text:
Shot glass
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Three shot glasses of varying shape and size
Shot glasses with a variety of designs. Shot glasses such as these are often collected as novelty items.
A shot glass is a small glass originally designed to hold or measure spirits or liquor, which is either imbibed straight from the glass ("a shot") or poured into a cocktail ("a drink"). An alcoholic beverage served in a shot glass and typically consumed quickly, in one gulp, may also be known as a "shooter".
Shot glasses decorated with a wide variety of toasts, advertisements, humorous pictures, or other decorations and words are popular souvenirs and collectibles, especially as merchandise of a brewery.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Name origin
2 Earliest shot glasses
3 Sizes
4 Shot-measuring tools
4.1 Jigger
4.2 Measuring shot glass
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Name origin[edit]
The word "shot", meaning a drink of alcohol, has been used since at least the 17th century, while reference to a shot specifically as a small drink of spirits is known in the U.S. since at least the 1920s.[2] The phrase "shot glass" has been in use since at least 1940.[3][4]
Earliest shot glasses[edit]
Some of the earliest small whiskey glasses in America from the late 1700s to early 1800s were called "whiskey tasters" or "whiskey tumblers" and were hand blown. They are thick, similar to today's shot glasses, but will show a pontil mark or scar on the bottom, or will show a cupped area on the bottom where the pontil mark was ground and polished off. Some of these glasses even have hand-applied handles and decorations hand cut by a grinding wheel.
In the early to mid-1800s, glass blowers began to use molds and several different patterns of "whiskey tasters" in several different colors were being made in molds. These glasses are also thick like today's shot glass but they will have rough pontiled bottoms from being hand blown into the mold. By the 1870s to 1890s as glass making technology improved, the rough pontiled bottoms largely disappeared from glasses and bottles.
Just before Prohibition in the U.S. in the late 1800s to early 1900s, thin-sided mass-produced whiskey glasses were common. Many of these glasses feature etched advertising on them. After Prohibition, these were replaced by shot glasses with a thick base and thick sides.[citation needed]
Sizes[edit]
Country
Small
Single
Double
Notes
Australia 30 ml 60 ml A single shot is sometimes called a "nip".[5] At 30 mL, a typical spirit with 40 percent alcohol is roughly equivalent to one Australian standard drink.[6]
Bulgaria 50 ml 100 ml
Canada 30 ml (1 US fl oz) or 28 ml (1 imp fl oz) 44 ml (1.5 US fl oz) or 43 ml (1.5 imp fl oz) 71 ml (2.5 imp fl oz) In Canada, a "shot" may refer to an official "standard drink" of 1.5 imperial fluid ounces or 42.6 millilitres,[7] though many establishments serve a "standard drink" of 1 oz.[8] However, shot glasses available in Canada typically are manufactured according to US fluid ounces rather than imperial,[9] making them about 4% larger.
Denmark 20 ml 40 ml
Estonia 20 or 30 ml 40 ml
Finland 20 ml 40 ml N/A In Finland, the amount of strong alcohol that restaurants are allowed to serve is regulated by law to one portion of no more than 40 mL at a time per customer. Doubles cannot be legally served.[10]
France 25 or 35 ml 50 or 70 ml
Germany 20 ml 40 ml In Germany, shot glasses (Schnapsglas, Pinnchen, Stamperl) are smaller.[citation needed]
Greece 45 ml 90 ml A shot is commonly referred to as a "sfinaki" and it can be made of one liquor or a cocktail mix. There is also a 3 oz – "bottoms up" version of "sfinaki", called "ipovrihio", Greek word for submarine. It's served in a standard liquor glass half full of blonde beer, where the bartender adds a glass shot filled with vodka or whiskey.[citation needed]
Hungary 20 or 30 ml 40 or 50 ml 80 or 100 ml In Hungarian, shot glasses are called felespohár (feles meaning "half", standing for 0.5 dl), pálinkáspohár (for pálinka), kupica or stampedli.[citation needed]
India 30 ml 30 ml 60 ml A shot is commonly referred to as a "peg", and is measured as a "small" (chhota), or a "large" (bud-da) peg. A 120 ml shot in India is called a Patiala peg.[11]
Ireland 35.5 ml 71 ml Derived from the use of a quarter-gill (35.516 ml, one-sixteenth of a pint) as the traditional Irish spirit measure.
Israel 30 ml 50 or 60 ml In Israel, the common word for a small shot is צ'ייסר ("chaser").[citation needed]
Italy 30 ml 40 or 60 ml In Italy, the common word for a shot is cicchetto or, more informally and used mainly in nightclubs by young people, shortino. In North Italy, the cicchetto is the most-common way to taste grappa from at least two centuries.[citation needed]
Japan 30 ml 60 ml In Japanese, the word ショットグラス (shottogurasu) is the singular term for a shot glass.
Poland 50 ml 100 ml A standard shot (small) is called pięćdziesiątka (lit. fifty, as in 50 ml) while a large shot (double) is called setka or, colloquially, seta (lit. a hundred, as in 100 ml).
Romania 50 ml 100 ml A single shot is traditionally known in the Romanian language as unu mic (una mică) meaning "a small one" or cinzeacă, meaning "a fifty", as in fifty milliliters. A double shot is simply called unu (una mare), meaning "one (big)".[citation needed]
Russia 50 ml 100 ml Both single and double shots are commonly called стопка (stópka) in Russian, though a variety of slang names exist. Before metrication a single shot was called шкалик (shkálik) and amounted to 61.5ml, while a double was called чарка (chárka) and was equal to 123 ml — both names are still occasionally used.
Serbia 20 ml 30–50 ml 60–100 ml A single shot is traditionally known in the Serbian language as чашица за ракију and ракијска чашица, meaning "small glass for rakija" and "rakija glass", or simply as мера—мерица, meaning "measure". A double shot is simply called Дупли, meaning "a double", while the smallest, 20 milliliter glass, is known as dvojka meaning "two".[citation needed]
Sweden 20 ml 40 ml 60 ml A single shot is referred to as a fyra, meaning "a four" and a double is referred to as a sexa, meaning "a six", as Swedes generally use centiliters rather than milliliters.
Slovakia 20 or 25 ml 40 or 50 ml 80 or 100 ml The most-common single-shot size is the pol deci (literally, "half a decilitre", 50 ml).[citation needed]
Slovenia 30 ml 50 ml 100 ml The 50 ml size is colloquially known as nula pet ("zero five", meaning 0.5 of a decilitre), and the small one nula tri ("zero three"). Another common term for a single shot is ta kratek, meaning "the short one".
South Africa 25 ml 50 ml The South African government has an official definition for the single-shot size.[citation needed]
United Kingdom 25 or 35 ml 50 or 70 ml Shots sold on-premises must contain either 25 ml or 35 ml measures of whisky, gin, rum, or vodka as defined in the Weights and Measures Act of 1985. This requirement does not extend to other spirits. A 2001 amendment allowed a double shot of 70 ml to be served. Generally, a single measure is equal to 35 ml in Northern Ireland and Scotland and 25 ml in England and Wales.[12]
United States 30 ml (1 US fl oz) 44 ml (1.5 US fl oz) 59 to 89 ml (2 to 3 US fl oz) There is no standard size for a single shot, except in Utah, where a shot is defined as 1.5 US fl oz (44 ml).[13] Elsewhere in the U.S., the standard size is generally considered to be 1.25–1.5 US fl oz (37–44 ml).[14][15] A double shot in the U.S. may be 2 fluid ounces[16] or more.
