text:
Homeland (season 7)
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Homeland (season 7)
Promotional poster
Starring
Claire Danes
Elizabeth Marvel
Maury Sterling
Linus Roache
Jake Weber
Morgan Spector
Mandy Patinkin
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
11
Release
Original network
Showtime
Original release
February 11, 2018 (2018-02-11) – present
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 6
List of Homeland episodes
The seventh season of the American television drama series Homeland premiered on February 11, 2018, on Showtime, and will consist of 12 episodes.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast and characters
2.1 Main
2.2 Recurring
2.3 Guest
3 Episodes
4 Production
5 Reception
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
Carrie has left her job in the White House and moved back to Washington, D.C. to live with her sister Maggie. She takes on the Keane administration to secure the release of the 200 members of the intelligence community who were arrested under President Keane's orders the previous season.[1]
Cast and characters[edit]
Main article: List of Homeland characters
Main[edit]
Claire Danes, Mandy Patinkin and Elizabeth Marvel (left to right) portray lead roles Carrie Mathison, Saul Berenson and Elizabeth Keane, respectively.
Maury Sterling, Jake Weber and James D'Arcy (left to right) portray Max Piotrowski, Brett O'Keefe and Thomas Anson, respectively.
Claire Danes as Carrie Mathison, former CIA member and former White House advisor to President Keane now residing in D.C. with her sister Maggie
Elizabeth Marvel as Elizabeth Keane, the current President of the United States
Maury Sterling as Max Piotrowski, a freelance surveillance expert[2]
Linus Roache as David Wellington, White House Chief of Staff[2]
Jake Weber as Brett O'Keefe, TV host and provocateur[2]
Morgan Spector as Dante Allen, an FBI agent and old friend of Carrie’s who is looking into the hundreds of people President Keane has detained[3]
Mandy Patinkin as Saul Berenson, Carrie's former boss and mentor and the new National Security Advisor
Recurring[edit]
Amy Hargreaves as Maggie Mathison, Carrie's sister[1]
Dylan Baker as Sam Paley, a maverick United States Senator from Arizona who is leading an aggressive investigation into the Keane administration[4]
Ellen Adair as Janet Bayne, Paley's Chief of Staff
Mackenzie Astin as Bill Dunn, Carrie's brother-in-law who works for the Treasury Department[3]
Courtney Grosbeck as Josie Mathison-Dunn, Carrie's niece who is staunchly anti-Keane[5]
Lesli Margherita as Sharon Aldright, O'Keefe's assistant[6]
Claire and McKenna Keane as Frances "Franny" Mathison, Carrie and Brody's daughter
Sandrine Holt as Simone Martin, Wellington's fiancé and an undercover Russian agent[6]
Matt Servitto as FBI Special Agent Maslin
Sakina Jaffrey as Dr. Meyer, Carrie's psychiatrist
David Maldonado as Bo Elkins, who provides sanctuary to O'Keefe
Colton Ryan as J.J. Elkins, Bo's son
Costa Ronin as Lieutenant Colonel Yevgeny Gromov, a Russian GRU Senior Operations Officer [7]
James D'Arcy as Thomas Anson, a former special ops agent[8]
William Popp as Stein, a member of Anson's circle
Clé Bennett as Dominique "Doxie" Marquis, also a member of Anson's circle
Ari Fliakos as Carter Bennet, also member of Anson's circle
Catherine Curtin as Sandy, a former CIA officer, professor and member of Saul's task force
Peter Vack as Clint, a computer expert and a member of Saul's task force
Beau Bridges as Vice President Ralph Warner
Guest[edit]
Robert Knepper as General Jamie McClendon
Barbara Rosenblat as Attorney General Hoberman
Frederic Lehne as General Rossen
Mark Ivanir as Ivan Krupin, a former Russian intelligence agent
Jennifer Ferrin as Charlotte, a Russian agent
Elya Baskin as Viktor, Ambassador of Russia to the United States
Merab Ninidze as Colonel Sergei Mirov, Gromov's GRU superior
Thomas G. Waites as Clayton
Adrienne C. Moore as Rhonda, Carrie's lawyer
Damian Young as Jim, head of the CIA's Moscow Station
Marin Hinkle as Christine Lonas, a youth care social worker
F. Murray Abraham as Dar Adal
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of Homeland episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)
73
1 "Enemy of the State" Lesli Linka Glatter Debora Cahn & Alex Gansa February 11, 2018 (2018-02-11) 7WAH01 1.22[9]
74
2 "Rebel Rebel" Lesli Linka Glatter Patrick Harbinson & Chip Johannessen February 18, 2018 (2018-02-18) 7WAH02 1.12[10]
75
3 "Standoff" Michael Klick Anya Leta & Ron Nyswaner February 25, 2018 (2018-02-25) 7WAH03 1.26[11]
76
4 "Like Bad at Things" Alex Graves Chip Johannessen & Patrick Harbinson March 4, 2018 (2018-03-04) 7WAH04 0.93[12]
77
5 "Active Measures" Charlotte Sieling Debora Cahn March 11, 2018 (2018-03-11) 7WAH05 1.32[13]
78
6 "Species Jump" Michael Offer Anya Leta & Ron Nyswaner March 18, 2018 (2018-03-18) 7WAH06 1.25[14]
79
7 "Andante" Lesli Linka Glatter Patrick Harbinson & Chip Johannessen March 25, 2018 (2018-03-25) 7WAH07 1.28[15]
80
8 "Lies, Amplifiers, F**king Twitter" Tucker Gates Patrick Harbinson & Chip Johannessen April 1, 2018 (2018-04-01) 7WAH08 1.22[16]
81
9 "Useful Idiot" Nelson McCormick Debora Cahn April 8, 2018 (2018-04-08) 7WAH09 1.24[17]
82
10 "Clarity" Dan Attias Howard Gordon & Ron Nyswaner April 15, 2018 (2018-04-15) 7WAH10 1.28[18]
83
11 "All In" Alex Graves Patrick Harbinson & Chip Johannessen April 22, 2018 (2018-04-22) 7WAH11 1.39[19]
84
12 "Paean to the People"[20] TBA TBA April 29, 2018 (2018-04-29) 7WAH12 TBD
Production[edit]
The series was renewed for a seventh and eighth season in August 2016.[21] For this season, Maury Sterling, Jake Weber and Linus Roache were promoted to series regulars; Sterling has been recurring since the first season, while Weber and Roache both first appeared in the sixth season.[2] The seventh season began production on September 11, 2017, filming in Richmond, Virginia.[22][23] Filming wrapped in Budapest, Hungary on March 29, 2018.[24]
