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Oregon
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This article is about the U.S. state of Oregon. For other uses, see Oregon (disambiguation).
State of Oregon
Flag Seal
Nickname(s): The Beaver State
Motto(s): Alis volat propriis
(English: She flies with her own wings)
State song(s): "Oregon, My Oregon"
Official language
De jure: none[1]
De facto: English
Demonym
Oregonian
Capital
Salem
Largest city
Portland
Largest metro
Portland metropolitan area
Area
Ranked 9th
• Total
98,381 sq mi
(254,806 km2)
• Width
400 miles (640 km)
• Length
360 miles (580 km)
• % water
2.4
• Latitude
42° N to 46° 18′ N
• Longitude
116° 28′ W to 124° 38′ W
Population
Ranked 27th
• Total
4,093,465 (2016 est.)[2]
• Density
39.9/sq mi (15.0/km2)
Ranked 39th
• Median household income
$60,834[3] (17th)
Elevation
• Highest point
Mount Hood[4][5][6]
11,249 ft (3,428.8 m)
• Mean
3,300 ft (1,000 m)
• Lowest point
Pacific Ocean[5]
sea level
Before statehood
Oregon Territory
Admission to Union
February 14, 1859 (33rd)
Governor
Kate Brown (D)
Secretary of State
Dennis Richardson (R)
Legislature
Legislative Assembly
• Upper house
State Senate
• Lower house
House of Representatives
U.S. Senators
Ron Wyden (D)
Jeff Merkley (D)
U.S. House delegation
4 Democrats, 1 Republican (list)
Time zones
• primary
Pacific: UTC −8/−7
• primary for Malheur County
Mountain: UTC −7/−6
ISO 3166
US-OR
Abbreviations
OR, Ore.
Website
www.oregon.gov
[show]Oregon state symbols
The Flag of Oregon
The Seal of Oregon
Living insignia
Bird
Western meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta)
Crustacean
Dungeness crab
(Metacarcinus magister)
Fish
Chinook salmon
(Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)
Flower
Oregon grape
(Mahonia aquifolium)
Grass
Bluebunch wheatgrass
(Pseudoroegneria spicata)
Insect
Oregon swallowtail
(Papilio oregonius)
Mammal
American beaver
(Castor canadensis)
Tree
Douglas-fir
Inanimate insignia
Beverage
Milk
Dance
Square dance
Food
Pear
(Pyrus)
Fossil
Metasequoia
Gemstone
Oregon sunstone
Motto
Alis volat propriis
Rock
Thunderegg
Shell
Oregon hairy triton
(Fusitriton oregonensis)
Slogan
The Union
Soil
Jory soil
Song
Oregon, My Oregon !"Oregon, My Oregon"
Other
Nut: Hazelnut
State route marker
State quarter
Released in 2005
Lists of United States state symbols
Oregon (/ˈɔːrɪɡən/ ( listen)[7]) is a state in the Pacific Northwest region on the West coast of the United States. The Columbia River delineates much of Oregon's northern boundary along Washington state, while the Snake River delineates much of its eastern boundary along Idaho. The parallel 42° north delineates the southern boundary with California and Nevada. Oregon is one of only three states of the contiguous United States to have a coastline on the Pacific Ocean.
Oregon was inhabited by many indigenous tribes before Western traders, explorers, and settlers arrived. An autonomous government was formed in the Oregon Country in 1843 before the Oregon Territory was created in 1848. Oregon became the 33rd state on February 14, 1859. Today, at 98,000 square miles (250,000 km2), Oregon is the ninth largest and, with a population of 4 million, 27th most populous U.S. state. The capital, Salem, is the second most populous city in Oregon, with 164,549 residents. Portland, with 632,309 residents, is the most populous and ranks as the 26th most populous city in the United States. The Portland metropolitan area, which also includes the city of Vancouver, Washington, to the north, ranks the 23rd largest metro area in the nation, with a population of 2,389,228.
Oregon is one of the most geographically diverse states in the U.S.,[8] marked by volcanoes, abundant bodies of water, dense evergreen and mixed forests, as well as high deserts and semi-arid shrublands. At 11,249 feet (3,429 m), Mount Hood, a stratovolcano, is the state's highest point. Oregon's only national park, Crater Lake National Park, comprises the caldera surrounding Crater Lake, the deepest lake in the United States. The state is also home to the single largest organism in the world, Armillaria ostoyae, a fungus that runs beneath 8.9 km2 (2,200 acres) of the Malheur National Forest.[9]
Because of its diverse landscapes and waterways, Oregon's economy is largely powered by various forms of agriculture, fishing, and hydroelectric power. Oregon is also the top timber producer of the contiguous United States, and the timber industry dominated the state's economy in the 20th century.[10] Technology is another one of Oregon's major economic forces, beginning in the 1970s with the establishment of the Silicon Forest and the expansion of Tektronix and Intel. Sportswear company Nike, Inc., headquartered in Beaverton, is the state's largest public corporation with an annual revenue of $30.6 billion.[11]
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Geography
2.1 Geology and terrain
2.2 Flora and fauna
2.3 Climate
3 History
3.1 Earliest inhabitants
3.2 European and pioneer settlement
3.3 Statehood
3.4 Post-Reconstruction
4 Cities and towns
5 Law and government
5.1 Federal representation
5.2 Politics
6 Economy
6.1 Agriculture
6.2 Forestry and fisheries
6.3 Tourism and entertainment
6.4 Technology
6.5 Corporate headquarters
6.6 Taxes and budgets
7 Demographics
7.1 Population
7.2 Religious and secular communities
7.3 Birth data
7.3.1 Future projections
8 Education
8.1 Primary and secondary
8.2 Colleges and universities
9 Sports
10 Sister regions
11 See also
12 Notes
13 References
14 External links
Etymology[edit]
Main article: Oregon (toponym)
Oregon border welcome sign at Denio, Nevada
The earliest evidence of the name Oregon has Spanish origins. The term "orejón" comes from the historical chronicle Relación de la Alta y Baja California (1598)[12] written by the new Spaniard Rodrigo Motezuma and made reference to the Columbia River when the Spanish explorers penetrated into the actual North American territory that became part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. This chronicle is the first topographical and linguistic source with respect to the place name Oregon. There are also two other sources with Spanish origins, such as the name Oregano, which grows in the southern part of the region. It is most probable that the American territory was named by the Spaniards, as there are some populations in Spain such as "Arroyo del Oregón" (which is situated in the province of Ciudad Real), also considering that the individualization in Spanish language "El Orejón" with the mutation of the letter "g" instead of "j".[13]
Another early use of the name, spelled Ouragon, was in a 1765 petition by Major Robert Rogers to the Kingdom of Great Britain. The term referred to the then-mythical River of the West (the Columbia River). By 1778 the spelling had shifted to Oregon.[14] In his 1765 petition, Rogers wrote:
The rout [sic]...is from the Great Lakes towards the Head of the Mississippi, and from thence to the River called by the Indians Ouragon...[15]
One theory is that the name comes from the French word ouragan ("windstorm" or "hurricane"), which was applied to the River of the West based on Native American tales of powerful Chinook winds on the lower Columbia River, or perhaps from firsthand French experience with the Chinook winds of the Great Plains. At the time, the River of the West was thought to rise in western Minnesota and flow west through the Great Plains.[16]
Joaquin Miller explained in Sunset magazine, in 1904, how Oregon's name was derived:
The name, Oregon, is rounded down phonetically, from Aure il agua—Oragua, Or-a-gon, Oregon—given probably by the same Portuguese navigator that named the Farallones after his first officer, and it literally, in a large way, means cascades: 'Hear the waters.' You should steam up the Columbia and hear and feel the waters falling out of the clouds of Mount Hood to understand entirely the full meaning of the name Aure il agua, Oregon.[17]
Another account, endorsed as the "most plausible explanation" in the book Oregon Geographic Names, was advanced by George R. Stewart in a 1944 article in American Speech. According to Stewart, the name came from an engraver's error in a French map published in the early 18th century, on which the Ouisiconsink (Wisconsin) River was spelled "Ouaricon-sint", broken on two lines with the -sint below, so there appeared to be a river flowing to the west named "Ouaricon."
According to the Oregon Tourism Commission, present-day Oregonians /ˌɒrɪˈɡoʊniənz/[18] pronounce the state's name as "or-uh-gun, never or-ee-gone."[7] After being drafted by the Detroit Lions in 2002, former Oregon Ducks quarterback Joey Harrington distributed "Orygun" stickers to members of the media as a reminder of how to pronounce the name of his home state.[19][20] The stickers are sold by the University of Oregon Bookstore.[21]
Geography[edit]
See also: List of regions of Oregon
Crater Lake during summer
Oregon is 295 miles (475 km) north to south at longest distance, and 395 miles (636 km) east to west at longest distance. With an area of 98,381 square miles (254,810 km2), Oregon is slightly larger than the United Kingdom. It is the ninth largest state in the United States.[22] Oregon's highest point is the summit of Mount Hood, at 11,249 feet (3,429 m), and its lowest point is the sea level of the Pacific Ocean along the Oregon Coast.[23] Oregon's mean elevation is 3,300 feet (1,006 m). Crater Lake National Park is the state's only national park and the site of Crater Lake, the deepest lake in the United States at 1,943 feet (592 m).[24] Oregon claims the D River as the shortest river in the world,[25] though the state of Montana makes the same claim of its Roe River.[26] Oregon is also home to Mill Ends Park (in Portland),[27] the smallest park in the world at 452 square inches (0.29 m2).
Oregon is split into eight geographical regions. In Western Oregon: Oregon Coast (west of the Coast Range), the Willamette Valley, Rogue Valley, Cascade Range and Klamath Mountains; and in Central and Eastern Oregon: the Columbia Plateau, the High Desert, and the Blue Mountains.
Oregon lies in two time zones. Most of Malheur County is in the Mountain Time Zone, while the rest of the state lies in the Pacific Time Zone.
Geology and terrain[edit]
See also: List of rivers in Oregon, List of Oregon mountain ranges, and List of Oregon state parks
Mount Hood is the highest peak in Oregon
Western Oregon's mountainous regions, home to three of the most prominent mountain peaks of the United States including Mount Hood, were formed by the volcanic activity of the Juan de Fuca Plate, a tectonic plate that poses a continued threat of volcanic activity and earthquakes in the region. The most recent major activity was the 1700 Cascadia earthquake. Washington's Mount St. Helens erupted in 1980, an event visible from northern Oregon and affecting some areas there.[28]
The Columbia River, which forms much of Oregon's northern border, also played a major role in the region's geological evolution, as well as its economic and cultural development. The Columbia is one of North America's largest rivers, and one of two rivers to cut through the Cascades (the Klamath River in southern Oregon is the other). About 15,000 years ago, the Columbia repeatedly flooded much of Oregon during the Missoula Floods; the modern fertility of the Willamette Valley is largely a result of those floods. Plentiful salmon made parts of the river, such as Celilo Falls, hubs of economic activity for thousands of years.
Today, Oregon's landscape varies from rain forest in the Coast Range to barren desert in the southeast, which still meets the technical definition of a frontier. Oregon's geographical center is further west than any of the other 48 contiguous states (although the westernmost point of the lower 48 states is in Washington). Central Oregon's geographical features range from high desert and volcanic rock formations resulting from lava beds. The Oregon Badlands Wilderness is in this region of the state.[29]
Flora and fauna[edit]
Typical of a western state, Oregon is home to a unique and diverse array of wildlife. Roughly 60 percent of the state is covered in forest,[30] while the areas west of the Cascades are more densely populated by forest, making up around 80 percent of the landscape. Some 60 percent of Oregon's forests are within federal land.[30] Oregon is the top timber producer of the lower 48 states.[10][31]
Typical tree species include the Douglas fir, the state tree, as well as redwood, ponderosa pine (generally east of the Cascades), western red cedar, and hemlock.[32] Ponderosa pine are more common in the Blue Mountains in the eastern part of the state and firs are more common in the west.
Pronghorn antelope in Fort Rock
There are many species of mammals that live in the state, which include, but are not limited to, opossums, shrews, moles, little pocket mice, great basin pocket mice, dark kangaroo mouse, California kangaroo rat, chisel-toothed kangaroo rat, ord's kangaroo rat,[33] bats, rabbits, pikas, mountain beavers, chipmunks, western gray squirrels, yellow-bellied marmots, beavers, porcupines, coyotes, wolves, red foxes, common grey fox, kit fox,[34] black bears, raccoons, badgers, skunks, antelopes, cougars, bobcats, lynxes, deer, elk, and moose.
Marine mammals include seals, sea lions, humpback whales, killer whales, gray whales, blue whales, sperm whales, pacific white-sided dolphin, and bottlenose dolphin.[35]
Notable birds include American widgeons, mallard ducks, great blue herons, bald eagles, golden eagles, western meadowlarks (the state bird), barn owls, great horned owls, rufous hummingbirds, pileated woodpeckers, wrens, towhees, sparrows, and buntings.[36]
