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Asylum in Australia
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See also: Immigration history of Australia and Immigration detention in Australia
Asylum in Australia is governed by statutes and Government policies which seek to implement Australia's obligations under the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, to which Australia is a party. Thousands of refugees have sought asylum in Australia over the past decade,[1] with the main forces driving movement being war, civil unrest and persecution.[2] The annual refugee quota is currently 20,000 people.[3] From 1945 to the early 1990s, more than half a million refugees and other displaced persons were accepted into Australia.[4]
Historically, most asylum seekers arrived by plane. However, there was an increasing number of asylum seekers arriving by boat in the late 2000s and early 2010s, which was met with some public disapproval.[5] In 2011-2012, asylum seekers arriving by boat outnumbered those arriving by plane for the first time.[6][7][8] Three waves of asylum seekers arriving by boat have been identified: Vietnamese between 1976 and 1981; Indochinese asylum seekers from 1989 to 1998; and people of Middle East origin, and the use of people smugglers, from 1999.[5]
The visa policy of the current government is to detain persons entering or being in Australia without a valid visa until those persons can be returned to their home country. Australia is the only country in the world with a policy of mandatory detention and offshore processing of asylum seekers who arrive without a valid visa.[9][10]
Asylum policy is a contentious wedge issue in Australian politics, with the two major political parties in Australia arguing that the issue is a border control problem and one concerning the safety of those attempting to come to Australia by boat.
Contents
[hide]
1 Claims processing
2 Statistics
3 History
3.1 Refugees and World War II: 1930s
3.2 Vietnamese boat people: 1970s
3.3 Mandatory detention: the 1990s
3.4 Pacific Solution: 2001–2007
3.5 End of offshore processing: 2007–2012
3.6 Offshore processing resumed, PNG solution: 2012–2013
3.7 2014-2015
3.8 Closure of Manus Island: 2016
3.9 Contemporary Policy Trends
3.9.1 Community placements
3.9.2 Work rights
3.9.3 Refugees with adverse security assessment
3.9.4 Visa cancellations and the Border Force Act
4 Offshore Processing
5 Arrival and Processing in Australia
5.1 Housing Challenges
5.2 Income and Work Rights
5.3 Procedural Challenges
6 Public debate and politics
7 See also
8 References
Claims processing[edit]
The HMT Dunera transported 2,432 men, including Georg Auer, to Australia from England in 1942.
A compliance interview, often done with the assistance of an interpreter, is one of the first steps taken by immigration officers to determine if a person is making a valid claim of asylum.[11] If a valid fear of persecution is expressed a formal application for refugee status is undertaken. If permission to stay in Australia is not granted they must be removed as soon as possible.[12] However, under the notion of complementary protection, an applicant who is not deemed to be a refugee may still be permitted to remain in Australia [13] Complementary protection applies when an applicant/s would face a real risk of; arbitrary deprivation of life; the death penalty; torture; cruel or inhuman treatment or punishment; degrading treatment or punishment.[13] It does not apply when there is no real risk of significant harm, namely when an applicant can safely relocate to another part of the country, or an authority within the country can provide protection.[13]
People who arrived by boat on or after 13 August 2012 are not able to propose that their immediate family members also gain entry to Australia.[14]
A new "fast track" assessment scheme was introduced in 2014 via the Migration and Maritime Powers Legislation Amendment (Resolving the Asylum Legacy Caseload) Bill 2014 [1]. The definition of a fast track applicant was narrowed further by Immigration Minister Peter Dutton in an amendment to the definition under the "Migration Act 1958", which changed the date of arrival requirement from January 2012 to August 2012 for parents whose children wished to be put classified as fast track applicants.[15]
Statistics[edit]
The annual refugee quota is currently 20,000 people.[3] According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Australia was ranked 47th out of 198 countries in the world in terms of the number of refugees hosted between 2005 and 2009, out of those countries who host refugees.[16] In 2012, the Refugee Council of Australia ranked Australia 22nd on a per capita basis in a list of countries that accept refugees.[17] The Council found that in terms of resettlement (as opposed to "receiving") asylum seekers, Australia ranks 2nd in the world overall, 3rd per capita and 3rd as a proportion of GDP.[18]
Australia's total refugee and humanitarian intake has remained relatively constant since the mid-1980s:[19]
The rate of arrivals by boat, the most controversial aspect of Australia's refugee policy, has been exceptionally volatile. It reached a peak of 20,587 people in 2013 (excluding crew), before falling again to zero two years later:[20]
History[edit]
See also: Post-war immigration to Australia
Refugees and World War II: 1930s[edit]
In the 1930s more than 7,000 refugees from Nazi Germany were accepted into Australia.[21] In the eight years after the end of World War II almost 200,000 European refugees settled in Australia. Australia was reluctant to recognise a general "right of asylum" for refugees when the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was being drafted.[22] The White Australia policy was responsible for the exclusion of Asians from migration to Australia until 1973.[23]
Vietnamese boat people: 1970s[edit]
Tan Le entered Australia as a refugee in 1982 and was named Young Australian of the Year in 1998.
The first recorded instance of asylum seekers arriving in Australia via unauthorised boat occurred in April 1976. Fleeing South Vietnam after the Communist Party victory of 1974, an estimated 2,000 "Vietnamese boat people" followed from 1976–1982. The sporadic arrival of unauthorised boats was a cause of concern for the Australian people.[24] The initial controversy regarding asylum seekers in Australia was mostly because of family reunions.[23] Employment and security concerns were also raised with the Waterside Workers Federation calling for strikes on the matter.[5] This led to the first detention of boat people. In response, the government of Malcolm Fraser authorized the immigration of more than 50,000 Vietnamese from Indian Ocean refugee camps. At the time, the "open door" immigration policy enjoyed bipartisan support.[24]
Mandatory detention: the 1990s[edit]
Main article: Immigration detention in Australia
During the early 1990s, asylum seekers from Cambodia began to arrive in Australia. In response, the government of Paul Keating instituted a mandatory detention policy aimed at deterring refugees.[24] Under mandatory detention, anyone who enters the Australian migration zone without a visa is placed in a holding facility while security and health checks are performed. Additionally, the validity of the person's claim to asylum is assessed by the Department of Immigration and Citizenship.
In 1990, a number of asylum seekers arrived from Somalia without documentation. They were detained at Villawood Immigration Detention Centre for 18 months without any progress on their status. Some began a hunger strike in response to the prolonged detention. Eventually, all were determined to be genuine refugees.[25]
In the mid-1990s, numerous boats carrying Chinese and Sino-Vietnamese refugees were returned to their place of origin after asylum claims were denied. The rapid repatriations meant that many citizens were unaware of the refugees.[24] During this period a refugee from Indonesia was detained for 707 days before being granted refugee status.[25]
In 1999, Middle Eastern immigrants fleeing from oppressive regimes in Afghanistan, Iran and Iraq began to arrive in large numbers.[24] The government of John Howard extended the time they spent in mandatory detention and introduced temporary protection visas for boat arrivals.[10] The deterrents did little to stop immigrants; roughly 12,000 asylum seekers reached Australia from 1999 to 2001.[24]
Pacific Solution: 2001–2007[edit]
Main article: Pacific Solution
In August 2001, a Norwegian tanker, the Tampa, picked up 438 people whose vessel was sinking off the coast of Indonesia. According to the captain, he tried to return the Afghan refugees to Indonesia, but they threatened to throw themselves overboard if he did so. Consequently, he agreed to take them to Christmas Island. Howard's government refused to allow the boat to land, saying it was a matter for Norway and Indonesia to work out amongst themselves. Neither made a move, creating a three way diplomatic standoff which became known as the Tampa Affair. Australia seized control of the ship, drawing international criticism but strong support in the country. After ten days, Australia struck a deal with New Zealand and Nauru to have those nations temporarily host the refugees while Australia processed their asylum claims.[26] Following the September 11 attacks in the US, anti-Muslim rhetoric increased in Australia, as Muslims were the primary asylum seekers at the time.[23]
"We will decide who comes to this country and the circumstances in which they come."
