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Constituent Assembly of India
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Constituent Assembly of India
Seal of the Constituent Assembly.
Type
Type
Unicameral
History
Founded
6 December 1946 (1946-12-06)
Disbanded
24 January 1950 (1950-01-24)
Preceded by
Imperial Legislative Council
Succeeded by
Parliament of India
Leadership
Temporary Chairman
Sachchidananda Sinha, INC
President
Dr. Rajendra Prasad, INC
Chairman of the drafting committee
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, SCF
Vice Presidents
Harendra Coomar Mookerjee
V. T. Krishnamachari
Legal Advisor
B. N. Rau
Structure
Seats
389 (Dec. 1946-June 1947)
299 (June 1947-Jan. 1950)
Political groups
INC: 208 seats
AIML: 73 seats
Others: 15 seats
Princely States: 93 seats
Elections
Voting system
First past the post
Meeting place
House of Parliament, New Delhi
An idea for a Constituent Assembly of India was proposed in 1934 by M. N. Roy, a pioneer of the Communist movement in India and an advocate of radical democracy. It became an official demand of the Indian National Congress in 1935, C. Rajagopalachari voiced the demand for a constituent Assembly on 15th November 1939 based on adult franchise, and was accepted by the British in August 1940. On 8 August 1940, a statement was made by Viceroy Lord Linlithgow about the expansion of the Governor-General's Executive Council and the establishment of a War Advisory Council. This offer, known as the August Offer, included giving full weight to minority opinions and allowing Indians to draft their own constitution. Under the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946, elections were held for the first time for the Constituent Assembly. The Constitution of India was drafted by the Constituent Assembly, and it was implemented under the Cabinet Mission Plan on 16 May 1946. The members of the Constituent Assembly were elected by the provincial assemblies by a single, transferable-vote system of proportional representation. The total membership of the Constituent Assembly was 389: 292 were representatives of the states, 93 represented the princely states and four were from the chief commissioner provinces of Delhi, Ajmer-Merwara, Coorg (Near Madikeri) and British Baluchistan.
The elections for the 296 seats assigned to the British Indian provinces were completed by August 1946. Congress won 208 seats, and the Muslim League 73. After this election, the Muslim League refused to cooperate with the Congress,[citation needed] and the political situation deteriorated. Hindu-Muslim riots began, and the Muslim League demanded a separate constituent assembly for Muslims in India. On 3 June 1947 Lord Mountbatten, the last British Governor-General of India, announced his intention to scrap the Cabinet Mission Plan; this culminated in the Indian Independence Act 1947 and the separate nations of India and Pakistan. The Indian Independence Act was passed on 18 July 1947 and, although it was earlier declared that India would become independent in June 1948, this event led to independence on 15 August 1947. The Constituent Assembly (elected for an undivided India) met for the first time on 9 December 1946, reassembling on 14 August 1947 as a sovereign body and successor to the British parliament's authority in India. As a result of the partition, under the Mountbatten plan a separate constituent assembly was established in Pakistan on 3 June 1947. The representatives of the areas incorporated into Pakistan ceased to be members of the Constituent Assembly of India. New elections were held for the West Punjab and East Bengal (which became part of Pakistan, although East Bengal later seceded to become Bangladesh); the membership of the Constituent Assembly was 299 after the reorganization, and it met on 31 December 1947.
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 Background and election
3 Constitution and elections
4 Organization
4.1 Timeline
5 Committees of the Constituent Assembly
6 Prominent members
7 Members (by province/state)
7.1 Members who later withdrew after partition
8 Gallery
9 References
10 Further reading
Description [edit]
The Constituent Assembly, consisting of indirectly elected representatives, was established to draft a constitution for India (including the now-separate countries of Pakistan and Bangladesh). It existed for almost three years, the first parliament of India after independence in 1947. The Assembly was not elected on the basis of universal adult suffrage, and Muslims and Sikhs received special representation as minorities. The Muslim League boycotted the Assembly after failing to prevent its creation. Although a large part of the Constituent Assembly was drawn from the Congress Party in a one-party environment, the Congress Party included a wide diversity of opinions—from conservative industrialists and radical Marxists to Hindu revivalists—all of whom participated in the process.
The Assembly met for the first time in New Delhi on 9 December 1946, and its last session was held on 24 January 1950.[1] During this period (two years, eleven months and eighteen days) the Assembly held eleven sessions, sitting for a total of 166 days.[2] The hope of the Assembly was expressed by Jawaharlal Nehru:
The first task of this Assembly is to free India through a new constitution, to feed the starving people, and to clothe the naked masses, and to give every Indian the fullest opportunity to develop himself according to his capacity. This is certainly a great task. Look at India today. We, are sitting here and there in despair in many places, and unrest in many cities. The atmosphere is surcharged with these quarrels and feuds which are called communal disturbances, and unfortunately we sometimes cannot avoid them. But at present the greatest and most important question in India is how to solve the problem of the poor and the starving. Wherever we turn, we are confronted with this problem. If we cannot solve this problem soon, all our paper constitutions will become useless and purposeless. Keeping this aspect in view, who could suggest to us to postpone and wait?
—  Jawaharlal Nehru, Constituent Assembly Debates (Proceedings), Vol. II
Background and election[edit]
The Constituent Assembly was established while India was still under British rule, following negotiations between Indian leaders and members of the 1946 Cabinet Mission to India from the United Kingdom. Provincial assembly elections were held early in 1946. Constituent Assembly members were elected indirectly by members of the newly elected provincial assemblies, and initially included representatives for those provinces which formed part of Pakistan (some of which are now in Bangladesh). The Constituent Assembly had 299 representatives, including nine women.