Shot-measuring tools[edit]
Jigger[edit]
Variety of jiggers
A jigger or measure is a bartending tool used to measure liquor, which is typically then poured into a glass or cocktail shaker.
The term jigger in the sense of a small cup or measure of spirits or wine originates in the U.S. in the early 19th century. It was slang for a small drink of about half a gill or so, or the special cup used for it. Many references from the 1800s describe the "jigger boss" providing jiggers of whiskey to Irish immigrant workers who were digging canals in the U.S. Northeast.[17][18]
The style of double-ended jigger common today, made of stainless steel with two unequal sized opposing cones in an hourglass shape, was patented in 1893 by Cornelius Dungan of Chicago.[19] Typically, one cone measures a regulation single shot, and the other some fraction or multiple—with the actual sizes depending on local laws and customs.
A contemporary jigger measure in the U.S. usually holds 1.5 US fluid ounces (44 ml),[20] while the jiggers used in the U.K. are typically either 25/50 ml or 35/70 ml. Jiggers may also hold other amounts and ratios, and can vary depending on the region and date of manufacture.
In the U.S. up until Prohibition, a jigger was commonly known to be about half a gill, or 2 US fluid ounces (59 ml),[21] but starting in the latter part of the 20th century, it is typically interpreted to be 1.5 US fluid ounces (44 ml).[22]
Measuring shot glass[edit]
A shot glass graduated in smaller units such as half-ounces, teaspoons, tablespoons, or millilitres. They are useful for precise measurement of cocktail ingredients, as well as in cooking recipes that call for multiples of a smaller unit (e.g. several teaspoons), allowing the dispensing of the amount in a single measure.
See also[edit]
Alcoholic spirits measure
Pony glass
Alcohol measurements
Drink portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Mark Pickvet (Oct 1, 1998). The Encyclopedia of Shot Glasses. Glass Press, Inc.
Jump up ^ "shot". Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 1989.
Jump up ^ "He held his shot glass upside down and watched the last few drops of whisky roll down the side of the glass" Prairie Schooner, Volumes 13–14 (1939-1940). University of Nebraska Press).
Jump up ^ "...and brought out a bottle of brandy and a shot glass..." The Portsmouth Times September 6, 1941.
Jump up ^ "Alcohol – Standard drinks guide". alcohol.gov.au.
Jump up ^ "Standard Drinks Guide". Australia: Department of Health and Ageing. Retrieved April 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Canada's Low-Risk Alcohol Drinking Guidelines" (PDF). The Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction. 2012. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Smart Serve Ontario: Hospitality Industry Training Organization of Ontario. Smart Serve Ontario: Responsible Alcohol Beverage Service Training (2002). Queen's Printer for Ontario, p. 6.
Jump up ^ "What's in an ounce? Less if you're in Canada". The Hamilton Spectator. Dec 23, 2010. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ § 24
Jump up ^ Kirin Narayan, Love, stars, and all that, Piatkus, 1995, ISBN 978-0-7499-0265-0, A Patiala peg is as high as the distance between pinky and index finger.
Jump up ^ "1 Unit" (PDF format).
Jump up ^ Mark. "Shotglass Size". Shotglass.org: a site for shotglasses and other similar items. Retrieved May 19, 2008.
Jump up ^ Graham, Colleen. "Shot Glass". Cocktails: The Glassware Tour. About.com. Retrieved May 19, 2008.
Jump up ^ Rowlett, Russ. "Units: S". How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved May 19, 2008.
Jump up ^ Rowlett, Russ. "Units: D". How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved May 19, 2008.
Jump up ^ Ware, Eugene Fitch (1907). The Lyon campaign in Missouri. Topeka, Kansas: Crane and Company. pp. 187–189.
Jump up ^ "jigger". Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 1989.
Jump up ^ Frechette, Chloe (April 14, 2017). "How Japanese Are Japanese Bar Tools?". Punch. Retrieved September 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Klein, Herbert Arthur (1974). The Science of Measurement: A Historical Survey. New York: Dover Publications, Inc. p. 34. ISBN 0-486-25839-4. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Willett, Andrew (2016). Elemental Mixology. p. 24. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
Jump up ^ Feller, Robyn M. (2003). The Complete Bartender. Berkley Books. ISBN 978-0-425-19013-5.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shot glasses.
The Shotglass collectors website
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text:
See You in September
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"See You in September"
Single by The Tempos
B-side
"Bless You My Love"
Released
June 1959
Format
7" single
Genre
Pop
Length
2:03
Label
Climax
Songwriter(s)
Sid Wayne, Sherman Edwards
Producer(s)
Jack Gold
The Tempos singles chronology
"See You in September"
(1959) "The Crossroads of Love"
(1959)
"See You in September"
(1959) "The Crossroads of Love"
(1959)
"See You in September" is a song written by Sid Wayne and Sherman Edwards. The song was first recorded by the Pittsburgh vocal group The Tempos. This first version peaked at number 23 in the summer of 1959.[1] The most popular version of "See You In September" was the version by The Happenings in 1966, when it reached number three.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 The Happenings version
3 Other versions
4 Use in popular culture
5 References
6 External links
Background[edit]
Sid Wayne would recall the song's inception: "I was in the habit of going from my home on Long Island every day to Brill Building, on Tin Pan Alley [to] meet with different songwriters there. We'd eat at Jack Dempsey's or The Turf Restaurant and then we'd go up to one of the publishers' offices and work in the piano room. We'd sit around saying to each other, 'What do you want to write today? A hit or a standard?'" At 11 a.m. on a Friday in June 1959 Wayne thus met up with Sherman Edwards: "he said, 'What do you want to write?' 'I'd like to write a song called See You in September,"' I said. We talked it back and forth and I think I may have contributed part of the opening music, but with Sherman it didn't matter, because he could throw me back half the lyric — that's how he worked. I think probably by two in the afternoon we got the song finished. It needed to be written; it was like boiling inside of us."
By 4:30 p.m. that day, Wayne and Edwards had reworked their composition, simplifying it so as to appeal to the teen demographic, and proceeded to make the rounds of publishers to pitch the song which, after one rejection, met with an enthusiastic reception from Jack Gold, owner of the local Paris label, who by 8 p.m. had telephoned the Tempos1 in their hometown of Pittsburgh. The group had been flown into New York City by the next day, Saturday. Sid Wayne: "By Monday the record was cut [with the Billy Mure orchestra], test pressings were Thursday, and by Friday the song was played on WNEW in New York. The thing took off like wildfire… Five hundred dollars to split between the two of us [ie. Wayne & Edwards]… was a damn good week's pay in 1961."[3]
In fact, the Tempos' "See You in September" failed to become a hit in the New York City area and despite breaking in San Francisco in June 1959, the single did not reach the national charts until that July. Despite a subsequent swift ascent of the Billboard Hot 100, the single's momentum fell sharply at the end of August 1959 with a resultant #23 peak. Although overshadowed by the Happenings' #3 remake, the Tempos' version of "See You in September" did gain considerable currency in 1973 by virtue of its inclusion on the American Graffiti soundtrack.
