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List of states and territories of the United States
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"States of America" redirects here. For the sovereign states of the Americas, see List of sovereign states and dependent territories in the Americas.
For a broader coverage related to this topic, see U.S. state and Territories of the United States.
A map of the United States showing its 50 states and District of Columbia
The United States of America is a federal republic[1] consisting of 50 states, a federal district (Washington, D.C., the capital city of the United States), five major territories, and various minor islands.[2][3] The 48 contiguous states and Washington, D.C., are in central North America between Canada and Mexico; the two other states, Alaska and Hawaii, are in the northwestern part of North America and an archipelago in the mid-Pacific, respectively, while the territories are scattered throughout the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea.
States are the primary subdivisions of the United States, and possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, such as regulating intrastate commerce, running elections, creating local governments, and ratifying constitutional amendments. Each state has its own constitution, grounded in republican principles, and government, consisting of three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.[4] All states and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a bicameral legislature consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Each state is represented by two Senators, while Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census.[5] Additionally, each state is entitled to select a number of electors to vote in the Electoral College, the body that elects the President of the United States, equal to the total of Representatives and Senators in Congress from that state.[6] Article IV, Section 3, Clause 1 of the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to the current total of 50, and each new state is admitted on an equal footing with the existing states.[7]
As provided by Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution, Congress exercises "exclusive jurisdiction" over the federal district, which is not part of any state. Prior to passage of the 1973 District of Columbia Home Rule Act, which devolved certain Congressional powers to an elected mayor and council, the district did not have an elected local government. Even so, Congress retains the right to review and overturn laws created by the council and intervene in local affairs.[8] As it is not a state, the district does not have representation in the Senate. However, since 1971, its residents have been represented in the House of Representatives by a non-voting delegate.[9] Additionally, since 1961, following ratification of the 23rd Amendment, the district has been entitled to select three electors to vote in the Electoral College.
In addition to the 50 states and federal district, the United States has sovereignty over 14 territories. Five of them (American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands) have a permanent, nonmilitary population, while nine of them do not. With the exception of Navassa Island, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands, which are located in the Caribbean, all territories are located in the Pacific Ocean. One territory, Palmyra Atoll, is considered to be incorporated, meaning the full body of the Constitution has been applied to it; the other territories are unincorporated, meaning the Constitution does not fully apply to them. Ten territories (the Minor Outlying Islands and American Samoa) are considered to be unorganized, meaning they have not had an Organic Act enacted by Congress; the four other territories are organized, meaning they have had an Organic Act that has been enacted by Congress. The five inhabited territories each have limited autonomy and a non-voting delegate in Congress, in addition to having territorial legislatures and governors, but residents cannot vote in federal elections.
California is the most populous state, with 38,332,521 residents (2013 estimate); Wyoming is the least populous, with an estimated 582,658 residents. The District of Columbia, with an estimated 646,449 residents as of 2012, has a higher population than the two least populous states (Wyoming and Vermont). The largest state by area is Alaska, encompassing 665,384 square miles (1,723,340 km2), while the smallest is Rhode Island, encompassing 1,545 square miles (4,000 km2). The first state to ratify the current Constitution was Delaware, which it did on December 7, 1787, while the newest state is Hawaii, which was admitted to the Union on August 21, 1959. The largest territory in terms of both population and size is Puerto Rico, with 3,725,789 residents as of the 2010 Census and a total area of 5,325 square miles (13,790 km2).
Contents
[hide]
1 States
2 Federal district
3 Territories
3.1 Inhabited territories
3.2 Uninhabited territories
3.3 Disputed territories
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
States[edit]
The table below lists the 50 states, with their current capital, largest city,[A] the date they ratified the U.S. Constitution or were admitted to the Union, population and area data, and number of representative(s) in the U.S. House of Representatives.[B]
States of the United States of America
Name &
postal abbreviation[12]
Cities
Established[C]
Population
[D][14]
Total area[15]
Land area[15]
Water area[15]
#
Reps.
