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Porter Airlines
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Porter Airlines
IATA
ICAO
Callsign
PD POE PORTER
Founded
February 2, 2006
Commenced operations
October 23, 2006
Hubs
Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport
Focus cities
Halifax Stanfield International Airport
Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport
Ottawa Macdonald-Cartier International Airport
Frequent-flyer program
VIPorter
Fleet size
29
Destinations
24
Parent company
Porter Aviation Holdings Inc.
Headquarters
Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Key people
Robert Deluce (CEO/President)
Donald J. Carty (Chairman)
Website
www.flyporter.com
Porter Airlines is a regional airline headquartered at Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport on the Toronto Islands in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.[1] Owned by Porter Aviation Holdings, formerly known as REGCO Holdings Inc., Porter operates regularly scheduled flights between Toronto and locations in Canada and the United States using Canadian-built Bombardier Dash-8 Q 400 turboprop aircraft.
Porter's operation at the Toronto airport was launched in 2006 with some controversy. Robert Deluce, who is now the CEO of Porter Airlines, proposed creating a regional airline using Bombardier turboprop aircraft to service major cities of Canada within the range of Toronto. A planned bridge to the airport was cancelled in 2003, leading to lawsuits between Deluce and the City of Toronto. The airline lost the case in court but the idea for the airline remained. With the compensation received from the Toronto Port Authority for the lawsuit, REGCO bought the island airport terminal used by Air Canada Jazz and terminated Air Canada's access. Porter has expanded its operations since 2006, adding more destinations and planes. Porter opened a new, larger passenger terminal at the island airport in March 2010. In 2013, Porter made a proposal to expand Toronto Island airport to allow jets. Toronto City Council reserved its support, requiring the controversial proposal to be the focus of Ports Toronto studies. In November 2015, the federal government announced it would not support the proposal.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Organization
2 History
2.1 2013 Toronto Island Airport expansion proposal
3 Destinations
4 Interline agreements
5 Fleet
6 Services
7 References
8 External links
Organization[edit]
Porter building at Billy Bishop Airport
Porter Airlines along with Porter FBO Limited, which operates the Porter facilities at Billy Bishop, and City Centre Terminal Corp., are owned by Porter Aviation Holdings (PAHL), formerly known as REGCO Holdings Inc. The company was founded in 1999.
Porter Aviation Holdings Inc. is controlled by :
Robert Deluce - part of the Deluce aviation family—with brother Peter, son Michael and others has been an owner and/or executive with Air Ontario, Canada 3000 and other airlines.
Principal executives
Robert J. Deluce is President and CEO of Porter Airlines and Porter Aviation Holdings Inc. His salary is $204,167 for 2010.
Michael Deluce, Robert's son, is the Chief Commercial Officer of Porter Airlines. His salary is $145,833 for 2010.[3]
D. Paul Moffat, Chief Financial Officer.
Andrew Pierce - Director of Commercial Planning.
Paul Larocque - Director of Information Technology.
Source: Bloomberg Business Week
Directors
Donald J. Carty, a former American Airlines chief executive, is Chairman of the Board of Directors. Carty is also Vice Chairman and CFO at Dell Inc.
James Little - Chief Marketing Officer at Shaw Communications, Inc.
David Wilkins - Former U.S. ambassador to Canada.
Source: Bloomberg Business Week
Investors
At startup, $125 million CAD was put into the airline including money from:
EdgeStone Capital Partners
Borealis Infrastructure – the investment arm of the Ontario Municipal Employees Retirement System (OMERS).
In 2009, Porter's institutional investors include EdgeStone Capital Partners, Borealis Infrastructure, GE Asset Management Incorporated and Dancap Private Equity Inc.[4] In 2013, Porter's investors are listed as EdgeStone Capital Partners, OMERS Strategic Investments, GE Asset Management Incorporated and Dancap Private Equity Inc.[5]
The then REGCO Holdings purchased the Toronto island airport assets of City Centre Aviation Ltd in 2005. This included the terminal used by Air Canada's Jazz airline, which at the time operated daily flights to Ottawa from the airport. On February 15, 2006, Air Canada had announced that its contract to operate its Jazz Airline service out of the REGCO terminal at the airport had been terminated. On February 27, 2006, REGCO was able to evict Air Canada Jazz from the publicly owned airport. Air Canada took the case to court, but lost an Ontario Superior Court ruling. REGCO's fully owned subsidiary 'City Centre Aviation' (now Porter FBO) then commenced renovations of the terminal building to serve Porter Airlines, which started flights in October 2006. Porter FBO operates the terminal along with fuel and other services.
A new subsidiary, City Centre Terminal Corp., was set up in 2009 to manage Porter's new terminal at the Toronto island airport. The new terminal's cost of construction is estimated at $50 million CAD.[6] The first half of the new terminal opened on March 7, 2010.[7] The terminal was completed in early 2011. The new terminal has ten gates, two lounges, check-in and security areas, and food outlets.
The airline's mascot is a stylised raccoon named "Mr. Porter".[8] The raccoon appears in Porter newspaper ads. Porter also advertises on radio, using an announcer. The design of staff uniforms is based on 1960s standards of airline fashion. Porter has 933 employees as of March 31, 2010.[3]
Porter was initially organized as a private company. On April 16, 2010, Porter Aviation Holdings announced they were going to be listed as a publicly traded company. The company filed a preliminary prospectus — a business plan — with securities commissions across the country, a requirement before it can offer shares.[9] The company has $306 million of debt and leases and intended to raise $120 million of new shares in the company and order seven new Q400 planes.[10] However, after twice delaying the final deadline for the offering, and lowering its share price from between $6 and $7 per share to $5.50, Porter cancelled the initial public offering. According to Robert Deluce "We came to the conclusion that it was really prudent to defer the offering at this time and to wait until better market conditions existed. We wanted to raise some capital. We thought the IPO was the way to go, but we weren't prepared in any way to sell our stock at just any price."[11]
The media had openly speculated on the profitability of Porter as being a money-losing operation, as would be typical of a start-up. CEO Deluce had been asked by the media to provide information on the financial status of Porter, but declined. In its prospectus, the company outlined a loss of $4.6 million on revenues of $151 million for 2009. To be profitable, the airline needs to be filling 49.3% of its seats with paying customers. In 2009, the airline filled 41% of its seats, and in the first quarter of 2010, it filled 47%. Overall, the airline carried 900,000 passengers in 2009, 800,000 through Toronto island airport.[10] In 2011, the airline filled 55.9% of its seats.[12] As part of disclosure for its public offering, Porter disclosed that from its startup in 2006 until May 2010, Porter lost $44.5 million.[3] In an interview with Toronto Life magazine in May 2013, Robert Deluce stated that Porter turned a profit in 2011 and 2012, and paid out profit sharing.[13]
Porter sold the terminal at the island airport in Toronto to Nieuport Aviation Infrastructure Partners GP in January 2015. According to Deluce, this meant that the airline was debt-free, although it would now pay to lease the facility. The sale was estimated to be in the range of CA$750 million.[14] Being debt-free was considered a good position to be in, if it were to buy Bombardier CS100 jets to use at the island airport.[14] However, in November 2015, the federal government announced it would not support the proposal to expand the island airport.