John Howard[27]
Following the Tampa Affair, the Commonwealth Migration Act (1958) was amended by Howard's government in September 2001.[28] The amendments, which became known as the Pacific Solution, prevented refugees landing on Christmas Island or Ashmore Reef from seeking asylum.[24] Instead, they were redirected to nearby island nations such as Papua New Guinea and Nauru. There, refugees had to undergo a lengthy asylum process before they could immigrate to Australia.[1] At the time, the minority Labor Party opposed the policy. In 2003, Julia Gillard promised that Labor would end the Pacific Solution "because it is costly, unsustainable and wrong as a matter of principle".[29]
The Pacific Solution was intended to remove the incentive for refugees to come to Australia. While detained offshore, asylum-seekers under the Pacific Solution were denied access to Australian lawyers and to protection under Australian law.[10]
A Christmas Island boat transports rescued refugees
The policy was highly criticised by human rights groups.[1] The primary concern was that abusive process could potentially develop in remote locations.[30] In 2002, the arrivals dropped from 5,516 the previous year to 1.[5] From 2001 to 2007, fewer than 300 asylum seekers arrived.[24] The program cost Australia more than AU$1 billion during that period.[31] In July 2005, Australia ceased the practice of mandatory detention of children.[30]
End of offshore processing: 2007–2012[edit]
In 2007, the Labor Party under Prime Minister Kevin Rudd abandoned the Pacific Solution, installing a more liberal asylum policy.[1] Rudd's government pledged to settle all asylum claims within three months and closed the Nauru detention facility.[24] The Rudd government abolished temporary protection visas in 2008.[10] Only 45 of the 1,637 asylum seekers detained in Nauru were found not to be refugees.[2]
Over the next few years the number of asylum seekers arriving in the country increased substantially.[1] In 2008, there were 161 immigrants under asylum laws; in 2009, claims jumped to 2,800.[1][24] The issue quickly became a political problem for Rudd. He claimed it was a change in the international political environment that caused the increase, not the abandonment of the Pacific Solution. When that idea failed to be accepted, he proposed what became known as the Indonesian Solution. Under the plan, Indonesia would receive financial aid and intelligence in exchange for cracking down on the people smugglers that transported the asylum seekers. In October 2009, the customs boat Oceanic Viking picked up shipwrecked asylum seekers and attempted to return them to Indonesia, as agreed. However, the attempts to unload the refugees failed and Labor's poll numbers dropped significantly.[24]
In December 2010, a boat of refugees sank, killing 48 people.[32]
Australia's refugee
and humanitarian program
Year
Grants
2006–07 13,017
2007–08 13,014
2008–09 13,507
2009–10 13,770
2010–11 13,799
2011–12 13,759
2012–13 20,019
Source: Department of Immigration and Citizenship[33]
Ahead of the 2010 election, Tony Abbott campaigned on the asylum issue, and with Rudd refusing to engage with him in "a race to the bottom", polls showed the public strongly favouring Abbott's anti-asylum views. By this time, Rudd was struggling in the polls for a number of reasons and had lost the confidence of the Labor Party Caucus, which, fearing defeat in the upcoming election, installed Julia Gillard in his place. Gillard argued it was wrong to give special privileges to asylum seekers. She was against a return to the Pacific Solution, instead arguing for the establishment of a regional offshore processing centre. Gillard's new position was welcomed in the polls, and in the August 2010 election, Labor retained power in a minority government supported by a number of independents.[24]
In May 2011, the Gillard government announced plans to address the issue by swapping new asylum seekers for long-standing assessed refugees in Malaysia. The so-called Malaysian Solution was eventually ruled unconstitutional, partly because Malaysia was not a signatory to the UN Refugee Convention.[34] In 2011, Australia received 2.5% of the world's total number of claims for asylum.[35] During 2012, more than 17,000 asylum seekers arrived via boat.[36] The majority of the refugees came from Afghanistan, Iran, and Sri Lanka.[1]
In June 2012, an accident led to 17 confirmed deaths, with 70 other people missing.[37]
Offshore processing resumed, PNG solution: 2012–2013[edit]
See also: PNG solution
In June 2012, Gillard appointed an expert panel to make recommendations on the asylum issue by August 2012.[38] The report included 22 recommendations.[35] Following their recommendations, her government effectively reinstated the Pacific Solution, and re-introduced offshore processing for asylum seekers. Some Labor members complained that Gillard had abandoned her principle for the sake of politics. Greens' Senator Sarah Hanson Young called offshore processing "a completely unworkable, inhumane, unthinkable proposition".[29] The Nauru processing facility was reopened in September, and the Manus Island facility in Papua New Guinea reopened in November.[39][40] However, the centres could not keep up with demand, creating a large backlog.[1] The first 6 months of the policy did not see a reduction in immigration attempts — in the first half of 2013, there were more than 15,000 asylum seekers.[36] For the 6 months to June 2014 however, the number has appeared to sharply reduce, with the immigration minister Scott Morrison claiming that there "had (not been) a successful people smuggling venture" in the period.[41]
In July 2013, Rudd, who had recently returned to power as Prime Minister, announced that anyone who arrived in Australia by boat without a visa would not be eligible for asylum.[1] In co-operation with Papua New Guinean Prime Minister Peter O’Neill, the Regional Settlement Agreement was drafted. Under the agreement, new asylum seekers would be sent to Papua New Guinea where legitimate cases would be granted asylum in that, but would lose any right to seek asylum in Australia.[42] To accommodate the refugees, the Manus Island processing facility would be enlarged significantly. In exchange for taking the asylum seekers, Papua New Guinea will receive financial aid from Australia. Like Australia, Papua New Guinea is a signatory to United Nations Refugees Convention.[36] Rudd said the policy was not intended to be permanent and would be reviewed annually.[1]
Part of the Manus Island regional processing facility in October 2012
Announcing the new policy, Rudd remarked "Australians have had enough of seeing people drowning in the waters to our north. Our country has had enough of people smugglers exploiting asylum seekers and seeing them drown on the high seas."[1] Liberal Party leader Tony Abbott praised the substance of plan, but said Rudd's government was incapable of making it work. Greens leader Christine Milne, however, called the plan "absolutely immoral".[42] Human rights groups criticized the decision. "Mark this day in history as the day Australia decided to turn its back on the world's most vulnerable people, closed the door and threw away the key," said Graeme McGregor of Amnesty International Australia.[1] Human rights lawyer David Mann called it a "fundamental abrogation of Australia's responsibilities" and doubted the legality of the policy.[1] He has also questioned the record of human rights in Papua New Guinea.[43]
The New York Times described Rudd's decision as likely "part of a concerted effort" to nullify opposition attacks ahead of the 2013 federal election.[1] He had been under fire for the unpopular programs of Gillard that led to his return to power, and immigration had become a major issue in the election campaign.[1][36]
Concurrent with Rudd's announcement, Indonesia announced it would toughen requirement for Iranians seeking visas, a change that had been requested by Australia. An Indonesia spokesperson denied that the change in policy was because of an Australian request.[1]
2014-2015[edit]
Then-Immigration Minister Scott Morrison visiting hotspots for people smuggling with the Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency in 2014
At the end of 2014, the Australian government created a Fast Track Assessment process for those applying for protection visas. The Fast Track Assessment Process started on 19 April 2015. This process assessed the people who arrived in Australia by boat between the dates (inclusive) 13 August 2012 and 1 January 2014.[44]
In 2015, the government of Tony Abbott rejected suggestions that it would accept Rohingyas (a persecuted Muslim minority in Myanmar) during the Rohingya refugee crisis, with the Prime Minister responding "Nope, nope, nope. We have a very clear refugee and humanitarian program".[45] However, later in the year the government unexpectedly increased its intake of refugees to accommodate persecuted minorities (such as Maronites, Yazidis and Druze) from the conflicts of the Syrian Civil War and Iraq War.[46][47]
Closure of Manus Island: 2016[edit]
The Australian government ruled out bringing people held on Manus Island to Australia. New Zealand's offer to resettle 150 refugees within its existing quota was refused by the Australian Government.[48] United States officials began assessing applications for asylum for refugees to be resettled in the United States as part of a deal struck with the Australian government.[49]
More than 600 asylum seekers have died en route to Australian territory since 2009.[1]
Contemporary Policy Trends[edit]
A number of changes have been implemented in relation to mandatory detention, both broadening opportunities for community integration by offering community alternatives and narrowing release through the creation of new immigration status designations.