Moose have not always inhabited the state but came to Oregon in the 1960s; the Wallowa Valley herd numbered about 60 as of 2013.[37] Gray wolves were extirpated from Oregon around 1930 but have since found their way back; most of them reside in northeast Oregon, but there are now two packs living in the south-central part of the state.[38] Although their existence in Oregon is unconfirmed, reports of grizzly bears still turn up, and it is probable some still move into eastern Oregon from Idaho.[39]
Oregon is home to what is considered the largest single organism in the world, an Armillaria solidipes fungus beneath the Malheur National Forest of eastern Oregon.[9]
Oregon has three national park sites: Crater Lake National Park in the southern part of the Cascades, John Day Fossil Beds National Monument east of the Cascades, and Lewis and Clark National and State Historical Parks on the north coast.[40][41]
Climate[edit]
Main article: Climate of Oregon
Köppen climate types in Oregon
Most of Oregon has a generally mild climate, though there is significant variation given the variety of landscapes across the state.[42] The state's western region (west of the Cascade Range) has an oceanic climate, populated by dense evergreen mixed forests. Western Oregon's climate is heavily influenced by the Pacific Ocean; the western third of Oregon is very wet in the winter, moderately to very wet during the spring and fall, and dry during the summer. The relative humidity of Western Oregon is high except during summer days, which are semi-dry to semi-humid; Eastern Oregon typically sees low humidity year-round.[43]
The state's southwestern portion, particularly the Rogue Valley, has a Mediterranean climate with drier and sunnier winters and hotter summers, similar to Northern California.[44]
Oregon's northeastern portion has a steppe climate, and its high terrain regions have a subarctic climate. Like Western Europe, Oregon, and the Pacific Northwest in general, is considered warm for its latitude, and the state has far milder winters at a given elevation than comparable latitudes elsewhere in North America, such as the Upper Midwest, Ontario, Quebec and New England.[43] However, the state ranks fifth for coolest summer temperatures of any state in the country, after Maine, Idaho, Wyoming, and Alaska.[45]
The eastern two thirds of Oregon, which largely comprise high desert, have cold, snowy winters and very dry summers. Much of the east is semiarid to arid like the rest of the Great Basin, though the Blue Mountains are wet enough to support extensive forests. Most of Oregon receives significant snowfall, but the Willamette Valley, where 60 percent of the population lives,[46] has considerably milder winters for its latitude and typically only sees light snowfall.[43]
Oregon's highest recorded temperature is 119 °F (48 °C) at Pendleton on August 10, 1898, and the lowest recorded temperature is −54 °F (−48 °C) at Seneca on February 10, 1933.[47]
History[edit]
Main article: History of Oregon
Humans have inhabited the area that is now Oregon for at least 15,000 years. In recorded history, mentions of the land date to as early as the 16th century. During the 18th and 19th centuries, European powers – and later the United States – quarreled over possession of the region until 1846, when the U.S. and Great Britain finalized division of the region. Oregon became a state on February 14, 1859, and as of 2015 is home to over 4 million residents.[48]
Earliest inhabitants[edit]
See also: Native American peoples of Oregon and Kennewick Man
Paul Shoaway, a Native of the Umatilla tribe in the Columbia Plateau region, 1899
While there is considerable evidence that Paleo-Indians inhabited the region, the oldest evidence of habitation in Oregon was found at Fort Rock Cave and the Paisley Caves in Lake County. Archaeologist Luther Cressman dated material from Fort Rock to 13,200 years ago,[49] and there is evidence supporting inhabitants in the region at least 15,000 years ago.[50] By 8000 BC there were settlements throughout the state, with populations concentrated along the lower Columbia River, in the western valleys, and around coastal estuaries.
During the prehistoric period, the Willamette Valley region was flooded after the collapse of glacial dams from Lake Missoula, located in what would later become Montana. These massive floods occurred during the last glacial period and filled the valley with 300 to 400 feet (91 to 122 m) of water.[51]
By the 16th century, Oregon was home to many Native American groups, including the Chinook, Coquille (Ko-Kwell), Bannock, Chasta, Kalapuya, Klamath, Klickitat, Molalla, Nez Perce, Takelma, Killamuk, Neah-kah-nie, Umatilla, and Umpqua.[52][53][54][55]
European and pioneer settlement[edit]
See also: History of the United States (1789–1849) and Oregon pioneer history
The first Europeans to visit Oregon were Spanish explorers led by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, who sighted southern Oregon off the Pacific coast in 1543.[56] Francis Drake made his way to Nehalem Bay in 1579 and spent five weeks in the middle of summer repairing his ship. He claimed the land between 38–48 degrees north latitude as a Symbolic Sovereign Act for England.[57] Exploration was retaken routinely in 1774, starting with the expedition of the frigate Santiago by Juan José Pérez Hernández (see Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest), and the coast of Oregon became a valuable trading route to Asia. In 1778, British captain James Cook also explored the coast.[58]
French Canadian and métis trappers and missionaries arrived in the eastern part of the state in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, many having travelled as members of Lewis and Clark and the 1811 Astor expeditions. Some stayed permanently, including Étienne Lussier, believed to be the first European farmer in the state of Oregon. The evidence of this French Canadian presence can be found in the numerous names of French origin in that part of the state, including Malheur Lake and the Malheur River, the Grande Ronde and Deschutes rivers, and the city of La Grande.
Fort Astoria, as established by John Jacob Astor in 1813
The Lewis and Clark Expedition travelled through northern Oregon also in search of the Northwest Passage. They built their winter fort in 1805–06 at Fort Clatsop, near the mouth of the Columbia River, staying at the encampment from December until March.[59]
British explorer David Thompson also conducted overland exploration. In 1811, while working for the North West Company, Thompson became the first European to navigate the entire Columbia River.[60] Stopping on the way, at the junction of the Snake River, he posted a claim to the region for Great Britain and the North West Company. Upon returning to Montreal, he publicized the abundance of fur-bearing animals in the area.[61]
Also in 1811, New Yorker John Jacob Astor financed the establishment of Fort Astoria at the mouth of the Columbia River as a western outpost to his Pacific Fur Company;[62] this was the first permanent European settlement in Oregon.
Map of Oregon Country, 1818–46
In the War of 1812, the British gained control of all Pacific Fur Company posts. The Treaty of 1818 established joint British and American occupancy of the region west of the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean. By the 1820s and 1830s, the Hudson's Bay Company dominated the Pacific Northwest from its Columbia District headquarters at Fort Vancouver (built in 1825 by the district's chief factor, John McLoughlin, across the Columbia from present-day Portland).
In 1841, the expert trapper and entrepreneur Ewing Young died leaving considerable wealth and no apparent heir, and no system to probate his estate. A meeting followed Young's funeral, at which a probate government was proposed.[63] Doctor Ira Babcock of Jason Lee's Methodist Mission was elected supreme judge.[64] Babcock chaired two meetings in 1842 at Champoeg, (halfway between Lee's mission and Oregon City), to discuss wolves and other animals of contemporary concern. These meetings were precursors to an all-citizen meeting in 1843, which instituted a provisional government headed by an executive committee made up of David Hill, Alanson Beers, and Joseph Gale.[65] This government was the first acting public government of the Oregon Country before annexation by the government of the United States. It was succeeded by a Second Executive Committee, made up of Peter G. Stewart, Osborne Russell, and William J. Bailey, and this committee was itself succeeded by George Abernethy, who was the first and only Governor of Oregon under the provisional government.
Also in 1841, Sir George Simpson, governor of the Hudson's Bay Company, reversed the Hudson's Bay Company's long-standing policy of discouraging settlement because it interfered with the lucrative fur trade.[66] He directed that some 200 Red River Colony settlers be relocated to HBC farms near Fort Vancouver, (the James Sinclair expedition), in an attempt to hold Columbia District.
Starting in 1842–43, the Oregon Trail brought many new American settlers to the Oregon Country. For some time, it seemed that Britain and the United States would go to war for a third time in 75 years (see Oregon boundary dispute), but the border was defined peacefully in 1846 by the Oregon Treaty. The border between the United States and British North America was set at the 49th parallel.[67] The Oregon Territory was officially organized on August 13, 1848.[68]
Settlement increased with the Donation Land Claim Act of 1850 and the forced relocation of the native population to Indian reservations in Oregon.
Statehood[edit]
In December 1844, Oregon passed its Black Exclusion Law, which prohibited African Americans from entering the territory while simultaneously prohibiting slavery. Slave owners who brought their slaves with them were given three years before they were forced to free them. Any African Americans in the region after the law was passed were forced to leave, and those who did not comply were arrested and beaten. They received no less than twenty and no more than thirty-nine stripes across their bare back. If they still did not leave, this process could be repeated every six months.[69] Slavery played a major part in Oregon's history and even influenced its path to statehood. The territory's request for statehood was delayed several times, as members of Congress argued among themselves whether the territory should be admitted as a "free" or "slave" state. Eventually politicians from the south agreed to allow Oregon to enter as a "free" state, in exchange for opening slavery to the southwest United States.[70]
Oregon was admitted to the Union on February 14, 1859. Founded as a refuge from disputes over slavery, Oregon had a "whites only" clause in its original state Constitution.[71] At the outbreak of the American Civil War, regular U.S. troops were withdrawn and sent east. Volunteer cavalry recruited in California were sent north to Oregon to keep peace and protect the populace. The First Oregon Cavalry served until June 1865.
Post-Reconstruction[edit]
Downtown Portland in 1898
Beginning in the 1880s, the growth of railroads expanded the state's lumber, wheat, and other agricultural markets, and the rapid growth of its cities.[72] Due to the abundance of timber and waterway access via the Willamette River, Portland became a major force in the lumber industry of the Pacific Northwest, and quickly became the state's largest city. It would earn the nickname "Stumptown,"[73] and would later become recognized as one of the most dangerous port cities in the United States due to racketeering and illegal activities at the turn of the 20th century.[74] In 1902, Oregon introduced direct legislation by the state's citizens through initiatives and referenda, known as the Oregon System.[75]
On May 5, 1945, six people were killed by a Japanese bomb that exploded on Gearhart Mountain near Bly.[76][77] This is the only fatal attack on the United States mainland committed by a foreign nation since the Mexican–American War, making Oregon the only U.S. state that has experienced fatal casualties by a foreign army since 1848, as Hawaii was not yet a state when Pearl Harbor was attacked in 1941. The bombing site is now called the Mitchell Recreation Area.
Industrial expansion began in earnest following the 1933–37 construction of the Bonneville Dam on the Columbia River. Hydroelectric power, food, and lumber provided by Oregon helped fuel the development of the West, although the periodic fluctuations in the U.S. building industry have hurt the state's economy on multiple occasions. Portland in particular experienced a population boom between 1900 and 1930, tripling in size; the arrival of World War II also provided the northwest region of the state with an industrial boom, where Liberty ships and aircraft carriers were constructed.[78]
During the 1970s, the Pacific Northwest was particularly affected by the 1973 oil crisis, with Oregon suffering a substantial shortage.[79]
In 1994, Oregon became the first U.S. state to legalize physician-assisted suicide through the Oregon Death with Dignity Act. A measure to legalize recreational use of marijuana in Oregon was approved on November 4, 2014, making Oregon only the second state at the time to have legalized gay marriage, physician-assisted suicide, and recreational marijuana.[80]
Cities and towns[edit]
Further information: List of cities and unincorporated communities in Oregon