History[edit]
Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport viewed from CN Tower
Porter Airlines' launch was controversial, as it pitted Toronto residents seeking to close or stop the expansion of the airport against business interests and a government agency determined to make the airport self-sufficient. In 2002, the 'Toronto City Centre Airport', or 'Island Airport', operated by the Toronto Port Authority (TPA) (renamed in 2015 as "PortsToronto") was subsidized by CA$1 million per year.[15] Only Air Canada flew flights from the airport as part of its "Jazz" service, operating daily flights to Ottawa after the closure of the regional airline City Express in 1991. In October 2002, the TPA announced a $35 million plan of improvements to the airport to expand its usage. The TPA planned to build a $15 million bridge and a $20 million airport terminal. A new regional airline would be launched at the airport, to be run by Robert Deluce, the former CEO of Air Ontario.[15] Since its opening, the airport, located on Toronto Island, was accessible by passenger ferry only and the ferry-only access was seen as an obstacle to expansion. In a deal with the City of Toronto, the TPA's plans were approved by Toronto City Council in November 2002.
The TPA's plans were opposed by neighbouring residents and community associations who together formed the Community Air special interest group to fight the expansion. The expansion became a primary issue in the 2003 Toronto municipal election. Mayoral candidates Barbara Hall and John Tory supported the bridge and David Miller opposed it. Miller and a slate of like-minded candidates for council ran on a common platform, the centrepiece of which was to stop the bridge. After Miller was elected Mayor in November 2003, the new council voted to cancel the previous Council's decision, stopping the bridge project.
After the bridge was cancelled, Deluce launched a $505 million lawsuit against the City of Toronto and later expanded it to the Government of Canada.[16] After receiving an unspecified amount of compensation from the TPA to settle the suit, his company bought the airport building that Jazz was using at the airport and cancelled Jazz's lease on January 31, 2006. Two days later, on February 2, 2006, he announced that Porter Airlines, a regional airline operating locally built Bombardier turboprops would begin service in 2006, operating from the airport, initially on a Toronto-Ottawa route.[17] In a show of political support, the Porter press conference was staged at the Bombardier plant in suburban Toronto, where the airplanes are built, with support from Canadian Auto Workers leader Buzz Hargrove, who said it would create new employment opportunities in the region.[18] On the same day the TPA announced plans to improve ferry service to serve the new airline, buying a $4.5 million, 150-passenger ferry.[19]
Immediately, political opponents of the TPA, including Miller, City Council members, local community associations and local Members of Parliament Olivia Chow and Jack Layton expressed concern that the operation of a major airline from the island will cause increased noise and air pollution in the downtown core.[20]
Concerns raised include safety. The airport's main runway is 4,000 feet (1,200 m) long, 600 feet (180 m) shorter than Bombardier's specifications for a fully loaded Q400.[21] Porter solved this problem by fitting the planes for 70 passengers, less than the maximum load of 78 passengers. There are several cautions to pilots flying into the airport, including boat masts, a nearby wind turbine, and no-fly areas. The flight path into the airport requires the airplanes to fly an approach offset from the runway centre-line to avoid nearby hazards such as tall chimneys and buildings.[22]
Jazz filed a $11.5 million lawsuit against the TPA and later, Porter, in the Ontario Superior Court in February 2006, alleging that the TPA signed contracts forcing Jazz out of the airport, causing a monopoly at the airport, and were anti-competitive. Jazz later filed a suit in Federal Court.[23] On October 20, 2009, Jazz formally dropped its suit in Ontario Court, but plans to continue its lawsuit against Porter and the TPA in Federal Court. According to the announcement, Jazz dropped the matter in provincial court as the TPA is a federal agency, and the Airport is a federal facility. Damages in the federal case are not specified.[24] Porter filed a counter-claim to Jazz' lawsuit citing damages of $850 million, based on Jazz agreement with Air Canada, and Porter has not dropped its counter-claim.[24]
The airline's maiden flight took place on October 23, 2006 to Ottawa.[25] When flights began, airline passengers were at first blocked by protesters at the ferry dock, urging a boycott of the service.[26] Although on-site protests eventually stopped, Community Air continues to monitor Porter's operations along with those of the TPA. The TPA confirmed at its annual meeting of September 12, 2008, that Porter was fined for breaking noise curfews in its operations following complaints from local residents.[27] The TPA commissioned a study to reduce noise from Porter's takeoffs and landings.[27]
The TPA and Porter remain partners in the expansion of the airport. In January 2009, the TPA announced plans to purchase a new, larger passenger ferry to support Porter's expansion plans. The ferry was financed out of an improvement fee to be charged to passengers.[19] The ferry had been proposed by Porter's Deluce to the TPA's Board of Directors over the period of March – June 2008.[28] The decision to approve the $5 million ferry precipitated a conflict-of-interest investigation of TPA director Colin Watson, who is a self-described friend of Deluce's, and who voted in a 5–4 decision to approve the ferry.[29] Watson was cleared of the charge by the federal ethics commissioner Mary Dawson in June 2009.[30]
In April 2009, Porter announced that it would build a $45 million terminal at the island airport, with Canadian Customs, restaurants, car rental kiosks, expanded lounge space and office space totalling 150,000 square feet (14,000 m2).[31] The terminal cost $50 million and its first phase opened on March 7, 2010.[7] It was completed in 2011 and Porter hopes to add a US Customs section.