Community placements[edit]
Those granted Bridging Visas are able to access basic government services, including Centrelink and Medicare. They are able to move freely within their community, but are unable to choose the community that they live in, required to live an address designated by the Minister for Immigration and Border Protection.[48]
Work rights[edit]
For the designated refugees that are eligible for work, many are prevented from entering the work force owing to issues of cultural competency and language. The overall effect is that the great majority of refugees in Australia are eager to workout without any pathways into the Australian work force.[48]
Refugees with adverse security assessment[edit]
Recent administrative changes have seen the introduction of a new category of designated immigration status: adverse security assessments.[48]
Visa cancellations and the Border Force Act[edit]
The Australian Border Force Act 2015 (Cth) makes it a crime punishment of two years imprisonment for an entrusted person to make record of or disclose ‘protected information’. This raises issues relating to judicial power. By denying the court's access to information by which to evaluate a matter, it constitutes an impermissible interference on the functions of a court following the decision in Graham v Minister for Immigration and Border Control. The matter has yet be fully resolved.[48]
Offshore Processing[edit]
Australia's humanitarian program is complex, but the basic structure is one of bifurcation between onshore and offshore processing of claims for people seeking asylum. While the onshore humanitarian program is common across most signatories to the 1951 Refugee Convention, it is Australia's offshore detention policy that is the most controversial and widely criticized by civil society members.[50]
Australia is the only nation-state that currently employs a policy of shifting potential people seeking asylum by boat to other nation-states for processing of asylum claims. This policy receives support from both major political parties.[50]
Arrival and Processing in Australia[edit]
Historically, Australia is generally viewed as world leader in resettling refugees, with more than 870,000 refugees resettled in Australia since World War II. Yet Australia is also one of the world’s poorest in providing durable solutions to people who come here to claim protection – people seeking asylum – especially if they come by boat.[50] This dichotomy has persisted into the present.
The processing of people seeking asylum that have arrived in Australia for status determination has undergone significant change over the past decade.[51] The process for refugee status determination is dynamic, with the government's humanitarian program mainly diverging in process between on-shore and off-shore arrivals.[51] While the Migration Act 1958 (Cth) had previously drafted to give effect to Australia's obligations under international law,[52]mainly the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its First Optional Protocol, recent legislative amendments by successive governments have uncouple the Act from giving effect to the Convention. This has resulted in a softening on the impact of the Convention in interpreting the Act, leading to the government resiling from the protocol set out in the international agreement.[53]
After arriving in Australia, the experience for any individual persons seeking asylum is largely impacted by the location they are placed, socioeconomic status, country of origin, age, sex and knowledge of the area, including family or friends that were in Australia prior to their arrival. Nonetheless, there are recurrent difficulties that surface continuously in asylum seeker communities across Australia, in the interim between arrival and refugee status determination.[54]
Housing Challenges[edit]
For asylum seekers that arrive in Australia and receive a temporary protection visa (subclass 785),[55] they are given the right to live in the community and are largely given autonomy to choose housing. The Australian government does not provide services to link asylum seekers with potential housing.[54] Their ephemeral status in the country, entirely dependent on status determination by the government, leads to apprehension amongst housing providers arising from concern that they may not remain in Australia for the duration of the lease. The lack of clarity and certainty owing to their undefined legal status therefore deters housing providers from offering leases to asylum seekers.[54]
Compounding this factor is the exceptionally low income for most asylum seekers, arising from their inability to work legally in Australia (an issue that will be comprehensively discussed below).[54] These low wages limit housing options for asylum seekers and leaves them susceptible to a higher risk of exploitation. Substandard housing conditions clearly follows from this difficulty.[54] One instance in Adelaide found 20 temporary protection visa holders living in a single address, while a service provider in Sydney reported instances where people seeking asylum had been convinced by real estate agents to rent non-residential properties such as warehouses with dividers between the beds.[54]
General issues prevalent across most major cities in Australia in relation to housing are compounded in severity for asylum seekers.[54] Housing affordability for most areas in proximity to city centres has become out of reach for both buyers and renters.[56] In the two largest cities of Sydney and Melbourne, housing availability is an additional strain for renters, with a competitive market leading to some perpetually searching for housing.[56] The impact these general issues have on asylum seekers searching for housing open arrival into Australia is therefore significant and, at times, debilitating, leading to substantial possibility of homelessness throughout these communities.[54]
Income and Work Rights[edit]
Asylum seekers in Australia are precluded from the ability to work until a determination is made on their refugee status.[57] The timeline for status determination varies considerably on a case by case basis. Until the passage of the Migration and Maritime Powers (Resolving the Asylum Legacy Caseload) Act 2015 (Cth), the Commonwealth was required to report the percentage of decisions made within 90 days of lodging their application. From 2013–14, the Department of Immigration and Border Protection made just seven percent of initial decisions within the given timeframe.[58] While more current data is unavailable, it is unlikely that the change of Liberal leadership (and therefore government) from Abbott to Turnbull has raised these rates. This means that it is likely that the overwhelming majority of asylum seekers in Australia are unable to work for well over three months while they wait for status determination.[58]
The lack of ability to work forces asylum seekers in Australia to rely heavily on Centrelink payments.[54] Their capacity to earn is then greatly reduced and there is an identifiable gap in the interstice between application for refugee status and refugee status determination where asylum seekers in Australia are placed into a tenuous financial position.[54]
The bleak outlook on income are working rights so described leads to a direct impact on the mental health of the asylum seeker community.[54] For those asylum seekers that go on to be recognised as legally defined refugees, the labour opportunities are largely seen as a window dressing exercise.[54] The support given is unspecialised, with jobactive largely ignoring the unique difficulties newly recognised refugees possess when searching for and obtaining work.[54]
Procedural Challenges[edit]
The Status Resolution Support Services (SSRS) is the Department of Immigration and Border Protection's replacement for the previous Community Assistance Program (CAP) that is meant to connect migrants and non-citizens with social services.[59] The services are delivered under six different bands that vary dependent upon identity and timeline of asylum.[54] There are issues latent within the SSRS arising from a strict adherence to the band taxonomy that leads to a stringent, and at times problematic, application of the band criteria.[54] There is the additional strain of a high caseworker to client ratio of 1:120, which has largely been viewed as a compromise on quality.
