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Google Chrome version history
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The following table summarizes the release history for the Google Chrome web browser.
Discontinued Stable channel Beta channel Dev channel Canary channel
Major version
Release date
Layout engine[r 1]
V8 engine[r 2]
Significant changes
0.2.149 2008-09-02 WebKit 522 0.3
First release[r 3]
0.3.154 2008-10-29
Improved plugin performance and reliability
Spell checking for input fields
Improved web proxy performance and reliability
Tab and window management updates
0.4.154 2008-11-24 WebKit 525
Bookmark manager with import and export support
Privacy section added to the application options
New blocked popup notification
1.0.154 2008-12-11 WebKit 528
First stable release
2.0.172 2009-05-24 WebKit 530 0.4
35% faster JavaScript on the SunSpider benchmark
Mouse wheel support
Full-screen mode
Full-page zoom
Form auto-fill
Sort bookmarks by title
Tab docking to browser and desktop edges
Basic Greasemonkey support[r 4]
3.0.195 2009-10-12 WebKit 532 1.2
New "new tab" page for improved customization
25% faster JavaScript
HTML5 video and audio tag support
Lightweight theming
4.0.249 2010-01-25 WebKit 532.5 1.3
Extensions
Bookmark synchronization
Enhanced developer tools
Improved HTML5 support
Performance improvements
Full ACID3 pass
HTTP byte range support
Experimental new anti-reflected-XSS feature called "XSS Auditor"[r 5]
4.1.249 2010-03-17
Translate infobar[clarification needed]
New privacy features
Disabled XSS Auditor[r 6]
5.0.375 2010-05-21 WebKit 533 2.1
Browser preference synchronizing
Increased HTML5 support (Geolocation API, App Cache, web sockets, and file drag-and-drop)
Revamped bookmark manager
Adobe Flash Player integrated[r 7][r 8]
First stable releases for macOS, 32 bit Linux, and 64 bit Linux[r 9]
6.0.472 2010-09-02 WebKit 534.3 2.2
Updated and more streamlined UI with simplified Omnibox
New tab page
Merged menu buttons
Form auto-fill
Expanded synchronization support to include extensions and auto-fill data
Support for WebM videos
Built-in PDF support (disabled by default)[r 10]
7.0.517 2010-10-21 WebKit 534.7 2.3.11
Implemented HTML5 parsing algorithm
File API
Directory upload via input tag
macOS version gained AppleScript support for UI automation[r 11]
Late binding enabled for SSL sockets: high priority SSL requests are now always sent to the server first.
New options for managing cookies
Updated New Tab page to enable featuring of web applications
8.0.552 2010-12-02 WebKit 534.10 2.4.9
Chrome Web Store
Built-in PDF viewer that works inside Chrome's sandbox for increased security
Expanded synchronization support to include web applications
Improved plug-in handling[r 12]
This release added "about:flags" to showcase experimental features such as Chrome Instant, side tabs on Windows, tabbed settings, Click to Play,[clarification needed] background web applications, Remoting,[clarification needed] disables outdated plug-ins,[clarification needed] XSS Auditor,[clarification needed] Cloud Print Proxy,[clarification needed] GPU-accelerated compositing, WebGL support for the canvas element, and a "tab overview" mode (like Exposé) for macOS.
9.0.597 2011-02-03 WebKit 534.13 2.5.9
WebGL enabled by default
Adobe Flash sandboxing on Windows and Chrome Instant (a la Google Instant) option[r 13]
WebP support[r 14]
New flags: print preview, GPU-accelerated compositing, GPU-accelerated Canvas 2D, Google Native Client, CRX-less Web Apps, Web page prerendering, experimental Extension APIs, disable hyperlink auditing
10.0.648 2011-03-08 WebKit 534.16 3.0.12
Google Cloud Print sign-in interface enabled by default
Partially implemented sandboxing of the GPU process[r 15][r 16]
Faster JavaScript performance due to incorporation of Crankshaft, an improved compiler for V8[r 17]
Settings pages that open in a tab, rather than a dialog box
Malware reporting and disabling outdated plugins
Password sync
GPU accelerated video
Background WebApps
webNavigation extension API[r 18]
11.0.696 2011-04-27 WebKit 534.24 3.1.8
HTML5 Speech Input API[r 19]
Updated icon[r 20]
12.0.742 2011-06-07 WebKit 534.30 3.2.10
Hardware accelerated 3D CSS
New Safe Browsing protection against downloading malicious files
Ability to delete Flash cookies from inside Chrome[r 21]
Launch Apps by name from the Omnibox
Integrated Sync into new settings pages
Improved screen reader support
New warning when hitting Command-Q on Mac[r 21]
New flags: P2P API
Existing tab on foreground on open
Experimental new tab page
Add grouping to tab context menu
Run PPAPI Flash in the renderer process
Multiple profiles
Removed Google Gears
Print and Save buttons in the PDF viewer[r 22]
13.0.782 2011-08-02 WebKit 535.1 3.3.10
Instant Pages (pre-rendering of Web pages)[r 23]
Native print interface and preview (Linux and Windows only)
Experimental new tab page
Experimental Restrict Instant To Search option
14.0.835 2011-09-16 3.4.14
Native Client (NaCl) enabled for apps in the Chrome Web Store[r 24]
Web Audio API
Additional macOS Lion feature support
Sync Encryption for all data
Print preview on Mac
Validation of HTTPS sites[r 25]
Experimental Web Request extension API
Experimental Content Settings extension API[r 26]
15.0.874 2011-10-25 WebKit 535.2 3.5.10
Faster print preview[r 27]
Redesigned new tab page on by default[r 27]
JavaScript fullscreen API enabled by default[r 27]
Inline installation of Chrome Web Store items by verified sites
Omnibox History synchronization[r 28]
Switched to FFmpeg native VP8 decoder[r 29]
Extensions integrated into settings pages
GPU Accelerated Canvas 2D disabled
16.0.912 2011-12-13 WebKit 535.7 3.6.6
Multiple profiles on by default[r 28]
Optional permissions in Chrome extensions, so the user can opt-in or opt-out of the optional permissions at installation time[r 30]
Experimental support for side tabs was removed.[r 31]
17.0.963 2012-02-08 WebKit 535.11 3.7.12
Updated Omnibox prerendering of pages[r 32]
Download scanning protection[r 32]
New extensions APIs[r 32]
Improved History tab
Removal of "+" symbol from the "new tab" button
Limited support for changing user agent strings
Adjustable margins in print preview[r 33]
Search engine synchronization[r 34]
Disabled GAIA profile info[r 35]
18.0.1025 2012-03-28
2012-06-27 (Android ARM)
2012-09-26
(18.0.1026, Android x86) WebKit 535.19 3.8.9
Hardware-accelerated Canvas2D graphics[r 36]
WebGL without the need of 3D graphics hardware through the software rasterizer SwiftShader[r 36]
Brighter "new tab" button[r 37]
19.0.1084 2012-05-15
2012-06-28 (iOS) WebKit 536.5 3.9.24
Access tabs between devices[r 38]
Reorganized and searchable settings interface
Better spell check by using the Google search engine spell checker
Web Store link to the bottom of New Tab page
Experimental JavaScript Harmony (ECMAScript 6) support[r 39]
Experimental Web Intents API[r 40]
20.0.1132 2012-06-26 WebKit 536.10 3.10.6
Experimental touch friendly user interface adjustments. Context menus have extra vertical padding between items.[r 41]
New tab button is bigger and wider
21.0.1180 2012-07-31
2012-08-22 (iOS) WebKit 537.1 3.11.10
Media Stream API (getUserMedia) enabled by default. (E.g. webcam access via JavaScript.)[r 42]
Gamepad API prototype available by default.
