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Rear-view mirror
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Rear-view mirror (disambiguation).
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Rear-view mirror showing cars parked behind the vehicle containing the mirror
A rear-view mirror (or rearview mirror) is a mirror in automobiles and other vehicles, designed to allow the driver to see rearward through the vehicle's rear window (rear windshield).
In cars, the rear-view mirror is usually affixed to the top of the windshield on a double-swivel mount allowing it to be adjusted to suit the height and viewing angle of any driver and to swing harmlessly out of the way if impacted by a vehicle occupant in a collision.
The rear-view mirror is augmented by one or more side-view mirrors, which serve as the only rear-vision mirrors on motorcycles and bicycles.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Augmentations and alternatives
3 Anti-glare
3.1 Automatic dimming
4 Trucks and buses
5 Motorcycles
6 Other uses
6.1 Bicycles
6.2 Aircraft
6.3 Computer monitors
7 See also
8 References
History[edit]
Ray Harroun's Marmon "Wasp" with its rear-view mirror mounted on struts above the car on display in the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Hall of Fame Museum.
Among the rear-view mirror's early uses is a mention by Dorothy Levitt in her 1909 book The Woman and the Car which noted that women should "carry a little hand-mirror in a convenient place when driving" so they may "hold the mirror aloft from time to time in order to see behind while driving in traffic". However, earlier use is described in 1906, in a trade magazine noting mirrors for showing what is coming behind now popular on closed bodied automobiles, and to likely be widely adopted in a short time.[1] The same year, a Mr. Henri Cain from France patented a "Warning mirror for automobiles".[2] The Argus Dash Mirror, adjustable to any position to see the road behind, appeared in 1908.[3][4] Earliest known rear-view mirror mounted on a racing vehicle appeared on Ray Harroun's Marmon race car at the inaugural Indianapolis 500 race in 1911.[5] Harroun himself claimed he got the idea from seeing a mirror used for a similar purpose on a horse-drawn vehicle in 1904.[6] Harroun also claimed that the mirror vibrated constantly due to the rough brick surface, and it was rendered largely useless.[7]
Elmer Berger is usually credited with inventing the rear-view mirror, though in fact he was the first to patent it (1921) and develop it for incorporation into production streetgoing automobiles by his Berger and Company.[citation needed]
Augmentations and alternatives[edit]
Recently, rear-view video cameras have been built into many new model cars, this was partially in response to the rear-view mirrors' inability to show the road directly behind the car, due to the rear deck or trunk obscuring as much as 3–5 metres (10–15 feet) of road behind the car. As many as 50 small children are killed by SUVs every year in the USA because the driver cannot see them in their rear-view mirrors.[8] Camera systems are usually mounted to the rear bumper or lower parts of the car, allowing for better rear visibility.
Aftermarket secondary rear-view mirrors are available. They attach to the main rear-view mirror and are independently adjustable to view the back seat. This is useful to enable adults to monitor children in the back seat.
Anti-glare[edit]
Glare from a following vehicle's headlamps in a rear view mirror
Prismatic anti-glare
Day position Night position Show all
In the "day" position, the driver sees the road behind by reflection on the (rear) metal surface. In the "night" position, the driver sees the dimmer reflection on the (front) glass coating. The light is attenuated in the second mode, which partially compensates the pupillary response.
A prismatic rear-view mirror—sometimes called a "day/night mirror"—can be tilted to reduce the brightness and glare of lights, mostly for high-beam headlights of vehicles behind which would otherwise be reflected directly into the driver's eyes at night. This type of mirror is made of a piece of glass that is wedge-shaped in cross section—its front and rear surfaces are not parallel.