At the September 2009 annual meeting of the TPA, it was disclosed that Porter has broken its 11 p.m. curfew for landing at the airport three times in 2009, each time incurring a $5,000 fine. On one occasion, a Porter plane landed at the airport after-hours even after being advised by controllers to land at Pearson.[32] According to Porter Airlines CEO Robert Deluce, "You know hundreds and hundreds and hundreds of flights come and go on a daily basis, so there are very, very few occasions where it happens. And there are also particular circumstances — and the circumstances are rare — to operate outside these normal times."[32] According to the TPA, they are powerless to stop Porter other than imposing fines, and that planes landing at the airport when no controllers are present is not a safety risk. TPA director Mark McQueen has requested that the NAV Canada personnel stay on-site until the last flight has landed, but NAV Canada has refused to do so.[33]
On February 9, 2012, Transport Canada advised Porter it had received an Access to Information request for what are called "Notices of Suspension issues to Porter." Such notices are departmental warnings with strict deadlines to deal with problems that could be safety related, but could also be demands to replace key personnel, like pilots, who have left the company. Transport Canada told Porter it was considering releasing some information and wanted a written response from the company detailing why any records should be withheld. Based on Porter's response, the department decided to release a censored version of the material in question. Porter went to court to prevent that from happening.[34] On July 11, 2013 the federal court ruled in Porter's favour and the Confidentiality Order dated September 14, 2012 would remain in effect. A technical issue with Transport Canada's handling of the matter was cited as the reason for the ruling.[35]
On January 10, 2013, 22 Porter ground crew members went on strike in Toronto.[36] This was the airline's first labour dispute since it began business. In April 2013, Porter filed a libel lawsuit against the Canadian Office and Professional Employees union representing the 22 striking workers. Porter suit was for $4 million in damages for alleged defamatory statements made by the union using its Twitter account.[37] The strike was settled in June 2013, and Porter's lawsuit was dropped.[38]
In 2014, Montreal's Montréal/Saint-Hubert Airport settled four civil lawsuits and announced it was trying to get service to Toronto Island Airport as part of its expansion plans. According to Porter, there would need to be a brand new terminal built in order for the airline to start serving the airport, which the airport hoped to build with grants from the Government of Canada.[39][40]
In June 2017, it was announced that Porter Airlines had "blacklisted" the conservative Canadian media outlet "The Rebel Media", and had directly tweeted to Ezra Levant notifying him in person that they had removed their advertisements from Rebel Media's advertising space. Levant reacted by calling for a boycott of the airline. Porter Airlines subsequently announced that they had made a mistake and had only meant to withdraw advertising. They apologised for the use of the word "blacklist"[41][42].
2013 Toronto Island Airport expansion proposal[edit]
In April 2013, Porter announced expansion plans to serve new destinations in Western Canada, California and Florida.[43] To support the expansion, Porter reached a provisional agreement to purchase 12 107-seat Bombardier CS100 jets, with a future option to purchase up to 18 more. Porter's plans required regulatory and facility changes to its Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport hub. Porter asked for modifications to the operating agreement of the airport to allow jets and extensions to the runway to support the new aircraft. Changes to the operating agreement require the unanimous agreement of the Toronto Port Authority (TPA), the City of Toronto and the Government of Canada.[44][45] The TPA stated that it had no position on the expansion and would await a decision from Toronto City Council.[46] Then-Toronto Mayor Rob Ford had indicated his support for the proposal while some councillors expressed their opposition with others urging further study.[47]
Porter CEO Robert Deluce was already a supporter of Mayor Ford, having contributed the maximum $2,500 to Ford's mayoral campaign[48] while other Deluce family members donated an additional $5,000 to Ford's campaign.[48] Deluce privately sought Ford's support on the proposal before its public announcement but the meetings between Ford and Deluce raised controversy as Deluce had not registered with the City as a lobbyist.
When announcing the proposal, Porter Airlines claimed in advertisements that 2/3 of Torontonians polled supported the expansion.[49] However, the result was disputed by pollster Warren Kinsella who considered the survey's trustworthiness tainted as it was done by Nick Kouvalis, Ford's 2010 campaign manager, and the questions were 'directing' the result.[50][51] The No Jets TO group filed a complaint with the Advertising Standards Council of Canada, calling the ads "patently false".[52]
Toronto City Council held public consultations on the proposal during the fall of 2013, leading to a city staff report addressing the proposal. At the same time, Porter mounted a public relations campaign, based around the porterplans.com web site. Porter customers were telephoned and e-mailed and radio and newspaper advertisements were bought by Porter asking for the public to register their support with Toronto Council. After the consultation, and study of consultant reports, City staff recommended in a report to delay acting on the proposal until 2015. Concerns about the required infrastructure, public health concerns and the lack of an airport master plan were cited by staff.[52] The TPA was also seeking an extension of the airport management agreement as a condition of the proposal. City Council's Executive Committee on December 5 voted to delay consideration of the proposal until 2014.
In January 2014, the Toronto Port Authority announced that it would seek $100 million from the federal government to expand infrastructure around the airport if the expansion plans and jets were approved for use at the airport.[53] Another public hearing at Council was announced for January 27, 2014. At that time, Toronto City Council announced it could not support the proposal without further studies from Ports Toronto, leading the body to initiate a series of investigation and viability analyses. In November 2015, federal Minister of Transport Marc Garneau announced he would not support the proposal [54] and in December 2015, the TPA (rebranded as PortsToronto 11 months before) announced that it had "halted work on an environmental assessment and two studies" it had commissioned concerning the expansion.[55][56]
Destinations[edit]
As of November 2017, Porter Airlines destinations are:[57]
Porter Destinations
City
Airport
Notes
Fredericton, NB Fredericton International Airport
Halifax, NS Halifax Stanfield International Airport Focus City
Moncton, NB Greater Moncton International Airport
Montreal, QC Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport Focus City
Mont Tremblant, QC Rivière Rouge – Mont Tremblant International Airport Seasonal
Ottawa, ON Ottawa Macdonald-Cartier International Airport Focus City
Quebec City, QC Québec City Jean Lesage International Airport
Stephenville, NL Stephenville International Airport Seasonal
Saint John, NB Saint John Airport
St. John's, NL St. John's International Airport Seasonal
Sault Ste. Marie, ON Sault Ste. Marie Airport
Sudbury, ON Greater Sudbury Airport
Timmins, ON Timmins Victor M. Power Airport
Thunder Bay, ON Thunder Bay International Airport
Toronto, ON Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport Hub
Windsor, ON Windsor International Airport
USA
Boston, MA Logan International Airport
Burlington, VT Burlington International Airport Seasonal
Charleston, SC Charleston International Airport Seasonal
Chicago, IL Midway International Airport
Melbourne, FL Orlando Melbourne International Airport Seasonal [58]
Myrtle Beach, SC Myrtle Beach International Airport Seasonal
Newark, NJ Newark Liberty International Airport
Washington, DC Washington Dulles International Airport
Terminated destinations are:
North Bay, Ontario (North Bay/Jack Garland Airport)[59]
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Pittsburgh International Airport)[60]
Interline agreements[edit]
On September 17, 2012, Porter Airlines announced a new interline agreement with South African Airways in which passengers would fly from Toronto-Billy Bishop to Washington-Dulles on Porter, and then transfer to South African to Dakar, Senegal or Johannesburg.[61] Porter also has an interline agreement with Qatar Airways in which passengers can fly to Washington-Dulles on Porter and connect to Qatar Airways to Doha.[62] In January 2013, Porter announced an interline agreement with Singapore Airlines with connections at Newark Liberty International Airport.[63] In July 2013, Porter Airlines and Icelandair signed an interline agreement allowing customers to book a single e-ticket for Porter Airlines and Icelandair flights and booking baggage through to the final destination. Connections from 10 Canadian gateways between airlines are available in Halifax (seasonally), Boston, Washington-Dulles, and Newark. This marked the first time Porter had signed an interline agreement providing access to Europe.[64] Additional airline partners include El Al Airlines and Sata International.[65] An agreement with JetBlue sees passengers connecting to other US destinations through Boston and Newark.[66]
El Al Airlines
Emirates
Icelandair
JetBlue
Qatar Airways
Sata International
Fleet[edit]
Porter Airlines Dash-8 at landing at Montréal-Trudeau airport
The Porter Airlines fleet consisted of the following aircraft as of August 2017:[67]
Porter Airlines Fleet
Aircraft
In Service
On Order
Options
Passengers
Notes
Bombardier Dash 8 Q400 29 - 10 74 10 aircraft are Q400NextGen
Total
29
-
10
Originally, Porter ordered ten 70-seat Bombardier Dash 8 Q400 turboprops, with ten more as options, at a value estimated by Porter of over $500 million. In June 2009, Porter exercised the option on the 19th and 20th Dash 8s.[68] Porter chose the 70-seat configuration (less than the maximum of 78 seats) due to the short length of the runway at Toronto Island Airport; a fully loaded 78-seat configuration would need a longer runway than available at the airport. This means Porter aircraft have a slightly greater seat pitch than a 78-seat aircraft. The 70-seat configuration also allows Porter to use the shorter runway 11/29 at Newark.[69] In May 2010, Porter announced that it intended to order seven more Dash 8 Q400.[70] On August 6, 2010, it was announced that Porter had ordered four more Q400s with options for six more.[71] In November 2011, Porter Airlines accepted two new Bombardier Q400 NextGen aircraft, bringing the company’s fleet to 26.[72] In late 2013, Porter added an additional 4 seats to all of their Q400s, giving them a total of 74 seats per aircraft.
