text:
Latin American integration
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For the 1965 mural by Jorge González Camarena, see Presencia de América Latina.
The integration of Latin America has a history going back to Spanish American and Brazilian independence, when there was discussion of creating a regional state or confederation of Latin American nations to protect the area's newly won autonomy. After several projects failed, the issue was not taken up again until the late nineteenth century, but now centered on the issue of international trade and with a sense of Pan-Americanism, owing to the United States of America taking a leading role in the project. The idea of granting these organizations a primarily political purpose did not become prominent again until the post-World War II period, which saw both the start of the Cold War and a climate of international cooperation that led to the creation of institutions such as the United Nations. It would not be until the mid-twentieth century that uniquely Latin American organizations were created.
Contents
[hide]
1 Nineteenth-century precedents
2 Twentieth century
3 Uniquely Latin American organizations
4 Organization membership
5 See also
6 References
Nineteenth-century precedents[edit]
At the end of the wars of independence (1808–1825), many new sovereign states emerged in the Americas from the former Spanish colonies. The South American independence leader Simón Bolívar envisioned various unions that would ensure the independence of Spanish America vis-à-vis the European powers—in particular the United Kingdom—and the expanding United States. Already in his 1815 Cartagena Manifesto, Bolívar advocated that the Spanish American provinces should present a united front to the Spanish in order to prevent their being re-conquered piecemeal, though he did not yet propose a political union of any kind. During the wars of independence, the fight against Spain was marked by only an incipient sense of nationalism. It was unclear what the new states that replaced the Spanish monarchy should be. Most of those who fought for independence identified with both their birth provinces and Spanish America as a whole, both of which they referred to as their patria, a term which incorporates meanings contained today in the English words "fatherland" and "homeland".[1]
As Bolívar made advances against royalist forces, he began to propose the creation of various large states and confederations, inspired by Francisco de Miranda's idea of an independent state consisting of all of Spanish America, which Miranda variously called "Colombia", the "American Empire" or the "American Federation".[2] In 1819, Bolívar was able to successfully create a nation called "Colombia" (today referred to as Gran Colombia) out of several Spanish American provinces; in 1825, he proposed joining it to Peru and Upper Peru in a confederation or state that he suggested be called the "Bolivian Federation" or "Bolivian Union", and which historians refer to as the "Andean Confederation", but this never came about.[3][4][5]
Other large states that emerged from the disintegration of the Spanish Monarchy also failed to prove long-lived. The Federal Republic of Central America, created out of the former Captaincy General of Guatemala, ceased to exist in 1840. The United Provinces of South America was never viable and suffered from nearly constant civil war between its provinces and the capital, Buenos Aires. Argentina would not become united until the 1850s. The 1836 attempt to reunite the key regions of the former Viceroyalty of Peru in a Peru-Bolivian Confederation fell apart after three years. Only Mexico, which consisted of the core areas of the Viceroyalty of New Spain remained as a physically large state in Latin America. The other regional exception was the Empire of Brazil, from which Portugal essentially declared independence in 1820 by demanding the return of the Portuguese king and court from Rio de Janeiro.
Bolívar also proposed a separate league of the newly independent Spanish American republics, and to this end organized the Amphictyonic Congress or the Congress of Panama in 1826. Bolívar did not invite Brazil, since it was a monarchy and he saw it as a threat to the new republics' existence, nor did he invite the government at Buenos Aires, since the region lacked any real political unity to effectively be represented. Only after pressure was placed on him was the United States invited to the congress, but one representative died en route and the other arrived after deliberations were concluded. The United Kingdom was present only as an observer. The congress did draft a "Treaty of Union, League, and Perpetual Confederation", a pact of mutual defense and commerce, but only Gran Colombia ratified it. Gran Colombia itself fell apart in 1830. Because of these failed projects, Latin American politicians often speak of regional integration as "Bolivar's dream".
The Pan American Union headquarters building in Washington, D.C. in 1943.
Sixty-three years after the Amphictyonic Congress, a secretariat, the Commercial Bureau of the American Republics, was created by eighteen American nations in 1889 at the First Pan-American Conference to promote trade in the western hemisphere. The Commercial Bureau began functioning on April 14, 1890. The bureau was renamed the International Commercial Bureau at the Second International Conference of 1901–1902. At the Fourth Pan-American Conference in 1910, the name of the organization was changed to the Union of American Republics and the International Commercial Bureau became the Pan American Union.
Twentieth century[edit]
The experience of World War II convinced hemispheric governments that unilateral action by one nation could not ensure the territorial integrity of the American nations in the event of extra-continental aggression, in particular Soviet or communist incursions. To meet the challenges of global conflict in the Cold War period and to contain conflicts within the hemisphere, they adopted a system of collective security, the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance, popularly known as the Rio Treaty, in 1947. The following year, at the Ninth International Conference of American States, headed by U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall, twenty-one member states pledged to fight communism in the Americas, and transformed the Pan American Union into the Organization of American States (OAS). The transition was smooth. The Director General of the Pan American Union, Alberto Lleras Camargo, became the OAS's first Secretary General and the organization began functioning in December 1951.
The 2007 Ibero-American Summit in Santiago, Chile.
By the late twentieth century, many Latin American leaders saw a need for an alternative organization that was not dominated by the United States. The experience of dealing with the 1970s and 1980s communist insurgencies in Central America through the creation of the Contadora Group, which did not include the United States, inspired the creation of the Rio Group in 1986. The Rio Group did not create a secretariat or permanent body and instead chose to rely on yearly summits of heads of states.
Latin America also reached out to Europe, in particular its former colonial mother countries, to create other regional organizations based around common languages and cultures. In 1991 the governments of Mexico, Brazil and Spain organized the First Ibero-American Summits of Heads of State and Governments in Guadalajara, Mexico. The result was the creation of the Iberoamerican Community of Nations, which holds yearly summits of its heads of state.
Uniquely Latin American organizations[edit]
Trade, not politics, also served as the principal issue around which various, uniquely Latin American regional organizations were formed after mid-century. On October 14, 1951, the governments of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua signed a new treaty creating the Organization of Central American States (Organización de Estados Centroamericanos, or ODECA) to promote regional cooperation, integration and unity in Central America. This led to the creation of the Central American Common Market, the Central American Bank for Economic Integration, and the Secretariat for Central American Economic Integration (SIECA) nine years later on December 13, 1960.
Other regional trade blocs were also established in this period. The Latin American Free Trade Association (ALALC) was formed by the 1960 Treaty of Montevideo, which was signed by Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay. The signatories hoped to create a common market in Latin America and offered tariff rebates among member nations. Its main goal was to eliminate all duties and restrictions on the majority of their trade within a twelve-year period. ALALC came into effect on January 2, 1962.[6] Inspired by the European Communities, in 1980 the ALALC was transformed into the Latin American Integration Association (ALADI) by the second Treaty of Montevideo to pursue the more ambitious goal of improving the economic and social development of the region through the establishment of the common market.
