad employees soon began referring colloquially to "brownie points", and at some point, the term entered the general vocabulary.[5]
Curtis Publishing[edit]
In the 1930s, The Curtis Publishing Company, published several magazines, including the Saturday Evening Post and the Ladies Home Journal. These magazines were distributed to subscribers through a delivery network that used youths, primarily boys, to go around to the individual houses. The boys received a small commission but, in return for meeting certain sales targets, they could also receive company scrip, comprising green and brown vouchers. These vouchers were usually known as "greenies" and "brownies". Five greenies equalled one brownie. The greenies and brownies could be redeemed against goods from the company's catalogue.[6]
Scatological[edit]
The Oxford English Dictionary conjectures that this expression could also have derived from U.S. military slang for sycophants, "brown-nosers", while also mentioning the popular etymology that derives it from the awards system of the Brownies. The term "brownie" in the sense of "brown-noser" was in use in the 1940s. It has been suggested that the term was given impetus though its coincidence with related scatological slang.[6]
Earliest use[edit]
The earliest published citation given in the Oxford English Dictionary dates from 1963 (when it was reported in the journal American Speech), but the term is in fact somewhat older. Its frequent appearance in newspapers in the 1950s date back to the earliest known usage in 1951, where a man in the Los Angeles Times speaks of earning favor with his wife in terms of brownie points.[6]
See also[edit]
Barnstar
Egoboo
wikt:kudos
Whuffie
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Brownie, n. 1" The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1989. OED Online. Oxford University Press. Accessed 14 July 2005.
Jump up ^ Genesis Energy loyalty scheme Genesis Energy Limited
Jump up ^ "About Us". Browniepoints gift service.
Jump up ^ Browne, K.J. Norman, "The Brown and Other Systems of Railway Discipline" in Publications Received, Railway Gazette (London) December 7, 1923, page 715
Jump up ^ CPRR Museum Discussion Group
^ Jump up to: a b c World Wide Words: Brownie points
External links[edit]
The dictionary definition of Brownie point at Wiktionary
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brownie_points&oldid=807225393"
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Give U My Heart
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Give U My Heart"
Single by Babyface featuring Toni Braxton
from the album Boomerang (soundtrack)
Released
July 7, 1992
Format
CD single
12" single
Recorded
May 1992
Genre
R&B
Length
5:02
Label
LaFace
Songwriter(s)
Babyface
L.A. Reid
Daryl Simmons
Boaz Watson
Producer(s)
L.A. Reid
Babyface
Daryl Simmons
Babyface singles chronology
"Love Makes Things Happen"
(1990) Love Makes Things Happen1990 "Give U My Heart"
(1992) Give U My Heart1992 "For the Cool in You"
(1993) For the Cool in You1993
Toni Braxton singles chronology
"Give U My Heart"
(1992) Give U My Heart1992 "Love Shoulda Brought You Home"
(1992) Love Shoulda Brought You Home1992
"Give U My Heart" is a song recorded by American R&B singers Babyface and Toni Braxton for the soundtrack to the 1992 film Boomerang. The collaboration was released as a single the same year, reaching #29 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #2 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart (behind another song from the Boomerang soundtrack, Boyz II Men's "End of the Road").
The song can be found on two of Braxton's greatest-hits albums, 2003's Ultimate Toni Braxton and 2007's The Essential Toni Braxton, and as a B-side on some editions of her 1993 single "Another Sad Love Song."
The "Upscale R&B Remix" version is played during the end credits of Boomerang.
Track listings and formats[edit]
U.S. 12" single
Side A:
"Give U My Heart" (Extended Remix) – 6:55
"Give U My Heart" (Album Version) (Pumped Up) – 4:59
"Give U My Heart" (Instrumental) – 5:00
Side B:
"Give U My Heart" (Remix Radio Edit) – 4:15
"Give U My Heart" (Mad Ball Mix) – 4:10
"Give U My Heart" (Smooth & Wet Remix) – 4:15
"Give U My Heart" (Upscale R&B Remix) – 4:42
Dutch 12" single
Side A:
"Give U My Heart" (Remix Radio Edit) – 4:15
"Give U My Heart" (Mad Ball Mix) – 4:10
Side B:
"Give U My Heart" (Album Radio Edit) – 4:05
"Give U My Heart" (Extended Remix) – 6:55
Charts[edit]
Chart (1992)[1]
Peak
position
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 29
U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs 2
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Boomerang > Charts & Awards > 'Billboard Singles". Allmusic. Retrieved 2008-10-15.
