text:
Brother (Needtobreathe song)
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"Brother"
Single by Needtobreathe
from the album Rivers in the Wasteland
Released
February 2, 2015 (2015-02-02)
Format
Digital download
7" vinyl
Genre
Christian rock
pop rock
Length
4:51 (Album version)
3:28 (featuring Gavin DeGraw)
Label
Atlantic Records
Warner Music Group
Songwriter(s)
Bear Rinehart
Bo Rineheart
Producer(s)
Dave Tozer
Ed Cash
Bear Rinehart
Bo Rinehart
Needtobreathe singles chronology
"Multiplied"
(2014) "Brother"
(2015) "Happiness"
(2016)
"Multiplied"
(2014) "Brother"
(2015) "Happiness"
(2016)
"Brother" is a song by American Christian rock band Needtobreathe. It was released as the fifth single from Rivers in the Wasteland on February 2, 2015.[1] The official single version features Gavin DeGraw and was released to Hot AC radio on May 4, 2015.[2] The song was written by Bear and Bo Rinehart, and produced by Dave Tozer, using elements of Ed Cash's LP version.[3] The song peaked at number 8 on Billboard Hot Rock Songs, number 1 on Billboard Hot Christian Songs, and number 98 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming the band's first chart entry, and highest peak on the chart.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Critical reception
2 Track listing
3 Chart history
3.1 Weekly charts
4 Certifications
5 Release history
6 References
Critical reception[edit]
Entertainment Weekly's Madison Vain stated "[Brother] is full, anthemic, a little bit woodsy, and alarmingly catchy." and claimed that "[Bear Rinehart's] sincerity is unmistakable in his vocals, and the bluegrass backing culminates in something sweetly rich."[5] Pailey Martin of Billboard called it a "heartfelt track."[6] BreatheCast's Jeannie Law said it was an "unforgettable collaboration" and that "[Bear Rinehart's] raw vocals, and the bluegrass backing truly make the song a powerful anthem."[7] Jeff Koch of PopMatters called it "cheesy" and said that "[Brother] is practically begging to be used in the background of some Grey’s Anatomy montage."[8]
Track listing[edit]
Digital download[9]
No.
Title
Length
1. "Brother" 4:49
Digital download and vinyl[1]
No.
Title
Length
1. "Brother" (featuring Gavin DeGraw) 3:28
2. "Brother" (Acoustic) 3:35
Digital download[10]
No.
Title
Length
1. "Brother" (Radio Version) 3:29
Chart history[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2014–15)
Peak
position
US Billboard Hot 100[11]
98
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[12]
20
US Hot Rock Songs (Billboard)[13]
8
US Christian Airplay (Billboard)[14]
5
US Christian Digital (Billboard)[15]
1
US Hot Christian Songs (Billboard)[16]
1
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
United States (RIAA)[17]
Gold 500,000
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Release history[edit]
Region
Date
Format
Label
Ref.
United States
April 11, 2014 Digital download
Atlantic Records
Warner Music Group
[9]
February 2, 2015
Digital download
7" vinyl
[1][18]
May 4, 2015 Hot AC Radio [2]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "iTunes Store (US) - Music - NEEDTOBREATHE - Brother - Single". iTunes Store (US). February 2, 2015. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Exclusive Mediabase Analysis From All Access - AllAccess.com". AllAccess Media Group. May 4, 2015. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ Album liner notes
Jump up ^ "Billboard - Artists - Needtobreathe - Chart History - The Hot 100". Billboard. July 25, 2015. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ Vain, Madison (January 29, 2015). "NEEDTOBREATHE Drops Gavin DeGraw Collaboration 'Brother' - Exclusive Premiere". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ Martin, Paley (August 26, 2015). "NEEDTOBREATHE & Gavin DeGraw Share Acoustic 'Brother' & 'Behind The Song' Video: Exclusive". Billboard. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ Law, Jeannie (January 29, 2015). "Gavin DeGraw Collaborated With Christian Band NEEDTOBREATHE On Song 'Brother' [Listen Here]". BreatheCast. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ Koch, Jeff (May 21, 2014). "NEEDTOBREATHE: Rivers In The Wasteland Review". PopMatters. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "iTunes Store (US) - Music - NEEDTOBREATHE - Rivers In The Wasteland - Brother". iTunes Store (US). April 11, 2014. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "iTunes Store (US) - Music - Various Artists - WOW Hits 2016 - NEEDTOBREATHE - Brother". iTunes Store (US). September 25, 2015. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Needtobreathe Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Needtobreathe Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Needtobreathe Chart History (Hot Rock Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Needtobreathe Chart History (Christian Airplay)". Billboard. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Billboard - Artists - Needtobreathe - Chart History - Christian Digital Songs". Billboard. February 21, 2015. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Billboard - Artists - Needtobreathe - Chart History - Hot Christian Songs". Billboard. May 30, 2015. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – NEEDTOBREATHE – Brother". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved March 20, 2016. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "NEEDTOBREATHE - Brother (Vinyl) at Discogs". Discogs. February 2, 2015. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
[hide]
v
t
e
Needtobreathe
Studio albums
Daylight
The Heat
The Outsiders
The Reckoning
Rivers in the Wasteland
Hard Love
Live albums
Live from the Woods at Fontanel
Singles
"Signature of Divine (Yahweh)"
"Washed by the Water"
"Lay 'Em Down"
"The Heart and Difference Maker"
"State I'm In"
"Wasteland"
Related articles
Discography
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brother_(Needtobreathe_song)&oldid=816068788"
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2014 songs
2015 singles
Needtobreathe songs
Atlantic Records singles
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2,2-Dimethylbutane
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
2,2-Dimethylbutane
Names
IUPAC name
2,2-Dimethylbutane[2]
Other names
Neohexane,[1] 22DMB
Identifiers
CAS Number
75-83-2 Y
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
Beilstein Reference
1730736
ChEMBL
ChEMBL142735 Y
ChemSpider
6163 Y
ECHA InfoCard 100.000.825
EC Number 200-906-8
PubChem CID
6403
RTECS number EJ9300000
UNII