Support for (pointer) and (hover) CSS media queries so sites can optimize their user interface for touch when touch-screen support is available.
HTML5 audio/video and WebAudio now support 24-bit PCM wave files
22.0.1229 2012-09-25 WebKit 537.4 3.12.19
New-style packaged apps are enabled by default.
New menu icon, replacing the wrench icon
Support for TLS 1.1[r 43][r 44]
Support for color management ICC v2 profiles by default[r 45]
23.0.1271 2012-11-06
2012-11-28 (iOS) WebKit 537.11 3.13.7
Do Not Track preference[r 46]
Hardware video acceleration with 25% more efficient power consumption in some scenarios
Manager for site permission control
New icon for Chrome Web Store when opening new tab
PPAPI Flash Player (or Pepper-based Flash Player) replaced the NPAPI Flash Player on Mac also[r 47]
24.0.1312 2013-01-10 WebKit 537.17 3.14.5
Support for MathML[r 48]
The HTML5 datalist element now supports suggesting a date and time[r 48]
Experimental support for CSS custom filters[r 48][r 49]
25.0.1364 2013-02-21
2013-02-27 (Android)
2013-03-04 (iOS) WebKit 537.22 3.15.11
Support for Opus audio
Support for VP9 video[r 50]
Silent installs of external extensions are now disabled by default.[r 51]
Web Speech API[r 52]
Encrypted omnibox search (https)[r 53]
Native Client on ARM
Disabled MathML support for the time being[r 54]
Android version (update from 18):
Newer V8 JavaScript engine
Audio now continues to play while Chrome is in the background
Support for pausing audio in Chrome when phone is in use
26.0.1410 2013-03-26
2013-04-03 (Android)
2013-04-09 (iOS) WebKit 537.31 3.16.14
Improved spell checker (grammar and homonym checking)[r 55]
Desktop shortcuts for multiple users (profiles) on Windows[r 55]
Asynchronous DNS resolver on Mac and Linux[r 55]
Android version:[r 56]
Autofill and password sync
Performance and stability improvements
27.0.1453 2013-05-21
2013-05-22 (Android)
2013-06-03 (iOS) WebKit 537.36 3.17.6
Resource handling optimized for faster page loads[r 57]
Improved Omnibox predictions and spelling correction[r 57]
syncFileSystem API for Google Drive data synchronization[r 57]
Stop packaging Manifest version 1.0 extensions[r 58]
Android version:[r 59]
Fullscreen on phones (scrolling down the page makes the toolbar disappear)
Simpler searching (the query stays visible in the omnibox, making it easier to edit)
Client-side certificate support
Tab history on tablets
"A ton of stability and performance fixes"
28.0.1500 2013-06-17 (Linux)
2013-07-09
(macOS and Windows)
2013-07-10 (Android)
2013-07-17 (iOS) Blink 537.36
WebKit 537.36 (on iOS) 3.18.5
Replaced layout engine with Blink, a fork of WebKit[r 60][r 61][r 62] on all platforms besides iOS
Faster page loads with the new Blink threaded HTML parser[r 63]
Rich Notifications and Notification Center (HTML-based notifications deprecated)[r 64]
Major improvements to the asm.js benchmark performances[r 63]
Support for the CSS :unresolved pseudoclass for Custom Elements[r 63]
Support for the CSS @supports conditional blocks to test for property:value pairs[r 63]
Android version:
Fullscreen API support (fullscreen browsing on tablets)[r 63]
Experimental WebGL, Web Audio, WebRTC support behind flags[r 63]
Built-in translation[r 65]
iOS version:
Improved interoperability with many other Google Apps[r 66]
Voice Search enhancements[r 66]
Fullscreen for iPad[r 66]
Data usage savings (rolling out over time)[r 66]
Access to browser history[r 66]
29.0.1547 2013-08-20
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2013-08-21 (Android)
2013-09-12 (iOS) Blink 537.36 3.19.18
Support for VP9 final
Support for TLS 1.2
Preliminary QUIC support[r 67]
Improved Omnibox suggestions based on the recency of visited sites
Ability to reset user profile back to its original state
New apps and extensions APIs (such as Native Messaging API for connecting Chrome with native applications installed on the same computer - an alternative to NPAPI[r 68])
Android version:
WebRTC support[r 69]
WebAudio support[r 69]
Improved scrolling responsiveness[r 70] and visual indication when scrolling to the top or bottom of a page[r 69]
Startup performance and stability improvements[r 70]
New color picker user interface for web forms[r 69]
Support for Google's experimental data compression service (comparable to Opera Turbo) that lets Google servers quickly read and optimize a Web page for mobile devices, then transmit it to the smartphone using Google's SPDY network technology.
Rudimentary tab groups implemented
iOS version:
Get back to Search Results faster
Data cost savings enhancements (rolled out incrementally)
Voice search pronoun support (e.g. queries like: “Who is the president of the United States?” followed by “Who is his wife?”)
Improvements to Single Sign On with other Google Apps[r 71]
Support for WebP image format[r 72]
30.0.1599 2013-09-18 (iOS)
2013-10-01
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2013-10-02 (Android) Blink 537.36 3.20.17
New image context menu item: "Search Google for this image"
New Chrome Apps APIs: webview.request, media gallery write support and downloads[r 73]
New platform features (both in desktop and mobile): support for the WebRTC Device Enumeration API, allowing users to change their microphones and/or camera on the fly without having to restart the WebRTC call; DevTools now supports CSS source maps; Chrome will now match the behavior of IE and not honor the Refresh header or tags when the URL to be refreshed to has a javascript: scheme;[r 73]
Android version:
New gesture: swipe horizontally across the top toolbar to quickly switch tabs
New gesture: drag vertically down from the toolbar to enter into the tab switcher view
New gesture: drag down from the menu to open the menu and select wanted item without having to lift finger
WebGL is enabled by default on high-end devices[r 73]
DeviceMotion (device acceleration and rotation rates) events[r 73]
Media Source Extension is enabled on Android 4.1+[r 73]
Two new experimental features behind a flag: Web Speech API (recognition) and the Vibration API[r 73]
iOS version:
New look and feature enhancements for iOS7
Improvements to Fullscreen behavior especially on iPad (iOS7 only)
New Settings UI
Maps and email links launch the Google Maps and Gmail apps (if installed) automatically. You can change your preference in Settings
Stability / security improvements and bug fixes[r 74]
31.0.1650 2013-11-12
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2013-11-14 (Android)
2013-11-20 (iOS) Blink 537.36 3.21.18
Payment requestAutocomplete() on Chrome for Android, Windows, Chrome OS
PNaCl on desktop versions of Chrome
New Chrome Apps APIs: With URL handlers for apps, Chrome App developers can now specify URLs to be handled by a Chrome App. For example, a document link on a website could open a document editor Chrome App. This gives users more seamless entry points into their favorite Chrome Apps.