The Interim Government of India was formed on 2 September 1946 from the newly elected Constituent Assembly. The Congress held a large majority in the Assembly (69 percent of the seats), and the Muslim League held nearly all the seats reserved in the Assembly for Muslims. There were also members of smaller parties, such as the Scheduled Caste Federation, the Communist Party of India and the Unionist Party.
In June 1947 delegations from Sindh, East Bengal, Baluchistan, West Punjab and the North West Frontier Province withdrew to form the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, meeting in Karachi. On 15 August 1947 the Dominion of India and Dominion of Pakistan became independent nations, and members of the Constituent Assembly who had not withdrawn to Karachi became India's Parliament. Twenty-eight members of the Muslim League joined the Indian Assembly, and 93 members were later nominated from the princely states; the Congress Party secured a majority of 82 percent.
Constitution and elections[edit]
See also: Constitution of India
At 11 am on 9 December 1946 the Assembly began its first session, with 208 members attending. By early 1947, representatives of the Muslim League and princely states joined, and the Assembly approved the draft constitution on 26 November 1949. On 26 January 1950 the constitution took effect (commemorated as Republic Day), and the Constituent Assembly became the Provisional Parliament of India (continuing until after the first elections under the new constitution in 1952).
Organization[edit]
Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha was the first chairman (temporary) of Constituent Assembly. Later Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as the president and Its vice-president was Harendra Coomar Mookerjee, a Christian from Bengal and former vice-chancellor of Calcutta University. Also chairing the assembly's Minorities Committee, Mookerjee was appointed governor of West Bengal after India became a republic. Jurist B. N. Rau was appointed constitutional adviser to the assembly; Rau prepared the original draft of the constitution, and was later appointed a judge in the Permanent Court of International Justice in The Hague.
The assembly's work had five stages:
Committees presented reports on issues.
B.N. Rau prepared an initial draft based on the reports and his research into the constitutions of other nations.
The drafting committee, chaired by B. R. Ambedkar, presented a detailed draft constitution which was published for public discussion.
The draft constitution was discussed, and amendments proposed and enacted.
The constitution was adopted, with a committee of experts led by the Congress Party (known as the Congress Assembly Party) played a pivotal role.[3]
Timeline[edit]
9 December 1946: The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly was held in the constitution hall (now the Central Hall of Parliament House). Demanding a separate state, the Muslim League boycotted the meeting. Sachchidananda Sinha was elected temporary president of the assembly, in accordance with French practice.
11 December 1946: Rajendra Prasad was elected as president and H. C. Mukherjee was elected as vice-president of the constituent assembly. B. N. Rau was appointed as its constitutional adviser.
13 December 1946: An 'Objective Resolution' was moved by Jawaharlal Nehru in the assembly, laying down the underlying principles of the constitution. It finally became the Preamble of the constitution.
22 January 1947: Objective resolution unanimously adopted.
22 July 1947: National flag adopted.
15 August 1947: Indian independence achieved as the Dominion of India.
29 August 1947: Drafting Committee appointed with Dr. B. R. Ambedkar as the Chairman.
16 July 1948: Along with Harendra Coomar Mookerjee V. T. Krishnamachari was also elected as second vice-president of Constituent Assembly.
26 November 1949: Constitution passed and accepted by the assembly.
24 January 1950: "Jana Gana Mana" adopted as the national anthem, with the first two verses of "Vande Mataram" the national song. Rajendra Prasad elected the first president of India.
The assembly was chaired by Dr. Rajendra Prasad when it met as a constituent body, and by G. V. Mavlankar when it met as a legislative body. It completed the task of drafting a constitution in two years, eleven months and eighteen days, at a total expenditure of ₹6.4 million.
Committees of the Constituent Assembly[edit]
The Constituent Assembly appointed a total of 22 committees to deal with different tasks of constitution-making. Out of these, eight were major committees and the others were minor committees.
Major Committees
Drafting Committee – Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
Union Powers Committee – Jawaharlal Nehru
Union Constitution Committee – Jawaharlal Nehru
Provincial Constitution Committee – Sardar Patel
Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights, Minorities and Tribal and Excluded Areas – Sardar Patel. This committee had the following subcommittees:
Fundamental Rights Sub-Committee – J.B. Kripalani
Minorities Sub-Committee – Harendra Coomar Mookerjee,
