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From Under the Cork Tree
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From Under the Cork Tree
Studio album by Fall Out Boy
Released
May 3, 2005[1]
Recorded
November 2004 – January 2005 in Los Angeles, California
Genre
Pop punk[2][3]
emo[2][4]
Length
43:00
Label
Island
Producer
Neal Avron
Fall Out Boy chronology
My Heart Will Always Be the B-Side to My Tongue
(2004)My Heart Will Always Be the B-Side to My Tongue2004 From Under the Cork Tree
(2005) Infinity on High
(2007)Infinity on High2007
Alternative cover
Limited "Black Clouds and Underdogs" edition
Singles from From Under the Cork Tree
"Sugar, We're Goin Down"
Released: April 12, 2005
"Dance, Dance"
Released: October 17, 2005
"A Little Less Sixteen Candles, a Little More "Touch Me""
Released: June 6, 2006
From Under the Cork Tree is the second studio album by American rock band Fall Out Boy. It was released on May 3, 2005, through Island Records as the band's major label debut. The music was composed by lead vocalist and guitarist Patrick Stump, with all lyrics penned by bassist Pete Wentz, continuing the band's songwriting approach they took for some songs on their prior 2003 effort Take This to Your Grave. Neal Avron handled production duties. Commenting on the record's lyrical themes, Wentz said the lyrics were about "the anxiety and depression that goes along with looking at your own life."[5] In support of their release the group headlined tours worldwide and played at various music festivals. For their Black Clouds and Underdogs tour the album was re-released as From Under the Cork Tree (Limited "Black Clouds and Underdogs" Edition), featuring new songs and remixes.
The album was Fall Out Boy's breakthrough mainstream success. Spearheaded by the lead single "Sugar, We're Goin Down", the album debuted at No. 9 on the US Billboard 200 with 68,000 first week sales, a position it stayed at for two non-consecutive weeks, earning the band their first top ten album and becoming their longest charting and best-selling album.[6] It logged fourteen weeks in the top twenty out of its seventy-eight chart weeks. The album as well as its singles won several awards and achieved Double Platinum status.[7] It has sold over 2.5 million albums in the United States as of 2007,[8] and over 3 million worldwide. As of February 2013 Cork Tree has 2.7 million US sales.[9] The album produced two hugely popular hit singles, "Sugar, We're Goin Down" and "Dance, Dance" peaking at No. 8 and No. 9 on the Billboard Hot 100 respectively and receiving regular radio play at both Pop and Alternative stations. In 2005 the album was ranked eighteenth on the "Top 100 best-selling albums of the year in the US" with 1,654,320 sales and at No. 43 on IFPI's list of the "Top 50 Best Selling Albums of 2005" worldwide.[10] Internationally it impacted in the UK and Canada.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Recording and production
3 Composition
3.1 Music
3.2 Lyrics
4 Title and artwork
5 Critical reception
5.1 Accolades
6 Commercial performance
6.1 Singles
7 Track listing
8 Song notes
9 Personnel
10 Charts
11 Certifications
12 References
13 External links
Background[edit]
Fall Out Boy formed near Chicago, Illinois in 2001.[11] The band debuted with a self-released demo in the same year, and in 2002 released a split EP with Project Rocket through Uprising Records. A first mini-album, Fall Out Boy's Evening Out with Your Girlfriend was recorded in 2002 but released in 2003 by Uprising against the band's wishes.[12] Both releases helped Fall Out Boy gain notoriety on the internet and attention from record labels. The band signed with indie label Fueled by Ramen and received an advance from major label Island Records, which financed the production of Take This to Your Grave.[12] Grave became an underground success and helped the band gain a dedicated fanbase.[13] Fall Out Boy returned to the studio in November 2004 to begin work on a new album.
However, the group suffered a setback in February 2005 after Wentz's anxieties about creating a new record culminated in a suicide attempt.[5] Wentz explained, "It was overwhelming. I was either totally anxious or totally depressed. It is particularly overwhelming when you are on the cusp of doing something very big and thinking that it will be a big flop. I was racked with self-doubt."[5] After undergoing therapy, Wentz rejoined the band and headed to Burbank, California to record the album.
Recording and production[edit]
From Under the Cork Tree was recorded in Burbank, California, and served as the first time the band had stayed in California for an extended period of time.[14] The group lived in corporate housing during the making of the album.[14] In contrast to Take This to Your Grave's rushed recording schedule, Fall Out Boy took a much more gradual pace while working on From Under the Cork Tree. It was the first Fall Out Boy record in which Stump created all the music and Wentz wrote all the lyrics, continuing the approach they took for some songs on Grave. Stump felt that this process was much more "smooth" as every member was able to focus on their individual strengths.[15] He explained: "We haven't had any of those moments when I play the music and he'll say, 'I don't like that,' and he'll read me lyrics and I'll say, 'I don't like those lyrics.' It's very natural and fun."[15] Despite this, the band had great difficulty creating its desired sound for the album, constantly scrapping new material.[16] Two weeks before recording sessions began, the group abandoned ten songs and wrote eight more, including the album's first single, "Sugar, We're Goin Down".[16]
The chorus of "Sugar We're Goin Down" was nearly thrown away by the group's label, but it was ultimately salvaged. Wentz recalled, "Our label told us the chorus was too wordy and the guitars were too heavy and that the radio wasn’t going to play it."[17] Island Records also intervened when the band wanted to title the album's first track "My Name is David Ruffin And These Are The Temptations". Wentz stated "Our label said, 'You're going to get sued for doing that,' and our lawyer said, 'You're definitely going to get sued for doing that,' which totally sucked. So we said, 'OK, why don't we immortalize you in a song?'"[16] The group subsequently retitled the song "Our Lawyer Made Us Change the Name of This Song So We Wouldn't Get Sued".[16]
Composition[edit]
Music[edit]
Stump served as the primary composer for From Under the Cork Tree. He said of the album's musical style: "We experimented quite a bit with all sorts of stuff. Some metal, some folk, some R&B. But ultimately, your band sounds like your band. You can put those things in it, but it's still going to sound like you."[18] Niyaz Pirani of The Orange County Register referred to "Dance, Dance" as "pop-punk-meets-swing-dance glory".[19]
Lyrics[edit]