The Code of Behaviour is an agreement asylum seekers sign when arriving in Australia that largely binds them to certain standards of behaviour while awaiting refugee status determination.[60] This has been received by the community as casting a dark shadow for asylum seekers' experience in Australia, with many of the signees feeling that the agreement creates uncertainty and confusion as to which actions may jeopardise their applications.[54] The effect of the Code of Behaviour has deterred refugees from community events out of fear that their participation could contribute to a denial of their applications.[54]
Public debate and politics[edit]
Opinion polls show that boat arrivals have always been an issue of concern to the Australian public, but opposition has increased steadily over the previous four decades, according to a 2013 research paper by the Parliamentary Library.[5]
In 2005, the wrongful incarceration of Cornelia Rau was made public through the Palmer Inquiry, which stimulated concern in the Australian public about the detention of children in remote locations and the potential for resultant long-term psychological harm.[10]
Between 1998 and 2008, the UN Human Rights Committee made adverse findings against Australia in a number of immigration detention cases, concluding that Australia had violated the prohibition on arbitrary detention in Article 9(1) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.[10][citation needed] The longest-held detainee within the Australian immigration detention system was Peter Qasim, who was detained for six years and ten months.[61]
In March 2012, former Prime Minister Paul Keating said there were "racial undertones" to the debate and that Australia's reputation in Asia was being damaged.[62] In 2013, former Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser described the positions of the major political parties as a "race to the bottom".[63]
In 2003, economist Ross Gittins, a columnist at Fairfax Media, said former Prime Minister John Howard had been "a tricky chap " on immigration, by appearing "tough" on illegal immigration to win support from the working class, while simultaneously winning support from employers with high legal immigration.[64]
In 2016, the UN Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants, François Crépeau, criticised Australia's policies of mandatory and off-shore immigration detention. Crépeau claimed that Australia had adopted a "punitive approach" towards migrants who arrived by boat which had served to "erode their human rights".[65]
See also[edit]
Australia portal
Children Overboard affair
Human rights in Australia
Multiculturalism in Australia
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Jump up ^ "Migrants and Australia: Why Australia is accepting 12,000 more Syrian migrants". The Economist. 9 September 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Lenore Taylor; Shalailah Medhora (8 September 2015). "Tony Abbott to confirm Syrian airstrikes as pressure grows over refugees". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e RCOA (July 2016). "Recent Changes in Australian Refugee Policy" (PDF). Refugee Council of Australia.
Jump up ^ "US hits refugee intake cap as Manus Island, Nauru refugees assessed".
^ Jump up to: a b c Refugee Council of Australia, 'State of the Nation: Refugees and People Seeking Asylum in Australia' (2017) Refugee Council of Australia Reports 1.
^ Jump up to: a b "Fact sheet - Australia's Refugee and Humanitarian programme". www.border.gov.au. Retrieved 2017-08-18.
Jump up ^ Migration Act 1958 (Cth) ss 198, 198A
Jump up ^ Migration Act 1958 (Cth), s 198AA
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Refugee Council of Australia (December 2015). "Eroding Our Identity as a Generous Nation: Community Views on Australia's Treatment of People Seeking Asylum" (PDF). RCOA.
Jump up ^ "Temporary Protection visa (subclass 785)". www.border.gov.au. Retrieved 2017-08-18.
^ Jump up to: a b Nicholls, Seth (2014). "Perpetuating the problem: Neoliberalism, Commonwealth public policy and housing affordability in Australia". Australian Journal of Social Issues. 49(3): 329–347 – via EBSCO.
Jump up ^ Matthew.Bretag (2013-04-17). "Tell Me About: Bridging Visas for Asylum Seekers". www.humanrights.gov.au. Retrieved 2017-08-18.
^ Jump up to: a b "Refugee Status Determination in Australia | Factsheet | Kaldor Centre". www.kaldorcentre.unsw.edu.au. Retrieved 2017-08-18.
Jump up ^ "SRSS Programme". www.border.gov.au. Retrieved 2017-08-18.
Jump up ^ Department of Immigration and Border Protection (October 2015). "Code of Behaviour for Subclass 050" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Andra Jackson (5 January 2008). "Our lives are in limbo: former detainees". The Age. Fairfax Digital. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Paul Maley (23 March 2012). "Paul Keating slams 'racist' tone of asylum debate". The Australian. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Malcolm Fraser backs Greens senator". The Sydney Morning Herald. 6 July 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Gittens, R. (20 August 2003). Honest John's migrant twostep. The Age. Retrieved 2 October from http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/08/19/1061261148920.html
Jump up ^ ""Australia's human rights record blemished by punitive approach to migrants" – UN rights expert". www.ohchr.org. Retrieved 2017-01-02.
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Fort Myers, Florida
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Fort Myers, Florida
City
Sidney and Berne Davis Art Museum in downtown Fort Myers
Nickname(s): "City of Palms"
Location in Lee County, Florida
U.S. Census Bureau map showing city limits
Coordinates: 26°37′N 81°50′W / 26.617°N 81.833°W / 26.617; -81.833Coordinates: 26°37′N 81°50′W / 26.617°N 81.833°W / 26.617; -81.833[1]
Country
United States
State
Florida
County
Lee
Founded
March 24, 1886
Government
• Type
Council–manager
• Mayor
Randy Henderson, Jr.
Area[2]
• Total
48.97 sq mi (126.84 km2)
• Land
39.78 sq mi (103.02 km2)
• Water
9.20 sq mi (23.82 km2)
Elevation[3]
10 ft (3 m)
Population (2010)[4]
• Total
62,298
• Estimate (2016)[5]
77,146
• Density
1,939.46/sq mi (748.84/km2)
Time zone
Eastern (EST) (UTC-5)
• Summer (DST)
EDT (UTC-4)
ZIP code(s)
33900-33999
Area code(s)
239
FIPS code
12-24125[4]
GNIS feature ID
0282700[3]
Website
cityftmyers.com
Fort Myers is the county seat[6] and commercial center of Lee County, Florida, United States. It has grown rapidly in recent years. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 62,298 and in 2016 was estimated at 77,146.[4][5]
Fort Myers is a gateway to the Southwest Florida region and a major tourist destination within Florida. The winter estates of Thomas Edison ("Seminole Lodge") and Henry Ford ("The Mangoes") are major attractions.[7] The city is named after Colonel Abraham Myers.[8][9] The area is served by Southwest Florida International Airport (RSW), located southeast of the city.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Settlement and founding
1.2 20th century
2 Geography and climate
3 Demographics
4 Government
5 Education
5.1 Secondary schools
5.2 Higher education
5.3 Libraries
6 Sports
7 Points of interest
8 Public transportation
9 Fort Myers in popular culture
9.1 In film
9.2 In print
10 Notable people
10.1 Present
10.2 Past
11 Sister cities
12 References
13 External links
History[edit]
Architecture of Downtown Fort Myers.
Spain originally had colonial influence in Florida, succeeded by Great Britain and, lastly, the United States. During the American Indian Wars of the 1830s, the United States built Fort Myers as one of the first forts along the Caloosahatchee River; it was used as a base of operations against the Seminole. During the Seminole Wars and Indian Removal period, Fort Myers was a strategic location, with access to Atlantic waterways. While many Seminole were forced to remove to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River, others used their knowledge of the Everglades and Florida wilderness to resist the Americans. They were never defeated and two federally recognized Seminole tribes still control some of their historic territory.
During the American Civil War, Confederate blockade runners and cattle ranchers were based in Fort Myers. These settlers prospered through trading with the Seminole and Union soldiers.[10]
Settlement and founding[edit]
The Fort Myers community was founded after the American Civil War by Captain Manuel A. Gonzalez on February 21, 1866.[11][12] Captain Gonzalez was familiar with the area as a result of his years of service delivering mail and supplies to the Union Army at the Fort during the Seminole Indian Wars and Civil War.[11][12] When the U.S. Government abandoned the fort following the Civil War, Gonzalez sailed from Key West, Florida to found the community.[13][12][14] Three weeks later, Joseph Vivas and his wife, Christianna Stirrup Vivas, arrived with Gonzalez's wife, Evalina, and daughter Mary.[15]
Gonzalez settled his family near the abandoned Fort Myers, where he began the area's first trading post. Gonzalez traded tobacco, beads, and gunpowder, and sold otter, bobcat, and gator hide, to the neighboring Seminole.[10] A small community began to form around the trading post.
