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Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness
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This article is about a famous phrase. For other uses, see The Pursuit of Happiness.
Office for Emergency Management. Office of War Information war poster 1941–1945
"Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness" is a well-known phrase in the United States Declaration of Independence.[1] The phrase gives three examples of the "unalienable rights" which the Declaration says have been given to all human beings by their Creator, and which governments are created to protect.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin and phrasing
1.1 Meaning of "happiness"
1.2 Lockean roots hypothesis
1.3 Virginia Declaration of Rights
1.4 Alternative hypotheses
2 Comparable mottos worldwide
3 References
Origin and phrasing[edit]
The United States Declaration of Independence was drafted by Thomas Jefferson, and then edited by the Committee of Five, which consisted of Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston. It was then further edited and adopted by the Committee of the Whole of the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776.[2][3] The second paragraph of the first article in the Declaration of Independence contains the phrase "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness".
Jefferson's "original Rough draught" is on exhibit in the Library of Congress.[4] This version was used by Julian Boyd to create a transcript of Jefferson's draft,[5] which reads:
We hold these truths to be sacred & undeniable; that all men are created equal & independent, that from that equal creation they derive rights inherent & inalienable, among which are the preservation of life, & liberty, & the pursuit of happiness; ...
The Committee of Five edited Jefferson's draft. Their version survived further edits by the whole Congress intact, and reads:[6]
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. ——
A number of possible sources or inspirations for Jefferson's use of the phrase in the Declaration of Independence have been identified, although scholars debate the extent to which any one of them actually influenced Jefferson. Jefferson declared himself an Epicurean during his lifetime: this is a philosophical doctrine that teaches the pursuit of happiness and proposes autarchy, which translates as self-rule, self-sufficiency or freedom. The greatest disagreement comes between those who suggest the phrase was drawn from John Locke and those who identify some other source.[citation needed]
Meaning of "happiness"[edit]
There is debate about what the word "happiness" may have meant in 1776. Current usage focuses on pleasant, positive emotions and having needs satisfied,[7][8] whereas in 1776 the common meaning may have been "prosperity, thriving, wellbeing".[9][10]
Lockean roots hypothesis[edit]
In 1689, Locke argued in his Two Treatises of Government that political society existed for the sake of protecting "property", which he defined as a person's "life, liberty, and estate".[11] In A Letter Concerning Toleration, he wrote that the magistrate's power was limited to preserving a person's "civil interest", which he described as "life, liberty, health, and indolency of body; and the possession of outward things".[12] He declared in his Essay Concerning Human Understanding that "the highest perfection of intellectual nature lies in a careful and constant pursuit of true and solid happiness".[13]
According to those scholars who saw the root of Jefferson's thought in Locke's doctrine, Jefferson replaced "estate" with "the pursuit of happiness", although this does not mean that Jefferson meant the "pursuit of happiness" to refer primarily or exclusively to property. Under such an assumption, the Declaration of Independence would declare that government existed primarily for the reasons Locke gave, and some have extended that line of thinking to support a conception of limited government.[14][15][16][17][18]
Virginia Declaration of Rights[edit]
The first and second article of the Virginia Declaration of Rights, written by George Mason and adopted unanimously by the Virginia Convention of Delegates on June 12, 1776, speaks of happiness in the context of recognizably Lockean rights and is paradigmatic of the way in which "the fundamental natural rights of mankind" were expressed at the time.[19][20]
That all men are by nature equally free and independent and have certain inherent rights, of which, when they enter into a state of society, they cannot, by any compact, deprive or divest their posterity; namely, the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety.
