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Fundamental rights in India
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Fundamental Rights are the basic rights of the people and the charter of rights contained in Part III(Article 12 to 35) of Constitution of India. It guarantees civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India. These include individual rights common to most liberal democracies, such as equality before law, freedom of speech and expression, religious and cultural freedom and peaceful assembly, freedom to practice religion, and the right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writs such as habeas corpus, Mandamus,Prohibition, Certiorari and Quo Warranto. Violation of these rights result in punishments as prescribed in the Indian Penal Code or other special laws, subject to discretion of the judiciary. The Fundamental Rights are defined as basic human freedoms that every Indian citizen has the right to enjoy for a proper and harmonious development of personality. These rights universally apply to all citizens, irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste or gender. Though the rights conferred by the constitution other than fundamental rights are equally valid and their enforcement in case of violation shall be secured from the judiciary in a time consuming legal process. However, in case of fundamental rights violation, Supreme court of India can be approached directly for ultimate justice per Article 32. The Rights have their origins in many sources, including England's Bill of Rights, the United States Bill of Rights and France's Declaration of the Rights of Man.
The seven fundamental rights recognised by the Indian constitution are:
Right to equality: Which includes equality before law, prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, gender or place of birth, and equality of opportunity in matters of employment, abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles. Right to equality is provided from Article 14 to Article 18 of Indian constitution.
Right to freedom: Which includes freedom of speech and expression, assembly, association or union or cooperatives, movement, residence, and right to practice any profession or occupation, right to life and liberty, protection in respect to conviction in offences and protection against arrest and detention in certain cases. Right to freedom is provided from Article 19 ,20 ,21, 22 of constitution.
Right against exploitation: Which prohibits all forms of forced labour, child labour and trafficking of human beings. It is provided under Articles 23 and 24 of Indian constitution.
Right to freedom of religion: Which includes freedom of conscience and free profession, practice, and propagation of religion, freedom to manage religious affairs, freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes. Article 25 to 28 enumerates the right to freedom of religion.
Cultural and Educational rights: Preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture, language or script, and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice. Article 29 and Article 30 of Indian constitution provides for cultural and educational rights.
Right to constitutional remedies: Which is present for enforcement of Fundamental Rights. It is provided under Article 32 to 35 of Indian constitution.
Right to Privacy: Which is an intrinsic part of Article 21 that protects life and liberty of the citizens.[1]
Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices. Specifically, they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime). They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions. They are covered in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of Indian constitution.
Contents
[hide]
1 Genesis
2 Significance and characteristics
3 Right to equality
4 Right to freedom
5 Right against exploitation
6 Right to freedom of religion
7 Right to life
8 Cultural and Educational rights
9 Right to constitutional remedies
10 Right to Privacy
11 Critical analysis
12 Amendments
13 Fundamental rights not sacrosanct
13.1 Validity of Article 31B
13.2 Amendment to Article 31C
13.3 Right to property
13.4 Right to education
14 See also
15 References
16 Footnotes
Genesis[edit]
The development of constitutionally guaranteed fundamental human rights in India was inspired by historical examples such as England's Bill of Rights (1689), the United States Bill of Rights (approved on 17 September 1787, final ratification on 15 December 1791) and France's Declaration of the Rights of Man (created during the revolution of 1789, and ratified on 26 August 1789).[2]
In 1919, the Rowlatt Act gave extensive powers to the British government and police, and allowed indefinite arrest and detention of individuals, warrant-less searches and seizures, restrictions on public gatherings, and intensive censorship of media and publications. The public opposition to this act eventually led to mass campaigns of non-violent civil disobedience throughout the country demanding guaranteed civil freedoms, and limitations on government power. Indians, who were seeking independence and their own government, were particularly influenced by the independence of Ireland and the development of the Irish constitution. Also, the directive principles of state policy in Irish constitution were looked upon by the people of India as an inspiration for the independent India's government to comprehensively tackle complex social and economic challenges across a vast, diverse nation and population.
In 1938, the Nehru Commission composing of representatives of Indian political parties proposed constitutional reforms for India that apart from calling for dominion status for India and elections under universal suffrage, would guarantee rights deemed fundamental, representation for religious and ethnic minorities, and limit the powers of the government. In 1931, the Indian National Congress (the largest Indian political party of the time) adopted resolutions committing itself to the defence of fundamental civil rights, as well as socio-economic rights such as the minimum wage and the abolition of untouchability and serfdom.[3] Committing themselves to socialism in 1936, the Congress leaders took examples from the Constitution of the Soviet Union, which inspired the fundamental duties of citizens as a means of collective patriotic responsibility for national interests and challenges.