Oregon's population is largely concentrated in the Willamette Valley, which stretches from Eugene in the south (home of the University of Oregon) through Corvallis (home of Oregon State University) and Salem (the capital) to Portland (Oregon's largest city).[81]
Astoria, at the mouth of the Columbia River, was the first permanent English-speaking settlement west of the Rockies in what is now the United States. Oregon City, at the end of the Oregon Trail, was the Oregon Territory's first incorporated city, and was its first capital from 1848 until 1852, when the capital was moved to Salem. Bend, near the geographic center of the state, is one of the ten fastest-growing metropolitan areas in the United States.[82][better source needed] In southern Oregon, Medford is a rapidly growing metro area and is home to the Rogue Valley International-Medford Airport, the state's third-busiest airport. To the south, near the California border, are the communities of Ashland and Grants Pass.
v
t
e
Largest cities or towns in Oregon
Source:[83]
Rank
Name
County
Pop.
Portland
Salem 1 Portland Multnomah 639,863[84]
Eugene
Gresham
2 Salem Marion 167,419
3 Eugene Lane 166,575
4 Gresham Multnomah 111,523
5 Hillsboro Washington 105,164
6 Beaverton Washington 97,590
7 Bend Deschutes 91,112
8 Medford Jackson 81,636
9 Springfield Lane 61,893
10 Corvallis Benton 57,110
Law and government[edit]
See also: Government of Oregon
Golden Pioneer atop the Oregon State Capitol
A writer in the Oregon Country book A Pacific Republic, written in 1839, predicted the territory was to become an independent republic. Four years later, in 1843, settlers of the Willamette Valley voted in majority for a republic government.[85] The Oregon Country functioned in this way until August 13, 1848, when Oregon was annexed by the United States and a territorial government was established. Oregon maintained a territorial government until February 14, 1859, when it was granted statehood.[86]
Oregon state government has a separation of powers similar to the federal government. It has three branches:
a legislative branch (the bicameral Oregon Legislative Assembly),
an executive branch which includes an "administrative department" and Oregon's governor serving as chief executive, and
a judicial branch, headed by the Chief Justice of the Oregon Supreme Court.
Governors in Oregon serve four-year terms and are limited to two consecutive terms, but an unlimited number of total terms. Oregon has no lieutenant governor; in the event that the office of governor is vacated, Article V, Section 8a of the Oregon Constitution specifies that the Secretary of State is first in line for succession.[87] The other statewide officers are Treasurer, Attorney General, Superintendent, and Labor Commissioner. The biennial Oregon Legislative Assembly consists of a thirty-member Senate and a sixty-member House. The state supreme court has seven elected justices, currently including the only two openly gay state supreme court justices in the nation. They choose one of their own to serve a six-year term as Chief Justice. The only court that may reverse or modify a decision of the Oregon Supreme Court is the Supreme Court of the United States.
The debate over whether to move to annual sessions is a long-standing battle in Oregon politics, but the voters have resisted the move from citizen legislators to professional lawmakers. Because Oregon's state budget is written in two-year increments and, there being no sales tax, state revenue is based largely on income taxes, it is often significantly over- or under-budget. Recent legislatures have had to be called into special session repeatedly to address revenue shortfalls resulting from economic downturns, bringing to a head the need for more frequent legislative sessions. Oregon Initiative 71, passed in 2010, mandates the legislature to begin meeting every year, for 160 days in odd-numbered years, and 35 days in even-numbered years.
Federally recognized tribes in Oregon
Burns Paiute Tribe
Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Indians
Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde
Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians
Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs
Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation
Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Tribe of Indians
Klamath Tribes
Coquille Indian Tribe
Oregonians have voted for the Democratic presidential candidate in every election since 1988. In 2004 and 2006, Democrats won control of the state Senate and then the House. Since the late 1990s, Oregon has been represented by four Democrats and one Republican in the U.S. House of Representatives. Since 2009, the state has had two Democratic U.S. senators, Ron Wyden and Jeff Merkley. Oregon voters have elected Democratic governors in every election since 1986, most recently electing Kate Brown over Republican Bud Pierce in a 2016 special election.
The base of Democratic support is largely concentrated in the urban centers of the Willamette Valley. The eastern two-thirds of the state beyond the Cascade Mountains typically votes Republican; in 2000 and 2004, George W. Bush carried every county east of the Cascades. However, the region's sparse population means that the more populous counties in the Willamette Valley usually outweigh the eastern counties in statewide elections.
In the 2002 general election, Oregon voters approved a ballot measure to increase the state minimum wage automatically each year according to inflationary changes, which are measured by the consumer price index (CPI).[88] In the 2004 general election, Oregon voters passed ballot measures banning same-sex marriage[89] and restricting land use regulation.[90] In the 2006 general election, voters restricted the use of eminent domain and extended the state's discount prescription drug coverage.[91]
Federal representation[edit]
Like all U.S. states, Oregon is represented by two senators. Since the 1980 census, Oregon has had five congressional districts. After Oregon was admitted to the Union, it began with a single member in the House of Representatives (La Fayette Grover, who served in the 35th United States Congress for less than a month). Congressional apportionment increased the size of the delegation following the censuses of 1890, 1910, 1940, and 1980. A detailed list of the past and present Congressional delegations from Oregon is available.
The United States District Court for the District of Oregon hears federal cases in the state. The court has courthouses in Portland, Eugene, Medford, and Pendleton. Also in Portland is the federal bankruptcy court, with a second branch in Eugene.[92] Oregon (among other western states and territories) is in the 9th Court of Appeals. One of the court's meeting places is at the Pioneer Courthouse in downtown Portland, a National Historic Landmark built in 1869.
Politics[edit]
Main article: Politics of Oregon
See also: Political party strength in Oregon
Party registration in Oregon, 1950–2006
total
Democratic Party
Republican Party
non-affiliated and minor parties
Gubernatorial election results[93]
Year
Democratic
Republican
1950 34.0% 171,750 66.0% 334,160
1954 43.1% 244,170 56.9% 322,522
1958 44.7% 267,934 55.3% 331,900
1962 41.6% 265,359 54.2% 345,497
1966 44.7% 305,008 55.3% 377,346
1970 44.2% 293,892 55.6% 369,964
1974 57.7% 444,812 42.1% 324,751
1978 45.1% 409,411 54.9% 498,452
1982 35.9% 374,316 61.4% 639,841
1986 51.9% 549,456 47.9% 506,989
1990 45.7% 508,749 40.0% 444,646
1994 51.0% 622,083 42.4% 517,874
1998 64.4% 717,061 30.0% 334,001
2002 49.0% 618,004 46.2% 581,785
2006 50.7% 699,786 42.8% 589,748
2010 49.3% 716,525 47.8% 694,287
2014 49.9% 733,230 44.1% 648,542
Presidential election results[93]
Year
Democratic
Republican
1952 38.9% 270,579 60.5% 420,815
1956 44.8% 329,204 55.3% 406,393
1960 47.3% 367,402 52.6% 408,060
1964 63.7% 501,017 36.0% 282,779
1968 43.8% 358,866 49.8% 408,433
1972 42.3% 392,760 52.5% 486,686
1976 47.6% 490,407 47.8% 492,120
1980 38.7% 456,890 48.3% 571,044
1984 43.7% 536,479 55.9% 685,700
1988 51.3% 616,206 46.6% 560,126
1992 42.5% 621,314 32.5% 475,757
1996 47.2% 649,641 39.1% 538,152
2000 47.0% 720,342 46.5% 713,577
2004 51.4% 943,163 47.2% 866,831
2008 56.8% 1,037,291 40.4% 738,475
2012 54.3% 970,343 42.2% 754,095
2016 50.1% 1,002,106 39.1% 782,403
Political opinions in Oregon are geographically split by the Cascade Range, with western Oregon being more liberal and Eastern Oregon being conservative.[94] In a 2008 analysis of the 2004 presidential election, a political analyst found that according to the application of a Likert scale, Oregon boasted both the most liberal Kerry voters and the most conservative Bush voters, making it the most politically polarized state in the country.[95]
While Republicans typically win more counties by running up huge margins in the east, the Democratic tilt of the more populated west is usually enough to swing the entire state Democratic. In 2008, for instance, Republican Senate incumbent Gordon H. Smith lost his bid for a third term even though he carried all but eight counties. His Democratic challenger, Jeff Merkley, won Multnomah County by 142,000 votes, more than double the overall margin of victory.
During Oregon's history it has adopted many electoral reforms proposed during the Progressive Era, through the efforts of William S. U'Ren and his Direct Legislation League. Under his leadership, the state overwhelmingly approved a ballot measure in 1902 that created the initiative and referendum for citizens to introduce or approve proposed laws or amendments to the state constitution directly, making Oregon the first state to adopt such a system. Today, roughly half of U.S. states do so.[96]
In following years, the primary election to select party candidates was adopted in 1904, and in 1908 the Oregon Constitution was amended to include recall of public officials. More recent amendments include the nation's first doctor-assisted suicide law,[97] called the Death with Dignity Act (which was challenged, unsuccessfully, in 2005 by the Bush administration in a case heard by the U.S. Supreme Court), legalization of medical cannabis, and among the nation's strongest anti-urban sprawl and pro-environment laws.[citation needed] More recently, 2004's Measure 37 reflects a backlash against such land-use laws. However, a further ballot measure in 2007, Measure 49, curtailed many of the provisions of 37.
Of the measures placed on the ballot since 1902, the people have passed 99 of the 288 initiatives and 25 of the 61 referendums on the ballot, though not all of them survived challenges in courts (see Pierce v. Society of Sisters, for an example). During the same period, the legislature has referred 363 measures to the people, of which 206 have passed.
Oregon pioneered the American use of postal voting, beginning with experimentation approved by the Oregon Legislative Assembly in 1981 and culminating with a 1998 ballot measure mandating that all counties conduct elections by mail. It remains one of just two states, the other being Washington, where voting by mail is the only method of voting.
In 1994, Oregon adopted the Oregon Health Plan, which made health care available to most of its citizens without private health insurance.[98]
In the U.S. Electoral College, Oregon casts seven votes. Oregon has supported Democratic candidates in the last eight elections. Democratic incumbent Barack Obama won the state by a margin of twelve percentage points, with over 54% of the popular vote in 2012. In the 2016 election, Hillary Clinton won Oregon by 11 percentage points.[99]
Economy[edit]
Main article: Economy of Oregon
See also: Oregon locations by per capita income
As of 2015, Oregon ranks as the 17th highest in median household income at $60,834.[3] The gross domestic product (GDP) of Oregon in 2013 was $219.6 billion, a 2.7% increase from 2012; Oregon is the 25th wealthiest state by GDP. In 2003, Oregon was 28th in the U.S. by GDP. The state's per capita personal income (PCPI) in 2013 was $39,848, a 1.5% increase from 2012. Oregon ranks 33rd in the U.S. by PCPI, compared to 31st in 2003. The national PCPI in 2013 was $44,765.[100]
Oregon's unemployment rate was 5.5% in September 2016,[101] while the U.S. unemployment rate was 5.0% that month.[102] Oregon has the third largest amount of food stamp users in the nation (21% of the population).[103]
Agriculture[edit]
Teenagers harvesting berries in Boring in 1946
Oregon's diverse landscapes provide ideal environments for various types of farming. Land in the Willamette Valley owes its fertility to the Missoula Floods, which deposited lake sediment from Glacial Lake Missoula in western Montana onto the valley floor.[104] In 2016, the Willamette Valley region produced over 100 million pounds (45 kt) of blueberries.[105]
Oregon is also one of four major world hazelnut growing regions, and produces 95% of the domestic hazelnuts in the United States. While the history of the wine production in Oregon can be traced to before Prohibition, it became a significant industry beginning in the 1970s. In 2005, Oregon ranked third among U.S. states with 303 wineries.[106] Due to regional similarities in climate and soil, the grapes planted in Oregon are often the same varieties found in the French regions of Alsace and Burgundy. In 2014, 71 wineries opened in the state. The total is currently 676, which represents growth of 12% over 2013.[107]