Mike Lazo (top tenor), Jim Drake, Tom Monito, Gene Schachter[4]
The Happenings version[edit]
"See You in September"
Single by The Happenings
from the album The Happenings
B-side
"He Thinks He's a Hero"
Released
1966
Format
7" single
Genre
Pop
Length
2:31
Label
B.T. Puppy
Songwriter(s)
Sid Wayne, Sherman Edwards
Producer(s)
The Tokens
The Happenings singles chronology
"Girls on the Go"
(1966) "See You in September"
(1966) "Go Away Little Girl"
(1966)
"Girls on the Go"
(1966) "See You in September"
(1966) "Go Away Little Girl"
(1966)
Bob Miranda of the Happenings recalls that he and the other members of the group considered the original version of "See You in September", which was "sort of a slow Cha-Cha [to be] a great song and kind of a bad record. We always looked for that. If you want to revise something and put your own sound to it, I think you should look for a great song that was not a great record."[5] Recorded in the spring of 1966, the Happenings' version of "See You in September" was produced by Bob Crewe for the B.T. Puppy label, though the label credits the producer to "Bright Tunes Productions." The song's arrangement—by Herb Bernstein—recalled both the recordings of the Tokens (who owned B. T. Puppy) and the Four Seasons. Breaking out in Boston, where the track reached the Top Ten that June, "See You in September" accrued enough national support to enter the Billboard Hot 100 that July to reach that chart's Top Ten the third week of August 1966. Despite peaking at #3 the first week of September 1966, the single had enough staying power to remain in the Top Ten throughout the rest of the month.[6] That December, the Happenings were awarded a Gold disc for "See You in September"'s selling a million units. The single became a hit in Brazil, appearing at #1 on the chart for Rio de Janeiro in January 1967. In June 1967 the Happenings were invited to participate in the Sanremo Music Festival, where they performed it in Italian as "Aria de settembre".[7]
Other versions[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
During the period between the original recording of "See You in September" by the Tempos in 1959 and the #3 hit version by the Happenings in 1966, the song was remade in classic doo-wop style by the Quotations in April 1962; according to Quotations member Harvey Hersh: "Verve [the group's label] released the record in August which pretty much destroyed any chance of air play."[8]
1962 also saw a cover of the song on the album The Things We Did Last Summer by Shelley Fabares.
In 1963, Bobby Rydell recorded the song for his album Wild (Wood) Days. Also in 1963, the Chiffons recorded a version of the song for their He's So Fine album; the track was reprised on their 1966 Sweet Talkin' Guy album.
Mike Clifford had a September 1964 single release of the song but as the B-side of the non-charter "One By One The Roses Died".
In the UK, where the Happenings' single was released on Fontana Records in August 1966 and fell short of UK Singles Chart, "See You in September" was recorded the same month by The Symbols, a male quartet from East London signed by Edward Kassner of President Records specifically to cover the Happenings' hit. Featuring Keith Mansfield on orchestral arrangement/conducting duties, the Symbols' version reached #19 on the Radio London Fab 40, without ranking on the UK Singles Chart. Distribution problems reportedly also factoring into its lack of chart impact, although the Symbols remained with President providing the label with successful covers of older American hits "Bye Bye Baby" and "The Best Part of Breaking Up"; and their guitarist, Mick Clarke, would be a founding member of The Rubettes. "See You in September" was also recorded by Gerry and the Pacemakers.
In 1966, in Hong Kong, this song was covered by local pop group Teddy Robin and the Playboys on their LP album Not All Lies!.
The Association and Frankie Valli also had hits with the song.[citation needed]
In 1972, a remake of the song by the Mike Curb Congregation reached #15 on Billboard's Easy Listening chart. Julie Budd also remade the song that year, with her version successful enough in Argentina to justify a South American tour in the spring of 1973.
In August 1979, a version by Debby Boone was issued as a single to coincide with the release of the Debby Boone album (which did not feature "See You in September"). This version charted at #41 C&W and #45 Adult Contemporary. Also in 1979 Cisse (fi) remade "See You in September" for his Summer Party album.
In November 1966, Olivier Despax (fr) recorded a French-language version of the song in London for release on Barclay Records. That same year the Spanish rendering "Te veré en septiembre" was recorded by both Marta Baizán and Kinita, while 1967 saw the release of an alternate Spanish rendering: "Setembre Está Lonxe", recorded by Jacinta.
Use in popular culture[edit]
In 1988, the song was used in a commercial for Roy Rogers Restaurants that depicted school cafeteria personnel holding up trays of unappetizing school lunches. The commercial was later pulled off the air after real life school cafeteria personnel complained that the commercial was demeaning to their profession.[9]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "1959 - Weekly Top 40".
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits: Eighth Edition. Record Research. p. 625.
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
Jump up ^ Billboard, 12 October 1959, p. 20
Jump up ^ "The Happenings Interview". Classicbands.com. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits: Eighth Edition. Record Research. p. 275.
Jump up ^ "Hit Parade Italia - Festival di Sanremo 1967". Hitparadeitalia.it. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on February 3, 2009. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Roy Rogers Chain Drops Ad". Washington Post. August 19, 1988. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
External links[edit]
The Tempos - Pittsburgh Music History
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text:
Coinage of India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Hoard of mostly Maurya Empire coins.
Outline of South Asian history
Palaeolithic (2,500,000–250,000 BC)[show]
Madrasian Culture
Soanian Culture
Neolithic (10,800–3300 BC)[show]
Bhirrana Culture (7570–6200 BC)
Mehrgarh Culture (7000–3300 BC)
Edakkal Culture (5000–3000 BC)
Chalcolithic (3500–1500 BC)[show]
Ahar-Banas Culture (3000–1500 BC)
Pandu Culture (1600–1500 BC)
Malwa Culture (1600–1300 BC)
Jorwe Culture (1400–700 BC)
Bronze Age (3300–1300 BC)[show]
Indus Valley Civilisation (3300–1300 BC)
– Early Harappan Culture (3300–2600 BC)
– Mature Harappan Culture (2600–1900 BC)
– Late Harappan Culture (1900–1300 BC)
Vedic Civilisation (2000–500 BC)
– Ochre Coloured Pottery culture (2000–1600 BC)
– Swat culture (1600–500 BC)
Iron Age (1500–200 BC)[show]
Vedic Civilisation (1500–500 BC)
