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The Day the Music Died
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This article is about the plane crash. For other uses, see The Day the Music Died (disambiguation).
The Day the Music Died
The memorial marking the crash site, 2003
Accident summary
Date
February 3, 1959 (1959-02-03)
Summary
Spatial disorientation, loss of control in near-IMC conditions
Site
Near Clear Lake, Iowa, United States
43°13′13.3″N 93°22′53.1″W / 43.220361°N 93.381417°W / 43.220361; -93.381417Coordinates: 43°13′13.3″N 93°22′53.1″W / 43.220361°N 93.381417°W / 43.220361; -93.381417
Passengers
3
Crew
1
Fatalities
4 (all)
Survivors
0
Aircraft type
Beechcraft Bonanza
Operator
Dwyer Flying Service, Mason City, Iowa
Registration
N3794N
Flight origin
Mason City Municipal Airport, Iowa
Destination
Hector Airport, North Dakota
On February 3, 1959, rock and roll musicians Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and J. P. "The Big Bopper" Richardson were killed in a plane crash near Clear Lake, Iowa, together with pilot Roger Peterson. The event later became known as "The Day the Music Died", after singer-songwriter Don McLean referred to it as such in his 1971 song "American Pie".
At the time, Holly and his band, consisting of Waylon Jennings, Tommy Allsup, and Carl Bunch, were playing on the "Winter Dance Party" tour across the United States Midwest. Rising artists Valens and Richardson had joined the tour, as well. The long journeys between venues on board the cold, uncomfortable tour buses adversely affected the performers, with cases of flu and even frostbite. After stopping at Clear Lake to perform, and frustrated by such conditions, Holly chose to charter a plane to reach their next venue in Moorhead, Minnesota. Richardson, who had the flu, swapped places with Jennings, taking his seat on the plane, while Allsup lost his seat to Valens on a coin toss. Soon after takeoff, late at night and in poor, wintry weather conditions, the pilot lost control of the light aircraft, a Beechcraft Bonanza, which subsequently crashed into a cornfield. Everyone on board was killed. The event has since been mentioned in various songs and films. A number of monuments have been erected at the crash site and in Clear Lake, where an annual memorial concert is also held at the Surf Ballroom, the venue that hosted the artists' last performance.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Flight arrangements
3 Take-off and crash
4 Aftermath
5 Official investigation
6 Subsequent investigations
7 Legacy
7.1 Notification of victims' families
7.2 Memorials
7.2.1 Films
7.2.2 Memorial concerts
7.2.3 Monuments
7.2.4 Roads
7.2.5 Songs
8 See also
9 References
9.1 Books
10 Further reading
11 External links
Background[edit]
Buddy Holly terminated his association with the Crickets in November 1958. For the start of the "Winter Dance Party" tour, he assembled a band consisting of Waylon Jennings (bass), Tommy Allsup (guitar), and Carl Bunch (drums), with the opening vocals of Frankie Sardo. The tour was set to cover 24 Midwestern cities in as many days. New hit artist Ritchie Valens, J. P. "The Big Bopper" Richardson and Dion DiMucci and his band The Belmonts joined the tour to promote their recordings and make an extra profit.[1][2]
Winter Dance Party Tour schedule, 1959
The tour began in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on January 23, 1959. The amount of travel soon became a logistical problem. The distances between venues had not been properly considered when the performances were scheduled; instead of "circling" around the Midwest to each town, the tour zig-zagged with distances between cities over 400 miles. General Artists Corporation, the organization that booked the tour, later received considerable criticism for their seemingly total disregard for the conditions they forced the touring musicians to endure:
“ They didn't care. It was like they threw darts at a map ... The tour from hell -- that's what they named it -- and it's not a bad name."
Buddy Holly historian Bill Griggs[3] ”
The entire company of musicians traveled together in one bus, although the buses used for the tour were wholly inadequate, breaking down and being replaced with astounding frequency. Griggs estimates that five separate buses were used in the first 11 days of the tour -- "reconditioned school buses, not good enough for school kids."[3] The artists themselves were responsible for loading and unloading equipment at each stop, as no road crew assisted them. Adding to the disarray, the buses were not equipped for the weather which consisted of waist-deep snow in several areas and varying temperatures from the 20s to as low as -36 °F. One bus had a heating system that broke down shortly after the tour began, in Appleton, Wisconsin. Later, Richardson and Valens began experiencing flu-like symptoms and drummer Bunch was hospitalized for severely frostbitten feet, after the tour bus simply broke down in the middle of the highway in subzero temperatures near Ironwood, Michigan. The musicians replaced that bus with another school bus and kept traveling.[4] After Bunch was hospitalized, Carlo Mastrangelo of The Belmonts took over the drumming duties. When Dion and The Belmonts were performing, the drum seat was taken by either Valens or Holly. As Holly's group had been the backing band for all of the acts, Holly, Valens, and DiMucci took turns playing drums for each other at the performances in Green Bay, Wisconsin, and Clear Lake, Iowa.[5]
On Monday, February 2, the tour arrived in Clear Lake, Iowa, having driven 350 miles from the previous day's concert in Green Bay. The town had not been a scheduled stop, but the tour promoters, hoping to fill an open date, called the manager of the local Surf Ballroom, Carroll Anderson (1920-2006), and offered him the show. He accepted, and they set the show for that night. By the time Holly arrived at the venue that evening, he was frustrated with the ongoing problems with the bus. The next scheduled destination after Clear Lake was Moorhead, Minnesota, a 365-mile drive north and northwest (and, emphasizing the poor planning, a journey that would take them directly back through two towns they had already played within the last week.) No let up after that was in sight, as the following day, they were scheduled to travel back almost directly south to Sioux City, Iowa, a 325-mile trip.
Holly decided to charter a plane to take his band and him to Fargo, North Dakota, which is adjacent to Moorhead. The rest of the party would have picked him up in Moorhead, saving him the journey in the bus and leaving him time to get some rest.[4]
Flight arrangements[edit]
A V-tailed Bonanza similar to N3794N, the accident aircraft
Surf Ballroom manager Anderson called Hubert Jerry Dwyer (1930-2016), owner of the Dwyer Flying Service, a company in Mason City, Iowa, to charter the plane to fly to Hector Airport in Fargo, the closest one to Moorhead.[6] Flight arrangements were made with Roger Peterson, a 21-year-old local pilot described as a "young married man who built his life around flying".[7]
The flying service charged a fee of $36 per passenger for the flight on the 1947 single-engined, V-tailed Beechcraft 35 Bonanza (registration N3794N[8]), which could seat three passengers plus the pilot.[9] A popular misconception, originating from Don McLean's eponymous song about the crash, was that the plane was called American Pie. In fact, no record exists of any name ever having been given to N3794N.[10]
The most widely accepted version of events was that Richardson had contracted flu during the tour and asked Waylon Jennings for his seat on the plane. When Holly learned that Jennings was not going to fly, he said in jest: "Well, I hope your ol' bus freezes up." Jennings responded: "Well, I hope your ol' plane crashes", a humorous but ill-fated response that haunted him for the rest of his life.[11]
Ritchie Valens, who once had a fear of flying, asked Tommy Allsup for his seat on the plane. The two agreed to toss a coin to decide.[6] Bob Hale, a DJ with KRIB-AM, was working the concert that night and flipped the coin in the ballroom's side-stage room shortly before the musicians departed for the airport. Valens won the coin toss for the seat on the flight.