On earlier works, Stump collaborated with Wentz on the lyrics. For From Under the Cork Tree and albums thereafter, Wentz handled all the lyrical duties. He called them "more introspective" than the group's previous album. "Take This To Your Grave was very reactionary," says Wentz. "It was like this person does this to you. But part of growing up is understanding that if you end up in the same situation over and over again you probably have to examine your own self and wonder whether that's one of the reasons that you have ended up in the same situation repeatedly. This time the lyrics were more about the anxiety and depression that goes along with looking at your own life."[5] He also said of his lyrics, "This is where we're going to be a year from now, and this is what you're going to be saying about us."[20] Wentz described "I've Got a Dark Alley and a Bad Idea that Says You Should Shut Your Mouth (Summer Song)" as "looking in the mirror and not feeling safe in your own skin".[5]
The band wanted to create a record that was "a lot more developed," Wentz said. "When we did Take This to Your Grave, we were really young, we had two weeks to do it and it was like, make it or break it, this is your only shot. This time we had more time to sit with the songs and make them work and more of a chance to plan things out. To us, we're throwing the fight, but we didn't write a record that's throwing a fight. We wrote a record that means a lot to us but maybe isn't going to mean a lot to the people who are hyping us as the next big thing. And that's fine. We don't want to be the saviors of anything — we just want to be ourselves. We made a record we really like, and that's all we ever wanted. Fall Out Boy have never been about goals or ambitions. We started out just for fun, and it became this huge thing.[16] In 2007, it emerged that the band had reached an out of court settlement with American Nightmare vocalist Wesley Eisold, over the use of his poetry in some songs from From Under the Cork Tree and Infinity on High. The settlement led to future pressings of both albums listing Eisold in the credits.[21]
Title and artwork[edit]
The title is taken from a line in the 1936 children's book The Story of Ferdinand by Munro Leaf, which Wentz was intrigued by.[22] The story focuses on a bull named Ferdinand who would rather sniff flowers under a cork tree than participate in fights.[22] The album cover features a van with a trailer in a slump of snow. This is a reference to the car accident the band was in while they were driving to New York City to film the video for "Grand Theft Autumn/Where Is Your Boy" from their album Take This to Your Grave.
Critical reception[edit]
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
AllMusic [2]
Alternative Press [23]
The Boston Phoenix [24]
Entertainment Weekly B+[3]
IGN 3.6/10[4]
Rolling Stone [25]
The Rolling Stone Album Guide [26]
USA Today [27]
The Village Voice C+[28]
Critical reaction to From Under the Cork Tree was generally positive. In an extremely positive review of the album, Johnny Loftus of Allmusic said: "Musically, Cork Tree's first five tracks are relentless, with razor-sharp melodies that seem familiar but sound totally unique at the same time. The 'Oh! Oh!'s and punchy chords of 'Of All the Gin Joints in All the World' are a thrill greater than any Jimmy Eat World album ever; 'Sugar, We're Going Down' 's half-time shifts are triumphs of tumbling words; and the opening track meditates wryly on all-ages shows' fame. Further, when Fall Out Boy rip into 'Sophomore Slump or Comeback of the Year,' summer 2005 will not be able to ignore them. 'We're the therapists pumping through your speakers/Delivering just what you need,' they sing. It's obviously time to embrace our inner mall kid."[2] Entertainment Weekly gave the album a B+ in one of its "short takes" and called it "Peppy pop-punk aimed at the Warped Tour crowd. If the infectious songs don't get you, the snarky titles will".[3]
However, mixed criticism was dealt by reviewers for the band being part of a saturated scene of pop-punk bands. In Rolling Stone's review, they gave it 3 stars out of 5 saying "...FOB's knack for crafting ginormous, soaring anthems is in full-force: even with its demented, inscrutable lyrics, "Sugar, We're Goin Down" will likely still be blasting from radios ten years on."[26] Music critic Robert Christgau, in a C+ review of the album, said that "these Warped Tour cover boys aren't terrible, but are they ever ordinary. Only their record company would claim that emotional vocals, dramatic dynamics, poppy-punky tempos, and not actually all that catchy tunes add up to their own sound."[28] IGN was very negative towards the album, giving it a 3.6 out of 10 saying: "Pop-punk had to begin somewhere, and when it rains, it apparently pours; Fall Out Boy is merely another addition to a stable bursting at the seams."[4]
Accolades[edit]
Rolling Stone listed it among the "40 Greatest Emo Albums of All Time" in 2016, with Brittany Spanos writing it "changed the course of emo-punk, pop-punk and pop itself with From Under the Cork Tree, which brought the scene mainstream."[29]
Year
Publication
Country
Rank
List
2012 Rock Sound U.K. 7 101 Modern Classics[30]
2014 Rock Sound U.K. 14 The 51 Most Essential Pop Punk Albums of All Time[31]
2016 Rolling Stone U.S. 9 40 Greatest Emo Albums of All Time[29]
Commercial performance[edit]
From Under the Cork Tree debuted at No. 9 on the US Billboard 200 with 68,000 copies sold in its first week. It became the band's first top 10 effort, as their 2003 album Take This to Your Grave did not chart in the top 200. Logging 78 weeks on the chart, Cork Tree has sold over 2.7 million copies in the US and over three million worldwide, making it Fall Out Boy's best selling album. It is certified RIAA double platinum for shipments of two million copies. During Christmas 2005, the album again reached its peak of No. 9 with 157,000 sales, posting the band's second biggest sales week to date 2013.[32] By August 2006, the album had sold nearly 2,400,000 copies.[33] Upon the release of Fall Out Boy's 2007 follow-up album Infinity on High, which debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200, From Under the Cork Tree re-entered the Billboard 200 at No. 168 with 5,300 sales.[34] In early 2015, the album re-entered the Billboard 200 at No. 190 for a 78th week on the strength of the band's American Beauty/American Psycho No. 1 album release.[35]
On the 2005 year-end charts, Cork Tree was No. 53 on the Billboard 200,[36] No. 26 in 2006,[37] and No. 187 on the 2000s decade-end chart.[38]
Singles[edit]
Three singles were released from this album: "Sugar, We're Goin Down", "Dance, Dance" and "A Little Less Sixteen Candles, a Little More "Touch Me"". The first two singles enjoyed mainstream and commercial success and exposed Fall Out Boy to a new audience. From Under the Cork Tree's lead single, "Sugar, We're Goin Down", debuted on the US Billboard Hot 100 at No. 93 and eleven weeks later it peaked at No. 8 in September 2005. It spent five weeks in the top 10 and 20 weeks (five months) in the top 20, logging a total of 42 weeks on the chart before it was retired. The track received heavy airplay spins on Alternative as well as Pop stations, being a crossover hit. It reached No. 3 on Billboard Alternative Songs. Its MTV2-award-winning video enjoyed regular rotation on TV music programs. This exposed the band to the mainstream audience and helped them reach great popularity. In the UK, "Sugar" also reached No. 8, and spent 21 weeks in the top 75. "Sugar, We're Goin Down" has sold over two million copies in the US[39] and was certified Triple Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), denoting the shipment of three million copies.[40] It stands as the band's best-selling single to date.
