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Triple Entente
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European military alliances prior to World War I
The Triple Entente (from French entente [ɑ̃tɑ̃t] "friendship, understanding, agreement") refers to the understanding linking the Russian Empire, the French Third Republic, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente on 31 August 1907. The understanding between the three powers, supplemented by agreements with Japan and Portugal, was a powerful counterweight to the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.
However, Italy did not side with Germany and Austria during World War I and joined the Entente instead in the Treaty of London (1915).
Historians continue to debate the importance of the alliance system as one of the causes of World War I. At the start of World War I in 1914, all three Triple Entente members entered it as Allied Powers against the Central Powers: Germany and Austria-Hungary.[1]
However, the Triple Entente, unlike the Triple Alliance or the Franco-Russian Alliance, was not an alliance of mutual defense. Thus, Britain felt free to make its own foreign policy decisions in the 1914 July Crisis.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
1.1 Franco-Russian Alliance
1.2 Entente cordiale
1.3 Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907
2 Britain
3 France
4 Russia
5 See also
6 References
7 Sources
Background[edit]
Otto von Bismarck planned to isolate France diplomatically; he feared that France's revanchist aspirations might make it attempt to regain its losses suffered in 1871 after the Franco-Prussian War.[2] The alliance also served to fight against progressive sentiments, which the conservative rulers found unsettling, such as the First International.[3]
However, the League faced great difficulty with the growing tensions between Russia and Austria-Hungary, mainly over the Balkans, where the rise of nationalism and the continued decline of the Ottoman Empire made many former Ottoman provinces struggle for independence.[4]
The situation in the Balkans, especially in the wake of the Serbo-Bulgarian War and the 1878 Treaty of Berlin, which made Russia feel cheated of its gains made in the Russo-Turkish War, prevented the League from being renewed in 1887.[5]
In an attempt to stop Russia from allying with France, Bismarck signed the secret Reinsurance Treaty with Russia in 1887. The treaty assured that both parties would remain neutral if war broke out.[6]
The alliance between Russia and France and Bismarck′s exclusion of Russia from the German financial market in 1887 prevented the treaty from being renewed in 1890. That ended the alliance between Germany and Russia.[7]
Franco-Russian Alliance[edit]
After the Reinsurance Treaty was not renewed in 1890,[8] Russian leaders grew alarmed at the country's diplomatic isolation and joined the Franco-Russian Alliance in 1894.[7]
Entente cordiale[edit]
In 1904, Britain and France signed a series of agreements, the Entente cordiale, mostly in solving colonial disputes.
That heralded the end of British splendid isolation and was partly a response to growing German antagonism, as expressed in the expansion of the Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial Navy) to become a battle fleet that could threaten the supremacy of the British Royal Navy.
The Entente, unlike the Triple Alliance and the Franco-Russian Alliance, was not an alliance of mutual defence and so Britain was free to make its own foreign policy decisions in 1914. As British Foreign Office Official Eyre Crowe minuted, "The fundamental fact of course is that the Entente is not an alliance. For purposes of ultimate emergencies it may be found to have no substance at all. For the Entente is nothing more than a frame of mind, a view of general policy which is shared by the governments of two countries, but which may be, or become, so vague as to lose all content".[9]
Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907[edit]
In 1907, Britain and Russia signed the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907 to end their rivalry in Central Asia, nicknamed The Great Game.
Britain[edit]
In the last decade of the nineteenth century, Britain continued its policy of "splendid isolation", with its primary focus on defending its massive overseas empire. However, by the early 1900s, the German threat had increased dramatically, and in Britain thought it was in need of allies. For most of the 19th century, Britain had regarded France and Russia as its two most dangerous rivals, but with the growing threat of Germany, policy began to change for several reasons:
France and Britain had signed five separate agreements regarding spheres of influence in North Africa in 1904, the Entente cordiale. The Tangier Crisis later encouraged co-operation between the two countries from their mutual fear of apparent German expansionism.
Russia was defeated in the Russo-Japanese War, which resulted in less concern over Russian imperialism and encouraged Russia to secure its position elsewhere. France was already allied to Russia in the Dual Alliance.
Britain was frightened about the rising threat of German imperialism. Kaiser Wilhelm II had announced to the world his intentions to create a global German empire and to develop a strong navy. Britain, traditionally having control of the seas, saw that a serious threat to its own empire and navy.
In 1907, the Anglo-Russian Entente was agreed, which attempted to resolve a series of long-running disputes over Persia, Afghanistan and Tibet and helped to address British fears about the Baghdad Railway, which would help German expansion in the Near East.
France[edit]
Main article: French Third Republic
During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871, Prussia defeated the Second French Empire, resulting in the establishment of the Third Republic. In the Treaty of Frankfurt, Prussia forced France to cede Alsace-Lorraine to the new German Empire. Ever since, relations had been poor.
France, worried about the escalating military development of Germany, began building up its own war industries and army to deter to German aggression. Also, France developed a strong bond with Russia by ratifying the Franco-Russian Alliance, which was designed to create a strong counter to the Triple Alliance. France′s main concerns were to protect against an attack from Germany and to regain Alsace-Lorraine.
A 1914 Russian poster in which the upper inscription reads "agreement". The uncertain Britannia (right) and Marianne (left) look to the determined Mother Russia (centre) to lead them in the coming war.
Russia[edit]
Main article: Russian Empire
Russia had by far the largest manpower reserves of all the six European powers, but it was also the most backward economically. Russia shared France′s worries about Germany. After the Germans started to reorganise the Ottoman army, Russia feared that they would come to control the Dardanelles, a vital trade artery that carried two fifths of Russia's exports.[10]
There was also Russia's long history of rivalry with Austria-Hungary. Austria-Hungary had recently annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina, greatly angering Russia, which had considered itself the leader of the Slavic world (Pan-Slavism). Russia viewed the invasion as another step towards annexing Serbia and Montenegro.
Russia had also recently lost the humiliating Russo-Japanese War, a cause of the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the apparent transformation into a constitutional monarchy. To counter its enemies militarily and politically, Russia sought to revive the Franco-Russian Alliance.
Although it was perceived as useless during the war with Japan, the alliance was valuable in the European theatre. Russia also signed the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907 with Britain to counteract the threat of the Triple Alliance.
The alignment of the autocratic Russian Empire with Europe's two largest democracies was controversial on both sides. Many Russian conservatives mistrusted the secular France and recalled British past diplomatic maneuvers to block Russian influence in the Near East. In turn, prominent French and British journalists, academics and parliamentarians found the reactionary tsarist regime distasteful. Mistrust persisted even during wartime, with British and French politicians expressing relief when Tsar Nicholas II abdicated and was replaced by the Russian Provisional Government after the February Revolution in 1917. An offer of political asylum for the Romanovs was even withdrawn by the British king for fear popular reaction.[11] Also, France never brought up the subject of asylum with the deposed tsar.
See also[edit]
World War I portal
Allies of World War I
Central Powers (allies of Germany in World War I)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Robert Gildea, Barricades and Borders: Europe 1800-1914 (3rd ed. 2003) ch 15
Jump up ^ Feuchtwanger 2002, p. 216.
Jump up ^ Gildea 2003, p. 237.
Jump up ^ Henig 2002, p.3.
Jump up ^ Holborn 1982, p. 247.
Jump up ^ Holborn 1982, p. 249.