In 1969 the Andean Pact was founded by Chile, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador and Colombia. In 1973, the pact gained its sixth member, Venezuela. In 1976, however, its membership was again reduced to five when Chile withdrew. Venezuela announced its withdrawal in 2006, reducing the Andean Community to four member states. The name of the organization was changed to the Andean Community of Nations (CAN) in 1996. In 1985 the presidents of Argentina and Brazil signed the Argentina-Brazil Integration and Economics Cooperation Program. This eventually led to the founding of Mercosur by Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina in 1991 to promote free trade and the fluid movement of goods, people, and currency. Venezuela joined Mercosur in 2012[7] and Bolivia is an acceding member.[8][9] In 1995 Mexico, Colombia and Venezuela created the G3 Free Trade Agreement. Venezuela left the G3 in 2006 at the same time it left the CAN. In addition to these trade organizations, several parliamentary organizations have been created. Mercosur agreed in December 2004 to create a Mercosur Parliament, which should begin functioning in 2010. A Latin American Parliament was created in 1987; this is located in Panama City.
In December 2004 Mercosur and the Andean Community of Nations signed a reciprocal associate-member status agreement and issued the Cusco Declaration stating that they would create a political South American Community of Nations. The Declaration purposely invoked "Bolívar's dream," noting that it would be partially realizing his vision of uniting Latin America. The original name of the union was changed to the current one, the Union of South American Nations in April 2007.[10]
Following the 2011 Declaration de Lima, the Pacific Alliance was established in 2012 by the founding members Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru. As of 2015[update], Costa Rica is in the process of joining. While membership is currently exclusively Latin American, a potential membership application by Canada is being considered favorably by some.[11][12]
Organization membership[edit]
For Anglo America and Latin America
Country OAS CELAC ACS Caricom OECS UNASUR CAN MERCOSUR LAP LAIA LAES RG SICA ALBA PA
Canada x o o
USA x o
Mexico x x x o o x x x x x
Guatemala x x x x o x x x o
El Salvador x x x x o x x x o
Honduras a x x x o x x x o
Nicaragua x x x x o x x x x
Costa Rica x x x x o x x x a
Dominican Republic x x x o x o x x a o
Panama x x x o x o x x x o
Cuba a x x x x x x x
Venezuela x x x o x x x x x x x
Colombia x x x o x x a x x x x x
Ecuador x x o x x a x x x x x
Peru x x o x x a x x x x x
Bolivia x x x x a x x x x x
Chile x x o x a a x x x x x
Argentina x x o x a x x x x x
Uruguay x x x a x x x x x o o
Paraguay x x x a x x x x x o o
Brazil x x o x a x x x x x
Antigua and Barbuda x x x x x x
Bahamas x x x x x
Barbados x x x x x
Belize x x x x x x x
Dominica x x x x x x o
Grenada x x x x x x o
Guyana x x x x x x x
Haiti x x x x x x o
Jamaica x x x x x x
Saint Kitts and Nevis x x x x x
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines x x x x x x
Saint Lucia x x x x x
Suriname x x x x x x x x
Trinidad and Tobago x x x x x o
Montserrat x x
Anguilla a a
Bermuda a
British Virgin Islands a a
Cayman Islands a
Turks and Caicos Islands a a
Aruba a o
Netherlands Antilles a o
France o a o
Puerto Rico o
U.S. Virgin Islands
map
map with observers
Country OAS CELAC ACS Caricom OECS UNASUR CAN MERCOSUR LAP LAIA LAES RG SICA ALBA PA
Legend: [x - member] — [a - associate or acceding] — [o - observer]
x - member; o - observer; a - associate/acceding
See also[edit]
Regional integration
European integration
Pan-Americanism
Panhispanism
Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
Organization of Ibero-American States
Latin nationalism
Patria Grande
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Chasteen, John Charles (2008). Americanos: Latin America's Struggle for Independence. Oxford University Press, 160-161. ISBN 978-0-19-517881-4
Jump up ^ Miranda, Francisco de. "Proyectos constitucionales de Miranda" in Rudolfo Cortés, Santos (ed.) (1960). Antología documental de Venezuela, 1492-1900: Materiales para la enseñanza de la historia de Venezuela. Caracas, 163. OCLC 569544
Jump up ^ Bushnell, David (1970). The Santander Regime in Gran Colombia. Westport: Greenwood Press, 325-335. ISBN 0-8371-2981-8
Jump up ^ Chasteen, Americanos, 164-165.
Jump up ^ Bolívar to Antonio José de Sucre (1826) in Bolívar, Simon, Vicente Lecuna and Harold A. Bierck (1951). Selected Writings of Bolívar. New York: Colonial Press, 590-592, 633-634. OCLC 8633466
Jump up ^ Schmitter, Philippe C. (1964). Mexico and Latin American Economic Integration. California: Institute of International Studies, 1.
Jump up ^ Venezuela officially welcomed into Mercosur trade bloc during ceremony in Brazil (31 July 2012) Reuters. Retrieved on 1 August 2012
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "Bolivia will hold double membership of Mercosur and the Andean Community". MercoPress. 24 June 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Kornegay, Francis A.; Bohler-Muller, Narnia (2013). Laying the BRICS of a New Global Order: From Yekaterinburg 2009 to eThekwini 2013. Africa Institute of South Africa. p. 324. ISBN 0798304030.
Jump up ^ Clark, Campbell (20 May 2013). "Canada called 'a natural fit' for Pacific Alliance". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Scoffield, Heather (23 May 2013). "Harper says it's 'too early' to decide whether to join Pacific Alliance". The Canadian Press. Bell Media. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
[show]
v
t
e
Pan-Americanism
History
Spanish American wars of independence
Latin American wars of independence
Latin American integration
North American integration
Patria Grande
Simón Bolívar
José de San Martín
Lucas Alamán
Inter-American Commission of Women
Organizations
Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (ACTO)
Andean Community of Nations (CAN)
Association of Caribbean States (ACS)
Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)
Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
Central American Integration System (SICA)
Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)
Contadora group
Contadora support group
Latin American Economic System (SELA)
Latin American Integration Association (ALADI)
Mercosur
Organization of American States (OAS)
Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)
Organization of Ibero-American States (OEI)
Pacific Alliance
Petrocaribe
Rio Group
Union of South American Nations (Unasur)
United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC, CEPAL)
Projects
Andean passport
CARICOM passport
CARICOM Single Market and Economy
CARIPASS
Central America-4 Border Control Agreement
Central America-4 passport
Eastern Caribbean Currency Union
Initiative for the Integration of the Regional Infrastructure of South America (IIRSA)
Interoceanic Highway
SUCRE
Institutions
Andean Parliament
Bank of the South
Caribbean Court of Justice
Caribbean Development Bank
Central American Parliament
Development Bank of Latin America
Inter-American Development Bank
Latin American Parliament
Mercosur Parliament
South American Parliament
Free trade areas
Caribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA)
CARIFORUM
Dominican Republic–Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR)
Economic Partnership Agreements
Free Trade Area of the Americas
G3 Free Trade Agreement
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
[show]
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Global governance and identity
Proposals
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World government
Theories
Anti-nationalism
Cosmopolitanism
Counter-hegemonic globalization
Democratic globalization
Democratic mundialization
Global citizenship
Global governance
Globalism
Internationalism
Transnational governance
World currency
World taxation system
Organisations
Democratic World Federalists
Global citizens movement
World Federalist Movement
World Service Authority
World Passport
[show]
v
t
e
Forms of economic integration
Trade bloc
Preferential trading area
Free-trade area
Economic partnership
Passport-free zone
Single market
Economic union
Customs union
Monetary union
Customs and monetary union
Economic and monetary union
Complete economic integration
Shared policies
Fiscal union
Social union
Political union
Theory
Economic integration effects
Friction of distance
Harmonisation of law
Theory of the second best
Regions
Europe
Latin America
Middle East
North America
Bibliography
Rivera, Salvador. Latin American Unification: A History of Political and Economic Integration Efforts. North Carolina: McFarland Press, 2014.