The writers initially planned for the series' seventh and eighth seasons to comprise a two-season arc, but current events surrounding the U.S. government convinced them to instead continue the arc from Season 6 into Season 7. Showrunner Alex Gansa said "Given the swirl of news about the Administration’s war with its own intelligence community, “It was just hard not to do it. It was hard to say ‘OK, let’s go tell a story in Paris. Let’s go tell a story in South America.’ Something very significant is happening in all our lives right now”.[25]
Reception[edit]
The seventh season of Homeland has received generally positive reviews from critics. On Metacritic, the season (based on the first episode only) has a score of 65 out of 100 based on 6 reviews.[26] On Rotten Tomatoes, it has an approval rating of 70% with an average rating of 6.61 out of 10 based on 10 reviews.[27]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Otterson, Joe (December 12, 2017). "'Homeland' Season 7 Sets Premiere Date, Drops First Trailer". Variety. Retrieved December 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d O'Connell, Michael (July 18, 2017). "'Homeland' Ups Trio to Series Regulars for Season 7 (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Nemetz, Dave (September 15, 2017). "Homeland Adds Morgan Spector, Mackenzie Astin to Season 7 Cast". TVLine. Retrieved December 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Sandberg, Bryn Elise (September 28, 2017). "'Homeland' Adds Dylan Baker to Season 7". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (September 26, 2017). "'Homeland' Casts Courtney Grosbeck; Necar Zadegan Joins HBO's Alan Ball Series". Deadline. Retrieved December 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Wagmeister, Elizabeth (November 1, 2017). "'Homeland' Adds 'House of Cards' Alum to Season 7 in Mystery Role (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved December 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Wagmeister, Elizabeth (December 11, 2017). "'Homeland' Enlists 'The Americans' Actor for Season 7". Variety. Retrieved December 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ O'Connell, Michael (December 19, 2017). "'Homeland' Adds James D'Arcy for Season 7". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 13, 2018). "Sunday cable ratings: 'Homeland' premiere steady, 'Real Housewives of Atlanta' improves". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 21, 2018). "Sunday cable ratings: NBA All-Star Game scores for TNT". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (February 27, 2018). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.25.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 6, 2018). "Sunday cable ratings: 'The Walking Dead' at lowest point since Season 1". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (March 13, 2018). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.11.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved March 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (March 20, 2018). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.18.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 27, 2018). "Sunday cable ratings: 'The Terror' gets decent start behind 'The Walking Dead'". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 3, 2018). "Sunday cable ratings: 'The Walking Dead' falls, NCAA women's championship off a little". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 10, 2018). "Sunday cable ratings: 'Walking Dead,' 'Real Housewives of Atlanta' improve". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (April 17, 2018). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.15.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 24, 2018). "Sunday cable ratings: 'Westworld' Season 2 opens on par with series debut". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Homeland - Season 7 Episode 12". Showtime. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (August 11, 2016). "Homeland Officially Renewed for Season 7 and Season 8 at Showtime". TVLine. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Littleton, Cynthia (July 11, 2017). "'Homeland' Heads to Virginia for Season 7". Variety. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Sandberg, Bryn Elise (September 28, 2017). "'Homeland' Adds Dylan Baker to Season 7". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Glatter, Lesli Linka (March 29, 2018). "It's a wrap on @SHO_Homeland Season 7 in Budapest...another amazing journey with an extraordinary group of people...very grateful!!". Twitter. Retrieved March 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ Birnbaum, Debra (February 5, 2018). "'Homeland' Boss on Season 7's Trump Inspiration, Alex Jones and RIP Peter Quinn". Variety. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Homeland: Season 7". Metacritic. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Homeland: Season 7". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
External links[edit]
Television in the United States portal
Official website
List of Homeland episodes on IMDb
List of Homeland episodes at TV.com
[hide]
v
t
e
Homeland
Episodes
Season 1
"Pilot"
"Grace"
"Clean Skin"
"Semper I"
"Blind Spot"
"The Good Soldier"
"The Weekend"
"Achilles Heel"
"Crossfire"
"Representative Brody"
"The Vest"
"Marine One"
Season 2
"The Smile"
"Beirut Is Back"
"State of Independence"
"New Car Smell"
"Q&A"
"A Gettysburg Address"
"The Clearing"
"I'll Fly Away"
"Two Hats"
"Broken Hearts"
"In Memoriam"
"The Choice"
Season 3
"Tin Man Is Down"
"Uh... Oh... Ah..."