Capital
Largest[16]
mi2
km2
mi2
km2
mi2
km2
Alabama
AL Montgomery Birmingham 000000001819-12-14-0000Dec 14, 1819
4,874,747
52,420 135,767 50,645 131,171 1,775 4,597
7
Alaska
AK Juneau Anchorage 000000001959-01-03-0000Jan 3, 1959
739,795
665,384 1,723,337 570,641 1,477,953 94,743 245,384
1
Arizona
AZ Phoenix 000000001912-02-14-0000Feb 14, 1912
7,016,270
113,990 295,234 113,594 294,207 396 1,026
9
Arkansas
AR Little Rock 000000001836-06-15-0000Jun 15, 1836
3,004,279
53,179 137,732 52,035 134,771 1,143 2,961
4
California
CA Sacramento Los Angeles 000000001850-09-09-0000Sep 9, 1850
39,536,653
163,695 423,967 155,779 403,466 7,916 20,501
53
Colorado
CO Denver 000000001876-08-01-0000Aug 1, 1876
5,607,154
104,094 269,601 103,642 268,431 452 1,170
7
Connecticut
CT Hartford Bridgeport 000000001788-01-09-0000Jan 9, 1788
3,588,184
5,543 14,357 4,842 12,542 701 1,816
5
Delaware
DE Dover Wilmington 000000001787-12-07-0000Dec 7, 1787
961,939
2,489 6,446 1,949 5,047 540 1,399
1
Florida
FL Tallahassee Jacksonville 000000001845-03-03-0000Mar 3, 1845
20,984,400
65,758 170,312 53,625 138,887 12,133 31,424
27
Georgia
GA Atlanta 000000001788-01-02-0000Jan 2, 1788
10,429,379
59,425 153,910 57,513 148,959 1,912 4,951
14
Hawaii
HI Honolulu 000000001959-08-21-0000Aug 21, 1959
1,427,538
10,932 28,313 6,423 16,635 4,509 11,678
2
Idaho
ID Boise 000000001890-07-03-0000Jul 3, 1890
1,716,943
83,569 216,443 82,643 214,045 926 2,398
2
Illinois
IL Springfield Chicago 000000001818-12-03-0000Dec 3, 1818
12,802,023
57,914 149,995 55,519 143,793 2,395 6,202
18
Indiana
IN Indianapolis 000000001816-12-11-0000Dec 11, 1816
6,666,818
36,420 94,326 35,826 92,789 593 1,537
9
Iowa
IA Des Moines 000000001846-12-28-0000Dec 28, 1846
3,145,711
56,273 145,746 55,857 144,669 416 1,077
4
Kansas
KS Topeka Wichita 000000001861-01-29-0000Jan 29, 1861
2,913,123
82,278 213,100 81,759 211,754 520 1,346
4
Kentucky[E]
KY Frankfort Louisville 000000001792-06-01-0000Jun 1, 1792
4,454,189
40,408 104,656 39,486 102,269 921 2,387
6
Louisiana
LA Baton Rouge New Orleans 000000001812-04-30-0000Apr 30, 1812
4,684,333
52,378 135,659 43,204 111,898 9,174 23,761
6
Maine
ME Augusta Portland 000000001820-03-15-0000Mar 15, 1820
1,335,907
35,380 91,633 30,843 79,883 4,537 11,750
2
Maryland
MD Annapolis Baltimore 000000001788-04-28-0000Apr 28, 1788
6,052,177
12,406 32,131 9,707 25,142 2,699 6,990
8
Massachusetts[E]
MA Boston 000000001788-02-06-0000Feb 6, 1788
6,859,819
10,554 27,336 7,800 20,202 2,754 7,134
9
Michigan
MI Lansing Detroit 000000001837-01-26-0000Jan 26, 1837
9,962,311
96,714 250,487 56,539 146,435 40,175 104,052
14
Minnesota
MN St. Paul Minneapolis 000000001858-05-11-0000May 11, 1858
5,576,606
86,936 225,163 79,627 206,232 7,309 18,930
8
Mississippi
MS Jackson 000000001817-12-10-0000Dec 10, 1817
2,984,100
48,432 125,438 46,923 121,531 1,508 3,907
4
Missouri
MO Jefferson City Kansas City 000000001821-08-10-0000Aug 10, 1821
6,113,532
69,707 180,540 68,742 178,040 965 2,501
8
Montana
MT Helena Billings 000000001889-11-08-0000Nov 8, 1889
1,050,493
147,040 380,831 145,546 376,962 1,494 3,869
1
Nebraska
NE Lincoln Omaha 000000001867-03-01-0000Mar 1, 1867
1,920,076
77,348 200,330 76,824 198,974 524 1,356
3
Nevada
NV Carson City Las Vegas 000000001864-10-31-0000Oct 31, 1864
2,998,039
110,572 286,380 109,781 284,332 791 2,048
4
New Hampshire
NH Concord Manchester 000000001788-06-21-0000Jun 21, 1788
1,342,795
9,349 24,214 8,953 23,187 397 1,027
2
New Jersey
NJ Trenton Newark 000000001787-12-18-0000Dec 18, 1787
9,005,644
8,723 22,591 7,354 19,047 1,368 3,544
12
New Mexico
NM Santa Fe Albuquerque 000000001912-01-06-0000Jan 6, 1912
2,088,070
121,590 314,917 121,298 314,161 292 757
3
New York
NY Albany New York City 000000001788-07-26-0000Jul 26, 1788
19,849,399
54,555 141,297 47,126 122,057 7,429 19,240
27
North Carolina
NC Raleigh Charlotte 000000001789-11-21-0000Nov 21, 1789
10,273,419
53,819 139,391 48,618 125,920 5,201 13,471
13
North Dakota
ND Bismarck Fargo 000000001889-11-02-0000Nov 2, 1889
755,393
70,698 183,108 69,001 178,711 1,698 4,397
1
Ohio
OH Columbus 000000001803-03-01-0000Mar 1, 1803
11,658,609
44,826 116,098 40,861 105,829 3,965 10,269
16
Oklahoma
OK Oklahoma City 000000001907-11-16-0000Nov 16, 1907
3,930,864
69,899 181,037 68,595 177,660 1,304 3,377
5
Oregon
OR Salem Portland 000000001859-02-14-0000Feb 14, 1859
4,142,776
98,379 254,799 95,988 248,608 2,391 6,191
5
Pennsylvania[E]
PA Harrisburg Philadelphia 000000001787-12-12-0000Dec 12, 1787