Directory access for Apps allows Chrome Apps to access and write to user-approved folders. This feature can be used to share files between a Chrome App and a native app. For example, a Chrome App code editor could modify files managed by a native Git client.
SCTP for WebRTC Data Channel allows P2P data transfers between browsers to be either best effort, reliable, or semi reliable, opening up use cases such as gaming.
Alpha channel support for WebM video enables transparency masking (a.k.a. green screen effects) in WebM videos.
Speech recognition with the JavaScript Web Speech API is now supported on Chrome for Android.
window.devicePixelRatio now takes full-page zoom (but not pinch zoom) into account
Support for { alpha: false } in getContext('2d') lets you create an opaque canvas. This is similar to existing WebGL functionality and can improve the rendering performance of your app.
The Media Source API has been unprefixed and is now supported on Chrome for Android. It allows JavaScript to generate media streams for playback, addressing use cases like adaptive streaming and time shifting live streams.
2D canvas now supports the "ellipse" method.
Support for several Mutation Events has been removed. Consider using MutationObserver instead.[r 75]
iOS version:
Fast form completion with Autofill
Long press on an image to search for related images
Stability / security improvements and bug fixes[r 74]
32.0.1700 2014-01-14
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2014-01-15 (Android)
2014-01-27 (iOS) Blink 537.36 3.22.24
Tab indicators for sound, webcam and casting
A different look for Win8 Metro mode
Automatically blocking malware files
A number of new apps/extension APIs
Various under-the-hood changes for stability and performance
Android version:
Add web page shortcuts right to your home screen more easily from the menu
Reduce data usage in Chrome up to 50%. Visit Settings > Bandwidth management > Reduce data usage to enable.[r 76]
iOS version:
Translate
When you come across a page written in a language that you don’t understand, just look for the translation bar. One tap and the page is quickly translated for you.
Reduce Data Usage
Reduce your data usage by up to 50%. Enable this feature and view your savings: Settings > Bandwidth > Reduce Data Usage.
New Tab Page update to make searching faster and easier
This feature is being rolled out and will be available to all users over time, beginning on iPhone.
33.0.1750 2014-02-18 (iOS)
2014-02-20
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2014-02-26 (Android) Blink 537.36 3.23.17
Custom Elements[r 77]
Ogg Opus in MSE and <video>[r 77]
Page Visibility API[r 77]
VTTCue [r 77]
Web Speech API (synthesis)[r 77]
Font-kerning[r 77]
requestAutocomplete()[r 77]
Speech Synthesis[r 77]
Android version:
Download progress notification for file downloads using the Chrome network stack[r 78]
Updated help and feedback UI[r 78]
Support for <datalist> tag[r 78]
iOS version:
Stability and security updates[r 74]
34.0.1847 2014-04-02 (Android)
2014-04-08
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2014-04-29 (iOS) Blink 537.36 3.24.35
Responsive Images and Unprefixed Web Audio
Import supervised users onto new computers
A different look for Windows 8 Metro mode
A number of new apps/extension APIs
New scroll bar look
Ignores autocomplete="off" on password input fields
Android version:
Battery usage optimizations
iOS version:
Updated tour when you start Chrome for the first time
Support for autocomplete in the omnibox for right to left languages
35.0.1916 2014-05-20 (Android)
2014-05-20
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2014-05-28 (iOS) Blink 537.36 3.25.28
More developer control over touch input
New JavaScript features
Unprefixed Shadow DOM v0
A number of new apps/extension APIs
Opus updated to version v1.1
Android version:
Undo Tab Close
Fullscreen video with Subtitles and HTML5 controls
Support for some multi-window devices
iOS version:
Added right-to-left support to the omnibox for Arabic and Hebrew
See your search term in the omnibox, instead of the long search query URL
Easily refine your search queries and view more results on the search results page
Stability improvements and bug fixes[r 74]
Linux version:
Switched graphics interface backend from GTK+ to Aura
36.0.1985 2014-07-15 (iOS)
2014-07-16
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2014-07-16 (Android) Blink 537.36 3.26.31
Rich Notifications Improvements
An Updated Incognito / Guest NTP design
The addition of a Browser crash recovery bubble
Multiple stability and performance improvements[r 79]
Android version:
Improved text rendering on non-mobile optimized sites
Doodles return to the new tab page[r 80]
iOS version:
Allows mobile sites that have added Cast support to work with your Cast-enabled device
Stability improvements and bug fixes[r 81]
Linux version:
Chrome App Launcher[r 79]
37.0.2062 2014-08-26
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2014-09-03 (Android)
2014-09-22 (iOS)[citation needed] Blink 537.36 3.27.34
DirectWrite support on Windows for improved font rendering
A number of new apps/extension APIs
Multiple stability and performance improvements[r 82]
Removal of the showModalDialog API, breaking several enterprise web apps[r 83]
Android version:
Signing into Chrome signs you into your favorite Google sites
Updated look and feel with elements of Material Design
Multiple performance improvements and bug fixes[r 84]
Windows version:
64-bit Windows support[r 85]
38.0.2125 2014-10-07
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2014-10-07 (iOS)
2014-10-08 (Android) Blink 537.36 3.28.71
A number of new apps/extension APIs
Support for logging into sites using FIDO U2F Security Key (a USB or smartcard security token) as a factor in 2-factor authentication[r 86]
Under-the-hood changes for stability and performance[r 87]
Android version:
Support for Battery Status and Screen orientation APIs
Additional Material Design updates
Bug fixes and performance improvements[r 88]
iOS version:
Better support for iPhone 6 and 6+
Download and open files in Google Drive
Stability improvements and bug fixes
Security fix[r 89]
39.0.2171 2014-11-12 (Android)
2014-11-18
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2014-11-24 (iOS)[citation needed] Blink 537.36 3.29.88
Removes SSL/TLS protocol version fallback to SSLv3
64-bit support for Mac
A number of new apps/extension APIs
Under-the-hood changes for stability and performance[r 90]
Android version:
Number of bug fixes and performance improvements[r 91]
Experimental Reader Mode[r 92] can be enabled via chrome://flags[permanent dead link], is not available for tablets in this version
40.0.2214 2015-01-20 (iOS)
2015-01-21
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2015-01-21 (Android) Blink 537.36 3.30.33
Disabled SSLv3 support by default
The minimum SSL/TLS version can now be set through about:flags
Updated info dialog for Chrome app on Windows and Linux
A new clock behind/ahead error message[r 93]
Android version:
Updated page info and content settings UI
Number of bug fixes and performance improvements[r 94]
iOS version:
New look with Material Design bringing bold graphics, fluid motion, and tactile surfaces
iOS 8 optimizations and support for bigger phones
Support handoff from Chrome to your default browser on macOS
Stability improvements and bug fixes[r 95]
41.0.2272 2015-03-03
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2015-03-11 (Android)
2015-03-16 (iOS) Blink 537.36 4.1.0
A number of new apps/extension APIs
Lots of under the hood changes for stability and performance[r 96]
Aero interface is disabled in Windows Vista
Android version:
The ability to pull to reload at the top of most pages
A number of bug fixes and performance improvements[r 97]
42.0.2311 2015-04-14
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2015-04-15 (Android)
2015-04-16 (iOS) Blink 537.36 4.2.77
Support for NPAPI plugins disabled by default
A number of new apps, extension and Web Platform APIs (including the Push API)
Lots of under the hood changes for stability and performance[r 98]
Add Bookmark is now redesigned.