– Janapadas (1500–600 BC)
– Black and Red ware culture (1300–1000 BC)
– Painted Grey Ware culture (1200–600 BC)
– Northern Black Polished Ware (700–200 BC)
Pradyota Dynasty (799–684 BC)
Haryanka Dynasty (684–424 BC)
Three Crowned Kingdoms (c. 600 BC–AD 1600)
Maha Janapadas (c. 600–300 BC)
Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC)
Ror Dynasty (450 BC–AD 489)
Shishunaga Dynasty (424–345 BC)
Nanda Empire (380–321 BC)
Macedonian Empire (330–323 BC)
Maurya Empire (321–184 BC)
Seleucid India (312–303 BC)
Pandya Empire (c. 300 BC–AD 1345)
Chera Kingdom (c. 300 BC-AD 1102)
Chola Empire (c. 300 BC–AD 1279)
Pallava Empire (c. 250 BC–AD 800)
Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire (c. 250 BC–c. AD 500)
Parthian Empire (247 BC– AD 224)
Middle Kingdoms (230 BC– AD 1206)[show]
Satavahana Empire (230 BC–AD 220)
Kuninda Kingdom (200 BC–AD 300)
Mitra Dynasty (c. 150 –c. 50 BC)
Shunga Empire (185–73 BC)
Indo-Greek Kingdom (180 BC–AD 10)
Kanva Empire (75–26 BC)
Indo-Scythian Kingdom (50 BC–AD 400)
Indo-Parthian Kingdom (AD 21–c. 130)
Western Satrap Empire (AD 35–405 )
Kushan Empire (AD 60–240)
Bharshiva Dynasty (170–350)
Nagas of Padmavati (210–340)
Sasanian Empire (224–651)
Indo-Sassanid Kingdom (230–360)
Vakataka Empire (c. 250–c. 500)
Kalabhras Empire (c. 250–c. 600)
Gupta Empire (280–550)
Kadamba Empire (345–525)
Western Ganga Kingdom (350–1000)
Kamarupa Kingdom (350–1100)
Vishnukundina Empire (420–624)
Maitraka Empire (475–767)
Huna Kingdom (475–576)
Rai Kingdom (489–632)
Kabul Shahi Empire (c. 500–1026)
Chalukya Empire (543–753)
Maukhari Empire (c. 550–c. 700)
Harsha Empire (606–647)
Tibetan Empire (618–841)
Eastern Chalukya Kingdom (624–1075)
Rashidun Caliphate (632–661)
Gurjara-Pratihara Empire (650–1036)
Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)
Pala Empire (750–1174)
Rashtrakuta Empire (753–982)
Paramara Kingdom (800–1327)
Yadava Empire (850–1334)
Chaulukya Kingdom (942–1244)
Western Chalukya Empire (973–1189)
Lohara Kingdom (1003–1320)
Hoysala Empire (1040–1346)
Sena Empire (1070–1230)
Eastern Ganga Empire (1078–1434)
Kakatiya Kingdom (1083–1323)
Zamorin Kingdom (1102–1766)
Kalachuris of Tripuri (675-1210)
Kalachuris of Kalyani (1156–1184)
Chutiya Kingdom (1187–1673)
Deva Kingdom (c. 1200–c. 1300)
Late medieval period (1206–1526)[show]
Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526)
– Mamluk Sultanate (1206–1290)
– Khalji Sultanate (1290–1320)
– Tughlaq Sultanate (1320–1414)
– Sayyid Sultanate (1414–1451)
– Lodi Sultanate (1451–1526)
Ahom Kingdom (1228–1826)
Chitradurga Kingdom (1300–1779)
Reddy Kingdom (1325–1448)
Vijayanagara Empire (1336–1646)
Bengal Sultanate (1352–1576)
Garhwal Kingdom (1358–1803)
Mysore Kingdom (1399–1947)
Gajapati Kingdom (1434–1541)
Deccan Sultanates (1490–1596)
– Ahmadnagar Sultanate (1490–1636)
– Berar Sultanate (1490–1574)
– Bidar Sultanate (1492–1619)
– Bijapur Sultanate (1492–1686)
– Golkonda Sultanate (1518–1687)
Keladi Kingdom (1499–1763)
Koch Kingdom (1515–1947)
Early modern period (1526–1858)[show]
Mughal Empire (1526–1858)
Sur Empire (1540–1556)
Madurai Kingdom (1559–1736)
Thanjavur Kingdom (1572–1918)
Bengal Subah (1576–1757)
Marava Kingdom (1600–1750)
Thondaiman Kingdom (1650–1948)
Maratha Empire (1674–1818)
Sikh Confederacy (1707–1799)
Travancore Kingdom (1729–1947)
Sikh Empire (1799–1849)
Colonial states (1510–1961)[show]
Portuguese India (1510–1961)
Dutch India (1605–1825)
Danish India (1620–1869)
French India (1759–1954)
Company Raj (1757–1858)
British Raj (1858–1947)
Periods of Sri Lanka[show]
Prehistory (Until 543 BC)
Early kingdoms period (543 BC–377 BC)
Anuradhapura period (377 BC–AD 1017)
Polonnaruwa period (1056–1232)
Transitional period (1232–1505)
Crisis of the Sixteenth Century (1505–1594)
Kandyan period (1594–1815)
British Ceylon (1815–1948)
Contemporary Sri Lanka (1948–present)
National histories[show]
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan
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Regional histories[show]
Assam
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Kabul
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Rajasthan
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Uttar Pradesh
Punjab
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Tamil Nadu
Tibet
Specialised histories[show]
Agriculture
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Coinage
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v
t
e
Coinage of India, issued by imperial dynasties and middle kingdoms, began anywhere between 6th century BCE to 1st millennium BCE and consisted mainly of copper and silver coins in its initial stage.[1] Scholars remain divided over the origins of Indian coinage.[2]
Cowry shells was first used in India as commodity money.[3] The Indus Valley Civilization dates back between 2500 BCE and 1750 BCE.[4] What is known, however, is that metal currency was minted in India well before the Mauryan Empire (322–185 BCE),[5] and as radio carbon dating indicates, before the 5th century BCE.[6]
The practice of minted coins spread to the Indo-Gangetic Plain from West Asia. The coins of this period were called Puranas, Karshapanas or Pana.[7] These earliest Indian coins, however, are unlike those circulated in West Asia, were not disk-shaped but rather stamped bars of metal, suggesting that the innovation of stamped currency was added to a pre-existing form of token currency which had already been present in the Mahajanapada kingdoms of the Indian Iron Age. Mahajanapadas that minted their own coins included Gandhara, Kuntala, Kuru, Panchala, Shakya, Surasena and Surashtra.[8]
The tradition of Indian coinage was further influenced by the coming of Turkic and Mughal invaders in India.[1] The East India Company introduced uniform coinage in the 19th century CE, and these coins were later imitated by the modern nation states of Republic of India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh.[9] Numismatics plays a valuable role in determining certain period of Indian history.[9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Post Maha Janapadas period (600 BCE – 200 BCE)
2 Classical period (300 BCE – 1100 CE)
2.1 Coins of the Mauryas
2.2 Introduction of cast die-struck technique (end of 3rd century BCE)
2.3 Coins of the Indo-Greeks
2.4 Coins of the Sakas and the Pahlavas (200 BCE – 400 CE)
2.5 Coins of Kanishka and Huvishka (100 CE – 200 CE)
2.6 Coinage of the Guptas Empire (320 CE – 480 CE)
2.7 Coinage of the Rajputs (900 CE – 1400 CE)
3 Late Middle Ages – contemporary history (1300 CE – 2000 CE)
3.1 The Alf Coins of King Akbar (1582 CE – 1610 CE)
4 Gallery
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Post Maha Janapadas period (600 BCE – 200 BCE)[edit]
See also: Punch-marked coins
Magadha kingdom, circa 430–320 BCE, Karshapana.
Magadha Kingdom coin, circa 350 BCE, Karshapana.
Punch-marked coins are a type of early Coinage of India, dating to between about the 6th and 2nd centuries BCE.