—  Virginia Declaration of Rights[21]
Benjamin Franklin was in agreement with Thomas Jefferson in downplaying protection of "property" as a goal of government. It is noted that Franklin found property to be a "creature of society" and thus, he believed that it should be taxed as a way to finance civil society.[22]
Alternative hypotheses[edit]
In 1628, Sir Edward Coke wrote in The First Part of the Institutes of the Lawes of England, his commentary on Thomas de Littleton, that "It is commonly said that three things be favoured in Law, Life, Liberty, Dower."[23] At common law, dower was closely guarded as a means by which the widow and orphan of a deceased landowner could keep their real property.[24]
Garry Wills has argued that Jefferson did not take the phrase from Locke and that it was indeed meant to be a standard by which governments should be judged.[25] Wills suggests Adam Ferguson as a good guide to what Jefferson had in mind:
If, in reality, courage and a heart devoted to the good of mankind are the constituents of human felicity, the kindness which is done infers a happiness in the person from whom it proceeds, not in him on whom it is bestowed; and the greatest good which men possessed of fortitude and generosity can procure to their fellow creatures is a participation of this happy character. If this be the good of the individual, it is likewise that of mankind; and virtue no longer imposes a task by which we are obliged to bestow upon others that good from which we ourselves refrain; but supposes, in the highest degree, as possessed by ourselves, that state of felicity which we are required to promote in the world.
—  Adam Ferguson, An Essay on the History of Civil Society[26]
The 17th-century cleric and philosopher Richard Cumberland wrote that promoting the well-being of our fellow humans is essential to the "pursuit of our own happiness".[27] Locke never associated natural rights with happiness, but his philosophical opponent Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz made such an association in the introduction to his Codex Iuris Gentium.[28] William Wollaston's The Religion of Nature Delineated describes the "truest definition" of "natural religion" as being "The pursuit of happiness by the practice of reason and truth".[29] An English translation of Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui's Principles of Natural and Politic Law prepared in 1763 extolled the "noble pursuit" of "true and solid happiness" in the opening chapter discussing natural rights.[30] Historian Jack Rakove posits Burlamaqui as the inspiration for Jefferson's phrase.[31]
Comparable mottos worldwide[edit]
Other tripartite mottos include "liberté, égalité, fraternité" (liberty, equality, fraternity) in France; "Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit" (unity, justice and liberty) in Germany and "peace, order, and good government" in Canada.[32] It is also similar to a line in the Canadian Charter of Rights: "life, liberty, security of the person" (this line was also in the older Canadian Bill of rights, which added "enjoyment of property" to the list).
The phrase can also be found in Chapter III, Article 13 of the 1947 Constitution of Japan, and in President Ho Chi Minh's 1945 declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. An alternative phrase "life, liberty, and property", is found in the Declaration of Colonial Rights, a resolution of the First Continental Congress. The Fifth Amendment and Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution declare that governments cannot deprive any person of "life, liberty, or property" without due process of law. Also, Article 3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights reads, "Everyone has the right to life, liberty, and security of person".
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Declaration of Independence: Rough Draft". USHistory.org. Archived from the original on March 30, 2014. Retrieved May 18, 2014. Scanned image of the Jefferson's "original Rough draught" of the Declaration of Independence, written in June 1776, including all the changes made later by John Adams, Benjamin Franklin and other members of the committee, and by Congress.
Jump up ^ Rakove, Jack N. (2009). The Annotated U.S. Constitution and Declaration of Independence. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 7–22. ISBN 0674036069.
Jump up ^ Dube, Ann Marie (May 1996). "The Declaration of Independence". A Multitude of Amendments, Alterations and Additions. Pennsylvania: U.S. National Park Service. OCLC 44638441.
Jump up ^ "We Hold These Truths To Be Self Evident.." U.S. Library of Congress. Retrieved October 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ Boyd, Julian P., ed. (1950). The Papers of Thomas Jefferson. Volume 1: 1760–1776. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 243–47. OCLC 16353926.
Jump up ^ "Declaration of Independence". U.S. National Archives. Retrieved May 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ Khoddam, Rubin (June 16, 2015). "What's Your Definition of Happiness?". Psychology Today. Retrieved January 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kaufman, Scott Barry (January 30, 2016). "The Differences between Happiness and Meaning in Life". Scientific American. Retrieved January 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Fountain, Ben (September 17, 2016). "Two American Dreams: how a dumbed-down nation lost sight of a great idea". The Guardian. Retrieved January 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Shannon, Timothy J. (July 4, 2016). "What About That Pursuit of Happiness?". Philly.com via Gettysburg College. Retrieved January 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Locke, John (1988) [1689]. Laslett, Peter, ed. Two Treatises of Government. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press. Sec. 87, 123, 209, 222. ISBN 052135448X.