In April 2013, Porter Airlines announced a conditional (if Bishop Airport is expanded) purchase agreement for up to thirty Bombardier CS100 aircraft, including purchase rights for six more Q400 NextGen aircraft.[73] Porter had signed a letter of intent with Bombardier in December 2012.[73] The total value of the deal was estimated at US$2.29 billion for all 30 CS100s and six Q400s.[73] On November 13, 2015, Canada's transport minister Marc Garneau released a statement saying that the government would not reopen the Tripartite agreement, cancelling the expansion of the airport.
In July 2016, Porter announced the purchase of a further three Q400 planes. Deluce stated that it still had its deposit in place for the 2013 order of jets and six Q400s, as "something we are looking at carefully".[74]
Services[edit]
Shuttle service (using Blue Bird Corporation Ultra LF) runs every 15 minutes from the Royal York Hotel
In Toronto, Porter provides a bus shuttle from the downtown Royal York Hotel to the airport ferry dock and tunnel entrance. The 4 buses (mix of Blue Bird Corporation Ultra LF and New Flyer Industries D40LF) are operated by Pacific Western Transportation. The shuttle service had moved to the Royal York from its original location at 20 York Street, next to Union Station, in March 2008, when city construction for the Simcoe Street Tunnel blocked access. Porter planned to return to the location, but in September 2009, Porter was evicted from the 20 York Street building due to non-payment of rent.[75]
Porter provides complimentary snacks and beverages at their lounges at Toronto's Billy Bishop, Ottawa International and Newark Airport.[76] and in-flight.[77] Porter Airlines offers a frequent flyer reward program called 'VIPorter', whereby points can be redeemed for free flights.[78]
References[edit]
Dawson, Mary (June 25, 2009). The Watson Report. Office of the Conflict of Interest and Ethics Commissioner.
Notes
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^ Jump up to: a b c Jang, Brent (May 26, 2010). "Porter revenue rises before IPO launch". The Globe and Mail. Toronto.
Jump up ^ "About Porter – Our Team: Investors Background". Porter Airlines. Archived from the original on March 18, 2009. Retrieved February 11, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Investors Background". Porter Airlines. Retrieved September 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ Jang, Brent (November 10, 2009). "Porter loses its airport monopoly". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Retrieved November 11, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "Media advisory – Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport terminal opening" (Press release). Porter Airlines. March 6, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Porter Airlines Press release". Porter Airlines. Archived from the original on March 3, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Porter Airlines going public". CBC News. April 16, 2010. Archived from the original on April 19, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Porter Aviation's IPO: Figuring the flight plan". CTV News. Archived from the original on March 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ Deveau, Scott (June 2, 2010). "Porter scraps public offering". Calgary Herald. Retrieved June 2, 2010. [dead link]
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Jump up ^ Johnston, Malcolm (May 22, 2013). "Q&A: Porter CEO Robert Deluce on his plans to vanquish the anti–Island airport faction". Toronto Life.
^ Jump up to: a b "Porter Airlines works to win Liberals over for Toronto airport expansion as it enters debt-free era". Financial Post. November 11, 2015. Retrieved November 13, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Pigg, Susan (October 5, 2002). Toronto Star. pp. E01. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Cowan, James (July 6, 2004). "Airline suing Toronto for $505M over bridge". The National Post. pp. A7.
Jump up ^ "New regional airline to serve Ontario, U.S". Ottawa Business Journal. February 2, 2006. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved September 25, 2008.
Jump up ^ CTV.ca staff (February 2, 2006). "New airline renews T.O. Island airport dispute". CTV.ca.
^ Jump up to: a b Lu, Vanessa; Aveling, Nick (January 22, 2009). "Toronto's island airport gets second, bigger ferry; Newly expanded board of port authority says it will borrow $5 million". Toronto Star. p. A5.
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^ Jump up to: a b "Jazz drops suit against Toronto Port Authority, Porter". CBC.ca. October 20, 2009. Archived from the original on July 28, 2011. Retrieved October 20, 2009.
Jump up ^ CTV.ca staff (October 23, 2006). "Protests as Porter Airlines takes flight".
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^ Jump up to: a b "Port Authority refuses to rule out new ferry". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. September 12, 2008. Archived from the original on February 1, 2009.
Jump up ^ Dawson, p. 25
Jump up ^ Dawson, p. 15
Jump up ^ Dawson, p. 18
Jump up ^ Haines, Alison (April 27, 2009). "Porter Airlines to invest $45M in expanded island terminal". National Post. [permanent dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b Lu, Vanessa; McLean, Jesse (September 4, 2009). "Sparks fly over late landings". Toronto Star. p. GT1. Retrieved January 15, 2013. A Porter Airlines plane, advised by the island airport to divert to Pearson, instead landed on the island after an 11 p.m. curfew
Jump up ^ "Activists complain about late landings at island airport". CBC News. CBC.ca. September 4, 2009. Archived from the original on September 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Access to airline safety reports held up by court action". CBC NEWS. January 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Porter Airlines Inc. v. Canada (Attorney General), 2013 FC 780 (CanLII)". CanLII. July 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ Porter fuel staff on strike
Jump up ^ Canadian Press (April 17, 2013). "Porter Airlines sues union over comments made on Twitter". CBC. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Lu, Vanessa (June 25, 2013). "Porter strike ends after contract ratified". Toronto Star.