In the late 19th century, northerners began to travel to Florida in the winter. Some saw development opportunities. In 1881, the wealthy industrialist Hamilton Disston of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania came to the Caloosahatchee Valley. He planned to dredge and drain the Everglades for development, as he did not understand the value of this unique area. Diston connected Lake Okeechobee with the Caloosahatchee River; this allowed steamboats to run from the Gulf of Mexico to Lake Okeechobee and up the Kissimmee River.[10]
On August 12, 1885, the small town of Fort Myers—all 349 residents—was incorporated. By that time, it was the second-largest town on Florida’s Gulf Coast south of Cedar Key.[16]
In 1885, inventor Thomas Alva Edison was cruising Florida’s west coast and stopped to visit Fort Myers.[16] He soon bought 13 acres along the Caloosahatchee River in town". There he built his home Seminole Lodge", as a winter retreat. It included a laboratory for his continuing work. After the Lodge was completed in 1886, Edison and his wife, Mina, spent many winters in Fort Myers. Edison also enjoyed local recreational fishing, for which Fort Myers had gained a national reputation.[17]
In 1898, the Royal Palm Hotel was constructed. This luxury hotel attracted many tourists and established Fort Myers nationally as a winter resort destination.[18]
20th century[edit]
On May 10, 1904, access to the Fort Myers area was greatly improved with the opening of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, connecting Punta Gorda to Fort Myers. This route provided Lee County both passenger and freight railroad service.[19]
In 1908, the Arcade Theater was constructed in downtown Fort Myers. It served originally as a vaudeville house. Thomas Edison viewed films here for the first time with friends Henry Ford and Harvey Firestone.[20] With the growth of the film industry, the Arcade Theatre was converted into a full movie house. A wall divided the stage in order to form two screening rooms. Changes in moviegoing habits since the late 20th century have led to the renovation of the theater for use again in live performance. It is now host to the Florida Repertory Theatre, a performing arts hall.
During the period of 1914-1918 (World War I), Edison became concerned about America's reliance on foreign supplies of rubber. He partnered with tire producer Harvey Firestone, of the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company, and Henry Ford, of the Ford Motor Company, to try to find a rubber tree or plant that could grow quickly in the United States. He sought one that would contain enough latex to support his research endeavor. In 1927, the three men contributed $25,000 each, and created the Edison Botanic Research Corporation in an attempt to find a solution to this problem.[16]
In 1928, the Edison Botanic Research Corporation laboratory was constructed. It was in Fort Myers that Edison conducted the majority of his research and planted exotic plants and trees. He sent results and sample rubber residues to West Orange, New Jersey, for further work at his large Thomas A. Edison "Invention Factory" (now preserved in the Thomas Edison National Historical Park). Through Edison's efforts, the royal palms lining Riverside Avenue (now McGregor Boulevard) were imported and planted. They inspired Fort Myers' nickname as "City of Palms".[16]
After testing 17,000 plant samples, Edison eventually discovered a source in the plant Goldenrod (Solidago leavenworthii). Thomas Edison died in 1931. The rubber project was transferred to the United States Department of Agriculture five years later.[16]
In 1916, automobile magnate Henry Ford purchased the home next door to Edison's from Robert Smith of New York. Ford named his estate "the Mangoes". Ford's craftsman-style "bungalow" was built in 1911 by Smith. Ford, Harvey Firestone and Edison, were the three top leaders in American industry. They were part of an exclusive group titled "the Millionaires' Club". The three men have been memorialized in statues in downtown Fort Myers' Centennial Park.
In 1924, with the beginning of construction of the Edison Bridge, named for Thomas Edison, the city's population steadily grew. The bridge was opened on February 11, 1931, the 84th birthday of its namesake. Edison dedicated the bridge, and was the first to drive across it.
In the decade following the bridge's construction, the city had a real estate boom. Several new residential subdivisions were built beyond Downtown, including Dean Park, Edison Park, and Seminole Park [17] Edison Park, located across McGregor Boulevard from the Edison and Ford properties, includes a number of Fort Myers' most stately homes. The historic development showcases a variety of architectural styles. In the 21st century, it is known for its community activities and strong neighborhood ties.[21]
In 1947, Mina Edison deeded Seminole Lodge to the City of Fort Myers, in memory of her late husband and for the enjoyment of the public. By 1988, the adjacent Henry Ford winter estate was purchased by the city and opened for public tours in 1990. The combined properties today are known as the Edison and Ford Winter Estates.
Geography and climate[edit]
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 40.4 square miles (105 km2), of which 31.8 square miles (82 km2) is land and 8.6 square miles (22 km2) (21.25%) is water.
Fort Myers experiences a tropical savanna climate (Köppen Aw), with short warm winters, and long, hot, humid summers, with most of the year's rain falling from June to September.
The temperature rarely rises to 100 °F (38 °C) or lowers to the freezing mark.[22] Fort Myers has 89 day annually in which a thunderstorm is close enough for thunder to be heard, the most in the nation.[23]
The monthly daily average temperature ranges from 64.2 °F (17.9 °C) in January to 83.4 °F (28.6 °C) in August, with the annual mean being 75.1 °F (23.9 °C).
Records range from 24 °F (−4 °C) on December 29, 1894 up to 103 °F (39 °C) on June 16–17, 1981.[22]
[hide]Climate data for Fort Myers, Florida (Page Field), 1981–2010 normals
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
90
(32) 92
(33) 93
(34) 96
(36) 99
(37) 103
(39) 101
(38) 100
(38) 98
(37) 95
(35) 95
(35) 90
(32) 103
(39)
Average high °F (°C)
74.7
(23.7) 77.2
(25.1) 80.4
(26.9) 84.6
(29.2) 89.4
(31.9) 91.5
(33.1) 91.9
(33.3) 91.8
(33.2) 90.5
(32.5) 86.7
(30.4) 81.3
(27.4) 76.6
(24.8) 84.7
(29.3)
Daily mean °F (°C)
64.2
(17.9) 66.6
(19.2) 69.9
(21.1) 73.9
(23.3) 79.0
(26.1) 82.5
(28.1) 83.2
(28.4) 83.4
(28.6) 82.4
(28) 77.9
(25.5) 71.7
(22.1) 66.5
(19.2) 75.1
(23.9)
Average low °F (°C)
53.7
(12.1) 55.9
(13.3) 59.4
(15.2) 63.1
(17.3) 68.7
(20.4) 73.5
(23.1) 74.5
(23.6) 74.9
(23.8) 74.3
(23.5) 69.1
(20.6) 62.0
(16.7) 56.4
(13.6) 65.5
(18.6)
Record low °F (°C)
27
(−3) 27
(−3) 33
(1) 39
(4) 50
(10) 58
(14) 66
(19) 65
(18) 63
(17) 45
(7) 34
(1) 24
(−4) 24
(−4)
Average rainfall inches (mm)
1.89
(48) 2.13
(54.1) 2.84
(72.1) 2.02
(51.3) 2.72
(69.1) 10.28
(261.1) 9.14
(232.2) 10.21
(259.3) 8.55
(217.2) 2.67
(67.8) 1.92
(48.8) 1.69
(42.9) 56.06
(1,423.9)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.01 in)
5.5 5.2 6.2 4.2 6.8 16.0 17.6 17.9 15.4 6.8 4.4 4.5 110.5
Source: NOAA (extremes 1892–present)[22]
Demographics[edit]
Historical population
Census
Pop.
%±
1890 575 —
1900 943 64.0%
1910 2,463 161.2%
1920 3,678 49.3%
1930 9,082 146.9%
1940 10,604 16.8%
1950 13,195 24.4%
1960 22,523 70.7%
1970 27,351 21.4%
1980 36,638 34.0%
1990 45,206 23.4%
2000 48,208 6.6%
2010 62,298 29.2%
Est. 2016 77,146 [5] 23.8%
source:[24]
Fort Myers Demographics
2010 Census Fort Myers Lee County Florida
Total population 62,298 618,754 18,801,310
Population, percent change, 2000 to 2010 +29.2% +40.3% +17.6%
Population density 1,559.1/sq mi 788.7/sq mi 350.6/sq mi
(Non-Hispanic White or Caucasian) 30.6% 53.9% 57.9%
Black or African-American 39.3% 18.3% 16.0%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 32.0% 20.4% 22.5%
Asian 1.6% 1.4% 2.4%
Native American or Native Alaskan 0.6% 0.4% 0.4%
Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian 0.1% 0.1% 0.1%
Two or more races (Multiracial) 2.8% 2.1% 2.5%
Some Other Race 8.0% 4.7% 3.6%
The population of Fort Myers was 62,298 during the 2010 census.[25] Between the 2000 census and 2010 census, the city's population increased at a rate of 29.2 percent.