Jump up ^ Locke, John (1983) [1689]. Tully, James H., ed. A Letter Concerning Toleration. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing. p. 26. ISBN 091514560X.
Jump up ^ Locke, John (1975) [1689]. Nidditch, Peter H., ed. Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. Book 2, Chapter 21, Section 51. ISBN 0198245955.
Jump up ^ Zuckert, Michael P. (1996). The Natural Rights Republic. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. pp. 73–85. ISBN 0268014809.
Jump up ^ Corbett, Ross J. (2009). The Lockean Commonwealth. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. ISBN 1438427948.
Jump up ^ Pangle, Thomas L. (1988). The Spirit of Modern Republicanism. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226645401.
Jump up ^ Gibson, Alan (2009). Interpreting the Founding (2nd ed.). Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0700617051.
Jump up ^ Rahe, Paul A. (1994) [1992]. Republics Ancient & Modern, Volume 3; Inventions of Prudence: Constituting the American Regime. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 13–19. ISBN 080784473X.
Jump up ^ Rakove, Jack N. (2009). The Annotated U.S. Constitution and Declaration of Independence. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 78. ISBN 0674036069.
Jump up ^ Banning, Lance (1995). Jefferson & Madison. New York, NY: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 17, 103–04. ISBN 0945612486. Lance Banning notes that the Virginia Declaration of Rights was the inspiration for the phrase in the Declaration of Independence, but does not trace it back to Locke, and in general downplays Jefferson's debts to Locke.
Jump up ^ "The Virginia Declaration of Rights". U.S. National Archives. Retrieved May 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ Franklin, Benjamin (2006). Skousen, Mark, ed. The Compleated Autobiography. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing. p. 413. ISBN 0-89526-033-6.
Jump up ^ Coke, Edward (1628). The First Part of the Institutes of the Lawes of England. London: Adam Islip. Section 193. OCLC 84760833.
Jump up ^ Whitehead, Edward Jenkins (1922). The Law of Real Property in Illinois. 1. Chicago: Burdette J. Smith & Company. p. 178. OCLC 60731472.
Jump up ^ Wills, Gary (2002) [1978]. Inventing America: Jefferson's Declaration of Independence. New York, NY: Mariner Books. ISBN 978-0-618-25776-8.
Jump up ^ Ferguson, Adam (1995) [1767]. Oz-Salzberger, Fania, ed. An Essay on the History of Civil Society. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 99–100. ISBN 052144215X.
Jump up ^ Cumberland, Richard (2005) [1727]. A Treatise of the Laws of Nature. Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund. pp. 523–24. ISBN 0865974721.
Jump up ^ Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1988). Riley, Patrick, ed. Leibniz: Political Writings (2nd ed.). Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press. p. 171. ISBN 0521353807.
Jump up ^ Wollaston, William (1759) [1722]. The Religion of Nature Delineated (8th ed.). London: Samuel Palmer. p. 90. OCLC 2200588.
Jump up ^ Burlamaqui, Jean-Jacques (2006) [1747]. The Principles of Natural and Politic Law. Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund. p. 31. ISBN 0865974969.
Jump up ^ Rakove, Jack N. (2010). Revolutionaries: A New History of the Invention of America. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 300. ISBN 0618267468. ...arguably owed more to Jefferson's reading of the Swiss jurist Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui than it did to his manifest debt to John Locke.
Jump up ^ Dyck, Perry Rand (2000). Canadian Politics: Critical Approaches (3rd ed.). Scarborough, ON: Nelson Thomson Learning. ISBN 978-0-17-616792-9.
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Slave Trade Act 1807
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the American statute passed in the same year, see Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves.
Abolition of the Slave Trade Act 1807
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Long title
An Act for the Abolition of the Slave Trade
Citation
47 Geo III Sess. 1 c. 36
Introduced by
Charles James Fox
Territorial extent
British Empire
Dates
Royal assent
25 March 1807
Status: Repealed
William Wilberforce, the leader of the British campaign to abolish the slave trade
"Am I Not a Man and a Brother?" medallion created as part of anti-slavery campaign by Josiah Wedgwood, 1787
The Slave Trade Act 1807, officially the Abolition of the Slave Trade Act 1807,[1] abolished the slave trade in the British Empire, in particular the Atlantic slave trade, and also encouraged British action to press other European states to abolish their slave trades, but it did not abolish slavery itself. The United States, another major power involved in the Atlantic slave trade, passed the comparable Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves that same month, taking effect on 1 January 1808.
