text:
The Peach Blossom Fan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A printed edition of The Peach Blossom Fan, dated 1699-1722
The Peach Blossom Fan (Chinese: 桃花扇; pinyin: Táohuā shàn; Wade–Giles: T'ao-hua shan) is a musical play and historical drama in 44 scenes that was completed in 1699 by the early Qing dynasty playwright Kong Shangren after more than 10 years of effort.[1][2]
The play depicts the drama that resulted in the 1644 collapse of the Ming dynasty.[3] The play recounts the death of the Ming dynasty through the love story of its two main characters, young scholar Hou Fangyu (侯方域) and a courtesan named Li Xiangjun.[4] The Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature has called it "China's greatest historical drama."[5]
An English translation published by the University of California Press was translated by Chen Shih-hsiang and Harold Acton, K.B.E. with Cyril Birch collaborating.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Composition
2.1 Plot
3 Characters
3.1 Character list
4 Analysis
5 Creation and conception
6 Stage performance and adaptations
7 Publication
7.1 Translations
8 Reception
9 See also
10 Notes
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links
Background[edit]
In the early Qing dynasty, the rise and fall of the dynasty touched many poets and playwrights, especially intellectuals, which pushed them into thinking of the historical lessons taught by the downfall of the Ming.[6] These writers, including Kong Shangren, expressed hatred and regret at its collapse through their works and a sense of historical responsibility. Kong said he wanted to make clear what had made the decay happen.[7] Kong heard stories about the period of Hong Guang (C: 弘 光) from his cousin Kong Fangxun (孔方訓), whose tale of Li Xiangjun inspired him into creating a script.[8] But at that time, it was only a draft because Kong wanted to collect historical details.[9] So during his three-year stay in the south, where the story took place, Kong got acquainted with Ming loyalists like Mao Xiang (冒襄), Deng Hanyi (鄧漢儀), Xu Shuxue (許漱雪), Zong Yuanding (宗元鼎), She Chacun (社茶村) and masters of art like Shitao, Gong Xian, and Cha Shibiao (查士標). He also visited historical sites such as Plum Blossom Mountain (梅花岭), Qin Huai River (秦淮河), Swallow Rock (燕子磯), Imperial Palace, and the Mausoleum of the Ming Emperor (明孝陵).[10]
Composition[edit]
The play was conceived as a two-part play, as stated in the notes of Liang Qichao.[11] The play has over 40 total scenes. Birch wrote that this length is "not unduly long" for a southern-style (Yangtze Valley) Chinese play, citing the 55-scene length of Peony Pavilion.[12]
The main portion of the play includes exactly 40 scenes. The "Enquiry" (prelude) section is located in the play's beginning. The first portion of the main play forms part one, the upper (上) part. The "Inter-calary" scene is in between the two parts of the main play. The second portion of the main portion of the play forms part two, the lower (下) part. The "Additional Scene" and then the "Sequel", the epilogue, are the final portions of the play.[11]
Plot[edit]
In the late Ming dynasty, the reformist Donglin movement reinstituted the "Restoration Society" (C: 復社, P: fùshè, W: fu-she) in Nanjing to fight corrupt officials. Hou Fangyu, one of the Society's members, falls in love with courtesan Li Xiangjun beside the Qinhuai River. He sends Li Xiangjun a fan as a gift and becomes engaged to her. An official called Ruan Dacheng, delivers trousseau through celebrity Yang Longyou (T: 楊龍友, S: 杨龙友, P: Yáng Lóngyǒu, W: Yang Lung-yu) for Hou in order not to be isolated from the royal court. Hou is persuaded into accepting it, but Li Xiangjun rejects the gift firmly, which wins Hou Fangyu's respect.
Because he lacks military provisions, the commander of Wuchang Zuo Liangyu intends to move his army south to Nanjing, which terrifies the court. Considering Hou Fangyu's father had once been Zuo Liangyu's superior, Nanjing officials send Yang to ask Hou for help as a substitute. Hou Fangyu wries a letter to discourage Zuo from moving, but is slandered by Ruan for betraying the country, forcing him to find shelter with Shi Kefa in Yangzhou. Li Xiangjun and Hou Fangyu are separated.
At that time, the political situation runs out of control. News comes that Li Zicheng, the leader of peasant rebellion, had captured the capital Beijing, and that the Chongzhen Emperor had hanged himself. Ruan and Ma Shiying, the local governor of Fengyang (鳳陽督撫), crowns the Prince of Fu (福王) Zhu Yousong as new Emperor and changes the title of the reign into Hongguang 弘光. They persecute Reformists and indulge the Emperor with lust. Governor of Cao (曹撫) Tian Yang (田仰) covets Li's beauty and wants to take her as concubine. At the marriage ceremony, Li resists with a suicide attempt. She knocks her head on a pillar, leaving blood spots on the fan which was given by Hou Fangyu. After that, Yang draws a branch of peach blossoms with Li Xiangjun's blood on the fan, and it is sent to Hou Fangyu to show Li Xiangjun's determination. Jin Fu, author of Chinese Theatre, wrote that the fan and poem symbolize the integrity and determination of Li Xiangjun.[13]
The Qing's army continues to go south, threatening the Ming government. However, the internal conflicts among four generals, who are in charge of strategic posts in north of the Yangtze River, are fierce, and Shi Kefa himself could not retrieve the defeat. Meanwhile, the new Emperor never cares about politics, only losing himself in song and dance. Ma Shiying and Ruan Dacheng send Li into the court as a gift, catering to the Emperor. Li Xiangjun scolds the evil officials to their faces and is beaten cruelly. Hou Fangyu flees to Nanjing during the chaotic war but was caught and sent into prison by Ruan Dacheng.
Yangzhou falls and Shi Kefa drowns himself into the river. The new Emperor is captured by the Qing army.[14] The end of the play features a Taoist ceremony mourning the loss of the Ming dynasty. The remaining protagonists decide to seclude themselves instead of serving in the Qing dynasty.[3] Hou Fangyu and Li Xiangjun meet each other occasionally at Qixia Mountain. When they are telling their affection, Zhang Yaoxing, a Taoist master, criticized them for the affair, asking "How laughable to cling to your amorous desires when the world has been turned upside down?"[15] (or: "When there are such tremendous changes, you still indulge in love?"[13]). This gives them both a realization. Li Xiangjun thus becomes a nun, while Hou Fangyu follows her step to become a Taoist priest.[14] Cyril Birch, who collaborated on a University of California Press translation of The Peach Blossom Fan, wrote that "There can be no happy ending, given the historical authenticity of the action".[3]
Like other Southern-style plays the play incorporates martial scenes and a love affair central to the plot. Birch wrote that the Hou Fangyu-Fragrant Princess love affair "is brilliantly integrated with the more weighty matter of the plot" and that the martial scenes "perfectly reflect the unhappy progress of the Ming cause and depict in vivid terms the gallant but ultimately futile loyalty or generals like Huang Te-kung and Shih-K'o-fa."[3]
Characters[edit]
Portrait of Li Xiangjun by Cui He, circa 1800–1850 (Metropolitan Museum of Art)
The play involves 30 dramatis personae. Kong Shangren assigned them to five departments. The principal four are the left department (C: 左部, P: zuǒ bu), the right department (C: 右部, P: yòu bu), the odd department (C: 奇部, P: jī bu), the even department (C: 偶部, P: ǒu bu), and the fifth department.[11] These five departments may be re-organized as the"Se Bu" (Color department 色部), "Qi Bu" (Energy department 氣部) and "Zong Bu" (Overall department 總部).[citation needed]
The characters in the left and right departments represent colors or positive modes (C: 色, P: sè). Hou Fangyu represents the left department and Li Xiangjun]represents the right department.[11] The left department includes male characters and the right department includes female characters.[citation needed] These characters express the sentiment of separation and reunion, so therefore they are positive characters.[11] The left and right departments are divided into "Zheng Se" (Main Colour正色), "Jian Se" (Neutral Colour 間色), "He Se" (Combinative Colour 合色), and "Run Se" (Supporting Colour 潤色) four sections.[citation needed]
The characters in the odd department, headed by Shi Kefa, and the even department, headed by Zuo Liangyu, are represented in negative moods (T: 氣, S: 气, P: qì) because the characters are participants in political conflicts that create and destroy dynasties, so therefore the odd department characters are negative.[11] "Qi Bu", with a total of 12 characters, perform mostly on the rise and fall of history. It has two parts, the "Ji Bu" (Odd department 奇部) and the "Ou Bu" (Even department 偶部), where the later one consists of "Zhong Qi" (Neutural energy 中氣), "Li Qi" (Criminal energy 戾氣), "Yu Qi" (Residual energy 餘氣) and "Sha Qi" (Evil energy 煞氣).[citation needed]
The other 2 characters in "Zong Bu", Taoist warp star (經星) Zhang Yaoxing (張瑶星) and weft star (緯星) who is the master of ceremonies in Nanjing Tai Chang Temple, runs through the whole play intending to introduce the backgrounds and other complements.[citation needed]
Kong Shangren used the yin and yang principle in organizing his characters.[16]
The protagonists are historical figures.[3] Like many southern Chinese (Yangtze Valley) plays, there are contrasting character groupings. Hou Fangyu and his friends are in one grouping, while the Ma Shiying and Ruan Dacheng group forms an opposing grouping.[12] Each role-type may control a set of characters.[17] The "painted-face" (P: jing, W: ching) role controls Ma Shiying, Liu Liangzuo, Su Kunsheng, and Zhang Yanzhu.[18] The "comic" (P: chou, W: ch'ou) role type controls Liu Jingting, Cai Yisuo, Zhen Tuoniang, and several attendants and servants.[19]
Birch wrote that the audience is "led to a deep respect for Hou Fang-yü, Liu Ching-t'ing, and Shih K'o-fa, as in their different ways they follow their doomed ideals."[3]
Character list[edit]
(in order of appearance)
The Master of Ceremonies of the Imperial Temple in Nanjing. He states that The Peach Blossom Fan "employs the emotions entailed by separation and union, to depict feelings about rise and fall." (T: 借離合之情，寫興亡之感,[...], S: 借离合之情，写兴亡之感,[...])[20]