12,805,537
46,054 119,280 44,743 115,883 1,312 3,397
18
Rhode Island[F]
RI Providence 000000001790-05-29-0000May 29, 1790
1,059,639
1,545 4,001 1,034 2,678 511 1,324
2
South Carolina
SC Columbia Charleston 000000001788-05-23-0000May 23, 1788
5,024,369
32,020 82,933 30,061 77,857 1,960 5,076
7
South Dakota
SD Pierre Sioux Falls 000000001889-11-02-0000Nov 2, 1889
869,666
77,116 199,729 75,811 196,350 1,305 3,379
1
Tennessee
TN Nashville 000000001796-06-01-0000Jun 1, 1796
6,715,984
42,144 109,153 41,235 106,798 909 2,355
9
Texas
TX Austin Houston 000000001845-12-29-0000Dec 29, 1845
28,304,596
268,596 695,662 261,232 676,587 7,365 19,075
36
Utah
UT Salt Lake City 000000001896-01-04-0000Jan 4, 1896
3,101,833
84,897 219,882 82,170 212,818 2,727 7,064
4
Vermont
VT Montpelier Burlington 000000001791-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1791
623,657
9,616 24,906 9,217 23,871 400 1,035
1
Virginia[E]
VA Richmond Virginia Beach 000000001788-06-25-0000Jun 25, 1788
8,470,020
42,775 110,787 39,490 102,279 3,285 8,508
11
Washington
WA Olympia Seattle 000000001889-11-11-0000Nov 11, 1889
7,405,743
71,298 184,661 66,456 172,119 4,842 12,542
10
West Virginia
WV Charleston 000000001863-06-20-0000Jun 20, 1863
1,815,857
24,230 62,756 24,038 62,259 192 497
3
Wisconsin
WI Madison Milwaukee 000000001848-05-29-0000May 29, 1848
5,795,483
65,496 169,635 54,158 140,268 11,339 29,367
8
Wyoming
WY Cheyenne 000000001890-07-10-0000Jul 10, 1890
579,315
97,813 253,335 97,093 251,470 720 1,864
1
Federal district[edit]
Federal district of the United States
Name &
postal abbreviation[12]
Established
Population
[G][14]
Total area[15]
Land area[15]
Water area[15]
#
Reps
mi2
km2
mi2
km2
mi2
km2
District of Columbia
DC Jul 16, 1790[17] 693,972 68 176 61 158 7 18
1[H]
Territories[edit]
Further information: Insular area
A map showing the location of each territory controlled by the United States. The United States is marked in blue, inhabited territories are marked in green, and uninhabited territories are marked in orange.
Inhabited territories[edit]
Inhabited territories of the United States
Name &
postal abbreviation[12]
Capital
Acquired
[19]
Territorial status[20]
Population
[I]
Total area[15]
Land area[15]
Water area[15]
#
Reps
mi2
km2
mi2
km2
mi2
km2
American Samoa
AS Pago Pago[21] 1900
Unincorporated, unorganized[J]
57,400[22]
581 1,505 76 198 505 1,307
1[H]
Guam
GU Hagåtña[23] 1899
Unincorporated, organized
161,700[24]
571 1,478 210 543 361 935
1[H]
Northern Mariana Islands
MP Saipan[25] 1986
Unincorporated, organized[K]
52,300[26]
1,976 5,117 182 472 1,793 4,644
1[H]
Puerto Rico
PR San Juan[27] 1899
Unincorporated, organized[K]
3,337,177[14]
5,325 13,791 3,424 8,868 1,901 4,924
1[L]
U.S. Virgin Islands
VI Charlotte Amalie[28] 1917
Unincorporated, organized
103,700[29]
733 1,898 134 348 599 1,550
1[H]
Uninhabited territories[edit]
Territories of the United States with no indigenous population
Name
Acquired
[19]
Territorial status[20]
Land Area[M]
mi2
km2
Baker Island[30]
1856
Unincorporated; unorganized
0.9 2.2
Howland Island[30]
1858
Unincorporated, unorganized
0.6 1.6
Jarvis Island[31]
1856
Unincorporated, unorganized
2.2 5.7
Johnston Atoll[32]
1859
Unincorporated, unorganized
1 2.6
Kingman Reef[33]
1860
Unincorporated, unorganized
0.005 0.01
Midway Atoll[N][35]
1867
Unincorporated, unorganized
3 7.8
Navassa Island[36]
1858[O]
Unincorporated, unorganized
3 7.8
Palmyra Atoll[P][38]
1898
Incorporated, unorganized
1.5 3.9
Wake Island[Q][39]
1899[R]
Unincorporated, unorganized
2.5 6.5
Disputed territories[edit]
Main article: List of territorial disputes § Central America and the Caribbean
Territories (uninhabited) claimed but not administered by the United States
Name
Acquired
[19]
Territorial status[41]
Area
Administered by[41]
Also claimed by[41]
mi2
km2
Bajo Nuevo Bank (Petrel Island)[19]
1869
Unincorporated, unorganized
(disputed sovereignty)
56 145[S][42]
Colombia
Jamaica
Nicaragua
Serranilla Bank[19]
1880
Unincorporated, unorganized
(disputed sovereignty)
463 1,200[T][43]
Colombia
Honduras
Nicaragua
See also[edit]
Geography portal
North America portal
United States portal
List of regions of the United States
Lists of U.S. state topics
Political divisions of the United States
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The largest city is the city in a state with the largest population in the city proper (as opposed to metropolitan area).