North-East Frontier Tribal Areas and Assam Excluded & Partially Excluded Areas Sub-Committee – Gopinath Bardoloi
Excluded and Partially Excluded Areas (Other than those in Assam) Sub-Committee – A.V. Thakkar
Rules of Procedure Committee – Dr. Rajendra Prasad
States Committee (Committee for Negotiating with States) – Jawaharlal Nehru
Steering Committee – Dr. Rajendra Prasad
Prominent members[edit]
B. R. Ambedkar, Minister for Law; Chairman of Drafting Committee
B. N. Rau, Constitutional Advisor
Jawaharlal Nehru, first Prime Minister of India
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Minister for Education
Rajendra Prasad, President of Constituent Assembly
C. Rajagopalachari, Governor-General of India
Sarat Chandra Bose, Barrister and Indian independence activist
Krishna Sinha, first Chief Minister, Bihar
Binodanand Jha, Minister, Bihar
Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra
Anugrah Narayan Sinha, Deputy Chief Minister and Finance Minister, Bihar
Rafi Ahmed Kidwai
Asaf Ali
Syama Prasad Mookerjee, Industries Minister, President, Hindu Mahasabha
Moturi Satyanarayana, Freedom Fighter
Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, Health Minister
Hansa Mehta, President, All India Women's Conference
N. G. Ranga
Deep Narayan Singh, Minister, Bihar
Gopinath Bordoloi, Prime Minister of Assam[4]
Sir Syed Muhammad Saadulla, Assam
P. Subbarayan
Kailashnath Katju
N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar
T. T. Krishnamachari
Rameshwar Prasad Sinha
Durgabai Deshmukh
K. M. Munshi
Krishana Ballabh Sahay
Frank Anthony, Anglo-Indian representative
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
John Mathai
Pratap Singh Kairon
L. Krishnaswamy Bharati - Madras Province
Chidambaram Subramaniam
Members (by province/state)[edit]
Madras: Annie mascarene, O. V. Alagesan, Mrs. Ammu Swaminathan, M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar, Moturi Satyanarayana, Mrs. Dakshayani Velayudhan, Mrs. G. Durgabai, Kala Venkatarao, N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar, D. Govinda Das, Revd. Jerome D'Souza, P. Kakkan, T.M. Kaliyannan Gounder, K. Kamaraj, V. C. Kesava Rao, T. T. Krishnamachari, Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer L. Krishnaswami Bharathi, P. Kunhiraman, Mosalikanti Thirumala Rao, V. I. Munuswamy Pillai, M. A. Muthiah Chettiar, V. Nadimuthu Pillai, S. Nagappa, P. L. Narasimha Raju, B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya, C. Perumalswamy Reddy, T. Prakasam, S. H. Prater, Raja Swetachalapati Ramakrishna Renga Roa of Bobbili, R. K. Shanmukham Chetty, T. A. Ramalingam Chettiar, Ramnath Goenka, O. P. Ramaswamy Reddiar, N. G. Ranga, Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy, Sheik Galib Sahib, K. Santhanam, B. Shiva Rao, Kallur Subba Rao, U. Srinivasa Mallya, P. Subbarayan, C. Subramaniam, V Subramaniam, M. C. Veerabahu Pillai, P. M. Velayudapani, A. K. Menon, T. J. M. Wilson, Mohamed Ismail Sahib, K. T. M. Ahmed Ibrahim, Mahboob Ali Baig Sahib Bahadur, B. Pocker Sahib Bahadur, pattam Tanupillai
Bombay: Balchandra Maheshwar Gupte, Hansa Mehta, Hari Vinayak Pataskar, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, Joseph Alban D'Souza, Kanayalal Nanabhai Desai, Keshavrao Marutirao Jedhe, Khandubhai Kasanji Desai, Bal Gangadhar Kher, M.R. Masani, K.M. Munshi, Narahar Vishnu Gadgil, S. Nijalingappa, S. K. Patil, Ramchandra Manohar Nalavade, R. R. Diwakar, Shankarrao Deo, G. V. Mavalankar, Vallabhbhai Patel, Abdul Kadar Mohammad Shaikh, A. A. Khan
West Bengal: Monomohan Das, Arun Chandra Guha, Lakshmi Kanta Maitra, Mihir Lal Chattopadhyay, Satis Chandra Samanta, Suresh Chandra Majumdar, Upendranath Barman, Prabhudayal Himatsingka, Basanta Kumar Das, Renuka Ray, H. C. Mukherjee, Surendra Mohan Ghose, Syama Prasad Mookerjee, Ari Bahadur Gurung, R. E. Platel, K. C. Neogy, Raghib Ahsan, Somnath Lahiri, Jasimuddin Ahmad, Naziruddin Ahmad, Abdul Hamid, Abdul Halim Ghuznavi
United Provinces: Ajit Prasad Jain, Algu Rai Shastri, Balkrishna Sharma, Banshi Dhar Misra, Bhagwan Din, Damodar Swarup Seth, Dayal Das Bhagat, Dharam Prakash, A. Dharam Dass, R. V. Dhulekar, Feroz Gandhi, Gopal Narain, Krishna Chandra Sharma, Govind Ballabh Pant, Govind Malviya, Har Govind Pant, Harihar Nath Shastri, Hriday Nath Kunzru, Jaspat Roy Kapoor, Jagannath Baksh Singh, Jawaharlal Nehru, Jogendra Singh, Jugal Kishore[disambiguation needed], Jwala Prasad Srivastava, B. V. Keskar, Kamala Chaudhry, Kamalapati Tripathi, J. B. Kripalani, Mahavir Tyagi, Khurshed Lal, Masurya Din, Mohan Lal Saksena, Padampat Singhania, Phool Singh, Paragi Lal, Purnima Banerjee, Purushottam Das Tandon, Hira Vallabha Tripathi, Ram Chandra Gupta, Shibban Lal Saxena, Satish Chandra, John Matthai, Sucheta Kripalani, Sunder Lall, Venkatesh Narayan Tiwari, Mohanlal Gautam, Vishwambhar Dayal Tripathi, Vishnu Sharan Dublish, Begum Aizaz Rasul, Hyder Hussain, Hasrat Mohani, Abul Kalam Azad, Muhammad Ismail Khan, Rafi Ahmad Kidwai, Mohd. Hifzur Rahman, Z H Lari
East Punjab: Bakshi Tek Chand, Jairamdas Daulatram, Thakurdas Bhargava, Bikramlal Sondhi, Yashwant Rai, Ranbir Singh Hooda, Lala Achint Ram, Nand Lal, Baldev Singh, Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir, Sardar Hukam Singh, Sardar Bhopinder Singh Mann, Sardar Rattan Singh Lohgarh Chaudhry Suraj Mal