Jump up ^ http://montrealgazette.com/business/local-business/aerospace/st-hubert-airport-set-to-fly-after-long-running-feud
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
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Jump up ^ Dhillon, Sunny; Howlett, Karen (April 11, 2013). "Porter's plan faces turbulence on the runway". The Globe and Mail. Toronto, Ontario.
^ Jump up to: a b "Elections - Campaign Contributions – 2010 to 2013". City of Toronto.
Jump up ^ Porter Airlines. "66.2% of Torontonian's support use of CS100 jet aircraft at Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport" (Press release). Newswire.ca.
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^ Jump up to: a b Iler, Brian (December 5, 2013). "What's Norm Kelly's Flight Plan". Now Toronto.
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Jump up ^ "Push for jets at Toronto island airport officially dead". Toronto Star. December 8, 2015. Retrieved December 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ http://www.portstoronto.com/PortsToronto/Media-Room/News/PortsToronto-Issues-Statement-Related-to-Studies-A.aspx
Jump up ^ "Porter Destinations". Retrieved 2015-02-24.
Jump up ^ https://ca.finance.yahoo.com/news/porter-airlines-arriving-central-florida-120000755.html
Jump up ^ Liu, Jim (2017-07-11). "Porter Airlines ends Toronto – North Bay service in Sep 2017".
Jump up ^ Belko, Mark (2017-06-30). "Toronto airline to drop flights from Pittsburgh airport".
Jump up ^ "News Releases - Porter Airlines". Flyporter.com. Retrieved 2014-01-17.
Jump up ^ "Airline Partners - Porter Airlines". Flyporter.com. Retrieved 2014-01-17.
Jump up ^ "Singapore Airlines signs agreement with Porter Airlines | CTV News". Ctvnews.ca. 2013-01-28. Retrieved 2014-01-17.
Jump up ^ Porter Airlines. (2013). Icelandair and Porter Airlines sign interline agreement. Retrieved 2013 08 06 from https://www.flyporter.com/About/News-Release-Details?id=4b764ec7-9c62-4585-9190-2f83a417a9af&culture=en-CA.
Jump up ^ "Airline Partners". Porter Airlines. Retrieved 2017-08-03.
Jump up ^ "Airline Partners - JetBlue". Porter Airlines. Retrieved 2017-08-03.
Jump up ^ "Global Airline Guide 2017 (Part One)". Airliner World (October 2017): 9. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Porter Airlines exercises remaining two Bombardier Q400 options; Full initial order of 20 to be in service by spring 2010". Porter Airlines. June 29, 2009. Archived from the original on July 3, 2009. Retrieved June 30, 2009.
Jump up ^ Morra, Bernadette (April 2, 2008). "Porter Airlines takes a bite out of the Big Apple". Toronto Star. p. L3.
Jump up ^ Jang, Brent (May 7, 2010). "Porter claims airport advantage". The Globe and Mail. Toronto: theglobeandmail.com. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
Jump up ^ McCrank, John (August 6, 2010). "UPDATE 1-Porter orders four Bombardier turboprops". Reuters. Retrieved August 6, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Porter Airlines receives two more Bombardier Q400 NextGen aircraft". Porter Airlines. Flyporter.com. Nov 28, 2011. Retrieved Nov 28, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Porter Airlines Signs Purchase Agreement for up to 30 Bombardier CS100 Aircraft; Becomes CSeries Aircraft's Canadian Launch Customer" (Press release). Bombardier Inc. April 10, 2013. Retrieved April 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ Lu, Vanessa (July 13, 2016). "Porter Airlines to add to Q400 fleet with new order". Toronto Star.
Jump up ^ Deveau, Scott (September 2, 2009). "Porter Air evicted from shuttle site in rent dispute; Owes Nearly $9,500". National Post. p. A10. Archived from the original on July 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Porter Airport Lounges - Porter Airlines". Flyporter.com. Retrieved 2014-01-17.
Jump up ^ "In-Flight Service". Porter Airlines. Archived from the original on March 2, 2009. Retrieved March 30, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Porter Airlines introduces VIPorter frequent flyer program". Porter Press Release. June 3, 2008. Archived from the original on February 11, 2009.
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Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The appointment and confirmation of Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States involves several steps set forth by the United States Constitution, which have been further refined and developed by decades of tradition. Candidates are nominated by the President of the United States and must face a series of hearings in which both the nominee and other witnesses make statements and answer questions before the Senate Judiciary Committee, which can vote to send the nomination to the full United States Senate. Confirmation by the Senate allows the President to formally appoint the candidate to the court.
Contents
[hide]
1 Nomination
2 Confirmation
3 Recess appointments
4 Tenure and vacancies
5 References
Nomination[edit]
Article Two of the United States Constitution requires the President of the United States to nominate Supreme Court Justices and, with Senate confirmation, requires Justices to be appointed. This was for the division of power between the President and Senate by the founders, who wrote:
he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint ... Judges of the supreme Court...
Upon the election of a new President, incoming White House staff prepare profiles of possible candidates for the Supreme Court, considering not only judges but also politicians and other individuals whom they consider appropriate for the role. Besides considering national figures whose views are well-known, they consider others who are less recognized. They go through published rulings, articles, speeches, and other background material to get an idea of candidates' values and views on constitutional issues. Age, health, race, gender, and likelihood of confirmation are also factored into considerations. Once a Supreme Court vacancy opens, the President discusses the candidates with advisors. Senators also call the President with suggestions. After a first choice is decided, the candidate is contacted and called on by the President to serve on the highest court. Staffers send a vetting form for the candidate to fill out. They visit the candidate to go over tax records and payments to domestic help. Candidates whom the President has never met are interviewed by White House officials before being sent to the White House to be interviewed in person by the President. After making a final decision, the President calls the candidate, who is told to prepare a statement for an appearance in front of the national press for the President's formal announcement.
Most Presidents nominate individuals who broadly share their ideological views.[1] In many cases, however, a Justice's decisions may be contrary to what the nominating President anticipated. A famous instance was Chief Justice Earl Warren; President Dwight D. Eisenhower expected him to be a conservative judge, but his decisions are arguably among the most liberal in the Court's history. Eisenhower later called the appointment "the biggest damn fool mistake I ever made".[2] Another Justice whose decisions ran contrary to what was believed to be his ideology was David Souter, who was nominated to the high court in 1990 by President George H. W. Bush. Many pundits and politicians at the time expected Souter to be a conservative; however, after becoming a Justice, his opinions generally fell on the liberal side of the political spectrum.
Because the Constitution does not set any qualifications for service as a Justice, the President may nominate any individual to serve on the Court. However, that person must receive the confirmation of the Senate.