"Tower of David"
"Game On"
"The Yoga Play"
"Still Positive"
"Gerontion"
"A Red Wheelbarrow"
"One Last Thing"
"Good Night"
"Big Man in Tehran"
"The Star"
Season 4
"The Drone Queen"
"Trylon and Perisphere"
"Shalwar Kameez"
"Iron in the Fire"
"About a Boy"
"From A to B and Back Again"
"Redux"
"Halfway to a Donut"
"There's Something Else Going On"
"13 Hours in Islamabad"
"Krieg Nicht Lieb"
"Long Time Coming"
Season 5
"Separation Anxiety"
"The Tradition of Hospitality"
"Super Powers"
"Why Is This Night Different?"
"Better Call Saul"
"Parabiosis"
"Oriole"
"All About Allison"
"The Litvinov Ruse"
"New Normal"
"Our Man in Damascus"
"A False Glimmer"
Season 6
"Fair Game"
"The Man in the Basement"
"The Covenant"
"A Flash of Light"
"Casus Belli"
"The Return"
"Imminent Risk"
"alt.truth"
"Sock Puppets"
"The Flag House"
"R Is for Romeo"
"America First"
Season 7
"Enemy of the State"
"Rebel Rebel"
"Standoff"
"Like Bad at Things"
"Active Measures"
"Species Jump"
"Andante"
"Lies, Amplifiers, F**king Twitter"
"Useful Idiot"
"Clarity"
"All In"
Characters
Carrie Mathison
Nicholas Brody
Related articles
Awards and nominations
Prisoners of War
Rodina
P.O.W. - Bandi Yuddh Ke
"Homerland"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homeland_(season_7)&oldid=838388931"
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Black cat analogy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (July 2013)
The Black Cat Analogy is an analogy, accounting for the differences, mainly between science and religion, but also between others, such as philosophy and metaphysics.
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 Explanation
3 Origin
3.1 Commentators
4 References
Description[edit]
The analogy can be described like this:
Philosophy is like being in a dark room and looking for a black cat.
Metaphysics is like being in a dark room and looking for a black cat that isn't there.
Theology is like being in a dark room and looking for a black cat that isn't there, and shouting "I found it!"
Science is like being in a dark room looking for a black cat while using a flashlight.
It can also be applied to other bodies of knowledge or learning, for example by Ernest Gellner to Marxism.[1]
Explanation[edit]
Vincent Barry explains the difference between philosophy and theology as lying in the fact that philosophy is scientific and open-minded, concerned with proof, while theologians "have found their final truth" before they begin the search.[2]
Origin[edit]
Many variations on the analogy exist, and they have been variously attributed to several famous figures at different times (e.g. misquotations of Charles Darwin), but the quotation has been around since at least the 1890s.[3] Its absolute origin is unknown.[4]
Commentators[edit]
Wendy Doniger relates it to a French and English proverb: "In the dark, all cats are grey." Hegel criticised naive ideas of the Absolute, which he ridiculed as "like a night, as people say, in which all cows are black." Dashiell Hammett in The Dain Curse (1929) referred to a "blind man in a dark room hunting for a black hat that wasn't there". Ernest Gellner referred to an East European joke about science, philosophy, and Marxism as looking for a cat in a dark room with various consequences: with science the cat is present, with philosophy absent, and with Marxism absent but found.[1]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Doniger, Wendy (2011). The Implied Spider. Columbia University Press. pp. 31–33.
Jump up ^ Barry, Vincent (2011). Bioethics in a Cultural Context. Cengage. p. 65.
Jump up ^ O’Toole, Garson (15 February 2015). "A Blind Man in a Dark Room Looking for a Black Cat That Is Not There". Quote Investigator. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
Jump up ^ O’Toole, Garson (19 February 2015). "The Philosopher, the Theologian, and the Elusive Black Cat". Quote Investigator. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_cat_analogy&oldid=793336073"
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Metaphors referring to animals
Philosophical theories
Analogy
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text:
Prince-elector
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"College of Electors" redirects here. For other uses, see Electoral college.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Illustration of electors in deliberation (left to right: Archbishop of Cologne, Archbishop of Mainz, Archbishop of Trier, Count Palatine of the Rhine, Duke of Saxony, Margrave of Brandenburg and King of Bohemia).
The prince-electors (or simply electors) of the Holy Roman Empire (German: Kurfürst ( listen (help·info)), pl. Kurfürsten, Czech: Kurfiřt, Latin: Princeps Elector) were the members of the electoral college of the Holy Roman Empire.
From the 13th century onwards, the Prince-Electors had the privilege of electing the King of the Romans, who would be crowned by the Pope as Holy Roman Emperor. Charles V was the last to be a crowned Emperor (elected 1519, crowned 1530); his successors were elected Emperors directly by the electoral college, each being titled "Elected Emperor of the Romans" (German: erwählter Römischer Kaiser; Latin: electus Romanorum imperator). In practice, all but one Emperor (Charles VII from the House of Wittelsbach) from 1440 onwards came from the Austrian House of Habsburg, and the Electors merely ratified the Habsburg succession.