C. H. Wang wrote that the Master "seems to impersonate" Kong Shangren.[20]
Hou Fangyu (C: 侯方域, P: Hóu Fāngyù, W: Hou Fang-yü), a young scholar of distinction
Hou Fangyu opposes corrupt officials who sell out to Manchus and is a loyalist to the Ming cause.[3]
Chen Zhenhui (Ch'en Chen-hui), fellow member of the Revival Club
Wu Yingji (Wu Ying-chi), fellow member of the Revival Club
Liu Jingting (C: 柳敬亭, P: Liǔ Jìngtíng, W: Liu Ching-t'ing), a veteran minstrel of renown
Lianche Tu Fang, an author on an encyclopedia article about Liu Jingting, wrote that the person was one of two people used in the story to "bring together the various incidents of the plot."[21]
Li Zhenli (Li Chen-li), proprietress of an elegant house of pleasure and foster mother of the heroine
Yang Wencong (Yang Wen-ts'ung), painter, poet, and official
Li Xiangjun (C: 李香君, P: Lǐ Xiāngjūn, W: Li Hsiang-chün), a courtesan and the heroine. Li Xiangjun, the Fragrant Princess, follows her desires on who to love and opposes bullies on the royal court.[3]
Jin Fu, author of Chinese Theatre, wrote that "Although Li Xiangjun is a singer, her emotions and actions are shown to be more noble than those of the scholars."[22]
Su Kunsheng (T: 蘇崑生, S: 苏昆生, P: Sū Kūnshēng, W: Su K'un-sheng), Li Xiangjun's singing teacher - Su Kunsheng asks Li Xiangjun to perform The Peony Pavilion.[23]
Lianche Tu Fang, an author on an encyclopedia article about Liu Jingting, wrote that the person was one of two people used in the story to "bring together the various incidents of the plot."[21]
Ruan Dacheng (T: 阮大鋮, S: 阮大铖, P: Ruǎn Dàchéng, W: Juan Ta-ch'eng), corrupt politician, dramatist and poet
Ding Jizhi (Ting Chi-chih), poet-musician
Shen Gongxian (Shen Kung-hsien), poet-musician
Zhang Yanzhu (Chang Yen-chu), poet-musician
Bian Yujing (Pien Yü-ching), professional singing-girl
Kou Baimen (K'ou Pai-men), professional singing-girl
Zheng Tuoniang (Cheng T'o-niang), professional singing-girl
Cyril Birch wrote that Zheng Tuoniang is "an important female part" and that the role to "offset the demure elegance of the ingenue (tan) role, Fragrant Princess", is one of the "major functions" of Zheng Tuoniang.[19] Birch wrote that "We can imagine her as conspicuously ugly with her tart's makeup, lewd gestures, and regular caterwaul of a singing voice".[19]
General Zuo Liangyu (C: 左良玉, P: Zuǒ Liángyù, W: Tso Liang-yü), commander of the Wu Chang garrison
General Shi Kefa (C: 史可法, P: Shǐ Kéfǎ, W: Shih K'o-fa), President of the Board of War at Nanjing
Birch states that Shi Kefa is a general who has a "gallant but ultimately futile loyalty".[3]
Ma Shiying (T: 馬士英, S: 马士英, P: Mǎ Shìyīng, W: Ma Shih-ying), Governor of Feng Yang and Grand Secretary
General Yuan Jixian (Yüan Chih-hsien)
General Huang Degong (Huang Te-kung)
Birch states that Huang Degong is a general who has a "gallant but ultimately futile loyalty".[3]
Emperor Hong Guang (Emperor Hung-kuang)
General Liu Zeqing (Liu Tse-ch'ing)
General Gao Jie (Kao Chieh)
General Liu Liangzuo (Liu Liang-tso)
Lan Ying (T: 藍 瑛, S: 蓝 瑛, P: Lán Yīng, W: Lan Ying), a famous painter
Cai Yisuo (C: 蔡益所, P: Cài Yìsuǒ, W: Ts'ai Yi-so), a Nanjing bookseller
Zhang Wei (T: 张 薇, S: 张 薇, P: Zhāng Wēi, W: Chang Wei) or Zhang the Taoist (T: 張瑤星, S: 张瑶星, P: Zhāng yáoxīng), former commander of the Imperial Guard in Beijing
Huang Shu (Huang Shu), Inspector General
Tian Xiong (T'ien Hsiung), adjutant to General Huang Degong
Han Zanzhou (Hsu Ch'ing-chün),[citation needed] a magistrate's runner
Analysis[edit]
Cyril Birch wrote that "The world of The Peach Blossom Fan is that late-Ming world of gross corruption, of callousness and cowardice and the breakdown of a long-cherished order. Yet the quality of life revealed in the play is of extraordinary cultivation and sensibility. There is a great poignancy in this contrast".[3] C. H. Wang wrote that the play has an intertwining of the motifs of separation and union of people in love, and the motifs of the decline and ascent of political powers, and that "The parallel structure is not contained within a single plot only" but rather to the entire work.[20]
Creation and conception[edit]
C. H. Wang, author of "The Double Plot of T'ao-hua shan," wrote that the author "attempted in this work not only to retell for common theatre-goers a romantic love-story but also to arouse scholars-especially Confucian intellectuals-to consider why and how China so easily lost her strength in the national crises of 1644-45."[20] The play was written fewer than 50 years after the fall of the Ming dynasty, during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty.[20]
Stage performance and adaptations[edit]
As soon as Kong finished the script of The Peach Blossom Fan, it was lent out and spread quickly among scholars and aristocrats. In the autumn of the year Jimao, even the emperor sent servant to Kong's house, asking in haste for the complete script.[24] In the next year, General Li Muan set up a therical troupe called Jin Dou to perform the play, which gained huge fame immediately. Each time the troupe performed, actors and actresses were given considerable tips.[25]
The play was a particular favorite of the Kangxi Emperor.[26]
Merchants in Yang Zhou once raised 160 thousand gold for the costume in the play.[27]
During the last century, the play has been performed in forms of Peking Opera, Drama, Chu Opera, Gui Opera, Yue Opera, Xiang Opera, Min Opera, Bei Kun, Nan Kun and Huangmei Opera, and it has been adapted into 3 kinds of endings, including one that ends in a happy reunion.[28]
In 1937, when World War II broke out, the famous Chinese playwright Ouyang Yuqian altered the ending of the play into "Having cut his hair, Hou surrendered to the Qing dynasty and served its royal court",[where?] satirizing the traitor Wang Jingwei of that time.[citation needed]
In 1964, playwright Mei Qian (梅阡) and Sun Jing (孫敬), using Ou's endding, put the drama into a movie script, starring famous actress Wang Fengdan and actor Feng Jie.[citation needed]
Publication[edit]
The Peach Blossom Fan was printed during Kong Shangren's lifetime. Several variations in the text appear in subsequent editions of the play.[3]
There was 1982 edition edited by Wang Chi-ssu and others, published in Beijing.[20] The play is presented in four juan (chüan) rather than the standard two parts.[11]
Translations[edit]
One edition published by the University of California Press was translated into English by Chen Shih-hsiang and Harold Acton, K.B.E. with Cyril Birch collaborating.[29] Birch wrote that the University of California Press translation is "complete except for a very few places".[3] Portions translated included what Birch described as "the contrasting low punning and bawdy badinage," the scholars' formal compliments and greetings, "high poetry" within the songs, and self-introduction speeches and soliloquies described by Birch as "sometimes rather stiff".[30]
Acton wrote that he and Chen Shih-hsiang hoped that their translation would be published at some point but that they translated the play "for its own sake rather than for publication."[29] Chen Shih-hsiang had been researching early Chinese poetry and Acton had suggested translating The Peach Blossom Fan. Chen Shih-hsiang died in May 1971. At that time there was a manuscript draft with all scenes except for the final seven translated.[29]
Cyril Birch, who had worked with Chen Shih-hsiang at the University of California Berkeley, translated the final seven scenes and revised the drafts.[29] As a guide Birch used the People's Literature Press edition published in 1959 in Beijing. He used the annotations written by Wang Chi-ssu (C: 王季思, P: Wáng Jìsī, W: Wang Chi-ssu) and Su Huan-chung.[3]
Due to the usage of allusions common in plays in the Ming and Qing Dynasties the University of California translation uses footnotes for what Birch described as "many" of these allusions. Birch wrote "many more have been sacrificed to the interests of readability".[30] Birch wrote that in the final scenes, if the closest translation "would have impossibly retarded the movement of the verse" Birch used paraphrasing to follow on the actions of Chen Shih-hsiang and Acton.[30] Birch cited Scene 32 as an example of a place where the translation was abridged.[3] There the Master of Ceremonies' speech's strings of instructions indicating commands such as "Kneel! Rise! Kneel!" were omitted. Birch wrote that "These commands, in performance, would punctuate an elaborate posturing dance, but they make for boring reading."[31]
Reception[edit]
Liang Qichao (1873–1929) wrote that this play was "a book of utmost desolation, poignant splendor, and utmost turmoil."[32] He further wrote: "With the refined strictness of its structure, the magnificence of its style, and the depth of its sentiments, I would venture that Kong Shangren's Peach Blossom Fan surpasses the works of all epochs!"[33]
Scholar Wang Guowei (1877–1927), who held the play in great esteem, compared it to the novel Dream of the Red Chamber.[34]
Harold Acton, who co-wrote an English translation, stated that The Peach Blossom Fan is a "highly poetic chronicle play" that is "a vivid evocation of the downfall of the Ming dynasty" that "deserves to be better known to students of Chinese literature and history."[29]
Dylan Suher of the literary magazine Asymptote described The Peach Blossom Fan as "The greatest masterpiece of the literature of political disappointment", and the play contains "some of the most elegant Chinese ever written—a density of poetic expression that rivals Shakespeare's."[35]
Several modern adaptations of the play has also received acclaim. Kevin J. Wetmore reviewing the Edward Mast adapted and Chen Shi-Zheng directed version for Theatre Journal, describes it as "a powerfully moving, brilliantly theatrical, and playfully entertaining production."[36]
See also[edit]
China portal
Theatre portal
The Peony Pavilion
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ 《洪昇年谱》康熙三十八年（1699年）载：“六月孔尚任《桃花扇》成，遂盛行于世。秋，康熙索《桃花扇》观之，其后孔尚任罢官，世多疑其系以《桃花扇》贾祸。”
Jump up ^ Oxford Encyclopedia of Theatre and Performance, "Kong Shangren". answers.com. http://www.answers.com/topic/kong-shangren. Retrieved 2010-12-27.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Acton, p. xvii.
Jump up ^ Niu 2004, p. 112: "《桃花扇》是一部以复社文人侯方域与秦淮名妓李香君的爱情故事，反映南明弘光王朝覆灭的历史悲剧。"