07L56L3MP2 N
UN number 1208
InChI[show]
InChI=1S/C6H14/c1-5-6(2,3)4/h5H2,1-4H3 Y
Key: HNRMPXKDFBEGFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
SMILES[show]
CCC(C)(C)C
Properties
Chemical formula
C6H14
Molar mass 86.18 g·mol−1
Appearance Colorless liquid
Odor Odorless
Density 649 mg mL−1
Melting point −102 to −98 °C; −152 to −145 °F; 171 to 175 K
Boiling point 49.7 to 49.9 °C; 121.4 to 121.7 °F; 322.8 to 323.0 K
log P 3.51
Vapor pressure 36.88 kPa (at 20 °C)
Henry's law
constant (kH)
6.5 nmol Pa−1 kg−1
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)
-76.24·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD)
1.369
Thermochemistry
Specific
heat capacity (C)
189.67 J K−1 mol−1
Std molar
entropy (So298)
272.00 J K−1 mol−1
Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfHo298)
−214.4–−212.4 kJ mol−1
Std enthalpy of
combustion (ΔcHo298)
−4.1494–−4.1476 MJ mol−1
Hazards
GHS pictograms
GHS signal word DANGER
GHS hazard statements
H225, H304, H315, H336, H411
GHS precautionary statements
P210, P261, P273, P301+310, P331
NFPA 704
3
1
0
Flash point −29 °C (−20 °F; 244 K)
Autoignition
temperature
425 °C (797 °F; 698 K)
Explosive limits 1.2–7.7%
US health exposure limits (NIOSH):
PEL (Permissible)
none[3]
Related compounds
Related alkanes
Neopentane
2,3-Dimethylbutane
Triptane
Tetramethylbutane
Tetraethylmethane
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane
2,3,3-Trimethylpentane
2,3,4-Trimethylpentane
Tetra-tert-butylmethane
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
N verify (what is Y N ?)
Infobox references
2,2-Dimethylbutane, trivially known as neohexane, is an organic compound with formula C6H14 or (H3C-)3-C-CH2-CH3. It is therefore an alkane, indeed the most compact and branched of the hexane isomers — the only one with a quaternary carbon and a butane (C4) backbone. It can be synthesised by the hydroisomerisation of 2,3-dimethylbutane using an acid catalyst.[4]
See also[edit]
methylbutane (isopentane)
2-Methylpentane (isohexane)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Haynes, William M. (2010). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (91 ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 3-194. ISBN 978-1439820773.
Jump up ^ "2,2-DIMETHYLBUTANE - Compound Summary". PubChem Compound. USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information. 26 March 2005. Identification and Related Records. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards #0323". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
Jump up ^ "2,2-dimethylbutane". National Center for Biotechnology Information. 18 July 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
This article about a hydrocarbon is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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text:
Wealth inequality in the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
CBO Chart, U.S. Holdings of Family Wealth 1989 to 2013. The top 10% of families held 76% of the wealth in 2013, while the bottom 50% of families held 1%. Inequality worsened from 1989 to 2013.[1]
Wealth inequality in the United States (also known as the wealth gap[2]) is the unequal distribution of assets among residents of the United States. Wealth includes the values of homes, automobiles, personal valuables, businesses, savings, and investments.[3] The net worth of U.S. households and non-profit organizations was $94.7 trillion in the first quarter of 2017, a record level both in nominal terms and purchasing power parity.[4] Divided equally among 124 million U.S. households, this would be $760,000 per family. However, the bottom 50% of families, representing 62 million households, average $11,000 net worth.[5]
Just prior to President Obama's 2014 State of the Union Address, media[6] reported that the top wealthiest 1% possess 40% of the nation’s wealth; the bottom 80% own 7%; similarly, but later, the media reported, the "richest 1 percent in the United States now own more additional income than the bottom 90 percent".[7] The gap between the top 10% and the middle class is over 1,000%; that increases another 1,000% for the top 1%. The average employee "needs to work more than a month to earn what the CEO earns in one hour."[8] Although different from income inequality, the two are related. In Inequality for All—a 2013 documentary with Robert Reich in which he argued that income inequality is the defining issue for the United States—Reich states that 95% of economic gains went to the top 1% net worth (HNWI) since 2009 when the recovery allegedly started.[9] More recently, in 2017, an Oxfam study found that eight rich people, six of them Americans, own as much combined wealth as half the human race.[10][11][12]
A 2011 study found that US citizens across the political spectrum dramatically underestimate the current US wealth inequality and would prefer a far more egalitarian distribution of wealth.[13]
Wealth is usually not used for daily expenditures or factored into household budgets, but combined with income it comprises the family's total opportunity to secure a desired stature and standard of living, or pass their class status along to one's children.[14] Moreover, wealth provides for both short- and long-term financial security, bestows social prestige, and contributes to political power, and can be used to produce more wealth.[15] Hence, wealth possesses a psychological element that awards people the feeling of agency, or the ability to act. The accumulation of wealth grants more options and eliminates restrictions about how one can live life. Dennis Gilbert asserts that the standard of living of the working and middle classes is dependent upon income and wages, while the rich tend to rely on wealth, distinguishing them from the vast majority of Americans.[16] A September 2014 study by Harvard Business School declared that the growing disparity between the very wealthy and the lower and middle classes is no longer sustainable.[17]
Contents
[hide]
1 Statistics
1.1 Early 20th century
2 Wealth and income
3 Wealth inequality and child poverty
4 U.S. stock market ownership distribution
5 Causes of wealth inequality
6 Racial disparities
7 Effect on democracy
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Statistics[edit]
<div class="transborder" style="position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;
Distribution of net worth in the United States (2007).[18] The net wealth of many people in the lowest 20% is negative because of debt.[18] By 2014 the wealth gap deepened.