^ Jump up to: a b Holborn 1982, pp. 304-305.
Jump up ^ Reinsurance Treaty
Jump up ^ Hamilton, K.A. (1977). "Great Britain and France, 1911–1914". In Hinsley, F.H. British Foreign Policy Under Sir Edward Grey. Cambridge University Press. p. 324. ISBN 978-0-521-21347-9.
Jump up ^ Fiona K. Tomaszewski, A Great Russia: Russia and the Triple Entente, 1905 to 1914 (2002)
Jump up ^ Gareth Russell (2014). The Emperors: How Europe's Rulers Were Destroyed by the First World War. Amberley. pp. 164–65.
Sources[edit]
Albrecht-Carrié, René. A Diplomatic History of Europe Since the Congress of Vienna (1958)
Andrew, Christopher. Théophile Délcassé and the Making of the Entente Cordiale, 1898–1905 (1968).
Clark, Christopher. The Sleepwalkers: How Europe went to war in 1914 (2012), pp. 124–35, 190-96, 293-313, 438-42, 498-505.
Fay, Sidney Bradshaw. The Origins of the World War (2nd ed. 1934) vol 1 pp 105–24, 312-42, vol 2 pp 277–86, 443-46
Hamel, Catherine. La commémoration de l’alliance franco-russe : La création d’une culture matérielle populaire, 1890-1914 (French) (MA thesis, Concordia University, 2016) ; online
Henig, Ruth Beatrice (2002). The origins of the First World War (Routledge. ISBN 0-415-26185-6)
Hughes, Michael. Diplomacy before the Russian Revolution: Britain, Russia, and the Old Diplomacy, 1894–1917 (, 2000).
Kennan, George F. The decline of Bismarck's European order: Franco-Russian relations, 1875-1890 (1979).
Kennan, George F. The fateful alliance: France, Russia, and the coming of the First World War (Manchester UP, 1984).
Langer, William F. The Franco-Russian Alliance, 1890-1894 (1930)
Langer, William F. The Diplomacy of Imperialism: 1890-1902 (1950) pp 3–66.
Neilson, Keith. Britain and the Last Tsar: British Policy and Russia, 1894–1917 (Oxford, 1995).
Schmitt, Bernadotte. Triple Alliance and Triple Entente (1971)
Sontag, Raymond. European Diplomatic History: 1871-1932 (1933), basic short summary
Taylor, A.J.P. The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918 (1954) advanced coverage
Tomaszewski, Fiona. "Pomp, Circumstance, and Realpolitik: The Evolution of the Triple Entente of Russia, Great Britain, and France." Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas vol. 3 (1999): 362-380. in JSTOR, in English
Tomaszewski, Fiona K. A Great Russia: Russia and the Triple Entente, 1905-1914 (Greenwood, 2002); also excerpt and text search
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text:
List of The Doctor Blake Mysteries episodes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The following is a list of episodes for the Australian television drama mystery programme, The Doctor Blake Mysteries. As of 5 November 2017,[update] 44 episodes of The Doctor Blake Mysteries have aired.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Series overview
2 Episodes
2.1 Series 1 (2013)
2.2 Series 2 (2014)
2.3 Series 3 (2015)
2.4 Series 4 (2016)
2.5 Series 5 (2017)
2.6 Telemovie (2017)
3 References
4 External links
Series overview[edit]
Series
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
Network
1 10 1 February 2013 (2013-02-01) 5 April 2013 (2013-04-05) ABC
2 10 7 February 2014 (2014-02-07) 11 April 2014 (2014-04-11)
3 8 13 February 2015 (2015-02-13) 3 April 2015 (2015-04-03)
4 8 5 February 2016 (2016-02-05) 25 March 2016 (2016-03-25)
5 8 17 September 2017 (2017-09-17) 5 November 2017 (2017-11-05)
Telemovie 12 November 2017 (2017-11-12)
Episodes[edit]
Series 1 (2013)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
series
Title[2]
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
AUS viewers
(million)
1
1 "Still Waters" Andrew Prowse Stuart Page 1 February 2013 (2013-02-01) 1.176 (Overnight)[3]
Guest cast: John Wood, Penne Hackforth-Jones and Ryan O'Kane
2
2 "The Greater Good" Declan Eames Stuart Page 8 February 2013 (2013-02-08) 0.935 (Overnight)[4]
Guest cast: Neil Pigot, Ben Anderson and Chloé Boreham
3
3 "Death of a Travelling Salesman" Ian Barry Stuart Page & Chelsea Cassio 15 February 2013 (2013-02-15) 1.131[5]
4
4 "Brotherly Love" Andrew Prowse Stuart Page 22 February 2013 (2013-02-22) 1.095[6]
Guest cast: Daniel Daperis and Sara Gleeson
First appearance of Joy McDonald Dedication: This episode was dedicated in memory of special effects artist, Aaron Beaucaire.
5
5 "Hearts and Flowers" Ian Barry Stuart Page 1 March 2013 (2013-03-01) 1.088[7]
Guest cast: John Wood, David Whiteley, Tony Nikolakopoulos, Alinta Chidzey, and Michael Bishop
6
6 "If the Shoe Fits" Andrew Prowse Stuart Page 8 March 2013 (2013-03-08) 1.021[8]
Guest cast: John Wood, Sara Gleeson and Jacek Koman
7
7 "Bedlam" Declan Eames Chris Corbett 15 March 2013 (2013-03-15) 0.836 (Overnight)[9]
Guest cast: John Stanton, Matthew Dyktynski and Lara Jean Marshall
First appearance of Chief Supt. Douglas Ashby
8
8 "Game of Champions" Ian Barry Stuart Page 22 March 2013 (2013-03-22) 0.948[10]
Guest cast: John Wood and Nicholas Bell
9
9 "All That Glitters" Andrew Prowse Tim Pye 29 March 2013 (2013-03-29) 0.969[11]
10
10 "Someone's Son, Someone's Daughter" Ian Barry Jane Allen 5 April 2013 (2013-04-05) 1.045[12]
Guest cast: John Wood and Sara Gleeson
Last regular appearance of Constable Daniel Parks
Series 2 (2014)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
series
Title[13]
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
AUS viewers
(million)
11
1 "The Heart of the Matter" Declan Eames Stuart Page 7 February 2014 (2014-02-07) 1.117[14]
Blake returns from Shanghai just as the mayor of Ballarat is murdered. Blake and Superintendent Lawson have to tread carefully among the mayor's many enemies. When Blake's friend, Joy, is also found dead in the same place it becomes personal. A new senior constable, Charlie Davis, believed by Lawson to report back on his and Blake's activities, is sent by Melbourne.
Guest cast: John Wood and Sara Gleeson
First regular appearance of Constable Charlie Davis and last appearance of Joy McDonald
12
2 "The Food of Love" Declan Eames Pete McTighe 14 February 2014 (2014-02-14) 1.011[15]
Bobby Lee, lead singer of a rock and roll group, dies in an alley, of a single stab wound, outside Ballarat's concert hall amongst his fans. Blake investigates his fans including a pub owner's 16 year old daughter with a vivid imagination, another fanatical female fan, other band members and a preacher with a violent past who hates the devil's music. Mattie spends the day in a cell after assaulting senior constable Davis.