Jump up ^ Nienhauser 1986, p. 520.
Jump up ^ Niu 2004, p. 85.
Jump up ^ Kong Shangren 孔尚任, "Short introduction" (小引) to the Peach Blossom Fan: "知三百年之基業,隳於何人,敗於何事,消於何年,歇於何地。"
Jump up ^ 据《桃花扇本末》记载：“独香姬面血溅扇，杨友龙以画笔点之……虽不见诸别籍，其事变新奇可传，《桃花扇》一剧感此而作也。”
Jump up ^ 《桃花扇本末》：“每拟作此传奇，恐闻见未广，有乖信史者，寝歌之余，仅画其轮廓，实未饰其藻采也。”
Jump up ^ Niu 2004, p. 111.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Wang, C. H., p. 10.
^ Jump up to: a b Birch, p. xiv.
^ Jump up to: a b Fu, Jin, p. 59.
^ Jump up to: a b Niu 2004, p. 112.
Jump up ^ K'ung, p. 296.
Jump up ^ Wang, C. H., p. 11.
Jump up ^ Birch, p. xv.
Jump up ^ Birch, p. xv-xvi.
^ Jump up to: a b c Birch, p. xvi.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Wang, C. H., p. 9
^ Jump up to: a b Tu Fang, p. 947.
Jump up ^ Fu, Jin, p. 58.
Jump up ^ Shen, Jing, p. 223.
Jump up ^ 《桃花扇本末》："《桃花扇》本成，王公荐绅，莫不借钞，时有纸贵之誉。己卯秋夕，内侍索《桃花扇》本甚急，予之缮本，莫知流传何所。乃于张平州中丞家觅得一本，午夜进之直邸，遂入内府。己卯除夜，李木庵总宪，遣使送岁金，即索《桃花扇》为围炉下酒之物。开岁灯节，已买优扮演矣。其班名‘金斗’，出之李相国湘北先生宅，名噪时流。"
Jump up ^ 《脞语》："孔东塘尚任，随孙司空在丰勘里下河浚河工程，住先映碧枣园中，时谱《桃花扇》传奇未毕，更阑按拍，歌声呜呜。每一出成，辄邀映碧共赏。映碧之子木庵，官总宪，以授“金斗班”演之，名噪都下。每王公借演此班，伶人得缠头费甚钜。"
Jump up ^ 《螾庐曲谈》："或谓玄烨最爱此剧，每观至《设朝》、《选优》等出，辄为喟然。"
Jump up ^ 《梨园佳话》："扬州盐商筹演此剧，曾费十六万金制办衣装砌末。"
Jump up ^ 《南方周末》("Southern Weekend"), 2006年3月30日 (2006.03.30), 第D25版 (D25), 文化 (Culture), 600年昆曲300年桃花扇 (600 years of Kunqu, 300 years of the Peach Blossom Fan), 张英(Zhang Ying)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Acton, p. vii.
^ Jump up to: a b c Acton, p. xviii.
Jump up ^ Acton, p. xvii-xviii.
Jump up ^ “一部极凄惨、极哀艳、极忙乱的书。”
Jump up ^ “结构之精严，文藻之壮丽，寄托之遥深论之，窃谓孔云亭之《桃花扇》冠绝千古矣！”
Jump up ^ 王国维，《红楼梦评论》：“吾国之文学中，其具有厌世解脱之精神者，仅《桃花扇》与《红楼梦》耳。”
Jump up ^ Suher, Dylan. "Dylan Suher reviews Kong Shangren's The Peach Blossom Fan". Asymptote.
Jump up ^ Kevin J. Wetmore (March 2005). "Peach Blossom Fan (review)". Theatre Journal. Project Muse. pp. 106–109.
References[edit]
Acton, Harold. "Preface". In: K'ung, Shang-jen. Translators: Chen, Shih-hsiang and Harold Acton. Collaborator: Birch, Cyril. The Peach Blossom Fan (T'ao-hua-shan). University of California Press, 1976. ISBN 0-520-02928-3.
Aoki, Masaru (J: 青木 正児 Aoki Masaru, Chinese: T: 青木 正兒, S: 青木 正儿, P: Qīngmù Zhèngér) (2010) [1930], Zhongguo jindai xiqushi 中国近代戏曲史 ["History of early modern Chinese musical plays"], Translated by: Wang, Gulu (T: 王古魯, S: 王古鲁, P: Wáng Gǔlǔ, W: Wang Ku-lu), Beijing: Zhonghua shuju 中华书局, ISBN 978-7-101-06444-5 CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) .
Birch, Cyril. "Introduction: The Peach Blossom Fan as Southern Drama." In: K'ung, Shang-jen. Translators: Chen, Shih-hsiang and Harold Acton. Collaborator: Birch, Cyril. The Peach Blossom Fan (T'ao-hua-shan). University of California Press, 1976. ISBN 0-520-02928-3.
Fu, Jin. Chinese Theatre. Cambridge University Press, March 9, 2012. ISBN 0521186668, 9780521186667.
K'ung, Shang-jen. Translators: Chen, Shih-hsiang and Harold Acton. Collaborator: Birch, Cyril. The Peach Blossom Fan (T'ao-hua-shan). University of California Press, 1976. ISBN 0-520-02928-3.
Nienhauser, William H., ed. (1986), The Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature, Volume 1, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, ISBN 0-253-32983-3 .
Niu, Biao 钮骠, ed. (2004), Zhongguo xiqushi jiaocheng 中国戏曲史教程 ["Curriculum on the history of Chinese musical plays"], Beijing: Wenhua yishu chubanshe 文化艺术出版社, ISBN 7-5039-2572-8 CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link) .
Shen, Jing. Playwrights and Literary Games in Seventeenth-Century China: Plays by Tang Xianzu, Mei Dingzuo, Wu Bing, Li Yu, and Kong Shangren. Lexington Books, August 4, 2010. ISBN 073913857X, 9780739138571.
Tu Fang, Lianche. "LIU Ching-t'ing." In: Association for Asian Studies. Ming Biographical History Project Committee. Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368-1644, Volume 1. Columbia University Press, 1976. p. 946-947. ISBN 0231038011, 9780231038010.
Wang, C. H. "The Double Plot of T'ao-hua shan." Journal of the American Oriental Society. Vol. 110, No. 1, January–March, 1990. p. 9-18. Available on JStor.
Zhang, Geng 张庚; Guo, Han 郭汉, eds. (1992), Zhongguo xiqu tongshi 中国戏曲通史 ["General history of Chinese musical plays"], Zhongguo xiqu chubanshe 中国戏曲出版社, ISBN 7-104-01967-7 CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link) .
Zhou, Yibai 周贻白, ed. (2004), Zhongguo xijushi changbian 中国戏剧史长编 ["Collected documents on the history of Chinese theater"], Shanghai: Shanghai shudian chubanshe 上海书店出版社, ISBN 7-80622-907-8 CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link) .
Further reading[edit]
Duan, Li (S: 段 丽, P: Duàn Lí) (Nanjing University Chinese Department (南京大学中文系)). Cai Yisuo: a Minor Character in The Peach Blossom Fan (《桃花扇》中书客影). Root Exploration, 2008, Issue 5. December 16, 2008. doi： 10.3969/j.issn.1005-5258.2008.05.019. 机标分类号: I20 J80. Info page (Archive)
Owen, Stephen, "Kong Shang-ren, Peach Blossom Fan: Selected Acts," in Stephen Owen, ed. An Anthology of Chinese Literature: Beginnings to 1911. New York: W. W. Norton, 1997. p. 942-972 (Archive).
Japanese:
Aoki, Masaru (青木 正児 Aoki Masaru). 支那近世戯曲史 Shina kinse gikyoku shi. Koubundou Bookshop (弘文堂書房) (Tokyo), 1930. Book profile (Archive)
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
zh:桃花扇
The peach blossom fan, by Kung Shang-jen (1648–1718), translated by Chen Shih-hsiang and Harold Action with the collaboration of Cyril Birch, University of California Press,
Kun Opera House of Jiangsu Performing Arts Group's Official Website, "The best" version of the peach blossom fan tonight
The Official Website of the 16th Asian Games, Opera Concert: Kunqu The Peach Blossom Fan (1699)
[hide]
v
t
e
Qing dynasty topics
History
Seven Grievances
First Manchu invasion of Korea
Second Manchu invasion of Korea
Qing conquest of the Ming
Battle of Shanhai Pass
Great Clearance
Revolt of the Three Feudatories
Sino-Russian border conflicts
Dzungar–Qing War
Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
Chinese Rites controversy
Ten Great Campaigns
Miao Rebellion (1735–36)
Lhasa riot of 1750
Sino-Burmese War (1765–69)
Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa
Sino-Nepalese War
Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)
White Lotus Rebellion
First Opium War
Sino-Sikh War
Taiping Rebellion
Nian Rebellion
Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)
Miao Rebellion (1854–73)
Nepalese–Tibetan War
Panthay Rebellion
Second Opium War
Amur Acquisition
Self-Strengthening Movement
Tongzhi Restoration
Dungan Revolt (1862–77)
Mudan Incident (1871)
Tianjin Massacre
Margary Affair
Northern Chinese Famine
Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
Sino-French War
Sikkim Expedition
Jindandao Incident
First Sino-Japanese War
Gongche Shangshu movement
Dungan Revolt (1895–96)
Hundred Days' Reform
Boxer Rebellion
Red Lanterns
Eight-Nation Alliance
New Policies
British expedition to Tibet
1905 Tibetan Rebellion
1909 Provincial Assembly elections
Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
Railway Protection Movement
Xinhai Revolution
Wuchang Uprising
Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
Mongolian Revolution of 1911
Xinhai Revolution in Xinjiang
Manchu Restoration
Government
Emperor
List
Family tree
Amban
Cup of Solid Gold
Deliberative Council
Flag of the Qing dynasty
Grand Council
Great Qing Legal Code
Imperial Clan Court
Imperial Commissioner
Imperial Household Department
Lifan Yuan
Ministry of Posts and Communications
Nine Gates Infantry Commander
Provincial governor
Provincial military commander
Qinding Xianfa Dagang
Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
Viceroys
Zhili
Shaan-Gan
Liangjiang
Huguang
Sichuan
Min-Zhe
Liangguang
Yun-Gui
Three Northeast Provinces
Zongli Yamen
Military
Military of the Qing dynasty
Beiyang Army
Chu Army
Eight Banners
Ever Victorious Army
Green Standard Army
Huai Army
Hushenying
Imperial Guards Brigade
New Army
Peking Field Force
Shuishiying
Wuwei Corps
Xiang Army
Manchuria under Qing rule
Mongolia under Qing rule
Administrative divisions
Qing dynasty in Inner Asia
Taiwan under Qing rule
Provincial Administration Hall
Tibet under Qing rule
Golden Urn
List of imperial residents
Xinjiang under Qing rule
General of Ili
Palaces &
mausoleums
Chengde Mountain Resort
Forbidden City
Mukden Palace
Old Summer Palace
Summer Palace
Eastern Qing tombs
Fuling Mausoleum
Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
Western Qing tombs
Society &
culture
Booi Aha
Changzhou School of Thought
Dibao
Four Wangs
Gujin Tushu Jicheng
History of Ming
Islam during the Qing dynasty
Kangxi Dictionary
Kaozheng
Literary Inquisition
Manchu Han Imperial Feast
Peiwen Yunfu
Pentaglot Dictionary
Qing official headwear
Qing poetry
Quan Tangshi
Queue
Researches on Manchu Origins
Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor
Shamanism in the Qing dynasty
Siku Quanshu
Zongmu Tiyao
Treaties
Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)
Treaty of Nerchinsk
Unequal treaty
Boxer Protocol
Burlingame Treaty
Chefoo Convention
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet
Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory
Convention of Peking
Convention of Tientsin
Li–Lobanov Treaty
Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking
Treaty of Aigun
Treaty of the Bogue
Treaty of Canton
Treaty of Kulja
Treaty of Nanking
Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)
Treaty of Shimonoseki
Treaty of Tarbagatai
Treaty of Tientsin
Treaty of Wanghia
Treaty of Whampoa
Other topics
Aisin Gioro
Anti-Qing sentiment
Canton System
Chuang Guandong
Draft History of Qing
Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty
Manchu people
Names of the Qing dynasty
New Qing History
Qing dynasty coinage
Qing conquest theory
Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions
Treaty ports
Willow Palisade
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Peach_Blossom_Fan&oldid=800909290"
Categories:
1699 plays
Qing dynasty plays
Southern Ming
Hidden categories:
Articles containing Chinese-language text
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013
Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from November 2013
CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list
CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
한국어
日本語
Norsk
吴语
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 16 September 2017, at 13:20.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