Top 1% (35%)
Next 4% (27%)
Next 5% (11%)
Next 10% (12%)
Upper Middle 20% (11%)
Middle 20% (4%)
Bottom 40% (<1%)
In 2007, the top 20% wealthiest possessed 80% of all financial assets.[19] In 2007 the richest 1% of the American population owned 35% of the country's total wealth, and the next 19% owned 51%. Thus, the top 20% of Americans owned 86% of the country's wealth and the bottom 80% of the population owned 14%. In 2011, financial inequality was greater than inequality in total wealth, with the top 1% of the population owning 43%, the next 19% of Americans owning 50%, and the bottom 80% owning 7%.[20] However, after the Great Recession which started in 2007, the share of total wealth owned by the top 1% of the population grew from 35% to 37%, and that owned by the top 20% of Americans grew from 86% to 88%. The Great Recession also caused a drop of 36% in median household wealth, but a drop of only 11% for the top 1%, further widening the gap between the top 1% and the bottom 99%.[18][20][21]
According to PolitiFact and others, in 2011 the 400 wealthiest Americans have more wealth than half of all Americans combined.[22][23] Inherited wealth may help explain why many Americans who have become rich may have had a substantial head start.[24][25] In September 2012, according to the Institute for Policy Studies, over 60 percent of the Forbes richest 400 Americans grew up in substantial privilege.[26]
In 2013 wealth inequality in the U.S. was greater than in most developed countries other than Switzerland and Denmark.[27] In the United States, the use of offshore holdings is exceptionally small compared to Europe, where much of the wealth of the top percentiles is kept in offshore holdings.[28] While the statistical problem is European wide, in Southern Europe statistics become even more unreliable. Fewer than a thousand people in Italy have declared incomes of more than 1 million euros. Former Prime Minister of Italy described tax evasion as a "national pastime".[29][30] According to a 2014 Credit Suisse study, the ratio of wealth to household income is the highest it has been since the Great Depression.[31]
However, according to the federal reserve, "For most households, pensions and Social Security are the most important sources of income during retirement, and the promised benefit stream constitutes a sizable fraction of household wealth" and "including pensions and Social Security in net worth makes the distribution more even".[32]
According to a June 2017 report by the Boston Consulting Group, around 70% of the nation's wealth will be in the hands of millionaires and billionaires by 2021.[33]
Early 20th century[edit]
Pioneering work by Simon Kuznets using income tax records and his own well-researched estimates of national income showed a reduction of about 10% in the portion of national income going to the top 10%, a reduction from about 45–50% in 1913 to about 30–35% in 1948.[34] This period spans both The Great Depression and World War II, events with significant economic consequences. This is called the Great Compression.
Wealth and income[edit]
Artist's depiction of U.S. wealth inequality in 2013.
There is an important distinction between income and wealth. Income refers to a flow of money over time in the form of a rate (per hour, per week, or per year); wealth is a collection of assets owned minus liabilities. In essence, income is specifically what people receive through work, retirement, or social welfare whereas wealth is what people own.[35] While the two are seemingly related, income inequality alone is insufficient for understanding economic inequality for two reasons:
It does not accurately reflect an individual's economic position
Income does not portray the severity of financial inequality in the United States.