On manual tilt versions, a tab is used to adjust the mirror between "day" and "night" positions. In the day view position, the front surface is tilted and the reflective back side gives a strong reflection. When the mirror is moved to the night view position, its reflecting rear surface is tilted out of line with the driver's view. This view is actually a reflection off the low-reflection front surface; only a much-reduced amount of light is reflected into the driver's eyes.
"Manual tilt" day/night mirrors first began appearing in the 1930s and became standard equipment on most passenger cars and trucks by the early 1970s.
Automatic dimming[edit]
In the 1949s, American inventor Jacob Rabinow developed a light-sensitive automatic mechanism for the wedge-type day/night mirror.[9] Several Chrysler Corporation cars offered these automatic mirrors as optional equipment as early as 1959, but few customers ordered them for their cars and the item was soon withdrawn from the option lists.[citation needed] Several automakers[vague] began offering rear-view mirrors with automatic dimming again in 1983,[citation needed] and it was in the late 1980s that they began to catch on in popularity.[citation needed]
Current systems usually use photosensors mounted in the rear-view mirror to detect light and dim the mirror by means of electrochromism. This electrochromic feature has also been incorporated into side-view mirrors allowing them to dim and reduce glare as well.
Trucks and buses[edit]
On trucks and buses the load often blocks rearward vision out the backlight. In the U.S. virtually all trucks and buses have a side view mirror on each side, often mounted on the doors and viewed out the side windows, which are used for rear vision. These mirrors leave a large unviewable (“blind”) area behind the vehicle, which tapers down as the distance increases. This is a safety issue which the driver must compensate for, often with a person guiding the truck back in congested areas, or by backing in a curve.[10] “Spot mirrors”, a convex mirror which provides a distorted image of the entire side of the vehicle, are commonly mounted on at least the right side of a vehicle. In the U.S. mirrors are considered “safety equipment”, and are not included in width restrictions.[11][12]
Motorcycles[edit]
Depending on the type of motorcycle, the motorcycle may or may not have rear-view mirrors. Street-legal motorcycles are generally required to have rear-view mirrors. Motorcycles for off-road use only normally do not have rear-view mirrors. Rear-view mirrors come in various shapes and designs, and have various methods of mounting the mirrors to the motorcycle, most commonly to the handlebars. Rear-view mirrors can also be attached to the rider's motorcycle helmet.
Other uses[edit]
Bicycles[edit]
A bicycle with rear-view mirrors formerly on an automobile
Some bicycles are equipped with a rear-view mirror mounted on a handlebar. Rear-view mirrors may also be fitted to the bicycle frame, on a helmet or the frame of a pair of eyeglasses. This allows what is behind to be checked continuously without turning round. Rear-view mirrors almost never come with a new bicycle and require an additional purchase.
Aircraft[edit]
In 1956, the Civil Aeronautical Administration proposed a rear-view mirror mounted right above the pilot to keep an eye when private aircraft are landing or taxiing on the runway to prevent collisions.[13] Fighter aircraft usually have one or more rear-view mirrors mounted on the front canopy frame to watch out for chasing aircraft.
Computer monitors[edit]
Some computer monitors are fitted with rear-view mirrors to see if anyone is positioned behind the user where they can see sensitive information, such as names and passwords, being keyed in or on the screen. These are used especially on automated teller machines and similar.[14]
See also[edit]
Automatic parking
Backup collision
Backup camera
Blind spot monitor
Blind spot (vehicle)
Intelligent Parking Assist System