Task of developing a constitution for the nation was undertaken by the Constituent Assembly of India, composing of elected representatives. The Constituent Assembly first met on December 9, 1946 under the presidency of Dr. Sachidanand later Dr. Rajendra Prasad was made its President. While members of Congress composed of a large majority, Congress leaders appointed persons from diverse political backgrounds to responsibilities of developing the constitution and national laws.[4] Notably, Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar became the chairperson of the drafting committee, while Jawaharlal Nehru and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel became chairpersons of committees and sub-committees responsible for different subjects. A notable development during that period having significant effect on the Indian constitution took place on 10 December 1948 when the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and called upon all member states to adopt these rights in their respective constitutions.
The fundamental rights were included in the First Draft Constitution (February 1948), the Second Draft Constitution (17 October 1948) and final Third Draft Constitution (26 November 1949), prepared by the Drafting Committee.
Significance and characteristics[edit]
The fundamental rights were included in the constitution because they were considered essential for the development of the personality of every individual and to preserve human dignity. The writers of the constitution regarded democracy of no avail if civil liberties, like freedom of speech and religion were not recognised and protected by the State.[5] According to them, "democracy" is, in essence, a government by opinion and therefore, the means of formulating public opinion should be secured to the people of a democratic nation. For this purpose, the constitution guaranteed to all the citizens of India the freedom of speech and expression and various other freedoms in the form of the fundamental rights.[6]
Rights
Theoretical distinctions
Claim rights and liberty rights
Individual and group rights
Natural and legal rights
Negative and positive rights
Human rights
Civil and political
Economic, social and cultural
Three generations
Rights by beneficiary
Animals
Authors
Children
Consumers
Creditors
Elders
Fathers
Fetuses
Gun owners
Humans
Natives
Intersex
Kings
LGBT
Men
Minorities
Mothers
Patients
Plants
Prisoners
Students
Victims
Women
Workers
Youth
Disabled persons
Other groups of rights
Civil liberties
Digital
Linguistic
Property
Reproductive
Self-determination of people
Water and sanitation
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All people, irrespective of race, religion, caste or sex, have been given the right to petition directly the Supreme Court or the High Courts for the enforcement of their fundamental rights. It is not necessary that the aggrieved party has to be the one to do so. Poverty stricken people may not have the means to do so and therefore, in the public interest, anyone can commence litigation in the court on their behalf. This is known as "Public interest litigation".[7] In some cases, High Court judges have acted suo moto on their own on the basis of newspaper reports.
These fundamental rights help not only in protection but also the prevention of gross violations of human rights. They emphasise on the fundamental unity of India by guaranteeing to all citizens the access and use of the same facilities, irrespective of background. Some fundamental rights apply for persons of any nationality whereas others are available only to the citizens of India. The right to life and personal liberty is available to all people and so is the right to freedom of religion. On the other hand, freedoms of speech and expression and freedom to reside and settle in any part of the country are reserved to citizens alone, including non-resident Indian citizens.[8] The right to equality in matters of public employment cannot be conferred to overseas citizens of India.[9]
Fundamental rights primarily protect individuals from any arbitrary state actions, but some rights are enforceable against individuals.[10] For instance, the Constitution abolishes untouchability and also prohibits begar. These provisions act as a check both on state action as well as the action of private individuals. However, these rights are not absolute or uncontrolled and are subject to reasonable restrictions as necessary for the protection of general welfare. They can also be selectively curtailed. The Supreme Court has ruled[11] that all provisions of the Constitution, including fundamental rights can be amended. However, the Parliament cannot alter the basic structure of the constitution. Since the fundamental rights can be altered only by a constitutional amendment, their inclusion is a check not only on the executive branch but also on the Parliament and state legislatures.[12]
A state of national emergency has an adverse effect on these rights. Under such a state, the rights conferred by Article 19 (freedoms of speech, assembly and movement, etc.) remain suspended. Hence, in such a situation, the legislature may make laws that go against the rights given in Article 19. Also, the President may by order suspend the right to move court for the enforcement of other rights as well.
Right to equality[edit]
Right to equality is an important and meaningful right provided for in Articles 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18 of the constitution. It is the principal foundation of all other rights and liberties, and guarantees the following:
Equality before law: Article 14 of the constitution guarantees that all people shall be equally protected by the laws of the country. It means that the State[5] will treat people in the same circumstances alike. This article also means that individuals, whether citizens of India or otherwise shall be treated differently if the circumstances are different.
Social equality and equal access to public areas: Article 15 of the constitution states that no person shall be discriminated on the basis of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth. Every person shall have equal access to public places like public parks, museums, wells, bathing ghats and temples etc. However, the State may make any special provision for women and children. Special provisions may be made for the advancements of any socially or educationally backward class or scheduled castes or scheduled tribes.