tag: b

tag: span

attr: lang xml:lang

value: zh zh

value: zh-Latn-pinyin zh-Latn-pinyin

value:
/wiki/Yangtze_Valley
mw-redirect
Yangtze Valley

value:
/wiki/Peony_Pavilion
mw-redirect
Peony Pavilion

value:
/wiki/Dramatis_personae
mw-redirect
Dramatis personae

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2013)

value:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2013)

value: Edit section: Stage performance and adaptations

value: The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous. (November 2013)

value: Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)

value:
/wiki/University_of_California_Berkeley
mw-redirect
University of California Berkeley

value: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

value: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

value:
/wiki/Southern_Weekend
mw-redirect
Southern Weekend

value:
nofollow
external text
http://muse.jhu.edu/article/179611

value:
/wiki/Project_Muse
mw-redirect
Project Muse

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value: Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list

value: Category:CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list

value:
/wiki/Lexington_Books
mw-redirect
Lexington Books

value:
nofollow
external text
https://www.jstor.org/stable/603906

value: Journal of the American Oriental Society

value:
nofollow
external text
https://archive.is/VLDO8

value:
/wiki/W._W._Norton
mw-redirect
W. W. Norton

value:
nofollow
external text
https://www.webcitation.org/6PoEo2Lqa

value:
nofollow
external text
https://archive.is/havRi

value:
/wiki/First_Manchu_invasion_of_Korea
mw-redirect
First Manchu invasion of Korea

value:
/wiki/Second_Manchu_invasion_of_Korea
mw-redirect
Second Manchu invasion of Korea

value:
/wiki/Qing_conquest_of_the_Ming
mw-redirect
Qing conquest of the Ming

value:
/wiki/Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_War
mw-redirect
Dzungar–Qing War

value:
/wiki/Mudan_Incident_(1871)
mw-redirect
Mudan Incident (1871)

value:
/wiki/Sikkim_Expedition
mw-redirect
Sikkim Expedition

value:
/wiki/Jindandao_Incident
mw-redirect
Jindandao Incident

value:
/wiki/Qing_provincial_elections,_1909
mw-redirect
Qing provincial elections, 1909

value: Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers

value: Grand coordinator and provincial governor

value: Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty

value: Viceroy of the Three Northeast Provinces

value:
/wiki/Imperial_Guards_Brigade
mw-redirect
Imperial Guards Brigade

value: Administrative divisions of Mongolia during Qing

value: Qing Dynasty Taiwan Provincial Administration Hall

value: List of Qing imperial residents in Tibet

value: Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties

value: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text

value: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013

value: Category:Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from November 2013

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/The_Peach_Blossom_Fan
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-The_Peach_Blossom_Fan rootpage-The_Peach_Blossom_Fan skin-vector action-view


text:
Chota Nagpur Division
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For disambiguation, see Chota Nagpur (disambiguation).
Chota Nagpur Division
South-West Frontier
Division of British India
←
1854–1947 →
Flag
1858 map of the Bengal Presidency with the 'South-West Frontier States' in the SW
History
• Creation of the division 1854
• Independence of India 1947
Area
• 1901 70,161 km2 (27,089 sq mi)
Population
• 1901 4,900,429
Density 69.8 /km2 (180.9 /sq mi)
Chota Nagpur Plateau area. Political Divisions. 1909 Imperial Gazetteer of India map section.
Chota Nagpur Division, also known as the South-West Frontier, was an administrative division of British India. It included most of the present-day state of Jharkhand as well as adjacent portions of West Bengal, Orissa, and Chhattisgarh.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Administration
2.1 Districts
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
Chota Nagpur division was a hilly and forested area. The region came under the control of the British in the 18th and 19th centuries, and was annexed to the Bengal Presidency, the largest province of British India. After the Kol rebellion of 1831-2, the division was exempted by Regulation XIII of 1833 from the general laws and regulations governing Bengal, and every branch of the administration was vested in an officer appointed by the supreme Government and called the Agent to the Governor-General of India for the South-West Frontier.
In 1854 the designation of South-West Frontier Agency was changed to Chota Nagpur and it began to be administered as a Non-regulation province under the Lieutenant Governor of the then Bihar. In 1855-56 there was the great uprising of the Santhals against the British but was brutally suppressed. was changed to Chota Nagpur by Act XX of that year, and was administered thereafter as a non-regulation province under the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal Presidency. The title of the chief administrative officer was changed from Agent to Commissioner, and the officers in charge of the districts became Deputy Commissioners. The Commissioner exercised general control over the Chota Nagpur States. The present Divisional Commissioner is Shri. Surendra Singh Meena of the Indian Administrative Service (IAS)
Chota Nagpur Division became part of the new province of Bihar and Orissa when it was created in 1912. In 1936 the province was split into the separate provinces of Bihar and Orissa, and the princely states were placed under the authority of the Eastern States Agency.[1]
Administration[edit]
The administrative headquarters of the division was at Ranchi. The total area of the division was 27,101 square miles (70,161 km2.), and the population was 4,900,429 in 1901. In 1901 Hindus constituted 68.5% of the total population, animists 22.7%, Muslims 5.7%, Christians 2.9%, and 853 Jains. The Chota Nagpur States, a group of princely states, was under the political authority of the division's commissioner.[2]
Districts[edit]
The division included five districts:
Hazaribagh
Ranchi
Palamu
Manbhum
Singhbhum
See also[edit]
Chota Nagpur Tributary States
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Rice, Ron (2001). New Indian States, Princely States Report, January 2001.
Jump up ^ Hunter, William Wilson, Sir, et al. (1908). Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 12. 1908-1931; Clarendon Press, Oxford.
External links[edit]
"Chota Nagpu Tributary". Bengal District Gazetteers: B Volume : Statistics, 1900-1901 to 1910-11. Bihar and Orissa Govt. Press. 1905.
Coordinates: 23°00′N 85°00′E / 23.000°N 85.000°E / 23.000; 85.000
[show]
v
t
e
Divisions of the British Raj
Berar Division
Ceded and Conquered Provinces
Cis-Sutlej states
Chhattisgarh Division
Chota Nagpur Division
Delhi Territory
Jubbulpore Division
Marri-Bugti Country
Medak Gulshanabad Division
Nerbudda Division
Northern Circars
Orissa Division
Saugor and Nerbudda Territories
Sind Division
Trucial States
Agencies of British India
British rule in Burma
Districts of British India
Provinces of British India
List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)
Residencies of British India
Subdivisions of British India
Territorial evolution of the British Empire
[show]
v
t
e
Indian State of Jharkhand
Capital: Ranchi
Topics
History
Government
Geography
Education
People
Tourism
Highest point
Divisions
Kolhan
North Chotanagpur
Palamu
Santhal Pargana
South Chotanagpur
Districts and divisions
Palamu Division
Garhwa
Palamu
Latehar
North Chotanagpur Division
Chatra
Hazaribagh
Giridih
Koderma
Dhanbad
Bokaro
Ramgarh
South Chotanagpur Division
Ranchi
Lohardaga
Gumla
Simdega
Khunti
Kolhan Division
West Singhbhum
Seraikela Kharsawan
East Singhbhum
Santhal Pargana Division
Deoghar
Jamtara
Dumka
Godda
Pakur
Sahebganj
Major cities
Jamshedpur
Dhanbad
Ranchi
Bokaro
Hazaribagh
Deoghar
Chaibasa
Medininagar
Dumka
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chota_Nagpur_Division&oldid=815182854"
Categories:
States and territories established in 1854
States and territories disestablished in 1947
Divisions of British India
History of Jharkhand
Hidden categories:
Coordinates on Wikidata
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Català
Edit links
This page was last edited on 13 December 2017, at 07:26.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