The act was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed on 25 March 1807, with the title of "An Act for the Abolition of the Slave Trade". The original act is in the Parliamentary Archives.
Many of the supporters thought the Act would lead to the death of slavery, but it was not until 26 years later that slavery itself was actually abolished.[2] Slavery on English soil was unsupported in English law and that position was confirmed in Somersett's Case in 1772, but it remained legal in most of the British Empire until the Slavery Abolition Act 1833.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Other nations
3 Enforcement
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Background[edit]
The Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade was formed in 1787 by a group of Evangelical English Protestants allied with Quakers, to unite in their shared opposition to slavery and the slave trade. The Quakers had long viewed slavery as immoral, a blight upon humanity. By 1807 the abolitionist groups had a very sizable faction of like-minded members in the British Parliament. At their height they controlled 35–40 seats. Known as the "Saints", the alliance was led by the best known of the anti-slave trade campaigners, William Wilberforce, who had taken on the cause of abolition in 1787 after having read the evidence that Thomas Clarkson had amassed against the trade.[3] These dedicated Parliamentarians had access to the legal draughtsmanship of James Stephen, Wilberforce's brother-in-law. They often saw their personal battle against slavery as a divinely ordained crusade. On Sunday, 28 October 1787, Wilberforce wrote in his diary: "God Almighty has set before me two great objects, the suppression of the slave trade and the reformation of manners."[4]
Their numbers were magnified by the precarious position of the government under Lord Grenville, whose short term as Prime Minister was known as the Ministry of All the Talents. Grenville himself led the fight to pass the Bill in the House of Lords, while in the Commons the Bill was led by the Foreign Secretary, Lord Howick (Charles Grey, later Earl Grey).[5] Other events also played a part; the Act of Union brought 100 Irish MPs into Parliament, most of whom supported abolition.[6] The Bill was first introduced to Parliament in January 1807. It went to the House of Commons on 10 February 1807. On 23 February 1807, twenty years after he first began his crusade, Wilberforce and his team were rewarded with victory. By an overwhelming 283 votes for to 16 against, the motion to abolish the Atlantic slave trade was carried in the House of Commons.[3] The debate lasted ten hours and the House voted in favour of the Bill. The Bill received Royal Assent on 25 March 1807.[7]
Other nations[edit]
Britain used its international strength to put pressure on other nations to end their own slave trade.[8] The United States acted to abolish its Atlantic slave trade the same month on 2 March (but not its internal slave trade). Article 1, Section 9, Clause 1 of the United States Constitution forbade the closing of the slave trade for twenty years, until 1808. The long planned law, was actually passed a year earlier on March 2, 1807, and with the economic incentives of the slave trade coming to its predicted end, there was both a spike number of slaves being traded and a unification of political factions against the trade.[9] In 1805 a British Order-in-Council had restricted the importation of slaves into colonies that had been captured from France and the Netherlands.[10] Britain continued to press other nations to end their trade with a series of treaties: the 1810 Anglo-Portuguese treaty whereby Portugal agreed to restrict its trade into its colonies; the 1813 Anglo-Swedish treaty whereby Sweden outlawed its slave trade; the 1814 Treaty of Paris whereby France agreed with Britain that the slave trade was "repugnant to the principles of natural justice" and agreed to abolish the slave trade in five years; the 1814 Anglo-Dutch treaty whereby the Netherlands outlawed its slave trade and the 1817 Anglo-Spanish treaty that Spain agreed to suppress its trade by 1820.[10]
Enforcement[edit]
Main article: Blockade of Africa
The Act created fines for captains who continued with the trade. These fines could be up to £100 per enslaved person found on a ship. Captains would sometimes dump captives overboard when they saw Navy ships coming in order to avoid these fines.[11]
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The Royal Navy, which then controlled the world's seas, established the West Africa Squadron in 1808 to patrol the coast of West Africa, and between 1808 and 1860 they seized approximately 1,600 slave ships and freed 150,000 Africans who were aboard.[12] The Royal Navy declared that ships transporting slaves were the same as pirates. Action was also taken against African leaders who refused to agree to British treaties to outlaw the trade, for example against "the usurping King of Lagos", who was deposed in 1851. Anti-slavery treaties were signed with over 50 African rulers.[13]
In the 1860s, David Livingstone's reports of atrocities within the Arab slave trade in Africa stirred up the interest of the British public, reviving the flagging abolitionist movement. The Royal Navy throughout the 1870s attempted to suppress "this abominable Eastern trade", at Zanzibar in particular. In 1890 Britain handed control of the strategically important island of Heligoland in the North Sea to Germany in return for control of Zanzibar, in part to help enforce the ban on slave trading.[14][15]
See also[edit]
Amazing Grace (2006), a film that portrays the campaign to pass the Act.