Equality in matters of public employment: Article 16 of the constitution lays down that the State cannot discriminate against anyone in the matters of employment. All citizens can apply for government jobs. There are some exceptions. The Parliament may enact a law stating that certain jobs can be filled only by applicants who are domiciled in the area. This may be meant for posts that require knowledge of the locality and language of the area. The State may also reserve posts for members of backward classes, scheduled castes or scheduled tribes which are not adequately represented in the services under the State to bring up the weaker sections of the society. Also, there a law may be passed that requires that the holder of an office of any religious institution shall also be a person professing that particular religion. According to the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2003, this right shall not be conferred to Overseas citizens of India.[9]
Abolition of untouchability: Article 17 of the constitution abolishes the practice of untouchability. Practice of untouchability is an offence and anyone doing so is punishable by law. The Untouchability Offences Act of 1955 (renamed to Protection of Civil Rights Act in 1976) provided penalties for preventing a person from entering a place of worship or from taking water from a tank or well.
Abolition of Titles: Article 18 of the constitution prohibits the State from conferring any titles. Citizens of India cannot accept titles from a foreign State. The British government had created an aristocratic class known as Rai Bahadurs and Khan Bahadurs in India – these titles were also abolished. However, Military and academic distinctions can be conferred on the citizens of India. The awards of Bharat Ratna and Padma Vibhushan cannot be used by the recipient as a title and do not, accordingly, come within the constitutional prohibition".[13] The Supreme Court, on 15 December 1995, upheld the validity of such awards.
Right to freedom[edit]
The Constitution of India contains the right to freedom, given[14] in articles 19, 20, 21, 21A and with the view of guaranteeing individual rights that were considered vital by the framers of the constitution. It is a cluster of four main laws. The right to freedom in Article 19 guarantees the following six freedoms:
Freedom of speech and expression, on which the State can impose reasonable restrictions in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, decency or morality or in relation to contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an offence.[15]
Freedom to assemble peacefully without arms on which the State can impose reasonable restrictions in the interest of public order and the sovereignty and integrity of India.
The Freedom to form associations or unions or co-operative societies on which the State can impose reasonable restrictions in the interest of public order, morality and the sovereignty and integrity of India.
Freedom to move freely throughout the territory of India though reasonable restrictions can be imposed on this right in the interest of the general public, for example, restrictions may be imposed on movement and travelling, so as to control epidemics.
Freedom to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India, subject to reasonable restrictions by the State in the interest of the general public or for the protection of the scheduled tribes because certain safeguards as are envisaged here seem to be justified to protect indigenous and tribal peoples from exploitation and coercion.[16] Article 370 restricts citizens from other Indian states and Kashmiri women who marry men from other states from purchasing land or property in Jammu & Kashmir.[17]
Freedom to practice any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade or business on which the State may impose reasonable restrictions in the interest of the general public. Thus, there is no right to carry on a business which is dangerous or immoral. Also, professional or technical qualifications may be prescribed for practising any profession or carrying on any trade.
Article 21A gives education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in such manner as the State may, by law, determine.
The constitution also imposes restrictions on these rights. The government restricts these freedoms in the interest of the independence, sovereignty and integrity of India. In the interest of morality and public order, the government can also impose restrictions. However, the right to life and personal liberty cannot be suspended. The six freedoms are also automatically suspended or have restrictions imposed on them during a state of emergency.
Right to Information (RTI)
Right to Information has been given the status of a fundamental right under Article 19(1) of the Constitution in 2005. Article 19 (1) under which every citizen has freedom of speech and expression and have the right to know how the government works, what role does it play, what are its functions and so on.[18]
Right against exploitation[edit]
Child labour and Begar is prohibited under Right against exploitation.
The right against exploitation, given in Articles 23 and 24, provides for two provisions, namely the abolition of trafficking in human beings and Begar (forced labour), and abolition of employment of children below the age of 14 years in dangerous jobs like factories, mines, etc. Child labour is considered a gross violation of the spirit and provisions of the constitution. Begar, practised in the past by landlords, has been declared a crime and is punishable by law. Trafficking in humans for the purpose of slave trade or prostitution is also prohibited by law. An exception is made in employment without payment for compulsory services for public purposes. Compulsory military conscription is covered by this provision.
Right to freedom of religion[edit]
Right to freedom of religion, covered in Articles 25, 26, 27 and 28, provides religious freedom to all citizens of India. The objective of this right is to sustain the principle of secularism in India. According to the Constitution, all religions are equal before the State and no religion shall be given preference over the other. Citizens are free to preach, practice and propagate any religion of their choice.