Android version:
Getting the latest updates from sites with notifications
Adding your favorite sites to your homescreen is now even easier
Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements[r 99]
43.0.2357 2015-05-19
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2015-05-27 (Android)
2015-06-01 (iOS) Blink 537.36 4.3.61
Numerous bug fixes and security fixes[r 100]
Android version:
Faster Checkout – Quickly and securely complete checkout forms with data from Google Wallet
Touch to Search – Learn more about words and phrases by touching them on your screen
Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements[r 101]
No longer supports Android 4.0 (Ice Cream Sandwich)[r 102][r 103]
44.0.2403 2015-07-21
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2015-07-22 (iOS)
2015-07-29 (Android) Blink 537.36 4.4.63
A number of new apps/extension APIs
Change in the loading page circle on Chrome tabs
Lots of under the hood changes for stability and performance[r 104]
Android version:
Fixed a boatload of bugs and performance issues.[r 105]
iOS version:
Swipe to navigate: swipe right or left to navigate backwards and forwards
Support for accessing Physical Web content from the Today view
Stability improvements and bug fixes[r 106]
45.0.2454 2015-09-01
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2015-09-01 (Android)
2015-09-02 (iOS) Blink 537.36 4.5.103
Support for NPAPI plugins permanently disabled
A number of fixes and improvements[r 107]
Android version:
A number of fixes for a whole bunch of performance/stability/other issues.[r 108]
46.0.2490 2015-10-13
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2015-10-14 (Android)
2015-10-22 (iOS) Blink 537.36 4.6.85
Change in taskbar logo design
A number of fixes and improvements.[r 109]
Android version:
Under the hood performance and stability tweaks.[r 110]
47.0.2526 2015-12-01 (iOS)
2015-12-01
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2015-12-02 (Android) Blink 537.36 4.7.80
Change in appearance on closing tabs with red x's
New PDF viewer design
Security fixes[r 111]
Android version:
"More than a barge load of performance and stability fixes".[r 112]
iOS version:
Added support for more keyboard shortcuts. Bluetooth keyboards can open, close or change tabs or conduct a voice search.
Support for 3D touch on iPhone 6s/+. Force touch the Chrome icon to quickly open a new tab, a new incognito* tab, or conduct a voice search.[citation needed]
48.0.2564 2016-01-20
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2016-01-27 (iOS)
2016-01-27 (Android) Blink 537.36 4.8.271
"Tab discarding" was enabled by default in chrome://flags[permanent dead link]
Window change in right-clicking an embedded web link
The key icon in "Save your password" turns black
"Clear browsing history" has been improved
A large number of fixes and improvements[r 113]
Android version:
Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements.
iOS version:
This version uses WKWebView, the latest rendering engine from Apple.
The crash rate was reduced by 70% and JavaScript execution is now faster.
Redesigned icons on the New Tab page: easier access to more of your frequently-visited sites.
Spotlight integration: Drag down or right from the Home screen and search for your Chrome bookmarks.[citation needed]
49.0.2623 2016-03-02
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2016-03-09 (iOS)
2016-03-09 (Android) Blink 537.36 4.9.385
Extension icons now appear near search tab.
Changes in bookmark bar appearances.
Change in Incognito mode window.
Change in scrollbar movement.
Changed Downloads page appearance/design.
A large number of fixes and improvements[r 114]
Removed Windows 8 Mode (Metro mode)
Last version available for Windows XP and Vista, and Mac OS 10.6-10.8.
Android version:
"More than a barge full of performance and stability fixes."[r 115]
iOS version:
Bookmarks has a new look: Easily find your favorites!
Bug and stability fixes.
50.0.2661 2016-04-13
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2016-04-20 (iOS)
2016-04-26 (Android) Blink 537.36 5.0.71
Auto-fill form letters are now highlighted in bold.
A number of fixes and improvements.[r 116]
No longer supports Windows XP and Vista.
Android version:
Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements.
iOS version:
Bug and stability fixes.
51.0.2704 2016-05-25
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2016-06-01 (iOS)
2016-06-01 (Android) Blink 537.36 5.1.281
A number of fixes and improvements.[r 117]
Android version:
Brought tab switching back into Chrome (Android L+)[r 118]
Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements.
iOS version:
Bug and stability fixes.
52.0.2743 2016-07-20
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2016-07-27 (iOS)
2016-07-27 (Android) Blink 537.36 5.2.361
It is impossible to disable DirectWrite.
Bar on the bottom now shows darker text when hovering your mouse over the link.
"A number of fixes and improvements."[r 119]
Android version:
Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements[r 120]
iOS version:
Accelerated Mobile Pages ("AMP") – news and articles from many of your favorite publishers will now load instantly.
Lightning bolt and "AMP" next to articles in the "Top Stories" section of search results indicate faster web page loading.
53.0.2785 2016-08-31
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2016-09-07 (iOS)
2016-09-07 (Android) Blink 537.36 5.3.332
New browser's inside look, including a new bookmark
"A number of fixes and improvements."[r 121]
'Simplify page' option removed from 'Save as PDF'.
Shadow DOM v1[1]
Android version:
Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements[r 122]
Muted autoplay for video[r 123]
iOS version:
Chrome's History has a new look and it's now easier to review, find, and delete your browsing history.
Voice Search has been updated with a fresh look. Voice Search can now answer contextual questions such as "How tall is the Eiffel Tower?" followed by "When was it built?"
54.0.2840 2016-10-12
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2016-10-19 (iOS)
2016-10-19 (Android) Blink 537.36 5.4.500
"Other bookmarks" tab has changed appearance
The message "Right-click to play Adobe Flash Player" now appears while pages with Adobe Flash Player are loading.
"A number of fixes and improvements."[r 124]
Android version:
Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements
View article suggestions for you on the new tab page
Play media in the background for sites that support it
Update saved passwords when you change or reset your password[r 125]
iOS version:
No internet connection? Smile and tap the dinosaur
Fixed bookmark icons not displaying correctly
Fixed phone number detection issues in web pages
Stability improvements and bug fixes
55.0.2883 2016-12-01
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2016-12-05 (iOS)
2016-12-06 (Android) Blink 537.36 5.5.372
The History page has changed and is no longer in "Settings"
Flash Player is now off by default for most sites
"A number of fixes and improvements."[r 126]
It is not possible to disable top level Material Design[r 127]
iOS version:
You can swipe down or right from the iOS Home screen to search. Searching for "voice" or "incognito" enables you to start Chrome in Voice Search mode or in a new Incognito Tab, respectively. The appearance of items in Spotlight Search will only work for devices that support Spotlight Actions.