The United States Census Bureau formally defines income as received on a regular basis (exclusive of certain money receipts such as capital gains) before payments for personal income taxes, social security, union dues, medicare deductions, etc.[36] By this official measure, the wealthiest families may have low income, but the value of their assets earns enough money to support their lifestyle. Dividends from trusts or gains in the stock market do not fall under the definition of income but are the primary money flows for the wealthy. Retired people also have little income but usually have a higher net worth because of money saved over time.[37]
Additionally, income does not capture the extent of wealth inequality. Wealth is derived over time from the collection of income earnings and growth of assets. The income of one year cannot encompass the accumulation over a lifetime. Income statistics view too narrow a time span for it to be an adequate indicator of financial inequality. For example, the Gini coefficient for wealth inequality increased from 0.80 in 1983 to 0.84 in 1989. In the same year, 1989, the Gini coefficient for income was only 0.52.[37] The Gini coefficient is an economic tool on a scale from 0 to 1 that measures the level of inequality. 1 signifies perfect inequality and 0 represents perfect equality. From this data, it is evident that in 1989 there was a discrepancy about the level of economic disparity with the extent of wealth inequality significantly higher than income inequality. Recent research shows that many households, in particular those headed by young parents (younger than 35), minorities, and individuals with low educational attainment, display very little accumulation. Many have no financial assets and their total net worth is also low.[38]
Play media
Video on the differences between public perception and actual wealth inequality, 2012
According to the Congressional Budget Office, between 1979 and 2007 incomes of the top 1% of Americans grew by an average of 275%. … (Note: The IRS insists that comparisons of adjusted gross income pre-1987 and post-1987 are complicated by large changes in the definition of AGI led to households in the top income quintile reporting a lot more of their income in their individual income tax form's AGI, rather than reporting their business income in separate corporate tax returns, or not reporting certain non-taxable income in their AGI at all, such as municipal bond income. Anyone who wants to discuss incomes in the U.S. fairly must include a chart of all available data split by quintile up to the mid-1980s. That should be followed by a chart from 1990 to 2011. The five-year gap would avoid the major AGI definition changes. The big picture of this subject is not just a segment of all available data starting in 1979, especially after the IRS warned about the large AGI definition changes in the late 1980's). In addition, IRS studies consistently show a majority of households in the top income quintile have moved to a lower quintile within one decade. There are even more changes to households in the top 1%. Without including those data here, a reader is likely to assume households in the Top 1% are almost the same from year to year.)[39] In 2009, people in the top 1% of taxpayers made $343,927 or more.[40][41][42] According to US economist Joseph Stiglitz the richest 1% of Americans gained 93% of the additional income created in 2010.[43][44] A study by Emmanuel Saez and Piketty showed that the top 10 percent of earners took more than half of the country’s total income in 2012, the highest level recorded since the government began collecting the relevant data a century ago.[45] People in the top one percent were three times more likely to work more than 50 hours a week, were more likely to be self-employed, and earned a fifth of their income as capital income.[46] The top one percent was composed of many professions and had an annual turnover rate of more than 25%.[47] The five most common professions were managers, physicians, administrators, lawyers, and teachers.[46]
In the book Modern Labor Economics: Theory and Public Policy, it is noted that in the United States all income that employees received from their employers in 2012 was 8.6 trillion dollars while the amount of money received from all other sources of personal income in that year came to 5.3 trillion dollars. This makes the relationship of employee to employer and vocational employment in general of paramount importance in the United States.[48]
Wealth inequality and child poverty[edit]
Further information: Child poverty in the United States
In 2013 UNICEF data on the well-being of children in 35 developed nations ranked the United States at 34 out of 35 (Romania is the worst). This may reflect growing income inequality.[49]
U.S. stock market ownership distribution[edit]
In March 2017, NPR summarized the distribution of U.S. stock market ownership (direct and indirect through mutual funds) in the U.S., which is highly concentrated among the wealthiest families:
52% of U.S. adults owned stock in 2016. Ownership peaked at 65% in 2007 and fell significantly due to the Great Recession.
As of 2013, the top 1% of households owned 38% of stock market wealth.
As of 2013, the top 10% own 81% of stock wealth, the next 10% (80th to 90th percentile) own 11% and the bottom 80% own 8%.[50]
The Federal Reserve reported the median value of stock ownership by income group for 2016:
Bottom 20% own $5,800.
20th-40th percentile own $10,000.
40th to 60th percentile own $15,500.
60th to 80th percentile own $31,700.
80th to 89th percentile own $82,000.
Top 10% own $365,000.[51]
NPR reported that when politicians reference the stock market as a measure of economic success, that success is not relevant to nearly half of Americans. Further, more than one-third of Americans who work full time have no access to pensions or retirement accounts such as 401(k)s that derive their value from financial assets like stocks and bonds.[50] The NYT reported that the percentage of workers covered by generous defined-benefit pension plans has declined from 62% in 1983 to 17% by 2016.[51] While some economists consider an increase in the stock market to have a "wealth effect" that increases economic growth, economists like Former Dallas Federal Reserve Bank President Richard Fisher believe those effects are limited.[50]
Causes of wealth inequality[edit]
Main article: Causes of income inequality in the United States
The income growth of the typical American family closely matched that of economic productivity until some time in the 1970s. While it began to stagnate, productivity has continued to climb.[52] According to the 2014 Global Wage Report by the International Labour Organization, the widening disparity between wages and productivity is evidence that there has been a significant shift of GDP share going from labor to capital, and this trend is playing a significant role in growing inequality.[53]
Selected economic variables related to wealth and income equality, comparing 1979, 2007, and 2015.