Confirmation[edit]
In modern times, the confirmation process has attracted considerable attention from special-interest groups, many of which lobby senators to confirm or to reject a nominee, depending on whether the nominee's track record aligns with the group's views. The Senate Judiciary Committee conducts hearings, questioning nominees to determine their suitability. By convention, nominees avoid revealing too much about their views on potential cases that may come before the Court. At the close of confirmation hearings, the Committee votes on whether the nomination should go to the full Senate with a positive, negative or neutral report.
The Roberts Court (April 2017 - present). Front row (left to right): Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Anthony Kennedy, John Roberts (Chief Justice), Clarence Thomas, and Stephen Breyer. Back row (left to right): Elena Kagan, Samuel A. Alito, Sonia Sotomayor, and Neil Gorsuch.
The Committee's practice of personally interviewing nominees is relatively recent, beginning with Harlan Fiske Stone in 1925. Some western senators were concerned with his links to Wall Street and expressed their opposition when Stone was nominated. Stone proposed what was then the novelty of appearing before the Judiciary Committee to answer questions; his testimony helped secure a confirmation vote with very little opposition. The second nominee to appear before the Committee was Felix Frankfurter, who only addressed (at the Committee's request) what he considered to be slanderous allegations against him.[3] The modern practice of the Committee questioning nominees on their judicial views began with the nomination of John Marshall Harlan II in 1955; the nomination came shortly after the Court handed down the landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision, and several Southern senators attempted to block Harlan's confirmation, hence the decision to testify.[4][5]
Once the Committee reports out the nomination, the whole Senate considers it. A simple majority vote is required to confirm or to reject a nominee. Prior to 2017, a successful filibuster threat could add the requirement of a supermajority of 60 needed in favor of cloture, which would allow debate to end and force a final vote on confirmation. Rejections are relatively uncommon; the Senate has explicitly rejected twelve Supreme Court nominees in its history. The most recent rejection of a nominee by vote of the full Senate came in 1987, when the Senate refused to confirm Robert Bork.
Not everyone nominated by the President has received a floor vote in the Senate. Prior to 2017 a nominee could be filibustered once debate on the nomination had begun in the full Senate. A filibuster indefinitely prolongs the debate, preventing a final vote on the nominee. President Lyndon Johnson's nomination of sitting Associate Justice Abe Fortas to succeed Earl Warren as Chief Justice in 1968 was the first successful filibuster of a Supreme Court nominee. It included both Republican and Democratic senators concerned with Fortas's ethics. President Donald Trump's nomination of Neil Gorsuch to the seat vacated by Antonin Scalia was the second. Unlike the Fortas filibuster, however, only Democratic Senators voted against cloture on the Gorsuch nomination, citing his perceived conservative judicial philosophy, and the Republican majority's prior refusal to take up Obama's nomination of Merrick Garland to fill the vacancy.[6][7][8] This led the Republican majority to change the rules and eliminate the filibuster for Supreme Court nominations.[9]
Not every Supreme Court nominee has received a floor vote in the Senate. A president may withdraw a nomination before an actual confirmation vote occurs, typically because it is clear that the Senate will reject the nominee; this occurred most recently with the nomination of Harriet Miers in 2006 before Committee hearings had begun, citing concerns about Senate requests during her confirmation process for access to internal Executive Branch documents resulting from her position as White House Counsel. In 1987, President Ronald Reagan withdrew the nomination of Douglas H. Ginsburg because of news reports containing marijuana use allegations.
The Senate may also fail to act on the nomination, which expires at the end of the session. For example, President Dwight Eisenhower's first nomination of John Marshall Harlan II in November 1954 was not acted on by the Senate; Eisenhower re-nominated Harlan in January 1955, and Harlan was confirmed two months later. Most recently, the Senate failed to act on President Barack Obama's nomination of Merrick Garland in March 2016 to fill the vacancy left by the death of Antonin Scalia; the nomination expired in January 2017, and the vacancy was later filled by President Trump's appointment of Neil Gorsuch.[10]
Before 1981 the approval process of Justices was usually rapid. From the Truman through Nixon administrations, Justices were typically approved within one month. From the Reagan administration to the present, however, the process has taken much longer. According to the Congressional Research Service, the average number of days from nomination to final Senate vote since 1975 is 67 days (2.2 months), while the median is 71 days (or 2.3 months).[11][12] Some believe this is because Congress sees Justices as playing a more political role than in the past.[13] The perceived politicization of the process has drawn criticism. For example, columnist George F. Will termed the defeat of Robert Bork's nomination "unjust" and, more generally, that the nomination process does "not delve deeply into the nominee's jurisprudential thinking."[14] Supreme Court nominations have caused media speculation about whether the judge leans to the left, middle, or right.[15] One indication of the politicized selection process is how much time each nominee spends being questioned under the glare of media coverage; before 1925, nominees were never questioned;[16] after 1955, every nominee has been required to appear before the Senate Judiciary Committee and answer questions; and the hours spent being grilled have lengthened from single digits (before 1980) to double digits today.[17] Another example of the politicization of the process was the Merrick Garland Supreme Court nomination, which remained before the Senate far longer than any other nominee.
Following is a table of the approximate number of hours that media sources estimate were spent on the questioning of Supreme Court nominees since 1925:
Year
Nominee
# Hours
1925 Harlan Fiske Stone 7000500000000000000♠5
1938 Felix Frankfurter –
1955 John Marshall Harlan II –
1957 William J. Brennan, Jr. 7000300000000000000♠3
1967 Thurgood Marshall 7000700000000000000♠7
1971 William H. Rehnquist 7000700000000000000♠7
1975 John Paul Stevens 7000600000000000000♠6
1981 Sandra Day O'Connor 7001120000000000000♠12
1987 Robert Bork (not confirmed) 7001300000000000000♠30
1987 Anthony Kennedy 7001110000000000000♠11
1990 David H. Souter 7001200000000000000♠20
1991 Clarence Thomas 7001250000000000000♠25
1993 Ruth Bader Ginsburg 7001200000000000000♠20
1994 Stephen G. Breyer 7001200000000000000♠20
2005 John G. Roberts, Jr. 7001200000000000000♠20
2016 Merrick Garland (not confirmed) 5000000000000000000♠0
2017 Neil Gorsuch 7001200000000000000♠20
Sources: The New York Times (2005, 2009), MSNBC (2005)[3][4][17]
Once the Senate confirms the nomination by an affirmative vote, the Secretary of the Senate attests to a resolution of confirmation and transmits it to the White House.[18] The President then prepares and signs a commission, and causes the Seal of the United States Department of Justice to be affixed to the document before the new Justice can take office.[19] The date of commission determines a Justice's seniority.[20] A ceremony is held in which the Justice must take the Constitutional Oath, which is used for every federal and state officeholder below the President, and the Judicial Oath used for federal judges before entering into the execution of their office.
Recess appointments[edit]
Potter Stewart, appointed by President Dwight Eisenhower, was the last Supreme Court Justice initially placed on the Court through a recess appointment.
Article II, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution provides that:
The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session.