The folder named "All Bookmarks" has been removed from the Bookmarks view. You can access all your other devices’ Bookmarks by clicking on the other folders.
Android version:
Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements
Easily download music, videos, and even full web pages for viewing offline
View and share your downloads within Chrome
See misspelled words highlighted in text fields
Improvements to contextual search UI[r 128]
56.0.2924 2017-01-25
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2017-02-01 (iOS)
2017-02-01 (Android) Blink 537.36 5.6.326
HTML5 enabled by default
Adobe Flash Player is automatically blocked for most sites that require the plugin
Labeling of unsecured HTTP sites
"A number of fixes and improvements."[r 129]
iOS version:
Scan a QR code or barcode by using 3D Touch on the app logo or searching for "QR" in Spotlight.
We've redesigned the tab switcher layout on iPad to make it easier to access your open sites.
Android version:
Easily download music, videos, and even full web pages for viewing offline
View and share your downloads within Chrome
See misspelled words highlighted in text fields
Improvements to contextual search UI
Bug fixes and significant memory savings[r 130]
57.0.2987 2017-03-09
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2017-03-14 (iOS)
2017-03-16 (Android) Blink 537.36 5.7.492
CSS grid layout
Improved "Add to Home" screen
Media Session API
"A number of fixes and improvements."[r 131]
WebAssembly[r 132]
Background tab policy changes[2]
iOS version:
Chrome can add pages to your Reading List.
Find in Page now works correctly in iOS 10.3.
Android version:
Quickly use emails, addresses, and phone numbers in web pages by tapping on them
Easily access downloaded files and web pages from the new tab page
Long press article suggestions on the new tab page to download them
Bug fixes and performance improvements[r 133]
58.0.3029 2017-04-19
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2017-04-20 (Android)
2017-04-25 (iOS) Blink 537.36 5.8.283
"A number of fixes and improvements."[r 134]
IndexedDB 2.0
Workers and SharedWorkers in data-URLs.
Android version:
Useful actions like “Find in page” available in apps that open web pages using Chrome
More frequently updated article suggestions on the New Tab page
Use recently visited search engines as your default search engine
See Physical Web suggestions, based on your surroundings, in the address bar
Bug fixes and performance improvements[r 135]
iOS version:
Stability improvements and bug fixes.
59.0.3071 2017-06-05
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2017-06-06 (iOS)
2017-06-06 (Android) Blink 537.36 5.9.211
"A number of fixes and improvements."[r 136]
Revamped Settings and "About Google Chrome" page with Material Design
Headless mode in Linux and macOS.[r 137]
iOS version:
Fixed a user-reported issue that resulted in hangs and significant slowdowns when switching tabs.
Fixed a crash involving dialogs presented while switching tabs.
Stability improvements and bug fixes.
Android version:
View and manage in-progress downloads on the Downloads page
View and clear your browsing data more easily on the redesigned History page
Long-press a link to open it in a new Chrome tab (from Chrome Custom Tabs)
Bug fixes and performance improvements[r 138]
60.0.3112 2017-07-25
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2017-07-25 (iOS)
2017-07-31 (Android) Blink 537.36 6.0.286
MacBook Pro Touch Bar support.
"A number of fixes and improvements."[r 139]
iOS version:
"Request Mobile Site" button can switch from a website's desktop version back to its mobile version
Android version:
Load pages faster and use less memory with an updated JavaScript engine
Bug fixes and performance improvements
Clear browsing data more easily[r 140]
61.0.3163 2017-09-05
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2017-09-05 (iOS)
2017-09-05 (Android) Blink 537.36 6.1.534
Native support for JavaScript modules
"A number of fixes and improvements."[r 141]
iOS version:
Added a new button for scanning QR codes above the virtual keyboard
Android version:
Addition of Web Share API
Bug fixes and performance improvements
Translate pages with a more compact and intuitive toolbar
Pick images to post online with an improved image picker[r 142]
62.0.3202 2017-10-17
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2017-10-18 (iOS)
2017-10-19 (Android) Blink 537.36 6.2.414
The "Save Your Password" icon gets a new appearance
"A number of fixes and improvements."[r 143]
Support for OpenType variable fonts
Network Information API updated to report users actual Internet speed, not just connection type, to websites
HTTP sites that request user data will now be flagged as "non-secure" (red) in the Chrome Omnibox[r 144]
iOS version:
Two new Today widgets are added by tapping the Edit button at the bottom of the iOS Search screen
Ability to drag a URL from another app and drop it into Chrome's omnibox or the tab strip, or from Chrome's content area to another app on iOS 11 iPads
The Payment Request API has been introduced
Android version:
Download files faster with accelerated downloads
View and copy passwords saved with Chrome if device lock is enabled
Quickly see your data savings in the Chrome menu when Data Saver is on[r 145]
63.0.3239 2017-12-05 (iOS)
2017-12-05 (Android)
2017-12-06
(Linux, macOS and Windows) Blink 537.36 6.3.292
Various fixes from internal audits, fuzzing and other initiatives
"A number of fixes and improvements."[r 146]
Browser allows you to import JavaScript modules dynamically
With async generator functions and the async iteration protocol, consumption or implementation of streaming data sources becomes streamlined
You can override the browser's default overflow scroll behavior with the CSS overscroll-behavior property[r 147]
iOS version:
Swipe up on the New Tab Page to explore suggested content from the web
The ability to reorder bookmarks is back!
Android version:
Chrome for Android will make permission requests modal dialogs
"Stability and performance improvements."[r 148]
64.0.3282 2018-01-23 (Android)
2018-01-24 (iOS)
2018-01-24
(Linux, macOS and Windows) Blink 537.36 6.4.388
"A number of fixes and improvements."[r 149]
Support for ResizeObservers, will notify you when an element’s content rectangle has changed its size.
Modules can now access to host specific metadata with import.meta.
The pop-up blocker gets stronger.
window.alert() no longer changes tab focus.
Chrome now supports named captures in regular expressions.
The default preload value for <audio> and <video> elements is now metadata.
You can now use Request.prototype.cache to view the cache mode of a Request and determine whether a request is a reload request.
Using the Focus Management API, you can now focus an element without scrolling to it with the preventScroll attribute.[r 150]
Android version:
Prevents sites with abusive ad experiences from opening new windows or tabs without your permission.