tag: div

attr: id class

value: mw-page-base noprint

key: html

type: local

value: mw-head-base noprint

tag: a

attr: id class lang

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attr: href class title

value:
/wiki/Chota_Nagpur_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Chota Nagpur (disambiguation)

attr: role class

value:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

tag: br

tag: td

attr: colspan class style

tag: tr

attr: href title

value: Presidencies and provinces of British India

attr: colspan style

tag: img

attr: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attr: width style

value: border:0; vertical-align:middle; font-size:30%; line-height: 105%;

value: vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:115%; border:0

value: border:0; vertical-align: middle; text-align:right; line-height: 105%; font-size:30%;

value: text-align:center; margin:0 auto; background:none;

value: vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; border-top: solid 1px #aaa; padding: 0.2em 0em 0.2em 0em;

value:
/wiki/File:British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg
image
Flag of Chota Nagpur Division

attr: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value:
/wiki/File:Bengalpresidency_1858.jpg
image
Location of Chota Nagpur Division

value: text-align:center; font-size:95%; padding:0.6em 0em 0.6em 0em;

value:
/wiki/Independence_of_India
mw-redirect
Independence of India

value:
/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population
mw-redirect
List of countries by population

value:
/wiki/Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India
mw-redirect
Imperial Gazetteer of India

value:
/wiki/British_India
mw-redirect
British India

value:
/wiki/Orissa,_India
mw-redirect
Orissa, India

value:
/wiki/Non-regulation_province
mw-redirect
Non-regulation province

value:
/wiki/Chota_Nagpur_States
mw-redirect
Chota Nagpur States

value:
/wiki/Bihar_and_Orissa
mw-redirect
Bihar and Orissa

value:
/wiki/Hazaribagh_District
mw-redirect
Hazaribagh District

value:
/wiki/Ranchi_District
mw-redirect
Ranchi District

value:
/wiki/Palamu_District
mw-redirect
Palamu District

value:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

value: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

value: Template talk:Divisions of British India

value:
/wiki/Orissa_Division
mw-redirect
Orissa Division

value:
/wiki/Provinces_of_British_India
mw-redirect
Provinces of British India

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value:
/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India
mw-redirect
States and territories of India

value: List of state and union territory capitals in India

value:
/wiki/Education_in_Jharkhand
mw-redirect
Education in Jharkhand

value:
/wiki/Districts_of_Jharkhand
mw-redirect
Districts of Jharkhand

value:
/wiki/Divisions_of_Jharkhand
mw-redirect
Divisions of Jharkhand

value: width:1%;width: 7em; text-align: left; background-color: #eee;

value:
/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Jharkhand
mw-redirect
List of cities in Jharkhand

value: Category:States and territories established in 1854

value: Category:States and territories disestablished in 1947

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Chota_Nagpur_Division
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Chota_Nagpur_Division rootpage-Chota_Nagpur_Division skin-vector action-view