Act Against Slavery, equivalent Act of the Parliament of Upper Canada in 1793.
Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves, an equivalent act of Congress in the United States.
Slave Trade Acts
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Abolition of the Slave Trade. The National Archives.
Jump up ^ "Mar 2, 1807: Congress abolishes the African slave trade", This Day in History.
^ Jump up to: a b William Wilberforce (1759–1833)
Jump up ^ Cox, Jeffrey (2008). The British Mmissionary Enterprise Since 1700. London: Routledge. p. 90. ISBN 9780415090049.
Jump up ^ "Slave Trade Abolition Bill". Hansard. 10 February 1807.
Jump up ^ "The 1807 Act and its effects", The Abolition project.
Jump up ^ "Parliament abolishes the slave trade", Parliament and the British Slave Trade.
Jump up ^ Falola, Toyin; Warnock, Amanda (2007). Encyclopedia of the middle passage. Greenwood Press. pp. xxi, xxxiii–xxxiv. ISBN 9780313334801.
Jump up ^ Rawley, J. A. (2005). The Transatlantic Slave Trade: A History. University of Nebraska Pres. p. 169.
^ Jump up to: a b Lovejoy, Paul E. (2000). Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa (2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 290. ISBN 0521780128.
Jump up ^ "1807 Abolition of Slavery Act", Spartacus Educational.
Jump up ^ Jo Loosemore, "Sailing against slavery", BBC – Devon, 24 September 2014.
Jump up ^ The West African Squadron and slave trade
Jump up ^ Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History
Jump up ^ The Blood of a Nation of Slaves in Stone Town
External links[edit]
Text of Act
Parliament and the British Slave Trade 1600 to 1833
Teaching Resources about Slavery and Abolition
Road to Freedom documentary – Eastside Community Heritage
Report of the Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice
Text of Bill
Timeline of Aftereffects
Developments leading up to the Bill being passed
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Oath of office of the Vice President of the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Vice President Mike Pence being administered the oath of office by Clarence Thomas on January 20, 2017.
The oath of office of the Vice President of the United States is the oath or affirmation that the Vice President of the United States takes upon assuming the vice-presidency but before he or she begins the execution of the office. Just before the president-elect takes the oath of office on Inauguration Day, the vice president-elect will step forward on the inaugural platform and repeat the oath of office. Although the United States Constitution—Article II, Section One, Clause 8—specifically sets forth the oath required by incoming presidents, it does not do so for incoming vice presidents. The constitution—Article VI, Clause 3— simply requires that they, along with all other government officers (federal and state; elected and appointed), pledge to support the Constitution. Since 1937, Inauguration Day has been January 20 (was March 4), a change brought about by the 20th amendment to the Constitution, which had been ratified four years earlier. The vice president's swearing-in ceremony also moved that year, from the Senate chamber inside the Capitol, to the presidential inaugural platform outside the building.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Text
2 Background
3 Oath-taking ceremonies
3.1 Notes
4 References
Text[edit]
I, (state your name), do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion; and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter. So help me God.[2]
Background[edit]
The 1st Congress passed an oath act in May 1789, authorizing only U.S. senators to administer the oath to the vice president (who serves as the president of the Senate). Later that year, legislation passed that allowed courts to administer all oaths and affirmations. Since 1789, the oath has been changed several times by Congress. The present oath repeated by the vice president, senators, representatives, and other government officers has been in use since 1884.[1]
When the vice presidency was established in 1789, and for the century that followed, the Vice President was sworn in on the same date as the president, March 4, but at a separate location, typically in the United States Senate, where he holds the office of President of the Senate. Up until the middle of the 20th Century, the Vice President-Elect nearly always would be sworn in by the highest-ranking officer of the US Senate which was the outgoing vice president or the President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate. Sometimes, although not always, a short address would be given by the new vice president to the Senate.