In the southern Oregon coast, commercially cultivated cranberries account for about 7 percent of U.S. production, and the cranberry ranks 23rd among Oregon's top 50 agricultural commodities. Cranberry cultivation in Oregon uses about 27,000 acres (110 square kilometers) in southern Coos and northern Curry counties, centered around the coastal city of Bandon. In the northeastern region of the state, particularly around Pendleton, both irrigated and dry land wheat is grown.[108] Oregon farmers and ranchers also produce cattle, sheep, dairy products, eggs and poultry.
Forestry and fisheries[edit]
See also: List of freshwater fishes of Oregon
Fish ladder at Bonneville Dam, Multnomah County
Vast forests have historically made Oregon one of the nation's major timber-producing and logging states, but forest fires (such as the Tillamook Burn), over-harvesting, and lawsuits over the proper management of the extensive federal forest holdings have reduced the timber produced. According to 1914 data, Australia was the single largest purchaser of the state's lumber.[109] Between 1989 and 2011, the amount of timber harvested from federal lands in Oregon dropped about 90%, although harvest levels on private land have remained relatively constant.[110]
Even the shift in recent years towards finished goods such as paper and building materials has not slowed the decline of the timber industry in the state. The effects of this decline have included Weyerhaeuser's acquisition of Portland-based Willamette Industries in January 2002, the relocation of Louisiana-Pacific's corporate headquarters from Portland to Nashville, and the decline of former lumber company towns such as Gilchrist. Despite these changes, Oregon still leads the United States in softwood lumber production; in 2011, 4,134 million board feet (9,760,000 m3) was produced in Oregon, compared with 3,685 million board feet (8,700,000 m3) in Washington, 1,914 million board feet (4,520,000 m3) in Georgia, and 1,708 million board feet (4,030,000 m3) in Mississippi.[111] The slowing of the timber and lumber industry has caused high unemployment rates in rural areas.[112]
Oregon has one of the largest salmon-fishing industries in the world, although ocean fisheries have reduced the river fisheries in recent years.[113] Because of the abundance of waterways in the state, it is also a major producer of hydroelectric energy.[114]
Tourism and entertainment[edit]
See also: Tourism near Portland and Tourism in Portland
The Oregon Shakespeare Festival is in Ashland
Tourism is also a strong industry in the state. Much of this is centered on the state's natural features; Oregon's mountains, forests, waterfalls, rivers, beaches and lakes, including Crater Lake National Park, Multnomah Falls, the Painted Hills, the Deschutes River, and the Oregon Caves National Monument and Preserve. Mount Hood, and Mount Bachelor also draw visitors year round for skiing and snow activities.[115]
Oceanarium at the Oregon Coast Aquarium
Portland is home to the Oregon Museum of Science and Industry, the Portland Art Museum, and the Oregon Zoo, which is the oldest zoo west of the Mississippi river.[116] The International Rose Test Garden is another prominent attraction in the city. Portland has also been named the best city in the world for street food by several publications, including the U.S. News & World Report and CNN.[117][118] Oregon is home to many breweries and Portland has the largest number of breweries of any city in the world.[119]
The state's coastal region produces significant tourism as well.[120] The Oregon Coast Aquarium comprises 23 acres (9.3 ha) along Yaquina Bay in Newport, and was also home to Keiko the orca whale.[121] It has been noted as one of the top ten aquariums in North America.[122] Fort Clatsop in Warrenton features a replica of Lewis and Clark's encampment at the mouth of the Columbia River in 1805. The Sea Lion Caves in Florence are the largest system of sea caverns in the United States, and also attract many visitors.[123]
In Southern Oregon, the Oregon Shakespeare Festival, held in Ashland, is also a tourist draw, as is the Oregon Vortex and the Wolf Creek Inn State Heritage Site, a historic inn where Jack London wrote his 1913 novel Valley of the Moon.[124]
Oregon has also historically been a popular region for film shoots due to its diverse landscapes, as well as its proximity to Hollywood (see List of films shot in Oregon).[125] Movies filmed in Oregon include: Animal House, Free Willy, The General, The Goonies, Kindergarten Cop, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, and Stand By Me. Oregon native Matt Groening, creator of The Simpsons, has incorporated many references from his hometown of Portland into the TV series.[126] The Oregon Film Museum is located in the old Clatsop County Jail in Astoria.
Technology[edit]
High technology industries located in Silicon Forest have been a major employer since the 1970s. Tektronix was the largest private employer in Oregon until the late 1980s. Intel's creation and expansion of several facilities in eastern Washington County continued the growth that Tektronix had started. Intel, the state's largest for-profit private employer,[127][128] operates four large facilities, with Ronler Acres, Jones Farm and Hawthorn Farm all located in Hillsboro.[129]
The spinoffs and startups that were produced by these two companies led to the establishment in that area of the so-called Silicon Forest. The recession and dot-com bust of 2001 hit the region hard; many high technology employers reduced the number of their employees or went out of business. Open Source Development Labs made news in 2004 when they hired Linus Torvalds, developer of the Linux kernel. In 2010, biotechnology giant Genentech opened a $400-million facility in Hillsboro to expand its production capabilities.[130] Oregon is home to several large datacenters that take advantage of cheap power and a climate in Central Oregon conducive to reducing cooling costs. Google has a large datacenter in The Dalles and Facebook has built a large datacenter in Prineville. In 2011, Amazon began operating a datacenter in northeastern Oregon near Boardman.[131]
Corporate headquarters[edit]
Nike headquarters near Beaverton
Largest Public Corporations Headquartered in Oregon (December 2016)[132]
Corporation
Headquarters
Market cap (USD$billion)
1. Nike Beaverton 91.35
2. FLIR Systems Wilsonville 4.77
3. Portland General Electric Portland 4.05
4. Columbia Sportswear Beaverton 4.03
5. Umpqua Holdings Corporation Portland 3.68
6. Lithia Motors Medford 2.06
7. Northwest Natural Gas Portland 1.7
8. The Greenbrier Companies Lake Oswego 1.25
Oregon is also the home of large corporations in other industries. The world headquarters of Nike are located near Beaverton. Medford is home to Harry and David, which sells gift items under several brands. Medford is also home to the national headquarters of Lithia Motors. Portland is home to one of the West's largest trade book publishing houses, Graphic Arts Center Publishing. Oregon is also home to Mentor Graphics Corporation, a world leader in electronic design automation located in Wilsonville and employs roughly 4,500 people worldwide.
Adidas Corporations American Headquarters is located in Portland and employs roughly 900 full-time workers at its Portland campus.[133] Nike, located in Beaverton, employs roughly 5,000 full-time employees at its 200-acre (81 ha) campus. Nike's Beaverton campus is continuously ranked as a top employer in the Portland area-along with competitor Adidas.[134] Intel Corporation employs 18,600 in Oregon[128] with the majority of these employees located at the company's Hillsboro campus located about 30 minutes west of Portland. Intel has been a top employer in Oregon since 1974.[135]
The U.S. Federal Government and Providence Health systems are respective contenders for top employers in Oregon with roughly 12,000 federal workers and 14,000 Providence Health workers.
In 2015, a total of seven companies headquartered in Oregon landed in the Fortune 1000: Nike, at 106; Precision Castparts Corp. at 302; Lithia Motors at 482; StanCorp Financial Group at 804; Schnitzer Steel Industries at 853; The Greenbrier Companies at 948; and Columbia Sportswear at 982.[136]
Taxes and budgets[edit]
Oregon's biennial state budget, $2.6 billion in 2017, comprises General Funds, Federal Funds, Lottery Funds, and Other Funds.[137]
Oregon is one of only five states that have no sales tax.[138] Oregon voters have been resolute in their opposition to a sales tax, voting proposals down each of the nine times they have been presented.[139] The last vote, for 1993's Measure 1, was defeated by a 75–25% margin.[140]
The state also has a minimum corporate tax of only $150 a year[141], amounting to 5.6% of the General Fund in the 2005–7 biennium; data about which businesses pay the minimum is not available to the public.[142][better source needed] As a result, the state relies on property and income taxes for its revenue. Oregon has the fifth highest personal income tax in the nation. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Oregon ranked 41st out of the 50 states in taxes per capita in 2005 with an average amount paid of 1,791.45.[143]
A few local governments levy sales taxes on services: the city of Ashland, for example, collects a 5% sales tax on prepared food.[144]
The City of Portland imposes an Arts Education and Access Income Tax on residents over 18 – a flat tax of $35 collected from individuals earning $1,000 or more per year and residing in a household with an annual income exceeding the federal poverty level. The tax funds Portland school teachers, and art focused non-profit organizations in Portland.[145]
The State of Oregon also allows transit district to levy an income tax on employers and the self-employed. The State currently collects the tax for TriMet and the Lane Transit District.[146][147]
Oregon is one of six states with a revenue limit.[148] The "kicker law" stipulates that when income tax collections exceed state economists' estimates by 2% or more, any excess must be returned to taxpayers.[149] Since the enactment of the law in 1979, refunds have been issued for seven of the eleven biennia.[150] In 2000, Ballot Measure 86 converted the "kicker" law from statute to the Oregon Constitution, and changed some of its provisions.
Federal payments to county governments that were granted to replace timber revenue when logging in National Forests was restricted in the 1990s, have been under threat of suspension for several years. This issue dominates the future revenue of rural counties, which have come to rely on the payments in providing essential services.[151]
55% of state revenues are spent on public education, 23% on human services (child protective services, Medicaid, and senior services), 17% on public safety, and 5% on other services.[152]
Demographics[edit]
See also: List of people from Oregon; List of people from Portland, Oregon; and Oregon locations by per capita income
Population[edit]
Graph of Oregon's population growth from 1850–2010[153]
Historical population
Census
Pop.
%±
1850 12,093 —
1860 52,465 333.8%
1870 90,923 73.3%
1880 174,768 92.2%
1890 317,704 81.8%
1900 413,536 30.2%
1910 672,765 62.7%
1920 783,389 16.4%
1930 953,786 21.8%
1940 1,089,684 14.2%
1950 1,521,341 39.6%
1960 1,768,687 16.3%
1970 2,091,533 18.3%
1980 2,633,156 25.9%
1990 2,842,321 7.9%
2000 3,421,399 20.4%
2010 3,831,074 12.0%
Est. 2017 4,142,776 8.1%
Sources: 1910–2010[154]
2016 estimate[48]
Oregon population by county using 2012 estimates[155]
The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Oregon was 4,093,465 on July 1, 2016, a 6.8% increase over the 2010 United States Census.[48]
Oregon was the U.S.'s "Top Moving Destination" in 2014 with two families moving into the state for every one moving out of state (66.4% to 33.6%).[156] Oregon was also the top moving destination in 2013,[157] and second most popular destination in 2010 through 2012.[158][159]
As of the 2010 Census, the population of Oregon was 3,831,074. The gender makeup of the state was 49.5% male and 50.5% female. 22.6% of the population were under the age of 18; 63.5% were between the ages of 18 and 64; and 12.5% were 65 years of age or older.[160]
The racial makeup of Oregon as of the 2010 Census was:[160]
White: 83.6% (78.5% non-Hispanic)
Black or African American: 1.8%
American Indian and Alaska Native: 1.4%
Asian: 3.7%
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander: 0.3%
Other race: 5.3%
Two or more races: 3.8%
Racial breakdown of population
[hide]Racial composition
1970[161]
1990[161]
2000[162]
2010[160]
White 97.2% 92.8% 86.6% 83.6%
Black or African American 1.3% 1.6% 1.6% 1.8%
American Indian and Alaska Native 0.6% 1.4% 1.3% 1.4%
Asian 0.7% 2.4% 3.0% 3.7%
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander – – 0.2% 0.3%
Other race 0.2% 1.8% 4.2% 5.3%
Two or more races – – 3.1% 3.8%
Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11.7% of the population in 2010: 9.7% were of Mexican, 0.2% Puerto Rican, 0.1% Cuban, and 1.7% other Hispanic or Latino origin. According to the 2010–2015 American Community Survey, the largest ancestry groups were German (19.4%), Irish (12.0%), English (11.6%), American (5.5%), and Norwegian (3.9%).[163]
The state's most populous ethnic group, non-Hispanic white, has declined from 95.8% in 1970 to 77.8% in 2012.[164][165]
As of 2011, 38.7% of Oregon's children under one year of age belonged to minority groups, meaning they had at least one parent who was not a non-Hispanic white.[166] Of the state's total population, 22.6% was under the age 18, and 77.4% were 18 or older.
The center of population of Oregon is located in Linn County, in the city of Lyons.[167] Around 60% of Oregon's population resides within the Portland metropolitan area.[168]
