text:
Waiting for a Star to Fall
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Waiting for a Star to Fall"
Single by Boy Meets Girl
from the album Reel Life
A-side
"Waiting for a Star to Fall"
B-side
"No Apologies"
Released
June 10, 1988 (U.S.)
November 30, 1988 (UK)
Format
7" single, 12" single, CD single
Recorded
1988
Genre
Pop
Length
4:32
Label
RCA
Songwriter(s)
Shannon Rubicam, George Merrill
Producer(s)
George Merrill, Arif Mardin & Thomas Hart
Boy Meets Girl singles chronology
"Oh Girl"
(1985) "Waiting for a Star to Fall"
(1988) "Bring Down the Moon"
(1988)
"Oh Girl"
(1985) "Waiting for a Star to Fall"
(1988) "Bring Down the Moon"
(1988)
"Waiting for a Star to Fall" is a song released by the pop duo Boy Meets Girl in 1988. It was a worldwide hit and became their signature song.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Release and reception
3 Music video
4 Personnel
5 Covers and remixes
6 Charts
6.1 Weekly charts
6.2 Year-end charts
7 References
8 External links
Background[edit]
The song was inspired by an actual falling star that Shannon Rubicam had seen at one of Whitney Houston's concerts at the Greek Theatre. Initially, the duo did not consider recording it, and instead submitted the song to Clive Davis hoping he would decide to use it on Houston's next album. He rejected it, suggesting that it did not suit her. The song was then offered to and recorded by Belinda Carlisle for her 1987 release Heaven on Earth, at the insistence of her label, but Carlisle disliked it and refused to include it on the album. This version has, however, circulated on an unofficial compilation of that album's outtakes.[1]
The alto saxophone solo on the Boy Meets Girl version was provided in a session recording early in the career of Andy Snitzer who later found success as a solo artist.[2]
Release and reception[edit]
Merrill and Rubicam decided to record the song themselves for their second album Reel Life. Released as a single on June 10, 1988, it became a hit in the United States, slowly climbing the charts and eventually reaching #1 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary Chart.[3] Released in the UK on November 30, 1988, the song reached #9 in the UK charts during January 1989, having entered the chart in December 1988.[4] It also reached #35 on Australia's ARIA Charts in April 1989.
The song was used as the closing track to the 1990 movie Three Men and a Little Lady, and the single was re-released as a movie tie-in, with a new picture sleeve featuring the actors of the film. It peaked at #76 in the UK.
The video game Grand Theft Auto IV included the song in the playlist for the in-game radio station Vice City FM.[5]
Johnny Loftus of AllMusic remarked that the song was "just classic", and that "the urgency as it drives toward its chorus is a clinic for durable songwriting."[6]
Music video[edit]
The video for the song, directed by Australian director Claudia Castle, features scenes of Merrill and Rubicam singing it on a beach and inside a house.[7] Also featured are scenes of a group of children playing with bubbles, including the couple's young daughter Hilary.
Personnel[edit]
George Merrill: lead vocals, piano, synthesizer, bass guitar, drum programming
John Goux: guitar
Denny Fongheiser: drums
Michael Jochum: additional drums
Andy Snitzer: saxophone
Shannon Rubicam, Susan Boyd: vocals
Joe Mardin: "Crowning Touch" (synthesizer)
[8]
"Star to Fall"
Single by Cabin Crew
Released
2005
Format
CD
Genre
Dance-pop, house
Songwriter(s)
Shannon Rubicam, George Merrill
Covers and remixes[edit]
The song has been remixed several times, resulting each time in new interest in both the original and the Boy Meets Girl duo. The dance outfit Cabin Crew originally remixed the song as "Star to Fall" (a.k.a. "Star2Fall"), but were refused use of sample of the original lyrics by SonyBMG. Liking what Cabin Crew had done, however, George Merrill agreed to re-record the vocals for their version, so it may actually be counted as more of a cover than a remix. Cabin Crew's version made number 4 in the UK charts in March 2005. Meanwhile, SonyBMG had Sunset Strippers remix the original track under the title "Falling Stars," which was released a week after the Cabin Crew version, and made number 3 in the UK charts. This caused some confusion at the time, with two songs being released into the charts around the same time that sounded essentially the same.
The track "In My Arms" by British electronic musician Mylo sampled the song and was featured on Mylo's album Destroy Rock & Roll. His version also sampled Kim Carnes's "Bette Davis Eyes" and made it to #13 in the UK in 2005.
In 2007, German hardstyle musician Dan Winter recorded a remix titled "Carry Your Heart".[9]
In December 2013, a folk cover of the song by Icelandic singer Yohanna surfaced on the Internet.[10]
In March 2014, a folk cover of the song by English singer Diana Vickers surfaced on the Internet.[11]
In September 2017, Australian singer George Maple interpolated the song as part of her single 'Hero'[12]
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1988)
Peak
position
Canadian The Record Singles Chart[13] 1
UK Singles Chart[14] 9
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 5
U.S. Radio & Records CHR/Pop Airplay Chart[15][16] 7
U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary 1
New Zealand Singles Chart 25
Australian ARIA Singles Chart 35
Irish Singles Chart 5
German Singles Chart 22
Dutch Singles Chart 62
Chart (1991)
Peak
position
UK Singles Chart[14] 76
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1989)
Position
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[17] 93
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Belinda Carlisle - Waiting for a Star To Fall. 2 March 2010 – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "Boy Meets Girl Chart History". billboard.com. Retrieved 6 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "Boy Meets Girl UK Chart History". chartstats.com. Archived from the original on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2009.
Jump up ^ VICE CITY FM: Boy Meets Girl - Waiting For A Star To Fall. 16 May 2010 – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ Johnny Loftus. "Reel Life – Boy Meets Girl – Review". Allmusic. Retrieved March 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ Boy Meets Girl - Waiting for a Star to Fall. 21 February 2014 – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ Boy Meets Girl- Reel Life LP (lists song-by-song personnel) @Discogs.com Retrieved 7-11-2014.
Jump up ^ "Dan Winter - Carry Your Heart". Discogs. Retrieved 2017-12-17.
Jump up ^ "Song "Waiting For A Star To Fall"". www.yohanna.de. Retrieved 2017-12-17.
Jump up ^ Jord C (2014-03-20), Diana Vickers - Waiting For a Star to Fall, retrieved 2017-12-17
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-H02qzUofVo
Jump up ^ "Canadian Singles Chart from Nanda Lwin; Top 40 Hits: The Essential Chart Guide (2000)"
^ Jump up to: a b Waiting for a Star to Fall UK Top 40 database. Accessed: September 27, 2009
Jump up ^ http://wweb.uta.edu/faculty/gghunt/charts/bmg.html
Jump up ^ http://wweb.uta.edu/faculty/gghunt/charts/Songruns/B/boymeetsgirlwaiting_for_a_star_to_fall.htm
Jump up ^ "Top Singles - Volume 51, No. 8, December 23, 1989". RPM. December 23, 1999. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
External links[edit]
Full lyrics at Boy Meets Girl Music [2]
Preceded by
"Giving You the Best That I Got" by Anita Baker Billboard Adult Contemporary Chart number-one single
December 17, 1988 Succeeded by
"Two Hearts" by Phil Collins
[hide]
v
t
e
Boy Meets Girl
George Merrill
Shannon Rubicam
Studio albums
Boy Meets Girl
Reel Life
Singles
"Waiting for a Star to Fall"
Record labels
A&M Records
RCA Records
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waiting_for_a_Star_to_Fall&oldid=838361576"
Categories:
1988 singles
2005 singles
Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one singles
Songs written by Shannon Rubicam
Songs written by George Merrill (songwriter)
Boy Meets Girl (band) songs
1988 songs
RCA Records singles
Songs about stars
Hidden categories:
Articles with hAudio microformats
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Deutsch
Suomi
Svenska
Edit links
This page was last edited on 26 April 2018, at 14:48.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

tag: div

attr: id class

value: mw-page-base noprint

key: html

type: local

value: mw-head-base noprint

tag: a

attr: id class lang

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

tag: th

attr: colspan class style

tag: tr

tag: img

attr: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attr: href class

tag: td

attr: colspan style

attr: href title

tag: i

tag: span

value:
/wiki/12%22_single
mw-redirect
12" single

value: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em .1em .2em 0;

value: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding:.2em .1em;

value: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em 0 .2em .1em;

value: background: transparent; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;

value: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em .2em 0; text-align: center;

value: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em; text-align: center;

value: width:33%; padding:.2em 0 .2em .1em; text-align: center;

value:
/wiki/Greek_Theatre
mw-redirect
Greek Theatre

value: Heaven on Earth (Belinda Carlisle album)

value:
/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_IV_soundtrack
mw-redirect
Grand Theft Auto IV soundtrack

attr: alt src width height data-file-width data-file-height

value:
/wiki/Hot_Adult_Contemporary_Tracks
mw-redirect
Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks

value:
/wiki/New_Zealand_Singles_Chart
mw-redirect
New Zealand Singles Chart

value:
/wiki/Australian_ARIA_Singles_Chart
mw-redirect
Australian ARIA Singles Chart

value:
/wiki/German_Singles_Chart
mw-redirect
German Singles Chart

value:
/wiki/Dutch_Singles_Chart
mw-redirect
Dutch Singles Chart

value:
left
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

value:
center
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

value: border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.yohanna.de/song_waiting.htm

value: -moz-column-width: 40em; -webkit-column-width: 40em; column-width: 40em; list-style-type: decimal;

value:
Boy_Meets_Girl
fn org
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

value:
navbox-abovebelow
2
background: #EEEEEE;

value:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;

value: nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: Category:Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one singles

value: Category:Songs written by Shannon Rubicam

value: Category:Songs written by George Merrill (songwriter)

value: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Waiting_for_a_Star_to_Fall
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Waiting_for_a_Star_to_Fall rootpage-Waiting_for_a_Star_to_Fall skin-vector action-view


text:
Skat (card game)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the German card game. For the American draw-and-discard card game, see Thirty-one (game).
This article's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. (August 2014)
Skat
Die Skatpartie by Josef Wagner-Höhenberg
Origin
Germany
Type
Trick-taking
Players
3
Skills required
Hand evaluation, counting, cooperation
Cards
32
Deck
German or French
Play
Clockwise
Card rank (highest to lowest)
(J) A 10 K Q 9 8 7
A K Q J 10 9 8 7 (only for Null-Games)
Playing time
3-5 minutes per hand played
Random chance
Low
Related games
Doppelkopf, Schafkopf, Sheepshead
Skat (German pronunciation: [ˈskaːt]) is a 3-player trick-taking card game devised in early 19th-century Germany. Along with Doppelkopf it is the most popular card game in Germany and Silesia.[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Rules
2.1 General principles
2.2 Deck
2.3 Dealing
2.4 Bidding
2.4.1 Game value
2.4.1.1 Suit game
2.4.1.2 Grand game
2.4.1.3 Null game
2.4.1.4 Examples
2.4.1.5 More examples
2.4.2 Bidding mechanics
2.4.2.1 Order of bidding
2.4.2.2 Possible calls
2.4.2.3 Passing out
2.4.2.4 Example auction
2.5 Declaring
2.5.1 Variants
2.6 Playing
2.6.1 Suit game
2.6.2 Grand game
2.6.3 Null game
2.6.4 Conceding and claiming
2.7 Counting and scoring
2.7.1 Winning conditions for declarer
2.7.1.1 Overbid hands
2.7.2 Scoring
3 Game variants
3.1 Ramsch
3.2 Two-player skat
3.3 Officer's skat
4 North American skat
4.1 The games in North American (tournée) skat
4.2 Scoring in North American (tournée) skat
5 Organization of players
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
Skat was developed by the members of the Brommesche Tarok-Gesellschaft[1] between 1810 and 1817 in Altenburg, in what is now the State of Thuringia, Germany, based on the three-player game of Tarock, also known as Tarot, and the four-player game of Schafkopf (equivalent to the American game Sheepshead).[2] It has become the most loved and widely played German card game, especially in German-speaking regions.[3] In the earliest known form of the game, the player in the first seat was dealt twelve cards and the other two players ten each. He then made two discards, constituting the Skat, and announced a contract.[4] But the main innovation of this new game was that of the bidding process.[5]
The first book on the rules of Skat was published in 1848 by a secondary school teacher J. F. L. Hempel.[6] Nevertheless, the rules continued to differ from one region to another until the first attempt to set them in order was made by a congress of Skat players on 7 August 1886 in Altenburg. These were the first official rules finally published in a book form in 1888 by Theodor Thomas of Leipzig.[6] The current rules, followed by both the ISPA and the German Skat Federation, date from Jan. 1, 1999.[7]
The word Skat is a Tarok term[8] derived from the Latin word scarto, scartare, which means to discard or reject, and its derivative scatola, a box or a place for safe-keeping.[9] The word scarto is still used in some other Italian card games to this day, and is not to be confused with the American game called scat[10]
Rules[edit]
Note: Because of the many variations in the rules of Skat, the rules below are necessarily general, although rules not found in official German tournament play are marked as such.
General principles[edit]
Skat is a game for three players. At the beginning of each round, one player becomes declarer and the other two players become the defending team. The two defenders are not allowed to communicate in any way except by their choice of cards to play. The game can also be played by four players. In this case, the dealer will sit out the round that was dealt.
A central aspect of the game are the three coexisting varieties called “Suit", “Grand" and “Null" game, that differ in suit order, scoring and even overall goal to achieve.
Each round of the game starts with a bidding phase to determine declarer and the required minimum Game Value (explained below). Then, ten tricks are played, allowing players to take trick points. Each card has a face value (except in Null games) and is worth that number of points for the player winning the trick. The total face value of all cards is 120 points. Declarer's goal is to take at least 61 points in tricks in order to win that round of the game. Otherwise, the defending team wins the round. Points from tricks are not directly added to the players' overall score, they are used only to determine the outcome of the game (win or loss for declarer), although winning by certain margins may increase the score for that round.
After each round a score is awarded in accordance with the Game Value. If declarer wins he is awarded a positive score, if he loses the score is doubled and subtracted from declarer's tally (i.e. a negative score).
Deck[edit]
Skat deck with tournament face
The French deck consists of 32 cards which are Ace, King, Queen, Jack, 10, 9, 8 and 7 in all four suits (Clubs, Spades, Hearts and Diamonds). Some players in Eastern and Southern Germany and Austria prefer German decks with the suits of Acorns, Leaves, Hearts and Bells. The 32 cards in the German deck are Daus (2), King, Ober, Unter, 10, 9, 8, and 7 in all four suits.[11] Until recently in Saxony and Thuringia, for example, German-suited decks were used almost exclusively. By contrast, regions of the former West Germany had adopted a French-suited (♣♠♥♦) deck (of which the Anglo-American deck is a variant).
Since German reunification, a compromise Turnierbild deck is used in tournaments that uses the shapes of the French suits but with corresponding German suit colors, notably green Spades ♠ and yellow Diamonds ♦.[12] The choice of deck does not affect the rules.
Dealing[edit]
At the beginning of each round each player is dealt ten cards, with the two remaining cards (the so-called Skat) being put face down in the middle of the table. Dealing follows this pattern: deal three cards each, then deal the Skat, then four cards each, then three cards again (“three–Skat–four–three”). In four-player rounds, the dealer does not receive any cards and skips actual play of the round. He or she may peek into the hand of one other player (if allowed to do so) but never into the Skat.
Dealing rotates clockwise around the table, so that the player sitting to the left of the dealer will be dealer for the next round.
Bidding[edit]
After the cards have been dealt, and before the deal is played out, a bidding or auction (German: Reizen) is held to decide:
Who will be declarer for the round, and thus eligible for picking up the Skat
The minimum Game Value needed in order for declarer to win
The goal for each player during the bidding is to bid a Game Value as high as his or her card holding would allow, but never higher than necessary to win the auction. How the actual Game Value is determined is explained in detail below and is necessary to understand in order to know how high one can safely bid.
It is possible for a player to overbid, which leads to an automatic loss of the game in question. Often this does not become obvious before the player picks up the Skat, or even not before the end of the game in question (in case of a Hand game, when the Skat is not picked up). Players have therefore to exercise careful scrutiny during bidding, as not to incur an unnecessary loss.
The bidding may also give away some information about what cards a player may or may not hold. Experienced players will be able to use this to their advantage.
Game value[edit]
The Game Value (also called Hand Value) (German: Spielwert) is what the game will be worth after all tricks have been played. It is determined not only by the 10 cards held, but also by the two-card Skat. The Skat always belongs to the declarer, and if it contains certain high cards this may change the Game Value. It is therefore not possible in general to determine the exact Game Value before knowing the Skat.
The Game Value is determined by the type of the game and the Game Level as explained below for the Suit, Grand and Null games.
Suit game[edit]
In a Suit game (German: Farbspiel), one of the four suits is the trump suit.
Each suit has a Base Value, as follows:
suit (French deck)
suit (German deck)
value
Clubs (German: Kreuz) (♣) Acorns (German: Eichel) ( ) 12
Spades (German: Pik) (♠) Leaves (German: Blatt / Grün) ( ) 11
Hearts (German: Herz) (♥) Hearts (German: Herz / Rot) ( ) 10
Diamonds (German: Karo) (♦) Bells (German: Schellen) ( ) 9
This Base Value (German: Grundwert) is then multiplied by the multiplier Game Level (German: Spielstufe or Gewinngrad) to determine the Game Value, i.e.
Game Value = Base Value x Game Level.
The multiplier Game Level of 1 (for becoming declarer) is always assumed. It is then increased by one for each of the following:
The Matadors jack straight length (German: Spitzen), counting from the top, i.e. the jack of clubs and any trumps in unbroken sequence with it.
If the top trump (♣J) is held, count the length of the straight of trumps from the top (e. g. having all jacks and the ace but not the 10 of the suit counts as "with 5", other trump cards are not considered).
If the ♣J is missing, count the missing trumps from the top (e. g. owning the ♦J but no higher jack counts as "without 3")
The Hand game (when the Skat is not picked up by declarer).
The Schneider (when the game is won (or lost) with 90 or more trick points taken by the winning side).
The Schwarz (when the game is won (or lost) with all tricks taken by the winning side).
In case of a Hand game (declarer does not pick up the Skat), the following special cases are allowed. Each one increases the multiplier Game Level by another point:
Schneider is announced by declarer after the bidding (declarer has to take 90 or more trick points to win the game)
Schwarz is announced by declarer after the bidding (declarer has to take all tricks to win)
Ouvert (declarer plays with open cards and takes all tricks; i.e. Schwarz has to be announced in order to declare Ouvert in a Suit game)
To summarize in tabular form:
Ordinary Skat game
Hand game
Matadors jack straight (with or without) 1 each 1 each
Game (for becoming declarer) 1 1
Hand (the Skat is not picked up) n/a 1
Schneider (win with 90 or more points) 1 1
Schneider announced n/a 1
Schwarz (win all tricks) 1 1
Schwarz announced n/a 1
Ouvert (declarer plays with open hand) n/a 1
n/a = not applicable
Cards in the trump suit are ordered as follows (this is important to know when counting the length of the Matadors jack straight):
Jack of Clubs, J♣ or B♣ or U (German deck: Acorns/Eichel Unter)
Jack of Spades, J♠ or B♠ or U (German deck: Leaves/Grüner Unter)
Jack of Hearts, J♥ or B♥ or U (German deck: Hearts/Roter Unter)
Jack of Diamonds, J♦ or B♦ or U (German deck: Bells/Schellen Unter)
Trump Ace
Trump Ten
Trump King
Trump Queen (German Deck: Ober)
Trump Nine
Trump Eight
Trump Seven
The Jack of Clubs is the highest-ranking card in a Suit game and is called in German "der Alte" ("the old man").
The non-trump suit cards are ranked A-10-K-Q-9-8-7 (or A-10-K-O-9-8-7 for the German deck respectively).
As mentioned above, the cards in the Skat are to be included when determining the multiplier Game Level (also in case of the Hand game, where the Skat is unknown until after the deal has been played out). During bidding, each player therefore has incomplete information regarding the true Game Value. The final Game Value is calculated by multiplying the Base Value for the suit by the multiplier Game Level:
Grand game[edit]
Grand is a special case of Suit game, in which only the Jacks are trumps in the same order as in the Suit game:
Jack of Clubs, J♣ or B♣
Jack of Spades, J♠ or B♠
Jack of Hearts, J♥ or B♥
Jack of Diamonds, J♦ or B♦
All other cards are ranked the same as in a Suit game: A-10-K-Q-9-8-7.
The Base Value for the Grand game is 24 in the official rules. It used to be 20 until 1932, and many hobbyists continued to use 20 well into the postwar era.
All other rules for determining Game Value are as in a Suit game, i.e. the Base Value of 24 is multiplied by the multiplier Game Level.
Null game[edit]
In the Null game, declarer promises not to take any tricks at all. There is no trump suit and jacks are treated as normal suit cards sorted between 10 and queen. Thus the cards are ordered: A-K-Q-J-10-9-8-7. The Game Values of Null games are fixed, as follows:
23 for a simple Null game
35 for a Null Hand game (the Skat is not picked up by declarer)
46 for a Null Ouvert game (declarer plays with open cards)
59 for a Null Ouvert Hand game (combination of the above two)
Examples[edit]
The following examples give a player's holding and the contents of the Skat (which will be unknown to all players during the auction) and explain how to derive the Game Value.
Example 1
Holding: ♣J ♦J – ♥ A 10 K 8 7 – ♦ 9 8 7
Skat: ♠ A Q
The length of Matadors jack strait will be 1 (♣J is present, ♠J is missing). The multiplier Game Level will be 2 (1 for Matadors jack strait plus 1 for becoming declarer).
The possible Game Value now depends on which game is declared, for example:
With Hearts as trumps (Base Value is 10), the Game Value is 20 (10x2).
If the Skat is not picked up, the Game Value is 30 (the multiplier Game Level increases from 2 to 3 for declaring Hand).
If declarer manages to win with at least 90 trick points, the Game Value will be 30 as well (the multiplier Game Level increases from 2 to 3 for achieving Schneider).
In the Grand game (Base Value is 24), the Game Value will be 48 (24x2).
Of course, many other possibilities exist.
Note that Game Value is dependent not only on the cards held (including the Skat) but also on which game is being declared and the outcome of the play. Each holding can thus be evaluated differently by different players. A risk-taking player might be willing to declare Hand on a holding on which another player might not — these two players will therefore give different valuations to the same holding. However, after all tricks have been played, it is always possible to determine the exact Game Value by combining the actual holding with the type of game and outcome of the play. Only then it becomes apparent if declarer has won or lost (if he overbid).
Example 2
Holding: ♣J ♠J ♥J – ♥ A 10 K 8 7 – ♣ 10 7
Skat: ♦J ♠ Q
Assuming a trump suit of Hearts in a Suit game, this holding will have a different valuation before and after the Skat has been examined.
Without knowledge of the Skat (assuming Hand is not declared)
the multiplier Game Level is 4 (3 for the ♣J ♠J ♥J strait, plus 1 for becoming declarer)
the Base Value is 10 (for Hearts being the trump suit)
This holding can be safely valuated at 40 (10x4), regardless of the Skat. With Hearts as trump, the Game Value will always be at least that much.
Now, assuming declarer wins by taking 95 points in tricks, after having declared Hand and Schneider, the actual Game Value will be as follows:
The Base Value is 10 (for Hearts being the trump suit)
The multiplier Game Level is 11
1 for becoming declarer
7 for the strait of ♣J ♠J ♥J ♦J ♥ A 10 K
1 for declaring Hand
1 for declaring Schneider
1 for achieving Schneider (at least 90 points in tricks taken)
The actual Game Value will be 110 (10x11)
The player could have bid up to that value (110) during the auction. In practice this would have been too risky because only the ♦J in the Skat increased the length of Matadors jack strait to 7.
Note: Most players will declare a Grand game with the above hand, as it will be much more lucrative than a Suit game in Hearts (declarer will concede at most two Club tricks, probably achieving Schneider for a Game Value of at least 144 (24x6)).
More examples[edit]
♣J, ♠J: With 2, plus 1 is 3.
♣J, ♥J: With 1 (counting interrupted by the missing Jack of Spades), plus 1 is 2.
♣J, ♠J, ♥J, ♦J with 4, plus 1 is 5.
♥J, ♦J: Without 2, plus 1 is 3.
♥J alone: This is also without 2 (counting is interrupted by the present Jack of Hearts), plus 1 is 3.
Now for the special cases: If you think you can do more than just win, you can add points for the special cases.
♣J, ♠J: With 2, plus 1 (Game) plus 1 (for Hand) is 4.
♣J, ♠J: With 2, plus 1 (Game) plus 1 (for Schneider) is 4.
♣J, ♠J: With 2, plus 1 (Game) plus 1 (for Hand) plus 1 (for Schneider) plus 1 (for Schwarz) is 6.
♣J, ♠J: With 2, Game 3, Hand 4, Schneider 5, Pre-Announced Schneider 6, Schwarz 7, Pre-Announced Schwarz 8, Ouvert 9
The highest possible multiplier Game Level is 18: that is with (or without) four jacks and all seven cards of trump suit (including those in the Skat, if any) 11, plus the maximum of 7 for becoming declarer, Hand, Schneider, declaring Schneider, Schwarz, declaring Schwarz and Ouvert. The lowest possible multiplier Game Level is 2: either with the Jack of Clubs or without the Jack of Clubs and with the Jack of Spades 1, plus 1 for becoming declarer.
Bidding mechanics[edit]
Order of bidding[edit]
The order of bidding is determined by the seating order. Starting from the left of the dealer players are numbered clockwise: the first seat (German: Vorhand), the second seat (German: Mittelhand) and the third seat (German: Hinterhand). In a three-player game, the dealer will be the third seat. In a four-player game the third seat will be to the right of the dealer.
Bidding starts by the player in second seat making a call to the player in first seat on which the latter can hold or pass. If the first seat player holds, the second seat player can make a higher call or pass himself. This continues until either of the two players passes. The player in third seat is then allowed to continue making calls to the player who has not yet passed. Bidding ends as soon as at least two players have passed. It is also possible for all three players to pass.
The starting order can be memorized as “deal–respond–bid–continue” (German: "geben–hören–sagen–weitersagen"). The player who “continues” in this mnemonic is either the dealer (in a three-player game) or the player in third seat. The mnemonic is commonly used among casual players.
Example: Alice, Bob and Carole are playing, and seated in that order around the table. Alice deals the cards. Carole makes the first call to Bob, who passes right away. Alice then makes two more calls to Carole, who accepts both bids. Alice then passes as well. The bidding ends, with Carole being the declarer for this round.
Possible calls[edit]
The calling player (i.e. the player currently calling the bids) may either
“pass”, leaving the bidding and forfeiting the chance to become declarer in this round, or
bid any possible Game Value that is higher than the highest bid made so far in this round.
The responding player (i.e. the player currently responding to the bidder) may either
“pass”, leaving the bidding and forfeiting the chance to become declarer in this round, or
“accept”, staying in the bidding and waiting for further calls.
Responder must wait for caller to bid or pass before passing herself.
Except for "pass", only the possible Game Values are legal calls. Therefore, the lowest possible call is 18, which is the lowest possible Game Value in Skat. Players are free to skip intermediate values, although it is common to always pick the lowest available call while bidding.
The sequence of possible Game Values through 60, beginning with 18 is 18—20—22—23—24—27—30—33—35—36—40—44—45—46—48—50—54—55—59—60 (higher bids are possible albeit rare in a competitive auction). Among German players the values representing Null games, especially 23, the most common one, are often replaced by the call “Null”. Also, numbers are frequently abbreviated by only calling the lower digit of a value not divisible by 10 (e.g. “two” instead of “twenty-two” or “five” instead of “forty-five”); this is unambiguous if values are always called out in order and intermediate values never skipped, as is the custom. (As the German words for "Null" and "zero" are identical, this yields the rather unintuitive sequence 18-20-2-0-4-7-30 and so on.)
Passing out[edit]
If all players pass, the hand is not played and the next dealer shuffles and deals. A dealer never deals twice in a row.
It is common in informal play to play a variant of Skat called Ramsch (junk, rummage) instead of skipping the hand and dealing for the next one. This is not part of the sanctioned rules, however.
In a pass-out game, the player in first seat will be the last one to pass. If that player intends to become declarer, however, he has to make a call of at least 18 (picking up the Skat in that situation implies the call).
Example auction[edit]
Players Alice, Bob and Carol are seated in that order, clockwise; Alice is the dealer. The auction proceeds as follows (initial of player name in parentheses): “18” (C), “accept” (B), “20” (C), “accept” (B), “22” (C), “pass” (B), “23” (A), “accept” (C), “24” (A), “accept” (C), “pass” (A).
On this deal, Carol will be declarer with a final bid of 24 (the last bid accepted by Carol).
Declaring[edit]
The winner of the auction becomes declarer. He will play against the other two players. Before the hand is played, declarer either
picks up the Skat, combines it with cards in his hand, then puts two cards back face down on the table (German: drücken) or
declares Hand (in this case the Skat remains face down on the table).
In either case the two cards in the Skat count towards declarer's trick points.
After putting two cards back into the Skat, declarer then either declares a Suit game by announcing a trump suit, declares a Grand game or a Null game.
If Hand has been declared, the player may make additional announcements such as Schneider, Schwarz and Ouvert.
Variants[edit]
A common variant in non-sanctioned play allows the defenders to announce “Kontra!” just before the first trick is played, if they have made or held at least one call. In this case, the stakes will be doubled for the hand. Declarer, in turn, may announce “Re!”, to re-double the stakes. In a less common further variation this process can be repeated twice more by announcing "Supra" and "Resupra" (or more colloquially, "Bock" [(roe) buck] and "Hirsch" [red deer], or the like, which are colloquial augments of "Reh" roe deer).
Playing[edit]
The player in the first seat sitting to the left of the dealer leads to the first trick. The other two follow in clockwise direction. Every player plays one card to the trick, which is in the middle of the table. The winner of a trick stacks the cards face-down in front of him and leads to the next trick, which is again played clockwise.
Suit game[edit]
The players must play a card in the same suit as the first card of the trick, if possible (“following suit”). If a player cannot follow suit, he may play any card (including a trump card). Trumps, including all four jacks, count as a single suit. If a trump is led, every player must also play trump, if he has any.
If there are trump cards in the trick, the highest trump in it wins the trick. If there are no trumps in it, the highest card of the suit led wins the trick.
The non-trump suit cards rank in order A-10-K-Q-9-8-7. The trumps rank the same way with the four jacks on top in the order ♣J, ♠J, ♥J, ♦J.
Completed tricks are kept face down in front of the players who won them, until all the cards have been played. Examining completed tricks (except for the last one) is not allowed. The tricks of the two players who are playing together are put together, either during or after play.
Grand game[edit]
In the Grand game, only the four Jacks are trumps in the suit order given above for a regular Suit game. All other ranks are the same as in the regular Suit game (10 is ranked just below the Ace). There are thus five "Suits" in the Grand game (if a Jack is led to a trick, the other two players must play jacks too, if they have them).
Null game[edit]
In a Null game there is no trump suit, and in each suit the cards are ranked A-K-Q-J-10-9-8-7.
The goal of a Null game is for declarer not to take any tricks. If declarer takes a trick in a Null game, he immediately loses and the game is scored right away.
Conceding and claiming[edit]
Declarer may, unilaterally, concede a loss while he is holding at least nine cards (i.e. before playing to the second trick). Afterwards approval of at least one defender is required. Defenders may concede at any time, but may be requested by declarer to complete the play (e.g. if declarer thinks that Schneider or Schwarz is still possible).
Claiming of remaining tricks is possible as well, but for a defender only if she would be able to take the remaining tricks herself.
A game in which the necessary trick points have been won can not be lost, regardless of claims.
Counting and scoring[edit]
After the last trick has been played, the game is scored. Winning conditions for Null game are different from Suit and Grand games.
Winning conditions for declarer[edit]
To win a Suit or Grand game, declarer needs at least 61 card points in his tricks. If declarer announced Schneider, he needs at least 90 card points in order to win. The two cards in the Skat count towards declarer's tricks. If declarer announced Schwarz, he must take all ten tricks in order to win.
Point-values of cards
Rank
J
A
10
K
Q
9
8
7
Value 2 11 10 4 3 0 0 0
The highest-ranking cards for taking the tricks (the Jacks) are not the highest scoring cards. The Aces and Tens combined make up almost three quarters of the total points; taking as many as possible of them is thus imperative for winning. On the other hand, taking 7s, 8s and 9s doesn't help (or hurt) at all, unless Schwarz was declared.
To win a Null game, declarer must not take a single trick. Null games are often not played through to the end, either because declarer is forced to take a trick, ending the game prematurely, or because it becomes apparent to the defenders that they will be forced to take the rest of the tricks. There are no card points in a Null game.
Overbid hands[edit]