Jump up ^ Each state is entitled to at least one representative. Current federal law sets the number of voting members of the House of Representatives at 435, which are apportioned among states every ten years according to their relative population.[10] Each state is also entitled to two senators.[11]
Jump up ^ The original 13 states became sovereign in July 1776 upon agreeing to the United States Declaration of Independence, and each joined the first Union of states between 1777 and 1781, upon ratifying the Articles of Confederation.[13] These states are presented in the order in which each ratified the 1787 Constitution, thus joining the present federal Union of states. Subsequent states are listed in the order of their admission to the Union, and the date given is the official establishment date set by Act of Congress. For further details, see List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union
Jump up ^ 2017 estimate
^ Jump up to: a b c d Uses the term "commonwealth" rather than "state" in its full official name.
Jump up ^ Officially the "State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations".
Jump up ^ 2017 estimate
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Represented by a non-voting delegate in the House of Representatives.[18]
Jump up ^ 2015 population estimate for: American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, and Virgin Islands; 2017 population estimate for Puerto Rico.
Jump up ^ Although not organized through a federal organic act or other explicit Congressional directive on governance, the people of American Samoa adopted a constitution in 1967, and then in 1977, elected territorial officials for the first time.[22]
^ Jump up to: a b Organized as a commonwealth.
Jump up ^ Represented by a non-voting resident commissioner in the House of Representatives.[18]
Jump up ^ Excluding lagoon
Jump up ^ Although there are no indigenous inhabitants, around 40 United States Fish and Wildlife Service staff and service contractors live on the island at any given time.[34]
Jump up ^ U.S. sovereignty is disputed by Haiti.[37]
Jump up ^ Although there are no indigenous inhabitants, between four and 20 Nature Conservancy, employees, United States Fish and Wildlife Service staff, and researchers live on the island at any given time.[34]
Jump up ^ Although there are no indigenous inhabitants, as of 2009, around 150 U.S. 150 U.S. military personnel and civilian contractors were living on the island, staffing the Wake Island Airfield and communications facilities.[39]
Jump up ^ U.S. sovereignty is disputed by the Republic of Marshall Islands.[40]
Jump up ^ This is the approximate figure for the land area of the bank, and does not include the surrounding territorial waters.
Jump up ^ This figure includes the total land area of the Serranilla Bank and the water area of its lagoon, but not the surrounding territorial waters.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Onuf, Peter S. (1983). The Origins of the Federal Republic: Jurisdictional Controversies in the United States, 1775–1787. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-1167-2. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ "Common Core Document of the United States of America: Submitted With the Fourth Periodic Report of the United States of America to the United Nations Committee on Human Rights concerning the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights". U.S. Department of State, via The Office of Website Management, Bureau of Public Affairs.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution" (PDF). Government Accountability Office. November 1997.
Jump up ^ "Frequently Asked Questions About the Minnesota Legislature". Minnesota State Legislature.
Jump up ^ Burnett, Kristin D. "Congressional Apportionment (2010 Census Briefs C2010BR-08)" (PDF). U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-11-19.
Jump up ^ Elhauge, Einer R. "Essays on Article II: Presidential Electors". The Heritage Foundation.
Jump up ^ "Doctrine of the Equality of States". Justia Law. Retrieved June 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "DC Home Rule". Council of the District of Columbia. Archived from the original on November 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ Tarr, David R.; Benenson, Bob, eds. (2012). Elections A to Z (4th ed.). Sage Publications. p. 165. ISBN 9780872897694.