Religious communities can set up charitable institutions of their own. However, activities in such institutions that are not religious are performed according to the laws laid down by the government. Establishing a charitable institution can also be restricted in the interest of public order, morality and health. No person shall be compelled to pay taxes for the promotion of a particular religion. A State run institution cannot be impart education that is pro-religion. Also, nothing in this article shall affect the operation of any existing law or prevent the State from making any further law regulating or restricting any economic, financial, political or other secular activity that may be associated with religious practice, or providing for social welfare and reform.
Right to life[edit]
The constitution guarantees the right to life and personal liberty, which in turn cites specific provisions in which these rights are applied and enforced:
Protection with respect to conviction for offences is guaranteed in the right to life and personal liberty. According to Article 20, no one can be awarded punishment which is more than what the law of the land prescribes at that time. This legal axiom is based on the principle that no criminal law can be made retrospective, that is, for an act to become an offence, the essential condition is that it should have been an offence legally at the time of committing it. Moreover, no person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. "Compulsion" in this article refers to what in law is called "Duress" (injury, beating or unlawful imprisonment to make a person do something that he does not want to do). This article is known as a safeguard against self incrimination. The other principle enshrined in this article is known as the principle of double jeopardy, that is, no person can be convicted twice for the same offence, which has been derived from Anglo Saxon law. This principle was first established in the Magna Carta.
Protection of life and personal liberty is also stated under right to life and personal liberty. Article 21 declares that no citizen can be denied his life and liberty except by law. This means that a person's life and personal liberty can be disputed only if that person has committed a crime. However, the right to life does not include the right to die and hence, suicide or an attempt thereof, is an offence. (Attempted suicide being interpreted as a crime has seen many debates. The Supreme Court of India gave a landmark ruling in 1994. The court repealed section 309 of the Indian penal code, under which people attempting suicide could face prosecution and prison terms of up to one year.[19] In 1996 however another Supreme Court ruling nullified the earlier one.[20]) "Personal liberty" includes all the freedoms which are not included in Article 19 (that is, the six freedoms). The right to travel abroad is also covered under "personal liberty" in Article 21.[21]
In 2002, through the 86th Amendment Act,Article 21(A) was incorporated. It made the right to primary education part of the right to freedom, stating that the State would provide free and compulsory education to children from six to fourteen years of age.[22] Six years after an amendment was made in the Indian Constitution, the union cabinet cleared the Right to Education Bill in 2008.[23]
Rights of a person arrested under ordinary circumstances is laid down in the right to life and personal liberty. No one can be arrested without being told the grounds for his arrest. If arrested, the person has the right to defend himself by a lawyer of his choice. Also an arrested citizen has to be brought before the nearest magistrate within 24 hours. The rights of a person arrested under ordinary circumstances are not available to an enemy alien. They are also not available to persons detained under the Preventive Detention Act. Under preventive detention, the government can imprison a person for a maximum of three months. It means that if the government feels that a person being at liberty can be a threat to the law and order or to the unity and integrity of the nation, it can detain or arrest that person to prevent him from doing this possible harm. After three months such a case is brought before an advisory board for review.
Cultural and Educational rights[edit]
The Flag of India
As India is a country of many languages, religions, and cultures, the Constitution provides special measures, in Articles 29 and 30, to protect the rights of the minorities. Any community that has a language and a script of its own has the right to conserve and develop it. No citizen can be discriminated against for admission in State or State aided institutions.
All minorities, or linguistic, can set up their own educational institutions to preserve and develop their own culture. In granting aid to institutions, the State cannot discriminate against any institution on the basis of the fact that it is administered by a minority institution. But the right to administer does not mean that the State cannot interfere in case of maladministration. In a precedent-setting judgement in 1980, the Supreme Court held that the State can certainly take regulatory measures to promote the efficiency and excellence of educational standards. It can also issue guidelines for ensuring the security of the services of the teachers or other employees of the institution. In another landmark judgement delivered on 31 October 2002, the Supreme Court ruled that in case of aided minority institutions offering professional courses, admission could be only through a common entrance test conducted by State or a university. Even an unaided minority institution ought not to ignore the merit of the students for admission.
Right to constitutional remedies[edit]
Right to constitutional remedies [Article 32 to 35] empowers the citizens to move a court of law in case of any denial of the fundamental rights. For instance, in case of imprisonment, any citizen can ask the court to see if it is according to the provisions of the law of the country by lodging a PIL. If the court finds that it is not, the person will have to be freed. This procedure of asking the courts to preserve or safeguard the citizens' fundamental rights can be done in various ways. The courts can issue various kinds of writs. These writs are habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar rightly declared Right to constitutional remedies as "the heart and soul" of Indian constitution. When a national or state emergency is declared, this right is suspended by the central government.
Article 32 is also called citizens right to protect and defend the constitution as it can be used by the citizens to enforce the constitution through the judiciary.