The dignity of Elector carried great prestige and was considered to be second only to that of King or Emperor.[1] The Electors had exclusive privileges that were not shared with the other princes of the Empire, and they continued to hold their original titles alongside that of Elector. The heir apparent to a secular prince-elector was known as an electoral prince (German: Kurprinz).
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 1257 to Thirty Years' War
1.2 Thirty Years' War to Napoleon
1.3 After the Empire
2 Etymology of Kurfürst
3 Rights and privileges
4 Imperial Diet
5 Elections
6 High offices
7 Coats of arms
8 See also
9 References
9.1 Citations
9.2 Sources
10 External links
History[edit]
Coats of arms representing the seven original electors with the figure of Germania
The German practice of electing monarchs began when ancient Germanic tribes formed ad hoc coalitions and elected the leaders thereof. Elections were irregularly held by the Franks, whose successor states include France and the Holy Roman Empire. The French monarchy eventually became hereditary, but the Holy Roman Emperors remained elective, at least in theory, although the Habsburgs provided most of the later monarchs. While all free men originally exercised the right to vote in such elections, suffrage eventually came to be limited to the leading men of the realm. In the election of Lothar II in 1125, a small number of eminent nobles chose the monarch and then submitted him to the remaining magnates for their approbation.
Soon, the right to choose the monarch was settled on an exclusive group of princes, and the procedure of seeking the approval of the remaining nobles was abandoned. The college of electors was mentioned in 1152 and again in 1198. The composition of electors at that time is unclear, but appears to have included representatives of the church and the dukes of the four nations of Germany: the Franks (Duchy of Franconia), Swabians (Duchy of Swabia), Saxons (Duchy of Saxony) and Bavarians (Duchy of Bavaria).
1257 to Thirty Years' War[edit]
A letter of Pope Urban IV[when?] suggests that by "immemorial custom", seven princes had the right to elect the King and future Emperor. The seven have been mentioned as the vote-casters in the election of 1257 that resulted in two kings becoming elected.
Three ecclesiastical Electors:
The Archbishop of Mainz
The Archbishop of Trier
The Archbishop of Cologne
Four secular Electors:
The King of Bohemia
The Count Palatine of the Rhine
The Duke of Saxony
The Margrave of Brandenburg
The three Archbishops oversaw the most venerable and powerful sees in Germany, while the other four were supposed to represent the dukes of the four nations. The Count Palatine of the Rhine held most of the former Duchy of Franconia after the last Duke died in 1039. The Margrave of Brandenburg became an Elector when the Duchy of Swabia was dissolved after the last Duke of Swabia was beheaded in 1268. Saxony, even with diminished territory, retained its eminent position.
The Palatinate and Bavaria were originally held by the same individual, but in 1253, they were divided between two members of the House of Wittelsbach. The other electors refused to allow two princes from the same dynasty to have electoral rights, so a heated rivalry arose between the Count Palatine and the Duke of Bavaria over who should hold the Wittelsbach seat.
Meanwhile, the King of Bohemia, who held the ancient imperial office of Arch-Cupbearer, asserted his right to participate in elections. Sometimes he was challenged on the grounds that his kingdom was not German, though usually he was recognized, instead of Bavaria which after all was just a younger line of Wittelsbachs.[citation needed]
The Declaration of Rhense issued in 1338 had the effect that election by the majority of the electors automatically conferred the royal title and rule over the empire, without papal confirmation. The Golden Bull of 1356 finally resolved the disputes among the electors. Under it, the Archbishops of Mainz, Trier, and Cologne, as well as the King of Bohemia, the Count Palatine of the Rhine, the Duke of Saxony, and the Margrave of Brandenburg held the right to elect the King.
The Ratification of the Treaty of Münster by Gerard Terborch, 1648.
The college's composition remained unchanged until the 17th century, although the Electorate of Saxony was transferred from the senior to the junior branch of the Wettin family in 1547, in the aftermath of the Schmalkaldic War.
Thirty Years' War to Napoleon[edit]
In 1621, the Elector Palatine, Frederick V, came under the imperial ban after participating in the Bohemian Revolt (a part of the Thirty Years' War). The Elector Palatine's seat was conferred on the Duke of Bavaria, the head of a junior branch of his family. Originally, the Duke held the electorate personally, but it was later made hereditary along with the duchy. When the Thirty Years' War concluded with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, a new electorate was created for the Count Palatine of the Rhine. Since the Elector of Bavaria retained his seat, the number of electors increased to eight; the two Wittelsbach lines now sufficiently estranged so as not to pose a combined potential threat.
In 1685, the religious composition of the College of Electors was disrupted when a Catholic branch of the Wittelsbach family inherited the Palatinate. A new Protestant electorate was created in 1692 for the Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, who became known as the Elector of Hanover (the Imperial Diet officially confirmed the creation in 1708). The Elector of Saxony converted to Catholicism in 1697 so that he could become King of Poland, but no additional Protestant electors were created. Although the Elector of Saxony was personally Catholic, the Electorate itself remained officially Protestant, and the Elector even remained the leader of the Protestant body in the Reichstag.
In 1706, the Elector of Bavaria and Archbishop of Cologne were banned during the War of the Spanish Succession, but both were restored in 1714 after the Peace of Baden. In 1777, the number of electors was reduced to eight when the Elector Palatine inherited Bavaria.