The image contains several charts related to U.S. wealth inequality. While U.S. net worth roughly doubled from 2000 to 2016, the gains went primarily to the wealthy.
Essentially, the wealthy possess greater financial opportunities that allow their money to make more money. Earnings from the stock market or mutual funds are reinvested to produce a larger return. Over time, the sum that is invested becomes progressively more substantial. Those who are not wealthy, however, do not have the resources to enhance their opportunities and improve their economic position. Rather, "after debt payments, poor families are constrained to spend the remaining income on items that will not produce wealth and will depreciate over time."[54] Scholar David B. Grusky notes that "62 percent of households headed by single parents are without savings or other financial assets."[55] Net indebtedness generally prevents the poor from having any opportunity to accumulate wealth and thereby better their conditions.
Income inequality contributes to wealth inequality. For example, economist Emmanuel Saez wrote in June 2016 that the top 1% of families captured 52% of the total real income (GDP) growth per family from 2009-2015. From 2009 to 2012, the top 1% captured 91% of the income gains.[56]
Notably, for both the wealthy and not-wealthy, the process of accumulation or debt is cyclical. The rich use their money to earn larger returns and the poor have no savings with which to produce returns or eliminate debt. Unlike income, both facets are generational. Wealthy families pass down their assets allowing future generations to develop even more wealth. The poor, on the other hand, are less able to leave inheritances to their children leaving the latter with little or no wealth on which to build…This is another reason why wealth inequality is so important, its accumulation has direct implications for economic inequality among the children of today's families.[54]
Corresponding to financial resources, the wealthy strategically organize their money so that it will produce profit. Affluent people are more likely to allocate their money to financial assets such as stocks, bonds, and other investments which hold the possibility of capital appreciation. Those who are not wealthy are more likely to have their money in savings accounts and home ownership.[57] This difference comprises the largest reason for the continuation of wealth inequality in America: the rich are accumulating more assets while the middle and working classes are just getting by. Currently, the richest 1% hold about 38% of all privately held wealth in the United States.[19] while the bottom 90% held 73% of all debt.[54] According to The New York Times, the richest 1 percent in the United States now own more wealth than the bottom 90 percent.[7]
However, other studies argue that higher average savings rate will contribute to the reduction of the share of wealth owned by the rich. The reason is that the rich in wealth are not necessarily the individuals with the highest income. Therefore, the relative wealth share of poorer quintiles of the population would increase if the savings rate of income is very large, although the absolute difference from the wealthiest will increase.[58][59][60]
As the price of commodities increases because of inflation, a larger percentage of lower-class people's money is spent on things they need to survive and go to work, such as food and gasoline. Most of the working poor are paid fixed hourly wages that do not keep up with rises in prices, so every year an increasing percentage of their income is consumed until they have to go into debt just to survive.[citation needed] At this point, their little wealth is owed to lenders and banking institutions.
The nature of tax policies in America has been suggested by economists and politicians such as Emmanuel Saez, Thomas Piketty, and Barack Obama to perpetuate economic inequality in America by steering large sums of wealth into the hands of the wealthiest Americans. The mechanism for this is that when the wealthy avoid paying taxes, wealth concentrates to their coffers and the poor go into debt.[61]
The economist Joseph Stiglitz argues that "Strong unions have helped to reduce inequality, whereas weaker unions have made it easier for CEOs, sometimes working with market forces that they have helped shape, to increase it." The long fall in unionization in the U.S. since WWII has seen a corresponding rise in the inequality of wealth and income.[62]
Racial disparities[edit]
The wealth gap between white and black families nearly tripled from $85,000 in 1984 to $236,500 in 2009.[63]
There are many causes, including years of home ownership, household income, unemployment, and education, but inheritance might be the most important.[63] Inheritance can directly link the disadvantaged economic position and prospects of today's blacks to the disadvantaged positions of their parents' and grandparents' generations. According to a report done by Robert B. Avery and Michael S. Rendall, "one in three white households will receive a substantial inheritance during their lifetime compared to only one in ten black households."[64] This relative lack of inheritance that has been observed among African Americans can be attributed in large part to factors such as unpaid labor (slavery), violent destruction of personal property in incidents such as Red Summer of 1919, unequal opportunity in education and employment (racial discrimination), and more recent policies such as redlining and planned shrinkage. Other ethnic minorities, particularly those with darker complexions, have at times faced many of these same adversities to various degrees.[65]
The article "America's Financial Divide" added context to racial wealth inequality stating "…nearly 96.1 percent of the 1.2 million households in the top one percent by income were white, a total of about 1,150,000 households. In addition, these families were found to have a median net asset worth of $8.3 million. In stark contrast, in the same piece, black households were shown as a mere 1.4 percent of the top one percent by income, that's only 16,800 homes. In addition, their median net asset worth was just $1.2 million. Using this data as an indicator only several thousand of the over 14 million African American households have more than $1.2 million in net assets… Relying on data from Credit Suisse and Brandeis University's Institute on Assets and Social Policy, the Harvard Business Review in the article "How America's Wealthiest Black Families Invest Money" recently took the analysis above a step further. In the piece the author stated "If you're white and have a net worth of about $356,000, that's good enough to put you in the 72nd percentile of white families. If you're black, it's good enough to catapult you into the 95th percentile." This means 28 percent of the total 83 million white homes, or over 23 million white households, have more than $356,000 in net assets. While only 700,000 of the 14 million black homes have more than $356,000 in total net worth." According to Inequality.org, the median black family is actually only worth $1,700 when you deduct these durables. In contrast, the median white family holds $116,800 of wealth using the same accounting methods. Some historical context: In South Africa, during the atrocities of apartheid, the median black family held about 7 percent of typical white South African family net worth. Today, using Wolff’s analysis, the median African American family holds a mere 1.5 percent of median white American family wealth.