The second single from the album, "Dance, Dance" was also released to commercial success, charting at No. 9 in the US in January 2006 and No. 8 in the UK, a second top 10 hit single for the band in both regions. In the US it spent 14 weeks in the top 20 out of a total of 30 chart weeks before it was retired, being certified Platinum by the RIAA for the shipment of one million units. "Dance, Dance" is Fall Out Boy's highest hit on Alternative radio, peaking at No. 2 on Billboard Alternative Songs. It charted at No. 35 on Ireland's singles chart. "Dance, Dance"'s music video won an award for "Viewer's Choice" at the 2006 MTV awards, two Teen Choice Awards for "Rock Track" and "Single", and helped the band win "People's Choice: Favorite International Group" at the MuchMusic Video Awards.
"A Little Less Sixteen Candles, a Little More "Touch Me"", the album's third and last single, was much less popular than Cork Tree's first two singles but managed to reach No. 65 on the Hot 100. It charted for 13 weeks. On Billboard Alternative Songs, it peaked at No. 38. In the UK, "Sixteen Candles" reached No. 38 on the singles chart. The band considered between "A Little Less Sixteen Candles..." and "Sophomore Slump or Comeback of the Year" as the third and last single, deciding on the former.[41]
Track listing[edit]
All lyrics written by Pete Wentz; all music composed by Fall Out Boy[42].
No.
Title
Length
1. "Our Lawyer Made Us Change the Name of This Song So We Wouldn't Get Sued" 3:09
2. "Of All the Gin Joints in All the World" 3:11
3. "Dance, Dance" 3:00
4. "Sugar, We're Goin Down" 3:49
5. "Nobody Puts Baby in the Corner" 3:21
6. "I've Got a Dark Alley and a Bad Idea That Says You Should Shut Your Mouth (Summer Song)" 3:11
7. "7 Minutes in Heaven (Atavan Halen)" 3:02
8. "Sophomore Slump or Comeback of the Year" 3:23
9. "Champagne for My Real Friends, Real Pain for My Sham Friends" 3:23
10. "I Slept with Someone in Fall Out Boy and All I Got Was This Stupid Song Written About Me" 3:31
11. "A Little Less Sixteen Candles, a Little More "Touch Me"" 2:49
12. "Get Busy Living or Get Busy Dying (Do Your Part to Save the Scene and Stop Going to Shows)" 3:27
13. "XO" 3:40
Total length: 43:00
Limited "Black Clouds and Underdogs" edition
On March 14, 2006, a separate version of the album was released entitled From Under the Cork Tree (Limited "Black Clouds and Underdogs" edition). This consisted of a total 18 tracks, the first 13 being the original release. The album rose to No. 9 on the Billboard 200 upon its re-release, its second week at its peak position. The three new songs and two dance remixes are as follows and in this order:
No.
Title
Length
14. "Snitches and Talkers Get Stitches and Walkers" 2:50
15. "The Music or the Misery" 3:28
16. "My Heart Is the Worst Kind of Weapon" (demo) 3:22
17. "Sugar, We're Goin Down" (Patrick Stump remix) 4:00
18. "Dance, Dance" (Lindbergh Palace remix) 3:28
Total length: 60:28
The iTunes Store released a similar From Under the Cork Tree (Limited "Black Clouds and Underdogs" Edition) EP consisting of 8 tracks: the above 5 as well as the music videos for "Sugar We're Goin Down" and "Dance, Dance". It also contains a live performance of "Sugar, We're Goin Down".
The limited edition is sometimes sold along with the regular edition under the same name.
The album was repressed on vinyl in January 2013 with the bonus "Black Clouds and Underdogs" tracks. It was on swirled Maroon vinyl, and limited to 1500 copies, and exclusively sold at Hot Topic.
Song notes[edit]
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"Snitches and Talkers get Stitches and Walkers" was featured in the 2006 videogame FlatOut 2.
"Our Lawyer Made Us Change the Name of This Song So We Wouldn't Get Sued" was originally called "My Name Is David Ruffin and These Are The Temptations", but the band changed it when both their record label and lawyer said they would get sued. It is also featured on the soundtrack for the video game NHL 06.[16]
"Of All the Gin Joints in All the World" is a reference to a quote by Humphrey Bogart in Casablanca[16] (1942). The line is also quoted in Ocean's Eleven (2001) by Terry Benedict (Andy García) and in Out Cold (2001) by Rick Rambis (Jason London). And it's featured in the 2006 video game Saints Row
"Dance, Dance" is featured in multiple video games, such as Burnout Revenge, Juiced: Eliminator, Madden NFL 06, Rock Revolution and Guitar Hero: Warriors of Rock, among others.
"Sugar, We're Goin Down" is featured on the setlist of the 2009 release of the Guitar Hero franchise, Band Hero.