Right to Privacy[edit]
The right to privacy is protected as an intrinsic part of the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21 and as a part of the freedoms guaranteed by Part III of the Constitution. It protects the inner sphere of the individual from interference from both State, and non-State actors and allows the individuals to make autonomous life choices. On 24 August 2017 the Supreme Court[24] ruled that:
"Right to Privacy is an integral part of Right to Life and Personal Liberty guaranteed in Article 21 of the Constitution,"
—  Supreme Court
Critical analysis[edit]
The fundamental rights have been revised for many reasons. Political groups have demanded that the right to work, the right to economic assistance in case of unemployment, old age, and similar rights be enshrined as constitutional guarantees to address issues of poverty and economic insecurity,[25] though these provisions have been enshrined in the Directive Principles of state policy.[26] The right to freedom and personal liberty has a number of limiting clauses, and thus have been criticised for failing to check the sanctioning of powers often deemed "excessive".[25] There is also the provision of preventive detention and suspension of fundamental rights in times of Emergency. The provisions of acts like the Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA), Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act and the National Security Act (NSA) are a means of countering the fundamental rights, because they sanction excessive powers with the aim of fighting internal and cross-border terrorism and political violence, without safeguards for civil rights.[25] The phrases "security of State", "public order" and "morality" are of wide implication. People of alternate sexuality are criminalised in India with prison term up to 10 years. The meaning of phrases like "reasonable restrictions" and "the interest of public order" have not been explicitly stated in the constitution, and this ambiguity leads to unnecessary litigation.[25] The freedom to assemble peaceably and without arms is exercised, but in some cases, these meetings are broken up by the police through the use of non-fatal methods.[27][28]
"Freedom of press" has not been included in the right to freedom, which is necessary for formulating public opinion and to make freedom of expression more legitimate.[25] Employment of child labour in hazardous job environments has been reduced, but their employment even in non-hazardous jobs, including their prevalent employment as domestic help violates the spirit and ideals of the constitution. More than 16.5 million children are employed and working in India.[29] India was ranked 88 out of 159 in 2005, according to the degree to which corruption is perceived to exist among public officials and politicians worldwide. But in 2014, India has improved marginally to a rank of 85.[30][31] The right to equality in matters regarding public employment shall not be conferred to overseas citizens of India, according to the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2003.[9]
As per Article 19 of Part III of the Indian constitution, the fundamental rights of people such as freedom of speech and expression, gathering peaceably without arms and forming associations or unions shall not effect the interests of the sovereignty[32] and integrity of India but not unity of India. The words sovereignty and integrity are the qualities to be cultivated / emulated by Indian people as urged by the Indian constitution but not used related to territory of India. Article 1 of Part 1 of the Indian constitution,defines India (Bharat) as union of states. In nutshell, India is its people not its land as enshrined in its constitution.
Since speedy trial is not the constitutional right of the citizens, the cases involving violations of fundamental rights take inordinate time for resolution by the Supreme Court which is against the legal maxim 'justice delayed is justice denied'.[33]
Amendments[edit]
Changes to the fundamental rights require a constitutional amendment, which has to be passed by a special majority of both houses of Parliament. This means that an amendment requires the approval of two-thirds of the members present and voting. However, the number of members voting in support of the amendment shall not be less than the simple majority of the total members of a house – whether the Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha.
Fundamental rights not sacrosanct[edit]
While deciding the Golaknath case in February 1967, Supreme Court ruled that the Parliament has no power to curtail the fundamental rights. They were made permanent and sacrosanct reversing the Supreme Court's earlier decision which had upheld Parliament's power to amend all parts of the Constitution, including Part III related to Fundamental Rights. Up till the 24th constitutional amendment in 1971, the fundamental rights given to the people were permanent and can not be repealed or diluted by the Parliament. 24th constitutional amendment introduced a new Article 13(4) enabling Parliament to legislate on the subjects of Part III of the constitution using its constituent powers per Article 368 (1). In the year 1973, the 13 member constitutional bench of supreme court also upheld with majority the validity of 24th constitutional amendment. However it ruled that Basic structure of the constitution which is built on the basic foundation representing the dignity and freedom of the individual. This is of supreme importance and cannot be destroyed by any form of amendment to the constitution.[34] Many constitutional amendments to Part III of the constitution were made deleting or adding or diluting the fundamental rights before the judgement of Golaknath case (Constitutional amendments 1,4,7 and 16) and after the validity of 24th constitutional amendment is upheld by the Supreme Court (Constitutional amendments 25,42,44,50,77,81,85,86,93 and 97).