Guest cast: Cameron Daddo
13
3 "A Foreign Field" Lee Rogers Marcia Gardner 21 February 2014 (2014-02-21) 0.914 (Overnight)[16]
The body of a man is found by a tree, having been there overnight. The autopsy reveals he had been poisoned by cyanide and his clothes have no labels. The last person to be seen with the man was a blonde woman. When his wife appears they believe they have his name but she, a blonde, becomes a suspect when further investigation reveals the man had multiple identities and lovers. A coded message, which Blake tries to decode, a Soviet agent, is and an intellectually disabled Peeping Tom may hold clues to the death. Alice Harvey, a new pathologist joins the Ballarat medical team.
Guest cast: Edwina Wren, Sibylla Budd and Mark Casamento
First regular appearance of Dr. Alice Harvey
14
4 "Smoke and Mirrors" Lee Rogers Chelsea Cassio 28 February 2014 (2014-02-28) 1.111[17]
Two seemingly unrelated incidents; the president of the local flying club falling to his death from the balcony of the Colonists Club but with massive internal injuries and a police constable injured in a hit and run. Tobacco smuggling seems to be the connection but the two local pilots have alibis and the only airworthy plane was on the ground. Senior constable Davis falls foul of Superintendent Lawson.
Guest cast: John Wood
15
5 "Crossing The Line" Pino Amenta Chelsea Cassio 7 March 2014 (2014-03-07) 1.020[18]
A projectionist dies in a fire in his projection room at the cinema. Is it foul play? It soon becomes apparent he was murdered. Blake finds in the projection room some partially destroyed, flammable 16 mm film. In the dead man's room is a bill for a four poster bed delivered to a derelict mansion owned by Patrick Tyneman's son. Restoring some of the film reveals a pornographic film and Mattie knows one of the participants. Jean has a possible suitor in a fireman, who was in the cinema and tried to save the projectionist's life.
16
6 "Mortal Coil" Pino Amenta Stuart Page 14 March 2014 (2014-03-14) 1.002[19]
At a funeral, the pallbearers drop the coffin, and it bursts open to reveal two bodies. The second body is of an itinerant scrap metal dealer who has been shot in the head. Blake knew the man and, using the man's horse and cart, retraces his route to an abandoned shed and discovers evidence of another murder. Lawson and Davis are perturbed by Blake's erratic behaviour that has come to Melbourne's attention. Blake and Lawson dig up another body, which leads to a search for a third.
17
7 "The Silence" Declan Eames Pete McTighe 21 March 2014 (2014-03-21) 1.101[20]
The headmaster of the local school is found dead in his office from a blow to the head but the excessive bleeding and enlarged spleen reveal rat poison as a contributing factor. Lawson suspects the deputy headmaster, who had bullied him at the same school which they attended as youngsters. Blake Investigates how the poison was administered and the women involved with the headmaster when a more sinister reason emerges between two siblings at the school.
18
8 "The Ties of the Past" Declan Eames Marcia Gardner 28 March 2014 (2014-03-28) 1.069[21]
Guest cast: John Wood
19
9 "The Sky is Empty" Ian Barry Chelsea Cassio 4 April 2014 (2014-04-04) 1.083[22]
20
10 "An Invincible Summer" Ian Barry Stuart Page 11 April 2014 (2014-04-11) 1.060[23]
Series 3 (2015)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
series
Title[24]
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
AUS viewers
(million)
21
1 "King of the Lake" Pino Amenta Michael Harvey 13 February 2015 (2015-02-13) 1.174[25]
A 17 year old champion rower drowns after being thrown into the lake in celebration of a win. Blake is unhappy with the way the extremely fit boy drowned so quickly and with alcohol in his lungs. The boy's obstructive, domineering father with heart trouble hampers the investigation and the boy's recent phobia about the colour yellow may be the key to solving the mystery. Blake offers lodgings to Charlie Davis and in clearing the room finds a medical file on his own mother.
Guest cast: John Wood
22
2 "My Brother's Keeper" Pino Amenta Pino Amenta 20 February 2015 (2015-02-20) 1.063[26]
The death of a farmer trampled to death in his own cattle pens and a misidentification leads to problems for Blake when Superintendent Ashby is dismissed and replaced by Superintendent Munroe, who is determined to rein in Blake or dismiss him as police surgeon.
First regular appearance of Chief Superintendent Munroe
23
3 "This Time and This Place" Fiona Banks Michael Miller 27 February 2015 (2015-02-27) 1.156[27]
A young woman is shot dead at a Bonfire Night celebration and the police arrest an Aboriginal boy holding a gun in his hand. Blake realises the murder is not that simple and is forced to challenge the racist bias of both the police and the whole town but the evidence clears then condemns the boy. Jean receives a letter that her son's wife is expecting a baby. Blake writes to his daughter in China.
24
4 "By the Southern Cross" Fiona Banks Roger Monk 6 March 2015 (2015-03-06) 1.103[28]
Communist agitators, friends of Mattie from university, descend on Ballarat to cause trouble when a government minister, Mattie's father, is speaking. One of the agitators is found dead and Blake seeks evidence to corroborate forensic evidence on the body. Mattie suspects Charlie is spying on Blake for Superintendent Munroe. Blake is shocked to discover from one of his mother's friends that she died of a diabetic coma.
Guest cast: John Wood, Martin Sacks and Helen Morse
25
5 "A Night to Remember" Karl Zwicky Jeff Truman 13 March 2015 (2015-03-13) 1.117[29]
When a famous actress is murdered at a charity event at the Colonist's Club, it really does become a Night to Remember.
Guest cast: John Wood
26
6 "Women and Children" Karl Zwicky Stuart Page 20 March 2015 (2015-03-20) 1.012[30]
A murder in the hospital leads Blake into a maze of sexual politics and revenge.
27
7 "Room without a View" Declan Eames Chelsea Cassio 27 March 2015 (2015-03-27) 1.077[31]
Guest cast: Gary Sweet
28
8 "Darkness Visible" Declan Eames Stuart Page 3 April 2015 (2015-04-03) 1.205[32]
Guest cast: John Wood
Last appearances of Douglas Ashby and Chief Superintendent Munroe
Series 4 (2016)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
series
Title[33]
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
AUS viewers
(million)
29
1 "The Open Road" Declan Eames Stuart Page 5 February 2016 (2016-02-05) 1.142[34]
It's 1960 and Dr Lucien Blake returns home to find Ballarat hosting a very public stopover in a cross-country, endurance motor race - and a very suspicious death. Chief Superintendent Lawson is seriously injured and retires. Blake recognises his growing feelings for Jean and he takes his mother's engagement ring from his study. A new reporter taken on at the local paper, The Courier, is Lawson's niece Rose Anderson.
Last regular appearance of Chief Superintendent Lawson and first appearance of Rose Anderson
30
2 "Golden Years" Declan Eames Pete McTighe 12 February 2016 (2016-02-12) 1.091[35]
Two businessmen/brothers announce plans for a theme park to glorify Ballarat's goldrush past. The following morning one brother is found dead in the local baths. Doctor Blake soon realises the death is suspicious. Chief Superintendent Frank Carlyle replaces Lawson. Mattie O'Brien leaves Ballarat for a new post at St Bartholomew's hospital, London. Blake borrows Jean's engagement ring from her first marriage to have his mother's engagement ring resized.