text:
Mount Ruapehu
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Mount Ruapehu
Mt Ruapehu from Tongariro Northern Circuit, 2015
Highest point
Elevation
2,797 m (9,177 ft) [1]
Prominence
2,797 m (9,177 ft)
Listing
Ultra
New Zealand #19
Coordinates
39°17′S 175°34′E / 39.283°S 175.567°E / -39.283; 175.567Coordinates: 39°17′S 175°34′E / 39.283°S 175.567°E / -39.283; 175.567
Naming
Translation
pit of noise or exploding pit[2] (Māori)
Geography
Mount Ruapehu
North Island, New Zealand
Geology
Age of rock
~200,000 years[1]
Mountain type
Stratovolcano
Volcanic arc/belt
Taupo Volcanic Zone
Last eruption
25 September 2007
Climbing
First ascent
1879 by G. Beetham and J. P. Maxwell
Easiest route
Hike
A composite satellite image looking west across Ruapehu, with the older eroded volcano Hauhungatahi visible behind it, and the cone of Ngauruhoe visible to the right.
Mount Ruapehu, also known simply as Ruapehu, is an active stratovolcano at the southern end of the Taupo Volcanic Zone in New Zealand. It is 23 kilometres (14 mi) northeast of Ohakune and 23 km (14 mi) southwest of the southern shore of Lake Taupo, within Tongariro National Park. The North Island's major ski resorts and only glaciers are on its slopes.
Ruapehu, the largest active volcano in New Zealand, is the highest point on the North Island and has three major peaks: Tahurangi (2,797 m), Te Heuheu (2,755 m) and Paretetaitonga (2,751 m). The deep, active crater is between the peaks and fills with water between major eruptions.
Contents
[hide]
1 Volcanic activity
2 Ski fields
3 Weather
4 Glaciers
5 In popular culture
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Volcanic activity[edit]
Ruapehu is largely composed of andesite and began erupting at least 250,000 years ago. In recorded history, major eruptions have been about 50 years apart,[3] in 1895, 1945 and 1995–1996. Minor eruptions are frequent, with at least 60 since 1945. Some of the minor eruptions in the 1970s generated small ash falls and lahars (mudflows) that damaged skifields.[4]
Between major eruptions, warm acidic Crater Lake forms, fed by melting snow. Major eruptions may completely expel the lake water. Where a major eruption has deposited a tephra dam across the lake's outlet, the dam may collapse after the lake has refilled and risen above the level of its normal outlet, the outrush of water causing a large lahar. In 2000, the ERLAWS system was installed on the mountain to detect such a collapse and alert the relevant authorities.
1945 eruption and aftermath
The 1945 eruption emptied Crater Lake and dammed the outlet with tephra. The crater slowly refilled with water, until on 24 December 1953 the tephra dam collapsed causing a lahar in the Whangaehu River. The lahar caused the Tangiwai disaster, with the loss of 151 lives, when the Tangiwai railway bridge across the Whangaehu River collapsed while the lahar was in full flood, just before an express train crossed it.
It was already known that the river had partially undermined one of the bridge piers and the lahar finished the job, causing the bridge to collapse. Although warned of the collapsed bridge, the train driver was unable to stop the train in time and six of the carriages fell into the river.
1995-96 eruptions
Spectacular eruptions occurred during 1995 and 1996. Ruapehu had been showing signs of increased activity since late November 1994, with elevated Crater Lake temperatures and a series of eruptions that increased in intensity over about nine months. Several lahars were observed, both in the Whangaehu River and other areas of the mountain, between 18 September and 25 September 1995, indicating Crater Lake was being emptied by the eruptions.
The Department of Conservation immediately issued hazard warnings and advised people to keep off the mountain, thus ending the ski season. The eruption cloud disrupted air travel, occasionally closing airports and the central North Island airspace. Black sand-like ash fell on surrounding farmland and stock had to be moved. The ash also entered streams and was washed into the pen stocks and turbines of the Rangipo power station causing rapid corrosion on the turbine blades which had to be rebuilt. Episodic eruptions continued until the end of November 1995.
Within hours of a major eruption during the night being reported on 25 September 1995, news media were trying to get live video of the eruption and amateur photographers had published eruption images on the World Wide Web. A web camera, dubbed the world's first "Volcano Cam", was set up. Since then Ruapehu has been monitored by at least one and sometimes several volcano cams.
Crater Lake & Tahurangi, the highest peak (top right). The 1996 tephra dam (bluish dark area at lake edge directly below Tahurangi). Photo 2016
Another, smaller, eruption phase began on the morning of 17 June 1996. Despite a series of small eruptions that spread thin layers of ash across both Whakapapa and Turoa ski areas, the ski fields opened for the 1996 season. Turoa closed on 29 September – earlier than usual, while Whakapapa stayed open until Labour Weekend.
After the 1996 eruption it was recognised that a catastrophic lahar could again occur when Crater Lake bursts the volcanic ash dam blocking the lake outlet. This is the same mechanism that caused the 1953 lahar. The lake gradually filled with snowmelt and had reached the level of the hard rock rim by January 2005. The lahar finally occurred on 18 March 2007 (see below).
2006 eruption
Ruapehu erupted at 10.30pm on 4 October 2006. The small eruption created a volcanic earthquake at a magnitude of 2.8, sending a water plume 200 m into the air and 6-m waves crashing into the wall of the crater.[5][6]
2007 lahar
Fresh lahar channels scar Ruapehu's eastern slopes, 2007.
On 18 March 2007, the tephra dam which had been holding back Crater Lake burst, sending a lahar down the mountain. An estimated 1.4 million cubic metres of mud, rock, and water travelled down the Whangaehu river. The Department of Conservation had received warning signals from the lahar warning system (ERLAWS) at around 10:30 that morning and closed all major roads in the area, preventing thousands of motorists from travelling, and shut down the main rail system for the North Island. The river banks held and no spill overs occurred. No serious damage was done and no one was injured. One family was trapped for around 24 hours after the lahar swept away the access route to their home.[7]
2007 eruption
At about 8:20 p.m. on 25 September 2007, a hydrothermal eruption occurred without warning.[8][9] William Pike, a 22-year-old primary school teacher, had a leg crushed by a rock during the eruption and a rescue operation was mounted to rescue him from the Dome Shelter near the crater. The rock crashed into the Dome Shelter, landed on the man and was too heavy for his companion to lift off.
Two lahars that travelled down the mountain activated warning signals from the lahar warning system and prompted the evacuation of some ski lodges on the mountain and the closure of roads in the area. The eruption was accompanied by a 7-minute-long earthquake, measuring 2.9 on the Richter Scale.
2008 warnings
On 2 May 2008, a level-1 warning was issued after GNS scientists who were monitoring the lake found irregular signs of volcanic activity. This included increased chemical changes, gases and temperature. The warning was used to let visitors know the potential of an explosion was higher than usual and could happen at any time. This could also be a follow-up to the previous year's 2007 eruption.[10]
A GeoNet New Zealand Bulletin was released on 21 July 2008 stating that "the current phase of volcano unrest appears to be over, however Ruapehu remains an active volcano. Future eruptions may occur without warning."[11] However the level has remained at 1, where it has been since 1997.
2011 warnings
On 5 April 2011 Geonet changed Mount Ruapehu's Volcanic Aviation Colour Code from Green to Yellow (elevated unrest above the known background). Ruapehu's Volcanic Alert Level remained at level 1 (signs of volcanic unrest). The Volcanic Aviation Colour Code was changed because a sustained period of high water temperatures in the Crater Lake (approximately 38 - 39 °C) was observed and because changes were observed in volcanic gas output, seismic activity and Crater Lake water chemistry.[12]
2012 warnings
On 16 November, GNS Science volcanologists warned that pressure was likely building up beneath Crater Lake, and that an eruption in the coming weeks or months is more likely than normal.[13] The aviation colour code was raised from green to yellow.[14]
2016 warnings
On 29 April, Geonet issued a volcanic alert reporting that Crater Lake's temperature has risen to 40 °C, up from 25 °C in mid-April. An earthquake swarm has also been recorded under Crater Lake. On 11 May the volcanic alert level was raised to level 2 and the aviation colour code was changed from green to yellow.[15][16]
Ski fields[edit]
Turoa ski field.
Ruapehu has two commercial ski fields, Whakapapa on the northern side and Turoa on the southern slope. They are the two largest ski fields in New Zealand, with Whakapapa the larger. The club Tukino field is on the east of the mountain and is open to the public. The season is generally from June to October but depends on snow and weather conditions.
Both ski fields are accessible by car and chairlifts, with beginners' to advanced skiing slopes. Whakapapa has five chair lifts with limited accommodation and refreshments available at Top o' the Bruce (the car park at the top of Bruce Road) and at the entry to Whakapapa, and elsewhere on the mountain. Alpine huts are provided for trampers and climbers. These are mainly owned by private clubs.
Weather[edit]
Weather conditions can be changeable over the day, and mountain visitors are advised to be prepared and carry basic survival equipment. Although severe weather is unusual and generally forecast, it has claimed several lives over the years, including a party of five NZ Army soldiers and one RNZN naval rating, caught in a week-long storm while undergoing winter survival training in 1990.[17] The same storm also trapped an experienced Japanese mountaineer when the weather unexpectedly closed in on him, but he built a snow cave and sheltered in it until he was rescued days later.[18]
Mount Ruapehu, January 2002.
On 5 July 2003, about 350 skiers and 70 skifield staff were trapped on the mountain overnight at Top o' the Bruce when a sudden snow storm blew up and within a few minutes made the access road too dangerous to descend. They spent the night in relative comfort and all descended safely the next morning.[19] Such rapidly changing conditions are typical of the weather on New Zealand mountains.[citation needed]
Again on Saturday 26 July 2008, skiers and staff were trapped on the mountain overnight when a fast approaching storm caused the skifield to be closed at 10:30 a.m. and made the road too dangerous for cars without chains or 4WD to leave the area. By 3 p.m. there were still over 100 cars in the Whakapapa car park and those who had not been able to leave by that point were told to settle in for the night.[20] All cars were able to leave safely the next morning.
Glaciers[edit]
The glaciers on Mount Ruapehu are the only glaciers in the North Island. They are all small, less than 1.6 km (1 mi) in length. There are eighteen glaciers including one within the crater; the largest are the Mangatoetoenui, Summit Plateau and Whangaehu Glaciers.[21]
In popular culture[edit]
Some scenes of the fictional Mordor and Mount Doom in Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy were filmed on the slopes of Mount Ruapehu.[22]
See also[edit]
Wikinews has related news: Possible eruption from Ruapehu Volcano, New Zealand
List of mountains of New Zealand by height
List of volcanic eruptions by death toll
List of volcanoes in New Zealand
Volcanism of New Zealand
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Ruapehu". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2016-11-12.
Jump up ^ "Volcano Fact Sheet: Ruapehu Volcano" (PDF). GNS Science. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
Jump up ^ New Zealand Department of Conservation. "Crater Lake". Retrieved 2006-10-23.
Jump up ^ New Zealand Department of Conservation. "Central North Island Volcanoes". Retrieved 2006-10-23.
Jump up ^ "Ruapehu Volcanic warning update". Retrieved 2013-11-27.
Jump up ^ Feek, Belinda (7 October 2006). "High-risk warning on Ruapehu remains". Wanganui Chronicle.
Jump up ^ "Photos: Lahar could have been much worse". The New Zealand Herald. NZPA. 18 March 2007. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "GeoNet – alert bulletin: Sept 26 2007, 3:30 pm - Ruapehu Volcano". Geonet.org.nz. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
Jump up ^ "GeoNet – alert bulletin: Sept 27 2007, 12:30 pm - Ruapehu Volcano". Geonet.org.nz. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
Jump up ^ "Mt Ruapehu shows signs of erupting - DOC". The New Zealand Herald. 2 May 2008.
Jump up ^ "alert bulletin: Jul 21 2008, 3:00 pm - Ruapehu Volcano". Geonet.org.nz. 1 August 2008.
Jump up ^ "Volcanic Alert Bulletin RUA-2011/02". GeoNet. 5 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "Ruapehu eruption more likely". 3 News NZ. 16 November 2012.
Jump up ^ "Department of Conservation warns public to avoid Ruapehu". 3 News NZ. 17 November 2012.
Jump up ^ "GeoNet Ruapehu". geonet.org.nz. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Mt Ruapehu alert level lifted after crater lake temperature rises 20C". 10 May 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2018 – via www.nzherald.co.nz.
Jump up ^ "Special Honours List 1999". New Zealand Government. 23 October 1999. Retrieved 2009-02-11.
Jump up ^ Shiels, Rosa (23 May 2002). "Tastes of Japan". The Press.
Jump up ^ Charman, Paul (6 June 2014). "Outdoors: Preparing the snow". New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Northland cops it as storm sweeps island". Fairfax New Zealand. 26 July 2008. Archived from the original on 2009-02-11.
Jump up ^ "Glaciers in New Zealand". Te Ara: Encyclopaedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 24 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Sibley, Brian. The Making of the Movie Trilogy The Lord of the Rings, Houghton Mifflin (2002).
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Mount Ruapehu (category)
"Ruapehu". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2008-12-18.
The 1996 Ruapehu Eruption Images and Information from Michigan Technological University
Volcanic Hazards at Ruapehu Volcano - from GNS Science
Volcano Camera - Mt Ruapehu - hourly photographs from GeoNet
2012 Warning from the Department of Conservation
Ruapehu Eruption resources blog continuous since 1995 with new activity reported as it happens
GeoNet New Zealand Alert Bulletins
[hide]
v
t
e
Places associated with Tolkien tourism
New Zealand
North Island
Waikato
Hobbiton Movie Set/Hobbiton and the Shire
Mount Ngauruhoe/Mount Doom
Manawatu-Wanganui
Mangawhero River/Ithilien
Mount Ruapehu/Gates of Mordor
Rangipo Desert/Gates of Mordor
Rangitikei River/River Anduin
Tongariro National Park/Emyn Muil
Whakapapa skifield/Mordor
Wellington
Kaitoke Regional Park/Rivendell and the Fords of Isen
Mount Victoria/Escaping the Shire and Dunharrow
Putangirua Pinnacles/Dimholt Road
Weta Workshop
South Island
Nelson
Mount Olympus, Kahurangi National Park/Outcrop south of Rivendell
Takaka Hill/Chetwood
Tasman
Mount Owen/Dimrill Dale
Canterbury
Twizel/Pelennor Fields
Otago
Dart River/Isengard, Lothlorien and Amon Hen
Kawarau Gorge Suspension Bridge/The Argonath
Mount Aspiring National Park/Isengard
Mount Sunday, Mount Potts station/Edoras
Skippers Canyon/Ford of Bruinen
The Remarkables/Misty Mountains
Twelve Mile Delta, Queenstown/Ithilien camp
Westland
Mount Gunn, Franz Josef Glacier/Ered Nimrais
Southland
Kepler Mire/Dead Marshes
Mavora Lakes/Nen Hithoel, Fangorn, Silverlode River and River Anduin
Snowdon Forest/Fangorn
Waiau River/River Anduin
Elsewhere
United Kingdom
Oxford
The Eagle and Child
Exeter College
Merton College
Pembroke College
Northmoor Road
Wolvercote Cemetery
Birmingham
Birmingham Oratory
Sarehole Mill
Worcestershire
Malvern Hills
South Africa
Bloemfontein
National Afrikaans Literary Museum
Switzerland
Jenins
Greisinger Museum
Lauterbrunnen
Lauterbrunnental/Rivendell
See also
Tolkien Societies
J. R. R. Tolkien
ANZ mock safety video
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 247876166
GND: 7669796-4
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Ruapehu&oldid=838276993"
Categories:
Stratovolcanoes of New Zealand
Active volcanoes
Tongariro Volcanic Centre
Mountains of Manawatu-Wanganui
Volcanoes of New Zealand
Crater lakes
20th-century volcanic events
Landforms of Manawatu-Wanganui
Hidden categories:
Use New Zealand English from November 2012
All Wikipedia articles written in New Zealand English
Use dmy dates from October 2011
Coordinates on Wikidata
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Català
Cebuano
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Français
Galego
한국어
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Kiswahili
Lietuvių
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
Slovenčina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Українська
中文
30 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 26 April 2018, at 01:12.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

tag: th

value: Tongariro Northern Circuit, New Zealand (5).JPG

attr: href class

value: text-align:center;padding: 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em;

attr: scope style

value: padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em 0em; vertical-align:text-bottom; white-space: nowrap;

tag: sup

value: padding: 0.2em 0em; vertical-align:text-top;

value:
/wiki/Ultra_prominent_peak
mw-redirect
Ultra prominent peak

value: List of mountains of New Zealand by height

value: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

value:
/wiki/File:New_Zealand_relief_map.jpg
image
Mount Ruapehu is located in New Zealand

attr: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.5em 0.2em; width:248px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto

value: text-align:center;padding: 0.2em 0em; vertical-align:text-top;

value: Joseph Prime Maxwell (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/Richter_Scale
mw-redirect
Richter Scale

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)

value:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

value: wikinews:Possible eruption from Ruapehu Volcano, New Zealand

value: List of volcanic eruptions by death toll

value:
/wiki/Volcanism_of_New_Zealand
mw-redirect
Volcanism of New Zealand

value:
nofollow
external text
https://www.webcitation.org/5eUrQS5iK

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.stuff.co.nz/4631448a11.html

value:
/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin
mw-redirect
Houghton Mifflin