"Stability and performance improvements."[r 151]
iOS version:
You can now disable Article Suggestions without also disabling omnibox suggestions by going to Chrome Settings
If you previously turned off "Search and Site Suggestions" to disable Article Suggestions and would like to turn back on your Search Suggestions in the omnibox, you can do that from Chrome Settings > Privacy
Support for iPhone X
Now requires iOS 10 or later
65.0.3325 2018-03-06
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2018-03-06 (iOS)
2018-03-06 (Android) Blink 537.36 6.5.254
"A number of fixes and improvements."[r 152]
New extension UI
The CSS Paint API allows you to programmatically generate an image
The Server Timing API allows web servers to provide performance timing information via HTTP headers
The new CSS display: contents property can make boxes disappear
Fixed a bug that affected some timestamps
The syntax for specifying HSL and HSLA, and RGB and RGBA coordinates for the color property now match the CSS Color 4 spec
There's a new feature policy that allows you to control synchronous XHRs through an HTTP header or the iframe allow attribute[r 153]
Android version:
Set language preferences for web content in Settings > Languages
Turn on the prompt for simplified view for all supported articles in Settings > Accessibility settings
Share and delete downloads more easily on the Downloads page[r 154]
iOS version:
Fixed a bug that affected some streaming audio players
Stability and performance improvements
66.0.3359 2018-04-17
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2018-04-17 (iOS)
2018-04-17 (Android) Blink 537.36 6.6.346
"A number of fixes and improvements."[r 155]
CSS manipulation becomes easier with the new CSS Typed Model Object
Access to the clipboard is now asynchronous
There's a new rendering context for canvas elements
TextArea and Select now support the autocomplete attribute
Setting autocapitalize on a form element will apply to any child form fields, improving compatibility with Safari's implementation of autocapitalize
trimStart() and trimEnd() are now available as the standards-based way of trimming whitespace from strings[r 156]
Android version:
Find your saved passwords more easily – just tap the new Search icon in Settings > Passwords[r 157]
iOS version
Export passwords saved in Chrome and use them in another app
Stability and performance improvements
67.0.3396 2018-04-26
(Linux, macOS and Windows) Blink 537.36 6.7 Current Beta channel
67.0 2018-03-16
(Linux, macOS and Windows) Blink 537.36 6.7 Current Dev channel
68.0 2018-04-14
(Windows and macOS)
2018-04-18 (Android) Blink 537.36 6.8 Current Canary channel
Major version
Release date
Layout engine[r 1]
V8 engine[r 2]
Significant changes
Notes[edit]
Release date is the date of first release. All channels have subsequent updates which are not shown. For release update history see Google Chrome Releases.
The first stable release in Windows, macOS and Linux was Google Chrome 5.0.375. The first stable release on Android was Chrome 18.0.1025123 (Chrome for Android).[r 158][r 159][r 160]
Old development and beta builds are not shown after they become stable releases.
As of Chrome 26, Linux installations of the browser may be updated only on systems that support GCC v4.6 and GTK v2.24 or later. Thus systems such as Ubuntu Lucid 10.04 LTS, Debian 6's 2.20, and RHEL 6's 2.18 are now among those marked as deprecated.[r 161]
As of Chrome 59, Linux Chrome defaults to GTK+3. Older versions of Linux, e.g. RHEL 6 or CentOS 6, with only GTK+2 support, are not able to run this version of Chrome. Red Hat's GTK+2 build of Firefox ESR is probably the last remaining regularly updated browser on RHEL 6/CentOS 6.[3]
Versions 6–32 had Google Chrome Frame counterparts, until its development was discontinued.[r 162][not in citation given]
As of version 50, macOS 10.6, 10.7, 10.8, Windows XP and Vista are no longer supported.
Standalone builds can be found on Google's Chromium Browser Continuous build server.
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External links[edit]
User agent strings for different versions of Chrome. Archived copy.
Jump up ^ https://www.chromestatus.com/feature/4667415417847808
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Google_Chrome_version_history&oldid=838429936"
Categories:
Google Chrome
Software version histories
History of web browsers
Hidden categories:
Articles with inconsistent citation formats
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Motion (physics)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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In physics, motion is a change in position of an object over time. Motion is described in terms of displacement, distance, velocity, acceleration, time, and speed. Motion of a body is observed by attaching a frame of reference to an observer and measuring the change in position of the body relative to that frame.
If the position of a body is not changing with respect to a given frame of reference(reference point), the body is said to be at rest, motionless, immobile, stationary, or to have constant (time-invariant) position. An object's motion cannot change unless it is acted upon by a force, as described. Momentum is a quantity which is used for measuring the motion of an object. An object's momentum is directly related to the object's mass and velocity, and the total momentum of all objects in an isolated system (one not affected by external forces) does not change with time, as described by the law of conservation of momentum.
As there is no absolute frame of reference, absolute motion cannot be determined.[1] Thus, everything in the universe can be considered to be moving.[2]:20–21
Motion applies to objects, bodies, and matter particles, to radiation, radiation fields and radiation particles, and to space, its curvature and space-time. One can also speak of motion of shapes and boundaries. So, the term motion, in general, signifies a continuous change in the configuration of a physical system. For example, one can talk about motion of a wave or about motion of a quantum particle, where the configuration consists of probabilities of occupying specific positions.
Motion involves a change in position, such as in this perspective of rapidly leaving Yongsan Station.
Contents
[hide]
1 Laws of motion
1.1 Classical mechanics
1.2 Quantum mechanics
2 List of "imperceptible" human motions
2.1 Universe
2.2 Galaxy
2.3 Sun and solar system
2.4 Earth
2.5 Continents
2.6 Internal body
2.7 Cells
2.8 Particles
2.9 Subatomic particles
3 Light
4 Types of motion
5 Fundamental motions
6 See also
7 References
Laws of motion[edit]
Main article: Mechanics
In physics, motion is described through two sets of apparently contradictory laws of mechanics. Motions of all large-scale and familiar objects in the universe (such as projectiles, planets, cells, and humans) are described by classical mechanics. Whereas the motion of very small atomic and sub-atomic objects is described by quantum mechanics.
First law: In an inertial reference frame, an object either remains at rest or continues to move at a constant velocity, unless acted upon by a net force.
Second law: In an inertial reference frame, the vector sum of the forces F on an object is equal to the mass m of that object multiplied by the acceleration a of the object: F = ma.
Third law: When one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body simultaneously exerts a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction on the first body.
Classical mechanics[edit]
Part of a series of articles about
Classical mechanics
F → = m a → {\displaystyle {\vec {F}}=m{\vec {a}}}
Second law of motion
History
Timeline
Branches[show]
Applied
Celestial
Continuum
Dynamics
Kinematics
Kinetics
Statics
Statistical
Fundamentals[show]
Acceleration
Angular momentum
Couple
D'Alembert's principle
Energy
kinetic
potential
Force
Frame of reference
Inertial frame of reference
Impulse
Inertia / Moment of inertia
Mass
Mechanical power
Mechanical work
Moment
Momentum
Space
Speed
Time
Torque
Velocity
Virtual work
Formulations[show]
Newton's laws of motion
Analytical mechanics
Lagrangian mechanics
Hamiltonian mechanics
Routhian mechanics
Hamilton–Jacobi equation
Appell's equation of motion
Udwadia–Kalaba equation
Koopman–von Neumann mechanics
Core topics[show]
Damping (ratio)
Displacement
Equations of motion
Euler's laws of motion
Fictitious force
Friction
Harmonic oscillator
Inertial / Non-inertial reference frame
Mechanics of planar particle motion
Motion (linear)
Newton's law of universal gravitation
Newton's laws of motion
Relative velocity
Rigid body
dynamics
Euler's equations
Simple harmonic motion
Vibration
Rotation[show]
Circular motion
Rotating reference frame
Centripetal force
Centrifugal force
reactive
Coriolis force
Pendulum
Tangential speed
Rotational speed
Angular acceleration / displacement / frequency / velocity
Scientists[show]
Galileo
Huygens
Newton
Kepler
Horrocks
Halley
Euler
d'Alembert
Clairaut
Lagrange
Laplace
Hamilton
Poisson
Daniel Bernoulli
Johann Bernoulli
Cauchy
v
t
e
Classical mechanics is used for describing the motion of macroscopic objects, from projectiles to parts of machinery, as well as astronomical objects, such as spacecraft, planets, stars, and galaxies. It produces very accurate results within these domains, and is one of the oldest and largest in science, engineering, and technology.