Thus, when the Senate is in recess, the President may make a temporary appointment to any office requiring Senate approval, including filling vacancies on the Supreme Court, without the Senate's advice and consent. Such a recess appointee to the Supreme Court holds office only until the end of the next Senate session (always less than two years). To continue to serve thereafter and be compensated for his or her service, the nominee must be formally nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate. Of the ten Justices who have received recess appointments - two Chief Justices and eight Associate Justices - only Chief Justice John Rutledge was not subsequently confirmed for a regular appointment. No president since Dwight Eisenhower (who made three such appointments) has made a recess appointment to the Supreme Court and the practice has become highly controversial even when applied to lower federal courts. During the 110th Congress, the Democratic leadership of the Senate specifically blocked Republican President George W. Bush from making any recess appointments with the use of pro forma sessions.
In 1960 the Senate passed a resolution stating that it was the sense of the Senate that recess appointments to the Supreme Court should not be made except under unusual circumstances.[21] Being a resolution, it has no legally binding effect, but was intended as an expression of the position of the Senate and as a guide to executive actions. The resolution passed by a vote of 48 to 37, mainly along party lines.[21] [22]
Following is a list of recess appointments that have been made to the Supreme Court:[23]
Justice Appointed by Date of
Appointment Date of
Nomination Date of
Senate action Senate
action
Johnson, ThomasThomas Johnson Washington 000000001791-08-05-0000August 5, 1791 000000001791-10-31-0000October 31, 1791 000000001791-11-07-0000November 7, 1791 Confirmed
Rutledge, JohnJohn Rutledge
(as Chief Justice) Washington 000000001795-07-01-0000July 1, 1795 000000001795-12-10-0000December 10, 1795 000000001795-12-15-0000December 15, 1795 Rejected
Washington, BushrodBushrod Washington J. Adams 000000001798-09-29-0000September 29, 1798 000000001798-12-19-0000December 19, 1798 000000001798-12-20-0000December 20, 1798 Confirmed
Livingston, Henry BrockholstHenry Brockholst Livingston Jefferson 000000001806-11-10-0000November 10, 1806 000000001806-12-15-0000December 15, 1806 000000001806-12-17-0000December 17, 1806 Confirmed
Thompson, SmithSmith Thompson Monroe 000000001823-09-01-0000September 1, 1823 000000001823-12-05-0000December 5, 1823 000000001823-12-09-0000December 9, 1823 Confirmed
McKinley, JohnJohn McKinley Van Buren 000000001837-04-22-0000April 22, 1837 000000001837-09-18-0000September 18, 1837 000000001837-09-25-0000September 25, 1837 Confirmed
Woodbury, LeviLevi Woodbury Polk 000000001845-09-20-0000September 20, 1845 000000001845-12-23-0000December 23, 1845 000000001846-01-03-0000January 3, 1846 Confirmed
Curtis, Benjamin RobbinsBenjamin Robbins Curtis Fillmore 000000001851-09-22-0000September 22, 1851 000000001851-12-11-0000December 11, 1851 000000001851-12-20-0000December 20, 1851 Confirmed
Davis, DavidDavid Davis Lincoln 000000001862-10-17-0000October 17, 1862 000000001862-12-01-0000December 1, 1862 000000001862-12-08-0000December 8, 1862 Confirmed
Warren, EarlEarl Warren
(as Chief Justice) Eisenhower 000000001953-10-02-0000October 2, 1953 000000001954-03-01-0000March 1, 1954 000000001954-03-01-0000March 1, 1954 Confirmed
Brennan, Jr., William J.William J. Brennan, Jr. Eisenhower 000000001956-10-15-0000October 15, 1956 000000001957-01-14-0000January 14, 1957 000000001957-03-19-0000March 19, 1957 Confirmed
Stewart, PotterPotter Stewart Eisenhower 000000001958-10-14-0000October 14, 1958 000000001959-01-17-0000January 17, 1959 000000001959-12-05-0000December 5, 1959 Confirmed
Tenure and vacancies[edit]
The ability of a president to appoint new justices depends on the occurrence of a vacancy on the Court. The Constitution provides that justices "shall hold their offices during good behavior" (unless appointed during a Senate recess). The term "good behavior" is well understood to mean Justices may serve for the remainder of their lives, although they can voluntarily resign or retire. A Justice can also be removed by Congressional impeachment and conviction. However, only one Justice has been impeached by the House (Samuel Chase, in 1805) and he was acquitted in the Senate. Moves to impeach sitting justices have occurred more recently (for example, William O. Douglas was the subject of hearings twice, once in 1953 and again in 1970), but they have not reached a vote in the House. No mechanism presently exists for removing a Justice who is permanently incapacitated by illness or injury, both unable to resign and unable to resume service.[24]
Because Justices have indefinite tenure, it is impossible to know when a vacancy will next occur. Sometimes vacancies arise in quick succession, as in the early 1970s when Lewis Franklin Powell, Jr. and William H. Rehnquist were nominated to replace Hugo Black and John Marshall Harlan II, who retired within a week of each other. Sometimes a great length of time passes between nominations such as the eleven years between Stephen Breyer's nomination in 1994 and the departures of Chief Justice Rehnquist and Justice Sandra Day O'Connor (by death and retirement, respectively) in 2005 and 2006.
It is also theoretically possible for Congress to create additional vacancies by expanding the Court itself. The United States Constitution does not specify the size of the Supreme Court, but in Article III it authorizes the Congress to fix the number of justices. The Judiciary Act of 1789 called for the appointment of six justices. As the country grew geographically, Congress increased the number of justices to correspond with the growing number of judicial circuits. In 1807, the court was expanded to seven members, allowing Thomas Jefferson to appoint Thomas Todd as a new Justice. The expansion to nine members in 1837 allowed Andrew Jackson to appoint John Catron, and Martin Van Buren to appoint John McKinley; and the addition of a tenth seat in 1863 allowed Abraham Lincoln to name Stephen Johnson Field to the Court. However, at the request of Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase, Congress passed the Judicial Circuits Act (1866) which provided that the next three justices to retire would not be replaced; thus, the size of the Court should have eventually reached seven by attrition. Consequently, one seat was removed in 1866 and a second in 1867. However, this law did not play out to completion, for in the Judiciary Act of 1869,[25] also known as the Circuit Judges Act, the number of justices was again set at nine, where it has since remained. The new seat created in 1869 was filled the following year by Ulysses S. Grant's appointment of Joseph P. Bradley - the last justice to be appointed to a newly created seat on the Court.