Fort Myers is one of two cities that make up the Cape Coral-Fort Myers Metropolitan Statistical Area. The 2010 population for the metropolitan area was 618,754.[25]
The population of Lee County, Florida and the Cape Coral-Fort Myers Metropolitan Statistical Area has grown 40.3 percent since the census in 2000, much faster than the average growth rate of 17.6 percent experienced throughout the State of Florida.
Government[edit]
Fort Myers is governed by a six-member city council where each member is elected from a single member ward. The city practices a council–manager form of government where the city council is responsible for the legislative functions of the municipality. The city council is responsible for establishing policy, passing local ordinances, voting appropriations, and developing an overall vision for the city.
The mayor is elected in a citywide vote. The current mayor of Fort Myers is Randy Henderson, Jr.
Policing of Fort Myers is performed by the Fort Myers Police Department.
Education[edit]
Secondary schools[edit]
Bishop Verot Catholic High School
See: Lee County School District for other public schools in the area.
Secondary schools in the city include:
Dunbar High School whose Science Olympiad teams won 15th place overall in the 2007 Florida State Science Olympiad, including a win in the remote sensing category.[26]
Fort Myers Senior High School, an International Baccalaureate school, is ranked as one of the best public schools in the nation by Newsweek magazine.[27]
Bishop Verot High School, a private, Roman Catholic high school in Ft. Myers, operated by the Diocese of Venice, Florida.
Higher education[edit]
Institutions of higher learning in the city include:
Hodges University
Keiser University[28]
Nova Southeastern University[29]
Rasmussen College[30]
Southern Technical College
Fort Myers Technical College[31]
Libraries[edit]
See: Lee County Library System for other libraries in the county.
Library Services include:
Fort Myers Regional Library
Dunbar-Jupiter Hammon Public Library: The library officially opened on October 7, 1974. The founders named the library Jupiter Hammon Public Library in honor of the first African poet to have his work published. Dunbar, the community's name, was added at the request of its residents. The library was moved in 1996 to its current location at 3095 Blount Street. It is home to the largest African-American book collection in Southwest Florida.[32]
Sports[edit]
The City of Palms Classic is an annual high school basketball tournament held in Fort Myers, Florida, since 1973. Several of its alumni have made it to the NBA.
Points of interest[edit]
Murphy-Burroughs House
The Calusa Nature Center and Planetarium[33] is a private, not-for-profit, environmental education organization. Set on a 105-acre (0.42 km2) site, it has a museum, three nature trails, a planetarium, butterfly and bird aviaries, a gift shop and meeting and picnic areas.
City of Palms Park, former home of the Boston Red Sox spring training program, close to downtown Fort Myers.
Edison and Ford Winter Estates
Edison Mall
Historic Downtown, waterfront entertainment district
Murphy-Burroughs House
Imaginarium Science Center
Southwest Florida Museum of History
Public transportation[edit]
Buses run by LeeTran provide local service in Fort Myers.[34]
Fort Myers in popular culture[edit]
In film[edit]
The abandoned city scene with the Edison Theatre, from the movie Day of the Dead (1985) was filmed in downtown Fort Myers.[35]
Some courthouse and other "city" scenes in Just Cause (1995) were filmed in downtown Ft. Myers.[36]
Part of the independent film Trans (1999) was filmed in Fort Myers, Florida.[37]
In print[edit]
Fort Myers is part of the setting of Red Grass River: A Legend (1998), an award-winning novel by James Carlos Blake[38]
Notable people[edit]
Fort Myers has experienced rapid population growth.
Present[edit]
Nate Allen - safety for Miami Dolphins
Haley Bennett - actress
Jason Bartlett - Tampa Bay Rays shortstop
Bob Beamon - track and field athlete, gold medalist in 1968 Summer Olympics long jump, world record holder 1968 to 1991
Bert Blyleven – Hall of Fame pitcher for Minnesota Twins, Texas Rangers, Pittsburgh Pirates, Cleveland Indians and California Angels[39]
James Carlos Blake - author and former faculty member of Edison Community College
Phillip Buchanon – cornerback for the Washington Redskins, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Houston Texans, Oakland Raiders[40]
Stacy Carter – former WWE wrestler[41]
Terrence Cody – nose tackle for Baltimore Ravens[42]
Casey Coleman - former pitcher for Chicago Cubs [43]
Bill Davey – professional bodybuilder[44]
Noel Devine – running back for CFL's Montreal Alouettes[45]
Richard Fain - former NFL player
Earnest Graham – NFL running back, Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Mike Greenwell – former Boston Red Sox left fielder and NASCAR driver[46]
Mario Henderson – offensive tackle, Oakland Raiders[47]
Nolan Henke – professional golfer[48]
Anthony Henry – cornerback, Detroit Lions, Dallas Cowboys, Cleveland Browns
Sara Hildebrand – United States Olympic diver (2000, 2004)[49][50]
Adam Johnson - former pitcher for Minnesota Twins[51]
Tarah Kayne - figure skater, 2016 national champion
Jevon Kearse – defensive end, Philadelphia Eagles, Tennessee Titans
Terri Kimball – Playboy Playmate of the Month for May 1964[52]
Derek Lamely - professional golfer[53]
Craig Leon – music and visual producer of the Ramones, Blondie, Luciano Pavarotti, Joshua Bell
George McNeill - professional golfer
Peter Mellor - English-born American footballer and coach
Terry-Jo Myers - professional golfer, winner of three LPGA Tour tournaments[54]
Seth Petruzelli – professional MMA fighter[55]
Plies (Algernod Lanier Washington) – rapper[56]
Deion Sanders – Hall of Fame NFL cornerback for six teams, inducted to Pro Football Hall of Fame as a Dallas Cowboy, and Major League Baseball outfielder for five teams[57]
Peggy Schoolcraft – professional bodybuilder, 1997 NPC Team Universe Champion[58][59]
Chad Senior - two-time Olympian (Sydney Australia, 2000 - Athens Greece, 2004), competed in pentathlon
Vonzell Solomon – American Idol third-place finisher[60]
Greg Spires- former NFL player[61]
Elissa Steamer – professional skateboarder
Sammy Watkins - wide receiver for Buffalo Bills, Los Angeles Rams
Tommy Watkins – former Minnesota Twins baseball player[62]
Jeremy Ware - cornerback for Oakland Raiders[63]
Walt Wesley – professional basketball player (1966–1976) for Cincinnati Royals and six other NBA teams[64]
Cliff Williams – bass player for AC/DC
Julio Zuleta – former first baseman for Chicago Cubs
Past[edit]
The Mangoes: Henry Ford's Winter home
Verna Aardema - children's book author
G. Harold Alexander - Florida Republican Party state chairman, c. 1952-1964
Patty Berg – Hall of Fame golfer, one of LPGA's founders
Gerard Damiano – adult film director
Thomas Edison – improved and perfected the incandescent light bulb and audio recording methods, had a winter estate next to Henry Ford's
Harvey Firestone – founded Firestone Tire Company, had a winter estate near Edison and Ford's homes[65][66]
Henry Ford – founded the Ford Motor Company, and father of the assembly line, had a winter estate next to Thomas Edison's
Charles Ghigna – poet and children's author known as "Father Goose;" boyhood home 1950-1973
Jerry Lawler – WWE wrestler and announcer[41]
Denise Masino – professional bodybuilder
Mindy McCready – country music artist[67]
Diamond Dallas Page – former WCW and WWE wrestler, actor
Kimberly Page – former member of the WCW Nitro Girls and Playboy model
Marius Russo - professional baseball player
Walt Wesley - professional basketball player
Sister cities[edit]
Fort Myers has twinning agreements with the following sister cities:
Santiago de los Caballeros (Dominican Republic)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
Jump up ^ "2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved Jul 7, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
^ Jump up to: a b c "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on 2011-05-31. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
Jump up ^ http://www.swflvisitor.com/attractions.php
Jump up ^ "The History of Downtown Fort Myers". Downtown Fort Myers. Archived from the original on 25 December 2010. Retrieved 26 December 2010.