Classical mechanics is fundamentally based on Newton's laws of motion. These laws describe the relationship between the forces acting on a body and the motion of that body. They were first compiled by Sir Isaac Newton in his work Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, first published on July 5, 1687. Newton's three laws are:
A body either is at rest or moves with constant velocity, until and unless an outer force is applied to it.
An object will travel in one direction only until an outer force changes its direction.
Whenever one body exerts a force F onto a second body, (in some cases, which is standing still) the second body exerts the force −F on the first body. F and −F are equal in magnitude and opposite in sense. So, the body which exerts F will go backwards.[3]
Newton's three laws of motion were the first to accurately provide a mathematical model for understanding orbiting bodies in outer space. This explanation unified the motion of celestial bodies and motion of objects on earth.
Classical mechanics was later further enhanced by Albert Einstein's special relativity and general relativity. Special relativity is concerned with the motion of objects with a high velocity, approaching the speed of light; general relativity is employed to handle gravitational motion at a deeper level.
Uniform Motion:
This section is incomplete. This is because the information in the last sentence of this section does not provide sufficient and complete information. (October 2017)
When an object moves with a constant speed at a particular direction at regular intervals of time it's known as the uniform motion. For example: a bike moving in a straight line with a constant speed.
EQUATIONS OF UNIFORM MOTION:
If v = final velocity, u = initial velocity, a = acceleration, t = time, s = displacement, then :
v = u + at, v = at
s = ut + 1/2at2, s = 1/2at2
v2 = u2 + 2as, v2 = 2as
Quantum mechanics[edit]
Main article: Quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics is a set of principles describing physical reality at the atomic level of matter (molecules and atoms) and the subatomic particles (electrons, protons, neutrons, and even smaller elementary particles such as quarks). These descriptions include the simultaneous wave-like and particle-like behavior of both matter and radiation energy as described in the wave–particle duality.[citation needed]
In classical mechanics, accurate measurements and predictions of the state of objects can be calculated, such as location and velocity. In the quantum mechanics, due to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, the complete state of a subatomic particle, such as its location and velocity, cannot be simultaneously determined.[citation needed]
In addition to describing the motion of atomic level phenomena, quantum mechanics is useful in understanding some large-scale phenomenon such as superfluidity, superconductivity, and biological systems, including the function of smell receptors and the structures of proteins.[citation needed]
List of "imperceptible" human motions[edit]
Humans, like all known things in the universe, are in constant motion,[2]:8–9 however, aside from obvious movements of the various external body parts and locomotion, humans are in motion in a variety of ways which are more difficult to perceive. Many of these "imperceptible motions" are only perceivable with the help of special tools and careful observation. The larger scales of imperceptible motions are difficult for humans to perceive for two reasons: Newton's laws of motion (particularly the third) which prevents the feeling of motion on a mass to which the observer is connected, and the lack of an obvious frame of reference which would allow individuals to easily see that they are moving.[4] The smaller scales of these motions are too small to be detected conventionally with human senses.
Universe[edit]
Spacetime (the fabric of the universe) is expanding meaning everything in the universe is stretching like a rubber band. This motion is the most obscure as it is not physical motion as such, but rather a change in the very nature of the universe. The primary source of verification of this expansion was provided by Edwin Hubble who demonstrated that all galaxies and distant astronomical objects were moving away from Earth, known as Hubble's law, predicted by a universal expansion.[5]
Galaxy[edit]
The Milky Way Galaxy is moving through space and many astronomers believe the velocity of this motion to be approximately 600 kilometres per second (1,340,000 mph) relative to the observed locations of other nearby galaxies. Another reference frame is provided by the Cosmic microwave background. This frame of reference indicates that the Milky Way is moving at around 582 kilometres per second (1,300,000 mph).[6][not in citation given]
Sun and solar system[edit]
The Milky Way is rotating around its dense galactic center, thus the sun is moving in a circle within the galaxy's gravity. Away from the central bulge, or outer rim, the typical stellar velocity is between 210 and 240 kilometres per second (470,000 and 540,000 mph).[7] All planets and their moons move with the sun. Thus, the solar system is moving.
Earth[edit]
The Earth is rotating or spinning around its axis. This is evidenced by day and night, at the equator the earth has an eastward velocity of 0.4651 kilometres per second (1,040 mph).[8] The Earth is also orbiting around the Sun in an orbital revolution. A complete orbit around the sun takes one year, or about 365 days; it averages a speed of about 30 kilometres per second (67,000 mph).[9]
Continents[edit]
The Theory of Plate tectonics tells us that the continents are drifting on convection currents within the mantle causing them to move across the surface of the planet at the slow speed of approximately 2.54 centimetres (1 in) per year.[10][11] However, the velocities of plates range widely. The fastest-moving plates are the oceanic plates, with the Cocos Plate advancing at a rate of 75 millimetres (3.0 in) per year[12] and the Pacific Plate moving 52–69 millimetres (2.0–2.7 in) per year. At the other extreme, the slowest-moving plate is the Eurasian Plate, progressing at a typical rate of about 21 millimetres (0.83 in) per year.