A recent piece on Eurweb/Electronic Urban Report "Black Wealth Hardly Exists, Even When You Include NBA, NFL and Rap Stars" stated this about the difference between black middle class families and white middle class families. "Going even further into the data, a recent study by the Institute for Policy Studies (IPS) and the Corporation For Economic Development (CFED) found that it would take 228 years for the average black family to amass the same level of wealth the average white family holds today in 2016. All while white families create even more wealth over those same two hundred years. In fact, this is a gap that will never close if America stays on its current economic path. According to the Institute on Assets and Social Policy, for each dollar of increase in average income an African American household saw from 1984 to 2009 just $0.69 in additional wealth was generated, compared with the same dollar in increased income creating an additional $5.19 in wealth for a similarly situated white household."
Author Lilian Singh wrote on why the perceptions about black life created by media are misleading in the American Prospect piece "Black Wealth On TV: Realities Don’t Match Perceptions". "Black programming features TV shows that collectively create false perceptions of wealth for African-American families. The images displayed are in stark contrast to the economic conditions the average black family is battling each day."
In an article on Huffington Post by Antonio Moore "The Decadent Veil: Black America's Wealth Illusion" the question of inequity is taken another critical step forward and the piece digs into how celebrity is masking this massive inequality. Excerpt: "The decadent veil looks at black Americans through a lens of group theory and seeks to explain an illusion that has taken form over a 30-year span of financial deregulation and new found access to unsecured credit. This veil is trimmed with million-dollar sports contracts, Roc Nation tour deals and designer labels made for heads of state. As black celebrity invited us into their homes through shows like MTV cribs, we forgot the condition of overall African American financial affairs. Despite a large section of the 14 million black households drowning in poverty and debt the stories of a few are told as if they represent those of millions, not thousands. It is this new veil of economics that has allowed for a broad swath of America to become not just desensitized to black poverty, but also hypnotized by black celebrity… The decadent veil not only warps the black community's vision outward to a larger economic world, but it also distorts outside community's view of Black America's actual financial reality."
Effect on democracy[edit]
See also: Income inequality in the United States § Effects on democracy and society
A 2014 study by researchers at Princeton and Northwestern concludes that government policies reflect the desires of the wealthy, and that the vast majority of American citizens have "minuscule, near-zero, statistically non-significant impact upon public policy … when a majority of citizens disagrees with economic elites and/or with organized interests, they generally lose."[66] When Fed chair Janet Yellen was questioned by Bernie Sanders about the study at a congressional hearing in May 2014, she responded "There’s no question that we’ve had a trend toward growing inequality" and that this trend "can shape [and] determine the ability of different groups to participate equally in a democracy and have grave effects on social stability over time."[67]
In Capital in the Twenty-First Century, French economist Thomas Piketty argues that "extremely high levels" of wealth inequality are "incompatible with the meritocratic values and principles of social justice fundamental to modern democratic societies" and that "the risk of a drift towards oligarchy is real and gives little reason for optimism about where the United States is headed."[68]
See also[edit]
Affluence in the United States
Distribution of wealth in the European Union
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission
Donor Class
Income inequality in the United States
Monetary policy
Net worth
"Occupy" protests
Occupy Wall Street
Oligarchy
Panama Papers
Paradise Papers
Pareto principle
Plutocracy
Power elite
Redistribution of wealth
Tax Policy and Economic Inequality in the United States
The Divide: American Injustice in the Age of the Wealth Gap
Wealth concentration
Wealth in the United States
We are the 99%
American upper class
List of Americans by net worth
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Distribution of wealth in the United States.
Wealth Inequality in the United States Since 1913: Evidence from Capitalized Income Tax Data. (Emmanuel Saez and Gabriel Zucman, National Bureau of Economic Research - October 2014.)
"Wealth Gap" - A Guide (AP News - January, 2014).
State of the Union: Essential Inequality Reader. (Moyers & Company - December 23, 2013).
Americans Underestimate U.S. Wealth Inequality (Audio - NPR).
The United States of Inequality (10-part Visual Guide - Slate magazine).
15 Mind-Blowing Facts About Wealth And Inequality In America (Charts - The Business Insider).
It's the Inequality, Stupid: 11 Charts that Explain Everything that's Wrong with America (Mother Jones - March 2011).
America's Disappearing Middle Class: Implications for Public Policy and Politics (Trevor Beltz - May, 2012).
Wealth Inequality in America (Video).