Catholic electoral votes:
The Archbishop of Mainz
The Archbishop of Trier
The Archbishop of Cologne
The King of Bohemia (Habsburg)
The Elector of Bavaria
Protestant electoral votes:
The Elector of Saxony (Catholic)
The Elector of Brandenburg, who was also King of Prussia
The Elector of Hanover, who was also King of Great Britain
Many changes to the composition of the college were necessitated by Napoleon's aggression during the early 19th century. The Treaty of Lunéville (1801), which ceded territory on the Rhine's left bank to France, led to the abolition of the archbishoprics of Trier and Cologne, and the transfer of the remaining spiritual Elector from Mainz to Regensburg. In 1803, electorates were created for the Duke of Württemberg, the Margrave of Baden, the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, and the Duke of Salzburg, bringing the total number of electors to ten. When Austria annexed Salzburg under the Treaty of Pressburg (1805), the Duke of Salzburg moved to the Grand Duchy of Würzburg and retained his electorate. None of the new electors, however, had an opportunity to cast votes, as the Holy Roman Empire was abolished in 1806, and the new electorates were never confirmed by the Emperor.
After the Empire[edit]
After the abolition of the Holy Roman Empire in August 1806, the Electors continued to reign over their territories, many of them taking higher titles. The Electors of Bavaria, Württemberg, and Saxony styled themselves Kings, while the Electors of Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt, Regensburg, and Würzburg became Grand Dukes. The Elector of Hesse-Kassel, however, retained the meaningless title "Elector of Hesse", thus distinguishing himself from other Hessian princes (the Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt and the Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg). Napoleon soon exiled him and Kassel was annexed to the Kingdom of Westphalia, a new creation. The King of Great Britain remained at war with Napoleon and continued to style himself Elector of Hanover, while the Hanoverian government continued to operate in London.
The Congress of Vienna accepted the Electors of Bavaria, Württemberg, and Saxony as Kings, along with the newly created Grand Dukes. The Elector of Hanover finally joined his fellow Electors by declaring himself the King of Hanover. The restored Elector of Hesse, a Napoleonic creation, tried to be recognized as the King of the Chatti. However, the European powers refused to acknowledge this title at the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818) and instead listed him with the grand dukes as a "Royal Highness."[2] Believing the title of Prince-Elector to be superior in dignity to that of Grand Duke, the Elector of Hesse-Kassel chose to remain an Elector, even though there was no longer a Holy Roman Emperor to elect. Hesse-Kassel remained the only Electorate in Germany until 1866, when the country backed the losing side in the Austro-Prussian War and was absorbed into Prussia.
Etymology of Kurfürst[edit]
The German element Kur- is based on the Middle High German irregular verb kiesen[3] and is related etymologically to the English word choose (cf. Old English ceosan [tʃeo̯zan], participle coren 'having been chosen' and Gothic kiusan). In English, the "s"/"r" mix in the Germanic verb conjugation has been regularized to "s" throughout, while German retains the r in Kur-. There is also a modern German verb küren which means 'to choose' in a ceremonial sense. Fürst is German for 'prince', but while the German language distinguishes between the head of a principality (der Fürst) and the son of a monarch (der Prinz), English uses prince for both concepts. Fürst itself is related to English first and is thus the 'foremost' person in his realm. Note that 'prince' derives from Latin princeps, which carried the same meaning.
Rights and privileges[edit]
Electors were reichsstände (Imperial Estates), enjoying precedence over the other princes. They were, until the 18th century, exclusively entitled to be addressed with the title Durchlaucht (Serene Highness). In 1742, the electors became entitled to the superlative Durchläuchtigste (Most Serene Highness), while other princes were promoted to Durchlaucht.
As Imperial Estates, the electors enjoyed all the privileges of the other princes enjoying that status, including the right to enter into alliances, autonomy in relation to dynastic affairs and precedence over other subjects. The Golden Bull had granted them the Privilegium de non appellando, which prevented their subjects from lodging an appeal to a higher Imperial court. However, while this privilege, and some others, were automatically granted to Electors, they were not exclusive to them and many of the larger Imperial Estates were also to be individually granted some or all those rights and privileges.[4]
Imperial Diet[edit]
The electors, like the other princes ruling States of the Empire, were members of the Imperial Diet, which was divided into three collegia: the Council of Electors, the Council of Princes, and the Council of Cities. In addition to being members of the Council of Electors, several lay electors were therefore members of the Council of Princes as well by virtue of other territories they possessed. In many cases, the lay electors ruled numerous States of the Empire, and therefore held several votes in the Council of Princes. In 1792, the King of Bohemia held three votes, the Elector of Bavaria six votes, the Elector of Brandenburg eight votes, and the Elector of Hanover six votes. Thus, of the hundred votes in the Council of Princes in 1792, twenty-three belonged to electors. The lay electors therefore exercised considerable influence, being members of the small Council of Electors and holding a significant number of votes in the Council of Princes. The assent of both bodies was required for important decisions affecting the structure of the Empire, such as the creation of new electorates or States of the Empire.
In addition to voting by colleges or councils, the Imperial Diet also voted on religious lines, as provided for by the Peace of Westphalia. The Archbishop of Mainz presided over the Catholic body, or corpus catholicorum, while the Elector of Saxony presided over the Protestant body, or corpus evangelicorum. The division into religious bodies was on the basis of the official religion of the state, and not of its rulers. Thus, even when the Electors of Saxony were Catholics during the eighteenth century, they continued to preside over the corpus evangelicorum, since the state of Saxony was officially Protestant.