First appearance of Chief Superintendent Carlyle and last regular appearance of Mattie O'Brien
31
3 "Lucky Numbers" Fiona Banks Paul Oliver 19 February 2016 (2016-02-19) 1.098[36]
A kidnapping involving the winners of the first ever state lottery leads Blake into a shady world of greed and envy. Solving the case provides Blake with the opportunity to finally propose to Jean just as Mei Lin, Blake's wife presumed dead, arrives at the front door.
32
4 "Against The Odds" Fiona Banks Stuart Page 26 February 2016 (2016-02-26) 1.125[37]
A jockey dies the morning after a big win. Carlyle is in debt to a bookmaker who is one of the suspects. Blake's household is strained with Jean and Mei Lin under the same roof. Mei Lin leaves to stay in a hotel and Blake puts the engagement ring away.
33
5 "The Price of Love" John Hartley Chelsea Cassio 4 March 2016 (2016-03-04) 1.088[38]
When a soldier is killed during a routine training exercise, Doctor Blake investigates soldiers and their wives involved in a promiscuous circle of swapping partners. When another soldier's separated wife is found dead and a woman working in the army laundry cannot be found another motive surfaces being investigated by Blake's old commanding officer, Major Derek Alderton, who seems reluctant to co-operate.
34
6 "A Difficult Lie" John Hartley Paul Jenner 11 March 2016 (2016-03-11) 1.081[39]
When a reporter's body, Terry Reynolds, is discovered on the 18th hole at the local golf course, Blake is called in to investigate Reynolds who had enemies at the golf course and the newspaper The Courier. Rose helps to uncover the secrets Reynolds had amassed and a secret of her editor Edward Tyneman. An article in The Courier about Mei Lin's return strains further Blake and Jean's relationship.
35
7 "For Whom The Bell Tolls" Ian Barry Sarah Lambert 18 March 2016 (2016-03-18) 1.018[40]
A fireman, Cec Drury's brother, falls from the Ballarat Fire Station bell tower in front of Mei Lin. What appears to be a suicide turns into a murder investigation of his colleagues who were all attending a fire. Rose brings pictures to Jean of Mei Lin arguing with Major Alderton and Jean overhears him threatening her. Mei Lin confesses to Blake that Alderton had been using her and threats against their daughter to get at Blake.
36
8 "The Visible World" Ian Barry Stuart Page 25 March 2016 (2016-03-25) 1.059[41]
Blake takes a pistol to the Ballarat observatory to meet Major Alderton who tries to blackmail Blake into returning to the army with Mei Lin for service in the growing Indo-China war. As the sky darkened during the eclipse Alderton is stabbed in front of Blake. When a knife is found in Mei Lin's room Blake is arrested. From his cell Blake has to solve the murder before he is taken to Melbourne by the Special Branch and then Mei Lin confesses.
Series 5 (2017)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
series
Title[42]
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
AUS viewers
(million)
37
1 "A Lethal Combination" Ian Barry Paul Oliver 17 September 2017 (2017-09-17) 0.929[43]
An exhibition boxing match in Ballarat turns sour when one of the boxers is seemingly beaten to death in front of hundreds of witnesses. Now Blake must try and determine a cause of death, even as all eyes turn to the boxer's seemingly unscrupulous opponent… Charlie's younger brother Ray.
Last regular appearance of Chief Superintendent Caryle and reintroduction of Chief Superintendent Lawson
38
2 "Sorrow Songs" Ian Barry David Hannam 24 September 2017 (2017-09-24) 0.903[44]
The murder of a beautiful woman takes Blake inside the intriguing and exotic world of Romani travellers passing through Ballarat.
39
3 "The Call Of The Void" Alister Grierson Victoria Madden 1 October 2017 (2017-10-01) 0.884[45]
When a French chef is found murdered in the freezer of a restaurant the night after an impromptu police raid, Bill Hobart quickly finds himself becoming the chief suspect in the case — especially when it appears the victim, Phillipe, has probably been beaten to death, and Hobart himself admits to dealing out some punishment during the raid. What could possibly have driven Hobart to resort to this kind of violence? What was the point of his late night raid?
40
4 "All She Leaves Behind" Alister Grierson Stuart Page 8 October 2017 (2017-10-08) 0.961[46]
Controversial writer Patricia Neville has finally returned to her old hometown, armed with a new novel that promises to excoriate Ballarat and its many inhabitants — as evidenced by a book reading at the local library that quickly devolves into violence and chaos. But when she's found dead the next morning with her sister Eve unconscious beside her, seemingly part of some murder-suicide pact, Blake has to search out some truths about the place in order to understand how and why the woman died.
41
5 "Measure Twice" Daina Reid Paul Jenner 15 October 2017 (2017-10-15) 1.024[47]
When Blake is called to investigate the murder of a retired carpenter, his only real suspect is a young Jehovah's Witness, discovered praying over the body and covered in blood. The boy is interviewed, and despite his earnest pleas of innocence, there is definitely something unnerving about him… some secret he won't reveal to the police, or to Blake.
42
6 "First Dance" Daina Reid Eloise Healey 22 October 2017 (2017-10-22) 1.086[48]
When a teenage girl dies at her Debutante Ball, Blake does his best to investigate despite being housebound as he recovers from being stabbed weeks before.
43
7 "A Good Drop" Fiona Banks Paul Jenner 29 October 2017 (2017-10-29) 1.060[49]
It's the week before Christmas, and Blake has been called upon to investigate the murder of a local farmer shot to death at point blank range after what appears to be a deliberately lit fire on his land.
44
8 "Hear The Angels Sing" Fiona Banks Stuart Page 5 November 2017 (2017-11-05) 1.028[50]
Ballarat is thrown into chaos when a young policeman is found brutally murdered overnight in the station, his neck broken, files and paperwork strewn all over the office.