In contradiction to the testimony of Allsup and Jennings, Dion has since said that Holly approached him along with Valens and The Bopper to join the flight, not Holly's bandmates. In a 2009 interview called "The Winter Dance Party", Dion claimed that Holly called him, Valens, and Richardson into a vacant dressing room during Frankie Sardo's performance and said "I've chartered a plane, we're the guys making the money [we should be the ones flying ahead]...the only problem is there are only two available seats." According to Dion, it was Valens, not Richardson who had fallen ill, so Valens and Dion flipped a coin for the seat. In his interview, no mention is made of Jennings or Allsup being invited on the plane. Dion claims that he won the toss, but ultimately decided that since the $36 fare (equivalent to US$300 in today's money)[12] equaled the monthly rent his parents paid for his childhood apartment, he could not justify the indulgence.[13]
Take-off and crash[edit]
After the show ended, Anderson drove Holly, Valens, and Richardson to the Mason City Municipal Airport.[14] The weather at the time of departure was reported as light snow, a ceiling of 3,000 feet (910 m) AMSL with sky obscured, visibility 6 miles (9,700 m), and winds from 20 to 30 mph (32 to 48 km/h). Although deteriorating weather was reported along the planned route, the weather briefings pilot Peterson received failed to relay the information.[15]
Mason City and Clear Lake, Iowa
The plane took off normally from runway 17 (today's runway 18) at 12:55 am Central Time on Tuesday, February 3.[16] Dwyer, the owner of the flight service company, witnessed the take-off from a platform outside the control tower. He was able to see clearly the aircraft's tail light for most of the brief flight, which started with an initial left turn onto a northwesterly heading and a climb to 800 ft. The tail light was then observed gradually descending until it disappeared out of view. Around 1:00 am, when Peterson failed to make the expected radio contact, repeated attempts to establish communication were made, at Dwyer's request, by the radio operator, but they were all unsuccessful.[7]
Later that morning, Dwyer, having heard no word from Peterson since his departure, took off in another airplane to retrace his planned route. Within minutes, at around 9:35 am, he spotted the wreckage less than 6 mi (9.7 km) northwest of the airport.[7][17] The sheriff's office, alerted by Dwyer, dispatched Deputy Bill McGill, who drove to the crash site, a cornfield belonging to Albert Juhl.[18]
The Bonanza had impacted terrain at high speed, estimated to have been around 170 mph (270 km/h), banked steeply to the right and in a nose-down attitude. The right wing tip had struck the ground first, sending the aircraft cartwheeling across the frozen field for 540 feet (160 m), before coming to rest against a wire fence at the edge of Juhl's property.[7]
The bodies of Holly and Valens had been ejected from the torn fuselage and lay near the wreckage. Richardson's body had been thrown over the fence and into the cornfield of Juhl's neighbor Oscar Moffett, while pilot Peterson's body was entangled in the plane's wreckage.[7] With the rest of the entourage en route to Minnesota, ballroom manager Carroll Anderson, who had driven the party to the airport and witnessed the plane's takeoff, had to identify the bodies of the musicians.[19] County coroner Ralph Smiley certified that all four victims died instantly, citing the cause of death as "gross trauma to brain" for the three artists and "brain damage" for the pilot.[20][21]
Aftermath[edit]
Holly's pregnant wife, María Elena, learned of his death from the reports on television. A widow after only six months of marriage, she suffered a miscarriage shortly after, reportedly due to "psychological trauma". Holly's mother, on hearing the news on the radio at home in Lubbock, Texas, screamed and collapsed.[1] María Elena Holly did not attend the funeral and has never visited the gravesite. She later said in an interview: "In a way, I blame myself. I was not feeling well when he left. I was two weeks pregnant, and I wanted Buddy to stay with me, but he had scheduled that tour. It was the only time I wasn't with him. And I blame myself because I know that, if only I had gone along, Buddy never would have gotten into that airplane."[22]
The "Winter Dance Party" tour did not stop; Waylon Jennings and Tommy Allsup continued performing for two more weeks, with Jennings taking Holly's place as lead singer.[23] Meanwhile, the funerals of the victims were being held individually; Holly and Richardson were buried in Texas, Valens in California, and pilot Peterson in Iowa.
Official investigation[edit]
The wreckage of N3794N as found by the authorities on the morning of the accident
The official investigation was carried out by the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB, precursor to the NTSB). It emerged that pilot Roger Peterson had over four years of flying experience, of which one with Dwyer Flying Service, and had accumulated 711 flying hours, of which 128 on Bonanzas. He had also logged 52 hours of instrument flying training, although had passed only his written examination, and was not yet qualified to operate in weather that required flying solely by reference to instruments. He and Dwyer Flying Service itself were certified to operate only under visual flight rules, which essentially require that the pilot must be able to see where he is going. However, on the night of the accident, visual flight would have been virtually impossible due to the low clouds, the lack of a visible horizon, and the absence of ground lights over the sparsely populated area.[7]
Furthermore, Peterson, who had failed an instrument checkride nine months before the accident, had received his instrument training on airplanes equipped with a conventional artificial horizon as source of aircraft attitude information, while N3794N was equipped with an older-type Sperry F3 attitude gyroscope. Crucially, the two types of instruments display the same aircraft pitch attitude information in graphically opposite ways.
The CAB concluded that the accident was due to "the pilot's unwise decision to embark on a flight" that required instrument flying skills he had not proved to have. A contributing factor was the pilot's unfamiliarity with the old-style attitude gyroscope fitted on board the aircraft, which may have caused him to believe that he was climbing when he was in fact descending (an example of spatial disorientation). Another contributing factor was the "seriously inadequate" weather briefing provided to the pilot, which "failed to even mention adverse flying condition which should have been highlighted".[7][24]
Subsequent investigations[edit]
On March 6, 2007, in Beaumont, Texas, Richardson's body was exhumed for reburial in a more fitting part of the local Forest Lawn cemetery. The musician's son, Jay Perry, took the opportunity to have his father's body re-examined to verify the original findings, and asked forensic anthropologist William Bass to carry out the procedure. Among the rumors surrounding the accident that this second examination sought to verify was that an accidental firearm discharge took place on board the aircraft and caused the crash, since two months after the event, a farmer had found at the crash site a .22 (5.6 mm) pistol known to have belonged to Buddy Holly. Another rumor had Richardson surviving the initial impact and crawling out of the aircraft in search for help, prompted by the fact that his body was found farther from the wreckage than the other three. Bass and his team took several X-rays of Richardson's body and eventually concluded that the musician had indeed died instantly from extensive, nonsurvivable fractures to almost all of his bones; no traces of lead were found from any bullet. Coroner Smiley's original report was, therefore, confirmed.[25][26]
In March 2015, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) received a request to reopen the investigation into the accident.[27] The request was made by L. J. Coon, a retired pilot from New England who felt that the conclusion of the 1959 investigation was inaccurate. Coon suspected a possible failure of the right rudder, or a problem with the fuel system, as well as a possible improper weight distribution. Coon also argued that Peterson may have tried to land the plane and that his efforts should be recognized.[28][29] In April 2015, the NTSB declined the request, citing that the evidence presented by Coon was insufficient to merit the reconsideration of the original findings.[30]
Legacy[edit]
Notification of victims' families[edit]
Following the miscarriage suffered by Holly's wife and the circumstances in which she was informed of his death, a policy was later adopted by authorities not to disclose victims' names until after their families have been informed.[1]
Memorials[edit]
A memorial service for Roger Peterson was held at Redeemer Lutheran Church, Ventura, Iowa, on February 5. A funeral was held the next day at St. Paul Lutheran Church in his hometown of Alta; Peterson was buried in Buena Vista Memorial Cemetery in nearby Storm Lake. His grave site is located at coordinates N 42 39.189 W 095 13.996. Peterson's parents later received condolence letters from the families of Holly and Valens.