Rivera, Salvador. "Jacob K. Javits and Latin American Economic Integration" Cuaderno de Negocios Internacionales e Integración 13. no.64/65 July-December, 2007.
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text:
Pret a Manger
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Pret a Manger
Type
Private
Industry
Retail outlets
Headquarters
London, England, UK
Number of locations
486 (July 2017)[citation needed]
Area served
United Kingdom, United States, Hong Kong, China, France, United Arab Emirates,The Netherlands, Singapore and Scandinavia
Key people
Clive Schlee (CEO)
Products
Sandwiches, salads, sushi, soups, coffees and snacks
Revenue
£ 776 Million (2016) [1]
Operating income
£ 93 Million (2016) [1]
Owner
Bridgepoint Capital 70% stake; management and staff 30% stake
Website
www.pret.co.uk
Inside Pret a Manger, Victoria Place, London
Pret A Manger /ˈprɛt ə ˈmɑːnʒeɪ/ is an international sandwich shop chain based in the United Kingdom, commonly referred to simply as "Pret".[2] Founded in 1983, Pret currently has approximately 500 shops in nine countries.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 First Pret a Manger restaurant
1.2 Pret A Manger, 1986 onwards
2 Restaurants
3 Organization
4 Controversies
4.1 Affective labour issues
4.2 Pret A Manger Staff Union
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
First Pret a Manger restaurant[edit]
Jeffrey Hyman[3] founded the first Pret a Manger in London on 21 October 1983. The first Pret A Manger shop opened in Hampstead, London, in 1984.[4][5] The name Prêt à Manger (French pronunciation: [pʁɛt‿a mɑ̃ʒe], ready to eat) was based on prêt-à-porter, French for "ready-to-wear" clothing.
This original Pret A Manger was located opposite Hampstead Underground station, had its own kitchen, and offered ready-to-eat freshly made natural food, filled baguettes, Croque-monsieur and other ready-to-go convenience foods.
Opening in June 1983, the company traded at 58 Hampstead High Street for eighteen months[6] at which time takings had dropped to below break-even point and the company went into liquidation. The name was purchased from the company liquidator David Rubin by college friends Sinclair Beecham and Julian Metcalfe.[7]
Pret A Manger, 1986 onwards[edit]
Julian Metcalfe and Sinclair Beecham started a new operation, but using the Pret A Manger name purchased from the former companies liquidator.[8] They opened their first shop of the new Pret A Manger in July 1986, located at 75b Victoria Street in London. Beecham and Metcalfe had met while studying at University.[9]
The pair pioneered the chain's menu of handmade natural food, freshly prepared in shop kitchens, and they are still significant shareholders in the company.[10] The iconic logo was created by Adrian Kilby, founder of The Formation Creative Consultants Europe Ltd in the 1990s.
In 1995 Metcalfe and Beecham set up the Pret Foundation Trust with the aim to alleviate poverty in the UK.[11] The Trust receives donations from the sale of products and collection boxes in shops. The donations fund Pret's "Charity Run" vans which deliver unsold food to homeless shelters at the end of each day.[12]
The first shop outside of London was opened on Broad Street, New York in 2000.[11] In 2016 there were 74 Pret shops in the United States.[13]
In 2001, McDonald's bought a 33% non-controlling stake in the company,[14] which they sold in 2008 to private equity firm Bridgepoint Capital, owners of clothing retailer Fat Face.[15][16]
The company opened its first shop in France in 2012,[11] and had a total of 19 shops in France in 2016.[13]
In 2016, its group sales were £776 million.[13]
On 19th of March 2018 the company opened it first store in The Netherlands located in the central railway station of Utrecht.
Restaurants[edit]
Exterior view Pret a Manger, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
The company emphasises the use of natural ingredients and advertises that its sandwiches are made on the day of purchase in a kitchen at each location (with the stated exception of a few small outlets). Food left unsold at the end of the day is collected by charities. Sandwiches are packaged in paperboard rather than sealed plastic.[17] 67% of its trade is in London, where around three-quarters of its stores are located. Locations include:
United Kingdom
Boston:Massachusetts 6 outlets, as of April 2016. Two stores opened in December 2012, in the Back Bay and Financial District.[18] In June 2014, Pret opened its largest American location in Boston's Downtown Crossing neighborhood. This location stands at 5,335 square feet and can seat 100 people.[19]
Chicago[20]
Dubai: 1 outlet, as of March 2016. The first outlet in Dubai opened on 16 March 2016 at Dubai International Airport's new Concourse D.[21]
New York City[20]
Philadelphia
Washington, D.C.[20]
Hong Kong
China
Singapore
France
Netherlands
Organization[edit]
Pret a Manger graphic scheme, London storefront
In 1998, the company employed 1,400 people, of whom 19% were from the UK and 60% were from other European Union countries, mainly in Eastern Europe. Pret A Manger employs one in every 14 applicants. Applicants go on a one-day experience day at a shop and their success is determined by the other staff members, who vote the applicant in or not. Many managers and senior executives have come from within the company.[22]
The organisational structure of Pret A Manger is divided between its stores and the main offices. The London head office is the hub for the UK stores, while the office in New York City is the hub for the American stores.[23] Each store contains levels of positions that range from Team Member to the General Manager of the store.[24] Above the in-store manager is the Operations Manager who is in charge of a group of roughly 10 stores, and above that are more senior management positions based out of the offices that are tasked with coordinating an entire region and maintaining communication with the company’s CEO in London.[23] All the office employees are paired with a "buddy shop" where they work at least two days a year.[25]
While the uppermost levels of management are located in the offices, not all the office jobs are above the store jobs in the organizational structure. Orders do not strictly flow from the head offices in a top-down manner; instead, the channel of communication between the executives and the stores is open in both directions.[26]
Pret a Manger promotes an internal culture as described in a leaflet entitled "Pret Behaviours". The Behaviours break down traits into three categories: passion, clear talking and team working – and identify specific behaviours as "Don’t want to see", "Want to see", and "Pret perfect!"[27] The number of Behaviours Pret hopes an employee exhibits increases with one's rank within the company: Team Members should practise around six Behaviours, Managers ten, and the company’s executives all of them.[28]
Controversies[edit]
Affective labour issues[edit]
Pret A Manger has been cited as being particularly vigorous in extracting affective labour from its employees.[29] Affective labour (or emotional labour)[30] is work which involves manipulating a person's emotional state.
Pret A Manger demands go beyond traditional requirements for fast-food workers (such as courtesy, efficiency, and reliability) to such tasks as having "presence", demonstrating a quirky sense of fun, and exhibiting behaviour consistent with being inwardly happy with oneself.[31] Pret A Manger uses mystery shoppers to ensure that employees deploy markers of a positive emotional state.[29][32] Employees who exhibit markers of latent sadness are punished with aggressive zeal.[29][32] This has led to some criticism of the company for over-reaching[29][30][33] while drawing some praise for the business model.[32][34]
Pret A Manger Staff Union[edit]
In response to labour issues within the company, the Pret A Manger Staff Union was established in 2012 as an independent union with its principal demand being made around calls for a Living Wage.[35] Andrej Stopa, the founder of the union, was later sacked from his Pret branch.[36][37]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Bridge, Sarah. "Pret A Manger: 2016 results and highlights". IGD Retail Analysis. Retrieved 2017-07-20.