Nine Charts about Wealth Inequality in America (April 2015), The Urban Institute
What Happened to America’s Wealth? The Rich Hid It. Moyers & Company. July 7, 2017
Wealth Inequality Is Higher Than Ever. Jacobin. October 1, 2017.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wealth_inequality_in_the_United_States&oldid=833868365"
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A Horse with No Name
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the 2010 film, see A Horse with No Name (film).
"A Horse with No Name"
Single by America
from the album America
B-side
"Everyone I Meet Is from California"
"Sandman"
Released
November 12, 1971
Format
7-inch single
Recorded
1971
Studio
Morgan Studios, London
Genre
Folk rock[1]
Length
4:08
Label
Warner Bros.
Songwriter(s)
Dewey Bunnell
Producer(s)
Ian Samwell
America singles chronology
"A Horse with No Name"
(1971) "I Need You"
(1972)
Audio sample
file
help
"A Horse with No Name" is a song written by Dewey Bunnell, and originally recorded by the folk rock band America. It was the band's first and most successful single, released in late 1971 in Europe and early 1972 in the USA, and topped the charts in several countries.[2] It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Development
2 Composition
3 Reception
4 Personnel
5 In popular culture
5.1 Soundtrack appearances
5.2 Musical references
6 Charts
7 References
8 External links
Development[edit]
America's self-titled debut album was released initially in Europe, without "A Horse with No Name", and achieved only moderate success. Originally called "Desert Song", "Horse" was written while the band was staying at the home studio of musician Arthur Brown, near Puddletown, Dorset.[4] The first two demos were recorded there, by Jeff Dexter and Dennis Elliott, and were intended to capture the feel of the hot, dry desert that had been depicted at the studio from a Salvador Dalí painting, and the strange horse that had ridden out of an M.C. Escher picture. Writer Dewey Bunnell also says he remembered his childhood travels through the Arizona and New Mexico desert when his family lived at Vandenberg Air Force Base.[5]
Trying to find a song that would be popular in both the United States and Europe, Warner Brothers was reluctant to release Beckley's "I Need You" ballad as the first single from America. The label asked the band if it had any other material, then arranged for America to record four more songs at Morgan Studios, Willesden in London.[6] "A Horse with No Name" was released as the featured song on a three-track single in the UK, Ireland, France, Italy and the Netherlands in late 1971. On the release, "A Horse with No Name" shared the A-side with "Everyone I Meet Is from California"; "Sandman" featured on the B-side. However, its early-1972 two-track US release did not include "Sandman", with "Everyone I Meet Is from California" appearing on the B-side.
Composition[edit]
"A Horse with No Name" was recorded in the E Dorian mode with acoustic guitars, bass guitar, drum kit, and bongo drums. The only other chord is a D, fretted on the low E and G strings, second fret. A 12-string guitar plays an added F♯ (second fret, high E string) on the back beat of the Em. A noted feature of the song is the driving bass line with a hammer-hook in each chorus. A "waterfall"-type solo completes the arrangement. [7] Produced by Ian Samwell on the day of final recording at Morgan Studios, when at first the group thought it was too corny and took some convincing to actually play it. Gerry Beckley has explained in Acoustic Guitar magazine (March 2007) that the correct tuning for the guitar is D E D G B D, low to high. The chord pattern that repeats throughout the entire song is: 202002 (Em), then 020202 and 000202. [8] The tuning is unique to this song; they did not use it on any other America song.
Reception[edit]
Despite the song being banned by some U.S. radio stations (most notably WHB in Kansas City) because of supposed drug references to heroin use,[9] the song ascended to number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, and the album quickly reached platinum status. The song charted earlier in Ireland (reaching number 4), the Netherlands (reaching number 11) and the UK (reaching number 3, the band's only Top 40 hit in the country[10]) than it did in the United States. The interpretation of the song as a drug reference comes from the fact that the word "horse" is a common slang term for heroin.
The song's resemblance to some of Neil Young's work aroused some controversy. "I know that virtually everyone, on first hearing, assumed it was Neil", Bunnell says. "I never fully shied away from the fact that I was inspired by him. I think it's in the structure of the song as much as in the tone of his voice. It did hurt a little, because we got some pretty bad backlash. I've always attributed it more to people protecting their own heroes more than attacking me." By coincidence, it was "A Horse with No Name" that replaced Young's "Heart of Gold" at the number 1 spot on the U.S. pop chart.[11]
The song has received criticism for its banal, oddly phrased lyrics, including "The heat was hot"; "There were plants, and birds, and rocks, and things"; and "'Cause there ain't no one for to give you no pain."[12] Penn Jillette asked the band about their lyrics, "there were plants, and birds, and rocks, and things" after a show in Atlantic City, where America opened for Penn & Teller. According to Jillette, their explanation for the lyrics was that they were intoxicated with cannabis while writing it.[13] In a 2012 interview, Beckley disputed Jillette's story, saying, "I don't think Dew was stoned."[14]
Personnel[edit]
(Per back cover of 1972 vinyl issue of America.)
America
Dewey Bunnell – lead vocals, acoustic guitar
Gerry Beckley – 12-string acoustic guitar, backing vocals
Dan Peek – bass, backing vocals
Session musicians
Ray Cooper – percussion
Kim Haworth – drums
In popular culture[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This section indiscriminately collects miscellaneous information. Please compress this material to remove any irrelevant or unimportant information. (May 2017)
Soundtrack appearances[edit]
The song was featured in Hideous Kinky, a British–French 1998 film, during a trip on the Moroccan desert. In 2008, it was used in a Kohls[15] TV commercial for Vera Wang.