Experimental Safety Vehicle (ESV)
Intelligent car
Lane departure warning system
Objects in mirror are closer than they appear - Discusses use of the safety warning as a catch phrase in other contexts.
Precrash system
Wing mirror
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The Automobile (weekly), Thursday, December 27, 1906, p.910
Jump up ^ "Brevet d'invention : dispositif de miroir avertisseur pour automobiles". Institut national de la propriété intellectuelle. January 8, 1907. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Cycle & Automobile Trade Journal, December 1, 1908, p249
Jump up ^ "All female team create award-winning concept car". Volvo. Archived from the original on 2006-08-30. Retrieved 2006-12-14.
Jump up ^ Ward's Auto World: Rearview Mirror Archived 26 April 2005 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Davidson, Donald The Talk of Gasoline Alley (radio program). Accessed via WIBC (FM), 28 May 2006
Jump up ^ The Talk of Gasoline Alley. May 5, 2010. WFNI.
Jump up ^ Tatiana Morales (2002-10-22). "Kids And SUVs: Preventing Accidents - The Early Show". CBS News. Retrieved 2011-12-02.
Jump up ^ Rabinow, Jacob (18 May 1990). Inventing for Fun and Profit. San Francisco, CA: San Francisco Press. ISBN 978-0-911302-64-6.
Jump up ^ "CDL Commercial Drivers License Study Guide" (PDF). Illinois Secretary of State. pp. 23–24. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Standard No. 111; Rearview mirrors". Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards. U.S. Department of Transportation. 12 April 2013. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Federal Size and Weight Regulations". U.S. Department of Transportation. 20 June 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Periscopes for Aircraft" Popular Mechanics, June 1956, p. 142.
Jump up ^ Bellis, Mary. "History of Automatic Teller Machine". Retrieved 2011-03-24.
Look up rear-view mirror in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2011
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Alpine World Ski Championships 2011" and "2011 Alpine Skiing World Championships" redirect here. For the IPC WC, see 2011 IPC Alpine Skiing World Championships.
41st FIS Alpine World Ski Championships
Host city
Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Bavaria, Germany
Nations participating
69
Athletes participating
525
Events
11
Opening ceremony
7 February 2011
Closing ceremony
20 February 2011
Main venue
Garmisch Classic
Gudiberg (slalom)
Website
gap2011.com
< 2009
2013 >
Alpine skiing at the
World Ski Championships 2011
Combined
men women
Downhill
men women
Giant slalom
men women
Slalom
men women
Super-G
men women
Team
mixed
v
t
e
Garmisch
Location in southern Germany
Garmisch
Location in the Alps of Europe
The FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2011 were the 41st FIS Alpine World Ski Championships, held 7–20 February in Germany at Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Bavaria.
These were the second alpine world championships in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, which previously hosted in 1978. It also hosted the first Olympic alpine skiing competition, a combined event at the 1936 Winter Olympics.
The FIS awarded the championships on 25 May 2006, in Vilamoura, Portugal. The runner-up was Schladming, Austria, which hosted the next championships in 2013. Prior to landing the 2011 event in 2006, Garmisch-Partenkirchen had unsuccessfully bid to host the world championships five times in the previous two decades.
Most of the competitions took place on the Kandahar slopes of Garmisch Classic, one of the two skiing areas of Garmisch-Partenkirchen. The slalom course was at Gudiberg, adjacent to the Große Olympiaschanze, the ski jumping hill. Unseasonal spring-like conditions prevailed during the two weeks of competition.
Contents
[hide]
1 Course information
2 Medal winners
2.1 Men's events
2.2 Women's events
2.3 Team event
3 Medal table
4 Participating nations
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Course information[edit]
Course information (metric) [1]
Day
Date
Time
Race
Start
elevation
Finish