Validity of Article 31B[edit]
Articles 31A and Article 31B are added by First constitutional amendment in 1951. Article 31B says that any acts and regulations included in the Ninth Schedule of the constitution by the Parliament can override the fundamental rights and such laws can not be repealed or made void by the judiciary on the grounds of violating fundamental rights. In 2007, Supreme Court ruled that there could not be any blanket immunity from judicial review for the laws inserted in the Ninth Schedule. Apex court also stated it shall examine laws included in the Ninth Schedule after 1973 for any incompatibility with the basic structure doctrine.[35]
Amendment to Article 31C[edit]
Section 4 of the 42nd Amendment, had changed Article 31C of the constitution to accord precedence to the Directive Principles (earlier applicable only to clauses b & c of Article 39) over the fundamental rights of individuals. In Minerva Mills v. Union of India case, supreme court ruled that the amendment to the Article 31C is not valid and ultra vires.
Right to property[edit]
The Constitution originally provided for the right to property under Articles 19 and 31. Article 19 guaranteed to all citizens the right to acquire, hold and dispose of property. Article 31 provided that "no person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law." It also provided that compensation would be paid to a person whose property has been taken for public purposes.
The provisions relating to the right to property were changed a number of times. The Forty-Fourth Amendment of 1978 deleted the right to property from the list of fundamental rights[36] A new provision, Article 300-A, was added to the constitution, which provided that "no person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law". Thus if a legislature makes a law depriving a person of his property, there would be no obligation on the part of the State to pay anything as compensation. The aggrieved person shall have no right to move the court under Article 32. Thus, the right to property is no longer a fundamental right, though it is still a constitutional right. If the government appears to have acted unfairly, the action can be challenged in a court of law by aggrieved citizens.[25]
The liberalisation of the economy and the government's initiative to set up special economic zones has led to many protests by farmers and have led to calls for the reinstatement of the fundamental right to private property.[37] The Supreme Court has sent a notice to the government questioning why the right should not be brought back but in 2010 the court rejected the PIL[38]
Right to education[edit]
The right to education at elementary level has been made one of the fundamental rights in 2002 under the Eighty-Sixth Amendment of 2002.[22] However this right was brought in to implementation after eight years in 2010. Article 21A – On 2 April 2010, India joined a group of few countries in the world, with a historic law making education a fundamental right of every child coming into force.[39] Making elementary education an entitlement for children in the 6–14 age group, the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act will directly benefit children who do not go to school at present. This act provides for appointment of teachers with the requisite entry and academic qualifications.
The former Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh announced the operationalisation of the Act. Children, who had either dropped out of schools or never been to any educational institution, will get elementary education as it will be binding on the part of the local and State governments to ensure that all children in the 6–14 age group get schooling. As per the Act, private educational institutions should reserve 25 per cent seats for children from the weaker sections of society. The Centre and the States have agreed to share the financial burden in the ratio of 55:45, while the Finance Commission has given Rs.250 billion to the States for implementing the Act. The Centre has approved an outlay of Rs.150 billion for 2010–2011.
The school management committee or the local authority will identify the drop-outs or out-of-school children aged above six and admit them in classes appropriate to their age after giving special training.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Constitution of India/Part III
See also[edit]
Lawmaking procedure in India
President's rule
President of India
Federalism in India
Part I of the Constitution of India
List of amendments of the Constitution of India
List of Acts of the Parliament of India
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-41033954
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Jump up ^ Gandhi, Rajmohan. Patel: A Life. p. 206.
Jump up ^ UNI. "Sardar Patel was the real architect of the Constitution". Rediff.com. Retrieved 2006-05-15.
^ Jump up to: a b The term "State" includes all authorities within the territory of India. It includes the Government of India, the Parliament of India, the Government and legislature of the states of India. It also includes all local or other authorities such as Municipal Corporations, Municipal Boards, District Boards, Panchayats etc. To avoid confusion with the term states and territories of India, State (encompassing all the authorities in India) has been capitalised and the term state (referring to the state governments) is in lowercase.
Jump up ^ Laski, Harold Joseph (1930). Liberty in the Modern State. New York and London: Harpers and Brothers.
Jump up ^ "Bodhisattwa Gautam vs. Subhra Chakraborty; 1995 ICHRL 69". www.worldlii.org, World Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 2006-05-25. This was the case where Public interest litigation was introduced (date of ruling 15 December 1995).
Jump up ^ Tayal, B.B. & Jacob, A. (2005), Indian History, World Developments and Civics, pg. A-25
^ Jump up to: a b c "Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2003" (PDF). rajyasabha.nic.in/, Rajya Sabha. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2006. Retrieved 2006-05-25.
Jump up ^ "Bodhisattwa Gautam vs. Subhra Chakraborty; 1995 ICHRL 69". www.worldlii.org, World Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 2006-05-25. This was the case where fundamental rights were enforced against private individuals (date of ruling 15 December 1995).