Jump up ^ "The Permanent Apportionment Act of 1929: June 11, 1929". Washington, D.C.: Office of the Historian, United States House of Representatives. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Senate and the United States Constitution". www.senate.gov. Washington, D.C.: Secretary of the Senate. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Appendix B: Two–Letter State and possession Abbreviations". Postal Addressing Standards. Washington, D.C.: United States Postal Service. May 2015. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ Jensen, Merrill (1959). The Articles of Confederation: An Interpretation of the Social-Constitutional History of the American Revolution, 1774–1781. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. xi, 184. ISBN 978-0-299-00204-6.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2017". Washington, D.C.: U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. December 2017. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates". Washington, D.C.: U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 3, 2018. ... provides land, water and total area measurements for the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and the Island Areas. The area measurements were derived from the Census Bureau's Master Address File/Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing (MAF/TIGER®) database. The land and water areas, ... reflect base feature updates made in the MAF/TIGER® database through August, 2010.
Jump up ^ "State and Local Government Finances and Employment" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. 2012. p. 284. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 17, 2011. Retrieved July 8, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The History of Washington, DC". Destination DC. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Directory of Representatives". Washington, D.C.: U.S. House of Representatives. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Acquisition Process of Insular Areas". Office of Insular Affairs. Archived from the original on April 14, 2012. Retrieved July 9, 2013. CS1 maint: Unfit url (link)
^ Jump up to: a b "Definitions of Insular Area Political Organizations". Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ "American Samoa". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved July 9, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Islands We Serve: American Samoa". Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Guam". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved July 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Islands We Serve: Guam". Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Northern Mariana Islands". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved July 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Islands We Serve: Guam". Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Puerto Rico". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved July 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Virgin Islands". The World Factbook. Retrieved July 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Islands We Serve: Virgin Islands". Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Baker Island". Office of Insular Affairs. Archived from the original on April 19, 2012. Retrieved July 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Jarvis Island". Office of Insular Affairs. Archived from the original on February 7, 2012. Retrieved July 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Johnston Island". Office of Insular Affairs. Archived from the original on March 14, 2012. Retrieved July 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Kingman Reef National Wildlife Refuge". United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved July 9, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "United States Pacific Islands Wildlife Refuges". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved October 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Midway Atoll". Office of Insular Affairs. Archived from the original on February 4, 2012. Retrieved July 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Navassa Island". Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ Colon, Yves (September 25, 1998). "U.S., Haiti Squabble Over Control of Tiny Island". Miami Herald. Webster University.
Jump up ^ "Palmyra Atoll". Office of Insular Affairs. Archived from the original on January 11, 2012. Retrieved July 9, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Wake Island". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved October 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Earnshaw, Karen (December 17, 2016). "Enen Kio (a.k.a. Wake Island): Island of the kio flower". Marshall Islands Guide. Majuro, Republic of the Marshall Islands. Retrieved March 4, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lewis, Martin W. (March 21, 2011). "When Is an Island Not An Island? Caribbean Maritime Disputes". GeoCurrents. Retrieved June 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "US Minor Outlying Islands - Bajo Nuevo Bank". Geocaching. June 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Cayo Serranilla" (in Spanish). Eco Fiwi. Retrieved June 16, 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Subdivisions of the United States.
State Resource Guides, from the Library of Congress
State and Territorial Governments on USA.gov
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text:
Protagonist
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Protagonist (disambiguation).
Look up protagonist in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Shakespeare's Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. William Morris Hunt, oil on canvas, circa 1864
A protagonist (from Ancient Greek πρωταγωνιστής (protagonistes), meaning 'player of the first part, (chief actor)' is the main character in any story, such as a literary work or drama.[1][2]
The protagonist is at the center of the story, makes the key decisions, and experiences the consequences of those decisions. The protagonist affects the main characters' circumstances as well, as they are often the primary actor propelling the story forward. If a story contains a subplot, or is a narrative made up of several stories, then the character who is interpreted as the protagonist of each subplot or individual story.[3]