elevation
Vertical
drop
Course
length
Gates
Average
gradient
Course
name
Sky
Start
temp.
Finish
temp.
Tue 08 Feb 11:00 Super-G – women 1305 m 770 m 535 m 2.180 km 45 25.3 % Kandahar 1 sunny + 2 C + 8 C
Wed 09 Feb 11:00 Super-G – men 1395 770 625 2.200 48 29.6 Kandahar 2 sunny - 3 + 8
Fri 11 Feb 10:00 Downhill (SC) – women 1535 770 765 2.920 43 27.2 Kandahar 1 cloudy + 3 + 7
14:00 Slalom (SC) – women 935 750 185 62 Gudiberg cloudy + 7 + 12
Sat 12 Feb 11:00 Downhill – men 1690 770 920 3.300 44 29.0 Kandahar 2 sunny + 3 + 9
Sun 13 Feb 11:00 Downhill – women 1490 770 720 2.920 43 25.4 Kandahar 1 p.cldy + 3 + 6
Mon 14 Feb 10:00 Downhill (SC) – men 1690 770 920 3.300 44 29.0 Kandahar 2 sunny + 1 + 4
14:00 Slalom (SC) – men 960 750 210 62 Gudiberg sunny + 12 + 12
Thu 17 Feb 12:00
15:00 Giant slalom – women 1100 750 350 51
51 Kandahar 1 foggy
foggy + 1
+ 3 + 3
+ 5
Fri 18 Feb 10:00
13:30 Giant slalom – men 1090 750 340 41
47 Kandahar 2 foggy
foggy 0
+ 1 + 3
+ 4
Sat 19 Feb 10:00
13:30 Slalom – women 960 750 210 63
64 Gudiberg cloudy
sunny - 1
+ 6 + 1
+ 7
Sun 20 Feb 10:00
13:30 Slalom – men 960 750 210 65
64 Gudiberg foggy
foggy 0
- 1 + 1
+ 2
Medal winners[edit]
Men's events[edit]
Event
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Downhill
details [2] Erik Guay
Canada (CAN) 1:58.41 Didier Cuche
Switzerland (SUI) 1:58.73 Christof Innerhofer
Italy (ITA) 1:59.17
Super-G
details [3] Christof Innerhofer
Italy (ITA) 1:38.31 Hannes Reichelt
Austria (AUT) 1:38.91 Ivica Kostelić
Croatia (CRO) 1:39.03
Giant slalom
details [4] Ted Ligety
United States (USA) 2:10.56 Cyprien Richard
France (FRA) 2:10.64 Philipp Schörghofer
Austria (AUT) 2:10.99
Slalom
details[5] Jean-Baptiste Grange
France (FRA) 1:41.72 Jens Byggmark
Sweden (SWE) 1:42.15 Manfred Mölgg
Italy (ITA) 1:42.33
Super combined
details [6] Aksel Lund Svindal
Norway (NOR) 2:54.51 Christof Innerhofer
Italy (ITA) 2:55.52 Peter Fill
Italy (ITA) 2:56.41
Women's events[edit]
Event
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Downhill
details [7] Elisabeth Görgl
Austria (AUT) 1:47.24 Lindsey Vonn
United States (USA) 1:47.68 Maria Riesch
Germany (GER) 1:47.84
Super-G
details [8] Elisabeth Görgl
Austria (AUT) 1:23.82 Julia Mancuso
United States (USA) 1:23.87 Maria Riesch
Germany (GER) 1:24.03
Giant slalom
details [9] Tina Maze
Slovenia (SLO) 2:20.54 Federica Brignone
Italy (ITA) 2:20.63 Tessa Worley
France (FRA) 2:21.02
Slalom
details [10] Marlies Schild
Austria (AUT) 1:45.79 Kathrin Zettel
Austria (AUT) 1:46.13 Maria Pietilä Holmner
Sweden (SWE) 1:46.44
Super combined
details [11] Anna Fenninger
Austria (AUT) 2:43.23 Tina Maze
Slovenia (SLO) 2:43.32 Anja Pärson
Sweden (SWE) 2:43.50
Team event[edit]
Event
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Team event
details [12] France
Taïna Barioz
Anémone Marmottan
Tessa Worley
Gauthier de Tessières
Thomas Fanara
Cyprien Richard Austria
Anna Fenninger
Michaela Kirchgasser
Marlies Schild
Romed Baumann
Benjamin Raich
Philipp Schörghofer Sweden
Sara Hector
Anja Pärson
Maria Pietilä Holmner
Axel Bäck
Hans Olsson
Matts Olsson
Medal table[edit]
Key
The host country is highlighted in lavender blue.
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
1 Austria 4 3 1 8
2 France 2 1 1 4
3 Italy 1 2 3 6
4 United States 1 2 0 3
5 Slovenia 1 1 0 2
6 Canada 1 0 0 1
Norway 1 0 0 1
8 Sweden 0 1 3 4
9 Switzerland 0 1 0 1
10 Germany 0 0 2 2
11 Croatia 0 0 1 1
Total
11
11
11
33
Participating nations[edit]
525 athletes from 69 countries will compete.[13] Haiti will make its debut.
Andorra
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Brazil
Bulgaria
Canada
Chile
China
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Great Britain
Greece
Haiti
Hungary
Japan
Iceland
India
Iran
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lebanon
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Mexico
Moldova
Monaco
Montenegro
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Peru
Poland
Portugal
Puerto Rico
Romania
Russia
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
South Africa
South Korea
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
United States
Uzbekistan
See also[edit]