The oath of office has been administered most by the President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate (last in 1925) for a total of 20 times. Others to give the oath of office include the outgoing Vice President (last in 1945) 12 times, an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (last in 2017) 9 times, the Chief Justice of the United States (last in 2001) 6 times, U.S. Senators that are not Pro Tempore of the Senate (last in 1969) 5 times, the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (last in 2005) 4 times, a US judge twice, and a foreign consul once with one time being unrecorded. Former Chief Justice Warren E. Burger has given the oath the most times with three.
Of the 59 times the Oath of Office has been administered, 47 times have been at some location in the United States Capitol. The White House has seen 3 oaths of office, and Congress Hall in Philadelphia twice. The following locations all had the oath administered once in that location: Federal Hall, Old Brick Capitol, Havana, Cuba, a private residence in New York, and the Number One Observatory Circle. Reflecting the relative lack of importance of the office in the early 1800s, there are two instances where the location of the Vice President's oath of office is unknown.
Due to Vice President-elect William King's deteriorating health, a bill signed on March 3, 1853, the last day of the 32nd United States Congress, allowed for the oath to be administered to him as he rested in Cuba.
Oath-taking ceremonies[edit]
Date
Vice President
No.
Location
Administered by
June 3, 1789
(Term began April 21) John Adams 1st Federal Hall
New York, New York John Langdon
US Senator, President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate
December 2, 1793
(Term began March 4) John Adams 2nd Congress Hall
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania John Langdon
US Senator, President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate
March 4, 1797 Thomas Jefferson 3rd Congress Hall
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania William Bingham
US Senator, President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate
March 4, 1801 Aaron Burr 4th Senate Chamber, United States Capitol James Hillhouse
US Senator, President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate
March 4, 1805 George Clinton 5th Senate Chamber, United States Capitol John Marshall
Chief Justice of the United States
March 4, 1809 George Clinton 6th Unknown with no record given in the Journal of the Senate of the United States Unknown
May 24, 1813
(Term began March 4) Elbridge Gerry 7th Appeared before the US Senate on May 24, 1813 with a document stating the Vice President already "having taken the oath as prescribed by law" John Davis
United States District Court Judge
March 4, 1817 Daniel D. Tompkins 8th Senate Chamber, Old Brick Capitol John Gaillard
US Senator, President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate
March 3, 1821
(Term began March 4) Daniel D. Tompkins 9th Tompkins' Residence, Tompkinsville, Staten Island William P. Van Ness
United States District Court Judge
March 4, 1825 John C. Calhoun 10th Senate Chamber, United States Capitol Andrew Jackson
US Senator
March 4, 1829 John C. Calhoun 11th Senate Chamber, United States Capitol Samuel Smith
US Senator, President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate
March 4, 1833 Martin Van Buren 12th House Chamber, United States Capitol John Marshall
Chief Justice of the United States
March 4, 1837 Richard Mentor Johnson 13th Senate Chamber, United States Capitol William R. King
US Senator, President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate
March 4, 1841 John Tyler 14th Senate Chamber, United States Capitol William R. King
US Senator, President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate
March 4, 1845 George M. Dallas 15th Senate Chamber, United States Capitol Willie P. Mangum
US Senator, President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate
*March 5, 1849
(Term began March 4) Millard Fillmore 16th Senate Chamber, United States Capitol David R. Atchison
US Senator, President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate
March 24, 1853
(Term began March 4) William R. King 17th Havana, Cuba William L. Sharkley
US Consul
March 4, 1857 John C. Breckinridge 18th Senate Chamber, United States Capitol James M. Mason