As of 2009, Oregon's population comprised 361,393 foreign-born residents.[169] Of the foreign-born residents, the three largest groups are originally from countries in: Latin America (47.8%), Asia (27.4%), and Europe (16.5%).[169]
Percentage of population identifying as Hispanic or Latino by county.
1.0–4.9%
5.0–9.9%
10.0–19.9%
20.0%+
Religious and secular communities[edit]
See also: Religion in Oregon and Religion in the United States
Religious affiliation in Oregon (2014)[170]
[show]Affiliation
% of Oregon population
Christianity 61 61
Protestant 43 43
Evangelical Protestant 29 29
Mainline Protestant 13 13
Black Protestant 1 1
Catholic 12 12
Mormon 4 4
Orthodox 1 1
Jehovah's Witnesses 0.5 0.5
Other Christianity 1 1
Judaism 2 2
Islam 1 1
Buddhism 0.5 0.5
Hinduism 0.5 0.5
Other faiths 4 4
Unaffiliated 31 31
Don't know/No answer 1 1
Total 100 100
Oregon has frequently been cited by statistical agencies for having a smaller percentage of religious communities than other U.S. states.[171][172] According to a 2009 Gallup poll, Oregon was paired with Vermont as the two "least religious" states in the United States.[173]
In the same 2009 Gallup poll, 69% of Oregonians identified themselves as being Christian.[174] The largest Christian denominations in Oregon by number of adherents in 2010 were the Roman Catholic Church with 398,738; The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 147,965; and the Assemblies of God with 45,492.[175] Oregon also contains the largest community of Russian Old Believers to be found in the United States.[176] The Northwest Tibetan Cultural Association is headquartered in Portland. There are an estimated 6,000 to 10,000 Muslims in Oregon, most of whom live in and around Portland.[177]
Most of the remainder of the population had no religious affiliation; the 2008 American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS) placed Oregon as tied with Nevada in fifth place of U.S. states having the highest percentage of residents identifying themselves as "non-religious", at 24 percent.[178][179] Secular organizations include the Center for Inquiry (CFI), the Humanists of Greater Portland (HGP), and the United States Atheists (USA).
During much of the 1990s, a group of conservative Christians formed the Oregon Citizens Alliance, and unsuccessfully tried to pass legislation to prevent "gay sensitivity training" in public schools and legal benefits for homosexual couples.[180]
Birth data[edit]
Note: Births in table don't add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.
Live births by race/ethnicity of mother
Race
2013[181]
2014[182]
2015[183]
White 40,219 (89.1%) 40,634 (89.2%) 40,484 (88.7%)
> Non-Hispanic White 31,998 (70.8%) 32,338 (71.0%) 32,147 (70.4%)
Asian 2,696 (6.0%) 2,811 (6.2%) 2,895 (6.3%)
Black 1,331 (2.9%) 1,333 (2.9%) 1,463 (3.2%)
Native 909 (2.0%) 778 (1.7%) 813 (1.8%)
Hispanic (of any race) 8,448 (18.7%) 8,524 (18.7%) 8,518 (18.6%)
Total 45,155 (100%) 45,556 (100%) 45,655 (100%)
Future projections[edit]
Projections from the U.S. Census Bureau show Oregon's population increasing to 4,833,918 by 2030, an increase of 41.3% compared to the state's population of 3,421,399 in 2000.[184] The state's own projections forecast a total population of 5,425,408 in 2040.[185]
Education[edit]
Primary and secondary[edit]
In the 2013–2014 school year, the state had 567,000 students in public primary and secondary schools.[186] There were 197 public school districts, served by 19 education service districts.[186]
In 2016, the largest school districts in the state were:[187] Portland Public Schools, comprising 47,323 students; Salem-Keizer School District, comprising 40,565 students; Beaverton School District, comprising 39,625 students; Hillsboro School District, comprising 21,118 students; and North Clackamas School District, comprising 17,053 students.
Colleges and universities[edit]
See also: List of colleges and universities in Oregon and Oregon Office of University Coordination
Johnson Hall at the University of Oregon.
The Memorial Union at Oregon State University
Especially since the 1990 passage of Measure 5, which set limits on property tax levels, Oregon has struggled to fund higher education. Since then, Oregon has cut its higher education budget and now ranks 46th in the country in state spending per student. However, 2007 legislation forced tuition increases to cap at 3% per year, and funded the university system far beyond the governor's requested budget.[188] Oregon supports a total of seven public universities and one affiliate. It is home to three public research universities: The University of Oregon (UO) in Eugene and Oregon State University (OSU) in Corvallis, both classified as research universities with very high research activity, and Portland State University which is classified as a research university with high research activity.[189]
UO is the state's highest nationally-ranked and most selective[190] public university by U.S. News & World Report and Forbes.[191] OSU is the state's only land-grant university, has the state's largest enrollment for fall 2014,[192] and is the state's highest ranking university according to Academic Ranking of World Universities, Washington Monthly, and QS World University Rankings.[193] OSU receives more annual funding for research than all other public higher education institutions in Oregon combined.[194] The state's urban Portland State University has Oregon's second largest enrollment.
The state has three regional universities: Western Oregon University in Monmouth, Southern Oregon University in Ashland, and Eastern Oregon University in La Grande. The Oregon Institute of Technology has its campus in Klamath Falls. The quasi-public Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU) includes medical, dental, and nursing schools, and graduate programs in biomedical sciences in Portland and a science and engineering school in Hillsboro. The state also supports 17 community colleges.
Eliot Hall at Reed College
Oregon is home to a wide variety of private colleges, the majority of which are located in the Portland area. The University of Portland and Marylhurst University are both Catholic universities located in or near Portland, affiliated with the Congregation of Holy Cross, and the Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary, respectively. Reed College, a rigorous liberal arts college in Portland, was ranked by Forbes as the 52nd best college in the country in 2015.[195]
Other private institutions in Portland include Concordia University; Lewis & Clark College; Multnomah University; Portland Bible College; Warner Pacific College; Cascade College; the National University of Natural Medicine; and Western Seminary, a theological graduate school. Pacific University is in the Portland suburb of Forest Grove. There are also private colleges further south in the Willamette Valley. McMinnville is home to Linfield College, while nearby Newberg is home to George Fox University. Salem is home to two private schools: Willamette University (the state's oldest, established during the provisional period) and Corban University. Also located near Salem is Mount Angel Seminary, one of America's largest Roman Catholic seminaries. The state's second medical school, the College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Northwest, is located in Lebanon. Eugene is home to three private colleges: Northwest Christian University, New Hope Christian College, and Gutenberg College.
Sports[edit]
See also: Sports in Portland, Oregon
The Moda Center (formerly the Rose Garden) during a Portland Trail Blazers game
Providence Park during a Portland Thorns FC match.
Oregon is home to three major professional sports teams: the Portland Trail Blazers of the NBA, the Portland Thorns of the NWSL and the Portland Timbers of MLS.[196]
Until 2011, the only major professional sports team in Oregon was the Portland Trail Blazers of the National Basketball Association. From the 1970s to the 1990s, the Blazers were one of the most successful teams in the NBA in terms of both win-loss record and attendance.[197] In the early 21st century, the team's popularity declined due to personnel and financial issues, but revived after the departure of controversial players and the acquisition of new players such as Brandon Roy and LaMarcus Aldridge.[198][199] The Blazers play in the Moda Center in Portland's Lloyd District, which also is home to the Portland Winterhawks of the junior Western Hockey League.[200]
The Portland Timbers play at Providence Park, just west of downtown Portland. The Timbers have a strong following, with the team regularly selling out its games.[201] The Timbers repurposed the formerly multi-use stadium into a soccer-specific stadium in fall 2010, increasing the seating in the process.[202] The Timbers operate Portland Thorns FC, a women's soccer team that has played in the National Women's Soccer League since the league's first season in 2013. The Thorns, who also play at Providence Park, won the league's first championship, and have been by far the NWSL's attendance leader in all four of its seasons to date.
Eugene, Salem and Hillsboro have minor-league baseball teams. The Eugene Emeralds the Salem-Keizer Volcanoes and the Hillsboro Hops all play in the Single-A Northwest League.[203] Portland has had minor-league baseball teams in the past, including the Portland Beavers and Portland Rockies, who played most recently at Providence Park when it was known as PGE Park.
The Oregon State Beavers and the University of Oregon Ducks football teams of the Pac-12 Conference meet annually in the Civil War. Both schools have had recent success in other sports as well: Oregon State won back-to-back college baseball championships in 2006 and 2007,[204] and the University of Oregon won back-to-back NCAA men's cross country championships in 2007 and 2008.[205]
Sister regions[edit]
People's Republic of China, Fujian Province – 1984[206]
Republic of China (Taiwan), Taiwan Province – 1985[206]
Japan, Toyama Prefecture – 1991[206][207]
South Korea (South Korea), Jeollanam-do Province – 1996[206][207]
Iraq, Iraqi Kurdistan – 2005[208]
See also[edit]
Outline of Oregon (organized list of topics about Oregon)
Index of Oregon-related articles
National Register of Historic Places listings in Oregon
Oregon pioneer history
Lists
List of companies based in Oregon
List of Oregon state symbols
List of people from Oregon
List of films shot in Oregon
See also: Bibliography of Oregon history
Oregon portal
United States portal
American Old West portal
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Hall, Calvin (January 30, 2007). "English as Oregon's official language? It could happen". The Oregon Daily Emerald. Retrieved May 8, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. June 22, 2017. Retrieved June 22, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Median Annual Household Income". The Henry J. Kaiser Foundation. Retrieved December 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Mount Hood Highest Point". NGS data sheet. U.S. National Geodetic Survey. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. 2001. Archived from the original on October 15, 2011. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
^ Jump up to: a b "Oregon Fast Facts". Travel Oregon. Archived from the original on March 23, 2012.
Jump up ^ Jewell & McRae 2014, p. 4.
^ Jump up to: a b Beale, Bob (April 10, 2003). "Humungous fungus: world's largest organism?". Environment & Nature News. ABC. Retrieved December 9, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Forest Land Protection Program". Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. Retrieved November 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Financial Statements for Nike, Inc". Google Finance. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes 1988, p. 149.
Jump up ^ Johnson 1904, p. 51.
Jump up ^ "Oregon Blue Book: Oregon Almanac: Mountains to National Wildlife Refuges". www.bluebook.state.or.us.
Jump up ^ Where does the name "Oregon" come from? from the online edition of the Oregon Blue Book.
Jump up ^ Elliott, T.C. (June 1921). "The Origin of the Name Oregon". Oregon Historical Quarterly. Portland, Oregon: Oregon Historical Society. XXIII (2): 99–100. ISSN 0030-4727. OCLC 1714620 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Miller, Joaquin (September 1904). "The Sea of Silence". Sunset. XIII (5): 395–396 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ "Oregon". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved September 14, 2006.
Jump up ^ Banks, Don (April 21, 2002). "Harrington confident about Detroit QB challenge." Sports Illustrated.
Jump up ^ Bellamy, Ron (October 6, 2003). "See no evil, hear no evil". The Register-Guard. Retrieved June 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Yellow/Green ORYGUN Block Letter Outside Decal". UO Duck Store. Retrieved August 3, 2011. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density (geographies ranked by total population). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Elevations and Distances in the United States". U.S Geological Survey. April 29, 2005. Archived from the original on October 15, 2011. Retrieved November 7, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Crater Lake National Park". U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved November 22, 2006.
Jump up ^ "D River State Recreation Site". Oregon Parks and Recreation Department. Retrieved May 11, 2007.
Jump up ^ "World's Shortest River". Travel Montana. Archived from the original on July 2, 2007. Retrieved May 11, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Mill Ends Park". Portland Parks and Recreation. Retrieved May 11, 2007.