Films[edit]
The accident is mentioned in the biographical film The Buddy Holly Story (1978).[31]
The accident is also depicted in the Ritchie Valens biopic La Bamba (1987).[31]
Memorial concerts[edit]
Fans of Holly, Valens, and Richardson have been gathering for annual memorial concerts at the Surf Ballroom in Clear Lake since 1979.[32] The 50th-anniversary concert took place on February 2, 2009, with Delbert McClinton, Joe Ely, Wanda Jackson, Los Lobos, Los Lonely Boys, Chris Montez, Bobby Vee, Graham Nash, Peter and Gordon, Tommy Allsup, and a house band featuring Chuck Leavell, James "Hutch" Hutchinson, Bobby Keys, and Kenny Aronoff. Jay P. Richardson, the son of the Big Bopper, was among the participating artists, and Bob Hale was the master of ceremonies, as he was at the 1959 concert.[33][34]
Monuments[edit]
Signpost near the Clear Lake crash site
In June 1988, a four-foot-tall granite memorial bearing the names of Peterson and the three entertainers was dedicated outside the Surf Ballroom with Peterson's widow, parents, and sister in attendance; the event marked the first time that the families of Holly, Richardson, Valens, and Peterson had gathered together.
In 1989, Ken Paquette, a Wisconsin fan of the 1950s era, made a stainless-steel monument that depicts a guitar and a set of three records bearing the names of the three performers killed in the accident.[citation needed] The monument is on private farmland, about 1⁄4 mi (0.40 km) west of the intersection of 315th Street and Gull Avenue, 5 mi (8.0 km) north of Clear Lake.
Paquette also created a similar stainless-steel monument to the three musicians located outside the Riverside Ballroom in Green Bay, Wisconsin, where Holly, the Big Bopper, and Valens played their second-to-last show on the night of February 1, 1959. This second memorial was unveiled on July 17, 2003.[35]
In February 2009, a further memorial made by Paquette for pilot Roger Peterson was unveiled at the crash site.[36]
A large plasma-cut steel set of Wayfarer-style glasses, constructed by Michael Connor of Clear Lake, similar to those Holly wore, sits at the access point to the crash site.[citation needed]
Roads[edit]
A road originating near the Surf Ballroom, extending north and passing to the west of the crash site, is now known as Buddy Holly Place.[37]
Songs[edit]
"American Pie"
The song "American Pie" dubbed the accident "The Day The Music Died"
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Eddie Cochran's "Three Stars" (1959) is the first song to commemorate the musicians.[citation needed]
Don McLean later addressed the accident in his song "American Pie" (1971), dubbing it "the Day the Music Died",[38] which for McLean symbolized the "loss of innocence" of the early rock-and-roll generation.[1][39]
See also[edit]
Aviation portal
Iowa portal
Rock and Roll portal
Patsy Cline plane crash
Stevie Ray Vaughan helicopter crash
Bill Graham helicopter crash
Randy Rhoads plane crash
1969 Newton Cessna 172 crash
Lynyrd Skynyrd plane crash
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Suddath, Claire (February 3, 2009). "The Day the Music Died". Time. Retrieved April 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Everitt 2004, p. 10.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.startribune.com/buddy-holly-the-tour-from-hell/38282249/
^ Jump up to: a b Everitt 2004, p. 13.
Jump up ^ "Connection to Buddy Holly Death". WeGoNews.com. Retrieved February 3, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Everitt 2004, p. 14.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Civil Aeronautics Board (September 23, 1959). "Aircraft Accident Report" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 18, 2014. Retrieved February 4, 2009. ()
Jump up ^ "FAA Registry (N3794N)". Federal Aviation Administration.
Jump up ^ Schuck, Raymond 2012, p. 16.
Jump up ^ "American Pie". Snopes.com. Retrieved April 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ Jennings & Kaye 1996, p. 70.
Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ DiMucci, Dion (1988). The Wanderer. Beech Tree Books. p. 89.
Jump up ^ Everitt 2004, p. 15.
Jump up ^ Everitt 2004, p. 16.
Jump up ^ Everitt 2004, p. 17.
Jump up ^ Civil Aeronautics Board (September 23, 1959). "Aircraft Accident Report" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 26, 2009. Retrieved July 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ Everitt 2004, p. 18.
Jump up ^ Everitt 2004, p. 21.
Jump up ^ "Death certificates" (PDF). Awesome Stories. Retrieved June 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Coroner's investigation" (PDF). Awesome Stories. Retrieved June 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kerns, William (August 15, 2008). "Buddy and Maria Elena Holly married 50 years ago". Lubbock Avalanche-Journal. Retrieved April 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Carr & Munde 1997, p. 155.
Jump up ^ "Aircraft Accident Report: File No. 2-0001" (PDF). Civil Aeronautics Board. September 15, 1959. p. 3, "The Aircraft" section.
Jump up ^ Griggs, Bill. "Big Bopper Exhumation". Retrieved April 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Autopsy of 'Big Bopper' to Address Rumors About 1959 Plane Crash". The Washington Post. January 18, 2007. Retrieved April 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Board considers reopening investigation into plane crash that caused the death of Buddy Holly". KITV. March 3, 2015. Retrieved March 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kilen, Mike (March 4, 2015). "NTSB considers reopening Buddy Holly crash case". Des Moines Register. Gannett Company. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ Pilkington, Ed (March 5, 2015). "Buddy Holly plane crash : officials consider reopening 1959 probe". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Buddy Holly crash investigation will not be reopened". The Des Moines Register. Associated Press. April 28, 2015. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b McDonald 2010, p. 33.
Jump up ^ "Winter Dance Party History". Surf Ballroom. Archived from the original on February 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bream, Jon (February 3, 2009). "Fans Pack Surf Ballroom for Tribute to Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens and the Big Bopper". CMT News. Retrieved February 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Coffey, Joe (February 5, 2009). "Holly, Valens, Richardson Remembered: 50 Winters Later". Premier Guitar. Retrieved February 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Jordan, Jennifer (April 11, 2007). "The Day the Music Died". Articles Tree. Archived from the original on February 7, 2012. Retrieved January 30, 2009.
Jump up ^ Jordan, Jennifer (February 2, 2009). "Memorial to Buddy Holly pilot dedicated at crash site". Des Moines Register. Retrieved April 14, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Clear Lake, Iowa: Buddy Holly Crash Site". RoadsideAmerica.com. Retrieved June 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ Crouse 2012, p. 86.
Jump up ^ Thimou, Theodore (December 28, 2006). "Preview: The Twice-Famous Don McLean Plays Rams Head". Bay Weekly. Archived from the original on June 13, 2008. Retrieved September 11, 2008.
"Buddy Holly's Coroner's Report". February 4, 1959.
"Coroner's investigation—Air crash, Feb. 3, 1959—SW1/4 Section 18, Lincoln Twp.—Cerro Gordo County, Iowa".
"The Day the Music Died: February 3, 1959".
Books[edit]
Carr, Joseph; Munde, Alan (1997). Prairie Nights to Neon Lights: The Story of Country Music in West Texas. Texas Tech University Press. ISBN 978-0-89672-365-8.
Crouse, Richard (2012). Who Wrote The Book of Love?. Random House Digital. ISBN 978-0-385-67442-3.
Everitt, Rich (2004). Falling Stars: Air Crashes That Filled Rock and Roll Heaven. Harbor House. ISBN 978-1-891799-04-4.
McDonald, Les (2010). The Day the Music Died. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 978-1-4691-1356-2. [self-published source]
Jennings, Waylon; Kaye, Lenny (1996). Waylon :An Autobiography. Warner Books. ISBN 978-0-446-51865-9.
Schuck, Raymond (2012). Do You Believe in Rock and Roll? Essays on Don Mclean's American Pie. McFarland. ISBN 978-1-4766-0036-9.
Further reading[edit]
Lehmer, Larry (2004). The Day the Music Died: The Last Tour of Buddy Holly, the Big Bopper and Ritchie Valens (illustrated ed.). Music Sales Group. ISBN 0-8256-7287-2.