"Nobody Puts Baby in the Corner" is taken from a Dirty Dancing[16] (1987) quote spoken by Johnny Castle (Patrick Swayze).
"7 Minutes in Heaven (Atavan Halen)" refers to bassist Pete Wentz's suicide attempt in 2005, by way of an Ativan overdose.[43] The reference to Van Halen stems from the similarity of the song's intro riff to a popular chord progression used by Eddie Van Halen in songs such as "Panama" and "Dance the Night Away". This song was also in the 2006 videogame FlatOut 2.
"Champagne for My Real Friends, Real Pain for My Sham Friends" is taken from a quote by Edward Norton in the film 25th Hour (2002); however, the saying is also attributed to Francis Bacon. The line is spoken by actor Derek Jacobi in John Maybury's Love Is the Devil: Study for a Portrait of Francis Bacon (1998). It is also attributed to artist Tom Waits.
"I Slept With Someone From Fall Out Boy And All I Got Was This Stupid Song Written About Me" was featured in the 2006 gymnastics sports film Stick It, but is not on the movie soundtrack.
"A Little Less Sixteen Candles, a Little More "Touch Me"" was originally titled "A Little Less Molly Ringwald, a Little More Samantha Fox".
"Get Busy Living or Get Busy Dying (Do Your Part to Save the Scene and Stop Going to Shows)" refers to a quote from The Shawshank Redemption (1994). The title was referred to as "You're a Concrete Boy Now (Do Your Part to Save the Scene and Stop Going to Shows)" in an issue of Alternative Press magazine prior to the album's release.
"XO" is a reference to American singer-songwriter Elliott Smith's fourth album of the same name.
"The Music or the Misery" is from a quote by Rob Fleming in the 1995 novel High Fidelity, written by British author Nick Hornby.
Personnel[edit]
Fall Out Boy
Patrick Stump – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, piano on "Sugar, We're Going Down"
Pete Wentz – bass guitar, backing vocals, unclean vocals on tracks 1, 7, 10, 12, 13, 14
Joe Trohman – lead guitar, backing vocals
Andy Hurley – drums, percussion
Guest artists
William Beckett (of The Academy Is...) – guest vocals on "Sophomore Slump or Comeback of the Year"
Brendon Urie (of Panic! at the Disco) – backing vocals on "7 Minutes in Heaven (Atavan Halen)"
Chad Gilbert (of New Found Glory) – guest vocals on "I Slept With Someone in Fall Out Boy and All I Got Was This Stupid Song Written about Me"
Artwork
Louis Marino – Creative Direction
Frank Gargiulo – Art Direction and Album Design
Other
Wesley Eisold - "Inspirador"
Production
Neal Avron – Producer, mixing on tracks: 1, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10,12,13
Tom Lord-Alge – Mixing on tracks: 2, 3, 4, 8, 11
Femio Hernandez – Mixing assistant
Brian "Big Bass" Gardner – Mastering
Travis Huff – Pro Tools Engineer
Mike Fasano – Drum Tech
Dan Suh – Guitar Tech
Management
Bob Mclynn – Management for Crush Music Media
Andrew Simon – Booking for APA
Mike Mckoy – Legal
Mareia Hyman – Business Management for East Bay Business
Robert Stevenson – A&R for Island Records
John Janick – A&R for Fueled By Ramen Records
Eric Wong – Marketing
Tara Podolsky & Erica Bowen – A&R Administration
Charts[edit]
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Chart
Peak
position
Australian Albums Chart 8
Belgian Albums Chart (Flanders) 99
Canadian Albums Chart 7
French Albums Chart 131
Irish Albums Chart 3
Japanese Albums Chart 86
New Zealand Albums Chart 2
Scottish Albums Chart[44] 12
UK Albums Chart 12
US Billboard 200 9
US Rock (Billboard) 1
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Canada (Music Canada)[45]
2× Platinum 200,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[46]
Platinum 300,000^
United States (RIAA)[7]
2× Platinum 2,000,000^
^shipments figures based on certification alone
References[edit]
Citations
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^ Jump up to: a b c "Fall Out Boy – From Under the Cork Tree". IGN. July 8, 2005. Retrieved October 2, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Cripps, Charlotte (April 28, 2006). "Last year, Fall Out Boy's bassist Pete Wentz attempted suicide; now the band are punk-pop gods". The Independent. Independent Print Limited.
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^ Jump up to: a b "American album certifications – Fall Out Boy – From Under the Cork Tree". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH
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^ Jump up to: a b Loftus, Johnny. "Biography: Fall Out Boy". All Music Guide. Retrieved 2009-11-22.
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^ Jump up to: a b Knopper, Steve (May 4, 2006). "Yes, R&B influences this emo band, But they'll be sure to stick with rock at Bamboozle Fest". Newsday. Fred Groser. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Wiederhorn, Jon (May 11, 2005). "Fall Out Boy's Sound Has Changed, But The Weirdly Long Song Titles Remain". MTV News. Viacom. Retrieved October 1, 2011.
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Jump up ^ Simon, Leslie (October 12, 2005). "Fall Out Boy – From Under The Cork Tree". Alternative Press. Archived from the original on September 14, 2010. Retrieved December 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Sands, Ian M. (October 7–13, 2005). "Fall Out Boy: From Under the Cork Tree (Island)". The Boston Phoenix. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved November 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Hoard, Christian (May 26, 2005). "From Under The Cork Tree". Rolling Stone. Retrieved April 29, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Giberti, Jamie. "Fall Out Boy: Album Guide". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on February 5, 2013. Retrieved November 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Mansfield, Brian (May 2, 2005). "Fall Out Boy, From Under the Cork Tree". USA Today. Retrieved November 29, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Christgau, Robert (November 29, 2005). "Consumer Guide: Turkey Shoot 2005". The Village Voice. Retrieved October 2, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Jonah Bayer; Aaron Burgess; Suzy Exposito; Leor Galil; James Montgomery; Brittany Spanos (March 1, 2016). "40 Greatest Emo Albums of All Time". Rolling Stone. New York City: Wenner Media LLC. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
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Jump up ^ Bird, ed. 2014, p. 73
Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield (April 24, 2013). "Fall Out Boy Tops Kid Cudi on Billboard 200 Chart". Billboard. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
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Jump up ^ "Week Ending July 5, 2009: All Michael, All The Time - Chart Watch". New.music.yahoo.com. 2009-07-08. Retrieved 2011-05-12.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Fall Out Boy – Goin Down". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ Marino, Kelly; Moss, Corey (22 Dec 2005). "Fall Out Boy Working On Their Grammy Acceptance Speech". MTV News. Retrieved 15 Apr 2011.