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value:
nofollow
http://www.mtu.edu/
external text

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.geonet.org.nz/ruapehu.html

value:
nofollow
http://www.geonet.org.nz/
external text

value:
nofollow
http://www.doc.govt.nz/
external text

value:
/wiki/River_Anduin
mw-redirect
River Anduin

value:
/wiki/Dimrill_Dale
mw-redirect
Dimrill Dale

value:
/wiki/Pelennor_Fields
mw-redirect
Pelennor Fields

value:
/wiki/Ford_of_Bruinen
mw-redirect
Ford of Bruinen

value:
/wiki/Ered_Nimrais
mw-redirect
Ered Nimrais

value:
/wiki/Nen_Hithoel
mw-redirect
Nen Hithoel

value: National Afrikaans Literary Museum (page does not exist)

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/247876166

value:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/7669796-4

value: Category:Use New Zealand English from November 2012

value: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in New Zealand English

value: Category:Use dmy dates from October 2011

value: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value:
/wiki/Mount_Ruapehu
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

value: Руапэху – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

value:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruapehu
Ruapehu – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

value:
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruapehu
Ruapehu – Cebuano
ceb
ceb
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb
display: none;

value:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruapehu
Ruapehu – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

value:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruapehu
Ruapehu – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruapehu
Ruapehu – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

value: Ρουαπέχου – Greek

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

value:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruapehu
Ruapehu – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruapehu
Ruapehu – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

value: 루아페후산 – Korean

value: रुआपेहू पर्वत – Hindi

value:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruapehu
Ruapehu – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

value:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruapehu
Ruapehu – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

value: רואפהו – Hebrew

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

value: რუაპეჰუ – Georgian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

value:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruapehu
Ruapehu – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

value:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruapehu
Ruapehu – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

value:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruapehu
Ruapehu – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

value: Руапеху – Russian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

value:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruapehu
Ruapehu – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

value:
https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruapehu
Ruapehu – Serbian
sr
sr
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

value:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruapehu
Ruapehu – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

value:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruapehu
Ruapehu – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

value: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Mount_Ruapehu rootpage-Mount_Ruapehu skin-vector action-view


text:
Andhra Pradesh State Handloom Weavers Cooperative Society
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Andhra Pradesh State Handloom Weavers Cooperative Society
Capturing a timeless tradition in fascinating fabrics since 1976
Trading name
APCO
Native name
ఆప్కో
Type
cloth industry
Traded as
textile industry
Industry
Hand looms
Founded
1976
Headquarters
Telangana & Andhra Pradesh, India
Products
Silk and Cotton Fabrics
Owners
Government undertaking
Number of employees
466
Website
apcofabrics.com
The Andhra Pradesh State Handloom Weavers Cooperative Society popularly known as APCO, is a cooperative of traditional handloom weavers of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. This is under the control of Department of Handlooms and Textiles of Government of Andhra Pradesh. The organisation owns a number of shopping outlets in Andhra Pradesh. The Society was registered in the year 1976 with registered No.T.P.W.44 under the Andhra Pradesh Cooperative Societies Act.[1]
See also[edit]
Khadi
Khādī Development and Village Industries Commission (Khadi Gramodyog)
Co-optex
Government of Andhra Pradesh
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://shop.apcofabrics.com/about/1500
External links[edit]
Official Andhra Pradesh State Handloom Weavers Cooperative Society webpage
Department of Handlooms and Textiles of AP
Facebook Page
[hide]
v
t
e
State agencies of Andhra Pradesh
Public Sector Undertakings
Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC)
Industrial Infrastructure Corporation (APIIC)
Tourism Development Corporation (APTDC)
FiberNet (APSFL)
Andhra Pradesh Rajiv Swagruha Corporation Limited
Andhra Pradesh Road Development Corporation Limited
Andhra Pradesh State Agro Industries Development Corporation Limited
Andhra Pradesh State Civil Supplies Corporation Limited
Andhra Pradesh Foods (APF)
Power Generation Corporation (APGENCO)
Power Transmission Corporation (APTRANSCO)
Southern Power Distribution Company Limited (APSPDCL)
Eastern Power Distribution Company Limited (APEPDCL)
Excise Department
Beverages Corporation
Andhra Pradesh Department of Archeology and Museums
Forest Department
Agriculture Department
Police Department
Fire Department
Anti-Corruption Bureau (ACB)
Handloom Weavers Cooperative Society
Andhra Pradesh Handicrafts Development Corporation
Andhra Pradesh Heavy Machinery and Engineering Limited
Andhra Pradesh Mineral Development Corporation Limited
Andhra Pradesh Power Finance Corporation Limited
Boards
Intermediate Education (BIE)
Secondary Education (BSE)
Housing Board (APHB)
Pollution Control Board (APPCB)
Institutions
Andhra Pradesh State Legal Services Authority
Public Service Commission (APPSC)
Election Commission (APSEC)
Vaidya Vidhana Parishad
Andhra Pradesh Vigilance Commission
Andhra Pradesh Information Commission
Nodal Agencies
Anantapur Municipal Corporation (AMC)
Tirupati Municipal Corporation (TMC)
Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation (GVMC)
Guntur Municipal Corporation (GMC)
Rajahmundry Municipal Corporation (RMC)
Chittoor Municipal Corporation(CMC)
Kakinada Municipal Corporation
Kadapa Municipal Corporation
Vijayawada Municipal Corporation (VMC)
Kurnool Municipal Corporation
Nellore Municipal Corporation
Ongole Municipal Corporation
Srikakulam Municipal Corporation
Eluru Municipal Corporation
Visakhapatnam Urban Development Authority (VUDA)
VGTM Urban Development Authority (VGTMUDA)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andhra_Pradesh_State_Handloom_Weavers_Cooperative_Society&oldid=829855279"
Categories:
Cooperatives in India
Handloom industry in India
State agencies of Andhra Pradesh
Design companies established in 1976
Hidden categories:
Use dmy dates from June 2015
Use Indian English from June 2015
All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 11 March 2018, at 05:31.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

tag: caption

attr: alt src width height data-file-width data-file-height

value: 2 logo text-align:center

value:
nofollow
external text
http://shop.apcofabrics.com

value:
/wiki/Khadi_Gramodyog
mw-redirect
Khadi Gramodyog

value:
nofollow
external free
http://shop.apcofabrics.com/about/1500

value:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

value:
nofollow
http://shop.apcofabrics.com/
external text

value:
nofollow
http://www.aphandtex.gov.in/
external text

value:
nofollow
external text
https://www.facebook.com/APCOFabrics

value: Template:State agencies of Andhra Pradesh

value: Template talk:State agencies of Andhra Pradesh

value: Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation

value: Andhra Pradesh Industrial Infrastructure Corporation

value: Andhra Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation

value: Andhra Pradesh Rajiv Swagruha Corporation Limited (page does not exist)

value: Andhra Pradesh Road Development Corporation Limited (page does not exist)

value: Andhra Pradesh State Agro Industries Development Corporation Limited (page does not exist)

value: Andhra Pradesh State Civil Supplies Corporation Limited (page does not exist)

value: Andhra Pradesh Foods (page does not exist)

value: Andhra Pradesh Power Generation Corporation

value: Transmission Corporation of Andhra Pradesh

value: Andhra Pradesh Southern Power Distribution Company Limited

value: Andhra Pradesh Eastern Power Distribution Company Limited

value: Andhra Pradesh Prohibition and Excise Department

value: Andhra Pradesh Beverages Corporation (page does not exist)

value: Andhra Pradesh Department of Agriculture (page does not exist)

value: Andhra Pradesh State Disaster Response and Fire Services Department

value: Andhra Pradesh Heavy Machinery and Engineering Limited (page does not exist)

value: Andhra Pradesh Mineral Development Corporation Limited (page does not exist)

value: Andhra Pradesh Power Finance Corporation Limited (page does not exist)

value: Andhra Pradesh Board of Intermediate Education

value: Andhra Pradesh Board of Secondary Education

value: Andhra Pradesh State Legal Services Authority (page does not exist)

value: Andhra Pradesh Public Service Commission

value: Andhra Pradesh State Election Commission

value: Andhra Pradesh Vigilance Commission (page does not exist)

value: Andhra Pradesh Information Commission (page does not exist)

value: Visakhapatnam Urban Development Authority

value: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: Category:State agencies of Andhra Pradesh

value: Category:Design companies established in 1976

value: Category:Use Indian English from June 2015

value: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Andhra_Pradesh_State_Handloom_Weavers_Cooperative_Society rootpage-Andhra_Pradesh_State_Handloom_Weavers_Cooperative_Society skin-vector action-view