The first coins in India were minted around the 6th century BCE by the Mahajanapadas of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, and certainly before the invasion of Alexander the Great in the 4th century BCE. The coins of this period were punch-marked coins called Puranas, Karshapanas or Pana. Several of these coins had a single symbol, for example, Saurashtra had a humped bull, and Dakshin Panchala had a Swastika, others, like Magadha, had several symbols. These coins were made of silver of a standard weight but with an irregular shape. This was gained by cutting up silver bars and then making the correct weight by cutting the edges of the coin.[10]
They are mentioned in the Manu, Panini, and Buddhist Jataka stories and lasted three centuries longer in the south than the north (600 BCE – 300 CE).[11]
Shurasena
Surashtra[12]
Early coins of India (400 BCE – 100 CE) were made of silver and copper, and bore animal and plant symbols on them.[1]
Classical period (300 BCE – 1100 CE)[edit]
Coins of the Mauryas[edit]
The Mauryan Empire coins were punch marked with the royal standard to ascertain their authenticity.[13] The Arthashastra, written by Kautilya, mentions minting of coins but also indicates that the violation of the Imperial Maurya standards by private enterprises may have been an offence.[13] Kautilya also seemed to advocate a theory of bimetallism for coinage, which involved the use of two metals, copper and silver, under one government.[14]
Maurya Empire coinage
Hoard of mostly Mauryan coins.
Silver punch mark coin of the Maurya empire, with symbols of wheel and elephant. 3rd century BCE.[citation needed]
Mauryan coin with arched hill symbol on reverse.[citation needed]
Mauryan Empire coin. Circa late 4th-2nd century BCE.[citation needed]
Mauryan Empire, Emperor Salisuka or later. Circa 207-194 BCE.[15]
Introduction of cast die-struck technique (end of 3rd century BCE)[edit]
Main article: Post-Mauryan coinage
Ancient Indian Coin from Taxila, India, dating back to the 304-232 BC. One of the earliest style coins from ancient India. On the obverse, it has an Elephant advancing right, and on the reverse, a Lion standing left, with hill to left and swastika above.
Punch marked coins were replaced at the fall of the Maurya Empire by cast, die-struck coins.[16] Each individual coins was first cast by pouring a molten metal, usually copper or silver, into a cavity formed by two molds. These were then usually die-struck while still hot, first on just one side, and then later on the two sides. The coin devices are Indian, but it is thought that this coin technology was introduced from the West, either from the Achaemenid Empire or from the neighboring Greco-Bactrian kingdom.[17]
Coins of the Indo-Greeks[edit]
Silver tetradrachm of Indo-Greek king Philoxenus.
Obv: Helmetted, diademed and draped bust of Philoxenus. Greek legend BASILEOS ANIKETOU PHILOXENOU "Of the Invincible King Philoxenus"
Rev: King on prancing horse in military dress. Kharoshti legend MAHARAJASA APADIHATASA PHILASINASA "Undefeatable King Philoxenus".
Coin of Apollodotus I, with a nandipada taurine symbol on the hump of the zebu bull.
Further information: Post-Mauryan coinage of Gandhara
The Indo-Greek kings introduced Greek types, and among them the portrait head, into the Indian coinage, and their example was followed for eight centuries.[18] Every coin has some mark of authority in it, this is what known as "types". It appears on every Greek and Roman coin.[18] Demetrios was the first Bactrian king to strike square copper coins of the Indian type, with a legend in Greek on the obverse, and in Kharoshthi on the reverse.[18] Copper coins, square for the most part, are very numerous. The devices are almost entirely Greek, and must have been engraved by Greeks, or Indians trained in the Greek traditions. The rare gold staters and the splendid tetradrachms of Bactria disappear.[18] The silver coins of the Indo-Greeks, as these later princes may conveniently be called, are the didrachm and the hemidrachm. With the exception of certain square hemidrachms of Apollodotos and Philoxenos, they are all round, are struck to the Persian (or Indian) standard, and all have inscriptions in both Greek and Kharoshthi characters.[18]
Coinage of Indo-Greek kingdom began to increasingly influence coins from other regions of India by the 1st century BCE.[1] By this time a large number of tribes, dynasties and kingdoms began issuing their coins; Prākrit legends began to appear.[1] The extensive coinage of the Kushan empire (1st–3rd centuries CE) continued to influence the coinage of the Guptas (320 to 550 CE) and the later rulers of Kashmir.[1]
During the early rise of Roman trade with India up to 120 ships were setting sail every year from Myos Hormos to India.[19] Gold coins, used for this trade, was apparently being recycled by the Kushan empire for their own coinage. In the 1st century CE, the Roman writer Pliny the Elder complained about the vast sums of money leaving the Roman empire for India:
“ India, China and the Arabian peninsula take one hundred million sesterces from our empire per annum at a conservative estimate: that is what our luxuries and women cost us. For what percentage of these imports is intended for sacrifices to the gods or the spirits of the dead? - Pliny, Historia Naturalis 12.41.84. ”
The trade was particularly focused around the regions of Gujarat, ruled by the Western Satraps, and the tip of the Indian peninsular in Southern India. Large hoards of Roman coins have been found and especially in the busy maritime trading centers of South India.[20] The South Indian kings reissued Roman-like coinage in their own name, either producing their own copies or defacing real ones in order to signify their sovereignty.[21]
Coins of the Sakas and the Pahlavas (200 BCE – 400 CE)[edit]
Coin of Indo-Scythian Northern Satrap Rajuvula. Obv. Bust of king and Greek legend. Rev. Athena Alkidemos and Kharoshthi legend chatrapasa apratihatachakrasa rajuvulasa "the Satrap Rajuvula whose discus [cakra] is irresistible".The coins are derived from the Indo-Greek types of Strato II.[22]
During the Indo-Scythians period whose era begins from 200 BCE to 400 CE, a new kind of the coins of two dynasties were very popular in circulation in various parts of the then India and parts of central and northern South Asia (Sogdiana, Bactria, Arachosia, Gandhara, Sindh, Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar).[18] These dynasties were Saka and The Pahlavas.After the conquest of Bactria by the Sakas in 135 BCE there must have been considerable intercourse sometimes of a friendly, sometimes of a hostile character, between them and the Parthians, who occupied the neighboring territory.[18]
Maues, whose coins are found only in the Punjab, was the first king of what may be called the Azes group of princes. His silver is not plentiful; the finest type is that with a "biga" (two-horsed chariot) on the obverse, and this type belongs to a square Hemi drachm, the only square aka silver coin known. His most common copper coins, with an elephant's head on the obverse and a "Caduceus" (staff of the god Hermes) on the reverse are imitated from a round copper coin of Demetrius. On another copper square coin of Maues the king is represented on horseback. This striking device is characteristic both of the Saka and Pahlava coinage; it first appears in a slightly different form on coins of the Indo-Greek Hippostratos; the Gupta kings adopted it for their "horseman" type, and it reappears in Medieval India on the coins of numerous Hindu kingdoms until the 14th century CE.[18]
Coins of Kanishka and Huvishka (100 CE – 200 CE)[edit]
Coin of Kanishka in Greek script, with illustration of the Buddha on the reverse.
Kanishka's copper coinage which came into the scene during 100–200 CE was of two types: one had the usual "standing king" obverse, and on the rarer second type the king is sitting on a throne. At about the same time there was Huvishka's copper coinage which was more varied; on the reverse, as on Kanishka's copper, there was always one of the numerous deities; on the obverse the king was portrayed (1) riding on an elephant, or (2) reclining on a couch, or (3) seated cross-legged, or (4) seated with arms raised.
Coinage of the Guptas Empire (320 CE – 480 CE)[edit]
Silver coin of Chandragupta II of Gupta Empire, in the style of the Western Satrap, with pseudo-Greek script on the obverse, 400 CE.