Jump up ^ Ray, Dewey (March 27, 1980). "Oregon volcano may be warming up for an eruption". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved October 31, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Congressional Record Vol. 155 Part 1: Proceedings and Debates of the 111th Congress: First Session". Government Printing Office: 935 – via Google Books.
^ Jump up to: a b "Oregon's Forests: Some Facts and Figures" (PDF). Oregon.gov. Forest Figures. September 2009. Retrieved May 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Oregon is top timber producer in worst year". Mail Tribune. Retrieved September 17, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Trees of Oregon's forests". Tree Variety. Oregon Forest Resources Institute. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Mammals: Pocket Mice, Kangaroo Rats and Kangaroo Mouse". Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. Oregon Wildlife Species. Retrieved November 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Mammals: Coyotes, wolves and foxes". Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. Oregon Wildlife Species. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Mammals: Whale, dolphin and porpoise". Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. Oregon Wildlife Species. Retrieved November 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Oregon Wildlife Species". Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife.
Jump up ^ "Oregon's only moose herd thriving, up to about 60". The Oregonian. Retrieved September 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Wolves in Oregon". ODFW. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Moose enter Oregon, so are grizzlies next?". Tri City Herald. Archived from the original on July 6, 2014. Retrieved November 1, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Crater Lake National Park". National Park Service. Retrieved February 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ "John Day Fossil Beds National Monument". National Park Service. Retrieved February 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ Hamilton, John (2016). Oregon. ABDO. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-680-77443-6.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Climate of Oregon". Desert Research Institute. Retrieved December 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ Jones, Gregory V. "Rogue Valley Weather and Climate" (PDF). Oregon State University. Retrieved December 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Osborn, Liz. "Coldest States in America". Current Results. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Conlon T.D.; Wozniak, K.C.; Woodcock, D.; Herrera, N.B.; Fisher, B.J.; Morgan, D.S.; Lee, K.K. & Hinkle, S.R. (2005). "Ground-Water Hydrology of the Willamette Basin, Oregon". Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5168. U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Boone 2004, p. 9.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2016" (xls). U.S. Census Bureau. December 26, 2016. Retrieved December 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ Robbins 2005.
Jump up ^ Maugh II, Thomas H. (July 12, 2012). "Who was first? New info on North America's earliest residents". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Allen, Burns & Sargent 2009, pp. 175–189.
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Jump up ^ "Oregon History: Northwest Coast". Oregon Blue Book. Oregon State Archives. Retrieved September 2, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Oregon History: Columbia Plateau". Oregon Blue Book. Oregon State Archives. Retrieved September 2, 2007.
Jump up ^ Carey 1922, p. 47.
Jump up ^ Hemming 2008, pp. 140–141.
Jump up ^ Johnson 1904, p. 39.
Jump up ^ Johnson 1904, pp. 64–65.
Jump up ^ Ambrose 1997, p. 326.
Jump up ^ Johnson 1904, pp. 145–146.
Jump up ^ Johnson 1904, p. 146.
Jump up ^ Loy et al. 2001, pp. 12–13.
Jump up ^ Johnson 1904, p. 221.
Jump up ^ Johnson 1904, p. 207.
Jump up ^ Johnson 1904, p. 226.
Jump up ^ Johnson 1904, p. 215.
Jump up ^ Johnson 1904, p. 273.
Jump up ^ Johnson 1904, p. 285.
Jump up ^ McClintock, Thomas C. (July 1, 1995). "James Saules, Peter Burnett, and the Oregon Black Exclusion Law of June 1844". The Pacific Northwest Quarterly. 86 (3): 122.
Jump up ^ Mahoney, Barbara (July 1, 2009). "Oregon Voices: Oregon Democracy: Asahel Bush, Slavery, and the Statehood Debate". Oregon Historical Quarterly. 110 (2): 202.
Jump up ^ McLagan 1980, p. 28.
Jump up ^ Engeman, Richard H. (2005). "Architectural Fashions and Industrial Pragmatism, 1865–1900". The Oregon History Project. Oregon Historical Society. Retrieved June 17, 2016.
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Jump up ^ Kennedy, Sarah. "The Shanghai Tunnels". The New York Times. Retrieved September 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ Evans 1966, p. 156.
Jump up ^ "On This Day: Japanese WWII Balloon Bomb Kills 6 in Oregon". Finding Dulcinea. May 5, 2011. Retrieved April 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mitchell Monument Historic Site". US Department of Agriculture Forest Service. Retrieved December 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Toll, William (2003). "Home Front Boom". Oregon Historical Society. Archived from the original on June 9, 2011. Retrieved October 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ Taylor, Alan (July 26, 2013). "America in the 1970s: The Pacific Northwest". The Atlantic. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mapes, Jeff (May 8, 2014). "Gay marriage, marijuana legalization measures show strong support in new Oregon poll". The Oregonian. Retrieved April 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "2010 Census Redistricting Data". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved March 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ 50 Fastest-Growing Metro Areas Concentrated in West and South. U.S. Census Bureau 2005. Retrieved October 16, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Community Facts: Oregon". American FactFinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/portlandcityoregon/PST045216
Jump up ^ Allen, Cain (2006). "A Pacific Republic". The Oregon History Project. Oregon Historical Society. Retrieved June 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Johnson 1904, p. 296.
Jump up ^ "Constitution of Oregon (Article V)". Oregon Blue Book. State of Oregon. 2007. Retrieved March 12, 2008.
Jump up ^ "ORS 653.025". State of Oregon. Archived from the original on December 6, 2010.
Jump up ^ "November 2, 2004, General Election Abstract of Votes: STATE MEASURE NO. 36" (PDF). Oregon Secretary of State. Retrieved November 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ Bradbury, Bill (November 6, 2007). "Official Results – November 6, 2007 Special Election". Elections Division. Oregon Secretary of State. Retrieved December 27, 2008.
Jump up ^ "November 7, 2006, general election abstracts of votes: state measure no. 39" (PDF). State of Oregon. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ "United States Bankruptcy Court, District of Oregon". U.S. Courts. Retrieved December 14, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Leip, David. "General Election Results – Oregon". United States Election Atlas. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kost, Ryan (May 5, 2012). "Politics of Place: In northeastern Oregon, politics revolve around natural resources". The Oregonian. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Silver, Nate (May 17, 2008). "Oregon: Swing state or latte-drinking, Prius-driving lesbian commune?". FiveThirtyEight.com.
Jump up ^ "State Initiative and Referendum Summary". State Initiative & Referendum Institute at USC. Archived from the original on February 11, 2016. Retrieved November 27, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Eighth Annual Report on Oregon's Death with Dignity Act" (PDF). Oregon Department of Human Services. March 9, 2006. Retrieved June 11, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Oregon Health Plan: An Historical Review" (PDF). Oregon Department of Human Services. July 2006. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Oregon Presidential Race Results: Hillary Clinton Wins". The New York Times. December 13, 2016. Retrieved February 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "BEARFACTS: Oregon". Bureau of Economic Analysis. 2014. Retrieved February 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ "School hiring fuels Oregon job growth in September". Associated Press. October 18, 2016. Retrieved October 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey". Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved October 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Izzo, Phil (August 9, 2013). "Food-Stamp Use Rises; Some 15% Get Benefits". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ McNab, W. Henry; Avers, Peter E (July 1994). Ecological Subregions of the United States. Chapter 24. U.S. Forest Service and Dept. of Agriculture.
Jump up ^ Hogen, Junnelle (September 11, 2016). "Oregon blueberry yield topples records, expands overseas". Statesman Journal. Retrieved November 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Industry Facts" (PDF). Oregon Winegrowers Association. Retrieved November 23, 2006.
Jump up ^ Keates, Nancy (October 15, 2015). "Oregon Vineyards Draw Out-of-State Buyers". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Weaver, Matthew (July 1, 2014). "Oregon farmers kick off wheat harvest". Capital Press. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Marketing Lumber". The Timberman. XVI (2). December 1914. p. 23 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ "Oregon Forest Facts & Figures 2013" (PDF). Oregon Forest Resources Institute. p. 3. Retrieved May 31, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Oregon Forest Facts & Figures 2013", p. 12
Jump up ^ "Oregon Economy". e-ReferenceDesk. Retrieved November 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Salmon and Steelhead Fishing". Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. Retrieved November 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Energy Information Administration (April 29, 2010). "State Energy Profiles – Oregon". United States Department of Energy. Retrieved December 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ Richard, Terry (March 1, 2015). "7 Wonders of Oregon begin second Travel Oregon ad campaign season on TV, at movies". The Oregonian. Retrieved November 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "History [of Oregon Zoo]". Oregon Zoo. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ "World's Best Street Food". U.S. News.
Jump up ^ "World's Best Street Food". CNN Travel. July 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Oregon's Beer Week gets under way". Knight-Ridder Tribune News Service. July 5, 2005. Retrieved October 22, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Oregon Coast Information". Travel Oregon. Retrieved December 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ Frazier, Joseph B. (May 6, 2008). "Oregon's coast is easy and affordable to see by car". USA Today. Retrieved March 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Top 10 Aquariums". Coastal Living. Retrieved March 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Information". Sea Lion Caves. Retrieved December 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ John, Finn J.D. (April 4, 2010). "Wolf Creek Inn was writing retreat for Jack London". Offbeat Oregon. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Filmed in Oregon 1908–2015" (PDF). Oregon Film Council. Retrieved December 27, 2015. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Hamilton, Don (July 19, 2002). "Matt Groening's Portland". The Portland Tribune. Retrieved March 7, 2007.
Jump up ^ Rogoway, Mike (July 17, 2013). "Intel offers downbeat outlook as PC sales slump". The Oregonian. Retrieved October 7, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Rogoway, Mike (August 8, 2015). "Intel layoffs: Employees say chipmaker changed the rules, undermining 'meritocracy'". The Oregonian. Retrieved August 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ Rogoway, Mike (January 15, 2009). "Intel profits slide, company uncertain about outlook". The Oregonian. Retrieved January 16, 2009.
Jump up ^ Rogoway, Mike (April 5, 2010). "Genentech opens in Hillsboro, fueling Oregon's biotech aspirations". The Oregonian. Retrieved October 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ Rogoway, Mike (November 9, 2011). "Amazon confirms its data center near Boardman has begun operating". The Oregonian. Retrieved October 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Companies in Oregon". NASDAQ. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Portland – Adidas Group". Adidas. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Nike Locations". Nike.
Jump up ^ "Intel in Oregon". Corporate Responsibility. Intel.
Jump up ^ Walker, Mason (June 4, 2015). "Oregon lands 7 companies on Fortune 1000, up from 5 last year". Portland Business Journal. Retrieved November 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Oregon Governor's Budget" (PDF). State of Oregon.
Jump up ^ "State Sales Tax Rates". Federation of Tax Administrators. January 1, 2008. Retrieved April 2, 2008.
Jump up ^ "25th Anniversary Issue". Willamette Week. 1993. Archived from the original on December 30, 2006. Retrieved June 11, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Initiative, Referendum and Recall: 1988–1995". Oregon Blue Book. State of Oregon. Retrieved June 11, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Oregon Revised Statutes 317.090 Minimum tax".