Jump up ^ CD liner notes
Jump up ^ NME.COM. "Pete Wentz: 'I tried to kill myself' - NME.COM".
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 - Official Charts Company".
Jump up ^ "Canadian album certifications – Fall Out Boy – From Under the Cork Tree". Music Canada.
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Sources
Bird, Ryan, ed. (September 2014). "The 51 Most Essential Pop Punk Albums of All Time". Rock Sound. London: Freeway Press Inc. (191). ISSN 1465-0185.
External links[edit]
From Under the Cork Tree at YouTube (streamed copy where licensed)
Absolutepunk.net Interview with Pete Wentz, Part 2
MTV.com Article on From Under the Cork Tree
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Division of Korea
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The Korean Peninsula first divided along the 38th parallel, later along the demarcation line
Detail of the DMZ
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The division of Korea between North and South Korea occurred after World War II, ending the Empire of Japan's 35-year rule over Korea in 1945. The United States and the Soviet Union occupied two parts of the country, with the boundary between their zones of control along the 38th parallel.
With the onset of the Cold War, negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union failed to lead to an independent, unified Korea. In 1948, UN-supervised elections were held in the US-occupied south only. The anti-communist Syngman Rhee won the election while Kim Il-Sung was appointed as the leader of North Korea by Joseph Stalin. This led to the establishment of the Republic of Korea in South Korea, which was promptly followed by the establishment of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in North Korea. The United States supported the South, the Soviet Union supported the North, and each government claimed sovereignty over the whole Korean peninsula.
The subsequent Korean War, which lasted from 1950 to 1953, ended with a stalemate and has left the two Koreas separated by the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) up to the present day.
Contents
[hide]
1 Historical background
1.1 Korea under Japanese rule (1910–1945)
1.2 End of World War II
2 Post-World War II
2.1 US occupation of South Korea
2.2 Soviet occupation of North Korea
2.3 UN intervention and the formation of separate governments
3 Korean War
4 Geneva Conference and NNSC
5 Post-armistice relations
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Historical background[edit]
Korea under Japanese rule (1910–1945)[edit]
Main article: Korea under Japanese rule
When the Russo-Japanese War ended in 1905 Korea became a nominal protectorate of Japan, and was annexed by Japan in 1910. The Korean king Gojong was removed. In the following decades, nationalist and radical groups emerged, mostly in exile, to struggle for independence. Divergent in their outlooks and approaches, these groups failed to unite in one national movement.[1][2] The Korean Provisional Government in China failed to obtain widespread recognition.[3]
End of World War II[edit]
Main article: World War II
In November 1943, Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill and Chiang Kai-shek met at the Cairo Conference to discuss what should happen to Japan's colonies, and agreed that Japan should lose all the territories it had conquered by force. In the declaration after this conference, Korea was mentioned for the first time. The three powers declared that they were, "mindful of the enslavement of the people of Korea, ... determined that in due course Korea shall become free and independent."[4][5] Roosevelt floated the idea of a trusteeship over Korea, but did not obtain agreement from the other powers. Roosevelt raised the idea with Joseph Stalin at the Tehran Conference in November 1943 and the Yalta Conference in February 1945. Stalin did not disagree, but advocated that the period of trusteeship be short.[6][7]
Regional movement of Soviet forces in 1945
At the Tehran Conference and the Yalta Conference, the Soviet Union promised to join its allies in the Pacific War in two to three months after victory in Europe. On August 8, 1945, three months to the day after the end of hostilities in Europe, and two days after the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan.[8] Soviet troops advanced rapidly, and the US government became anxious that they would occupy the whole of Korea. On August 10, 1945 two young officers – Dean Rusk and Charles Bonesteel – were assigned to define an American occupation zone. Working on extremely short notice and completely unprepared, they used a National Geographic map to decide on the 38th parallel. They chose it because it divided the country approximately in half but would place the capital Seoul under American control. No experts on Korea were consulted. The two men were unaware that forty years before, Japan and pre-revolutionary Russia had discussed sharing Korea along the same parallel. Rusk later said that had he known, he "almost surely" would have chosen a different line.[9][10] The division placed sixteen million Koreans in the American zone and nine million in the Soviet zone.[11] To the surprise of the Americans, the Soviet Union immediately accepted the division. The agreement was incorporated into General Order No. 1 (approved on 17 August 1945) for the surrender of Japan.[12]
Soviet forces began amphibious landings in Korea by August 14 and rapidly took over the north-east of the country, and on August 16 they landed at Wonsan.[13] On August 24, the Red Army reached Pyongyang.[12]
General Abe Nobuyuki, the last Japanese Governor-General of Korea, had established contact with a number of influential Koreans since the beginning of August 1945 to prepare the hand-over of power. Throughout August, Koreans organized people's committee branches for the "Committee for the Preparation of Korean Independence" (CPKI, 조선건국준비위원회), headed by Lyuh Woon-hyung, a left-wing politician. On September 6, 1945, a congress of representatives was convened in Seoul and founded the short-lived People's Republic of Korea.[14][15]
Post-World War II[edit]
South Korean citizens protest Allied trusteeship in December 1945.