Jump up ^ "Company Overview of Pret a Manger (Europe) Ltd". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Prêt à Manger founder Jeffrey Hyman dies at 67".
Jump up ^ Company Number 1763373, Pret A Manger Shareholders included Robin Wight and Andrew Garner, both directors of advertising agency WCRS; James Pilditch; Monty White; singer Lynsey de Paul; Jeffrey Hyman; and Valerie Hyman.
Jump up ^ "The Food & Drink Innovation Network". The FDIN. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
Jump up ^ company check ltd (28 April 2016). "PRET A MANGER (HAMPSTEAD) LIMITED. Free business summary taken from official companies house information. Registered as 01763373". Company Check. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
Jump up ^ The Startups Team (18 March 2003). "Pret A Manger: Julian Metcalfe and Sinclair Beecham".
Jump up ^ "Organic Coffee, Natural Food". www.pret.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-02-08.
Jump up ^ "About the Founders". Pret A Manger. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "Organic Coffee, Natural Food". www.pret.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-02-09.
^ Jump up to: a b c "About Pret". www.pret.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2015-05-11. Retrieved 2017-08-10.
Jump up ^ "Pret Charity Run". www.pret.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2015-05-02. Retrieved 2017-08-10.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Financial Results 2016". www.pret.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2017-04-29. Retrieved 2017-08-10.
Jump up ^ "G2: Pret a Manger goes global | World news". The Guardian. London. 1 February 2001. Retrieved 2010-02-25.
Jump up ^ "McDonald's offloads Pret stake to Bridgepoint". Brand Republic News. Retrieved 2010-02-25.
Jump up ^ Sibun, Jonathan (23 February 2008). "Pret a Manger to be sold to private equity". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 2010-02-25.
Jump up ^ "Sandwich Packaging | Pret A Manger Case Study | RAP". Rapuk.com. 2014-06-20. Retrieved 2015-09-05.
Jump up ^ "Pret-a-Manger opens on Boylston Next Monday". Eater.com. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Pret A Manger Opens its Largest U.S. Cafe in Boston Tomorrow". streetwise. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Rainey, Clint (2017-05-10). "Americans May Soon Be Seeing a Lot More Pret a Mangers". grubstreet.com. New York Media LLC. Retrieved 2017-06-02. It has about 30 more U.S. stores in Chicago, Boston, and D.C., and a Wall Street debut could mean a higher valuation for the company, given England’s bad market right now.
Jump up ^ Anderson, Robert (16 March 2016). "Wolfgang Puck restaurant among new openings at Dubai International Concourse D". Gulf Business. Archived from the original on 1 May 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
Jump up ^ The Economist: Employment: A new mix - In London, almost one in every nine workers is a foreign citizen. 24 September 1998
^ Jump up to: a b "Good jobs | Pret A Manger". Pret.com. Retrieved 2015-09-05.
Jump up ^ "Smiley culture: Pret A Manger's secret ingredients". Telegraph. Retrieved 2015-09-05.
Jump up ^ "Organic Coffee, Natural Food | Pret A Manger". Pret.com. Retrieved 2015-09-05.
Jump up ^ Julia Werdigier (9 May 2012). "Rallying the Team to Cater to the Company's Strengths". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Pret Behaviours". Pret a Manger. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Matt Blumberg (16 May 2011). "Pret A Manger". Business Insider. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Paul Myerscough (3 January 2013). "Short Cuts". London Review of Books. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Timothy Noah (1 February 2013). "Labor of Love: The enforced happiness of Pret A Manger". The New Republic. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Pret Behaviors". Pret A Manger official website. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Stephani Clifford (6 August 2011). "Would You Like a Smile With That?". New York Times. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Matthew Yglesias (2 February 2013). "Caring Is Creepy (When Enforced By Others)". Moneybox. Slate. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Marty Lariviere (11 August 2011). "Pret A Manger: A different way of managing fast food workers". The Operations Room. Kellogg School of Management (Northwestern University). Retrieved 4 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "About Us". Pret a Manager Staff Union. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Pret fires longstanding employee who attempted to unionise, asked for the London Living Wage for all employees". Boing Boing. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Mcdermott, Kerry (2013-02-02). "Revealed: Pret a Manger's bizarre 'emotional labour' rules for workers who are told to 'be happy', touch each other and NEVER act moody | Daily Mail Online". Dailymail.co.uk. Retrieved 2015-09-05.
External links[edit]
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Dip slope
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Schematic cross section of a cuesta, dip slopes facing left and harder rock layers in darker colors than softer ones
A dip slope is a topographic (geomorphic) surface which slopes in the same direction, and often by the same amount, as the true dip or apparent dip of the underlying strata.[1][2] A dip slope consists of the upper surface of a resistant layer of rock, often called caprock, that is commonly only slightly lowered and reduced in steepness by erosion. Dip slopes form the backslopes of cuestas, homoclinal ridges, hogbacks, and flatirons. The frontslopes of such ridges consist of either an escarpment, a steep slope, or perhaps even a line of cliffs. Generally, cuestas and homoclinal ridges are asymmetrical in that their dip slopes are less steep than their escarpments. In the case of hogbacks and flatirons, the dip of the rocks is so steep that their dip slope approaches the escarpment in their steepness.[1][3][4][5]
The south-facing (right) side of Mount Rundle in Canada is a good example of a dip slope. The cap rock is Rundle Group dolostone.
Dip slopes are the result of the differential erosion of strata of varying resistance to erosion that are dipping uniformly in one direction. In this case, strata, i.e. shale, mudstone, and marl, that are less resistant to erosion are preferentially eroded relative to stronger strata, i.e. sandstone, limestone, and dolomite, that are more resistant to erosion. As a result, the less resistant strata will be eroded away leaving the more resistant strata as a caprock forming the dip slope (backslope) of a ridge that slopes in the direction of caprock. When this happens to flat-lying beds, landforms such as plateaus, mesas, and buttes are formed. The erosion of tilted beds will form landforms called cuestas, homoclinal ridges, hogbacks, and flatirons. Plateaus, mesas, and buttes have flat tops, while cuestas and homoclinal ridges are asymmetrical (~flat) areas w/ridges. The less steep side (at the low point) is their dip slope (intersecting 'ground' surface, and disappearing underground) and the steeper other side (the opposite, and at the high point) is their escarpment. In case of hogbacks, the steepness of the dip slope and escarpment will be about the same. Dip slopes can also be formed by igneous structures such as sills.[3][4][5]
Landslides[edit]
Some dip slopes are quite prone to landslides, due to the dipping strata that underlie them. Large sheets of rock have a tendency to slide down dip slopes.
See also[edit]
Strike and dip
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Jackson, JA, J Mehl and K Neuendorf (2005) Glossary of Geology. American Geological Institute, Alexandria, Virginia. 800 pp. ISBN 0-922152-76-4
Jump up ^ Allaby, M (2008) A Dictionary of Earth Science. Oxford University Press, New York, New York. 654 pp. ISBN 978-0-19-921194-4
^ Jump up to: a b Cotton, CA (1952) Geomorphology An Introduction to the Study of Landforms, 6th ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 505 pp.