Rabin, Staton (2009). Oh Boy! The Life and Music of Rock 'n' Roll Pioneer Buddy Holly (illustrated ed.). Van Winkle Publishing (Kindle). ASIN B001OQBLLG.
Schinder, Scott; Huxley, Martin; Skinner, Quinton (2000). The Day the Music Died (illustrated ed.). Pocket Books. ISBN 0-671-03962-8.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Day the Music Died.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Aircraft Accident Report for Buddy Holly's crash
February 3, 1959 front page of the Mason City Globe-Gazette, via Newspapers.com
fiftiesweb.com The Day the Music Died
Bakotopia Magazine's 50th Anniversary memorial article
1959: Buddy Holly killed in air crash
Voices of Oklahoma interview with Tommy Allsup. First person interview conducted with Tommy Allsup on September 8, 2011. Original audio and transcript archived with Voices of Oklahoma oral history project.
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Criminal Minds (season 9)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Criminal Minds (season 9)
DVD cover art
Starring
Joe Mantegna
Shemar Moore
Matthew Gray Gubler
A.J. Cook
Kirsten Vangsness
Jeanne Tripplehorn
Thomas Gibson
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
24
Release
Original network
CBS
Original release
September 25, 2013 (2013-09-25) – May 14, 2014 (2014-05-14)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 8
Next →
Season 10
List of Criminal Minds episodes
The ninth season of Criminal Minds premiered on CBS and CTV, on September 25, 2013.[1] The series was officially renewed for a ninth season on May 9, 2013.[2] The season consists of 24 episodes with the 200th episode being episode 14 of the season, and the finale on 14 May. This new season is said to reveal more on the past of Agent Jennifer "JJ" Jareau. "We're going to use the serendipitous gift of Season 6 to explain with flashbacks what happened when she was working for the Pentagon and why she came back as a much tougher character. "I've never had a chance to flex my acting muscles like this on the show!", said A. J. Cook.[3] The season also featured the return of Paget Brewster and Jayne Atkinson for the 200th episode, which aired on February 5, 2014.[4] On May 14, 2014, it was revealed at the end of the season finale that Alex Blake (Jeanne Tripplehorn) would be leaving the show.
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast
1.1 Main
1.2 Special guest stars
1.3 Recurring
1.4 Guest stars
2 Episodes
3 Ratings
3.1 U.S. ratings
3.2 Live + 7 Day (DVR) ratings
4 Home media
5 References
6 External links
Cast[edit]
The entire main cast returned for the ninth season;[1] however, Esai Morales replaced Jayne Atkinson as the new Section Chief for the FBI's Behavioral Analysis Unit (BAU).
Main[edit]
Joe Mantegna as David Rossi
Shemar Moore as Derek Morgan
Matthew Gray Gubler as Dr. Spencer Reid
A. J. Cook as Jennifer "JJ" Jareau
Kirsten Vangsness as Penelope Garcia
Jeanne Tripplehorn as Dr. Alex Blake
Thomas Gibson as Aaron "Hotch" Hotchner
Special guest stars[edit]
Paget Brewster as Emily Prentiss
Recurring[edit]
Esai Morales as Mateo "Matt" Cruz
Rochelle Aytes as Savannah Hayes
Cade Owens as Jack Hotchner
Mekhai Andersen as Henry LaMontagne
Nicholas Brendon as Kevin Lynch
Meredith Monroe as Haley Hotchner
Josh Stewart as William "Will" LaMontagne Jr.
Guest stars[edit]
Jayne Atkinson as Erin Strauss
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of Criminal Minds episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)
187
1 "The Inspiration" Glenn Kershaw Janine Sherman Barrois September 25, 2013 (2013-09-25) 901 11.27[5]
The BAU travels to Glendale, Arizona, to search for an increasingly devolving unsub, while the team speculates that Hotch is in the running to be the new BAU Section Chief following the death of Erin Strauss.
188
2 "The Inspired" Larry Teng Breen Frazier October 2, 2013 (2013-10-02) 902 11.12[6]
The BAU continues their search for the deranged suspect responsible for ritualistic killings in Glendale as well as his suspiciously protective mother (Camryn Manheim) who isn't exactly eager to help. As they investigate, the discovery of an odd familial connection could finally lead them to make an arrest.
189
3 "Final Shot" Bethany Rooney Sharon Lee Watson October 9, 2013 (2013-10-09) 904 10.98[7]
After several people are killed by a sniper in Dallas, the BAU - with the help of a seasoned Dallas agent (Eva LaRue) - tries to determine whether the impending anniversary of the Kennedy assassination is what is causing the unsub to kill or if there is another motive at play.
190
4 "To Bear Witness" Rob Bailey Erica Messer October 16, 2013 (2013-10-16) 903 11.06[8]
As the BAU meets their new section chief, Mateo Cruz (Esai Morales), who has a previous work relationship with JJ of which the team is unaware, they are sent to Baltimore to search for an unsub who performs lobotomies on his victims.
191
5 "Route 66" Doug Aarniokoski Virgil Williams October 23, 2013 (2013-10-23) 905 11.55[9]
Hotch's stab injury makes him have visions of his deceased wife, Haley (Meredith Monroe) and George Foyet (C. Thomas Howell). Meanwhile, the BAU looks for a missing teenager (Madison Davenport) and investigate her estranged father (Todd Stashwick) as a possible suspect in her disappearance.
192
6 "In the Blood" Michael Lange Bruce Zimmerman October 30, 2013 (2013-10-30) 906 10.64[10]
The BAU travels to Provo, Utah to search for an unsub, committing ritualistic murders, whom they believe to have an obsession with the Salem Witch Trials. Meanwhile, Garcia prepares to host a "Day of the Dead" celebration at her apartment.
193
7 "Gatekeeper" Matthew Gray Gubler Rick Dunkle November 6, 2013 (2013-11-06) 907 9.70[11]
Rossi discovers that his favorite bar is about to close, so the team helps him to mourn the loss in a special way. Meanwhile, several victims are strangled to death in Boston and the BAU learns that the killer (Jack Plotnick) likes to keep trophies of his victims.
194
8 "The Return" John Terlesky Kimberly Ann Harrison November 13, 2013 (2013-11-13) 908 11.63[12]
When missing teenagers in Chicago become suspects in a string of random, violent killings, the BAU is called in to help find a possible motive for the crimes. Meanwhile, Morgan has mixed feelings when he discovers that his girlfriend takes her job as seriously as he takes his.
195
9 "Strange Fruit" Constantine Makris Janine Sherman Barrois November 20, 2013 (2013-11-20) 909 12.40[13]
When the water company attempts to fix a broken main at a house in Tazewell, Virginia, they discover several skeletons buried in the backyard. When the BAU interrogates the family living there, they uncover many sad secrets rooted in southern segregation from the past.
196
10 "The Caller" Rob Bailey Sharon Lee Watson November 27, 2013 (2013-11-27) 910 11.10[14]
The BAU is called to St. Louis when a boy goes missing from his home, and they find similarities to a cold case which they reinvestigate, helping them eventually to apprehend the suspect.
197
11 "Bully" Glenn Kershaw Virgil Williams December 11, 2013 (2013-12-11) 911 11.19[15]
When the BAU is called to Kansas City, Missouri to investigate a series of extremely violent murders, Blake must endure an awkward family reunion when her father (Tom Bower), a retired police captain, and her brother (Brennan Elliott), a detective, are needed to help solve the case.
198
12 "The Black Queen" Tawnia McKiernan Breen Frazier January 15, 2014 (2014-01-15) 912 10.35[16]
When a murder investigation opens in San Jose, California, Garcia is forced to delve into her past as a hacker and reconnect with her former boyfriend, Shane Wyeth (Paulo Costanzo), to help the BAU solve the case.