Bihar: Nasif Arafat, Amiyo Kumar Ghosh, Anugrah Narayan Sinha, Banarsi Prasad Jhunjhunwala, Bhagwat Prasad, Boniface Lakra, Brajeshwar Prasad, Chandika Ram, K. T. Shah, Devendra Nath Samanta, Dip Narain Sinha, Guptanath Singh, Jadubans Sahay, Jagat Narain Lal, Jagjivan Ram, Jaipal Singh Munda, Kameshwar Singh of Darbhanga, Kamaleshwari Prasad Yadav, Mahesh Prasad Sinha, Krishna Ballabh Sahay, Raghunandan Prasad, Rajendra Prasad, Rameshwar Prasad Sinha, Ramnarayan Singh, Sachchidananda Sinha, Sarangdhar Sinha, Satyanarayan Sinha, Binodanand Jha, P. K. Sen, Sri Krishna Sinha, Sri Narayan Mahtha, Syamanandan Sahaya, Hussain Imam, Syed Jafar Imam, Latifur Rahman, Mohammad Tahir, Tajamul Hussain, Choudhry Abid Hussain. Hargovind Mishra
Central Provinces and Berar: Ambica Charan Shukla, Raghu Vira, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, B.A. Mandloi, Brijlal Nandlal Biyani, Thakur Cheedilal, Seth Govind Das, Hari Singh Gour, Hari Vishnu Kamath, Hemchandra Jagobaji Khandekar, Ghanshyam Singh Gupta, Lakshman Shrawan Bhatkar, Panjabrao Shamrao Deshmukh, Ravi Shankar Shukla, R. K. Sidhva, Shankar Trimbak Dharmadhikari, Frank Anthony, Kazi Syed Karimuddin, Ganpatrao Dani
Assam: Nibaran Chandra Laskar, Dharanidhar Basu-Matari, Gopinath Bardoloi, J. J. M. Nichols-Roy, Kuladhar Chaliha, Rohini Kumar Chaudhury, Muhammad Saadulla, Abdur Rouf
Orissa: Biswanath Das, Krishna Chandra Gajapati Narayana Dev, Harekrushna Mahatab, Laxminarayan Sahu Lokanath Mishra, Nandkishore Das, Rajkrishna Bose, Santanu Kumar Das, Yudhishir Mishra
Delhi: Deshbhandhu Gupta
Ajmer-Merwara: Mukut Bihari Lal Bhargava
Coorg: C. M. Poonacha
Mysore: K.C. Reddy, T. Siddalingaiya, H. R. Guruv Reddy, S. V. Krishnamurthy Rao, K. Hanumanthaiya, H. Siddaveerappa, T. Channiah
Jammu and Kashmir: Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah, Motiram Baigra, Mirza Mohammad Afzal Beg, Maulana Mohammad Sayeed Masoodi
Travancore-Cochin: Pattom A. Thanu Pillai, R. Sankar, P. T. Chacko, Panampilly Govinda Menon, Annie Mascarene, P.S.Nataraja Pillai, K.A. Mohamed
Madhya Bharat: Vinayak Sitaram Sarwate, Brijraj Narain, Gopikrishna Vijayavargiya, Ram Sahai, Kusum Kant Jain, Radhavallabh Vijayavargiya, Sitaram S. Jajoo
Saurashtra: Balwant Rai Gopalji Mehta, Jaisukhlal Hathi, Amritlal Vithaldas Thakkar, Chimanlal Chakubhai Shah, Samaldas Laxmidas Gandhi
Rajasthan: V. T. Krishnamachari, Hiralal Shastri, Sardar Singhjhi of Khetri, Jaswant Singhji, Raj Bhadur, Manikya Lal Varma, Gokul Lal Asava, Ramchandra Upadhyaya, Balwant Sinha Mehta, Dalel Singh, Jainarain Vyas
Patiala and East Punjab States Union: Ranjit Singh, Sochet Singh, Bhagwant Roy
Bombay States: Vinayakrao Balshankar Vaidya, B. N. Munavalli, Gokulbhai Daulatram Bhatt, Jivraj Narayan Mehta, Gopaldas A. Desai, Paranlal Thakurlal Munshi, B. H. Khardekar, Ratnappa Bharamappa Kumbhar
Orissa States: Lal Mohan Pati, N. Madhava Rau, Raj Kunwar, Sarangadhar Das, Yudhishthir Mishra
Central Provinces States: R. L. Malaviya, Kishorimohan Tripathi, Ramprasad Potai
United Provinces States: B. H. Zaidi, Krishna Singh
Madras States: V. Ramaiah, Ramakrishna Ranga Rao
Vindhya Pradesh: Avdesh Pratap Singh, Shambu Nath Shukla, Ram Sahai Tiwari, Mannulalji Dwidedi
Cooch Behar: Himmat Singh K. Maheshwari
Tripura and Manipur: Girja Shankar Guha
Bhopal: Lal Singh
Kutch: Bhawani Arjun Khimji
Himachal Pradesh: Yashwant Singh Parmar
Members who later withdrew after partition[edit]
East Bengal: Abdullah al Mahmood, Maulana Mohd Abdullah el Baqui, Abdul Hamid, Abdul Kasem Khan, Mohammad Akram Khan, A. Hamid, Azizuddin Ahmad, Muhammad Habibullah Bahar, Prem Hari Barma, Raj Kumar Chakraverty, Sris Chandra Chattopadhyaya, Abdul Matin Chaudhary, Murtaza Raza Choudhry, Hamidul Haq Chowdhury, Akhay Kumar Das, Dhirendra Nath Datta, Bhupendra Kumar Datta, Ebrahim Khan, Fazlul Huq, Fazlur Rahman, Ghayasuddin Pathan, Begum Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah, Liaquat Ali Khan, Mafizuddin Ahmad, Mahmud Hussain, Jnanendra Chandra Majumdar, A. M. Malik, Birat Chandra Mandal, Jogendra Nath Mandal, Mohammed Ali, Khwaja Nazimuddin, M.A.B.L. Nur Ahmed, Nurul Amin, Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi, Sri Dhananjoy M.A. B.L. Roy, Maudi Bhakesh Chanda, B.L. Serajul Islam, Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Osmani, Shahabudin Khwaja, H.S. Suhrawardy, Harendra Kumar Sur, Tamizuddin Khan, Kawivi Kerwar Datta, Ghulam Mohammed
West Punjab: Mian Mumtaz Mohammad Khan Daultana, Ganga Saran, Zafarullah Khan, Iftikhar Hussain Khan, Mian Muhammad Iftikharuddin, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Sheikh Karamat Ali, Nazir Ahmad Khan, Sardar Abdur Rab Nistar, Feroz Khan Noon, Omar Hayat Malik, Shah Nawaz Begum Jahan Ara, Sardar Shaukat Hyat Khan,
Northwest Frontier Province: Khan Abdul Ghafar Khan, Khan Sardar Bahadur Khan, Sardar Asad Ullah Jan Khan
Sindh: Abdus Sattar Abdur Rahman, Alhajj Muhammad Hashim Gazder, M.A. Khuhro
Balochistan: S. B. Nawab Mohammad Khan Jogezai
Gallery[edit]
Jawaharlal Nehru and other members taking pledge during the midnight session of the Constituent Assembly of India held on 14 and 15 August 1947.