^ Jump up to: a b Fairbridge, RW (1968) Hogback and Flatiron. In RW Fairbridge, ed., pp. 524-525, The Encyclopedia of Geomorphology (Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences, Volume III), Reinhold, New York, 1296 pp. ISBN 978-0879331795
^ Jump up to: a b Simonett, SD (1968) Cuesta. In RW Fairbridge, ed., pp. 233, The Encyclopedia of Geomorphology (Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences, Volume III), Reinhold, New York, 1296 pp. ISBN 978-0879331795
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Hat-trick
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Hat trick (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A hat-trick or hat trick in sports is the achievement of a positive feat three times in a game, or another achievement based on the number three in some sports.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin
2 Association football
3 Baseball
4 Cricket
5 Darts
6 Hockey
6.1 Variations
7 Lacrosse
8 Marbles
9 Motor racing
10 Poker
11 Rugby football
12 Scrabble
13 Team handball/Water polo
14 Video games
15 See also
16 References
Origin[edit]
The term first appeared in 1858 in cricket, to describe H. H. Stephenson's taking three wickets with three consecutive deliveries. Fans held a collection for Stephenson, and presented him with a hat bought with the proceeds.[1] The term was used in print for the first time in 1865.[2] The term was eventually adopted by many other sports including hockey, association football, water polo and team handball.
Association football[edit]
See also: Lists of hat-tricks, List of FIFA World Cup hat-tricks, and List of UEFA Champions League hat-tricks
A hat-trick occurs in association football when a player scores three goals (not necessarily consecutive) in a single game, whereas scoring two goals constitutes a brace.[3][4] In common with other official record-keeping rules, goals in a penalty shootout are excluded from the tally.[5] The extra time in a knockout cup match may also be calculated towards a player's potential hat-trick. The fastest recorded time to score a hat-trick is 70 seconds, a record set by Alex Torr in a Sunday league game in 2013.[6] The previous record of 90 seconds was held by Tommy Ross playing for Ross County against Nairn County on 28 November 1964.[7]
The first hat-trick in an international game was by Scottish player John McDougall, against England on 2 March 1878.[8] American player Bert Patenaude scored the first hat-trick in the FIFA World Cup, against Paraguay in the inaugural event. Two hat-tricks have been scored in a final, by Geoff Hurst for England in the 1966 final during extra time against West Germany,[9] and Carli Lloyd for the USA against Japan in the 2015 Women's World Cup final. Lloyd's was the fastest hat-trick scored in a World Cup final, and the fastest from kickoff in any World Cup match for either sex. However, the fastest hat-trick for either men or women, as measured by time between goals, belongs to Fabienne Humm of Switzerland, who scored in the 47th, 49th and 52nd minutes against Ecuador in the 2015 group stage.
Football has also extended the term to include the phrase perfect hat-trick, achieved when a player scores one right-footed goal, one left-footed goal and one headed goal within one match.[10][11] In Germany, the term (lupenreiner) Hattrick ("flawless hat-trick") refers to when a player scores three goals in a row in one half without the half-time break or a goal scored by another player interrupting the performance.
Baseball[edit]
In the past, the term was occasionally used to describe when a player struck out three times in a baseball game, and the term golden sombrero was more commonly used when a player struck out four times in a game.
In recent years, hat trick has been more often used to describe when a player hits three home runs in a game.
For example, on 29 August 2015, Toronto Blue Jays fans celebrated Edwin Encarnación's third home run of the game by throwing hats onto the field, similar to the tradition in ice hockey.[12] The phenomenon continued during the 2016 season, and on 17 June 2016, a number of Blue Jays fans at Oriole Park at Camden Yards threw hats on to the field after Canadian Blue Jays player Michael Saunders hit his third home run of the night, and again on 28 August at Rogers Centre, when Blue Jays player Josh Donaldson hitting his third home run of the game in the eighth inning against the Minnesota Twins.
Cricket[edit]
See also: List of Test cricket hat-tricks, List of One Day International cricket hat-tricks, List of Twenty20 International cricket hat-tricks, and List of first-class cricket records § Hat-tricks
A hat-trick occurs in cricket when a bowler dismisses three batsmen with consecutive deliveries. The deliveries may be interrupted by an over bowled by another bowler from the other end of the pitch or the other team's innings, but must be three consecutive deliveries by the individual bowler in the same match. Only wickets attributed to the bowler count towards a hat-trick; run outs do not count.
In some countries, especially Australia, four wickets in four balls is sometimes referred to as a double hat-trick on the basis that there are two ways of compiling the three-in-three sequence (ie wickets 1,2 and 3 or wickets 2,3 and 4). By extension, five consecutive wickets is a triple hat-trick and six consecutive wickets a quadruple hat-trick.
Hat-tricks are rare, and as such are treasured by bowlers. In Test cricket history there have been just 43 hat-tricks, the first achieved by Fred Spofforth for Australia against England in 1879. In 1912, Australian Jimmy Matthews achieved the feat twice in one game against South Africa. The only other players to achieve two hat-tricks are Australia's Hugh Trumble, against England in 1902 and 1904, Pakistan's Wasim Akram, in separate games against Sri Lanka in 1999, and England's Stuart Broad.
In One Day International cricket there have been 36 hat-tricks, the first by Jalal-ud-Din for Pakistan against Australia in 1982, and the most recent by Kuldeep Yadav.
Lasith Malinga of Sri Lanka is the only bowler to take three hat-tricks in any form of international cricket with his three in ODI. Three players have taken at least two ODI hat-tricks in their careers: Wasim Akram and Saqlain Mushtaq of Pakistan and Chaminda Vaas of Sri Lanka. (Akram therefore has four international hat-tricks in total).
Taking two wickets in two consecutive deliveries is occasionally known as a brace, or (more commonly, especially until the next delivery has been made) being on a hat-trick.
The feat of taking four wickets in four balls has occurred only once in international one-day cricket, in the 2007 World Cup, when Sri Lanka's Lasith Malinga managed the feat against South Africa by dismissing Shaun Pollock, Andrew Hall, Jacques Kallis and Makhaya Ntini, though it has occurred on other occasions in first-class cricket. Kevan James of Hampshire took four wickets in four balls and scored a century in the same county game against India in 1996. The Cricinfo report on the game claimed that this was unique in cricket.[13][14]
Nuwan Zoysa of Sri Lanka is the only bowler to achieve a hat-trick off his first three balls in a Test, dismissing Murray Goodwin, Neil Johnson and Trevor Gripper of Zimbabwe.[15] In 2006 Irfan Pathan of India achieved a hat-trick in the first over of the test match, off the last three balls, when dismissing Salman Butt, Younis Khan and Mohammad Yousuf of Pakistan. Chaminda Vaas is the only one to achieve a hat-trick of the very first deliveries in one day internationals, against Bangladesh in the tenth match of 2003 ICC World Cup at City Oval, Pietermaritzburg. He got Hannan Sarkar, Mohammad Ashraful and Ehsanul Haque out in the first three balls and took his fourth wicket in the fifth ball of the same over, just missing the double-hat-trick.