Jump up ^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. p. 129.
^ Jump up to: a b c [1]
^ Jump up to: a b [2]
^ Jump up to: a b c [3]
Jump up ^ http://www.news-press.com/story/news/2016/02/19/founders-kin-converge-city-palms/80564266/
Jump up ^ "Exclusive: History Uncovered along Fort Myers Riverfront". News-Press. 5 June 2012. Archived from the original on 2013-06-30. Retrieved 2013-04-17.
Jump up ^ "Influential Local Capt. Manuel Gonzalez /Archived copy". 29 July 2009. Archived from the original on 2013-06-29. Retrieved 2013-04-17.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e [4]
^ Jump up to: a b [5], My River District
Jump up ^ Photo: Royal Palm Hotel, University of Southern Florida
Jump up ^ Turner, Gregg M., A Journey Into Florida Railroad History, University Press of Florida, Library of Congress #2007050375, ISBN 978-0-8130-3233-7, p. 156
Jump up ^ http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/10390
Jump up ^ McGregor history, Fort Myers Online
^ Jump up to: a b c "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2012-02-13.
Jump up ^ "Weather Variety - Annual Days With Thunderstorms". Weatherpages.com. Archived from the original on 2012-02-20. Retrieved 2012-06-12.
Jump up ^ "Census Of Population And Housing". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2014-09-19.
^ Jump up to: a b "American FactFinder2". Census.gov. Archived from the original on 2013-09-11. Retrieved Nov 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ 2007 Scores. Dunbar is also Home to the First Ever Microsoft Certified High School in the world.. Archived 2008-02-06 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ America's Top Public High Schools | Newsweek Best High Schools | Newsweek.com
Jump up ^ "Keiser University- Ft. Myers". Keiser University. Retrieved 3 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "NSU Campus info". Nova Southeastern University. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Rasmussen College- Ft. Myers campus". Retrieved 25 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Logan, Casey (June 8, 2015). "Fort Myers, Cape Coral technical institutes now colleges". News-Press. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Dunbar Jupiter Hammon Public Library". www.leegov.com. Archived from the original on 2016-04-13. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
Jump up ^ "Welcome to Calusa Nature Center & Planetarium". Calusanature.com. Retrieved 2012-06-12.
Jump up ^ http://www.rideleetran.com/routeSchedules.htm
Jump up ^ Stetson, Nancy (September 7, 2011). "STARRING SW FLORIDA". Florida Weekly. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Production Credits - Fort Myers & Sanibel
Jump up ^ Filmed in Fort Myers - Film Fort Myers
Jump up ^ James Carlos Blake (1998). Red Grass River: A Legend. New York: Avon.
Jump up ^ "Broadcasters | twinsbaseball.com: Team". Mlb.mlb.com. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
Jump up ^ Nobles, Charlie (November 27, 2001). "COLLEGES; Hurricanes' Buchanon Might Be the Best of the Best". The New York Times. Retrieved April 2, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Lawler, Jerry (2002). It's Good to be the King...Sometimes. World Wrestling Entertainment. ISBN 978-0-7434-5768-2.
Jump up ^ "'Bama's mountain of a nosetackle: 365-pound Terrence Cody". CNN. September 25, 2008. Retrieved April 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Casey Coleman Stats". Baseball Almanac. Retrieved November 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Pro Profiles - Bill Davey Pro Bodybuilding Profile". Bodybuilders.com. 1966-07-20. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
Jump up ^ Peek into inner circle shows Noel Devine's no deviant Archived 2007-10-02 at the Wayback Machine., August 28, 2006
Jump up ^ Mark Aumann, NASCAR.COM (2006-05-17). "Ex-ballplayer Greenwell to make Truck debut - May 17, 2006". Nascar.Com. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
Jump up ^ "Mario Henderson". Nfl.com. 1984-10-29. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
Jump up ^ "Nolan Henke - Golf - CBSSports.com PGA". Cbssports.com. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
Jump up ^ Hildebrand Hired as First Diving Coach at Florida Gulf Coast, August 31, 2006
Jump up ^ "Smesko announces signings of transfers » Naples Daily News". Naplesnews.com. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
Jump up ^ Adam Johnson MLB RHP Stats & P4x4 Boggerpress Champion!
Jump up ^ "Terri Kimball - Terri Kimball Nude - Terri Kimball Pics". Playboy.com. 2009-01-27. Archived from the original on 2010-01-17. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
Jump up ^ "Derek Lamely". PGA Tour. Archived from the original on October 19, 2012. Retrieved November 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ LPGA Tour profile for Terry-Jo Myers Archived June 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Wetzel, Dan. "Final curtain for the Kimbo show - UFC - Yahoo! Sports". Sports.yahoo.com. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
Jump up ^ "Warner Music Canada - Plies". Warnermusic.ca. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
Jump up ^ "ESPN.com: Where Sanders goes, teams win". Espn.go.com. 1967-08-09. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
Jump up ^ "Peggy Schoolcraft IFBB Pro Bodybuilder". Bodybuilding.com. October 9, 2002. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "2001 Ms. International results". Getbig.com. March 2, 2001. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Vonzell Solomon". American Idol. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
Jump up ^ In-Spires
Jump up ^ Lisa Winston / MLB.com (2010-02-15). "Article | MiLB.com News | The Official Site of Minor League Baseball". Web.minorleaguebaseball.com. Retrieved 2010-07-29. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Jermy Ware Jeremy Ware NFL & AFL Football Statistics
Jump up ^ "Walt Wesley NBA & ABA Statistics". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
Jump up ^ "Florida: Edison Pageant of Light (Local Legacies: Celebrating Community Roots - Library of Congress)". Lcweb2.loc.gov. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
Jump up ^ "Lee". Sao.cjis20.org. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
Jump up ^ "Singer Mindy McCready taken into custody". USA Today. July 26, 2007. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
External links[edit]
Florida portal
Find more aboutFort Myers, Floridaat Wikipedia's sister projects
Media from Commons
Travel guide from Wikivoyage
Official website
Fort Myers Economy at a Glance, U.S. Department of Labor
[show]
v
t
e
Municipalities and communities of Lee County, Florida, United States
County seat: Fort Myers
Cities
Bonita Springs
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Fort Myers
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Town
Fort Myers Beach
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Unincorporated
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Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 247610496
LCCN: n81076972
GND: 4460089-6
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Myers,_Florida&oldid=807273784"
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text:
List of largest producing countries of agricultural commodities
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Production (and consumption) of agricultural plant commodities has a diverse geographical distribution. Along with climate and corresponding types of vegetation, the economy of a nation also influences the level of agricultural production. Production of some products is highly concentrated in a few countries while other are widely produced. For instance, China, the leading producer of wheat and ramie in 2013, produces 6% of the world's ramie fiber but only 17% of the world's wheat. Products with more evenly distributed production see more frequent changes in ranking of the top producers.
The major agricultural products can be broadly grouped into foods, fibers, fuels, and raw materials.