Jump up ^ Sheketoff, Charles (March 27, 2007). "As Maryland Goes, So Should Oregon". Salem News. Retrieved June 10, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Oregon ranks 41st in taxes per capita". Portland Business Journal. March 31, 2006. Retrieved June 10, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Food and Beverage Tax". City of Ashland. Retrieved June 10, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Arts Tax". The City of Portland, Oregon. Retrieved November 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Oregon Transit Self-Employment Taxes" (PDF). Oregon.gov. Retrieved November 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Oregon Employer's Guide" (PDF). Oregon.gov. Retrieved November 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Oregon's 2% Kicker" (PDF). Oregon State Leglislative Review Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 14, 2007. Retrieved June 10, 2007.
Jump up ^ Cain, Brad (March 2, 2006). "Kicker tax rebate eyed to help school and state budgets". KATU.
Jump up ^ "2 Percent Surplus Refund (Kicker) History" (PDF). State of Oregon. Retrieved June 10, 2007.
Jump up ^ Cooper, Matt (March 9, 2007). "County may scrub income tax". The Register-Guard. Retrieved March 9, 2007. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "2006 Oregon full-year resident tax form instructions." (PDF) Oregon.Gov.
Jump up ^ "Oregon" (PDF). Resident Population and Apportionment of the U.S. House of Representatives. U.S. Census Bureau. December 27, 2000. Retrieved August 28, 2009.
Jump up ^ Resident Population Data. "Resident Population Data – 2010 Census". 2010.census.gov. Archived from the original on January 1, 2011. Retrieved February 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Certified Population Estimates for Oregon and Its Counties" (PDF). Portland State University Population Research Center. Retrieved October 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ "2014 National Movers Study". United Van Lines. January 2, 2015. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "2013 United Van Lines Migration Study". United Van Lines. January 2, 2014. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "United Van Lines 2012 Migration Study Reveals Northeastern U.S. Exodus". United Van Lines. January 2, 2013. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "2011 United Van Lines Migration Study". United Van Lines. January 3, 2012. Retrieved January 14, 2015. The Western United States is also represented on the high-inbound list with Oregon (60.8%) and Nevada (56.9%) both making the list. Oregon is number two for inbound migration for the second year in a row.
^ Jump up to: a b c "2010 Demographic Profile Data". U.S. Census Bureau.
^ Jump up to: a b "Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States". Archived from the original on July 25, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Population of Oregon: Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map, Demographics, Statistics, Quick Facts".
Jump up ^ "2015 American Community Survey". U.S. Census Bureau.
Jump up ^ "Oregon QuickFacts". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Oregon – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1850 to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 25, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot". The Plain Dealer. June 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Population and Population Centers by State: 2000". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 17, 2010. Retrieved November 23, 2006.
Jump up ^ According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Oregon's population as of 2015 is 4,028,977; with the MSA being 2,389,228, this leaves 59%~ of Oregon's population residing within the metro.
^ Jump up to: a b "Selected Social Characteristics in the United States: 2007–2009: 2007–2009 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates (Oregon)". U.S Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 17, 2016. Retrieved December 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Religious Landscape Study – Oregon". The Pew Forum. Retrieved September 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Nicks, Denver (February 3, 2014). "These Are The Most Godless States in America". Time. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mapes, Jeff (February 13, 2013). "Oregon not quite most 'unchurched' state -- but close, new survey finds". The Oregonian. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Oregon and Vermont Are Least Religious States". Science and Religion Today. August 10, 2009. Retrieved June 17, 2017.
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Jump up ^ "State Membership Report". The Association of Religion Data Archives. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
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Jump up ^ Kosmin, Barry A; Keysar, Ariela; Cragun, Ryan; Navarro-Rivera, Juhem. "American nones: The profile of the no religion population" (PDF). Hartford: Trinity College. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 7, 2009. Retrieved December 23, 2009.
Jump up ^ Wentz, Patty (February 11, 1998). "He's back." Archived September 18, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Willamette Week. Retrieved March 14, 2008.
Jump up ^ Martin, Joyce A.; And others (January 15, 2015). "Births: Final Data for 2013" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. 64 (4).
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Jump up ^ Martin, Joyce A.; And others (January 5, 2017). "Births: Final Data for 2015" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. 66 (1).
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Jump up ^ "State and County Population Forecasts and Components of Change, 2000 to 2040". Oregon Department of Administrative Services, Office of Economic Analysis. April 2004. Archived from the original on May 17, 2004. Retrieved August 25, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Oregon Almanac: Native Americans to shoes, oldest". Oregon Blue Book. Retrieved November 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "2016 Largest School Districts in Oregon". Niche. Retrieved November 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Higher education gets higher priority". Daily Emerald. Eugene, OR. June 29, 2007. Retrieved February 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "New Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education Website Coming in January 2015". Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. October 8, 2014. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Colleges in Oregon". US News & World Report. Retrieved December 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "University of Oregon". US News & World Report. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Dietz, Diane (November 11, 2014). "Enrollment: UO falls, OSU gains". Register-Guard. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top 500 World Universities". Retrieved October 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Oregon State University" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Reed College". Forbes. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ "MLS awards team to Portland for 2011." Archived March 27, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Portland Timbers, March 20, 2009.
Jump up ^ Wieranga, Jay (August 31, 2013). "Ranking the Top 25 Players in Portland Trail Blazers History". Bleacher Report. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Smith, Sam (October 18, 2006). "Blazers stalled until bad apples go". MSNBC. MSN. Retrieved January 15, 2008.
Jump up ^ Mejia, Tony (October 13, 2007). "Oden's loss hurts, but team in good hands". News. CBS. Retrieved January 15, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Venues". Rose Quarter. Retrieved January 15, 2008.
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Jump up ^ "Teams and Events". PGE Park. Retrieved January 15, 2008.
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Jump up ^ Beseda, Jim (August 12, 2010). "Oregon State baseball: Coach Pat Casey praises ex-Beaver Darwin Barney". The Oregonian (Portland, OR). Retrieved October 8, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Oregon men, Washington women win titles". ESPN. Associated Press. January 8, 2009. Retrieved October 8, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Van Winkle, Teresa (June 2008). "Background brief on international trade" (PDF). Oregon Legislature. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 9, 2008. Retrieved July 21, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Governor's mission to Asia will stress trade and cultural ties". Secretary of State. October 24, 1995. Retrieved April 2, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Oregon Laws". Senate Concurrent Resolution. Oregon Legislature. 2005. Archived from the original on June 11, 2011.
References[edit]
Allen, John Elliott; Burns, Marjorie; Sargent, Sam C. (2009). Cataclysms on the Columbia. Ooligan Press. ISBN 978-1-932010-31-2.
Ambrose, Stephen E. (1997). Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West (1st Touchstone ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-82697-6.
Boone, Mary (2004). Uniquely Oregon. Chicago, Illinois: Heinemann Library. ISBN 978-1-4034-4659-6.
Carey, Charles Henry (1922). History of Oregon: Volume 1. Pioneer Historical Publishing Co.
Evans, Tony Howard (1966). Oregon Progressive Reform, 1902–1914. University of California Press.
Hemming, John (2008). Atlas of Exploration. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-534318-2.
Jewell, Judy; McRae, W.C. (2014). Moon Oregon. Moon Travel. ISBN 978-1-61238-756-7.
Johnson, Sidona V. (1904). A Short History of Oregon. Chicago: A.C. McClurg & Co.
Loy, Willam G.; Allan, Stuart; Buckley, Aileen R.; Meacham, James E. (2001). Atlas of Oregon. University of Oregon Press. ISBN 0-87114-101-9.
McLagan, Elizabeth (1980). A Peculiar Paradise: A History of Blacks in Oregon, 1778–1940. Georgian Press. ISBN 0-9603408-2-3.
Robbins, William G. (2005). Oregon: This Storied Land. Oregon Historical Society Press. ISBN 0-87595-286-0.
Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes (1988). Historia de las comunicaciones y los transportes en México (in Spanish). 5. Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes.
External links[edit]
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Maps and geology
Real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Oregon from the United States Geological Survey
Geographic data related to Oregon at OpenStreetMap
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Largest cities
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Keizer
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Tualatin
West Linn
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Jackson
Jefferson
Josephine
Klamath
Lake
Lane
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Linn
Malheur
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Morrow
Multnomah
Polk
Sherman
Tillamook
Umatilla
Union
Wallowa
Wasco
Washington
Wheeler
Yamhill
[show]
v
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Mayors of cities with populations exceeding 100,000 in Oregon
Ted Wheeler (D)
(Portland)
Chuck Bennett (D)
(Salem)
Lucy Vinis (D)
(Eugene)
Shane Bemis (R)
(Gresham)
Steve Callaway
(Hillsboro)
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[show]
v
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Protected areas of Oregon
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State
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North
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Arcadia Beach
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Bradley
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Ellmaker
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Governor Patterson
H.B. Van Duzer
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Jessie M. Honeyman
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Muriel O. Ponsler
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Pritchard
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W. B. Nelson
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Samuel H. Boardman
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William M. Tugman
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Portland
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Government Island
L. L. "Stub" Stewart
Mary S. Young
Milo McIver
Tryon Creek
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Mount Hood
Ainsworth
Benson
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Willow Creek
Local
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Blue Lake
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Howell
Oregon Zoo
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Portland
Audubon Society of Portland
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Washington Park
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Recreation District
Tualatin Hills Nature Park
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Coordinates: 44°00′N 120°30′W / 44°N 120.5°W / 44; -120.5
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 129543877
LCCN: n79021953
ISNI: 0000 0004 0405 8330
GND: 4043760-7
SUDOC: 098627236
BNF: cb139055461 (data)
NDL: 00697792
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oregon&oldid=819421793"
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List of U.S. states by elevation