Guest cast: John Wood, Craig Hall, Annie Jones and Gary Sweet
Telemovie (2017)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
series
Title[51]
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
AUS viewers
(million)
45
1 "Family Portrait" Ian Barry Paul Jenner 12 November 2017 (2017-11-12) 1.070[52]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Doctor Blake Murder Mysteries - ABC TV". ABC1. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "DBMM: Season 1 episode guide". australiantelevision.net. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Friday 1 February 2013". TV Tonight. 2 February 2013. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Friday 8 February 2013". TV Tonight. 9 February 2013. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Timeshifted: Friday 15 February 2013". TV Tonight. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Timeshifted: Friday 22 February 2013". TV Tonight. 4 March 2013. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Timeshifted: Friday 1 March 2013". TV Tonight. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Timeshifted: Friday 8 March 2013". TV Tonight. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Friday 15 March 2013". TV Tonight. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Timeshifted: Friday 22 March 2013". TV Tonight. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Timeshifted: Friday 29 March 2013". TV Tonight. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Timeshifted: Friday 5 April 2013". TV Tonight. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "DBMM: Season 2 episode guide". australiantelevision.net. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Timeshifted: Friday 7 February 2014". TV Tonight. 18 February 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Timeshifted: Friday 14 February 2014". TV Tonight. 26 February 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Timeshifted: Friday 21 February 2014". TV Tonight. 22 February 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Timeshifted: Friday 28 February 2014". TV Tonight. 11 March 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Timeshifted: Friday 7 March 2014". TV Tonight. 19 March 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Timeshifted: Friday 14 March 2014". TV Tonight. 25 March 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Timeshifted: Friday 21 March 2014". TV Tonight. 2 April 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Timeshifted: Friday 28 March 2014". TV Tonight. 8 April 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Timeshifted: Friday 4 April 2014". TV Tonight. 15 April 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Timeshifted: Friday 11 April 2014". TV Tonight. 22 April 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "DBMM: Season 3 episode guide". australiantelevision.net. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Timeshifted: Friday 13 February 2015". TV Tonight. 23 February 2015. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Timeshifted: Friday 20 February 2015". TV Tonight. 2 March 2015. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Timeshifted: Friday 27 February 2015". TV Tonight. 9 March 2015. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Timeshifted: Friday 6 March 2015". TV Tonight. 19 March 2015. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Timeshifted: Friday 13 March 2015". TV Tonight. 24 March 2015. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Timeshifted: Friday 20 March 2015". TV Tonight. 31 March 2015. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Timeshifted: Friday 27 March 2015". TV Tonight. 7 April 2015. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Timeshifted: Friday 3 April 2015". TV Tonight. 13 April 2015. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "DBMM: Season 4 episode guide". australiantelevision.net. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Timeshifted: Friday 5 February 2016". TV Tonight. 15 February 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Timeshifted: Friday 12 February 2016". TV Tonight. 23 February 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Timeshifted: Friday 19 February 2016". TV Tonight. 1 March 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Timeshifted: Friday 26 February 2016". TV Tonight. 7 March 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Timeshifted: Friday 4 March 2016". TV Tonight. 16 March 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Timeshifted: Friday 11 March 2016". TV Tonight. 21 March 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Timeshifted: Friday 18 March 2016". TV Tonight. 30 March 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Timeshifted: Friday 25 March 2016". TV Tonight. 5 April 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "DBMM: Season 5 episode guide". australiantelevision.net. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Timeshifted: Sunday 17 September 2017". TV Tonight. 1 October 2017. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Timeshifted: Sunday 24 September 2017". TV Tonight. 4 October 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Timeshifted: Sunday 1 October 2017". TV Tonight. 15 October 2017. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Timeshifted: Sunday 8 October 2017". TV Tonight. 17 October 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Timeshifted: Sunday 15 October 2017". TV Tonight. 23 October 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Timeshifted: Sunday 22 October 2017". TV Tonight. 31 October 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Timeshifted: Sunday 29 October 2017". TV Tonight. 7 November 2017. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Timeshifted: Sunday 5 November 2017". TV Tonight. 19 November 2017. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "DBMM Telemovie". australiantelevision.net. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Timeshifted: Sunday 12 November 2017". TV Tonight. 24 November 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
External links[edit]
The Doctor Blake Mysteries at epguides.com
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Doctor_Blake_Mysteries_episodes&oldid=837934839"
Categories:
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text:
List of participants to Paris Peace Conference, 1919
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Map of the World with the Participants in World War I. The Allies are depicted in green, the Central Powers in orange, and neutral countries in grey.
The Paris Peace Conference, 1919 gathered 27 nations at the Palace of Versailles to shape the future after World War I. The Russian SFSR was not invited to attend, having already concluded a peace treaty with the Central Powers in the spring of 1918. The Central Powers - Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire - were not allowed to attend the conference until after the details of all the peace treaties had been elaborated and agreed upon.
Negotiating Delegations[edit]
Belgium
Brazil
Canada (signed under 'British Empire')
China[1]
Cuba
Czechoslovakia
France
Greece
Guatemala
Haiti
The Hejaz (later absorbed into Saudi Arabia)
Honduras
Italy
Japan
Liberia
Lithuania
Montenegro
Nicaragua
Panama
Poland
Portugal
Romania
San Marino
Siam
United Kingdom
United States (see also American Commission to Negotiate Peace)
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia)
Other Representatives[edit]
The Principality of Andorra (more commonly Andorra) was not invited not attend, due to an 'oversight', but it is considered by prominent historians, including Irish historian Ciaran Geraghty,[2] that the micro-nation was intentionally barred from attending the conference, due to their "relative lack of influence throughout the conflict".[2] The issue of Andorra being at war was eventually resolved on September 24th 1958, when a peace treaty was signed.[3]
The unrecognized Irish Republic sent representatives in hope the republic declared at the Easter Rising in 1916 would be recognised, but they were ignored.
Faisal's party at the Paris Peace Conference included Lawrence of Arabia.
Vietnam sent delegates to represent its interests independently from France and French Indo-China, but like the Irish delegation they were also ignored.
Several Zionist representatives also attended the conference, seeking support for the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine.
Sālote Tupou III of Tonga also sent a small delegation.
Delegations from the newly independent states of the Caucasus included diplomats from Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Northern Caucasus.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ At the time of the Paris Peace Conference there were two governments claiming to be the legitimate government of China: the Beiyang Government in Beijing, and Dr Sun Yat-sen's Guangzhou based Kuomintang (KMT) movement .However, they worked together to create the united diplomatic team that would plead Chinas case in Paris.
^ Jump up to: a b "Was there ever a declaration of war that the opposing country just ignored?". www.quora.com. Retrieved 2018-03-08.
Jump up ^ Reich, Herb (2012). Lies They Teach in School: Exposing the Myths Behind 250 Commonly Believed Fallacies. New York: Skyhorse Publication, Inc. p. 52. ISBN 1616085967.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_participants_to_Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919&oldid=829396087"
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Capital punishment in Oregon
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Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Oregon.
In November 2011, Governor John Kitzhaber announced a moratorium on executions in Oregon, canceling a planned execution and ordering a review of the death penalty system in the state.[1] Kitzhaber's successor, Governor Kate Brown, affirmed her commitment to the moratorium.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Legal process
2 Capital crimes
3 Early history
4 List of individuals executed since 1978
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Legal process[edit]
Oregon is the only American state where someone can be convicted of a capital crime without a unanimous verdict from the jury: 11 jurors are enough to find the defendant guilty, unless the prosecution requests a unanimous verdict.[3]
But if the prosecution seeks the death penalty, the sentence is decided by the jury and must always be unanimous.
In case of a hung jury during the penalty phase of the trial, a life sentence is issued, even if a single juror opposed death (there is no retrial).[4]
The Governor of Oregon has sole authority over clemency, including capital cases.[5]
The method of execution is lethal injection.
The men's death row is located, and executions are carried out, at the Oregon State Penitentiary.[6] Women on death row are held at Coffee Creek Correctional Facility until shortly before their execution.[7]
Capital crimes[edit]
Aggravated murder is the only crime punishable by death in Oregon. It is defined as murder involving any of the following circumstances:[8][9][10]
The defendant committed the murder pursuant to an agreement that the defendant receive money or other thing of value for committing the murder.
The defendant solicited another to commit the murder and paid or agreed to pay the person money or other thing of value for committing the murder.
The defendant committed murder after having been convicted previously in any jurisdiction of any homicide, the elements of which constitute the crime of murder or manslaughter as defined by Oregon statutes.
There was more than one murder victim in the same criminal episode.
The homicide occurred in the course of or as a result of intentional maiming or torture of the victim.
The victim of the intentional homicide was a person under the age of 14 years.
The victim was a police officer, correctional, parole and probation officer or other person charged with the duty of custody, control, or supervision of convicted persons, a member of the Oregon State Police, judicial officer, juror, or witness in a criminal proceeding, employee or officer of a court of justice, or a member of the State Board of Parole and Post-Prison Supervision and the murder was related to the performance of the victim's duties in the justice system.