Contents
[hide]
1 Produce types
1.1 Cereal
1.2 Vegetables
1.3 Fruits
1.4 Dairy
1.5 Drinks
1.6 Meat
1.7 Nuts
1.8 Spices
1.9 Others
2 Non-food products
2.1 Fibers
2.2 Forest products
3 Notes
4 References
Produce types[edit]
Cereal[edit]
as of 2013, FAOSTAT, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [1]
Cereal
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
Barley Russia Germany France Canada Turkey
Buckwheat Russia China Ukraine France Poland
Maize (corn) United States China Brazil Argentina Ukraine
Millet India Niger China Mali Burkina Faso
Oat Russia Canada Finland Poland Australia
Rice, paddy China India Indonesia Bangladesh Vietnam
Rye Germany Russia Poland Belarus Ukraine
Sorghum United States Mexico Nigeria India Ethiopia
Triticale Poland Germany France Belgium Russia
Wheat China India United States Russia France
Vegetables[edit]
Vegetable
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
Lettuce China United States India Spain Italy
Dry Bean Myanmar India Brazil China Mexico
Onion (dry) China India United States Egypt Iran
Cabbage and other brassicas China India Russia Japan South Korea
Green bean China Indonesia India Turkey Thailand
Chickpea India Australia Pakistan Turkey Myanmar
Pulses (total) India Pakistan Canada Myanmar Australia
Cauliflowers and Broccoli China India Italy Mexico France
Eggplant China India Iran Egypt Turkey
Potato China India Russia Ukraine United States
Spinach China United States Japan Turkey Indonesia
Cassava (yuca) Nigeria Thailand Vietnam Indonesia Costa Rica
Soybean United States Brazil Argentina China India
Carrot China Russia United States Uzbekistan Ukraine
Turnip China Uzbekistan Russia United States Ukraine
Cucumber China Turkey Iran Russia United States
Tomato China India United States Turkey Egypt
Ginger India China Nepal Nigeria Thailand
Pumpkin, squash and gourd China India Russia Iran United States
Rapeseed Canada China India France Germany
Safflower India United States Mexico Ethiopia Kazakhstan
Yam Nigeria Ghana Ivory Coast Benin Togo
Sweet potato China Uganda Nigeria Indonesia Tanzania
Sesame Myanmar India China Sudan Tanzania
Okra India Nigeria Iraq Ivory Coast Pakistan
Fruits[edit]
Fruit
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
Apricot Turkey Pakistan Uzbekistan Algeria Italy
Olive Spain Italy Greece Turkey Morocco
Pear China United States Argentina Italy Turkey
Banana India China Uganda Philippines Ecuador
Mango India China Thailand Indonesia Pakistan
Coconut Indonesia Philippines India Brazil Sri Lanka
Sugar cane Brazil India China Thailand Pakistan
Fig Turkey Egypt Algeria Morocco Iran
Grapes China United States Italy France Spain
Oranges Brazil United States China India Mexico
Papaya India Brazil Indonesia Nigeria Mexico
Peach China Italy Spain United States Greece
Apple China United States Turkey Poland India
Pineapple Brazil Philippines Thailand Costa Rica Indonesia
Gooseberry Germany Russia Poland Ukraine Czech Republic
Lemon India Mexico Argentina China Brazil
Raspberry Russia Poland Serbia United States Ukraine
Plum China Serbia United States Romania Chile
Strawberry United States Turkey Spain Egypt Mexico
Blueberry United States Canada Poland Germany Netherlands
Kiwifruit China Italy New Zealand Chile Greece
Currant Russia Poland Ukraine Austria United Kingdom
Date Egypt Iran Saudi Arabia Algeria Iraq
Cherry Turkey United States Iran Italy Spain
Avocado Mexico Indonesia Dominican Republic United States Colombia
Quince Turkey China Uzbekistan Morocco Iran
Watermelon China Turkey Iran Brazil Egypt
Guava India China Kenya Thailand Indonesia
Jackfruit India Bangladesh Thailand Indonesia Nepal
Pomegranate India Iran Turkey Spain Tunisia
Dairy[edit]
as of 2013, FAOSTAT, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [2]
Product
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
Milk (cow) United States India China Brazil Germany
Milk (buffalo) India Pakistan China Egypt Nepal
Milk (goat) India Bangladesh Sudan (with South Sudan) Pakistan Mali
Milk (sheep) China Turkey Greece Syria Romania
Milk (camel) Somalia Kenya Mali Ethiopia Niger
Drinks[edit]
as of 2013, FAOSTAT, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [3]
Product
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
Milk India United States China Pakistan Brazil
Tea China India Kenya Sri Lanka Vietnam
Coffee Brazil Vietnam Indonesia Colombia India
Wine Spain Italy France United States Chile
Beer China United States Brazil Russia Germany
Meat[edit]
as of 2014, FAOSTAT, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [4]
Product
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
Chicken United States Brazil China Russia Mexico
Beef United States Brazil China Argentina Australia
Pork China United States Germany Spain Vietnam
Sheep China Australia New Zealand Turkey United Kingdom
Goat China India Pakistan Nigeria Bangladesh
Turkey United States Brazil Germany France Italy
Duck China France Malaysia Myanmar Vietnam
Nuts[edit]
as of 2013, FAOSTAT, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [5]
Nut
Largest Producer
Second Largest Producer
Third Largest Producer
Almond United States Australia Spain
Cashew nut Vietnam Nigeria India
Chestnut China South Korea Turkey
Hazelnut Turkey Italy United States
Peanut China India Nigeria
Pistachio Iran United States Turkey
Sheanut Nigeria Mali Burkina Faso
Walnut China Iran United States
Spices[edit]
as of 2013, FAOSTAT, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [6]
Spice
Largest Producer
Second Largest Producer
Black pepper Vietnam India
Chili pepper India China
Cinnamon Indonesia China
Cloves Indonesia Madagascar
Ginger India China
Nutmeg Guatemala Indonesia
Saffron Iran Spain
Vanilla Madagascar Indonesia
Others[edit]
as of 2013, FAOSTAT, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [7]
Product
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
Cocoa Ivory Coast Ghana Indonesia Nigeria Cameroon
Egg China United States India Japan Mexico
Honey China Turkey Argentina Ukraine Russia
Tobacco China Brazil India United States Indonesia
Non-food products[edit]
Fibers[edit]
As of 2013, FAOSTAT, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.[1][2]
Fiber
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
Abaca (manila) Philippines Ecuador Costa Rica Indonesia Equatorial Guinea
Agave fibre Colombia Mexico Nicaragua Ecuador Philippines
Cotton China India United States Pakistan Brazil
Flax France Belgium Belarus Russia China
Jute India Bangladesh China Uzbekistan Nepal
Kapok (2012 data) Indonesia Thailand none reported none reported none reported
Ramie China Laos Philippines Brazil none reported
Rubber Thailand Indonesia Vietnam India China
Silk China India Uzbekistan Thailand Iran
Sisal Brazil Tanzania Kenya Madagascar China
Wool China Australia New Zealand United Kingdom Iran
Forest products[edit]
as of 2013, FAOSTAT, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [8]
Wood and forest products
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
Wood fuel* India China Brazil Ethiopia Democratic Republic of the Congo
Sawnwood** United States China Canada Russia Germany
Wood-based panels*** China Russia United States Germany Brazil
Paper and Paperboard**** China United States Japan Germany Sweden
Dissolving wood pulp***** United States South Africa Canada Sweden Austria
*Wood fuel includes all wood for fuel as firewood, wood pellets, and charcoal
**Sawnwood includes all sawn wood, dimensional lumber
***Wood-based panel includes all plywood, particleboard, fiberboard and veneer sheets
****Paper and Paperboard includes all paper, sanitary paper, and packaging materials
*****Dissolving wood pulp includes cellulose extracted from wood for making synthetic fibres, cellulose plastic materials, lacquers and explosives[3]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/rankings/countries_by_commodity/E
Jump up ^ http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/QL/E
Jump up ^ Forest Products Definitions, FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS, Statistics Division
References[edit]
Agricultural Production Domain
[hide]
v
t
e
Lists of countries by agricultural output rankings
Cereals
Barley
Buckwheat
Maize
Millet
Oats
Rice
Rye
Sorghum
Triticale
Wheat
exports
Fruit
Apples
Apricots
Bananas
Citrus
Oranges
Plums
Pear
Grapes
Mango
Tomatoes
Vegetables
Artichoke
Onion
Potato
Rapeseed
Soybean
Cucumber
Other
Cacao
Cassava
Coffee
Cotton
Fish
Garlic
Milk
Sugar beet
Sugar cane
Sunflower seed
Tea
Tobacco
Wine
Related
Irrigation
Land use
List of international rankings
List of top international rankings by country
Lists by country
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