In December 1945, at the Moscow Conference, the Allies agreed that the Soviet Union, the US, the Republic of China, and Britain would take part in a trusteeship over Korea for up to five years in the lead-up to independence. Many Koreans demanded independence immediately; however, the Korean Communist Party, which was closely aligned with the Soviet Communist party, supported the trusteeship.[16][17]
A Soviet-US Joint Commission met in 1946 and 1947 to work towards a unified administration, but failed to make progress due to increasing Cold War antagonism and to Korean opposition to the trusteeship.[18] Meanwhile, the division between the two zones deepened. The difference in policy between the occupying powers led to a polarization of politics, and a transfer of population between North and South.[19] In May 1946 it was made illegal to cross the 38th parallel without a permit.[20]
US occupation of South Korea[edit]
Main article: United States Army Military Government in Korea
Lyuh Woon-hyung giving a speech in the Committee for Preparation of Korean Independence in Seoul on August 16, 1945
With the American government fearing Soviet expansion, and the Japanese authorities in Korea warning of a power vacuum, the embarkation date of the US occupation force was brought forward three times.[3]
On September 7, 1945, General Douglas MacArthur announced that Lieutenant General John R. Hodge was to administer Korean affairs, and Hodge landed in Incheon with his troops the next day. The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, which had operated from China, sent a delegation with three interpreters to Hodge, but he refused to meet with them.[21] Likewise, Hodge refused to recognize the newly formed People's Republic of Korea and its People's Committees, and outlawed it on 12 December.[22]
In September 1946, thousands of laborers and peasants rose up against the military government. This uprising was quickly defeated, and failed to prevent scheduled October elections for the South Korean Interim Legislative Assembly.
The ardent anti-communist Syngman Rhee, who had been the first president of the Provisional Government and later worked as a pro-Korean lobbyist in the US, became the most prominent politician in the South. Rhee pressured the American government to abandon negotiations for a trusteeship and create an independent Republic of Korea in the south.[23] On July 19, 1947, Lyuh Woon-hyung, the last senior politician committed to left-right dialogue, was assassinated by a right-winger.[24]
The occupation government conducted a number of military campaigns against left-wing insurgents. Over the course of the next few years, between 30,000[25] and 100,000 people were killed.[26]
Soviet occupation of North Korea[edit]
Further information: Soviet Civil Administration and Provisional People's Committee for North Korea
Welcome celebration for the Red Army in Pyongyang on 14 October 1945
When Soviet troops entered Pyongyang, they found a local branch of the Committee for the Preparation of Korean Independence operating under the leadership of veteran nationalist Cho Man-sik.[27] The Soviet Army allowed these "People's Committees" (which were friendly to the Soviet Union) to function. Colonel-General Terentii Shtykov set up the Soviet Civil Administration, taking control of the committees and placing communists in key positions.
In February 1946 a provisional government called the Provisional People's Committee was formed under Kim Il-sung, who had spent the last years of the war training with Soviet troops in Manchuria. Conflicts and power struggles ensued at the top levels of government in Pyongyang as different aspirants maneuvered to gain positions of power in the new government. In March 1946 the provisional government instituted a sweeping land-reform program: land belonging to Japanese and collaborator landowners was divided and redistributed to poor farmers.[28] Organizing the many poor civilians and agricultural laborers under the people's committees, a nationwide mass campaign broke the control of the old landed classes. Landlords were allowed to keep only the same amount of land as poor civilians who had once rented their land, thereby making for a far more equal distribution of land. The North Korean land reform was achieved in a less violent way than in China or in Vietnam. Official American sources stated: "From all accounts, the former village leaders were eliminated as a political force without resort to bloodshed, but extreme care was taken to preclude their return to power."[29] The farmers responded positively; many collaborators and former landowners fled to the south, where some of them obtained positions in the new South Korean government. According to the U.S. military government, 400,000 northern Koreans went south as refugees.[30]
Key industries were nationalized. The economic situation was nearly as difficult in the north as it was in the south, as the Japanese had concentrated agriculture in the south and heavy industry in the north.
Soviet forces departed in 1948.[31]
UN intervention and the formation of separate governments[edit]
South Korean demonstration in support of the U.S.-Soviet Joint Commission in 1946
South Korean general election on May 10, 1948
With the failure of the Joint Commission to make progress, the US brought the problem before the United Nations in September 1947. The Soviet Union opposed UN involvement. At that time, the US had more influence over the UN than the USSR.[32] The UN passed a resolution on November 14, 1947, declaring that free elections should be held, foreign troops should be withdrawn, and a UN commission for Korea, the United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea (UNTCOK), should be created. The Soviet Union boycotted the voting and did not consider the resolution to be binding, arguing that the UN could not guarantee fair elections. In the absence of Soviet co-operation, it was decided to hold UN-supervised elections in the south only.[33][34] Some UNTCOK delegates felt that the conditions in the south gave unfair advantage to right-wing candidates, but they were overruled.[35]
The decision to proceed with separate elections was unpopular among many Koreans, who rightly saw it as a prelude to a permanent division of the country. General strikes in protest against the decision began in February 1948.[20] In April, Jeju islanders rose up against the looming division of the country. South Korean troops were sent to repress the rebellion. Tens of thousands of islanders were killed and by one estimate, 70% of the villages were burned by the South Korean troops.[36] The uprising flared up again with the outbreak of the Korean War.[37]
In April 1948, a conference of organizations from the north and the south met in Pyongyang, but the conference produced no results. The southern politicians Kim Koo and Kim Kyu-sik attended the conference and boycotted the elections in the south, as did other politicians and parties.[38][39] Kim Koo was assassinated the following year.[40]
On May 10, 1948 the south held a general election. On August 15, the "Republic of Korea" formally took over power from the U.S. military, with Syngman Rhee as the first president. In the North, the "Democratic People's Republic of Korea" was declared on September 9, with Kim Il-sung as prime minister.