US Senator, President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate
*March 2, 1861
(Term began March 4) Hannibal Hamlin 19th Senate Chamber, United States Capitol John C. Breckinridge
Vice President of the United States
March 4, 1865 Andrew Johnson 20th Senate Chamber, United States Capitol Hannibal Hamlin
Vice President of the United States
March 4, 1869 Schuyler Colfax 21st Senate Chamber, United States Capitol Benjamin F. Wade
US Senator, President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate
March 4, 1873 Henry Wilson 22nd Senate Chamber, United States Capitol Schuyler Colfax
Vice President of the United States
March 4, 1877 William A. Wheeler 23rd Senate Chamber, United States Capitol Thomas W. Ferry
US Senator, President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate
March 4, 1881 Chester A. Arthur 24th Senate Chamber, United States Capitol William A. Wheeler
Vice President of the United States
March 4, 1885 Thomas A. Hendricks 25th Senate Chamber, United States Capitol George F. Edmunds
US Senator, President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate
March 4, 1889 Levi P. Morton 26th Senate Chamber, United States Capitol John J. Ingalls
US Senator, President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate
March 4, 1893 Adlai Stevenson 27th Senate Chamber, United States Capitol Levi P. Morton
Vice President of the United States
March 4, 1897 Garret Hobart 28th Senate Chamber, United States Capitol Adlai Stevenson
Vice President of the United States
March 4, 1901 Theodore Roosevelt 29th Senate Chamber, United States Capitol William P. Frye
US Senator, President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate
March 4, 1905 Charles W. Fairbanks 30th Senate Chamber, United States Capitol William P. Frye
US Senator, President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate
March 4, 1909 James S. Sherman 31st Senate Chamber, United States Capitol Charles W. Fairbanks
Vice President of the United States
March 4, 1913 Thomas R. Marshall 32nd Senate Chamber, United States Capitol Jacob H. Gallinger
US Senator, President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate
March 4, 1917 Thomas R. Marshall 33rd Senate Chamber, United States Capitol Willard Saulsbury
US Senator, President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate
March 4, 1921 Calvin Coolidge 34th Senate Chamber, United States Capitol Thomas R. Marshall
Vice President of the United States
March 4, 1925 Charles G. Dawes 35th Senate Chamber, United States Capitol Albert B. Cummins
US Senator, President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate
March 4, 1929 Charles Curtis 36th Senate Chamber, United States Capitol Charles G. Dawes
Vice President of the United States
March 4, 1933 John Nance Garner 37th Senate Chamber, United States Capitol Charles Curtis
Vice President of the United States
January 20, 1937 John Nance Garner 38th United States Capitol Joseph Taylor Robinson
US Senator, Senate Majority Leader
January 20, 1941 Henry A. Wallace 39th United States Capitol John Nance Garner
Vice President of the United States
January 20, 1945 Harry S. Truman 40th White House Henry A. Wallace
Vice President of the United States
January 20, 1949 Alben W. Barkley 41st United States Capitol Stanley Forman Reed
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
January 20, 1953 Richard Nixon 42nd United States Capitol William F. Knowland
US Senator
*January 20, 1957 Richard Nixon 43rd White House William F. Knowland
US Senator, Senate Minority Leader
January 20, 1961 Lyndon B. Johnson 44th United States Capitol Sam Rayburn
Speaker of the House of Representatives
January 20, 1965 Hubert Humphrey 45th United States Capitol John William McCormack
Speaker of the House of Representatives
January 20, 1969 Spiro Agnew 46th United States Capitol Everett Dirksen
US Senator, Senate Minority Leader
January 20, 1973 Spiro Agnew 47th United States Capitol Warren E. Burger
Chief Justice of the United States
December 6, 1973 Gerald Ford 48th House of Representatives Chamber, United States Capitol Warren E. Burger
Chief Justice of the United States
December 19, 1974 Nelson Rockefeller 49th Senate Chamber, United States Capitol Warren E. Burger
Chief Justice of the United States
January 20, 1977 Walter Mondale 50th United States Capitol Tip O'Neill
Speaker of the House of Representatives