[show]
v
t
e
Babyface
Discography
Songs written
Studio albums
Lovers (1986)
Tender Lover (1989)
A Closer Look (1991)
For the Cool in You (1993)
The Day (1996)
Christmas with Babyface (1998)
Face 2 Face (2001)
Grown & Sexy (2005)
Playlist (2007)
Return of the Tender Lover (2015)
Duet albums
Love, Marriage & Divorce (2014)
Other albums
Babyface Unplugged (1997)
A Collection of His Greatest Hits (2000)
Love Songs (2001)
The Essential Babyface (2003)
The Other Side of Cool (2005)
Singles
"I Love You Babe"
"Love Saw It"
"It's No Crime"
"Tender Lover"
"Whip Appeal"
"My Kinda Girl"
"Love Makes Things Happen"
"Give U My Heart"
"For the Cool in You"
"Never Keeping Secrets"
"And Our Feelings"
"Rock Bottom"
"When Can I See You"
"Dream Away"
"This Is for the Lover in You"
"Every Time I Close My Eyes"
"How Come, How Long"
"There She Goes"
"What If"
Featured singles
"Love Makes Things Happen"
"Change the World"
"Someone to Love"
Related articles
The Deele
Jon B.
[show]
v
t
e
Toni Braxton
Studio albums
Solo
Toni Braxton
Secrets
The Heat
Snowflakes
More Than a Woman
Libra
Pulse
Sex & Cigarettes
Duet
Love, Marriage & Divorce
Compilation albums
Ultimate Toni Braxton
Platinum & Gold Collection
Artist Collection: Toni Braxton
Un-Break My Heart: The Remix Collection
Breathe Again: Toni Braxton at Her Best
The Essential Toni Braxton
Playlist: The Very Best of Toni Braxton
Video albums
From Toni with Love... The Video Collection
Tours
Maze Tour
Secrets Tour
Libra Tour
2013 Summer Tour
The Hits Tour
Related articles
Discography
Awards and nominations
Braxton Family Values
Toni Braxton: Unbreak My Heart
The Braxtons
Book:Toni Braxton
[show]
v
t
e
Toni Braxton songs
Discography
Toni Braxton
"Another Sad Love Song"
"Breathe Again"
"Seven Whole Days"
"Love Shoulda Brought You Home"
"You Mean the World to Me"
"I Belong to You/How Many Ways"
Secrets
"You're Makin' Me High"
"Un-Break My Heart"
"How Could an Angel Break My Heart"
"Let It Flow"
"I Don't Want To"
"I Love Me Some Him"
The Heat
"He Wasn't Man Enough"
"Spanish Guitar"
"Just Be a Man About It"
"Maybe"
Snowflakes
"Christmas in Jamaica"
"Snowflakes of Love"
"Christmas Time Is Here"
"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas"
"The Christmas Song"
More Than a Woman
"Hit the Freeway"
Libra
"Please"
"Trippin' (That's the Way Love Works)"
"Take This Ring"
"Suddenly"
"The Time of Our Lives"
Pulse
"Yesterday"
"Hands Tied"
"Make My Heart"
Love, Marriage & Divorce (with Babyface)
"Hurt You"
"Where Did We Go Wrong?"
"Roller Coaster"
Sex & Cigarettes
"Deadwood"
"Long as I Live"
As featured artist
"Give U My Heart"
"Part II"
"We Are the World 25 for Haiti"
Other songs
"I Heart You"
Book:Toni Braxton
[show]
v
t
e
Boomerang Original Soundtrack Album
Tracks
"Give U My Heart" (Babyface ft. Toni Braxton)
"It's Gonna Be Alright" (Aaron Hall ft. Charlie Wilson)
"Tonight is Right" (Keith Washington)
"I'd Die Without You" (P.M. Dawn)
"7 Day Weekend" (Grace Jones)
"End of the Road" (Boyz II Men)
"Reversal of a Dog" (The LaFace Cartel ft. Damian Dame, Highland Place Mobsters, TLC, and Toni Braxton)
"Love Shoulda Brought You Home" (Toni Braxton)
"There U Go" Johnny Gill)
"Don't Wanna Love You" (Shanice)
"Feels Like Heaven" (Kenny Vaughn and The Art of Love)
"Hot Sex" (A Tribe Called Quest)
Related articles
Boomerang
LaFace Records
New jack swing
L.A. Reid
This 1990s R&B/soul music song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
t
e
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Give_U_My_Heart&oldid=837614323"
Categories:
1992 singles
Babyface (musician) songs
Debut singles
Songs written for films
Songs written by Daryl Simmons
Songs written by Babyface (musician)
Songs written by L.A. Reid
Toni Braxton songs
Song recordings produced by Babyface (musician)
1992 songs
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This page was last edited on 21 April 2018, at 22:51.
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End of the Road

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Part II (song)

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