Gold coins of Chandragupta II of Gupta Empire, 400 CE.
The Gupta Empire produced large numbers of gold coins depicting the Gupta kings performing various rituals, as well as silver coins clearly influenced by those of the earlier Western Satraps by Chandragupta II.[1]
The splendid gold coinage of Guptas, with its many types and infinite varieties and its inscriptions in Sanskrit, are the finest examples of the purely Indian art that we possess.[18] Their era starts from around 320 with Chandragupta I's accession to the throne.[18]Son of Chandragupta I-Samudragupta, the real founder of the Gupta Empire had coinage made of gold only.[18] There were seven different varieties of coins that appeared during his reign.[18] Out of them the archer type is the most common and characteristic type of the Gupta dynasty coins, which were struck by at least eight succeeding kings and was a standard type in the kingdom.[18]
The silver coinage of Guptas starts with the overthrow of the Western Satraps by Chandragupta II. Kumaragupta and Skandagupta continued with the old type of coins (the Garuda and the Peacock types) and also introduced some other new types.[18] The copper coinage was mostly confined to the era of Chandragupta II and was more original in design. Eight out of the nine types known to have been struck by him have a figure of Garuda and the name of the King on it. The gradual deterioration in design and execution of the gold coins and the disappearance of silver money, bear ample evidence to their curtailed territory.[18] The percentage of gold in Indian coins under the reign of Gupta rulers showed a steady financial decline over the centuries as it decreases from 90% pure gold under Chandragupta I (319-335) to a mere 75-80% under Skandagupta (467).
Coinage of the Rajputs (900 CE – 1400 CE)[edit]
The coins of various Rajput princes's ruling in Hindustan and Central India were usually of gold, copper or billon, very rarely silver. These coins had the familiar goddess of wealth, Lakshmi on the obverse. In these coins, the Goddess was shown with four arms than the usual two arms of the Gupta coins; the reverse carried the Nagari legend. The seated bull and horseman were almost invariable devices on Rajput copper and bullion coins.[18]
Late Middle Ages – contemporary history (1300 CE – 2000 CE)[edit]
The Alf Coins of King Akbar (1582 CE – 1610 CE)[edit]
Silver coin of Akbar with inscriptions of the Islamic declaration of faith, the declaration reads: "There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah."
Political orders in Medieval India were based on a relationship and association of power by which the supreme ruler, especially a monarch was able to influence the actions of the subjects.[23]
In order for the relationship to work, it had to be expressed and communicated in the best possible way. In other words, power was by nature declarative from the point of view of its intelligibility and comprehensibility to the audience and required modes of communication to take effect by means of which sovereign power was articulated in the 16th century India.[23]
An examination was done of a series of coins officially issued and circulated by the Mughal emperor Akbar (r 1556-1605) to illustrate and project a particular view of time, religion, and political supremacy being fundamental and co-existing in nature.
Coins constitute part of the evidence that project the transmission of religious and political ideas in the last quarter of the 16th century.
The word 'Alf' refers to the millennium.[23] The following are the extraordinary decisions, though bizarre, were taken by King Akbar.
The date in coins were written in words and not in figures.
If the intention was to refer to the year 1000 (yak hazar) of the Islamic calendar (hijri era) as is traditionally believed, the expression adopted for it (Alf) was unorthodox and eccentric.
Akbar, ultimately and more importantly, commanded Alf to be imprinted on the coins in 990 hijri (1582 CE ), or ten years before the date (1000 hijri) was due.
The order was a major departure and extremely unconventional and eccentric from the norm of striking coins in medieval India. Till the advent of Alf, all gold and silver coins had been stuck with figure of the current hijri year.[23]
Akbar's courtier and critic, Abdul Badani, presents and explains in brevity the motive for these unconventional decisions while describing the events that took place in 990 hijri (1582 CE):
And having thus convinced himself that the thousand years from the prophethood of the apostle (B'isat I Paighambar) the duration for which Islam [lit. religion] would last was now over, and nothing prevented him from articulating the desires he so secretly held in his heart, and the space became empty of the theologians (ulema) and mystics (mashaikh) who had carried awe and dignity and no need was felt for them: he [Akbar] felt himself at liberty to refute the principles of Islam and to institute new regulations, obsolete and corrupt but considered precious by his pernicious beliefs. The first order, which was given to write the date Alf on coins (Dar Sikka tank half Navisand) and to write the Tarikh-i-Alfi [history of the millennium] from the demise (Rihlat) of the prophet (Badauni II: 301).[23]
The evidence, both textual and numismatic, actually makes it clear that Akbar's decisions to mint the Alf coins and commission the Tarikh-i-Alfi were based on a new communication and interpretation of the terminal dates of the Islamic millennium.
What the evidence doesn't explain is the source of the idea as well as the reason for persisting with the same date on the imperial coinage even after the critical year had passed.[23]
Gallery[edit]
Queen Kumaradevi and King Chandragupta I on a coin of their son Samudragupta 380 CE.
Gold coin of Gupta era, depicting a Gupta king holding a bow, 300 CE.
Maratha Empire, Chhatrapati Shivaji, Gold hon, c. 1674–80 CE.
Silver Rupee coin of Rudra Simha of Ahom kingdom, 1696 CE.
Maratha Kingdom of Baroda, Sayaji Rao III, 1870 CE.
Gold coin of Raja Raja Chola I, 985–1014 CE.
See also[edit]
Coinage of Asia
History of the rupee
Indian rupee
Modern Indian coins
Pre-modern coinage in Sri Lanka
Rakhaldas Bandyopadhyay
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Allan & Stern (2008)
Jump up ^ Dhavalikar (1975)
Jump up ^ Kramer, History Begins at Sumer, pp. 52–55.
Jump up ^ https://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/c-ancient.html
Jump up ^ Sellwood (2008)
Jump up ^ Dhavalikar, M. K. (1975), "The beginning of coinage in India", World Archaeology, 6 (3): 330-338, Taylor & Francis, Ltd.
Jump up ^ See P.L. Gupta: Coins, New Delhi, National Book Trust, 1996, Chapter II.
Jump up ^ "The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Gandhara Janapada". Coinindia.com. Retrieved 2012-05-22. "The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Kuntala Janapada". Coinindia.com. Retrieved 2012-05-22. "The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Kuru Janapada". Coinindia.com. Retrieved 2012-05-22. "The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Panchala Janapada". Coinindia.com. Retrieved 2012-05-22. "The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Shakya Janapada". Coinindia.com. Retrieved 2012-05-22. "The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Shurasena Janapada". Coinindia.com. Archived from the original on 2012-06-05. Retrieved 2012-05-22. "The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Surashtra Janapada". Coinindia.com. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
^ Jump up to: a b Sutherland (2008)
Jump up ^ Śrīrāma Goyala (1994). The Coinage of Ancient India. Kusumanjali Prakashan.
Jump up ^ "Puranas or Punch-Marked Coins (circa 600 BC – circa 300 AD)". Government Museum Chhennai. Retrieved 2007-09-06.