Internal body[edit]
The human heart is constantly contracting to move blood throughout the body. Through larger veins and arteries in the body, blood has been found to travel at approximately 0.33 m/s. Though considerable variation exists, and peak flows in the venae cavae have been found between 0.1 and 0.45 metres per second (0.33 and 1.48 ft/s).[13] additionally, the smooth muscles of hollow internal organs are moving. The most familiar would be the occurrence of peristalsis which is where digested food is forced throughout the digestive tract. Though different foods travel through the body at different rates, an average speed through the human small intestine is 3.48 kilometres per hour (2.16 mph).[14] The human lymphatic system is also constantly causing movements of excess fluids, lipids, and immune system related products around the body. The lymph fluid has been found to move through a lymph capillary of the skin at approximately 0.0000097 m/s.[15]
Cells[edit]
The cells of the human body have many structures which move throughout them. Cytoplasmic streaming is a way which cells move molecular substances throughout the cytoplasm,[16] various motor proteins work as molecular motors within a cell and move along the surface of various cellular substrates such as microtubules, and motor proteins are typically powered by the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and convert chemical energy into mechanical work.[17] Vesicles propelled by motor proteins have been found to have a velocity of approximately 0.00000152 m/s.[18]
Particles[edit]
According to the laws of thermodynamics, all particles of matter are in constant random motion as long as the temperature is above absolute zero. Thus the molecules and atoms which make up the human body are vibrating, colliding, and moving. This motion can be detected as temperature; higher temperatures, which represent greater kinetic energy in the particles, feel warm to humans who sense the thermal energy transferring from the object being touched to their nerves. Similarly, when lower temperature objects are touched, the senses perceive the transfer of heat away from the body as feeling cold.[19]
Subatomic particles[edit]
Within each atom, electrons exist in an area around the nucleus. This area is called the electron cloud. According to Bohr's model of the atom, electrons have a high velocity, and the larger the nucleus they are orbiting the faster they would need to move. If electrons 'move' about the electron cloud in strict paths the same way planets orbit the sun, then electrons would be required to do so at speeds which far exceed the speed of light. However, there is no reason that one must confine one's self to this strict conceptualization, that electrons move in paths the same way macroscopic objects do. Rather one can conceptualize electrons to be 'particles' that capriciously exist within the bounds of the electron cloud.[20] Inside the atomic nucleus, the protons and neutrons are also probably moving around due to the electrical repulsion of the protons and the presence of angular momentum of both particles.[21]
Light[edit]
Main article: Speed of light
Light propagates at 299,792,458 m/s, often approximated as 299,792 kilometres per second (186,282 mi/s) in a vacuum. The speed of light (or c) is also the speed of all massless particles and associated fields in a vacuum, and it is the upper limit on the speed at which energy, matter, information or causation can travel; the speed of light is the limit of speed for all physical systems.
In addition, the speed of light is an invariant quantity: it has the same value, irrespective of the position or speed of the observer. This property makes the speed of light c a natural measurement unit for speed.
Types of motion[edit]
Simple harmonic motion – (e.g., that of a pendulum).
Linear motion – motion which follows a straight linear path, and whose displacement is exactly the same as its trajectory.
Reciprocal motion (e.g. vibration)
Random motion (e.g. vibration)
Brownian motion (i.e. the random movement of particles)
Circular motion (e.g. the orbits of planets)
Rotary motion – a motion about a fixed point. (e.g. Ferris wheel).
Curvilinear motion – It is defined as the motion along a curved path that may be planar or in three dimensions.
Rotational motion
Rolling motion - (as of the wheel of a bicycle)
Oscillation - (swinging from side to side)
vibratory motion
Combination (or simultaneous) motions - Combination of two or more above listed motions
Projectile motion - uniform horizontal motion + vertical accelerated motion
Half projectile motion
circular motion (this is a motion that move in a round of body, e.g. the moon and the earth)
Linear motion
Fundamental motions[edit]
Linear motion
Circular motion
Oscillation
Wave
Momentum
Relative motion
See also[edit]
Physics portal
Simple machines
Kinematic chain
Power
Machine
Motion (geometry)
Displacement
Translatory motion
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Wahlin, Lars (1997). "9.1 Relative and absolute motion". The Deadbeat Universe (PDF). Boulder, CO: Coultron Research. pp. 121–129. ISBN 0-933407-03-3. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Tyson, Neil de Grasse; Charles Tsun-Chu Liu; Robert Irion (2000). The universe : at home in the cosmos. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. ISBN 0-309-06488-0.
Jump up ^ Newton's "Axioms or Laws of Motion" can be found in the "Principia" on page 19 of volume 1 of the 1729 translation.
Jump up ^ Safkan, Yasar. "Question: If the term 'absolute motion' has no meaning, then why do we say that the earth moves around the sun and not vice versa?". Ask the Experts. PhysLink.com. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Hubble, Edwin, "A Relation between Distance and Radial Velocity among Extra-Galactic Nebulae" (1929) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Volume 15, Issue 3, pp. 168–173 (Full article, PDF)
Jump up ^ Kogut, A.; Lineweaver, C.; Smoot, G. F.; Bennett, C. L.; Banday, A.; Boggess, N. W.; Cheng, E. S.; de Amici, G.; Fixsen, D. J.; Hinshaw, G.; Jackson, P. D.; Janssen, M.; Keegstra, P.; Loewenstein, K.; Lubin, P.; Mather, J. C.; Tenorio, L.; Weiss, R.; Wilkinson, D. T.; Wright, E. L. (1993). "Dipole Anisotropy in the COBE Differential Microwave Radiometers First-Year Sky Maps". Astrophysical Journal. 419: 1. arXiv:astro-ph/9312056  . Bibcode:1993ApJ...419....1K. doi:10.1086/173453.
Jump up ^ Imamura, Jim (August 10, 2006). "Mass of the Milky Way Galaxy". University of Oregon. Archived from the original on 2007-03-01. Retrieved 2007-05-10.
Jump up ^ Ask an Astrophysicist. NASA Goodard Space Flight Center.
Jump up ^ Williams, David R. (September 1, 2004). "Earth Fact Sheet". NASA. Retrieved 2007-03-17.
Jump up ^ Staff. "GPS Time Series". NASA JPL. Retrieved 2007-04-02.
Jump up ^ Huang, Zhen Shao (2001). Glenn Elert, ed. "Speed of the Continental Plates". The Physics Facebook. Retrieved 2016-12-29.
Jump up ^ Meschede, M.; Udo Barckhausen, U. (November 20, 2000). "Plate Tectonic Evolution of the Cocos-Nazca Spreading Center". Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program. Texas A&M University. Retrieved 2007-04-02.
Jump up ^ Wexler, L.; D H Bergel; I T Gabe; G S Makin; C J Mills (1 September 1968). "Velocity of Blood Flow in Normal Human Venae Cavae". Circulation Research. 23 (3): 349–359. doi:10.1161/01.RES.23.3.349.
Jump up ^ Bowen, R (27 May 2006). "Gastrointestinal Transit: How Long Does It Take?". Pathophysiology of the digestive system. Colorado State University. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
Jump up ^ M. Fischer; U. K. Franzeck; I. Herrig; U. Costanzo; S. Wen; M. Schiesser; U. Hoffmann; A. Bollinger (1 January 1996). "Flow velocity of single lymphatic capillaries in human skin". Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 270 (1): H358–H363. PMID 8769772. Retrieved 2007-11-14.
Jump up ^ "cytoplasmic streaming - biology". Encyclopædia Britannica.
Jump up ^ "Microtubule Motors". rpi.edu. Archived from the original on 2007-11-30.
Jump up ^ Hill, David; Holzwarth, George; Bonin, Keith (2002). "Velocity and Drag Forces on motor-protein-driven Vesicles in Cells". American Physical Society, the 69th Annual Meeting of the Southeastern. abstract. #EA.002. Bibcode:2002APS..SES.EA002H.
Jump up ^ Temperature and BEC. Archived 2007-11-10 at the Wayback Machine. Physics 2000: Colorado State University Physics Department
Jump up ^ "Classroom Resources - Argonne National Laboratory". anl.gov.
Jump up ^ Chapter 2, Nuclear Science- A guide to the nuclear science wall chart. Berkley National Laboratory.
[hide]
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