2011 IPC Alpine Skiing World Championships
References[edit]
Women's Slalom at Gudiberg
on 19 February
Jump up ^ FIS-Ski.com Archived 2011-02-11 at the Wayback Machine. – AWSC 2011 – calendar & results – accessed 2011-02-12.
Jump up ^ "FIS World Ski Championships Downhill M Results". FIS. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "FIS World Ski Championships Super G M Official Results". FIS. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "FIS World Ski Championships Giant Slalom M Official Results". FIS. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "FIS World Ski Championships Slalom M Official Results". FIS. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "FIS World Ski Championships Super Combined M Official Results". FIS. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "FIS World Ski Championships Downhill L Results". FIS. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "FIS World Ski Championships Super G L Results". FIS. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "FIS World Ski Championships Giant slalom L Results". FIS. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "FIS World Ski Championships Slalom L Results". FIS. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "FIS World Ski Championships Super Combined L Results". FIS. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "FIS World Ski Championships Nations Team Event Results" (PDF). FIS. Retrieved 16 February 2011.
Jump up ^ Three Years to Sochi; Alpine Skiing World Champs; Laureus Awards
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2011.
GaP 2011.com – official site
FIS-Ski.com – AWSC 2011 – calendar & results
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t
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FIS Alpine World Ski Championships
1931 Mürren
1932 Cortina d'Ampezzo
1933 Innsbruck
1934 St. Moritz
1935 Mürren
1936 Innsbruck
1937 Chamonix
1938 Engelberg
1939 Zakopane
(1941 Cortina d'Ampezzo)
1948 St. Moritz
1950 Aspen
1952 Oslo
1954 Åre
1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo
1958 Badgastein
1960 Squaw Valley
1962 Chamonix
1964 Innsbruck
1966 Portillo
1968 Grenoble
1970 Val Gardena
1972 Sapporo
1974 St. Moritz
1976 Innsbruck
1978 Garmisch-Partenkirchen
1980 Lake Placid
1982 Schladming
1985 Bormio
1987 Crans-Montana
1989 Vail
1991 Saalbach
1993 Morioka
1996 Sierra Nevada
1997 Sestriere
1999 Vail
2001 St. Anton
2003 St. Moritz
2005 Bormio
2007 Åre
2009 Val d'Isère
2011 Garmisch-Partenkirchen
2013 Schladming
2015 Vail/Beaver Creek
2017 St. Moritz
2019 Åre
2021 Cortina d'Ampezzo
List of alpine skiing world champions
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FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2011
FIS Alpine World Ski Championships
International sports competitions hosted by Germany
2011 in alpine skiing
2011 in German sport
Alpine skiing competitions in Germany
2010s in Bavaria
Sport in Garmisch-Partenkirchen
February 2011 sports events
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value: Световно първенство по ски алпийски дисциплини 2011 – Bulgarian

value: Campionat del Món d'esquí alpí de 2011 – Catalan

value: Mistrovství světa v alpském lyžování 2011 – Czech

value: Alpine Skiweltmeisterschaft 2011 – German

value: 2011. aasta mäesuusatamise maailmameistrivõistlused – Estonian

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value: Championnats du monde de ski alpin 2011 – French

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value: Campionati mondiali di sci alpino 2011 – Italian

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value: VM i alpine greiner 2011 – Norwegian Nynorsk

value: Mistrzostwa Świata w Narciarstwie Alpejskim 2011 – Polish

value: Campeonato Mundial de Esqui Alpino de 2011 – Portuguese

value: Чемпионат мира по горнолыжному спорту 2011 – Russian

value: Svetovno prvenstvo v alpskem smučanju 2011 – Slovenian

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value: Alppihiihdon maailmanmestaruuskilpailut 2011 – Finnish

value: Världsmästerskapen i alpin skidsport 2011 – Swedish

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