President Franklin D. Roosevelt attempted to expand the Court in 1937, seeking to appoint an additional justice for each incumbent justice who reached the age of 70 years 6 months and refused retirement; under Roosevelt's proposal, such appointments would continue until the Court reached a maximum size of 15 justices. Ostensibly, the proposal was made to ease the burdens of the docket on the elderly judges, but the President's actual purpose was to pack the Court with justices who would support New Deal policies and legislation.[26] This plan, usually called the "Court-packing Plan", failed in Congress and proved a political disaster for Roosevelt.[27] The balance of the Court shifted with the retirement of Willis Van Devanter and the confirmation of Hugo Black in August 1937. By the end of 1941, Roosevelt had appointed seven Supreme Court justices and elevated Harlan Fiske Stone to Chief Justice.[28]
Despite the variability, nearly all Presidents so far have been able to appoint at least one Justice. The four exceptions are William Henry Harrison, Zachary Taylor, Andrew Johnson, and Jimmy Carter. Harrison died a month after taking office, though his successor (John Tyler) made an appointment during that presidential term. Taylor likewise died early in his presidential term, although his successor (Millard Fillmore) also made a Supreme Court nomination before the end of that term. Johnson was denied the opportunity to appoint a Justice by a contraction in the size of the Supreme Court, which Congress may dictate. Jimmy Carter is the only President who completed at least one full term in office without making a nomination to the Court during his presidency.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ See Black, Ryan C.; Owens, Ryan J. "Courting the President: How Circuit Court Judges Alter Their Behavior for Promotion to the Supreme Court". American Journal of Political Science. 60 (1): 30–43. doi:10.1111/ajps.12132.
Jump up ^ Todd S., Purdum (July 5, 2005). "Presidents, Picking Justices, Can Have Backfires". Courts in Transition: Nominees and History. New York Times. p. A4. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b Tom Curry (Nov 5, 2005). "A guide to the Supreme Court nomination (quote:) "...1939, when he went before the Judiciary Committee, nominee Felix Frankfurter told senators..."". MSNBC.com. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
^ Jump up to: a b STEPHEN L. CARTER (May 9, 2009). "Let the Nominee Stay Home (quote:) "...The first was John Marshall Harlan in 1955, who declined invitations to discuss either specific cases or judicial philosophy as 'a matter of propriety'..."". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
Jump up ^ "United States Senate. "Nominations"".
Jump up ^ Jim Brunner (24 March 2017). "Sen. Patty Murray will oppose Neil Gorsuch for Supreme Court". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 9 April 2017. In a statement Friday morning, Murray cited Republicans’ refusal to confirm or even seriously consider President Obama’s nomination of Judge Merrick Garland, a similarly well-qualified jurist — and went on to lambaste President Trump’s conduct in his first few months in office. [...] And Murray added she’s "deeply troubled" by Gorsuch’s "extreme conservative perspective on women’s health," citing his "inability" to state a clear position on Roe v. Wade, the landmark abortion-legalization decision, and his comments about the "Hobby Lobby" decision allowing employers to refuse to provide birth-control coverage.
Jump up ^ McCaskill, Claire (31 March 2017). "Gorsuch:Good for corporations, bad for working people". Retrieved 9 April 2017. I cannot support Judge Gorsuch because a study of his opinions reveal a rigid ideology that always puts the little guy under the boot of corporations. He is evasive, but his body of work isn’t. Whether it is a freezing truck driver or an autistic child, he has shown a stunning lack of humanity. And he has been an activist - for example, writing a dissent on a case that had been settled, in what appears to be an attempt to audition for his current nomination.
Jump up ^ Schallhorn, Kaitlyn (23 March 2017). "Schumer: Democrats will filibuster SCOTUS nominee Neil Gorsuch". The Blaze. Retrieved 7 April 2017. Schumer added that Gorsuch’s record shows he has a "deep-seated conservative ideology" and "groomed by the Federalist Society," a conservative nonprofit legal organization.
Jump up ^ Matt Flegenheimer (6 April 2017). "Senate Republicans Deploy 'Nuclear Option' to Clear Path for Gorsuch". New York Times. After Democrats held together Thursday morning and filibustered President Trump’s nominee, Republicans voted to lower the threshold for advancing Supreme Court nominations from 60 votes to a simple majority.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Senate: Supreme Court Nominations, Present-1789". United States Senate. Retrieved 8 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Stakes Of The 2016 Election Just Got Much, Much Higher". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
Jump up ^ McMillion, Barry J. (19 October 2015). "Supreme Court Appointment Process: Senate Debate and Confirmation Vote" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Balkin, Jack M. "The passionate intensity of the confirmation process". Jurist. Archived from the original on 17 February 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-13.
Jump up ^ George F. Will (May 27, 2009). "Identity Justice: Obama's Conventional Choice". Washington Post. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
Jump up ^ NEIL A. LEWIS (June 27, 1993). "Balanced Jurist at Home in the Middle". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
Jump up ^ Steve Padilla (July 15, 2009). "Sotomayor hearings: The grilling of Supreme Court nominees is a relatively new invention (quote:) "Harlan Stone became the first Supreme Court nominee to appear and testify before the Judiciary Committee in 1925" ALSO "Every nominee to the high court since President Eisenhower's 1955 nomination of John Harlan has testified before the committee."". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
^ Jump up to: a b "COURT IN TRANSITION; Republicans Speak of Respect of Roberts's Peers, and Democrats Issue Warnings -- their sources: Courts and Congress by Judge Robert A. Katzmann; Senate transcripts". New York Times. September 16, 2005. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
Jump up ^ Rutkus, Supreme Court Nominations, p. 57
Jump up ^ 5 U.S.C. § 2902.
Jump up ^ See 28 U.S.C. § 4.
^ Jump up to: a b Fisher, Louis (2001-09-05). "Recess Appointments of Federal Judges" (PDF). CRSN Report for Congress. Congressional Research Service. The Library of Congress. RL31112: 16–18. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 August 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-06. Resolved, That it is the sense of the Senate that the making of recess appointments to the Supreme Court of the United States may not be wholly consistent with the best interests of the Supreme Court, the nominee who may be involved, the litigants before the Court, nor indeed the people of the United States, and that such appointments, therefore, should not be made except under unusual circumstances and for the purpose of preventing or ending a demonstrable breakdown in the administration of the Court’s business.
Jump up ^ Democrats supported the resolution 48-4, and Republicans opposed it 33-0.
Jump up ^ Denis Steven Rutkus & Maureen Bearden, Supreme Court Nominations, 1789-2009: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President, Cong. Research Serv. (May 13, 2009).
Jump up ^ Appel, Jacob M. (2009-08-22). "Anticipating the Incapacitated Justice". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2009-08-23.
Jump up ^ 16 Stat. 44
Jump up ^ Mintz, S. (2007). "The New Deal in Decline". Digital History. University of Houston. Archived from the original on 2008-05-05. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
Jump up ^ Hodak, George (2007). "February 5, 1937: FDR Unveils Court Packing Plan". ABAjournal.com. American Bar Association. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
Jump up ^ "Justices, Number of", in Hall, Ely Jr., Grossman, and Wiecek (editors), The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. Oxford University Press 1992, ISBN 0-19-505835-6
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