199
13 "The Road Home" Joe Mantegna Bruce Zimmerman January 22, 2014 (2014-01-22) 913 10.35[17]
While a man goes on a killing spree in Cleveland, Rossi goes to Los Angeles to search for his former Marine Corps sergeant, Harrison Scott (Meshach Taylor) who is missing. Also, as the secret JJ has been keeping from the team may be catching up with her, something unexpected happens at the very end of the episode.
200
14 "200" Larry Teng Rick Dunkle February 5, 2014 (2014-02-05) 914 12.92[18]
When JJ and Section Chief Cruz are kidnapped, the BAU delves into JJ's time at the State Department to find clues to their disappearance and uncover a secret mission that now puts their lives in danger. To make matters worse, the mastermind behind the kidnapping (Tahmoh Penikett) worked closely with JJ and had been presumed dead. When the Department refuses to let the BAU to investigate further, they turn to the one person who can get the information needed: former BAU agent Emily Prentiss (Paget Brewster).
201
15 "Mr. & Mrs. Anderson" Félix Alcalá Kimberly Ann Harrison February 19, 2014 (2014-02-19) 915 10.06[19]
The BAU must spend Valentine's Day conducting a rather creepy investigation when a married couple from Pittsburgh attending therapy discover that the only way to put the spark back into their marriage is to commit murder. Also, Morgan and Garcia discuss their Valentine's Day plans.
202
16 "Gabby" Thomas Gibson Jim Clemente & Erica Messer February 26, 2014 (2014-02-26) 916 9.42[20]
When a mother (Ashley Jones) leaves her 4-year old daughter with a relative (Sianoa Smit-McPhee) in Hattiesburg, Mississippi and she goes missing in the middle of the night, the BAU must race against time and find this little girl. Along the way, they make many disturbing discoveries about the babysitter.
203
17 "Persuasion" Rob Lieberman Sharon Lee Watson March 5, 2014 (2014-03-05) 917 11.42[21]
When mysteriously drowned bodies are discovered in the Las Vegas desert, the BAU tries to figure out the true cause and motive for the murders. Meanwhile, Reid tries contacting his mother, only to discover she is on a trip to the Grand Canyon, making him feel forgotten.
204
18 "Rabid" Doug Aarniokoski Virgil Williams March 12, 2014 (2014-03-12) 918 10.74[22]
When the BAU finds bodies with both animal and human bite marks near Milwaukee, they have some difficult questions to answer. Meanwhile, Garcia and Reid must prepare for a fitness test, but try to hide the whole thing from Morgan, as he has a reputation of being a difficult personal trainer.
205
19 "The Edge of Winter" Hanelle Culpepper Janine Sherman Barrois March 19, 2014 (2014-03-19) 919 10.14[23]
As the BAU wraps up an investigation of brutal stabbings in Hamilton, New York, Morgan's visit with a survivor could raise more disturbing questions for the team to answer. They learn that the victim in question has suffered permanent, irreversible psychological damage due to the horrors she was forced to endure.
206
20 "Blood Relations" Matthew Gray Gubler Breen Frazier April 2, 2014 (2014-04-02) 920 10.47[24]
When two people turn up dead in a violent manner in the remote, rural community of Wheeling, West Virginia the BAU are asked to investigate. They discover a deep-seated, violent feud between the two families of the victims, and try to determine which of the families are responsible for the murders. The investigation reveals that one of the older family members (Adrienne Barbeau) has kept a disturbing secret for decades, and it may have come back to haunt her.
207
21 "What Happens In Mecklinburg…" Rob Hardy Ticona S. Joy April 9, 2014 (2014-04-09) 921 9.85[25]
A frat party goes terribly wrong at Mecklinburg State College near Memphis, Tennessee and, as a result of a terrible, criminal act committed that night, several students are kidnapped and, subsequently, tortured. The BAU is asked to investigate these kidnappings and try to apprehend the suspect. Meanwhile, Morgan learns that Savannah (Rochelle Aytes) is unhappy with how often he has to travel for work.
208
22 "Fatal" Larry Teng Bruce Zimmerman April 30, 2014 (2014-04-30) 922 10.30[26]
Victims of arsenic poisoning are found in Long Beach, California. The investigation reveals that the killer (Brian Baumgartner) has a fascination with Greek mythology, based on handwritten death threats to the deceased and other mysterious clues. Meanwhile, Hotch is concerned about participating in Jack's third grade career day.
209
23 "Angels" Rob Bailey Rick Dunkle & Breen Frazier & Janine Sherman Barrois May 7, 2014 (2014-05-07) 923 10.52[27]
The BAU is called to assist on a case in Silverton, Texas, in Briscoe County in which several prostitutes were murdered. The team eventually discover that these crimes are driven by religious ideals, and as they dig deeper into the case, their lives are put in jeopardy. Reid and Morgan are shot during a crossfire with a suspect (Brett Cullen).
210
24 "Demons" Glenn Kershaw Erica Messer May 14, 2014 (2014-05-14) 924 12.03[28]
The BAU delve further into the serial murder case in Briscoe County, Texas, that they have been investigating with help from Cruz, who personally comes to assist. They make a chilling discovery that things are not as they seem in this eerie town and the real unsub (Michael Trucco) is behind a much more sinister plot. As they investigate further, one team member's life is put in danger and as another team member faces a sad secret from the past, Garcia puts herself in the line of fire to try and save a fellow agent. The events from this case cause Blake (Jeanne Tripplehorn) to resign from the FBI.
Ratings[edit]
U.S. ratings[edit]
No. in
series
No. in
season
Episode
Air date
Time slot (EST)
Rating/Share (18–49)
Viewers (m)
18-49 Rank
Viewership rank
Drama rank
187 1 "The Inspiration" September 25, 2013 (2013-09-25) Wednesday
9:00 P.M.
2.8/8[5]
11.27[5]
20[29]
19[29]
7[29]
188 2 "The Inspired" October 2, 2013 (2013-10-02)
2.7/8[6]
11.12[6]
21[30]
17[30]
7[30]
189 3 "Final Shot" October 9, 2013 (2013-10-09)
2.6/7[7]
10.98[7]
18[31]
12[31]
9[31]
190 4 "To Bear Witness" October 16, 2013 (2013-10-16)
2.7/7[8]
11.06[8]
16[32]
13[32]
5[32]
191 5 "Route 66" October 23, 2013 (2013-10-23)
2.7/7[9]
11.55[9]
17[33]
14[33]
5[33]
192 6 "In the Blood" October 30, 2013 (2013-10-30)
2.4/6[10]
10.64[10]
19[34]
14[34]
6[34]
193 7 "Gatekeeper" November 6, 2013 (2013-11-06)
2.3/6[11]
9.70[11]
22[35]
19[35]
8[35]
194 8 "The Return" November 13, 2013 (2013-11-13)
2.7/8[12]
11.63[12]
13[36]
13[36]
5[36]
195 9 "Strange Fruit" November 20, 2013 (2013-11-20)
2.8/8[13]
12.40[13]
13[37]
19[37]
3[37]
196 10 "The Caller" November 27, 2013 (2013-11-27)
2.4/7[14]
11.10[14]
16[38]
12[38]
4[38]
197 11 "Bully" December 11, 2013 (2013-12-11)
2.4/7[15]
11.19[15]
18[39]
8[39]
5[39]
198 12 "The Black Queen" January 15, 2014 (2014-01-15)
2.4/7[16]
10.35[16]
13[40]
12[40]
5[40]
199 13 "The Road Home" January 22, 2014 (2014-01-22)
2.2/6[17]
10.35[17]
14[41]
9[41]
3[41]
200 14 "200" February 5, 2014 (2014-02-05)
2.8/7[18]
12.92[18]
13[42]
10[42]
3[42]
201 15 "Mr. & Mrs. Anderson" February 19, 2014 (2014-02-19)
2.5/7[19]
10.06[19]
12[43]
10[43]
1[43]
202 16 "Gabby" February 26, 2014 (2014-02-26) Wednesday
10:00 P.M.[44]
2.2/6[20]
9.42[20]
24[45]
18[45]
6[45]
203 17 "Persuasion" March 5, 2014 (2014-03-05) Wednesday
9:00 P.M.