January 20, 1981 George H.W. Bush 51st United States Capitol Potter Stewart
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
*January 20, 1985 George H.W. Bush 52nd White House Potter Stewart
Former Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
January 20, 1989 Dan Quayle 53rd United States Capitol Sandra Day O'Connor
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
January 20, 1993 Al Gore 54th United States Capitol Byron White
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
January 20, 1997 Al Gore 55th United States Capitol Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
January 20, 2001 Dick Cheney 56th United States Capitol William Rehnquist
Chief Justice of the United States
January 20, 2005 Dick Cheney 57th United States Capitol Dennis Hastert
Speaker of the House of Representatives
January 20, 2009 Joe Biden 58th United States Capitol John Paul Stevens
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
*January 20, 2013 Joe Biden 59th Number One Observatory Circle Sonia Sotomayor
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
January 20, 2017 Mike Pence 60th United States Capitol Clarence Thomas
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
Notes[edit]
Entries in the above list with an asterisk indicate the official legal oath of office for terms of office that began on Sunday instead of the public ceremonial swearing-in the following day.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Vice President's Swearing-In Ceremony". The Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ 5 U.S.C. § 3331
http://americanhistory.about.com/od/uspresidents/ss/inauguration_4.htm
http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsj&fileName=001/llsj001.db&recNum=11&itemLink=r?ammem/hlaw:@field%28DOCID+@lit%28sj0011%29%29:%230010001&linkText=1
http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsj&fileName=002/llsj002.db&recNum=1&itemLink=r?ammem/hlaw:@field%28DOCID+@lit%28sj0021%29%29:%230020002&linkText=1
http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsj&fileName=003/llsj003.db&recNum=145&itemLink=r?ammem/hlaw:@field%28DOCID+@lit%28sj003205%29%29:%230030145&linkText=1
Tyler - http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field%28DOCID+@lit%28sj03169%29%29:
Dallas - http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field%28DOCID+@lit%28sj03663%29%29:
Hamlin - 3/2/1861 http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field%28DOCID+@lit%28sj05267%29%29
Tyler - http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field%28DOCID+@lit%28sj03169%29%29:
Dallas - http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field%28DOCID+@lit%28sj03663%29%29:
Fillmore - http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field%28DOCID+@lit%28sj04071%29%29:
http://www.aoc.gov/nations-stage/vice-president-inaugurations
http://web.archive.org/web/20140920162742/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP_Nelson_Rockefeller.htm
[hide]
v
t
e
Vice Presidents of the United States (list)
John Adams (1789–1797)
Thomas Jefferson (1797–1801)
Aaron Burr (1801–1805)
George Clinton (1805–1812)
Elbridge Gerry (1813–1814)
Daniel D. Tompkins (1817–1825)
John C. Calhoun (1825–1832)
Martin Van Buren (1833–1837)
Richard Mentor Johnson (1837–1841)
John Tyler (1841)
George M. Dallas (1845–1849)
Millard Fillmore (1849–1850)
William R. King (1853)
John C. Breckinridge (1857–1861)
Hannibal Hamlin (1861–1865)
Andrew Johnson (1865)
Schuyler Colfax (1869–1873)
Henry Wilson (1873–1875)
William A. Wheeler (1877–1881)
Chester A. Arthur (1881)
Thomas A. Hendricks (1885)
Levi P. Morton (1889–1893)
Adlai Stevenson (1893–1897)
Garret Hobart (1897–1899)
Theodore Roosevelt (1901)
Charles W. Fairbanks (1905–1909)
James S. Sherman (1909–1912)
Thomas R. Marshall (1913–1921)
Calvin Coolidge (1921–1923)
Charles G. Dawes (1925–1929)
Charles Curtis (1929–1933)
John Nance Garner (1933–1941)
Henry A. Wallace (1941–1945)
Harry S. Truman (1945)
Alben W. Barkley (1949–1953)
Richard Nixon (1953–1961)
Lyndon B. Johnson (1961–1963)
Hubert Humphrey (1965–1969)
Spiro Agnew (1969–1973)
Gerald Ford (1973–1974)
Nelson Rockefeller (1974–1977)
Walter Mondale (1977–1981)
George H. W. Bush (1981–1989)
Dan Quayle (1989–1993)
Al Gore (1993–2001)
Dick Cheney (2001–2009)
Joe Biden (2009–2017)
Mike Pence (2017–present)
Category
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