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Chairman, Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution with other members on Aug. 29, 1947.
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, chairman of the Drafting Committee, presenting the final draft of the Indian Constitution to Dr. Rajendra Prasad on 25 November, 1949.
B. R. Ambedkar in Constituent Assembly of India.
Jawaharlal Nehru addressing the constituent assembly in 1946.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ M. Lakshmikanth, Indian Polity for Civil Services Examinations, 3rd ed., (New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited, 2011), p. 2.3
Jump up ^ Parliament, Indian. "Some facts about the Constitutive Assembly". Retrieved 15 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 2014-05-12.
Jump up ^ Baruah, L.M. (1992). Lokopriya Gopinath Bordoloi, an Architect of Modern India. Gyan Publishing House. ISBN 81-212-0404-6. Retrieved 2013-11-17.
Further reading[edit]
Austin, Granville. The Indian Constitution, Cornerstone of a Nation. New Delhi: OUP India, 1999. ISBN 0-19-564959-1.
Bipan Chandra, Mridula Mukherjee and Aditya Mukherjee. India Since Independence: Revised Edition. New Delhi: Penguin Books India, 2008.
An Indian 10-episode TV series made by Rajya sabha TV called "SAMVIDHAN" described in detail how the Indian Constitution was made.
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text:
Sweet Freedom (Michael McDonald song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Sweet Freedom"
Single Cover
Single by Michael McDonald
from the album Sweet Freedom and Running Scared soundtrack
Released
June 1986
Format
Cassette single
7" single
12" single
CD single
Recorded
1986
Genre
R&B, blue-eyed soul, soft rock
Length
4:07 (radio mix) / 7:38 (12" version)
Label
Warner Bros.
Songwriter(s)
Rod Temperton
Producer(s)
Rod Temperton, Bruce Swedien, Richard Rudolph (credited as Dick Rudolph)
Michael McDonald singles chronology
"Lost in the Parade"
(1985) "Sweet Freedom"
(1986) "Our Love"
(1986)
"Lost in the Parade"
(1985) "Sweet Freedom"
(1986) "Our Love"
(1986)
"Sweet Freedom" is a song by Michael McDonald, and his last Top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The single's music video featured McDonald, along with actors Billy Crystal and Gregory Hines, in the film Running Scared. [1]
In addition to being featured on Running Scared's soundtrack, the song was featured on the 1986 re-release of McDonald's 1985 album No Lookin' Back.
Contents
[hide]
1 Charts
2 Safri Duo version
2.1 Track listing
2.2 Charts
3 References
Charts[edit]
Chart (1986)
Peak
position
Canada The Record Singles Chart 25[2]
UK Singles (The Official Charts Company) 12
U.S. Adult Contemporary Tracks 4
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 7
U.S. Billboard Hot Dance Club Play 8
U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs 17
Safri Duo version[edit]
"Sweet Freedom"
Single by Safri Duo featuring Michael McDonald
from the album Episode II
Released
10 June 2002
Format
CD single
Genre
World music, electronic
Length
3:23
Label
Universal
Songwriter(s)
Rod Temperton
Producer(s)
Safri Duo, Michael Parsberg
Safri Duo featuring Michael McDonald singles chronology
"Baya Baya"
(2001) "Sweet Freedom"
(2002) "Fallin' High"
(2003)
"Baya Baya"
(2001) "Sweet Freedom"
(2002) "Fallin' High"
(2003)
In 2002, Danish electronic percussion duo Safri Duo covered the song featuring Michael McDonald. It was released in June as the fourth and final single from their debut album, Episode II.
Track listing[edit]
CD maxi
"Sweet Freedom" (Radio Version) - 3:23
"Sweet Freedom" (Tillmann Uhrmacher Remix) - 7:35
"Sweet Freedom" (Jan Driver Vocal Mix) - 7:41
"Sweet Freedom" (Extended) - 5:09
Charts[edit]
Chart (2002)
Peak
position
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[3] 50
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[4] 50
Belgium (Ultratip Wallonia)[5] 3
Germany (Official German Charts)[6] 29
Italy (FIMI)[7] 39
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[8] 20
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[9] 39
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[10] 2
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[11] 52
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[12] 54
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Songfacts.". songfacts.com. Retrieved 2009-01-09.
Jump up ^ Lwin, Nanda. Top 40 Hits: The Essential Chart Guide (2000). Mississauga, Ont.: Music Data Canada
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Safri Duo feat. Michael McDonald – Sweet Freedom" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Safri Duo feat. Michael McDonald – Sweet Freedom" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Safri Duo feat. Michael McDonald – Sweet Freedom" (in French). Ultratip.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – Safri Duo feat. Michael McDonald Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH.