2.6/7[21]
11.42[21]
11[46]
9[46]
4[46]
204 18 "Rabid" March 12, 2014 (2014-03-12)
2.3/7[22]
10.74[22]
16[47]
19[47]
5[47]
205 19 "The Edge of Winter" March 19, 2014 (2014-03-19)
2.2/6[23]
10.14[23]
12[48]
10[48]
7[48]
206 20 "Blood Relations" April 2, 2014 (2014-04-02)
2.6/7[24]
10.47[24]
11[49]
13[49]
4[49]
207 21 "What Happens In Mecklinburg..." April 9, 2014 (2014-04-09)
2.3/7[25]
9.85[25]
13[50]
12[50]
5[50]
208 22 "Fatal" April 30, 2014 (2014-04-30)
2.2/6[26]
10.30[26]
12[51]
12[51]
3[51]
209 23 "Angels" May 7, 2014 (2014-05-07)
2.3/7[27]
10.52[27]
10[52]
8[52]
5[52]
210 24 "Demons" May 14, 2014 (2014-05-14)
2.7/8[28]
12.03[28]
5[53]
5[53]
1[53]
Live + 7 Day (DVR) ratings[edit]
No. in
series
No. in
season
Episode
Air date
Time slot (EST)
18–49 rating increase
Viewers
(millions) increase
Total 18-49
Total viewers
(millions)
Ref
187 1 "The Inspiration" September 25, 2013 (2013-09-25) Wednesday
9:00 p.m.
1.3
3.60
4.1
14.87
[54]
188 2 "The Inspired" October 2, 2013 (2013-10-02)
1.3
3.34
4.0
14.46
[55]
189 3 "Final Shot" October 9, 2013 (2013-10-09)
1.3
3.31
3.9
14.28
[56]
190 4 "To Bear Witness" October 16, 2013 (2013-10-16)
1.2
3.06
3.9
14.11
[57]
191 5 "Route 66" October 23, 2013 (2013-10-23)
1.2
3.13
3.9
14.68
[58]
192 6 "In the Blood" October 30, 2013 (2013-10-30)
1.3
3.30
3.7
13.94
[59]
193 7 "Gatekeeper" November 6, 2013 (2013-11-06)
1.4
3.41
3.7
13.11
[60]
194 8 "The Return" November 13, 2013 (2013-11-13)
1.2
3.25
3.9
14.87
[61]
195 9 "Strange Fruit" November 20, 2013 (2013-11-20)
1.4
3.58
4.2
15.98
[62]
196 10 "The Caller" November 27, 2013 (2013-11-27)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
197 11 "Bully" December 11, 2013 (2013-12-11)
1.4
3.49
3.8
14.69
[63]
198 12 "The Black Queen" January 15, 2014 (2014-01-15)
1.5
3.82
3.9
14.21
[64]
199 13 "The Road Home" January 22, 2014 (2014-01-22)
1.6
4.10
3.8
14.45
[65]
200 14 "200" February 5, 2014 (2014-02-05)
1.2
3.48
4.0
16.39
[66]
201 15 "Mr. & Mrs. Anderson" February 19, 2014 (2014-02-19)
1.3
3.59
3.8
13.65
[67]
202 16 "Gabby" February 26, 2014 (2014-02-26) Wednesday
10:00 p.m.[44]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
203 17 "Persuasion" March 5, 2014 (2014-03-05) Wednesday
9:00 p.m.
1.4
3.70
4.0
15.13
[68]
204 18 "Rabid" March 12, 2014 (2014-03-12)
1.3
3.22
3.6
13.96
[69]
205 19 "The Edge of Winter" March 19, 2014 (2014-03-19)
1.4
3.66
3.6
13.80
[70]
206 20 "Blood Relations" April 2, 2014 (2014-04-02)
1.4
3.60
4.0
14.07
[71]
207 21 "What Happens In Mecklinburg..." April 9, 2014 (2014-04-09)
1.3
3.32
3.6
13.17
[72]
208 22 "Fatal" April 30, 2014 (2014-04-30)
1.4
3.71
3.6
14.01
[73]
209 23 "Angels" May 7, 2014 (2014-05-07)
1.3
3.36
3.6
13.89
[74]
210 24 "Demons" May 14, 2014 (2014-05-14)
1.2
3.39
3.9
15.42
[75]
Home media[edit]
The Complete Ninth Season
Set details Special features
24 episodes
6-disc set (Region 1)
5-disc set (Region 2 & 4)
Aspect Ratio: 1.78:1
Subtitles: English
English: Dolby Digital 5.1
Eyes Only
Gag Reel
Deleted Scenes
DVD release date
Region 1 Region 2 Region 4
August 26, 2014 (2014-08-26)[76] December 8, 2014 (2014-12-08)[77] December 3, 2014 (2014-12-03)[78]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Morris, Clare (July 9, 2013). "'Criminal Minds' Season 9 Begins Filming Today, July 9". The Christian Post. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (May 9, 2013). "'Criminal Minds' Renewed by CBS for Ninth Season (Updated)". Zap2it. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ Keck's Exclusives First Look: Criminal Minds Explores J.J.'s Gap Year - Today's News: Our Take | TVGuide.com
Jump up ^ "Scoop: Criminal Minds Brings Back Paget Brewster for 200th Episode". TVLine.com. Retrieved October 7, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kondolojy, Amanda (September 26, 2013). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'The Middle', 'Modern Family' and 'Survivor' Adjusted Up; 'Nashville' & 'CSI' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 26, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bibel, Sara (October 3, 2013). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Revolution', 'Survivor', 'The Middle', & 'Back In The Game' Adjusted Up; 'Ironside' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 3, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kondolojy, Amanda. "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Survivor', 'Back in the Game', 'Modern Family' and 'The Tomorrow People' Adjusted Up; 'Nashville' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 10, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Modern Family', 'Law & Order:SVU', 'Survivor', 'Toy Story of TERROR!' & 'Back In The Game' Adjusted Up; 'Nashville' & 'Ironside' Adjusted Down". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. August 27, 2013. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kondolojy, Amanda (October 24, 2013). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Survivor', 'The Middle', 'Modern Family' & 'The Tomorrow People' Adjusted Up; 'Super Fun Night' Adjusted Down + Final World Series Numbers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bibel, Sara (October 31, 2013). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Arrow' & 'The Middle' Adjusted Up; 'Super Fun Night' & 'CSI' Adjusted Down & FInal World Series Numbers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kondolojy, Amanda (November 7, 2013). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'CSI' Adjusted Up; 'Criminal Minds' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for 'The CMA Awards'". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 7, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bibel, Sara (November 14, 2013). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Revolution', 'Arrow', 'The Middle' & 'Survivor' Adjusted Up; 'Super Fun Night' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kondolojy, Amanda (November 21, 2013). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'The X Factor', 'Modern Family', 'Arrow', 'Survivor' & 'The Middle' Adjusted Up; 'Super Fun Night' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 22, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kondolojy, Amanda (December 2, 2013). "Wednesday Final Ratings: No Adjustment for 'The X Factor', 'Survivor' or 'CSI'". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 21, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bibel, Sara (December 12, 2013). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'The Middle' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 21, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kondolojy, Amanda (January 16, 2014). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'American Idol' Adjusted Up; 'Law and Order: SVU', 'The Tomorrow People' & 'Super Fun Night' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 16, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bibel, Sara (January 23, 2014). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Arrow' & 'The Middle' Adjusted Up; 'Modern Family' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bibel, Sara (February 6, 2014). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Super Fun NIght' Adjusted Down". Retrieved February 6, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bibel, Sara (February 20, 2014). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Criminal Minds' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 20, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kondolojy, Amanda (February 27, 2014). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'American Idol' & 'Nashville' Adjusted Up; 'Survivor', 'The Middle', 'Mixology', 'Suburgatory' & 'Criminal Minds' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 27, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bibel, Sara (March 6, 2014). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Modern Family', 'Mixology' & 'Nashville' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 6, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kondolojy, Amanda (March 13, 2014). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'The Middle', 'Suburgatory' & 'Modern Family' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 13, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bibel, Sara (March 20, 2014). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Survivor' Adjusted Up; No Adjustment for 'The 100'". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 20, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bibel, Sara (April 3, 2014). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Survivor', 'The Middle', 'Suburgatory', 'Modern Family' & 'Criminal Minds' Adjusted Up; 'CSI' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kondolojy, Amanda (April 10, 2014). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Law and Order: SVU' & 'Mixology' Adjusted Up; No Adjustment for 'The 100'". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bibel, Sara (May 1, 2014). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Survivor', 'American Idol' & 'Suburgatory' Adjusted Up; 'Revolution' & 'CSI' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 1, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kondolojy, Amanda (May 8, 2014). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'The Middle', 'Arrow', 'American Idol', 'Modern Family', 'Law & Order: SVU' & 'Suburgatory' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 8, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bibel, Sara (May 15, 2014). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Revolution', 'Arrow', 'Survivor', 'Suburgatory', 'Modern Family' & 'Law & Order: SVU' Adjusted Up; 'Chicago P.D.' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 15, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bibel, Sara (October 1, 2013). "TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: 'Sunday Night Football' Tops Week 1 With Adults 18-49 and Total Viewers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kondolojy, Amanda (October 8, 2013). "TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: 'NFL on CBS' Tops Week 2 With Adults 18-49 and Total Viewers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bibel, Sara (October 15, 2013). "TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: 'Sunday Night Football' Tops Week 3 With Adults 18-49 and Total Viewers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kondolojy, Amanda (October 22, 2013). "TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: 'Sunday Night Football' Tops Week 4 With Adults 18-49 and Total Viewers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bibel, Sara (October 29, 2013). "TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: 'Sunday Night Football' Tops Week 5 With Adults 18-49, 'NCIS' Number One With Total Viewers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kondolojy, Amanda (November 5, 2013). "TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: 'Sunday Night Football' Tops Week 6 With Adults 18-49, 'NCIS' Number One With Total Viewers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bibel, Sara (November 12, 2013). "TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: 'Sunday Night Football' Tops Week 7 With Adults 18-49 & With Total Viewers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kondolojy, Amanda (November 19, 2013). "TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: 'Sunday Night Football' Tops Week 8 With Adults 18-49 & With Total Viewers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bibel, Sara (November 26, 2013). "TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: 'Sunday Night Football' Tops Week 9 With Adults 18-49 & With Total Viewers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kondolojy, Amanda (December 4, 2013). "TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: Thanksgiving Football Tops Week 10 With Adults 18-49 & With Total Viewers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kondolojy, Amanda (December 17, 2013). "TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: 'Sunday Night Football' Tops Week 12 With Adults 18-49, 'NCIS' Leads Total Viewers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bibel, Sara (January 22, 2014). "TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: 'NFC Championship' Tops Week 17 With Adults 18-49 and Total Viewers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kondolojy, Sara (January 28, 2014). "TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: Grammy Awards Tops Week 18 With Adults 18-49 and Total Viewers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: Winter Olympics Opening Ceremony Tops Week 20 With Adults 18-49 and Total Viewers". TV by the Numbers. February 11, 2014. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kondolojy, Amanda (February 25, 2014). "TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: Winter Olympics Tops Week 22 With Adults 18-49 and Total Viewers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "CRIMINAL MINDS Season 9 - 916. Gabby - Press Release". Criminal Minds Round Table. February 4, 2014. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bibel, Sara (March 4, 2014). "TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: Oscars Top Week 23 With Adults 18-49 and Total Viewers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kondolojy, Amanda (March 11, 2014). "TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: 'The Big Bang Theory' Tops Week 24 With Adults 18-49 and Total Viewers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bibel, Sara (March 18, 2014). "TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: 'The Big Bang Theory' Tops Week 25 With Adults 18-49 and Total Viewers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kondolojy, Amanda (March 25, 2014). "TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: 'The Voice' Tops Week 26 With Adults 18-49; 'NCIS' Leads Total Viewers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kondolojy, Amanda (April 8, 2014). "TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: 'How I Met Your Mother' Tops Week 28 With Adults 18-49; 'The Big Bang Theory' Leads Total Viewers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bibel, Sara (April 15, 2014). "TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: NCAA Basketball Championship Tops Week 29 With Adults 18-49 & Total Viewers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kondolojy, Amanda (May 6, 2014). "TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: 'The Big Bang Theory' Tops Week 32 With Adults 18-49; 'NCIS' With Total Viewers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bibel, Sara (May 13, 2014). "TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: 'The Big Bang Theory' Tops Week 33 With Adults 18-49; 'NCIS' With Total Viewers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kondolojy, Amanda (May 20, 2014). "TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: 'The Big Bang Theory' Tops Week 34 With Adults 18-49; 'NCIS' With Total Viewers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (October 13, 2013). "Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.' Leads Adults 18-49 Ratings Increase, 'The Blacklist' Tops Total Viewership Gains; 'Sleepy Hollow' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Premiere Week". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (October 20, 2013). "Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' Tops Adults 18-49 Ratings Increase, 'New Girl' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 2". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (October 28, 2013). "Updated Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' Tops Adults 18-49 Ratings Increase, 'Elementary' Earns Biggest Percentage Gain,'The Blacklist' Grows Most in Total Viewers in Week 3". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (November 4, 2013). "Updated Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' Tops Adults 18-49 Ratings Increase, 'Beauty And the Beast' Earns Biggest Percentage Gain & 'Toy Story of Terror' Tops Viewership Gains in Week 4". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (November 11, 2013). "Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'Big Bang Theory' Tops Adults 18-49 Ratings Increase, 'Beauty and the Beast' Earns Biggest Percentage Gain, 'The Blacklist' Tops Viewer Increases in Week 5". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (November 18, 2013). "Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'The Blacklist' & 'Grey's Anatomy' Top Adults 18-49 Ratings Increase, 'Beauty and the Beast', 'Parenthood' & 'Nashville' Lead Percentage Gains, 'The Blacklist' Tops Viewer Increases in Week 6". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (November 25, 2013). "Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' Tops Adults 18-49 Ratings Increase, 'Dracula' Leads Percentage Gains, 'The Blacklist' Tops Viewer Increases in Week 7". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (December 3, 2013). "Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' Tops Adults 18-49 Ratings Increase, 'Elementary' Leads Percentage Gains, 'The Blacklist' Tops Viewer Increases in Week 8". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (December 9, 2013). "Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' Tops Adults 18-49 Ratings & Total Viewers Increase + 'Elementary' & 'Parenthood' Lead Percentage Gains in Week 9". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (December 30, 2013). "Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' Tops Adults 18-49 & Viewership Gains, 'Grimm' Leads Percentage Increase in Week 12". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (February 3, 2014). "Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'Modern Family' Has Biggest 18-49 Ratings Gain, 'Beauty & the Beast' Tops Percentage Gains & 'The Blacklist' Leads in Total Viewer Increase in Week 17". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (February 10, 2014). "Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'Modern Family' Has Biggest 18-49 Ratings Gain, 'The Blacklist' Tops Percentage & Total Viewer Increase in Week 18". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (February 24, 2014). "Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' Has Biggest 18-49 Ratings Gain & Total Viewer Increase + 'Nashville' Tops Percentage Gain in Week 20". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (March 10, 2014). "Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'The Following' Has Biggest 18-49 Ratings Gain, 'Beauty and the Beast' Tops Percentage Gain & 'Castle' Adds Most Total Viewers in Week 22". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (March 24, 2014). "Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' Has Biggest 18-49 Ratings Gain, 'The Following' Tops Percentage Gain & 'The Blacklist' Adds Most Total Viewers in Week 24". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (March 31, 2014). "Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' Has Biggest 18-49 Ratings & Viewership Gains, 'Beauty and the Beast' Tops Percentage Gains in Week 25". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (April 7, 2014). "Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'Grey's Anatomy' & 'The Blacklist' Have Biggest 18-49 Ratings Gains, 'Raising Hope' & 'Hart of Dixie' Top Percentage Gains in Week 26". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (April 21, 2014). "Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' Has Biggest 18-49 Ratings Gain, 'Hart of Dixie' Tops Percentage Gains & 'The Blacklist' Gains Most Viewers in Week 28". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (April 28, 2014). "Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' Has Biggest 18-49 Ratings & Viewership Gain, 'Parenthood' & 'Reign' Top Percentage Gains in Week 29". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (May 19, 2014). "Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'Big Bang Theory' Has Biggest 18-49 Ratings Gain, 'The Blacklist' Tops Viewership Gain, 'Hart of Dixie' & 'Nashville' Top Percentage Gains in Week 32". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (May 27, 2014). "Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' Has Biggest 18-49 Ratings & Viewership Gains, 'Nashville' Top Percentage Gains in Week 33". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (June 2, 2014). "Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' Has Biggest 18-49 Ratings Increase, 'Glee' Tops Percentage Gains in Week 34". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ Lambert, David (May 28, 2014). "Criminal Minds - We're on the Case With Info About DVDs for 'The 9th Season' Set!". TVShowsOnDVD. Retrieved May 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Criminal Minds - Season 9 [DVD]". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved June 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Criminal Minds: Season 9 (DVD)". EzyDVD. Retrieved November 25, 2014.