Albert Trott and Joginder Rao are the only two bowlers credited with two hat-tricks in the same innings in first-class cricket. One of Trott's two hat-tricks, for Middlesex against Somerset at Lords in 1907, was a four in four.
Some hat-tricks are particularly extraordinary. On 2 December 1988, Merv Hughes, playing for Australia, dismissed Curtly Ambrose with the last ball of his penultimate over and Patrick Patterson with the first ball of his next over, wrapping up the West Indies first innings. When Hughes returned to bowl in the West Indies second innings, he trapped Gordon Greenidge lbw with his first ball, completing a hat-trick over two different innings and becoming the only player in Test cricket history to achieve the three wickets of a hat-trick in three different overs.
In 1844, underarm bowler William Clark, playing for "England" against Kent, achieved a hat-trick spread over two innings, dismissing Kent batsman John Fagge twice within the hat-trick. Fagge batted at number 11 in the first innings and at number 3 in the second. This event is believed to be unique in first-class cricket.[16]
The most involved hat-trick was perhaps when Melbourne club cricketer Stephen Hickman, playing for Power House in March 2002, achieved a hat-trick spread over three overs, two days, two innings, involving the same batsman twice, and observed by the same non-striker, with the hat-trick ball being bowled from the opposite end to the first two. In the Mercantile Cricket Association C Grade semi-final at Fawkner Park, South Yarra, Gunbower United Cricket Club were 8 for 109 when Hickman came on to bowl his off spin. He took a wicket with the last ball of his third over and then bowled number 11 batsman Richard Higgins with the first ball of his next over to complete the Gunbower innings, leaving Chris Taylor the not out batsman. Power House scored 361, putting the game out of reach of Gunbower. In the second innings opener Taylor was joined by Higgins at the fall of the fourth wicket as Hickman returned to the attack. With his first ball, observed by an incredulous Taylor at the non-striker's end, he clean bowled Higgins, leaving Higgins with a pair of golden ducks.[17]
A triple hat-trick was achieved by Scott Babot of Wainuiomata Cricket Club playing in the Senior 3 competition in New Zealand in 2008. It consisted of five wickets in five balls, across two innings and separated by seven days, as the match took place on consecutive Saturdays.[18]
Another triple hat trick was taken by Hanuman Choudhary when playing for the Cricket Association of Memphis team (CAM) against Wolfpacks in the Arkansas Tennessee Cricket League on 23 October 2016, in the semifinal of India Association of Memphis tournament in Memphis Premier League 3. His five consecutive dismissals helped close the innings from 142–5 to 142 all out.[19]
A 'perfect over' of 6 wickets taken with 6 consecutive balls was achieved by Australian Aled Carey on 21 January 2017 while bowling for his club Golden Point against East Ballarat. This very rare quadruple Hat-Trick consisted of 2 catches, an LBW and 3 bowled.[20]
Darts[edit]
A hat-trick in darts is a score of three consecutive bullseyes, also known as the "Alan Evans Shot", after Alan Evans scored three bulleyes during a match on numerous occasions.[21]
Hockey[edit]
This section uses citations without providing full publisher and source details. Please consider adding fuller citations so that the article remains verifiable and that the origin of sources becomes clearer. Several templates are available to assist in formatting. (May 2017)
Hats on the Verizon Center ice after Alex Ovechkin's hat trick, 7 February 2010.
In both field hockey and ice hockey, a hat trick occurs when a player scores three goals in a single game. A hat trick, as it is known in its current form, culminates with fans throwing hats onto the ice from the stands. The tradition is said to have begun among fans in the National Hockey League around the 1950s.[22]
There are several conflicting legends of how the "hat trick" was popularised in professional hockey. Most stories involve hats being awarded to any of the local players who scored three goals in a game. According to the NHL, in the 1940s, a Toronto haberdasher used to give free hats to players with the Toronto Maple Leafs when they scored three goals in a game. [23]
Montreal hatter Henri Henri makes a similar claim, that between 1950 and 1970 they would reward any NHL player who scored three or more goals in a game at the Montreal Forum with a free hat.[24]
Finally, in the 1950s, the Guelph Biltmore Mad Hatters of the Ontario Hockey Association, who were then a farm team of the NHL's New York Rangers, were sponsored by Guelph-based Biltmore Hats, a leading manufacturer of hats with North American dominance. The sponsor would award any Madhatters player who scored three goals in a game with a new fedora.[25]
In a slightly different account, the expression originates not with any member of a team, but with a particular player. According to legend, Chicago Blackhawks forward Alex Kaleta entered the shop of Toronto businessman Sammy Taft to purchase a new hat, but did not have enough money. Taft arranged a deal with Kaleta stipulating that if Kaleta scored three goals as he played the Toronto Maple Leafs that night, Taft would give him a free hat. That night, on 26 January 1946, Kaleta scored four goals against the Maple Leafs and Taft made good on his offer.[26] This is the story accepted as the origin of the phrase by the Hockey Hall of Fame.[27]
While charming fables, all these explanations of the introduction of the term “hat trick” in hockey are too late to be true. On Dec. 8, 1933, the Winnipeg Free Press[full citation needed] describes a hockey game in which “Romeo Rivers, rugged wingman” for the Monarchs scored three goals in the same game, describing how “Romeo completed his ‘hat trick’” when he scored his third goal of the night after taking a pass from a teammate who had drawn the goalie out of position.
The Jan. 16, 1939 Lethbridge Herald (p.10)[full citation needed] describes a hockey game in which the Lethbridge Maple Leafs defeated the Calgary Stampeders and Jimmie McIndoe of the Leafs “turned the hat trick, when he converted three straight consecutive passes” from a teammate.
By 1944, the term “hat trick” was so well established in hockey that the Winnipeg Free Press (Nov. 29, 1944, p. 14)[full citation needed] reports that “hockey’s traditional ‘hat-trick’ – the feat of scoring three goals in a single game – will receive official recognition from the Amateur Hockey Association” of the US by awarding a small silver derby hat to players to mark the accomplishment. Thus, by 1944 the term "hat trick" was common enough to be termed “traditional.” Given how frequently the words “hat trick” were used in sports reporting on cricket and soccer in the early 20th century, the term was probably routinely used in hockey by the early 1930s.
Wayne Gretzky holds the NHL record for the most hat tricks in a career with 50. Harry Hyland scored the league's first hat trick, in the league's very first game on December 19, 1917, in which Hyland's Montreal Wanderers defeated the Toronto Arenas 10–9.[28]
Variations[edit]
A natural hat trick occurs when a player scores three consecutive goals, uninterrupted by any other player scoring for either team.[29]
The NHL record for the fastest natural hat trick is 21 seconds, set by Bill Mosienko in 1952 for the Chicago Blackhawks.[30]
A Gordie Howe hat trick is a tongue-in-cheek play on the feat. It is achieved by scoring a goal, getting an assist, and getting in a fight, all in the same game. Namesake Gordie Howe himself only recorded two in his NHL career, as opposed to league leader Rick Tocchet, who accrued 18 Gordie Howe hat tricks.[31]
In December 1995, Florida Panthers captain Scott Mellanby scored a rat trick, the term coined by teammate John Vanbiesbrouck. Prior to the game, Mellanby killed a rat in the Panthers' locker room with his hockey stick, and proceeded to score a pair of goals later that night.[32] When Mellanby scored a hat trick in a later game, some Florida fans threw plastic rats on the ice, a tradition that continued for all Panthers' goals throughout the 1996 playoffs. Due to the resulting game delays caused by the necessary clean-up of the plastic rats, the league eventually banned the activity and modified Rule 63 to impose a minor penalty against the home team for a violation.[33] The more traditional practice of fans throwing hats on the ice following genuine hat tricks remains exempt from this penalty.