The defendant committed murder by means of explosives.
The defendant personally and intentionally committed the homicide in course of furtherance of another specified felony such as rape.
The murder was committed in an effort to conceal the commission of a crime, or to conceal the identity of the perpetrator of a crime.
The murder was committed after the defendant had escaped from a state, county, or municipal penal or correctional facility and before recapture.
Early history[edit]
The first death sentence carried out under the territorial government, apart from the hanging of the 5 Cayuse in 1850, came on April 18, 1851, when William Kendall was hanged in Salem.[11] Kendall's sentence was handed down by Judge William Strong of the Oregon Supreme Court.[11]
Since 1904, about 60 Five Cayuse Native American men were taken to Oregon City, tried and sentenced to hang. Before their execution on June 3, 1850, the leader, Tiloukaikt, accepted Catholic last rites. Tiloukaikt spoke on the gallows, "Did not your missionaries teach us that Christ died to save his people? So we die to save our people." Capital punishment was made explicitly legal by statute in 1864, and executions have been carried out exclusively at the Oregon State Penitentiary in Salem since 1904. The death penalty was outlawed between 1914 and 1920, again between 1964 and 1978, and then again between a 1981 Oregon Supreme Court ruling and a 1984 ballot measure.
Oregon voters amended the Constitution in 1914, to repeal the death penalty, by a margin of 50.04%. The repeal was an initiative of Governor Oswald West.[12] However, the death penalty was restored in 1920 with 56% of voters favoring its use.[13] From 1864 to 1931, executions were carried out by hanging.[13] However, beginning with the execution of LeRoy Hershel McCarthy, on January 30, 1939, Oregon began using lethal gas in gas-chamber executions.[14] The state executed seventeen men in this manner.[13] The last of these gas-inhalation executions took place on 20 August 1962, with the execution of Leeroy Sanford McGahuey.[13] In 1964 voters passed Measure 1, a constitutional amendment prohibiting capital punishment, with 60% of voters approving. Governor Mark Hatfield commuted the sentences of three death row inmates two days later.[13]
Voters reenacted the death penalty in the general election of 1978, by statute; Measure 8 required the death penalty in certain murder cases. Measure 8 was overturned by the Oregon Supreme Court in 1981, on the grounds that it denied defendants the right to be tried by a jury of their peers.[13]
In 1984, Measure 6 amended the state constitution to once more make the death penalty legal. Measure 7, a statutory measure passed in the same year,[15] required a separate sentencing hearing before a jury in cases of aggravated murder.[13]
In 1988, the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Penry v. Lynaugh affected the Oregon death penalty, because Oregon's law is based on the Texas law involved in the case. Seventeen Oregon cases were remanded for resentencing following Penry; eight convicts were re-sentenced to death.[13]
In 2000, the Benetton Group featured several inmates on Oregon's death row in a controversial anti-death penalty advertising campaign. Cesar Barone, Conan Wayne Hale, Jesse Caleb Compton, and Alberto Reyes Camarena were featured in the ad.[16]
Between 1904 and 1994, 115 people were sentenced to death in Oregon, and 58 of those were executed.[13]
List of individuals executed since 1978[edit]
Two people have been executed in Oregon since the reinstatement of capital punishment in 1978. Both waived their appeals and asked that the execution be carried out.
Name
Date of execution
Victim
Governor
1 Douglas Franklin Wright September 6, 1996 William Marks and 2 others John Kitzhaber
2 Harry Charles Moore May 16, 1997 Thomas Lauri and Barbara Cunningham
See also[edit]
List of Oregon ballot measures
List of death row inmates in Oregon
Crime in Oregon
Law of Oregon
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Jung, Helen (November 22, 2011). "Gov. John Kitzhaber stops executions in Oregon, calls system 'compromised and inequitable'". The Oregonian. Retrieved November 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ Mapes, Jeff (February 2015). "Kate Brown says she opposes death penalty but refuses to rule out executions on her watch". OREGONLIVE. Oregonlive/The Oregonian. Retrieved June 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Section 136.450 - Number of jurors required for verdict". law.justia.com. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Section 163.150 - Sentencing for aggravated murder; proceedings; issues for jury". law.justia.com. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Oregon Constitution - Article V - Sec.14". law.justia.com. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ Oregon execution chamber
Jump up ^ "Capital Punishment in Oregon -Statistics ." Oregon Department of Corrections. Retrieved on February 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Oregon Revised Statutes § 163.115
Jump up ^ Oregon Revised Statutes § 163.095
Jump up ^ Oregon Revised Statutes Chapter 163, includes legal definition of aggravated murder
^ Jump up to: a b Terry, John. Oregon's Trails - 'Necktie Parties' does justice to legal hangings in Oregon. The Oregonian, 6 November 2005.
Jump up ^ Horner, John B. (1919). Oregon: Her History, Her Great Men, Her Literature. Press of the Gazette-Times. p. 313.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "History of Capital Punishment in Oregon". Oregon.gov. Archived from the original on 2015-06-26.
Jump up ^ Christianson, Scott (26 July 2011). The Last Gasp: The Rise and Fall of the American Gas Chamber. University of California Press. p. 123. ISBN 978-0520271210. Retrieved June 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ Oregon Blue Book: Initiative, Referendum and Recall: 1980-1987
Jump up ^ Danks, Holly (January 20, 2000). "Benetton features Oregon killers". The Oregonian.
External links[edit]
History of Capital Punishment in Oregon from Oregon.gov
Death penalty in Oregon, from the Oregon Encyclopedia
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Bill of lading
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Bill of lading
A bill of lading (sometimes abbreviated as B/L or BoL) is a document issued by a carrier (or his agent) to acknowledge receipt of cargo for shipment. In British English, the term relates to ship transport only, and in American English, to any type of transportation of goods.[citation needed]
A bill of lading must be transferable,[1][2] and serves three main functions:
it is a conclusive receipt,[3] i.e. an acknowledgement that the goods have been loaded;[4] and
it contains or evidences[5] the terms of the contract of carriage; and
it serves as a document of title to the goods,[6] subject to the nemo dat rule.
Bills of lading are one of three crucial documents used in international trade to ensure that exporters receive payment and importers receive the merchandise.[7] The other two documents are a policy of insurance and an invoice.[8] Whereas a bill of lading is negotiable, both a policy and an invoice are assignable.
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 History
3 Roles and purposes of bill of lading
3.1 As cargo receipt
3.2 As evidence of the contract of carriage
3.3 As title
4 Types of bills of lading
5 "Claused" bills of lading
6 Bills of lading and charterparties compared
7 Sea waybills and electronic data interchange (EDI)
7.1 Electronic bills of lading
8 Name
9 How to recognize a valid international bill of lading
10 See also
11 External links
12 References
12.1 Notes
Description[edit]
A bill of lading is a standard-form document that is transferable by endorsement (or by lawful transfer of possession).[9] Most shipments by sea are covered by the Hague Rules, the Hague-Visby Rules or the Hamburg Rules, which require that the carrier must issue to the shipper a bill of lading identifying the nature, quantity, quality and leading marks[10] of the goods.
In the case of Coventry v Gladstone, Lord Justice Blackburn defined a bill of lading as "A writing signed on behalf of the owner of ship in which goods are embarked, acknowledging the receipt of the Goods, and undertaking to deliver them at the end of the voyage, subject to such conditions as may be mentioned in the bill of lading." Therefore, it can be stated that the bill of lading was introduced to provide a receipt to the shipper in the absence of the owners.