Jump up ^ "Italiancharts.com – Safri Duo feat. Michael McDonald – Sweet Freedom". Top Digital Download.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Safri Duo feat. Michael McDonald search results" (in Dutch) Dutch Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Spanishcharts.com – Safri Duo feat. Michael McDonald – Sweet Freedom" Canciones Top 50.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Safri Duo feat. Michael McDonald – Sweet Freedom". Swiss Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
[show]
v
t
e
Michael McDonald
Studio albums
If That's What It Takes (1982)
No Lookin' Back (1985)
Take It to Heart (1990)
Blink of an Eye (1993)
Blue Obsession (2000)
Motown (2003)
Motown Two (2004)
Soul Speak (2008)
Compilation albums
Sweet Freedom (1986)
Singles
"I Keep Forgettin' (Every Time You're Near)"
"No Lookin' Back"
"Sweet Freedom"
"I Heard It Through the Grapevine"
"Ain't No Mountain High Enough"
"Reach Out, I'll Be There"
"Baby I Need Your Lovin'"
"Stop, Look, Listen (To Your Heart)"
"Deck the Halls/Jingle Bells"
"Walk On By"
"(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher"
"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas!
Record labels
Warner Bros.
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Ruth's Chris Steak House
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Ruth's Chris Steak House
Industry
Restaurants
Founded
Broad Street, New Orleans, Louisiana (1965)
Headquarters
Winter Park, Florida
Number of locations
100+ steakhouses[1]
Areas served
United States
Canada
Key people
Mike O'Donnell (Chairman & CEO), Kevin Toomy (Chief Operating Officer), Ruth Fertel (founder)
Products
Food service
Number of employees
6,102 (2008)[2]
Parent
Ruth's Hospitality Group
Website
www.ruthschris.com
Ruth's Chris Steak House is a chain of over 100 steakhouses[1] across the United States and in Canada. The restaurant is regarded as an upscale fine dining establishment, marking a gradual elevation in its status since its founding in the 1960s.[3] Ruth's Chris is currently the largest luxury steakhouse company in number of locations, operating income, and overall profit,[4] larger than The Palm and Morton's. On May 22, 2008, the company underwent rebranding and became part of Ruth's Hospitality Group after its acquisition of Mitchell's Fish Market.[5] The group has its headquarters in Winter Park, Florida.[6][7]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 The original Chris Steak House (1927–1965)
1.2 Ownership by Ruth Fertel, 1965–1999
1.2.1 Acquisition, 1965
1.2.2 Name change to Ruth's Chris Steak House, 1976
1.2.3 Expansion and franchising, 1976–1999
1.3 Acquisition by Madison Dearborn 1999–2005
1.4 Public company, 2005 onwards
1.4.1 Relocation to Florida, 2005
1.4.2 Recent expansion and current performance
2 Dining
2.1 Menu
2.2 Beverages
3 References
4 External links
History[edit]
The original Chris Steak House (1927–1965)[edit]
Chris Steak House was founded on February 27, 1927 by New Orleans entrepreneur Chris Matulich. It was located at 1100 North Broad Street near the New Orleans Fairgrounds Racetrack, seated 60 people, and had no parking lot. During Matulich's 38-year management, the business was sold six times, failing each time, and enabling him to buy the restaurant back cheaply from the purchasers.[8][9]
Ownership by Ruth Fertel, 1965–1999[edit]
Acquisition, 1965[edit]
Ruth Fertel was a divorced single mother who needed money to send her teenage sons to college. Ignoring the advice of her banker, lawyer, and friends, Ruth purchased the restaurant in 1965.[10] She used her brother's restaurant, Sig's Antique Restaurant in Port Sulphur, Louisiana, along with family recipes to lay the foundation for her restaurant.[11] She initially planned to raise just $18,000 to cover the purchase price, until it was pointed out to her that she would need an additional $4,000 to cover the cost of renovations and food.[12] On her first day, May 24, 1965, she sold 35 steaks at $5 each.[13]
Fertel personally took a hand in every part of the business. She had to teach herself how to butcher steak, and despite being just five-foot-two and 110-pounds, would saw up 30-pound short loins by hand until she could afford an electric band saw. She staffed her restaurant with single mothers, saying that they were hard workers and reliable. For many years, Chris Steak House was the only upscale restaurant in New Orleans with an all-female wait staff.[13]
From the beginning, her restaurant attracted local politicians as well as athletes, businessmen and reporters. Political reporter Rosemary James noted that she "would not have missed a Friday before a major election at Ruth's Chris Steak House. That was the place to be if you wanted to get some scoops."[14] Local celebrities like Fats Domino were regulars.[15]
Name change to Ruth's Chris Steak House, 1976[edit]
In early 1976, shortly after Fertel signed a new ten-year lease on the restaurant, a fire destroyed the building. Fertel had recently acquired a second property nearby to rent out as party space. Within seven days, she had relocated the restaurant to its new location a few blocks away at 711 North Broad Street and re-opened it, expanding to 160 seats in the process.[13] The sales agreement with Matulich prevented her from using the original name at any other address, so she named the new restaurant Ruth's Chris Steak House in order to keep some continuity with the previous location.[16] She admitted later to Fortune Magazine that "I've always hated the name, but we've always managed to work around it."[17]
Expansion and franchising, 1976–1999[edit]
The first franchised restaurant was opened in 1977 by a loyal customer, Thomas J. "T. J." Moran (c. 1931–2015), in Baton Rouge, who went on to open several more franchised Ruth's Chris locations, TJ Ribs, and Ruffino’s restaurants[18] through his company T.J. Moran Associates. Fertel noted, "All our franchisees were people who had eaten at one time or another in one of our restaurants. We never looked for franchisees. They came to us."[13] The chain expanded rapidly over the next two decades, with 66 locations in the U.S. and overseas by mid-1998,[19][20] and achieving over $200 million in annual revenues.[21] This success earned Fertel a number of accolades as an entrepreneur, and the epithet The First Lady of American Restaurants or The Empress of Steak.[15]