Lacrosse[edit]
A hat-trick in lacrosse is when a player scores three goals in one game.
Marbles[edit]
In marbles, a hat-trick occurs when a player hits all marbles in a single turn.
Motor racing[edit]
In motor racing, three successive race wins, winning the same event three times in a row, or securing pole position, fastest lap and race victory in one event may all be referred to as a hat-trick.
Poker[edit]
Eliminating three players from a table with one hand in live poker play is sometimes referred to as a hat-trick and is incredibly rare. It is a much more frequent occurrence in online poker games, given the faster and greater number of hands played in online tournaments and the continuing presence of multiple "all-in" players during the early stages of tournament play as players look to build large chip stacks quickly and early.
Checking and raising an opponent three times,[34] as well as winning the European Poker Tour (EPT), World Series of Poker (WSOP), and World Poker Tour (WPT) in the same year,[35] are also called hat tricks in poker.
Rugby football[edit]
See also: List of Rugby World Cup hat-tricks
In both codes of rugby football (rugby union and rugby league) a hat-trick is when a player scores three or more tries in a game. In rugby union, a related concept is that of a "full house" (scoring a try, conversion, penalty goal, and drop goal) in a single game. When a player scored two tries, this is often referred to as a brace. As with association football, it is common to award the match ball to a player who scores a hat-trick.
Ken Irvine and Frank Burge both scored 16 hat-tricks in Australian first grade rugby league[36]
Shaun Johnson scored a hat-trick in under 6 minutes against the Canberra Raiders in 2013, and in the 2017 Rugby League World Cup, Valentine Holmes scored a double hat-trick (6 tries) against Fiji.
Scrabble[edit]
In Scrabble, a hat-trick occurs when a player plays three consecutive bingos.
Team handball/Water polo[edit]
In team handball or water polo, if a player scores three times in a game, a hat trick is made.
Video games[edit]
In many online video games, mostly first-person shooters, the term has entered the players' vocabulary and occurs when a player achieves 3 difficult kills in a row (commonly headshots). Examples include Team Fortress 2, Quake, and Unreal Tournament, among others.
See also[edit]
Look up hat trick in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Hitting for the cycle
Nap hand
Trifecta
Triple Crown (disambiguation)
Turkey (bowling)
Triple double
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Extended Oxford English Dictionary 1999 Edition : "It came into use after HH Stephenson took three wickets in three balls for the all-England eleven against the twenty-two of Hallam at the Hyde Park ground, Sheffield in 1858. A collection was held for Stephenson (as was customary for outstanding feats by professionals) and he was presented with a cap or hat bought with the proceeds."
Jump up ^ A report of a match between Grays and Romford in "The Chelmsford Chronicle". 23 June 1865. OCLC 866859233. OCLC 17645885, 702688846, 42349342. (Subscription required (help)). Mr Biddell...with his second ball bowled the Romford leviathan Mr Beauchamp and afterwards effected the hat-trick by getting three wickets in the over. [verification needed]
Jump up ^ Soccer Definitions & Slang Terms soccer-training-info.com
Jump up ^ "Brace" means two of a kind or a pair of something Harper Collins
Jump up ^ Kicks from the penalty mark (aka penalty shootout) are not part of the match. IFAB (July 2009). "Laws of the Game 2009/2010" (PDF). Zurich: FIFA. p. 130. Retrieved 9 April 2010.
Jump up ^ Steve White (3 May 2013). "Sunday league footballer scores hat-trick in record-breaking 70 seconds". mirror. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Fastest time to score a hat-trick, Football". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Scotland – International Matches 1872–1880 Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "ON THIS DAY 30 July – 1966: Football glory for England". BBC. 30 July 1966. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Michel Platini: Uefa chief has his critics but is used to success, Ben Smith, 9 December 2012
Jump up ^ Alberto Bueno scored four La Liga goals in ..16 .. minutes , BBC News, 28 February 2015
Jump up ^ "Hat trick! Edwin Encarnación hits three homers, drives in nine in Jays win". Yahoo Sports. 29 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Hampshire v Indians, Match Report". CricInfo. Retrieved 11 April 2007.
Jump up ^ "Hampshire v Indians at Southampton, 29 June-1 July 1996". CricInfo. Retrieved 11 April 2007.
Jump up ^ "Cricket: Zoysa performs opening hat-trick". London: The Independent. 27 November 1999. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
Jump up ^ "Stirling's gold, and the not-so-roaring forties". CricInfo. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Warwick Franks, Australian Wisden Cricketers' Almanack 2002, Hardie Grant Books, p. 50.
Jump up ^ "Cricket Wellington – Babot: Triple Hat-trick". cricketwellington.co.nz. Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "CricHQ – Making cricket even better". crichq.com. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Six of best for Aussie club bowler Aled Carey". The New Zealand Herald. 26 January 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Edwards, Dave (6 January 2011). "Darts: Sporting giants face-off". Wales Online. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Guelph's tricky claim". 'Guelph Mercury'. 21 March 2009. Archived from the original on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 6 April 2009.
Jump up ^ "Miscellaneous Trivia". NHL.
Jump up ^ "About Henri Henri". Henri Henri. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Hat Trick Returns to Its Hockey Birthplace". GuelphStorm.com. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Toronto Invents: The Hat Trick". Torontoist. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". Hockey Hall of Fame Resource Centre.
Jump up ^ Boswell, Randy (April 16, 2017). "Solving the mystery of the NHL's 1st game". CBC News. Retrieved April 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Adam Kimmelman, Jonah Bruce (15 November 2010). "Hat tricks coming at a fairly frequent pace". NHL Insider. NHL. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ryan's natural hat trick not enough as Ducks fall to Kings". The Sports Network. Archived from the original on 22 December 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
Jump up ^ John McGourty (25 January 2010). "Going inside the "Gordie Howe Hat Trick"". Inside NHL. NHL. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Montville, Leigh (10 June 1996). "Rat Pack". Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 29 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "OFFICIAL NHL RULES – Rule 63, Delaying the Game". Retrieved 13 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Fast 2014-09-16: Poker's hat trick". Poker1.com | Mike Caro. 2014-09-16. Retrieved 2016-12-16.
Jump up ^ "Top 5 UK Poker Pros: Their Stories & Career Earnings". www.pokersites.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-12-16.
Jump up ^ "Rugby League Tables / Scoring Records". afltables.com. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
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text:
Trochaic tetrameter
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For the quantitative meter used in Greek and Latin poetry, see trochaic septenarius.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Trochaic tetrameter is a meter in poetry. It refers to a line of four trochaic feet. The word "tetrameter" simply means that the poem has four trochees. A trochee is a long syllable, or stressed syllable, followed by a short, or unstressed, one. Stresses on a syllable are detected by simply noting which syllable one puts stress on when saying the word. In many cases, this is the syllable which is pronounced loudest in the word, for example, the word 'purity' will take a stress on the first syllable and an unstress on the others.