Jump up ^ http://coinindia.com/galleries-surashtra.html Accessed 06/03/2007
^ Jump up to: a b Prasad, 168
Jump up ^ Prasad, 166
Jump up ^ CNG Coins [1]
Jump up ^ Recent Perspectives of Early Indian History Book Review Trust, New Delhi, Popular Prakashan, 1995, p.151 [2]
Jump up ^ The Coins Of India, by Brown, C.J. p.13-20 [3]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Brown C.J (1992)
Jump up ^ "The Geography of Strabo published in Vol. I of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1917".
Jump up ^ Curtin, 100
Jump up ^ Kulke & Rothermund, 108
Jump up ^ The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans, by John M. Rosenfield, University of California Press, 1967 p.135 [4]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Himanshu, P. R. (2006)
References[edit]
Himanshu Prabha Ray (2006), "Coins in India", ISBN 81-85026-73-4.
Allan, J. & Stern, S. M. (2008), coin, Encyclopædia Britannica.
Agrawal, Ashvini (1989), Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81-208-0592-5.
Chaudhuri, K. N. (1985), Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-28542-9.
Curtin, Philip DeArmond etc. (1984), Cross-Cultural Trade in World History, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-26931-8.
Dhavalikar, M. K. (1975), "The beginning of coinage in India", World Archaeology, 6 (3): 330-338, Taylor & Francis, Ltd.
Kulke, Hermann & Rothermund, Dietmar (2004), A History of India, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-32919-1.
Prasad, P.C. (2003), Foreign trade and commerce in ancient India, Abhinav Publications, ISBN 81-7017-053-2.
Sellwood, D. G. J. (2008), coin, Encyclopædia Britannica.
Srivastava, A.L. & Alam, Muzaffar (2008), India, Encyclopædia Britannica.
Sutherland, C. H. V. (2008), coin, Encyclopædia Britannica.
Himanshu, P. R. (2006), Coins in India:Power and Communication, J.J. Bhabha Marg Publication, ISBN 81-85026-73-4.
Brown, C.J. (1992), The Coins of India, Association Press(Y.M.C.A), ISBN 978-81-8090-192-8.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coins of India.
British India Coins Wiki
Persian & Devanagari Legends on Silver Rupees of India
India Coin News & Forums
Indian Coins Encyclopedia
Reserve Bank of India Monetary Museum (RBI)
Oriental Coins Database at Zeno.ru
Indian Coins-Numismatics Forum - Coins of India
CoinIndia: The Virtual Museum of Indian Coins
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Perfect 10 (gymnastics)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Perfect 10 (disambiguation).
Nadia Comăneci poses beside the scoreboard that recorded her perfect 10 as 1.00 (with no Olympic precedent, the hardware was not capable of displaying 10.00).
Perfect 10 refers to a score of 10.00 for a single routine in artistic gymnastics, which was once thought to be unattainable—particularly at the Olympic Games—under the code of points set by the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG). The first person to score a perfect 10 at the Olympic Games was Romanian Nadia Comăneci, at the 1976 Games in Montreal. Other women who accomplished this feat at the Olympics include Nellie Kim, also in 1976, Mary Lou Retton in 1984, and Daniela Silivaș and Yelena Shushunova in 1988. The first man to score a perfect 10 was Alexander Dityatin, at the 1980 Olympics in Moscow.
The FIG changed its code of points in 2006. There are now different top scores, all greater than 10, for the various events, based upon difficulty and artistic merit; there is no consistent perfect score.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Change in scoring
3 List of perfect 10s
3.1 European Championships
3.2 American Cup
3.2.1 New York City, 1976
3.3 Olympics
3.3.1 Montreal, 1976
3.3.2 Moscow, 1980
3.3.3 Los Angeles, 1984
3.3.4 Seoul, 1988
3.3.5 Barcelona, 1992
3.4 World Championships
4 References
History[edit]
Men's Artistic Gymnastics had been an Olympic sport since the beginning of the modern games. Women's gymnastics were introduced as a single (team) event in the 1928 games, but were not expanded until the 1952 games, when there were seven events.[1] The International Federation of Gymnastics first drew up a code of points—for men—in 1949.[2]
Although the code of points was based on a maximum of 10, until 1976 it was considered impossible to achieve a score of greater than 9.95, particularly at the Olympic Games[3][4] (although Věra Čáslavská achieved perfect 10s in the 1967 European Championships,[5] which were displayed on a manual scoreboard).[6] Prior to the 1976 Olympics in Montreal, Omega, the official timers, asked the International Olympic Committee how many digits it should allow on the electronic scoreboard, and were told that three digits would be sufficient, as a score of 10.00 would not be possible.[7]
On 18 July 1976, 14-year-old Romanian gymnast Nadia Comăneci performed in the uneven bars event, and was awarded a score of 10. Because the scoreboard only allowed three digits, it had to display her score as 1.00.[7] This led to confusion, with even Comăneci unsure of what it meant, until the announcer informed the elated crowd that she had scored a perfect 10.[8] An iconic press photograph (pictured above) shows a beaming Comăneci, arms upraised, beside the scoreboard.[9] Comăneci scored a total of seven 10s at the 1976 Olympics—four on the uneven bars and three on the balance beam.[7] Her main rival, Russian Nelli Kim, scored two 10s in the same competition, in the vault and floor exercise.[10] Comăneci's coach, Béla Károlyi, having defected to the United States in 1981, subsequently coached Mary Lou Retton to gold at the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles, where she scored 10s in the vault and floor exercise.[11]
The first man to score a perfect 10 in Olympic competition was the Russian Alexander Dityatin, who received the score in the vault on the way to a record-breaking eight medals in the 1980 Olympics in Moscow.[12] Among other men to achieve the score was Comăneci's future husband, Bart Conner, who received two 10s in Los Angeles in 1984.[13]
Change in scoring[edit]
The code of points came under review as a result of separate incidents during the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, in which gymnasts were believed to have received excessively low scores.[14] A new scoring system was introduced in 2006. It consists of an "A" score, based on the difficulty of elements, and a "B" score, based on artistic impression. While the B score still has a maximum of 10, it is only a part of the overall score.[13]
The change had its share of critics. Béla Károlyi said of it: "It's crazy, terrible, the stupidest thing that ever happened to the sport of gymnastics.".[15] Mary Lou Retton remarked: "It's hard to understand. I don't even understand it."[15] Nadia Comăneci commented, "It's so hard to define sports like ours and we had something unique. The 10, it was ours first and now you give it away."[13]
List of perfect 10s[edit]
This list may be incomplete.