On December 12, 1948, the United Nations General Assembly accepted the report of UNTCOK and declared the Republic of Korea to be the "only lawful government in Korea".[41]
Unrest continued in the South. In October 1948, the Yeosu–Suncheon Rebellion took place, in which some regiments rejected the suppression of the Jeju uprising and rebelled against the government.[42] In 1949, the Syngman Rhee government established the Bodo League in order to keep an eye on its political opponents. The majority of the Bodo League's members were innocent farmers and civilians who were forced into membership.[43] The registered members or their families were executed at the beginning of the Korean War. On December 24, 1949, South Korean Army massacred Mungyeong citizens who were suspected communist sympathizers or their family and affixed blame to communists.[44]
Korean War[edit]
Main article: Korean War
This division of Korea, after more than a millennium of being unified, was seen as controversial and temporary by both regimes. From 1948 until the start of the civil war on June 25, 1950, the armed forces of each side engaged in a series of bloody conflicts along the border. In 1950, these conflicts escalated dramatically when North Korean forces invaded South Korea, triggering the Korean War. The United Nations intervened to protect the South, sending a US-led force. As it occupied the south, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea attempted to unify Korea under its regime, initiating the nationalisation of industry, land reform, and the restoration of the People's Committees.[45]
While UN intervention was conceived as restoring the border at the 38th parallel, Syngman Rhee argued that the attack of the North had obliterated the boundary. Similarly UN Commander in Chief, General Douglas MacArthur stated that he intended to unify Korea, not just drive the North Korean forces back behind the border.[46] However, the North overran 90% of the south until a counter-attack by US-led forces. As the North Korean forces were driven from the south, South Korean forces crossed the 38th parallel on 1 October, and American and other UN forces followed a week later. This was despite warnings from the People's Republic of China that it would intervene if American troops crossed the parallel.[47] As it occupied the North, the Republic of Korea, in turn, attempted to unify the country under its regime, with the Korean National Police enforcing political indoctrination.[48] As US-led forces pushed into north, China unleashed a counter-attack which drove them back into the south.
In 1951, the front line stabilized near the 38th parallel, and both sides began to consider an armistice. Rhee, however, demanded the war continue until Korea was unified under his leadership.[49] The Communist side supported an armistice line being based on the 38th parallel, but the United Nations supported a line based on the territory held by each side, which was defensible, and this position prevailed.[50] The Korean Armistice Agreement was signed after three years of war. The two sides agreed to create a four-kilometer-wide buffer zone between the states, known as the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). This new border, reflecting the territory held by each side at the end of the war, crossed the 38th parallel diagonally. Rhee refused to accept the armistice and continued to urge the reunification of the country by force.[51]
Despite attempts by both sides to reunify the country, the war perpetuated the division of Korea and led to a permanent alliance between South Korea and the U.S., and a permanent U.S. garrison in the South.[52]
Geneva Conference and NNSC[edit]
As dictated by the terms of the Korean Armistice, a Geneva Conference was held in 1954 on the Korean question. Despite efforts by many of the nations involved, the conference ended without a declaration for a unified Korea.
The Armistice established a Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission (NNSC) which was tasked to monitor the Armistice. Since 1953, members of the Swiss[53] and Swedish[54] Armed Forces have been members of the NNSC stationed near the DMZ.
Post-armistice relations[edit]
Main article: Korean conflict
Since the war, Korea has remained divided along the DMZ. North and South have remained in a state of conflict, with the opposing regimes both claiming to be the legitimate government of the whole country. Sporadic negotiations have failed to produce lasting progress towards reunification.[55]
See also[edit]
Korea portal
List of border incidents involving North Korea
Korean conflict
Korean reunification
North Korea–South Korea relations
History of North Korea
History of South Korea
Partition of Vietnam
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Buzo, Adrian (2002). The Making of Modern Korea. London: Routledge. pp. 31–37. ISBN 0-415-23749-1.
Jump up ^ Cumings, Bruce (2005). Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 156–160. ISBN 0-393-32702-7.
^ Jump up to: a b Cumings, Bruce (2005). Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 159–160. ISBN 0-393-32702-7.
Jump up ^ "Cairo Communique, December 1, 1943". Japan National Diet Library. December 1, 1943.
Jump up ^ Savada, Andrea Matles; Shaw, William, eds. (1990), "World War II and Korea", South Korea: A Country Study, GPO, Washington, DC: Library of Congress
Jump up ^ Cumings, Bruce (2005). Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 187–188. ISBN 0-393-32702-7.
Jump up ^ Stueck, William W. (2002), Rethinking the Korean War: A New Diplomatic and Strategic History, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, p. 20, ISBN 0-691-11847-7
Jump up ^ Walker, J Samuel (1997). Prompt and Utter Destruction: Truman and the Use of Atomic Bombs Against Japan. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 82. ISBN 0-8078-2361-9.
Jump up ^ Oberdorfer, Don; Carlin, Robert (2014). The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History. Basic Books. p. 5. ISBN 9780465031238.
Jump up ^ Seth, Michael J. (2010). A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 306. ISBN 9780742567177. Retrieved 2015-11-16.
Jump up ^ Buzo, Adrian (2002). The Making of Modern Korea. London: Routledge. p. 53. ISBN 0-415-23749-1.
^ Jump up to: a b Hyung Gu Lynn (2007). Bipolar Orders: The Two Koreas since 1989. Zed Books. p. 18.
Jump up ^ Seth, Michael J. (2010). A Concise History of Modern Korea: From the Late Nineteenth Century to the Present. Hawaìi studies on Korea. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 86. ISBN 9780742567139. Retrieved 2015-11-16.
Jump up ^ Buzo, Adrian (2002). The Making of Modern Korea. London: Routledge. pp. 53–57. ISBN 0-415-23749-1.
Jump up ^ Robinson, Michael E (2007). Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 105–106. ISBN 978-0-8248-3174-5.
Jump up ^ Buzo, Adrian (2002). The Making of Modern Korea. London: Routledge. p. 59. ISBN 0-415-23749-1.
Jump up ^ Bluth, Christoph (2008). Korea. Cambridge: Polity Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-07456-3357-2.
Jump up ^ Buzo, Adrian (2002). The Making of Modern Korea. London: Routledge. pp. 59–60, 65. ISBN 0-415-23749-1.
Jump up ^ Robinson, Michael E (2007). Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 108–109. ISBN 978-0-8248-3174-5.
^ Jump up to: a b Hyung Gu Lynn (2007). Bipolar Orders: The Two Koreas since 1989. Zed Books. p. 20.