Jump up ^ Kesavananda Bharati vs. The State of Kerala; AIR 1973 S.C. 1461, (1973) 4 SCC 225 – In what became famously known as the "Fundamental Rights case", the Supreme Court decided that the basic structure of the Constitution of India was unamendable
Jump up ^ Tayal, B.B. & Jacob, A. (2005), Indian History, World Developments and Civics, pg. A-24
Jump up ^ Basu, Durga Das (1988). Shorter Constitution of India. New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India. Basu, Durga Das (1993). Introduction to the Constitution of India. New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India.
Jump up ^ Democratic Politics Class 9. NCERT.
Jump up ^ "Article 19 in The Constitution Of India 1949". Indiankanoon.org. Retrieved 2015-05-29.
Jump up ^ Pylee, M.V. (1999). India's Constitution. New Delhi: S. Chand and Company. ISBN 81-219-1907-X.
Jump up ^ Vasudha Dhagamwar (4 May 2004). "The price of a Bill". Retrieved 24 March 2009.
Jump up ^ "Home: Central Information Commission (CIC) Online". rti.india.gov.in. Retrieved 2016-02-10.
Jump up ^ Nandan G (May 1994). "Indian grants right to suicide". BMJ. 308 (6941): 1392. doi:10.1136/bmj.308.6941.1392.
Jump up ^ Paper 3: Abolition and Restoration of Section 309 IPC – an overview by BR Sharma, A Sharma, D Harish: Anil Aggrawal's Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine: Vol. 7, No. 1 (January – June 2006) Archived 25 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India; AIR 1978 S.C. 597, (1978).
^ Jump up to: a b 86th Amendment Act, 2002.
Jump up ^ right to education bill Archived 26 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine..
Jump up ^ "Justice KS Puttaswamy v. Union of India" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Tayal, B.B. & Jacob, A. (2005), Indian History, World Developments and Civics, pg. A-33
Jump up ^ Constitution of India-Part IV Article 41 Directive Principles of State Policy.
Jump up ^ Senior Inspector justifies lathi-charge[permanent dead link] during the 2006 Indian anti-reservation protests
Jump up ^ Lathi Charge in Mumbai during the 2006 Indian anti-reservation protests
Jump up ^ "Child labour in India". Archived from the original on 12 July 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2006.
Jump up ^ https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results
Jump up ^ Index of perception of corruption, published by Transparency International.
Jump up ^ Sovereign means possessing supreme or ultimate power. "in modern democracies the people's will is in theory sovereign" synonyms: supreme, absolute, unlimited, unrestricted, unrestrained, unbounded, boundless, infinite, ultimate, total, unconditional, full, utter, paramount; principal, chief, dominant, predominant
Jump up ^ "What causes judicial delay? Judgements diluting time frames in Code of Civil Procedure worsen the problem of adjournments". Retrieved 13 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Paras 316 and 317 of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, (AIR 1973 SC 1461)". 1973. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "IX Schedule laws open to review". 2007. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
Jump up ^ 44th Amendment Act, 1978.
Jump up ^ Mahapatra, Dhananjay (28 February 2009). "Should right to property return?". The Times of India. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Court rejects plea to make property a fundamental right". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 19 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Education is now a fundamental right of every child". Hindustan Times. 1 April 2010. Archived from the original on 9 July 2010. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
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List of Drama Stage episodes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This is a list of episodes of the South Korean TV series Drama Stage in 2017. The show airs on tvN.
Contents
[hide]
1 Episode 1
1.1 Title
1.2 Cast
1.3 Notes
2 Episode 2
2.1 Title
2.2 Cast
2.3 Notes
3 Episode 3
3.1 Title
3.2 Cast
4 Episode 4
4.1 Title
4.2 Cast
5 Episode 5
5.1 Title
5.2 Cast
5.3 Notes
6 Episode 6
6.1 Title
6.2 Cast