Elections[edit]
Coats of arms of prince electors surround the Holy Roman Emperor's; from flags book of Jacob Köbel (1545).
Main article: Imperial election
The individual chosen by the electors assumed the title "King of the Romans", though he actually reigned in Germany. The King of the Romans became Holy Roman Emperor only when crowned by the Pope. On many occasions, a Pope refused to crown a king with whom he was engaged in a dispute, but a lack of a papal coronation deprived a king of only the title Emperor and not of the power to govern[citation needed] (cf Declaration of Rhense). The Habsburg dynasty stopped the practice of papal coronations. After Charles V, all individuals chosen by the electors were merely "Emperors elect"[citation needed].
The electors were originally summoned by the Archbishop of Mainz within one month of an Emperor's death, and met within three months of being summoned. During the interregnum, imperial power was exercised by two imperial vicars. Each vicar, in the words of the Golden Bull, was "the administrator of the empire itself, with the power of passing judgments, of presenting to ecclesiastical benefices, of collecting returns and revenues and investing with fiefs, of receiving oaths of fealty for and in the name of the holy empire". The Elector of Saxony was vicar in areas operating under Saxon law (Saxony, Westphalia, Hanover, and northern Germany), while the Elector Palatine was vicar in the remainder of the Empire (Franconia, Swabia, the Rhine, and southern Germany). The Elector of Bavaria replaced the Elector Palatine in 1623, but when the latter was granted a new electorate in 1648, there was a dispute between the two as to which was vicar. In 1659, both purported to act as vicar, but the other vicar recognised the Elector of Bavaria. Later, the two electors made a pact to act as joint vicars, but the Imperial Diet rejected the agreement. In 1711, while the Elector of Bavaria was under the ban of the Empire, the Elector Palatine again acted as vicar, but his cousin was restored to his position upon his restoration three years later. Finally, in 1745, the two agreed to alternate as vicars, with Bavaria starting first. This arrangement was upheld by the Imperial Diet in 1752. In 1777 the question became moot when the Elector Palatine inherited Bavaria. On many occasions, however, there was no interregnum, as a new king had been elected during the lifetime of the previous Emperor.
Frankfurt regularly served as the site of the election from the fifteenth century on, but elections were also held at Cologne (1531), Regensburg (1575 and 1636), and Augsburg (1653 and 1690). An elector could appear in person or could appoint another elector as his proxy. More often, an electoral suite or embassy was sent to cast the vote; the credentials of such representatives were verified by the Archbishop of Mainz, who presided over the ceremony. The deliberations were held at the city hall, but voting occurred in the cathedral. In Frankfurt, a special electoral chapel, or Wahlkapelle, was used for elections. Under the Golden Bull, a majority of electors sufficed to elect a king, and each elector could cast only one vote. Electors were free to vote for whomsoever they pleased (including themselves), but dynastic considerations played a great part in the choice. Electors drafted a Wahlkapitulation, or electoral capitulation, which was presented to the king-elect. The capitulation may be described as a contract between the princes and the king, the latter conceding rights and powers to the electors and other princes. Once an individual swore to abide by the electoral capitulation, he assumed the office of King of the Romans.
In the 10th and 11th centuries, princes often acted merely to confirm hereditary succession in the Saxon Ottonian dynasty and Franconian Salian dynasty. But with the actual formation of the prince-elector class, elections became more open, starting with the election of Lothair II in 1125. The Staufen dynasty managed to get its sons formally elected in their fathers' lifetimes almost as a formality. After these lines ended in extinction, the electors began to elect kings from different families so that the throne would not once again settle within a single dynasty. For some two centuries, the monarchy was elective both in theory and in practice; the arrangement, however, did not last, since the powerful House of Habsburg managed to secure succession within their dynasty during the fifteenth century. All kings elected from 1438 onwards were from among the Habsburg Archdukes of Austria (and later Kings of Hungary and Bohemia) until 1740, when the archduchy was inherited by a woman, Maria Theresa, sparking the War of the Austrian Succession. A representative of the House of Wittelsbach was elected for a short period of time, but in 1745, Maria Theresa's husband, Francis I of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty, became King. All of his successors were also from the same family. Hence, for the greater part of the Empire's history, the role of the electors was largely ceremonial.
High offices[edit]
The Arms of Maximilian, Duke of Bavaria, Arch-Steward and Prince-Elector.
The Arms of George III, King of Great Britain and Ireland and King of Hanover.