General references
"Shows A-Z – Criminal Minds on CBS". The Futon Critic. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
External links[edit]
Criminal Minds on IMDb
Criminal Minds at TV.com
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text:
River Irk
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Irk" redirects here. For other uses, see Irk (disambiguation).
River Irk
River
Country
England
Source
- location Royton
Mouth
- location River Irwell
- coordinates 53°29′12.93″N 2°14′42.13″W / 53.4869250°N 2.2450361°W / 53.4869250; -2.2450361Coordinates: 53°29′12.93″N 2°14′42.13″W / 53.4869250°N 2.2450361°W / 53.4869250; -2.2450361
Location of the mouth within Greater Manchester
The River Irk is a river in North West England that flows through the northern suburbs and towns of Greater Manchester.
It rises to the east of Royton and runs west past Chadderton , Middleton and Blackley before merging with the River Irwell in Manchester city centre.
Contents
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1 History
2 Tributaries
3 References
4 External links
History[edit]
Historically, the Irk was also known as Iwrck or the Irke, names thought to have been derived from the Roebuck, suggesting that at one time it was a swift-running river.[1]
In medieval times, there was a mill by the Irk at which the tenants of the manor ground their corn and its fisheries were controlled by the lord of the manor. In the 16th century, throwing carrion and other offensive matter into the Irk was forbidden. Water for Manchester was drawn from the river before the Industrial Revolution.[2] A bridge over the Irk was recorded in 1381. The river was noted for destructive floods. In 1480, the burgesses of Manchester described the highway between Manchester and Collyhurst which "the water of Irk had worn out". In 1816, of seven bridges over the Irk, six were liable to be flooded after heavy rain but the seventh, the Ducie Bridge completed in 1814 was above flood levels.[3]
According to The New Gazetteer of Lancashire (1830) the Irk had "more mill seats upon it than any other stream of its length in the Kingdom" and "the eels in this river were formerly remarkable for their fatness, which was attributed to the grease and oils expressed by the mills from the woollen cloths and mixed with the waters."[4] However, by the start of the 20th century the Irk Valley between Crumpsall and Blackley had been left a neglected river, "not only the blackest but the most sluggish of all rivers".
Friedrich Engels vividly described the banks of the Irk in Manchester at the height of the city's industrial excess:
The south bank of the Irk is here very steep and between fifteen and thirty feet high. On this declivitous hillside there are planted three rows of houses, of which the lowest rise directly out of the river, while the front walls of the highest stand on the crest of the hill in Long Millgate. Among them are mills on the river, in short, the method of construction is as crowded and disorderly here as in the lower part of Long Millgate. Right and left a multitude of covered passages lead from the main street into numerous courts, and he who turns in thither gets into a filth and disgusting grime, the equal of which is not to be found - especially in the courts which lead down to the Irk, and which contain unqualifiedly the most horrible dwellings which I have yet beheld. In one of these courts there stands directly at the entrance, at the end of the covered passage, a privy without a door, so dirty that the inhabitants can pass into and out of the court only by passing through foul pools of stagnant urine and excrement. This is the first court on the Irk above Ducie Bridge - in case any one should care to look into it. Below it on the river there are several tanneries which fill the whole neighbourhood with the stench of animal putrefaction. Below Ducie Bridge the only entrance to most of the houses is by means of narrow, dirty stairs and over heaps of refuse and filth. The first court below Ducie Bridge, known as Allen's Court, was in such a state at the time of the cholera that the sanitary police ordered it evacuated, swept and disinfected with chloride of lime. Dr. Kay gives a terrible description of the state of this court at that time. Since then, it seems to have been partially torn away and rebuilt; at least looking down from Ducie Bridge, the passer-by sees several ruined walls and heaps of debris with some newer houses. The view from this bridge, mercifully concealed from mortals of small stature by a parapet as high as a man, is characteristic for the whole district. At the bottom flows, or rather stagnates, the Irk, a narrow, coal-black, foul-smelling stream, full of debris and refuse, which it deposits on the shallower right bank.
The river has since been culverted as it reaches the city centre. It disappears beneath Manchester Victoria railway station into a brick tunnel at Ducie Bridge and empties into the Irwell beneath a railway viaduct.
On 15 August 1953, the front coach of a Manchester to Bury electric train fell from the viaduct over the River Irk after colliding with a local steam train. Ten people were killed and 58 injured in what became known as the Irk Valley Junction disaster.[5]
Tributaries[edit]
The source of the River Irk (left) and its confluence with the River Irwell (right)
Moss Brook
Moston Brook
Boggart Hole Brook
Heaton Brook
Boardman Brook
Wince Brook
Springs Brook
Whit Brook
Trub Brook
Tandle Hill Brook
Thorp Brook
Luzley Brook
Long Brook
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "History of the valley". The Irk Valley Project. Archived from the original on 2007-12-17. Retrieved 2007-12-12.
Jump up ^ Farrer, William; Brownbill, J., eds. (1911), "Townships: Manchester (part 2 of 2)", A History of the County of Lancaster: Volume 4, British History Online, pp. 230–251, retrieved 12 August 2012
Jump up ^ Farrer, William; Brownbill, J., eds. (1911), "The city and parish of Manchester: Introduction", A History of the County of Lancaster: Volume 4, British History Online, pp. 174–187, retrieved 12 August 2012
Jump up ^ Clarke, Steven Reynolds (1830). The New Lancashire Gazetteer. Holborn: Henry Teesdale and Co. p. 72.
Jump up ^ "Irk Valley Junction 1953". Danger Ahead! – Historic Railway Disasters. Retrieved 2007-12-12.
External links[edit]
Buried River Irk Photos
The Irk Valley Project at Manchester City Council website
Next confluence upstream River Irwell Next confluence downstream
River Croal (West) River Irk River Medlock (East)
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