Acquisition by Madison Dearborn 1999–2005[edit]
In 1999, Fertel, then 72, developed lung cancer. She sold a 79.3 percent interest in the chain in August 1999 to investment company Madison Dearborn Partners of Chicago, remaining as a shareholder until her death in 2002.[21]
In that period, the chain expanded to 86 restaurants, including 10 overseas locations. Revenues fell to $167.8 million in 2003, before rising again to $192.2 million in 2004. [22]
Public company, 2005 onwards[edit]
On August 9, 2005, under President & CEO Craig Miller, Ruth's Chris Steak House became a public company following a successful IPO valuing the company at $235 million and an increase of 15 percent in first-day trading.[23]
Relocation to Florida, 2005[edit]
In late August 2005 Hurricane Katrina devastated Greater New Orleans (see: Effect of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans), and the chain moved its corporate headquarters to Heathrow, Florida. Like most businesses in the city, two of the chain's locations in the New Orleans area were forced to close because of the storm.[24] The Metairie location has since reopened.[25] Members of the Fertel family, particularly Ruth's son Randy, were bitterly opposed to the move. Amid much criticism by local officials and media, and on the heels of the announcement by Morton's that it would reopen its own New Orleans branch,[26] the corporate offices announced that, due to extensive damage, the old flagship location on Broad Street would be permanently closed and donated to charity.[27] Tulane University was the recipient of the gift, remodeling and reopening the site in 2012 as the Ruth U. Fertel/Tulane Community Health Center.[28] In May 2008, Ruth's Chris reopened in New Orleans and is centrally located downtown in Harrah's Hotel at 525 Fulton Street.
In 2011, the corporate headquarters was relocated to its current location in Winter Park, Florida.[29][30]
Recent expansion and current performance[edit]
Ruth's Hospitality Group logo
In February 2008, the company purchased the Mitchell's Fish Restaurant and Columbus Fish Market brands from Cameron Mitchell Restaurants for $92 million.[31] As the recession began to bite, the acquisition was not initially successful. The stock price fell from $22 in 2006 to under $5 and company debts rose to $185 million. CFO Tom Pennison resigned, and CEO Craig Miller was ousted by the board to be replaced by Mike O'Donnell.[32][33] O'Donnell restructured and rebranded the company, creating Ruth's Hospitality Group (RHGI) as the parent entity in May 2008, allowing each of the individual restaurant brands to have their own identity within the group. The current President and COO is Kevin Toomy, formerly owner and president of the award-winning Goldcoast Seafood Grill in South Florida.
In February 2013, RHGI reported that fourth quarter sales at Ruth's Chris restaurants were up by 7.0 percent on the previous year, representing the 11th consecutive quarterly increase in sales.[34]
Ruth's Chris continues to add new restaurants, most recently in Harrah's casino in Las Vegas in January 2013, after the previous Las Vegas location on Flamingo closed in 2009.[35][36] The company has announced plans for 2013 that include an expansion into China,[37] a new restaurant in Denver, Colorado, and four or five new franchised locations.[34] In 2015, it was announced that the restaurant was expanding into Albuquerque, New Mexico.[38] In 2016, Ruth's Chris opened its newest restaurant in Odenton, Maryland.
Dining[edit]
Ruth's Chris Steak House in Charlotte, North Carolina
Most restaurants are open for dinner only, although some locations also offer lunch. The dress code is usually a range from business/dressy to business casual. Most locations have private dining facilities and offer business communications via satellite. The company also offers outside catering and a wedding service through the Ruth's Weddings brand.[39][40]
Menu[edit]
The restaurant's signature is serving USDA prime steaks that are seared at 1800° Fahrenheit[41] (approximately 980 °C) and served on ceramic plates heated to 500° Fahrenheit (260 °C). Half an ounce (1 Tbsp) of butter is added just before the plates leave the kitchen in order to create the signature 'sizzle'. Fertel firmly believed that the success of her steaks was due as much to the sound and smell of the 'sizzle' as well as the taste. "You hear that sizzle, and you think, 'I wonder if that's my steak'", she commented in an interview shortly before her death.[42]
In addition to steaks, the restaurant also serves entrees of chicken, lamb, fish, shrimp and lobster.[43]
Portions generally are large enough to serve two or more diners. Family style side dishes include au gratin potatoes, topped with a bechamel sauce and Cheddar cheese. Some recipes, such as the BBQ shrimp, New Orleans style creamed spinach or the sweet potato casserole, are traditional 19th century Louisiana recipes that originate with Ruth Fertel's family, particularly her great-uncle Martin, a Louisiana Delta farmer from a French-Alsatian family.[44] Some of these recipes have been made publicly available by the family and by the company.[45]
Also available are dessert selections, with the restaurant's signature creme brulee being a staple item throughout the chain.[43]
In 2009,[46] Ruth's Chris introduced their "Ruth's Classics" menu of prix fixe meals where guests choose a three-course meal; starter, entree and side, and dessert. This menu is updated seasonally every three months.[47]
Beverages[edit]
The wine list includes over 200 wines, primarily from leading Californian vineyards such as Mondavi, Beringer and Stag's Leap. Twenty-five or more wines are available by the glass, depending on location.[48]
The seasonal "vintage-inspired" cocktail selection, introduced in 2011 by Beverage Director Helen Mackey, includes both classic and contemporary "hand-crafted" cocktails.[49]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=190038&p=irol-homeprofile
Jump up ^ "Ruth's Hospitality Group, Inc. | Company profile from Hoover's | 407-333-7440". Hoovers.com. 2010-10-21. Retrieved 2012-01-25.