Each elector held a "High Office of the Empire" (Reichserzämter) and was a member of the (ceremonial) Imperial Household. The three spiritual electors were all Arch-Chancellors (German: Erzkanzler, Latin: Archicancellarius): the Archbishop of Mainz was Arch-Chancellor of Germany, the Archbishop of Cologne was Arch-Chancellor of Italy, and the Archbishop of Trier was Arch-Chancellor of Burgundy. The other offices were as follows:
Augmentation
Imperial office
German
Latin
Elector
Arch-Butler or Arch-Cupbearer Erzmundschenk Archipincerna King of Bohemia
Arch-Seneschal or Arch-Steward Erztruchseß Archidapifer Elector Palatine to 1623
Elector of Bavaria, 1623–1706
Elector Palatine, 1706–1714
Elector of Bavaria, 1714–1806
Arch-Marshal Erzmarschall Archimarescallus Elector of Saxony
Arch-Chamberlain Erzkämmerer Archicamerarius Elector of Brandenburg
Arch-Treasurer Erzschatzmeister Archithesaurarius Elector Palatine, 1648–1706
Elector of Hanover, 1710–1714
Elector Palatine, 1714–1777
Elector of Hanover, 1777–1814
Arch-Bannerbearer Erzbannerträger Archivexillarius Elector of Hanover, 1708–1710 and 1714–1777
When the Duke of Bavaria replaced the Elector Palatine in 1623, he assumed the latter's office of Arch-Steward. When the Count Palatine was granted a new electorate, he assumed the position of Arch-Treasurer of the Empire. When the Duke of Bavaria was banned in 1706, the Elector Palatine returned to the office of Arch-Steward, and in 1710 the Elector of Hanover was promoted to the post of Arch-Treasurer. Matters were complicated by the Duke of Bavaria's restoration in 1714; the Elector of Bavaria resumed the office of Arch-Steward, while the Elector Palatine returned to the post of Arch-Treasurer, and the Elector of Hanover was given the new office of Archbannerbearer. The Electors of Hanover, however, continued to be styled Arch-Treasurers, though the Elector Palatine was the one who actually exercised the office until 1777, when he inherited Bavaria and the Arch-Stewardship. After 1777, no further changes were made to the Imperial Household; new offices were planned for the Electors admitted in 1803, but the Empire was abolished before they could be created. The Duke of Württemberg, however, started to adopt the trappings of the Arch-Bannerbearer.
Many High Officers were entitled to use augmentations on their coats of arms; these augmentations, which were special marks of honour, appeared in the centre of the electors' shields (as shown in the image above) atop the other charges (in heraldic terms, the augmentations appeared in the form of inescutcheons). The Arch-Steward used gules an orb Or (a gold orb on a red field). The Arch-Marshal utilised the more complicated per fess sable and argent, two swords in saltire gules (two red swords arranged in the form of a saltire, on a black and white field). The Arch-Chamberlain's augmentation was azure a sceptre palewise Or (a gold sceptre on a blue field), while the Arch-Treasurer's was gules the crown of Charlemagne Or (a gold crown on a red field). As noted above, the Elector Palatine and the Elector of Hanover styled themselves Arch-Treasurer from 1714 until 1777; during this time, both electors used the corresponding augmentations. The three Arch-Chancellors and the Arch-Cupbearer did not use any augmentations.
The electors discharged the ceremonial duties associated with their offices only during coronations, where they bore the crown and regalia of the Empire. Otherwise, they were represented by holders of corresponding "Hereditary Offices of the Household". The Arch-Butler was represented by the Butler (Cupbearer) (the Count of Althann), the Arch-Seneschal by the Steward (the Count of Waldburg), the Arch-Chamberlain by the Chamberlain (the Count of Hohenzollern), the Arch-Marshal by the Marshal (the Count of Pappenheim), and the Arch-Treasurer by the Treasurer (the Count of Sinzendorf). The Duke of Württemberg assigned the count of Zeppelin-Aschhausen as hereditary Bannerbearer.
Coats of arms[edit]
Coat of arms of the states granted the electoral dignity:
Three ecclesiastic/spiritual electors (archbishops):
Archbishop of Mainz
Archbishop of Trier
Archbishop of Cologne
Four secular electors:
Kingdom of Bohemia
County Palatine of the Rhine
Duchy of Saxony
Margraviate of Brandenburg
Electors added in 17th century:
Duchy of Bavaria was granted electoral dignity by Ferdinand II in 1623, removing the dignity from the County Palatinate.
Electorate of Hanover (Brunswick-Lüneburg), made an elector by Leopold I in 1692 as a reward for aid given in the War of the Grand Alliance
During the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire, between 1803 and 1806:
Principality of Regensburg was added in 1803, after the annexation of Mainz by the French
Grand Duchy of Salzburg was added in 1803. After being mediatised to Austria in 1805, its electoral vote was transferred to Würzburg. Salzburg and Würzburg were ruled by the same person, Ferdinand III.
Grand Duchy of Würzburg
Duchy of Württemberg was raised to an electorate by Napoleon in 1803
Margraviate of Baden was added in 1803
Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel was added in 1803
See also[edit]
Elective monarchy
Electoral Palace (disambiguation)
Electress
Imperial election
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ Precedence among Nations
Jump up ^ Satow, Ernest Mason (1932). A Guide to Diplomatic Practice. London: Longmans.
Jump up ^ Deutsches Wörterbuch: Kurfürst, Kür and kiesen
Jump up ^ Even a small Free Imperial City such as Schwäbisch Gmünd had been granted the Privilegium de non appellando in 1475. Cf. Kaiser Friedrich III.: Privilegium de non appellando für Schwäbisch Gmünd, 1475
Sources[edit]
Bryce, J. (1887). The Holy Roman Empire, 8th ed. New York: Macmillan.
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Germany". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. (Wikisource text needs proofreading)
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chambers, Ephraim, ed. (1728). "article name needed". Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (first ed.). James and John Knapton, et al.
External links[edit]
The Avalon Project. (2003). "The Golden Bull of the Emperor Charles IV 1356 A.D."
Oestreich, G. and Holzer, E. (1973). " Übersicht über die Reichsstände." In Gebhardt, Bruno. Handbuch der Deutschen Geschichte, 9th ed. (Vol. 2, pp. 769–784). Stuttgart: Ernst Ketler Verlag.