Jump up ^ Hart-Landsberg, Martin (1998). Korea: Division, Reunification, & U.S. Foreign Policy. Monthly Review Press. pp. 71–77.
Jump up ^ Buzo, Adrian (2002). The Making of Modern Korea. London: Routledge. p. 57. ISBN 0-415-23749-1.
Jump up ^ Stueck, William W. (2002). Rethinking the Korean War: A New Diplomatic and Strategic History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 49, 55–57. ISBN 0-691-11847-7.
Jump up ^ Buzo, Adrian (2002). The Making of Modern Korea. London: Routledge. p. 65. ISBN 0-415-23749-1.
Jump up ^ Arthur Millet, The War for Korea, 1945–1950 (2005).
Jump up ^ Jon Halliday and Bruce Cumings, Korea: The Unknown War, Viking Press, 1988, ISBN 0-670-81903-4.
Jump up ^ Buzo, Adrian (2002). The Making of Modern Korea. London: Routledge. pp. 54–55. ISBN 0-415-23749-1.
Jump up ^ Robinson, Michael E (2007). Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-8248-3174-5.
Jump up ^ Cumings, Bruce. The Origins of the Korean War: Liberation and the Emergence of Separate Regimes, 1945–1947. Princeton University Press, 1981, 607 pages, ISBN 0-691-09383-0.
Jump up ^ Allan R. Millet, The War for Korea: 1945–1950 (2005) p. 59.
Jump up ^ Gbosoe, Gbingba T. (2006). Modernization of Japan. iUniverse. p. 212. ISBN 9780595411900. Retrieved 2015-10-06. Although Soviet occupation forces were withdrawn on December 10, 1948, [...] the Soviets had maintained ties with the Democratic Peoples' Republic of Korea [...]
Jump up ^ Lone, Stewart; McCormack, Gavan (1993). Korea since 1850. Melbourne: Longman Cheshire. pp. 100–101.
Jump up ^ Buzo, Adrian (2002). The Making of Modern Korea. London: Routledge. p. 66. ISBN 0-415-23749-1.
Jump up ^ Jager, Sheila Miyoshi (2013). Brothers at War – The Unending Conflict in Korea. London: Profile Books. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-84668-067-0.
Jump up ^ Cumings, Bruce (2005). Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 211–212. ISBN 0-393-32702-7.
Jump up ^ "Ghosts of Cheju". Newsweek. 2000-06-19. Retrieved 2012-09-02.
Jump up ^ Robinson, Michael E (2007). Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-8248-3174-5.
Jump up ^ Cumings, Bruce (2005). Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 211, 507. ISBN 0-393-32702-7.
Jump up ^ Jager, Sheila Miyoshi (2013). Brothers at War – The Unending Conflict in Korea. London: Profile Books. pp. 47–48. ISBN 978-1-84668-067-0.
Jump up ^ Jager, Sheila Miyoshi (2013). Brothers at War – The Unending Conflict in Korea. London: Profile Books. pp. 48, 496. ISBN 978-1-84668-067-0.
Jump up ^ Buzo, Adrian (2002). The Making of Modern Korea. London: Routledge. p. 67. ISBN 0-415-23749-1.
Jump up ^ "439 civilians confirmed dead in Yeosu-Suncheon Uprising of 1948 New report by the Truth Commission places blame on Syngman Rhee and the Defense Ministry, advises government apology". The Hankyoreh. 8 January 2009. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Gov't Killed 3,400 Civilians During War". The Korea Times. 2 March 2009. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
Jump up ^ 두 민간인 학살 사건, 상반된 판결 왜 나왔나?'울산보도연맹' – '문경학살사건' 판결문 비교분석해 봤더니.... OhmyNews (in Korean). 2009-02-17. Archived from the original on 2011-05-03. Retrieved 2012-09-02.
Jump up ^ Lone, Stewart; McCormack, Gavan (1993). Korea since 1850. Melbourne: Longman Cheshire. p. 112.
Jump up ^ Stueck, William W. (2002). Rethinking the Korean War: A New Diplomatic and Strategic History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 87–88. ISBN 0-691-11847-7.
Jump up ^ Stueck, William W. (2002). Rethinking the Korean War: A New Diplomatic and Strategic History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 89. ISBN 0-691-11847-7.
Jump up ^ Cumings, Bruce (2005). Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 281–282. ISBN 0-393-32702-7.
Jump up ^ Stueck, William W. (2002). Rethinking the Korean War: A New Diplomatic and Strategic History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 141. ISBN 0-691-11847-7.
Jump up ^ Stueck, William W. (2002). Rethinking the Korean War: A New Diplomatic and Strategic History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 139,180. ISBN 0-691-11847-7.
Jump up ^ Stueck, William W. (2002). Rethinking the Korean War: A New Diplomatic and Strategic History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 189–193. ISBN 0-691-11847-7.
Jump up ^ Stueck, William W. (2002). Rethinking the Korean War: A New Diplomatic and Strategic History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 188–189. ISBN 0-691-11847-7.
Jump up ^ "NNSC in Korea" (PDF). Swiss Army. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Korea". Swedish Armed Forces. Archived from the original on August 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ Feffer, John (June 9, 2005). "Korea's slow-motion reunification". Boston Globe. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
References[edit]
Oberdorfer, Don. The Two Koreas : A Contemporary History. Addison-Wesley, 1997, 472 pages, ISBN 0-201-40927-5
Cumings, Bruce. The Origins of the Korean War: Liberation and the Emergence of Separate Regimes, 1945-1947. Princeton University Press, 1981, 607 pages, ISBN 0-691-09383-0
Hoare, James; Daniels, Gordon (February 2004). "The Korean Armistice North and South: The Low-Key Victory [Hoare]; The British Press and the Korean Armistice: Antecedents, Opinions and Prognostications [Daniels]". The Korean Armistice of 1953 and its Consequences: Part I (PDF) (Discussion Paper No. IS/04/467 ed.). London: The Suntory Centre (London School of Economics).
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Division_of_Korea&oldid=815244313"
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