History[edit]
While there is evidence of the existence of receipts for goods loaded aboard merchant vessels stretching back as far as Roman times,[11] and the practice of recording cargo aboard ship in the ship's log is almost as long-lived as shipping itself, the modern bill of lading only came into use with the growth of international trade in the medieval world.
The growth of mercantilism (which produced other financial innovations such as the charterparty (once carta partita), the bill of exchange and the insurance policy[12]) produced a requirement for a title document that could be traded in much the same way as the goods themselves. It was this new avenue of trade that produced the bill of lading in much the same form as we know today.
Although the term "bill of lading" is well known and well understood, it may become obsolete. Articles 1:15 & 1:16 of the Rotterdam Rules create the new term "transport document"; but (assuming the Rotterdam Rules come into force) it remains to be seen whether shippers, carriers and "maritime performing parties" (another new Rotterdam Rules coinage) will abandon the familiar term "bill of lading".
Roles and purposes of bill of lading[edit]
As cargo receipt[edit]
The principal use of the bill of lading is as a receipt issued by the carrier once the goods have been loaded onto the vessel. This receipt can be used as proof of shipment for customs and insurance purposes, and also as commercial proof of completing a contractual obligation,[13] especially under Incoterms such as CFR (cost and freight) and FOB (free on board).
There are two types where bill of lading can be used as carrier's receipt for goods.[14] The first is on board bill of lading, also known as clean bill of lading. Clean bill of lading is used when there is no discrepancy between description filled by shipper and the actual goods shipped on board. Clean bill of lading indicates that the goods have been properly loaded on board the carrier's ship according to the prima facie evidence. If the carrier finds out that the bill of lading is different from the goods on board, one can provide contradictory evidence on clean bill of lading. It is valid as long as in the hand of the carrier, but once it is transferred and negotiated to the third party, it cannot be rebutted and the carrier can no longer mark discrepancy. The second is claused bill of lading. Claused bill of lading is used when there is some discrepancy between description in the bill of lading and the actual goods. For claused bill of lading, one can mark only when the goods are loaded.
As evidence of the contract of carriage[edit]
The bill of lading from carrier to shipper can be used as an evidence of the contract of carriage by the fact that carrier has received the goods and upon the receipt the carrier would deliver the goods. In this case, the bill of lading would be used as a contract of carriage. In this case, the bill of lading can be used if shipper does not properly ship the goods then the shipper cannot receive the bill of lading from the carrier. Eventually, the shipper would have to deliver the bill of lading to the seller. In this case, the bill of lading is used as a contract of carriage between seller and carrier. However, when the bill of lading is negotiated to a bona fide third party then the bill of lading becomes a conclusive evidence where no contradictory evidence can be introduced. It is because the third party cannot examine the actual shipment and can only pay attention to the document itself, not survey or examination of the shipment itself.[14] However, the bill of lading will rarely be the contract itself, since the cargo space will have been booked previously, perhaps by telephone, email or letter. The preliminary contract will be acknowledged by both the shipper and carrier to incorporate the carrier's standard terms of business. If the Hague-Visby Rules apply, then all of the Rules will be automatically annexed to the bill of lading, thus forming a statutory contract.
As title[edit]
When the bill of lading is used as a document of title, it is particularly related to the case of buyer. When the buyer is entitled to received goods from the carrier, bill of lading in this case performs as document of title for the goods. There are two types of bill of lading that can perform as document of title. They are straight bill of lading and order bill of lading. Straight bill of lading is a bill of lading issued to a named consignee that is not negotiable. In this case, the bill of lading should be directed only to one specific consignee indicated on the bill of lading. Order bill of lading is the opposite from a straight bill of lading and there is no specific or named consignee. Therefore, an order bill of lading can be negotiated to a third party.
Simply, the bill of lading confers prima facie title over the goods to the named consignee or lawful holder. Under the "nemo dat quod non habet" rule ("no one gives what he doesn't have"), a seller cannot pass better title than he himself has; so if the goods are subject to an encumbrance (such as a mortgage, charge or hypothec), or even stolen, the bill of lading will not grant full title to the holder.
Types of bills of lading[edit]
Bills of lading may take various forms, such as on-board and received-for-shipment.[15]
An on-board bill of lading denotes that merchandise has been physically loaded onto a shipping vessel, such as a freighter or cargo plane.
A received-for-shipment bill of lading denotes that merchandise has been received, but is not guaranteed to have already been loaded onto a shipping vessel.(Typically, it will be issued by a freight-forwarder at a port or depot). Such bills can be converted upon being loaded.[16]
Charter-party bill of lading, for a sulfuric acid bulk cargo
A straight bill of lading is used when payment has been made in advance of shipment and requires a carrier to deliver the merchandise to the appropriate party.
An order bill of lading is used when shipping merchandise prior to payment, requiring a carrier to deliver the merchandise to the importer, and at the endorsement of the exporter the carrier may transfer title to the importer. Endorsed order bills of lading can be traded as a security or serve as collateral against debt obligations.[17]
"Claused" bills of lading[edit]
A bill of lading that denotes that merchandise is in good condition upon being received by the shipping carrier is referred to as a "clean" bill of lading, while a bill of lading that denotes that merchandise has incurred damage prior to being received by the shipping carrier would be known as a "foul" or "claused" bill of lading. A claused bill of lading will have a statement (clause) written onto the bill of lading noting down any damage or other issues. Letters of credit usually will not allow for foul bills of lading,[17] and the buyer is not obliged to accept any bill of lading that is not clean.[18]
Bills of lading and charterparties compared[edit]
A charterparty governs the relationship between the shipowner and the charterer. The bill of lading governs the relationship between the shipper and the carrier (who will be either a shipowner or a demise charterer). If the exporter (the shipper) is shipping a small amount of cargo, he will arrange for a carrier to carry the goods for him, using a bill of lading. If the exporter needs the whole (or a very substantial part) of the ship's cargo capacity, the exporter may need to charter the vessel, and he will enter into a charterparty agreement with the shipowner.
If the charter party is a time or voyage charterparty, the shipowner will still have control of the ship and its crew. If there is a demise (or "bareboat") charterparty, the charterer will effectively have a long lease and will have full control of the vessel. If the master (the captain) issues a B/L to a shipper, he will be acting as an agent for the carrier, who will be either the shipowner (time or voyage) or the charterer (demise).
In a time-charterparty or voyage-charterparty, if the charterer is shipping his own cargo (rather than the cargo of a third party) he will receive a bill of lading from the master, acting as agent of the shipowner; but that B/L will serve solely as a receipt and document of title, and its terms will (subject to contrary intent) be secondary to the terms of the charterparty, which remains the dominant contract.[19]
Sea waybills and electronic data interchange (EDI)[edit]
Under Art. III of the Hague-Visby Rules, a carrier must, on demand, provide the shipper with a bill of lading; but if the shipper agrees, a lesser document such as a "sea waybill" may be issued instead. In recent years, the use of bills of lading has declined, and they have tended to be replaced with the sea waybill. (If a so-called bill of lading is declared to be "non-negotiable", then it is not a true B/L,[20] and instead will be treated as a sea waybill.)