Even with the majority in card points, declarer may still lose if the Game Value is lower than the value he bid during the auction. This is called “overbidding”. An overbid hand is automatically lost, leading to a negative score for declarer.
An overbid hand is scored by determining the lowest possible Game Value that is a multiple of the Base Value of declarer's suit (or 24 in case of a Grand) which is at least as high as declarer's bid. This value is then doubled and subtracted from declarer's score (negative score).
Example: Declarer bid to 30, missing the two top trumps (without 2), intending to play a Club Suit game (Game Value would be 12x3=36). She then finds the ♣J in the Skat (with 1). Her Game Value is now only 24 (12x2) — she has overbid. Unless she manages to play at least Schneider (raising the Game Value to 36), or makes a game other than Clubs with a Game Value of at least 30, the game will be lost. She will receive a negative score of -72 (36 is the lowest multiple of 12, the Base Value of Clubs, greater than the 30 she bid; 36 times two is 72). She can try to minimize her loss by declaring a game in Hearts instead of Clubs (Base Value 10 instead of 12). This will be worth only -60 points, unless opponents score Schneider against her…
Scoring[edit]
The score is always assigned to the declarer (positive or negative).
The score to be awarded is the actual Game Value. How high the player bid during the auction is immaterial, as long as the Game Value is at least as high as declarer's bid (see Overbid Hands above). Note that often the score will be higher than the auction value, because players typically do not bid as high as their hand would allow.
For a won game, that score is added to declarer's tally. For a lost game, the score is doubled and subtracted from declarer's tally (negative score).
Until 1998, lost hand games did not count double, but this rule was dropped in that year. The reason was that in tournament play nearly all games played were Hand games. This increased the Game Level by one, but did not penalize as much as a normal game would have if lost.
In league games, a fixed number of points is added for each game that is won by the declarer to lower the chance factor and to stress the skill factor. In that situation, it becomes far more important for each player to bid his hand as high as possible.
Example 1: Declarer bids to 20 and declares a Grand game. He then wins with 78 points in tricks. Declarer held the ♣J, ♠J and ♦J. The Game Value is 24x(2+1) = 72 points. These are awarded to declarer.
Example 2: Declarer bids to 30 and declares a Null Ouvert game. She, however, is forced to take the ninth trick, losing the game. The Game Value is 46, it will be doubled and subtracted from her total score (-92 points).
Game variants[edit]
Ramsch[edit]
Ramsch (rubbish) is not part of sanctioned Skat rules, but is widely practiced in hobbyist rounds, and is the variant most often suggested to be officially sanctioned. It is played if all three players pass in the bidding. There is no declarer in Ramsch; every player plays for himself, and the goal is to achieve as low a score as possible. The idea behind Ramsch is to punish players who underbid their hands.[13]
To make Ramsch more interesting, an additional rule is often played that adds a second winning condition: the Ramsch is also won by a player if that player manages to take all tricks (German: Durchmarsch). At first, this seems to be not too difficult, since the other players will initially try to take as few tricks as possible and to get rid of their high-ranking cards. Once they get suspicious, however, they may thwart the effort simply by taking one trick from the player trying for the Durchmarsch.
Suit ranks in Ramsch are the same as in the Grand game, with only the four Jacks being trumps.[6]
Hobby players often add the following rule: 10s are lower in trick taking power than Queens and Kings, but still count as ten points. Sometimes, they only count one point. There are a couple of variants to the rules concerning 10s, so this should be sorted out before starting the game. Often, the players are allowed to check and exchange cards with the skat, or decline to do so and pass the skat on to the next player, doubling the score (German: Schieberamsch). Jacks are not allowed to be passed on in this variation. The two cards in the Skat are usually added to the tricks of the player who takes the last trick. After all ten tricks are played, the player with the highest number of card points (or alternatively, every player) has their card points amount deducted from their score as negative game points. If one player takes no tricks at all (Jungfrau, English: virgin), the points of the losing hand are doubled. Some players also give a fixed value of 15 negative points to the loser and if there are two "virgins", 20.[13]
Two-player skat[edit]
It's possible to play a modified version of the game with only two players. The cards that would be dealt to a third player are simply laid down as a “dummy” hand instead and not used.
A popular two-player variant is called Strohmann (strawman), in which the dummy hand is played by the player who loses bidding. After the game has been declared, the third hand is flipped and can be seen by the other players. Thus, it is possible to predict what hand the opponent has and play much more strategically. It is sometimes used to teach new players the principles of Skat.
Officer's skat[edit]
Main article: Officer's skat
Officer's skat (German: Offiziersskat) is a variant for two players. Each player gets 16 cards on the table in front of him, 8 facing down and 8 on top of each of them with face shown. Bidding is replaced by declaring a game type and trump by the companion. When a top card is played, the hidden card is uncovered, making a total of 16 tricks in that game. Scoring is like normal skat.
North American skat[edit]
Skat in the United States and Canada was played for many years as an older version of the game, also known as Tournee Skat, which shares most of its rules with its modern European counterpart with the addition of a few different games and an alternate system of scoring. Tournee Skat is declining in popularity. Most tournament Skat players in North America play the modern game described above.
The games in North American (tournée) skat[edit]
Tournée
To determine trump, declarer picks up one card of the skat and looks at it. If declarer wants this card's suit as trump, the card is shown to the other players. Otherwise the hand is played as Passt mir nicht (it doesn't suit me) and the other card in the skat is turned up to determine trump. A jack gives declarer the choice of either playing grand (jacks only) or the jack's suit as trump. Once trump has been determined, both the skat cards are added to declarer's hand and then two are removed and placed face down to begin his or her pile of cards won.
Solo
The skat remains on the table and declarer names trump in any suit or grand. Grand may also be played ouvert with declarer's hand spread face up for all player to see.
Grand guckser
Declarer picks up both of the skat cards, adds them to his or her hand and discards two. Game is played with grand trumps. Grand Guckser is the only game in North American Skat where declarer picks up both skat cards at once.
Null
The skat remains untouched and declarer wagers to take no tricks. In null, cards rank A-K-Q-J-10-9-8-7. If declarer takes a trick, then the hand is lost and a new deal commences. Null may also be played ouvert.
Ramsch
If mittelhand (middle hand) and hinterhand (end hand) both pass, vorhand (forehand or starter hand) may not pass, but if he does not wish to bid may declare ramsch in which players each play for themselves in trying to take the fewest number of tricks with grand as trumps. The skat is not used.
Upon determining the game, declarer may also state that he or she intends to Schneider or Schwarz for extra game points or penalties.
Scoring in North American (tournée) skat[edit]
Card points are the same as in German Skat: A=11, 10=10, K=4, Q=3. J=2 and all other cards have no value. The game points, however, are a bit different. Base value for the different games are as follows:
Tournée: ♦ 5, ♥ 6, ♠ 7, ♣ 8, Grand 12. If a tournée is played Paßt mir nicht and declarer does not make 61 card points, then the game point penalty is doubled.
Solo: ♦ 9, ♥ 10, ♠ 11, ♣ 12, Grand 20, Grand Ouvert 24.
Grand Guckser: 16, 32 if lost.
Null: 20, 40 if played ouvert.
Ramsch: player taking the fewest number of card points wins 10 game points, or 20 for taking zero tricks. A player taking every trick loses 30 and other players do not win any.
As in German skat, game points in North American Skat are tallied by multiplying base game value by:
1 for each top trump, either with or without, plus:
1 for game (61 or more card points).
2 for Schneider (91 or more card points).
3 for Schwarz (winning every trick).
If Schneider was declared add 1.
If Schwarz was declared add 2.
Note that if Schneider or Schwarz are declared but not made, then the contract is not met and declarer loses the amount that he or she would have won if successful. The above multipliers do not figure into games played null or ramsch.
Organization of players[edit]
League games are organized worldwide:
By the International Skat Players Association [2]
In North America by ISPA Canada and ISPA USA [3]
Within Germany by the Deutscher Skatverband e.V. [4]
Online by the Deutscher online Skatverband e.V. [5]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Michael Dummett, Sylvia Mann, The game of Tarot: from Ferrara to Salt Lake City, p. 487, United States Games Systems (1980), ISBN 0-7156-1014-7
Jump up ^ David Parlett, Oxford Dictionary of Card Games, p. 254, Oxford University Press (1996), ISBN 0-19-869173-4
Jump up ^ International Skat Order, International Skat Players Assoc., Rev. 15APR2007
Jump up ^ David Parlett, Teach Yourself Card Games, p. 191, McGraw-Hill (2003), ISBN 0-07-141974-8
Jump up ^ David Parlett. "Parlett on Skat (5) History". parlettgames.uk. Retrieved 2010-04-13.
^ Jump up to: a b c R. F. Foster, Foster's Skat Manual, pp. 7, 8, 162, Averill Press (2008), ISBN 1-4437-2151-4
Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica [1] Skat
Jump up ^ Robert MacHenry, Philip W. Goetz, Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 1-30 p. 252, Encyclopædia Britannica (UK) Ltd. (1983), ISBN 0-85229-400-X
Jump up ^ Robert Frederick Foster, Foster's complete Hoyle: an encyclopedia of all the indoor games, p. 378, (1897)
Jump up ^ "Difference between American Scat and German Skat". pagat.
Jump up ^ John McLeod. "Games played with German suited cards". pagat.com/. Retrieved 2010-11-25.
Jump up ^ A. Pollett. "Shapes, Sizes and Colors". a_pollett.tripod.com/. Retrieved 2010-04-13.
^ Jump up to: a b A. Hertefeld, The Game of Skat in Theory and Practice, pg. 36, BiblioLife (2009), ISBN 1-115-53837-3
External links[edit]
International Skat Players Association Rules in English, Spanish and French.
"Skat". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
The Skatordnung, official rules of Skat, in English.
[show]
v
t
e
List of trick-taking games
Card games
#
304
3-2-5
3-5-8
400
500
A
Agram
All Fours
Aluette
Apples
Auction bridge
B
Bacon
Baloot
Barbu
Belote
Bezique
Bid whist
Bisca
Black Lady
Bluke
Bonking
Boston
Botifarra
Bourré
Bridge
Briscola
Brusquembille
C
Calabresella
Cắt Tê
Catch the Ten
Cinch
Clabber
Clag
Coinche
Court piece
D
Doppelkopf
E
Écarté
Einwerfen
Elfern
Euchre (game variations
terminology variations)
F
Forty-fives
Fünfzehnern
G
Ganjifa
German Solo
Gleek
Gong Zhu
H
Haggis
Hearts
I, J
Jabberwocky
Jass
Julepe
K
Kachufool
Kaiser
Karnöffel
King
Klaberjass/Bela
Klaverjas
Konter a Matt
Kontraspiel
Krutzjass
L
Lanterloo
M
Mǎ diào
Make-A-Million
Manille
Mariage
Mariáš
Marjapussi
Marjolet
Mighty
Mizerka
N
Napoleon
Nines
Ninety-nine
O
Officer's skat
Oh, hell
Ombre
P
Pedro
Pinochle
Piquet
Pitch
Pilotta
Phat
Pluck
Polignac
Polskpas
Preferans
Préférence
Put
Q
Quadrille
R
Rage
Rams
Renfield
Rentz
Réunion
Reversis
Ristikontra
Rook
Ruff and Honours
S
Schafkopf
Sedma
Sheepshead
Shelem
Sheng Ji
Sixty-six
Sixty-three
Skat
Smear
Spades
Spoil Five
Sueca
T
Tam cúc
Tarabish
Tarneeb
Tarot card games (Bauerntarock, Cego, French tarot, Königrufen, Minchiate, Scarto, Tapp-Tarock, Tarocchini, Troccas, Troggu)
Thunee
Tippen
Toepen
Trappola
Trex
Tressette
Triomphe
Truc
Truco
Tute
Twenty-eight
Two-ten-jack
U, V
Ulti
W, X, Y, Z
Whist
Wizard
Tile-based games
42
Giog
Khorol
Tien Gow
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skat_(card_game)&oldid=837699511"
Categories:
Card games introduced in the 1810s
Point-trick games
Three-player card games
German playing card games
Ace-ten card games
German inventions
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia introduction cleanup from August 2014
All pages needing cleanup
Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from August 2014
All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify
Pages using deprecated image syntax
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011
Articles containing German-language text
Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text
Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference
Use dmy dates from April 2017
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Български
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
Esperanto
Français
한국어
Ido
Italiano
עברית
Latina
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Plattdüütsch
Polski
Português
Русский
Slovenčina
Ślůnski
Suomi
Svenska
中文
14 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 22 April 2018, at 13:15.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attr: href class title