The word protagonist is used notably in stories and forms of literature and culture that contain stories, which would include dramas, novels, operas and films. In those forms the protagonist may simply be the leading actor, or the principal character in the story. More formally, the protagonist, while still defined as a leading character, may also be defined as the character whose fate is most closely followed by the reader or audience, and who is opposed by the antagonist. The antagonist will provide obstacles and complications and create conflict that test the protagonist, thus revealing the strengths and weaknesses of their character.[4]
Ancient Greece[edit]
The earliest known examples of protagonist are dated back to Ancient Greece. At first dramatic performances involved merely dancing and recitation by the chorus. But then in Poetics, Aristotle describes how a poet named Thespis introduced the idea of having one actor step out and engage in a dialogue with the chorus. This invention of tragedy occurred about 536 B.C.[5] Then the poet Aeschylus, in his plays, introduced a second actor, inventing the idea of dialogue between two characters. Sophocles then wrote plays that required a third actor.[6][7][8][9]
Examples[edit]
Euripides' play Hippolytus may be considered to have two protagonists. Phaedra is the protagonist of the first half, who dies partway through the play. Her stepson, the titular Hippolytus, assumes the dominant role in the second half of the play.[10]
In Ibsen’s play The Master Builder, the protagonist is the architect Halvard Solness. The young woman, Hilda Wangel, whose actions lead to the death of Solness, is the antagonist.[11]
In Shakespeare’s play Romeo and Juliet, Romeo is the protagonist. He is actively in pursuit of his relationship with Juliet, and the audience is invested in that story. Tybalt, as an antagonist, opposes Romeo and attempts to thwart the relationship.[12]
In Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, Prince Hamlet, who seeks revenge for the murder of his father, is the protagonist. The antagonist would be the character who most opposes Hamlet, Claudius.[13]
Sometimes, a work will have a false protagonist, who may seem to be the protagonist, but then may disappear unexpectedly. The character Marion in Alfred Hitchcock's film Psycho (1960) is an example.[14]
A novel that contains a number of narratives may have a number of protagonists. Alexander Solzhenitsyn's The First Circle, for example, depicts a variety of characters imprisoned and living in a gulag camp.[15] Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace, depicts fifteen major characters involved in or affected by a war.[16]
In more contemporary times, protagonists can also be primarily female: Little Women boasts a cast of over five diverse females struggling with the inevitability of the crossing between childhood and womenhood.[17]
In Charlotte Brontë's novel Jane Eyre, Jane's spiritual and emotional growth captivate the social criticism of its day, exploring heavy subjects such as classism, sexuality, religion, and proto-feminism during the early 1800s.[18]
Sometimes the protagonist will not even be human: in Richard Adams' novel Watership Down, a group of anthropomorphised rabbits, led by the protagonist Hazel, escape their warren after seeing a vision of its destruction, starting a perilous journey to find a new home.[19]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ πρωταγωνιστής, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library.
Jump up ^ "protagonist". Dictionary.com, Random House. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Duncan, Stephen. A Guide to Screenwriting Success: Writing for Film and Television. Rowman & Littlefield (2006) ISBN 9780742553019
Jump up ^ Online Etymology Dictionary
Jump up ^ Müller, K.O. History of the literature of Ancient Greece. [Library of Useful Knowledge.] Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. London (1840) page 306
Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica online
Jump up ^ Aristotle. Poetics. Oxford University Press (January 20, 2013) ISBN 978-0199608362
Jump up ^ Packard, William. The Art of the Playwright. Thunder’s Mouth Press. 1997 ISBN 1-56025-117-4
Jump up ^ Storey, Ian. Allan, Arlene. A Guide to Ancient Greek Drama. John Wiley & Sons (2008) ISBN 9781405137638. page 84
Jump up ^ Euripides. Hippolytos. Oxford University Press (October 29, 1992) ISBN 978-0195072907
Jump up ^ Ibsen, Henrik. Meyer, Michael Leverson. editor. Ibsen Plays: 1: Ghosts; The Wild Duck; The Master Builder. Dramatists Play Service Inc. (1980) ISBN 9780413463302. page 241
Jump up ^ Shakespeare, William. Romeo and Juliet. Bloomsbury Arden Shakespeare; Third edition (July 15, 2012) ISBN 9781903436912
Jump up ^ Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Simon & Schuster (July 1, 1992) ISBN 978-0743477123
Jump up ^ Kolker, Robert Phillip. Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho: A Casebook. Oxford University Press (2004) ISBN 9780195169195
Jump up ^ The Solzhenitsyn Reader: New and Essential Writings, 1947–2005: Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Edward E. Ericson, Jr., Daniel J. Mahoney.
Jump up ^ Moser, Charles. 1992. Encyclopedia of Russian Literature. Cambridge University Press. pp. 298–300.
Jump up ^ Sarah., Elbert, (1987). A hunger for home : Louisa May Alcott's place in American culture. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0813511992. OCLC 14932247.
Jump up ^ Martin, Robert B (1996). Charlotte Brontë's Novels: The Accents of Persuasion. NY: Norton.
Jump up ^ Adams, Richard, 1920-2016. Watership Down. London :Rex Collings Ltd, 1972. Print.
[hide]
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text:
Jesse Williams (actor)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Jesse Williams
Jesse Williams, New York City, 2008
Born
Jesse Wesley Williams
(1981-08-06) August 6, 1981 (age 36)
Chicago, Illinois, United States
Alma mater
Temple University
Occupation
Actor, model, activist
Years active
2006–present
Spouse(s)
Aryn Drake-Lee (m. 2012; sep. 2017)
Children
2[n 1]
Jesse Wesley Williams (born August 5, 1981)[2] is an American actor, director, teacher and activist, best known for his role as Dr. Jackson Avery on the ABC Television series Grey's Anatomy. He also appeared in the 2013 film The Butler as civil rights leader Rev. James Lawson. His other roles have included Holden in The Cabin in the Woods (2012); Officer Eddie Quinlan in Brooklyn's Finest (2009); and Leo in The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2 (2008).