Because English tradition is so strongly iambic, some feel that trochaic meters have an awkward or unnatural feel to the ear.
Contents
[hide]
1 Example of trochaic tetrameter
2 Literary examples
3 Kalevala meter
4 References
Example of trochaic tetrameter[edit]
A line of trochaic tetrameter has the following rhythm:
1st foot
2nd foot
3rd foot
4th foot
DUM da DUM da DUM da DUM da
Using the classical symbols longum and breve (or brevis) a line of line of trochaic tetrameter can be represented as follows:
1st foot
2nd foot
3rd foot
4th foot
– ⏑ – ⏑ – ⏑ – ⏑
Literary examples[edit]
Two of the best-known examples are Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's The Song of Hiawatha and the Finnish Kalevala.
This can be demonstrated in the following famous excerpt from "Hiawatha's Childhood", where the accented syllables of each trochee have been bolded:
By the shores of Gitche Gumee,
By the shining Big-Sea-Water,
Stood the wigwam of Nokomis,
Daughter of the Moon, Nokomis.
Dark behind it rose the forest,
Rose the black and gloomy pine-trees,
Rose the firs with cones upon them;
Bright before it beat the water,
Beat the clear and sunny water,
Beat the shining Big-Sea-Water.
The Kalevala also follows a loose trochaic tetrameter, though it also has some slight variations to the normal pattern, which cause some people to term it the "Kalevala Metre".
Another clear example is Philip Larkin's "The Explosion".
On the day of the explosion
Shadows pointed towards the pithead:
In the sun the slagheap slept.
Down the lane came men in pitboots
Coughing oath-edged talk and pipe-smoke
Shouldering off the freshened silence.
One chased after rabbits; lost them;
Came back with a nest of lark's eggs;
Showed them; lodged them in the grasses.
So they passed in beards and moleskins
Fathers brothers nicknames laughter
Through the tall gates standing open.
At noon there came a tremor; cows
Stopped chewing for a second; sun
Scarfed as in a heat-haze dimmed.
The dead go on before us they
Are sitting in God's house in comfort
We shall see them face to face—
Plain as lettering in the chapels
It was said and for a second
Wives saw men of the explosion
Larger than in life they managed—
Gold as on a coin or walking
Somehow from the sun towards them
One showing the eggs unbroken.
Trochaic tetrameter is also employed by Shakespeare in several instances to contrast with his usual blank verse (which is in iambic pentameter). For instance, in Midsummer Night's Dream, Shakespeare frequently writes the lines of his fairies in catalectic trochaic tetrameter, as is evidenced by Puck's lines, here:
Through the forest have I gone.
But Athenian found I none,
On whose eyes I might approve
This flower's force in stirring love.
Night and silence.--Who is here?
Weeds of Athens he doth wear:
This is he, my master said,
Despised the Athenian maid;
And here the maiden, sleeping sound,
On the dank and dirty ground.
Pretty soul! she durst not lie
Near this lack-love, this kill-courtesy.
Churl, upon thy eyes I throw
All the power this charm doth owe.
When thou wakest, let love forbid
Sleep his seat on thy eyelid:
So awake when I am gone;
For I must now to Oberon.
Later he and Oberon have a conversation entirely in catalectic trochaic tetrameter, which is unusual, since generally Shakespeare used pentameter for dialogue sequences.
OBERON
Flower of this purple dye,
Hit with Cupid's archery,
Sink in apple of his eye.
When his love he doth espy,
Let her shine as gloriously
As the Venus of the sky.
When thou wakest, if she be by,
Beg of her for remedy.
Re-enter PUCK
PUCK
Captain of our fairy band,
Helena is here at hand;
And the youth, mistook by me,
Pleading for a lover's fee.
Shall we their fond pageant see?
Lord, what fools these mortals be!
OBERON
Stand aside: the noise they make
Will cause Demetrius to awake.
PUCK
Then will two at once woo one;
That must needs be sport alone;
And those things do best please me
That befal preposterously.
See also Edgar disguised as Poor Tom in King Lear:
EDGAR
Tom will throw his head at them: avaunt, you curs!
Be thy mouth or black or white,
Tooth that poisons if it bite;
Mastiff greyhound, mongrel grim,
Hound or spaniel, brach or him,
Or bobtail tyke or trundle-tail,
Tom will make him weep and wail;
For with throwing thus my head,
Dogs leap the hatch and all are fled.
Good examples of the rhythmic scheme, albeit not in English, are found in two famous thirteenth century medieval Latin hymns. Dies Irae (used as the sequence in the Roman Catholic Requiem Mass), the first two verses of which are...
Dies iræ! dies illa
Solvet sæclum in favilla
Teste David cum Sibylla!
Quantus tremor est futurus,
quando judex est venturus,
cuncta stricte discussurus!
...and Stabat Mater (a standalone meditation on the suffering of Mary, Jesus Christ's mother, during his crucifixion), the first two verses of which are:
Stabat mater dolorosa
iuxta Crucem lacrimosa,
dum pendebat Filius.
Cuius animam gementem,
contristatam et dolentem
pertransivit gladius.
Kalevala meter[edit]
Baltic Finnic (e.g. Estonian, Finnish, Karelian) folk poetry uses a form of trochaic tetrameter that has been called the Kalevala meter. The Finnish and Estonian national epics, Kalevala and Kalevipoeg, are both written in this meter. The meter is thought to have originated during the Proto-Finnic period. Its main rules are as follows[1] (examples are taken from the Kalevala):
Syllables fall into three types: strong, weak, and neutral. A long syllable (one that contains a long vowel or a diphthong, or ends in a consonant) with a main stress is metrically strong, and a short syllable with a main stress is metrically weak. All syllables without a main stress are metrically neutral. A strong syllable can only occur in the rising part of the second, third, and fourth foot of a line:
Veli / kulta, / veikko/seni (1:11)
("Brother dear, little brother"[2])
A weak syllable can only occur in the falling part of these feet:
Miele/ni mi/nun te/kevi (1:1)
("I have a mind to ...")
Neutral syllables can occur at any position. The first foot has a freer structure, allowing strong syllables in a falling position and weak syllables in a rising position:
Niit' en/nen i/soni / lauloi (1:37)
("My father used to sing them")
vesois/ta ve/tele/miä (1:56)
("tugged from the saplings")
It is also possible for the first foot to contain three or even four syllables.
There are two main types of line: a normal trochaic tetrameter and a broken trochaic tetrameter. In a normal tetrameter, word-stresses and foot-stresses match, and there is a caesura between the second and third feet:
Veli / kulta, // veikko/seni
A broken tetrameter (Finnish murrelmasäe) has at least one stressed syllable in a falling position. There is usually no caesura:
Miele/ni mi/nun te/kevi
Traditional poetry in the Kalevala meter uses both types with approximately the same frequency. The alteration of normal and broken tetrameters is a characteristic difference between the Kalevala meter and other forms of trochaic tetrameter.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Finnish Folk Poetry: Epic: An Anthology in Finnish and English. translated and edited by Matti Kuusi, Keith Bosley, and Michael Branch. Finnish Literature Society. 1977. pp. 62–64. ISBN 951-717-087-4.
Jump up ^ The Kalevala. trans. Keith Bosley. Oxford University Press. 1999 [first published 1989]. ISBN 0-19-283570-X.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trochaic_tetrameter&oldid=793510480"
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