value:
/wiki/Thirty-one_(game)
mw-redirect
Thirty-one (game)

attr: role class

value:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

tag: b

tag: small

value: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short

value: Josef Wagner-Höhenberg Die Skatpartie.jpg

value: Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2011)

value:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

value:
/wiki/Tarot_(game)
mw-redirect
Tarot (game)

attr: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value:
/wiki/Clockwise_and_counterclockwise
mw-redirect
Clockwise and counterclockwise

value: Edit section: Winning conditions for declarer

value: Edit section: The games in North American (tournée) skat

value: Edit section: Scoring in North American (tournée) skat

value:
nofollow
external autonumber
http://www.ispaworld.org

value:
nofollow
external autonumber
http://www.skatcanada.ca

value:
nofollow
external autonumber
http://www.dskv.de

value:
nofollow
external autonumber
http://www.doskv.de

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.pagat.com/draw/scat.html

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.pagat.com/class/german.html

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.ispaworld.org

value: Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition

value: Template talk:List of trick-taking games

value:
/wiki/All_Fours_(game)
mw-redirect
All Fours (game)

value:
/wiki/C%E1%BA%AFt_T%C3%AA
mw-redirect
Cắt Tê

value:
/wiki/M%C7%8E_di%C3%A0o
mw-redirect
Mǎ diào

value:
/wiki/Mari%C3%A1%C5%A1_(card_game)
mw-redirect
Mariáš (card game)

value:
/wiki/Ruff_and_Honours
mw-redirect
Ruff and Honours

value:
/wiki/Sheepshead_(card_game)
mw-redirect
Sheepshead (card game)

value: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

value: Category:Card games introduced in the 1810s

value: Category:Wikipedia introduction cleanup from August 2014

value: Category:Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from August 2014

value: Category:All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify

value: Category:Pages using deprecated image syntax

value: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011

value: Category:Articles containing German-language text

value: Category:Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text

value: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Skat_(card_game)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

value:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skat
Skat – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skato
Skato – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

value:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skat
Skat – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

value: 스카트 (카드 게임) – Korean

value:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skato
Skato – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

value:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skat
Skat – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

value:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skaat
Skaat – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

value: スカート (トランプゲーム) – Japanese

value:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skat
Skat – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

value:
https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skat
Skat – Low German
nds
nds
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nds
display: none;

value:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skat
Skat – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

value:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skat
Skat – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

value: Скат (игра) – Russian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

value:
https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szkat
Szkat – Silesian
szl
szl
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-szl
display: none;

value:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skat
Skat – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

value:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skat
Skat – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

value: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Skat_card_game rootpage-Skat_card_game skin-vector action-view