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 Television
2.2 Theater
2.3 Film
2.4 Activism
2.5 Modeling
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
5 References
6 Footnotes
7 External links
Early life[edit]
Williams was born in Chicago, Illinois,[3] to Johanna Chase, a professional potter, and Reginald Williams.[4] Of mixed race, Williams has said his mother is Swedish and his father is African American, with some Seminole ancestry, from Georgia.[5][6] His two younger brothers specialize in visual arts. Williams graduated from Moses Brown School in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1998.[4] After he graduated from high school, his parents each began teaching in the public school system, while his mother maintained her work in pottery.[4][6]
Williams graduated from Temple University with a double major in African American Studies and Film and Media Arts.[4][7] Following in the footsteps of his parents, he taught high school in the Philadelphia public school system for six years: teaching American Studies, African Studies, and English.[8]
Career[edit]
In 2005, Williams began to study acting and was chosen to participate in the New York Actors Showcase presented by ABC Television, one of 14 actors chosen from among over 800 individuals who auditioned.[4] Since 2006, he has appeared in a number of television series, films and theatre productions. In 2012, he established a production company, farWord Inc.[6]
In May 2012, a fan campaign was organized to try to influence film executives to cast him in the role of Finnick Odair in The Hunger Games: Catching Fire.[9] This news resulted in some Hunger Games fans protesting casting decisions made by the film executives.[10]
In 2013, Williams wrote an opinion piece for CNN which analyzed the film Django Unchained.[11] Later that year, he narrated the audio version of the book The Bane Chronicles: What Really Happened In Peru, by Cassandra Clare and Sarah Rees Brennan.[12]
Television[edit]
In 2006, Williams appeared in an episode of Law & Order, portraying the character Kwame. He also appeared in the role of Drew Collins, in two episodes of the ABC Family series Greek. He had a recurring role in eight episodes of the TV series Beyond the Break as Officer Eric Medina.[13]
On October 15, 2009, Williams began appearing as surgical resident Jackson Avery, in the ABC television series Grey's Anatomy.[14] On June 8, 2010, it was announced Williams would be a series regular, starting in season 7.[15] BuddyTV ranked him No. 6 on its "TV's 100 Sexiest Men of 2010" list[16] and No. 11 in 2011.[17]
Theater[edit]
Williams appeared in revival joint-productions of The American Dream (1961) and The Sandbox (1959) at Cherry Lane Theatre in Greenwich Village in New York City. This production was directed by their playwright Edward Albee.
Williams has also served as a guest director for student productions at the Urban Arts Partnership 24 Hour Plays Off-Broadway, at the request of Rosie Perez and Anna Strout.[8][18] His theater work includes an off-Broadway production of Tennessee Williams's The Glass Menagerie.
Film[edit]
In 2008, Williams made his film debut in the supporting role of Leo in the sequel to the 2005 film The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants. Two years later, he appeared in Brooklyn's Finest (2010), starring Don Cheadle, Richard Gere, Ethan Hawke, Wesley Snipes and Ellen Barkin. In 2008, Williams signed on for his first leading role, as Holden McCrea in the MGM/United Artists horror film The Cabin in the Woods. Produced by Joss Whedon and directed by Drew Goddard, it was released April 13, 2012.[18]
On June 9, 2015, Variety announced Jamie Bamber, Kellan Lutz, Jesse Williams, and Jess Weixler had joined the cast of the thriller film Money, directed by Martin Rosete and produced by Atit Shah.[19]
In May 2016, Williams was executive producer of the documentary film Stay Woke: The Black Lives Matter Movement.[20]
Activism[edit]
Williams is the youngest member of the board of directors at The Advancement Project, a civil rights think tank and advocacy group. He is also the executive producer of Question Bridge: Black Males, a multifaceted media project, art exhibition, student and teacher curriculum and website,[21] focused on the black male identity and the diversity within the demographic. He has written articles for CNN[22] and The Huffington Post,[23] and has been a guest on Wolf Blitzer's The Situation Room.
In June 2016, Williams won the humanitarian award at the 2016 BET Awards, delivering a speech highlighting racial injustice, police brutality, and the invention of whiteness.[24] As a result of his speech, dueling petitions were circulated: one to have Williams fired from Grey's Anatomy and one to keep him on the series.[25]
Modeling[edit]
Williams occasionally worked as a model during college, but never considered pursuing it as a career. He modeled for Kenneth Cole Productions, L. L. Bean, and Tommy Hilfiger Corporation.[3][26] He can be seen as the love interest of R&B singer Rihanna in the music video for her single "Russian Roulette" from her 2009 album Rated R. He also appears in the music video for Estelle's song "Fall In Love", from the album All of Me.[18] In 2012, Williams modeled briefly for Lane Bryant and recently in the video for "Tell Me You Love Me" By Demi Lovato.