Jump up ^ "Ruth's Chris Steak House". Funding Universe. Retrieved 2007-04-22.
Jump up ^ Farkis, David (2005-12-01). "Raising the Stakes". Chain Leader Magazine. Retrieved 2007-04-22.
Jump up ^ Ruth's Chris vying to change name, First of Columbus, March 27, 2008
Jump up ^ "Heathrow CDP, Florida Archived 2011-06-06 at the Wayback Machine.." U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on February 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Home Office Archived 2010-02-25 at the Wayback Machine.." Ruth's Hospitality Group. Retrieved on February 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Fortune Magazine, October 2003
Jump up ^ "Ruth's Chris Steak House History". Funding Universe. Retrieved 4 February 2013. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Ruth Fertel: A Pioneer in the Restaurant Industryauthor= Katie Bloor & Linda J Shea". HTM 591S – Foundations in Hospitality and Tourism Management. University of Massachusetts Amherst. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Randy Fertel. "The BP Oil Spill and the Bounty of Plaquemines Parish". Gastronomica The Journal of Critical Food Studies. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Steamroller – Ruth Fertel". Capitalist Chicks. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Her Life Is The Stuff Of Legend" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 October 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Randy Fertel, philanthropist and son of steakhouse founder Ruth and 'Gorilla Man' Rodney puts family's legacy into print". The Times-Picayune. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "An Author Finds His Therapy Inside A Family Memoir". De Soto: Exploring the South. January 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
Jump up ^ McDowell, Bill, "Ruth's Chris Steak House," Restaurants & Institutions, August 1, 1994, 54.
Jump up ^ "Ruth Fertel of Steakhouse Fame Is Dead at 75". NY Times. April 18, 2002. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Bill Lodge. "Philanthropist, founder of TJ Ribs, Ruffino's restaurants T.J. Moran dies at age 84, family friend says: Restaurateur funded medical outreach". Baton Rouge Advocate. Retrieved May 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "So Just What Does 'Ruth's Chris' Mean?". CNN Money. July 6, 1998. Archived from the original on 9 April 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Never Give Up: Ruth's Chris Steak House," Entrepreneur Magazine, September 1997, 81.
^ Jump up to: a b "Madison Dearborn Finds Ruth's Chris To Be Tasty Morsel". Chicago Tribune. July 20, 1999. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ruth's Chris IPO to raise $235M". Tampa Bay Business Journal. April 25, 2005. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ruth's Chris Steak IPO sizzles". Wall Street Journal. August 9, 2005. Archived from the original on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Dash, Craig (2005-09-05). "Ruth Built the Steakhouse. Katrina Intervened". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-04-22.
Jump up ^ http://www.ruthschris.com/Restaurant-Locations/metairie
Jump up ^ Fitzmorris, Tim (2006-02-27). "Morton's beefs up city's diminished steak offerings". New Orleans City Business. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-04-22.
Jump up ^ Press Release, Ruth's Chris Steakhouse, Inc., November 18, 2005.
Jump up ^ Rickard, Mary (2012-04-25). "Fertel Tulane health clinic moves to new home in Mid-City". Times-Picayune. Retrieved 2013-11-26.
Jump up ^ "Ruth's Hospitality Group moving to Winter Park". Orlando Sentinel, July 20, 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Home Suite Home". Winter Park Magazine. Archived from the original on 12 April 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ruth's Chris Completes Acquisition of Mitchell's". Seafood Source, 20 February 2008. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "GOP Senate hopeful defends moving Ruth's Chris HQ here after Katrina". Orlando Sentinel, 7 Sept, 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Former Ruth's Chris CEO Craig Miller joins Republican field for U.S. Senate". Tampa Bay Times. 12 July 2011. Archived from the original on 29 January 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ruth's Hospitality Group, Inc. Reports Full Year and Fourth Quarter 2012 Financial Results". Retrieved 19 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ruth's Chris Rumbles Back into Las Vegas". Retrieved 19 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ruth's Chris on Flamingo closing". Las Vegas Review-Journal, 8 August 2009. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ruth's Chris Steak House Expands Global Presence to China". Retrieved 19 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Jessica Dyer (May 6, 2015). "Ruth's Chris Steak House coming to Albuquerque". Albuquerque Journal.
Jump up ^ "Ruth's Chris Private Dining". Retrieved 20 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ruth's Weddings". Retrieved 20 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Savor Perfection with a Steak from Ruth's Chris Steak House, Ruth's Chris Steak House, accessed July 2, 2007.
Jump up ^ Do What You Love (video 2013)
^ Jump up to: a b Sample menu, ruthschris.com, accessed April 22, 2007.
Jump up ^ "The origin of Ruth's Chris Creamed Spinach recipe". The Times-Picayune. Nov 30, 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
Jump up ^ http://pinterest.com/RuthsChrisSteak/ruth-s-recipes/
Jump up ^ http://chowhound.chow.com/topics/594144
Jump up ^ http://www.ruthschris.com/Promotions/ruths-classics/
Jump up ^ "Ruth's Chris Taps Growth Opportunity With Creative By The Glass Wine Program". Shanken News Daily. July 7, 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ruth's Chris Steak House Introduces a New Vintage-Inspired Cocktail Program". Restaurant Magazine. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
External links[edit]
Official website
Ruth's Hospitality Group, Inc., Official Site
Updated financials from Yahoo! Finance
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruth%27s_Chris_Steak_House&oldid=835848538"
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