text:
Women's empowerment
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings about a topic. Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Former First Lady Michelle Obama greets students during a Room to Read event with First Lady Bun Rany of Cambodia in support of the Let Girls Learn initiative, at Hun Sen Prasat Bakong High School in Siem Reap, Cambodia, March 21, 2015.
Women's empowerment is the process in which women expand and recreate what it is that they can be, do, and accomplish in a circumstance that they previously were denied. [1][2] Alternatively, it is the process for women to redefine gender roles that allows for them to acquire the ability to choose between known alternatives whom have otherwise been restricted from such an ability.[1] There are several principles defining women's empowerment such as, for one to be empowered, they must come from a position of disempowerment. Furthermore, one must acquire empowerment themselves rather than have it given to them by an external party. Other studies have found that empowerment definitions entail people having the capability to make important decisions in their lives while also being able to act on them. Lastly, empowerment and disempowerment is relative to other at a previous time; therefore, empowerment is a process, not a product.[2]
Women empowerment has become a significant topic of discussion in development and economics. It can also point to the approaches regarding other trivialized genders in a particular political or social context.
Women's economic empowerment refers to the ability for women to enjoy their right to control and benefit from resources, assets, income and their own time, as well as the ability to manage risk and improve their economic status and well being.[3]
While often interchangeably used, the more comprehensive concept of gender empowerment refers to people of any gender, stressing the distinction between biological and gender as a role. It thereby also refers to other marginalized genders in a
Contents
[hide]
1 Importance of women's empowerment in societies
2 Methods
2.1 Economic Empowerment
2.2 Political Empowerment
3 Measurement and Assessment
4 Barriers
5 The role of education
6 The Internet as a tool of empowerment
7 Ongoing Projects
7.1 U.S. Involvement
8 See also
9 Sources
10 References
11 Further reading
Importance of women's empowerment in societies[edit]
Entire nations, businesses, communities and groups can benefit from the implementation of programs and policies that adopt the notion of women empowerment.[4] Empowerment of women is a necessity for the very development of a society, since it enhances both the quality and the quantity of human resources available for development.[5] Empowerment is one of the main procedural concerns when addressing human rights and development. The Human Development and Capabilities Approach, the Millennium Development Goals, the Sustainable Development Goals, and other credible approaches/goals point to empowerment and participation as a necessary step if a country is to overcome the obstacles associated with poverty and development.[6]
Methods[edit]
Scholars have identified two forms of empowerment, economic empowerment and political empowerment.[7][8]
Economic Empowerment[edit]
Economic empowerment increases women's agency, access to formal government programs, mobility outside the home, economic independence, and purchasing power. Policy makers are suggested to support job training to aid in entrance in the formal markets.[7] One recommendation is to provide more formal education opportunities for women that would allow for higher bargaining power in the home. They would have more access to higher wages outside the home; and as a result, make it easier for women to get a job in the market.[9]
Strengthening women's access to property inheritance and land rights is another method used to economically empower women. This would allow them better means of asset accumulation, capital, and bargaining power needed to address gender inequalities. Often, women in developing and underdeveloped nations are legally restricted from their land on the sole basis of gender.[9] Having a right to their land gives women a sort of bargaining power that they wouldn't normally have; in turn, they gain more opportunities for economic independence and formal financial institutions.
Another popular methodology for women's economic empowerment also includes microcredit.[10] Microfinance institutions aim to empower women in their community by giving them access to loans that have low interest rates without the requirement of collateral.[11] More specifically, they aim to give microcredit to women whom want to be entrepreneurs.[11] The success and efficiency of microcredit and microloans is controversial and constantly debated.[12] Some critiques claim that microcredit alone doesn't guarantee women have control over the way it is used. Microfinance institutions don't address cultural barriers that allow men to still control household finances; as a result, microcredit may simply be transferred to the husband. Microcredit doesn't relieve women of household obligations, and even if women have credit, they don't have the time to be as active in the market as men.[11][13]
Political Empowerment[edit]
Political empowerment supports creating policies that would best support gender equality and agency for women in both the public and private spheres. Popular methods that have been suggested are to create affirmative action policies that have a quota for the number of women in policy making and parliament positions.[9] As of 2017, the global average of women whom hold lower and single house parliament positions is 23.6 percent.[8] Further recommendations have been to to increase women's rights to vote, voice opinions, and the ability to run for office with a fair chance of being elected.[4] Because women are typically associated with child care and domestic responsibilities in the home, they have have less time dedicated to entering the labour market and running their business. Policies that increase their bargaining power in the household would include policies that account for cases of divorce, policies for better welfare for women, and policies that give women control over resources (such as property rights).[9] However, participation is not limited to the realm of politics. It can include participation in the household, in schools, and the ability to make choices for oneself. Some theorists believe that bargaining power and agency in the household must to be achieved before one can move onto broader political participation.[14] When women have the agency to do what they want, a higher equality between men and women is established.
Measurement and Assessment[edit]
Women empowerment can be measured through the Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM), which shows women's participation in a given nation, both politically and economically. GEM is calculated by tracking "the share of seats in parliament held by women; of female legislators, senior officials and managers; and of female profession and technical workers; and the gender disparity in earned income, reflecting economic independence".[4] It then ranks countries given this information. Other measures that take into account the importance of female participation and equality include: the Gender Parity Index and the Gender-related Development Index (GDI).[4]
Some critiques of GEM is that it is not concerned with factors regarding society, such as gender, religion, cultural context, legal context, and violations of women's rights.[15] Gender empowerment measure attempts to makes a consistent standardized approach to measure women's empowerment; in doing so, it has been critiqued that the GEM doesn't account for variation in historical factors, female autonomy, gender segregation, and women's right to vote.[16]
The Gender-related Development Index (GDI) is a way in which the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) measures the inequality between genders within a country. Some critique of this measurement is that, because GDI calculations rely solely on the achievement distribution between males and females of a population, GDI doesn't measure gender inequality; rather, it measures absolute levels on income, education and health[15]
A more qualitative form of assessing women's empowerment is to identify constraints to action. This allows for the identification of power relations between genders. Because this is a participatory process, it facilitates conversation on gender discrimination.[17] Comparing constraints on women at a later time also allows for any changes or expansion to be better identified. The evaluation of the development of women's agency allows for an evaluation of actions taken. These assessments must also be based on the action taken by women, and not external groups. External groups can help facilitate women's empowerment, but cannot bestow it on them.[17]
Barriers[edit]
Many of the barriers to women's empowerment and equity lie ingrained in cultural norms. Many women feel these pressures, while others have become accustomed to being treated inferior to men.[18] Even if men, legislators, NGOs, etc. are aware of the benefits women's empowerment and participation can have, many are scared of disrupting the status of the women and continue to let societal norms get in the way of development.[19]
Research shows that the increasing access to the internet can also result in an increased exploitation of women.[20] Releasing personal information on websites has put some women's personal safety at risk. In 2010, Working to Halt Online Abuse stated that 73% of women were victimized through such sites. Types of victimization include cyber stalking, harassment, online pornography, and flaming.[21] Sexual harassment in particular is a large barrier for women in the workplace. It appears in almost all industries, but is most notable in the following: business, trade, banking and finance, sales and marketing, hospitality, civil service, and education, lecturing and teaching.[22] According to the International Labour Organisation (ILO), sexual harassment is a clear form of gender discrimination based on sex, a manifestation of unequal power relations between men and women. Furthermore, the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) is urging for increased measures of protection for women against sexual harassment and violence in the workplace. 54% (272) had experienced some form of workplace sexual harassment. 79% of the victims are women; 21% were men.[22]
Recent studies also show that women face more barriers in the workplace than do men. Gender-related barriers involve sexual harassment, unfair hiring practices, career progression, and unequal pay where women are paid less than men are for performing the same job.[23] When taking the median earnings of men and women who worked full-time, year-round, government data from 2014 showed that women made $0.79 for every dollar a man earned. The average earnings for working mothers came out to even less—$0.71 for every dollar a father made, according to a 2014 study conducted by the National Partnership for Women and Children. While much of the public discussion of the "wage gap" has focused around women getting equal pay for the same work as their male peers, many women struggle with what is called the "pregnancy penalty". The main problem is that it is difficult to measure, but some experts say that the possibility of having a baby can be enough for employers to push women back from their line.[24] Therefore, women are put in a position where they need to make the decision of whether to maintain in the workforce or have children. This problem has sparked the debate over maternity leave in the United States.
However, despite the struggle for equal pay in the United States, the tech industry[clarification needed] has made progress in helping to encourage equal pay across gender. In March 2016, tech career website Dice released a study of more than 16,000 tech professionals that found that when you compare equivalent education, experience and position, there is no pay gap—and hasn't been for the last six years.[24] This new industry is paving a way for other companies to do the same. However, this industry also struggles to employ women in executive positions. This is partially due to the barrier of sexual harassment and pregnancy that was aforementioned.