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Lieutenant Governor of Oregon

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Mountain Standard Time

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Oregon grape

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Oregon swallowtail

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Coast Douglas-fir

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Oregon state route marker

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Viceroyalty of New Spain

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List of Oregon mountain ranges

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Rain forest

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Ponderosa pine

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Pronghorn antelope

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Armillaria solidipes

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Bannock (tribe)

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Shasta (tribe)

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Kalapuya people

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Molala people

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Nez Perce tribe

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Takelma people

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Umpqua (tribe)

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1st Oregon Cavalry

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Oregon Death with Dignity Act

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Oregon – Afrikaans
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Oregon – Northern Sami
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Oregon – Igbo
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ilo
ilo
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Interlingua
ia
ia
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Interlingue
ie
ie
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Inupiaq
ik
ik
interlanguage-link-target

value: Орегон – Ossetic

value:
https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Icelandic
is
is
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

value: אורגון – Hebrew

value:
https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Javanese
jv
jv
interlanguage-link-target

value: ಆರೆಗನ್ – Kannada

value:
https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Pampanga
pam
pam
interlanguage-link-target

value: ორეგონი – Georgian

value: Орегон – Kazakh

value:
https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Cornish
kw
kw
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Swahili
sw
sw
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Haitian Creole
ht
ht
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Kurdish
ku
ku
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Ladino
lad
lad
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregonia
Oregonia – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregona
Oregona – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Luxembourgish
lb
lb
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregonas
Oregonas – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Ligurian
lij
lij
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Limburgish
li
li
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/oregon
oregon – Lojban
jbo
jbo
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Lombard
lmo
lmo
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Malagasy
mg
mg
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Maori
mi
mi
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Min Dong Chinese
cdo
cdo
interlanguage-link-target

value: အိုရီဂွန်ပြည်နယ် – Burmese

value:
https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Nāhuatl
nah
nah
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://na.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Nauru
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

value: ओरेगन – Nepali

value: अरेगन – Newari

value: Орегон – Chechen

value:
https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Northern Frisian
frr
frr
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Occitan
oc
oc
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Uzbek
uz
uz
interlanguage-link-target

value: ओरेगन – Pali

value:
https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Papiamento
pap
pap
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Piedmontese
pms
pms
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Low German
nds
nds
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Romansh
rm
rm
interlanguage-link-target

value: Орегон – Russian

value: Орегон – Sakha

value:
https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Sardinian
sc
sc
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Saterland Frisian
stq
stq
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Sicilian
scn
scn
interlanguage-link-target

value: ඔරෙගන් – Sinhala

value:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Silesian
szl
szl
interlanguage-link-target

value: Орегон – Serbian

value:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

value: ஓரிகன் – Tamil

value:
https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Kabyle
kab
kab
interlanguage-link-target

value: Орегон – Tatar

value: รัฐออริกอน – Thai

value:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

value: اوریگون – Urdu

value:
https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Venetian
vec
vec
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Volapük
vo
vo
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Waray
war
war
interlanguage-link-target

value: ארעגאן – Yiddish

value:
https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Yoruba
yo
yo
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon
Oregon – Zazaki
diq
diq
interlanguage-link-target

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