The main difference between these two documents is that the waybill gives the bearer the right to possession of the cargo, but does not confer title in the goods. As a result there is no need for the physical document to be presented for the goods to be released. The carrier will automatically release the goods to the consignee once the import formalities have been completed. This results in a much smoother flow of trade, and has allowed shipping lines to move towards electronic data interchange which may greatly ease the flow of global trade.
For some time, it has been the case that the cargo may arrive at the destination before the bill of lading, and a practice has arisen for the shipper, having sent the bill of lading to the banks for checking, will send to the consignee a letter of indemnity (LOI) which can be presented to the carrier in exchange for the cargo. The LOI indemnifies the carrier against any cargo claim, but the document is not transferable and has no established legal status. For letter of credit and documentary collection transactions, it is important to retain title to the goods until the transaction is complete. This means that the bill of lading still remains a vital document within international trade.
Electronic bills of lading[edit]
For many years, the industry has sought a solution to the difficulties, costs and inefficiencies associated with paper bills of lading. One answer is to make the bill an electronic document.[21] An electronic bill of lading (or eB/L) is the legal and functional equivalent of a paper bill of lading.[22] An electronic bill of lading must replicate the core functions of a paper bill of lading, namely its functions as a receipt, as evidence of or containing the contract of carriage and as a document of title.[23]
The UK Carriage of Goods Act 1992 s.1(5) enables the trade minister to make regulations for electronic transactions. As yet, no such regulations have been made, as electronic interchange is already lawful. Electronic "clubs" such as BOLERO[24] have been quite successful, but the maritime trade community is traditional and loath to move away from paper transactions, so progress has been very slow. However, in recent times, it has been proposed that Blockchain technology may be the answer to cover the myriad steps in an export trade transaction, thereby enabling electronic transactions and information transfer that is both speedy and reliable.
Name[edit]
The word "lading" means "loading", both words being derived from the Old English word hladan.[25] "Lading" specifically refers to the loading of cargo aboard a ship.[26] Despite the etymology, "bills of loading" is not a synonym for "bills of lading".[citation needed] The Dutch word "lading" has exactly the same meaning (freight, cargo, an amount of transportable goods) as it has in the English "Bill of lading", but is not restricted to shipping.
Typical export transaction use INCOTERMS terms such as CIF, FOB or FAS, requiring the exporter/shipper to deliver the goods to the ship, whether onboard or alongside. Nevertheless, the loading itself will usually be done by the carrier himself or by a third party stevedore; (see Scruttons Ltd v Midland Silicones Ltd and NZ Shipping Co Ltd v A M Satterthwaite & Co Ltd - The Eurymedon).
How to recognize a valid international bill of lading[edit]
The table below explains how to recognize a valid BOL for most international shipping companies, including the SCAC:
Carrier SCAC + Master BOL Examples
Cosco (CCLU, CSLU, COSU or CBHU) 10 Numbers CCLU1234567890
Evergreen EGLV(12 Numbers) EGLV123456789012
OOCL OOLU(10 Numbers) OOLU1234567890
Matson MATS(10 Numbers) MATS1234567890
Maersk MAEU(9 Numbers) MAEU123456789
K-Line KKLU AA(A or 1)(Followed by 6 Numbers) KKLUAAA123456
MSC MSCU A(A or 1) (Followed by 6 Numbers) MSCUAA123456
Hapag-Lloyd HLCU AA(A or 1) (Followed by 9 Numbers) HLCUAAA123456789
CMA CGM (CMAU or CMDU) AAA (Followed by 7 Numbers) CMAUAAA1234567
Hyundai HMDU AAAA (Followed by 7 Numbers) HMDUAAAA1234567
NYK NYKS AAAA (Followed by 8 Numbers) NYKSAAAA12345678
Yang Ming YMLU(E, B, T or W) (Followed by 9 Numbers) YMLUE123456789
UASC Lines UASUAAAAA (Followed by 6 Numbers) UASUAAAAA123456
ZIM ZIMU or SSPH AAA (Followed by 4-7 Numbers) ZIMUAAA1234567
MOL MOLU (11 Numbers)A MOLU12345678901A
Hamburg Süd SUDU55555(7-Alphnumeric) SUDU12345AAAAAAA
APL APLU(Sometimes has a 0) (Followed by 8 Numbers) APLU012345678
Hyundai QSWB ( followed by 7 numbers) QSWB6444089
Hyundai HDMU followed by 4 letters(YNKU) and 7 numbers HDMU YNKY1241556
SM Lines (SMLM) + 4letters + 8 Numbers SMLMNJPE70038700
Turkon Lines TRKU + 6 letters + 6 numbers TRKUMERNYC054228
See also[edit]
Law of Carriage of Goods by Sea
Trade finance
Waybill
External links[edit]
William W. Porter, A Treatise on the Law of Bills of Lading (Philadelphia: Kay and Brothers, 1891)
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992 s.1(2)
Jump up ^ If a so-called "bill of lading" is NOT negotiable, it will be merely a sea-waybill or a ship's delivery order
Jump up ^ Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992 s.4
Jump up ^ ... or received for shipment
Jump up ^ The contract may already have been made informally by say, booking cargo space on board.
Jump up ^ Levi, Maurice D. (2005). International Finance, 4th Edition. New York, NY: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-41-530900-4.
Jump up ^ "UNCTAD" (PDF). unctad. unctad.
Jump up ^ In a CIF contract, the buyer is essentially buying three documents, all of which grant rights over the cargo
Jump up ^ Bohra, Harsh. International Trade and Finance. Wide Vision.
Jump up ^ that is, the identification marks and numbers.
Jump up ^ "THE EVOLUTION OF THE BILL OF LADING SF du Toit (University of Johannesburg)" (PDF). pp. 2–3.
Jump up ^ "BILL OF LADING" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-30.
Jump up ^ Qais Ali Mahafzah, The Legal Effectiveness of the Both-to-Blame Collision Clause under Bills of Lading and Charterparties, 41 Journal of Maritime Law & Commerce 263 (2010).
^ Jump up to: a b Mayer, Ray August ; with revisions by Don; Bixby, Michael (2013). International business law : text, cases, and readings (6th ed., international ed.). Harlow [etc.]: Pearson. ISBN 0273768611.
Jump up ^ The Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992 s.1(2) provides that a bill of lading may be a "received for shipment bill of lading"
Jump up ^ ... but there is no legal advantage to this exercise.
^ Jump up to: a b Buckley, Adrian (2004). Multinational Finance. Harlow, UK: Pearson Education Limited. ISBN 978-0-27-368209-7.
Jump up ^ The buyer may, however, renegotiate the deal for a lesser sum.
Jump up ^ see: Sandeman v Scurr (1866) L.R. 2 Q.B. 86, Manchester Trust v Furness [1895] 2 QB 282 & [1895] 2 QB 539, & The Draupner [1910] AC 450
Jump up ^ s.1 Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992
Jump up ^ Section 1(5) of the UK's Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992 empowers the minister to make such provisions.
Jump up ^ "PAPERLESS TRADING (ELECTRONIC BILLS OF LADING) ‐Frequently asked questions ("FAQs") - UK P&I". Ukpandi.com. 2013-07-30. Retrieved 2014-07-31.
Jump up ^ "Electronic Bills of Lading (eB/Ls)". Essdocs.com. Retrieved 2014-07-31.
Jump up ^ BOLERO [1]
Jump up ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary".
Jump up ^ "Definition of lading in English". Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2015-09-12.
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