Such barriers make it difficult for women to advance in their workplace or receive fair compensation for the work they provide.
The role of education[edit]
It is said that education increases "people's self- confidence and enables them to find better jobs and they can work shoulder to shoulder with men[25].They engage in public debate and make demands on government for health care, social security and other entitlements".[26] In particular, education empowers women to make choices that improve their children's health, their wellbeing, and chances of survival.[27][26] Education informs others of preventing and containing disease, and it is an essential element of efforts to reduce malnutrition. Furthermore, it empowers women to make choices that can improve their welfare, including marrying beyond childhood and having fewer children. Crucially, education can increase women's awareness of their rights, boost their self-esteem, and provide them the opportunity to assert their rights.[28]
Despite significant improvements in recent decades, education is not universally available and gender inequalities persist. A major concern in many countries is not only the limited numbers of girls going to school, but also the limited educational pathways for those that step into the classroom. More specifically, there should be more efforts to address the lower participation and learning achievement of girls in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education.[29]
The Internet as a tool of empowerment[edit]
The growing access of the web in the late 20th century has allowed women to empower themselves by using various tools on the Internet. With the introduction of the World Wide Web, women have begun to use social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter for online activism.[20] Through online activism, women are able to empower themselves by organizing campaigns and voicing their opinions for equality rights without feeling oppressed by members of society.[30] For example, on May 29, 2013, an online campaign started by 100 female advocates forced the leading social networking website, Facebook, to take down various pages that spread hatred about women.[31]
In recent years, blogging has also become a powerful tool for the educational empowerment of women. According to a study done by the University of California, Los Angeles, medical patients who read and write about their disease are often in a much happier mood and more knowledgeable than those who do not.[32] By reading others' experiences, patients can better educate themselves and apply strategies that their fellow bloggers suggest.[32]
With the easy accessibility and affordability of e-learning (electronic learning), women can now study from the comfort of their homes.[33] By empowering themselves educationally through new technologies like e-learning, women are also learning new skills that will come in handy in today's advancing globalized world.
Ongoing Projects[edit]
The UN came out with a set of goals called the Sustainable Development Goals, or SDGs, to help make the world a better place.[34] Of the 17, the fourth goal works to allow access to education for all people alike. A large effort has been made to include women in schools to better their education.[35] Similarly, the fifth goal focuses on empowering women and girls to achieve gender equality through equal access to various types of opportunities (health care, education, work, etc.).[36]
There are also some prominent non-profits that help empower women: [37]
She Should Run
Girls Not Brides
The Malala Fund
Women in Defense
Women for Women International
Every Mother Counts
U.S. Involvement[edit]
The U.S. provides foreign aid to third world countries in various forms, one of which is by providing education programs. There are currently bills in Congress that work to ensure education to girls, one of which is the Protecting Girls' Access to Education Act. These are enacted with the belief that proper education will pull them out of poverty and reduce exploitation. [38]
See also[edit]
Feminism
Women empowerment in Nigeria
Women's rights
Women in the workforce
Sources[edit]
This article incorporates text from a free content work. License statement: Cracking the code: girls' and women's education in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM), 11, UNESCO. To learn how to add open license text to Wikipedia articles, please see Wikipedia:Adding open license text to Wikipedia. For information on reusing text from Wikipedia, please see the terms of use. This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 License statement: Mobile phones and literacy: Empowerment in Women's Hands; A Cross-Case Analysis of Nine Experiences, 33, UNESCO, UNESCO. UNESCO. To learn how to add open license text to Wikipedia articles, please see Wikipedia:Adding open license text to Wikipedia. For information on reusing text from Wikipedia, please see the terms of use.
References[edit]
Further reading[edit]
Heldman, Caroline; Frankel, Laura Lazarus; Holmes, Jennifer (April–June 2016). ""Hot, black leather, whip" The (de)evolution of female protagonists in action cinema, 1960–2014". Sexualization, Media, and Society. Sage. 2 (2). doi:10.1177/2374623815627789. Pdf. (Includes a section titled "The Empowerment Question").
Traditional functions of the family and the role of women
Women Participation in Real Estate Industry
^ Jump up to: a b Kabeer, Naila. "Gender equality and women's empowerment: A critical analysis of the third millennium development goal 1." Gender & Development 13.1 (2005): 13-24.
^ Jump up to: a b Mosedale, Sarah (2005-03-01). "Assessing women's empowerment: towards a conceptual framework". Journal of International Development. 17 (2): 243–257. doi:10.1002/jid.1212. ISSN 1099-1328.
Jump up ^ Oxfam (Forthcoming), "Women's Economic Empowerment Conceptual Framework"
^ Jump up to: a b c d Deneulin, Séverine; Lila Shahani, eds. (2009). "An Introduction to the Human Development and Capability Approach: Freedom and Agency" (PDF). Sterling, VA: Earthscan.
Jump up ^ Gupta, Kamla; Yesudian, P. Princy (2006). "Evidence of women's empowerment in India: a study of socio-spatial disparities". GeoJournal. doi:10.1007/s10708-006-7556-z.
Jump up ^ U.N. General Assembly, 55th Session leke berrand fezer (8 September 2000). "United Nations Millennium Declaration" (PDF). (A/55/L.2). Retrieved January 2, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Kabeer, Naila. "Contextualising the Economic Pathways of Women's Empowerment: Findings from a Multi-Country Research Programme." (2011).
^ Jump up to: a b "Regional Organizations, Gender Equality and the Political Empowerment of Women". UNDP. Retrieved 2018-04-08.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Duflo, Esther (2012). "Women Empowerment and Economic Development". Journal of Economic Literature. 50 (4): 1051–1079.
Jump up ^ "World Survey on the Role of Women In Development". Women's Control over Economic Resources and Access to Financial Resources, including Microfinance (PDF) (Report). New York: United Nations. 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c Geleta, Esayas Bekele. "Microfinance and the politics of empowerment: a critical cultural perspective." Journal of Asian and African Studies 49.4 (2014): 413-425.
Jump up ^ Parmar, A. (2003). "Microcredit, Empowerment, and Agency: Re-evaluating the Discourse". Canadian Journal of Development Studies. 24 (3): 461–76. doi:10.1080/02255189.2003.9668932.
Jump up ^ Ellis, Amanda. Gender and economic growth in Kenya: Unleashing the power of women. World Bank Publications, 2007.
Jump up ^ Nussbaum, Martha C. (2000). "Introduction". Women and Human Development: The Capabilities to Approach. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–33. ISBN 9781139459358.
^ Jump up to: a b Charmes, Jacques, and Saskia Wieringa. "Measuring women's empowerment: an assessment of the gender-related development index and the gender empowerment measure." Journal of Human Development 4.3 (2003): 419-435.
Jump up ^ Pillarisetti, J.; McGillivray, Mark (1998-06-01). "Human Development and Gender Empowerment: Methodological and Measurement Issues". Development Policy Review. 16 (2): 197–203. doi:10.1111/1467-7679.00059. ISSN 1467-7679.
^ Jump up to: a b Mosedale, Sarah (2005-03-01). "Assessing women's empowerment: towards a conceptual framework". Journal of International Development. 17 (2): 243–257. doi:10.1002/jid.1212. ISSN 1099-1328.
Jump up ^ Nussbaum, Martha C. (1995). "Introduction". In Martha C. Nussbaum & Jonathan Glover. Women, Culture, and Development: A Study of Human Capabilities. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 1–15. ISBN 9780198289647.
Jump up ^ "World Survey on the Role of Women In Development". Women's Control over Economic Resources and Access to Financial Resources, including Microfinance (PDF) (Report). New York: United Nations. 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Sutton, J. & Pollock, S. (2000). "Online Activism for Women's Rights". Cyber Psychology & Behavior. 3 (5): 699–706. doi:10.1089/10949310050191700.
Jump up ^ Morahan-Martin, J. (2000). "Women and the Internet: Promise and Perils". Cyber Psychology & Behavior. 3 (5): 683–691. doi:10.1089/10949310050191683.
^ Jump up to: a b "Statistics". AWARE RSS. AWARE. 22 April 2010. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Stein, A.I. (2009). "Women Lawyers Blog for Workplace Equality: Blogging as a Feminist Legal Method". Yale Journal of Law and Feminism. 20 (2): 357–408.
^ Jump up to: a b Safia Samee Ali (April 11, 2016). "'Motherhood Penalty' Can Affect Women Who Never Even Have a Child". NBC News.
Jump up ^ Marniemi, J.; Parkki, M. G. (1975-09-01). "Radiochemical assay of glutathione S-epoxide transferase and its enhancement by phenobarbital in rat liver in vivo". Biochemical Pharmacology. 24 (17): 1569–1572. ISSN 0006-2952. PMID 9.
^ Jump up to: a b UNDP. 2013. Human Development Report. The Rise of the South. Human Progress in a Diverse World; New York, UNDP.
Jump up ^ UNESCO. 2014. EFA Global Monitoring Report 2013/2014: Teaching and Learning, Paris, UNESCO.
Jump up ^ UNESCO (2015). Mobile phones and literacy: Empowerment in Women's Hands; A Cross-Case Analysis of Nine Experiences (PDF). 33: UNESCO. ISBN 978-92-3-100123-9.
Jump up ^ Cracking the code: girls' and women's education in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). Paris: UNESCO. 2017. p. 11. ISBN 9789231002335.
Jump up ^ Churchyard, N. (2009). "The Question of Empowerment: Women's Perspective on Their Internet Use". Gender, Technology and Development. 13 (3): 341–363. doi:10.1177/097185241001300302.
Jump up ^ McVeigh, T. (June 6, 2013). "Online Feminist activists of the digital age". Taipei Times.
^ Jump up to: a b Stephan, P. (August 13, 2013). "Breast cancer patients blog their blues away". breastcancer.about.com.
Jump up ^ Radovic-Markovic, M.; Nelson-Porter, B. & Omolaja, M. (2012). "The new alternative women's entrepreneurship education: E-learning and virtual universities" (PDF). International Women Online Journal of Distance Education. 1 (2): 46–54. ISSN 2147-0367.
Jump up ^ "Sustainable development goals - United Nations". United Nations Sustainable Development. Retrieved 2018-03-14.
Jump up ^ "Education - United Nations Sustainable Development". United Nations Sustainable Development. Retrieved 2018-03-14.
Jump up ^ "United Nations: Gender equality and women's empowerment". United Nations Sustainable Development. Retrieved 2018-03-14.
Jump up ^ "10 Amazing Nonprofits Empowering Women in 2017 - The Power of Purpose". The Power of Purpose. 2017-01-26. Retrieved 2018-03-29.
Jump up ^ Steve, Chabot, (2017-10-04). "H.R.2408 - 115th Congress (2017-2018): Protecting Girls' Access to Education Act". www.congress.gov. Retrieved 2018-03-14.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_empowerment&oldid=838510440"
Categories:
Women's studies
Women's rights
Human rights concepts
Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures
Law
Egalitarianism
Empowerment
Women's empowerment
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia articles needing style editing from July 2017
All articles needing style editing
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2017
Free-content attribution
Free content from UNESCO
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
भोजपुरी
Euskara
Edit links
This page was last edited on 27 April 2018, at 13:42.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attr: class href