European Championships[edit]
Vera Caslavska - 1967 European Artistic Gymnastics Championships
Svetlana Boginskaya - 1989 European Artistic Gymnastics Championships (2) - All-Around (Floor Exercise), Event Final (Floor Exercise)
Daniela Silivaș - 1989 European Championships (1) - Event Final (Floor)
American Cup[edit]
New York City, 1976[edit]
Women
Nadia Comăneci (2) - vault (preliminary), floor exercise (final) [16]
Olympics[edit]
Montreal, 1976[edit]
Women
Nadia Comăneci (7) - uneven bars (team compulsory, team optionals, individual all-around, event final) and balance beam (team optionals, individual all-around, event final);
Nellie Kim (2) - individual all-around vault, floor exercise event final;
(Olympic database;[17] Women's individual results;[18] women's all-around results;[19] women's team results[20])
Moscow, 1980[edit]
Men
Zoltán Magyar (2) - individual and all-around pommel horse
Stoyan Deltchev - all-around rings
Alexander Dityatin - all-around vault
Michael Nikolay - all-around pommel horse
Aleksandr Tkachyov - all-around high bar
Women[citation needed]
Nadia Comăneci (2) - all-around uneven bars and compulsory balance beam
Yelena Davydova - team optionals floor routine
Natalia Shaposhnikova - individual compulsory vault
Melita Ruhn - individual optional vault
(Men's all-around results;[21] men's individual event results[22])
Los Angeles, 1984[edit]
Men
Li Ning (5) - individual floor exercise and pommel horse; pommel horse, rings, and vault in the team final
Tong Fei (4) - high bar in the individual, all-around, and team events; team rings
Koji Gushiken (3) - individual and team high bar; all-around vault
Lou Yun (3) - individual vault; vault in both rounds of the team final
Shinji Morisue (3) - high bar in the individual and both rounds of the team final
Peter Vidmar (3) - all-around high bar; pommel horse in the individual and team finals
Bart Conner (2) - parallel bars in both the team and individual events
Mitch Gaylord (2) - team parallel bars and rings
Tim Daggett - team high bar
Li Xiaoping - team pommel horse
Xu Zhiqiang - team high bar
Women
Julianne McNamara (5) - individual uneven bars and floor exercise; all-around uneven bars; team uneven bars and floor exercise
Ecaterina Szabo (4) - floor exercise; all-around balance beam; team vault and floor exercise
Ma Yanhong (3) - individual, all-around, and team uneven bars
Mary Lou Retton (3) - floor exercise and vault in the all-around; vault in the team event
Simona Păucă - team balance beam
(Men's results;[23] women's results[24])
Seoul, 1988[edit]
Men
Dmitry Bilozerchev (4) - pommel horse; all-around pommel horse, rings, and vault
Vladimir Artemov (2) - all-around parallel bars and high bar
Zsolt Borkai - pommel horse
Csaba Fajkusz - all-around high bar
György Guczoghy - all-around pommel horse
Lubomir Geraskov - pommel horse
Sylvio Kroll - all-around pommel horse
Valeri Liukin - all-around high bar
Women
Daniela Silivaș (7) - compulsory, team, all-around, and individual uneven bars, team balance beam, compulsory and all-around floor
Yelena Shushunova (7) - compulsory, team, and all-around vault, team and individual uneven bars, team and all-around
Dagmar Kersten (2) - compulsory, and individual uneven bars
(Men's results;[25] women's results[26])
Barcelona, 1992[edit]
Women
Lu Li - uneven bars
Lavinia Miloșovici - floor exercise
(Women's results[27])
World Championships[edit]
Daniela Silivaş, 1985, 1987, and 1989 World Gymnastics Championships
Christina Bontas, 1989 World Gymnastics Championships (1) - All Around (Floor)
Aurelia Dobre, 1987 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships (five times)
Svetlana Boginskaya, 1989 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships (5) - Team Optional (Floor Exercise, Uneven Bars), All Around (Floor Exercise, Vault), Event Finals (Floor)
Oleysya Dudnik, 1989 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships (3) - Team Optional (Balance Beam, Vault), Event Finals (Vault)
Natalia Lashenova, 1989 World Gymnastics Championships (1) - Team Optional (Vault)
Fan Di, 1989 World Gymnastics Championships (1) - Event Finals (Uneven Bars)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "History of Artistic Gymnastics at the Olympic Games" (PDF). Olympic.org. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Milestones". International Federation of Gymnastics. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Brown, Gene (1979). The New York Times encyclopedia of sports, Volume 11: Indoor Sports. Arno Press. p. 132. ISBN 0405126379. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Fulton-Smith, Graham; Sampson, James M.; Wange, Willy B. (1976). Olympics 1976: Montreal, Innsbruck. New York: C. N. Potter. p. 25. ISBN 051752743X. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Tatlow, Peter (1979). Gymnastics: all the beauty and skills of this thrilling sport. Chartwell Books, Inc. p. 143. ISBN 9780711100046.
Jump up ^ European Ladies Gymnastics In Amsterdam (1967). British Pathé. 13 Apr 2014. Event occurs at 1 min 32 sec. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "50 stunning Olympic moments No5: Nadia Comaneci scores a perfect 10". 14 December 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Brady, Rachel (6 July 2012). "Nadia Comaneci: From a perfect 10 in Montreal to a busy broadcaster in London". Retrieved 4 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Marsden, Rhodri (17 July 2015). "Rhodri Marsden's Interesting Objects: The gymnastics scoreboard at the Montreal Olympics". Independent. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Buchanan, Ian; Mallon, Bill (2005). Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement. Scarecrow Press. p. 149. ISBN 0810865246. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Boyer Sagert, Kelly; Overman, Steven J. (2012). Icons of Women's Sport. ABC-CLIO. pp. 443, 448–9. ISBN 0313385491. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Nauright, John (2012). Sports around the World: History, Culture, and Practice. ABC-CLIO. p. 334. ISBN 159884301X. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Diane Pucin (August 6, 2008). "A 10-shun Deficit". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Dan Baynes (August 6, 2008). "Olympic Gymnasts Won't Chase Perfect 10 as New Scoring Debuts". bloomberg.com. Retrieved February 14, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Jordan Ellenberg (August 12, 2008). "Down With the Perfect 10!". Slate. Archived from the original on February 12, 2010. Retrieved February 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ Nadia Comaneci Floor Exercise, 1976 American Cup (tv broadcast)
Jump up ^ "Gymnastics results for the 1976 Summer Olympics". www.databaseolympics.com. Archived from the original on December 25, 2010. Retrieved May 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Games of the 21st Olympiad 1976 Artistic Gymnastics / All-Around Final Women". gymnasticsresults.com. Retrieved February 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Games of the 21st Olympiad 1976 Artistic Gymnastics / All-Around Final Women". gymnasticsresults.com. Retrieved February 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Games of the 21st Olympiad 1976 Artistic Gymnastics / Teams Women". gymnasticsresults.com. Retrieved February 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "All-Around Final Men - Games of the 22nd Olympiad Moscow 1980". gymnasticsresults.com. Retrieved February 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Games of the 22nd Olympiad 1980 Artistic Gymnastics / Events Finals Men". gymnasticsresults.com. Retrieved February 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Games of 23rd Olympiad / Men's Artistic Gymnastics". gymnasticsresults.com. Retrieved February 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Games of 23rd Olympiad / Women's Artistic Gymnastics". gymnasticsresults.com. Retrieved February 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Games of 24th Olympiad / Men". gymnasticsresults.com. Retrieved February 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Games of 24th Olympiad / Women". gymnasticsresults.com. Retrieved February 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Games of 25th Olympiad / Women". gymnasticsresults.com. Retrieved February 16, 2010.
[hide]
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Nadia Comăneci
Gymnastics
Comăneci salto
Nadia's Theme
Perfect 10 (gymnastics)
Gymnastics at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Gymnastics at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Honors and awards
Associated Press Athlete of the Year (1976)
United Press International Athlete of the Year Award (1975 and 1976)
BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year (1976)
International Gymnastics Hall of Fame (1993)
Flo Hyman Award (1998)
Olympic Order (2004)
Related people
Bart Conner
Paul Ziert
Béla Károlyi
Márta Károlyi
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perfect_10_(gymnastics)&oldid=826152607"
Categories:
Gymnastics
Perfect scores in sports
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This page was last edited on 17 February 2018, at 14:32.
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