Personal life[edit]
In September 2012, Williams married longtime girlfriend Aryn Drake-Lee. They have two children, Sadie and Maceo, together. In April 2017, it was reported that Williams had filed for divorce.[27][28]
Filmography[edit]
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2008 The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2 Leo
2009 Brooklyn's Finest Eddie Quinlain
2012 The Cabin in the Woods Holden McCrea
2012 Question Bridge: Black Males Executive producer
2013 The Butler James Lawson
2013 Snake and Mongoose Don "The Snake" Prudomme
2013 They Die by Dawn John Taylor
2016 Money Sean
2017 Band Aid Skyler
2018 Jacob's Ladder Post-production
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2006 Law & Order Kwame 1 episode
2006 Beyond the Break Eric Medina 8 episodes
2008 Greek Drew "The Hotness Monster" Collins 2 episodes
2009 The Washingtonienne Keya HBO (not picked up)
2009–present Grey's Anatomy Dr. Jackson Avery Recurring (Season 6)
Main cast (Season 7–present)
Nominated – People's Choice Awards, Favorite Dramatic TV Actor (2016)
Pending – People's Choice Awards, Favorite Dramatic TV Actor (2017)
2010 Seattle Grace: Message of Hope Dr. Jackson Avery 1 season; 6 episodes
2013 Sesame Street Himself Guest cast
2016 The Eric Andre Show Himself Episode: "Jesse Williams; Jillian Michaels"
Music Videos
Year
Title
Artist
2006 "When Your Heart Stops Beating" +44
2009 "Russian Roulette" Rihanna
2010 "Fall in Love" Estelle
2017 "Tell Me You Love Me" Demi Lovato
Video Games
Year
Title
Role
2018 Detroit: Become Human Markus
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Jesse Williams Drops More Gems". BET. Viacom. June 29, 2016. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Jesse Williams". TVGuide.com. Archived from the original on March 14, 2016. Retrieved March 13, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Adams, Patty (October 26, 2009). "The Betty Interview: Jesse Williams". BettyConfidential.com. Archived from the original on March 28, 2016. Retrieved March 13, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e David B. Boyce, Standard-Times correspondent (November 13, 2005). "Dartmouth native wins spot in ABC acting showcase". SouthCoastTod ay.com. Retrieved March 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Jesse Williams learns and plays history – Daily Press". Articles.dailypress.com. September 18, 2010. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Jesse Williams Is Not Just a Pretty Face". Global Grind. Retrieved March 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Django, in chains - CNN.com". CNN. February 21, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Jackson Avery: Played by Jesse Williams)". Grey's Anatomy official site (ABC. Archived from the original on May 15, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Catching Fire Casting Scoop: Fan Fave Jesse Williams Talks Finnick!". E! Online. May 2, 2012. Retrieved March 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Anna Breslaw (May 5, 2012). "Another Racist Shitstorm Brews Over Casting Hunger Games' Finnick". Jezebel.com. Retrieved March 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Django, in chains". CNN.com. February 21, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Rosenfield, Kat (April 17, 2013). "Jesse Williams Spills The Beans On His 'Bane Chronicles' Voice Gig". MTV. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Jesse Williams' Official Website: Filmography". Archived from the original on July 27, 2011. Retrieved 2013-03-13. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Jesse Williams cast in 'Grey's Anatomy' – Live Feed". Hollywoodreporter.com. August 28, 2009. Archived from the original on January 14, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Fowler, Tara. "'Grey's Anatomy' exclusive: Jesse Williams gets full-time upgrade | Inside TV | EW.com". Ausiellofiles.ew.com. Archived from the original on June 9, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "TV's 100 Sexiest Men of 2010". Buddytv.com. Retrieved January 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ "TV's 100 Sexiest Men of 2011". Buddytv.com. Retrieved January 13, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Jesse Williams' Official Website: Bio". Archived from the original on July 30, 2011. Retrieved 2010-09-12. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Hopewell, John; Mayorga, Emilio (June 9, 2015). "Bamber, Lutz, Williams, Weixler Set For 'Money' (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety.
Jump up ^ "BET's Award-Winning The Truth Series Returns with the Premiere of an Original Documentary on the Rise of the Black Lives Matter Movement". Business Wire. May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Question Bridge".
Jump up ^ Jesse Williams, Special to CNN (February 19, 2013). "Django, in chains". CNN.
Jump up ^ "Too Many American Students Are Experiencing Hunger". The Huffington Post. October 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ Katie Roger (June 27, 2016). "How Jesse Williams Stole BET Awards With Speech on Racism". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Stack, Liam (July 5, 2016). "Petition Wants Jesse Williams Fired for His Speech at BET Awards. But He's Not Worried". The New York Times. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Jesse Williams". RTÉ News. November 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "'Grey's Anatomy' Star Jesse Williams and Wife Divorce". TMZ. Time Warner. April 24, 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Corinthios, Aurelie; Leonard, Elizabeth (April 24, 2017). "Grey's Anatomy's Jesse Williams & Wife Aryn Drake-Lee Amicably Divorcing After 5 Years of Marriage". People. Time Inc. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ During an interview in 2016, Williams himself stated that he had seven children.[1] However, most sources only mention two.
External links[edit]
Jesse Williams on IMDb
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Williams_(actor)&oldid=835570213"
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