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:Encyclopedic_style
mw-redirect
Wikipedia:Encyclopedic style

tag: tbody

tag: table

attr: class role

value: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-essay-like

value:
/wiki/Economic_empowerment
mw-redirect
Economic empowerment

value: Edit section: Importance of women's empowerment in societies

value:
/wiki/Gender_inequalities
mw-redirect
Gender inequalities

value: Edit section: Measurement and Assessment

value:
/wiki/Gender_disparity
mw-redirect
Gender disparity

value:
/wiki/Gender-related_Development_Index
mw-redirect
Gender-related Development Index

value:
/wiki/Societal_norms
mw-redirect
Societal norms

value:
/wiki/Cyber_stalking
mw-redirect
Cyber stalking

value:
/wiki/Online_pornography
mw-redirect
Online pornography

value: The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2017)

value:
noprint Inline-Template
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

value: Edit section: The Internet as a tool of empowerment

value:
/wiki/Online_activism
mw-redirect
Online activism

value:
nofollow
http://www.sheshouldrun.org/
external text

value:
nofollow
https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/
external text

value:
nofollow
https://www.malala.org/
external text

value:
nofollow
https://widsandiego.org/
external text

value:
nofollow
https://www.womenforwomen.org/
external text

value:
nofollow
https://www.everymothercounts.org/
external text

value:
/wiki/Women_empowerment_in_Nigeria
mw-redirect
Women empowerment in Nigeria

value: Definition of Free Cultural Works logo notext.svg

value:
/wiki/Sage_Publications
mw-redirect
Sage Publications

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2Fjid.1212

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1099-1328

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10708-006-7556-z

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.jstor.org/stable/23644911

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1467-7679

value:
nofollow
external text
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2952

value:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/2147-0367

value: Category:Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures

value: Category:Wikipedia articles needing style editing from July 2017

value: Category:All articles needing style editing

value: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2017

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: تمكين النساء – Arabic

value: नारी सशक्तीकरण – Bhojpuri

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Women_s_empowerment rootpage-Women_s_empowerment skin-vector action-view