text:
Knocking on wood
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Knock on wood" redirects here. For other uses, see Knock on Wood (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Look up knock on wood or touch wood in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Knocking on wood in the Oval Office
Knocking on wood – in Britain and Australia the phrase is touch wood – is an apotropaic tradition of literally touching, tapping, or knocking on wood, or merely stating that one is doing or intend to do so, in order to avoid "tempting fate" after making a favourable observation, a boast, or declaration concerning one's own death or other unfavorable situation beyond one's control.
Only the spoken party (a singular person) is to actually "knock on wood" at a time.
The origin of the custom may be in German folklore, wherein supernatural beings are thought to live in trees, and can be invoked for protection.[1][2]
Similar traditions in other cultures[edit]
In Indonesia, when someone is saying bad things, the one that hears it would knock on wood (or anything) and knock their forehead saying "amit-amit".
In Malaysia, when someone is saying bad things, the one that hears it would knock on wood (or anything) and knock their forehead saying "choi"or "tak cun tak cun"
In Italy, "tocca ferro" (touch iron) is used, especially after seeing an undertaker or something related to death.[unreliable source?][3]
In Iran, "Bezanam be Tachte بزنم به تخته" (knock on wood), when one says something good about something or somebody, he/she will knock on the wood, saying "bezan-am be takhteh, cheshm nakhoreh" ([I] am knocking on the wood, to prevent – it, he, or she – from being jinxed). Evil eye, and being jinxed is a common phobia and superstitious belief in Iranian culture. Iranians traditionally believe knocking on the wood wards off evil spirits.
In Egypt, "Emsek El Khashab إمسك الخشب" (Hold the wood), people say it when mention good luck that you have had in the past or when you mention hopes you have for the future. The expression is usually used in the hope that a good thing will continue to occur after it has been acknowledged. And to prevent envy.
In old English folklore, "knocking on wood" also referred to when people spoke of secrets – they went into the isolated woods to talk privately and "knocked" on the trees when they were talking to hide their communication from evil spirits who would be unable to hear when they knocked.[citation needed] Another version holds that the act of knocking was to perk up the spirits to make them work in the requester's favor.[4] Yet another version holds that a sect of Monks who wore large wooden crosses around their necks would tap or "knock" on them to ward away evil.
In Romania, there is also a superstition that one can avoid bad things aforementioned by literally knocking on wood ("a bate în lemn"). Wood tables are exempted. One of the possible reasons could be that there is a monastery practice to call people to pray by playing / knocking the simantron.[5]
In Bulgaria the superstition of "knock on wood" (чукам на дърво) is reserved for protection against the evil, and is not typically used for attracting good luck. Usually people engage in the practice in reaction to bad news, actual or merely imagined. In most cases the nearest wooden object is used (in some areas, however, tables are exempt); if there are no such objects within immediate reach, a common tongue-in-cheek practice is to knock on one's head. Knocking on wood is often followed by lightly pulling one's earlobe with the same hand. Common phrases to accompany the ritual are "God guard us" (Бог да ни пази) and "May the Devil not hear" (Да не чуе Дяволът).
In Croatia and Serbia there is also the habit of knocking on wood when saying something positive or affirmative about someone or something and not wanting that to change. Frequently the movement of knocking on nearby wood is followed by "Da pokucam u drvo" (да куцнем у дрво) (I will knock on wood), or sometimes by "Da ne ureknem" (да не урекнем) (I don't want to jinx it).[6]
In Poland, as well as in Russia, there is a habit of knocking on (unpainted) wood (which may be preceded by saying odpukać w niemalowane drewno or simply odpukać, literally meaning to knock on unpainted wood) when saying something negative - to prevent it from happening - or, more rarely, something positive - in order not to "spoil it". In Czech Republic, this is often accompanied for stronger effect by knocking on one's teeth, a piece of building stone, or metal, reasoning that these (as opposed to wood) survive even fire.
In Turkey, when someone hears about a bad experience someone else had, he/she may gently pull one earlobe, and knock on a wood twice, which means "God save me from that thing."
In the United States in the eighteenth century, men used to knock on the wood stock of their muzzle-loading rifles to settle the black powder charge, ensuring the weapon would fire cleanly.
In Spain "tocar madera" (literally: to touch wood) is something that you say when you want your luck or a good situation to continue. Ha ido bien toda la semana y, toco madera, seguirá bien el fin de semana. (It's been fine all week and, touch wood, it'll stay fine for the weekend).
In Latin America, it is also tradition to physically knock a wooden object. A variant requires that the object does not have legs ("tocar madera sin patas"), which rules out chairs, tables and beds.[7]
In Brazil, "bater na madeira" (hit the wood) is something actually done physically, three knocks are required after giving an example of a bad thing eventually happening. No verbalization is required, just the three knocks on the closest piece or object of wood. In the absence of wood, someone can say "bate na madeira", to prevent the bad thing to happen. People do not actually believe knocking three times a piece of wood will really protect them, but it is a social habit and it is polite to do so to demonstrate that ones doesn't want that bad thing they are talking about to actually happen.
In Greece the saying "χτύπα ξύλο" (literally: Knock wood) is said when hearing someone say something negative in order to prevent it from happening.
In Lebanon and Syria the saying "دقّ عالخشب" (literally: Knock on the wood) is said when hearing someone say something negative in order to prevent it from happening. It is also largely observed when saying something positive or affirmative about someone or something and not wanting that to change.
In Israel the saying "בלי עין הרע" (literally: without the evil eye) is said when someone mentions good things happening to themself or someone else, or even when mentioning a valuable things they own. This expression is a superstition that is used in the hope that a good thing will continue to occur even after it's mentioned, and as a way to prevent Envy (Hasad "حسد") also known as the Evil Eye (Ain Hara'a "عين"), as they believe that Envy can harm other people.
See also[edit]
Crossed fingers
Evil eye
Jinx
Alomancy, related to throwing salt over the left shoulder
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Reference.com: Origin of Knock on Wood. The origin of knocking on wood for this purpose is believed by some to be from early pagan mythology. Wood gods, or dryads, lived in trees, and people would go to them for blessings and to prevent bad luck.
Jump up ^ Touch Wood for Luck: The History & Superstition of 'Touch Wood'. One explanation states that the tradition derived from the Pagans who thought that trees were the homes of fairies, spirits, dryads and many other mystical creatures. In these instances, people might knock or touch wood to request good luck, or to distract spirits with evil intentions. When in need of a favour or some good luck, one politely mentioned this wish to a tree and then touched the bark, representing the first "knock." The second "knock" was to say "thank you." The knocking was also supposed to prevent evil spirits from hearing your speech and as such stop them from interfering. Alternatively, some traditions have it that by knocking upon wood, you would awaken and release the benevolent wood fairies that dwelt there.
Jump up ^ "Superstitions in Italy". Lifeinitaly.com. 2007-01-20. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
Jump up ^ Firestone, Allie. "Knock on Wood: Superstitions and Their Origins". Divine Caroline. Archived from the original on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2014.
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zS4ZOQAnpzI
Jump up ^ http://www.politika.rs/rubrike/spektar/zivot-i-stil/Da-kucnem-u-drvo.lt.html
Jump up ^ Supersticiones arraigadas - Selecciones
[hide]
v
t
e
Superstition
Main topics
Amulet
Evil eye
Luck
Omen
Talismans
Myth and ritual
Lists
List of superstitions
List of lucky symbols
List of unlucky symbols
Sailors' superstitions
Theatrical superstitions
Africa
Buda
Gris-gris
Sampy
Sleeping child
Americas
Ascalapha odorata
Carranca
Curupira
Djucu
Fortune cookie
I'noGo tied
White lighter myth
Witch window
Asia
Superstition in India
list
Superstition in Pakistan
Japanese superstitions
Bhoot (ghost)
Chhaupadi
Churel
Ghosts in Bengali culture
Jackal's horn
Muhurta
Navaratna
Nazar battu
Pichal Peri
Puppy pregnancy syndrome
Akabeko
Kanai Anzen
Maneki-neko
Okiagari-koboshi
Omamori
Fan death
Agimat
Albularyo
Barang
Kulam
Lihi
Pagtatawas
Pasma
Usog
Kuman Thong
Palad khik
Takrut
Nang Kwak
Curse of 39
Jin Chan
Numbers in Chinese culture
Russian traditions and superstitions
Superstitions of Malaysian Chinese
Europe
Barbary macaques in Gibraltar
Blarney Stone
Cimaruta
Cornicello
Goodman's Croft
In bocca al lupo
Kitchen witch
Nazar
Painted pebbles
Rabbit rabbit rabbit
Ravens of the Tower of London
Spilling water for luck
Troll cross
Tycho Brahe days
Witch post
Wolfssegen
General
11:11
4 (Four-leaf clover, Tetraphobia)
7 (Seventh son of a seventh son)
8
9
13 (Friday the 13th, The Thirteen Club, Thirteenth floor, Triskaidekaphobia)
108
111
666 (Number of the Beast)
Ace of spades
Auspicious wedding date
Baseball superstition
Bayern-luck
Beginner's luck
Black cat
Bread and butter
Break a leg
Chain letter
Cooties
Cramp-ring
Curse
Davy Jones' Locker
End-of-the-day betting effect
Fear of frogs
Fear of ghosts
First-foot
Flying Dutchman
Four Eleven Forty Four
Gambler's conceit
Good luck charm
Groundhog Day
Himmelsbrief
Human sacrifice
Jinx
Klabautermann
Knocking on wood
Law of contagion
Literomancy
Lock of hair
Maternal impression
Miasma theory
Mooncalf
Need-fire
Nelson
Night air
Oscar love curse
Penny
Powder of sympathy
Rabbit's foot
Rainmaking
The Scottish Play
Ship sponsor
Shoes on a table
Sign of the horns
Something old
Spilling salt
Susto
Three on a match
Threshold
Toi toi toi
Wishing well
Witch ball
Witching hour
Related
Apotropaic magic
Astrology and science
Coincidence
Debunker
Divination
Folk religion
Fortune-telling
Magic and religion
Magical thinking
Numerology
Perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena
Post hoc ergo propter hoc
Traditional medicine
Urban legend
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knocking_on_wood&oldid=817997576"
Categories:
Superstitions
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from March 2010
All articles needing additional references
All articles lacking reliable references
Articles lacking reliable references from November 2011
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
فارسی
Italiano
עברית
Nederlands
Norsk
Română
Edit links
This page was last edited on 31 December 2017, at 22:09.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value:
/wiki/Knock_on_Wood_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Knock on Wood (disambiguation)

value:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attr: class href

value: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

tag: i

tag: small

value: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

value: Edit section: Similar traditions in other cultures

value: The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (November 2011)

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2012)

value:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

value:
/wiki/Black_powder
mw-redirect
Black powder

value:
/wiki/Israel_(region)
mw-redirect
Israel (region)

value:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

value:
/wiki/List_of_unlucky_symbols
mw-redirect
List of unlucky symbols

value:
/wiki/List_of_superstitions_in_India
mw-redirect
List of superstitions in India

value:
/wiki/Chinese_Numerology
mw-redirect
Chinese Numerology

value:
/wiki/Auspicious_wedding_date
mw-redirect
Auspicious wedding date

value: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: navigation navbox Superstition padding:3px

value: Category:Articles needing additional references from March 2010

value: Category:All articles needing additional references

value: Category:All articles lacking reliable references

value: Category:Articles lacking reliable references from November 2011

value: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Knocking_on_wood
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

value: زدن به تخته – Persian

value: הקשה בעץ – Hebrew

value:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afkloppen
Afkloppen – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Knocking_on_wood rootpage-Knocking_on_wood skin-vector action-view