Velde, F. R. (2003). "Royal Styles."
Velde, F. R. (2004). "The Holy Roman Empire."
"Electors, German Imperial". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
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Electors of the Holy Roman Empire from 1356 to 1806
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Added in the 17th century
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Added in the 19th century
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Who Stole the Cookie from the Cookie Jar?
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Cookie Jar Song" redirects here. For the Gym Class Heroes song, see Cookie Jar (song).
"Who Stole the Cookie from the Cookie Jar?" or the Cookie Jar Song is a sing along and game of children's music. The song is an infinite-loop motif, where each verse directly feeds into the next. The game begins with the children sitting or standing, arranged in an inward-facing circle.
The song usually begins with the group leader asking who stole a cookie from an imaginary (or sometimes real) cookie jar, followed by the name of one of the children in the circle. The child questions the "accusation," answered by an affirmation from the "accuser," followed by continued denial from the "accused." The accuser asks who stole the cookie, followed by the name of another child in the circle. The call-and-answer is potentially infinitely recursive, limited only by the number of participants or the amount of time the participants wish to spend on it.
Sometimes, a clapping or snapping beat is used by the children in the circle. Sometimes, the other children in the group sing along with the "accuser" after the "accused" has been identified. Some variations on the theme include the use by teachers of the song as a lesson in keeping with a beat and improvisation. As with many children's songs, there can be many variations on the execution of the performance.
The song's lyrics are usually:
Accuser: Who stole/took the cookie/cookies from the cookie jar?
(name of a child in the circle) stole/took the cookie/cookies from the cookie jar.
Accused: Who, me?
Accuser/Group: Yes, you!/Yeah, you!
Accused: Couldn't be!/Not me!/Wasn't me!
Accuser/Group: Then who?
This is followed by the "accused" saying the name of someone else, as "(name of a child in the circle) stole the cookie from the cookie jar," and the subsequent back-and-forth lines are repeated. The song may be repeated ad infinitum or it may end - if it is being performed as part of a game, where members of the group are eliminated by failing to keep up with the prescribed beat or eliminated as a result of being chosen as one of the accused.
The song, and game, is featured as one of the sequences in Grandpa's Magical Toys; the only accusation that is missing is that of the Dutch Girl, and she reveals that she got all the toys and the last cookie. The song was also done on three episodes of Barney & Friends. A variation of the song has been used in Smart4life commercials in the US beginning in 2009. The song was also used in the Family Guy episode "When You Wish Upon a Weinstein." The song was used in The Simpsons episode "Kamp Krustier" where Chief Wiggum arrests two kids after they sing it in a group activity.
See also[edit]
The Priest of the Parish
External links[edit]
Example of a lesson plan used by teachers, with lyrics, and appropriate grade level.
A variation on the performance of the piece, noting the importance of keeping to a rhythm.
[hide]
v
t
e
Nursery rhymes (list)
"A-Tisket, A-Tasket"
"Aiken Drum"
"Baa, Baa, Black Sheep"
"Did You Ever See a Lassie?"
"Hey Diddle Diddle"
"Hickory Dickory Dock"
"Hot Cross Buns"
"Humpty Dumpty"
"I'm a Little Teapot"
"It's Raining, It's Pouring"
"Jack and Jill"
"Little Bo-Peep"
"Little Boy Blue"
"Little Jack Horner"
"Little Miss Muffet"
"Mary Had a Little Lamb"
"Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary"
"Old King Cole"
"Old MacDonald Had a Farm"
"Old Mother Hubbard"
"Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe"
"Peter Piper"
"Polly Put the Kettle On"
"Poor Mary"
"Pop Goes the Weasel"
"Pussy Cat Pussy Cat"
"Rain Rain Go Away"
"Roses Are Red"
"Rub-a-dub-dub"
"Simple Simon"
"Sticks and Stones"
"The Grand Old Duke of York"
"The Queen of Hearts"
"Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star"
Clapping
"A Sailor Went to Sea"
"Down Down Baby"
"Mary Mack"
"Miss Susie"
"Miss Lucy"
"Pat-a-cake"
"Pretty Little Dutch Girl"
"Pease Porridge Hot"
Counting
"Duck, duck, goose"
"Eeny, meeny, miny, moe"
"One, Two, Buckle My Shoe"
"One, Two, Three, Four, Five"
"This Old Man"
"Tinker, Tailor"
Finger-
plays
"Five Little Monkeys"
"Five Little Ducks"
"Five Little Speckled Frogs"
"Itsy Bitsy Spider"
"Little Robin Redbreast"
"Round and Round the Garden"
"This Little Piggy"
"Two Little Dickie Birds"
Games
"London Bridge"
"The Muffin Man"
"Mulberry Bush"
"Oranges and Lemons"
"Ring a Ring o' Roses"
"The Farmer in the Dell"
Riddle
"As I was going to St Ives"
Lullabies
"Hush, Little Baby"
"Rock-a-bye Baby"
Rounds
"Ding Dong Bell"
"Frère Jacques"
"Kookaburra"
"Row, Row, Row Your Boat"
"Scotland's Burning"
"Three Blind Mice"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Stole_the_Cookie_from_the_Cookie_Jar%3F&oldid=834546477"
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Children's songs
Music education
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Nursery rhymes
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