The song bookends the second episode of the third season of Breaking Bad, "Caballo sin Nombre" (Spanish for "Horse without Name"), where the song plays on a car radio as Walter White drives through the desert in the beginning,[16] before being pulled over for driving with a cracked windshield. At the end of the episode the song is sung by Walter in the shower. The song was also featured in the show Friends in Season 5, Episode 22, "The One With Joey's Big Break".[17]
The song is also featured in the movies The Devil's Daughter, The Trip, and Air America. The song is also featured on the soundtrack of the 2013 motion picture American Hustle directed by David O. Russell and 2016 movie The Nice Guys.
In the season 4 episode of BoJack Horseman "The Old Sugarman Place", the title character drives through the desert to Patrick Carney and Michelle Branch's interpretation of the song. This version also appears on the soundtrack album of the series.[18]
Musical references[edit]
The song was one of many popular songs quoted and parodied on the album The Third Reich 'n Roll by The Residents.
The song "Face" by American rock band Aerosmith released in 2001 bears a strong resemblance towards "A Horse With No Name".
Michael Jackson's song "A Place with No Name" was released posthumously by TMZ as a 25-second snippet on July 16, 2009. The snippet closely resembles "A Horse with No Name". Jim Morey, both Jackson's and America's former band manager, has stated that "America was honored that Michael chose to do their song and they hope it becomes available for all Michael's fans to hear."[19] The song was remastered and released in its entirety along with the original Michael Jackson recording on Jackson's 2014 album, Xscape.
Charts[edit]
Chart (1972)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report) 2
Canada (RPM) 1
Finland (Finnish Singles Chart)[20] 1
Ireland (IRMA)[21] 4
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) 11
UK Singles (Official Charts Company) 3
US Billboard Easy Listening 3
US Billboard Hot 100[22] 1
US Cash Box Singles Chart 1
US Record World Singles Chart 1
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "VH1's 40 Most Softsational Soft-Rock Songs". Stereogum. SpinMedia. May 31, 2007. Retrieved July 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ "A Horse with No Name" USA chart history, Billboard.com. Retrieved September 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ RIAA. "RIAA Gold & Platinum Database". Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved September 25, 2008.
Jump up ^ http://www.dorsetlife.co.uk/2015/06/decadence-and-depravity-with-added-cheese/
Jump up ^ "Highway Highlight (from the box set booklet)". Archived from the original on 2 June 2008. Retrieved June 20, 2008.
Jump up ^ Rosen, Craig (September 30, 1996). The Billboard book of number one albums: the inside story behind pop music's blockbuster records. Billboard Books.
Jump up ^ Guitar Noise [1]
Jump up ^ Guitar Coach Mag [2]
Jump up ^ "Liner notes, Highway Highlight". Archived from the original on 15 June 2006. Retrieved June 11, 2006.
Jump up ^ "America singles charts history". Official Charts. The Official Charts Company. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
Jump up ^ America biography at Billboard
Jump up ^ John Mendelsohn (1972). "Rolling Stone Review". Archived from the original on October 2, 2007. Retrieved March 12, 2006.
Jump up ^ Jillette, Penn. (2012). Gilbert Gottfried Again! (Episode 14, 2012/05/21). Penn's Sunday School. Ace Broadcasting Network.
Jump up ^ "Q&A With America Singer Gerry Beckley". Patch.com. Dec 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ splendAd - Kohl's - Simply Vera Spring 2008 commercial
Jump up ^ AMCTV (2010). "Walt Gets Arrested". Archived from the original on 1 April 2010. Retrieved March 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ IMDB (1999). "The One with Joey's Big Break". Retrieved November 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Hear Patrick Carney, Michelle Branch's New Song for 'BoJack Horseman'". Rolling Stone.
Jump up ^ "Place with No Name sounds like Horse with No Name". news.com.au. July 17, 2009. Retrieved March 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ Billboard: 53. October 7, 1972. CS1 maint: Untitled periodical (link)
Jump up ^ Search for Irish peaks
Jump up ^ "America Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
External links[edit]
Official America Homepage
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Preceded by
"Heart of Gold" by Neil Young Billboard Hot 100 number-one single
March 25, 1972 (three weeks) Succeeded by
"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" by Roberta Flack
[hide]
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America
Gerry Beckley
Dewey Bunnell
Dan Peek
Studio albums
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Hat Trick
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Silent Letter
Alibi
View from the Ground
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Perspective
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Back Pages
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Compilations
History: America's Greatest Hits
Encore: More Greatest Hits
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Live albums
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Horse with No Name
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Soundtracks
The Last Unicorn
Singles
"A Horse with No Name"
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"Ventura Highway"
"Muskrat Love"
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"Woman Tonight"
"Today's the Day"
"Amber Cascades"
"You Can Do Magic"
"Right Before Your Eyes"
"The Border"
"Your Move"
Related articles
Discography
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Horse_with_No_Name&oldid=838360922"
Categories:
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