6.3 Notes
7 Episode 7
7.1 Title
7.2 Cast
8 Episode 8
8.1 Title
8.2 Cast
8.3 Notes
9 Episode 9
9.1 Title
9.2 Cast
9.3 Notes
10 Episode 10
10.1 Title
10.2 Cast
10.3 Notes
11 References
12 External links
Episode 1[edit]
Title[edit]
Assistant Manager Park's Private Life (Hangul: 박대리의 은밀한 사생활; RR: Bakdaeriui Eunmilhan Sasaenghwal)
Cast[edit]
Lee Joo-seung as Park Jong-hyuk
Kim Ye-won as Choi Bo-min
Cho Soo-hyang as Lee Yoo-rin
Kwon Soo-hyun
Oh Kwang-rok
Lee Jung-eun
Park Jong-hwan
Notes[edit]
Co-produced by Hye-mil Pictures (혜밀픽쳐스)
Episode 2[edit]
Title[edit]
Chief B and the Love Letter (B주임과 러브레터; B Juimgwa Reobeureteo)
Cast[edit]
Song Ji-hyo as Bang Ga-young (34 years old)[1]
Jo Woo-jin as Shim Byung-sun (Ga-young's co-worker)[1]
Kang Yoon-je as Son Jae-hyun (Ga-young's co-worker)[2]
Oh Na-ra
Notes[edit]
Co-produced by The Unicorn
Episode 3[edit]
Title[edit]
History of Walking Upright (직립보행의 역사; Jikripbohaengui Yeoksa)
Cast[edit]
Kang Mi-na as Kang Mi-na
Byun Woo-seok as Jung Jong-min
Lee Jini as Jin Sun-mi[3]
Episode 4[edit]
Title[edit]
The Picnic Day (소풍 가는 날; Sopungganeun Nal)
Cast[edit]
Kim Dong-wan as Jae-ho
Kim Hye-in as Min-joo
Episode 5[edit]
Title[edit]
Today I Grab the Tambourine Again (오늘도 탬버린을 모십니다; Oneuldo Taembeorineul Mosimnida)
Cast[edit]
Park Hee-von as Oh Moon-sook
Lee Mi-so as Yang Ji-ae
Kim Won-hae
Seong Byung-sook
Notes[edit]
Co-produced by The Queen AMC
Episode 6[edit]
Title[edit]
Anthology (문집; Munjip)
Cast[edit]
Shin Eun-soo as Shin So-yi[4]
Jung Jae-won as Song Jin-hyun[4]
Notes[edit]
Co-produced by Mink Media
Episode 7[edit]
Title[edit]
Not Played (낫 플레이드; Nat Peulreideu)
Cast[edit]
Won Mi-kyung as Na In-sook[5]
Lee Hee-joon as Jo Sung-wook[5]
Myung Gye-nam as Park Bong-chul[5]
Lee Chae-eun as Lee Young-shil[5]
Min Kyung-ok as Kim Jum-rye[5]
Lee Ye-jin as Park Bo-mi[5]
Lee Hwa-ryung as Lee Young-shil[5]
Episode 8[edit]
Title[edit]
Our Place's Tasty Soybean Paste (우리 집은 맛나 된장 맛나; Uri Jib-eun Matna Dwenjang Matna)
Cast[edit]
Myung Se-bin as Han Jung-hee[6]
Lee Chun-hee as Jang Ki-bok[6]
Yoo Eun-mi as Han Ah-yi[6]
Tae Hang-ho
Notes[edit]
Co-produced by JS Pictures
Episode 9[edit]
Title[edit]
Fighter Choi Kang-soon (파이터 최강순; Paiteo Choe Gang-sun)
Cast[edit]
Kang Ye-won as Choi Kang-soon[7]
Lee Jae-kyoon as Manager Yoon
Kim Chae-eun as Song Hyun-joo
Cha Min-ji as Kwon Ji-yong
Kim Ye-won as Anggo
Notes[edit]
Co-produced by Curo Holdings
Episode 10[edit]
Title[edit]
The Woman Who Makes the Last Meal (마지막 식사를 만드는 여자; Majimak Siksaleul Mandeuneun Yeoja)
Cast[edit]
Cho Yeo-jeong as Choi Soo-ah[8]
Ha Joon as Kang Min-joong
Notes[edit]
Co-produced by Urban Works Media
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Song Ji-hyo and Jo Woo-jin to star in tvN "Drama Stage - The B Manager and the Love Letter"". Hancinema. SE Daily. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Kang Yoon-je to star in "Drama Stage - The B Manager and the Love Letter"". Hancinema. TV Daily. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lee Jini to star in tvN's "Drama Stage - The History of Walking Upright"". Hancinema. SE Daily. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Jeong, Yoo-na. "[공식] 신은수·정제원, tvN 단막극 '문집' 출연 확정". Naver (in Korean). Sports Chosun. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Choi, Jung-min. "'낫 플레이드' 원미경, '60대 당구여신'으로 변신". 10Asia (in Korean). Korea Economic Daily. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kim, Soo-kyung. "'우리 집은 맛나 된장 맛나', 명세빈X이천희X유은미 캐스팅 확정". 10Asia (in Korean). Korea Economic Daily. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Choi, Jong-soo. "강예원, tvN 단막극 '파이터 최강순' 주연으로 출연" (in Korean). Asia Economic Daily. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Lee, Kyung-ho. "조여정, tvN 단막극 '마지막 식사 만드는 여자' 출연". Sportal Korea (in Korean). Retrieved January 23, 2018.
External links[edit]
Official website (in Korean)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Drama_Stage_episodes&oldid=822214634"
Categories:
Lists of South Korean television series episodes
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Grace Zabriskie
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Grace Zabriskie
Born
Grace Caplinger[1]
(1941-05-17) May 17, 1941 (age 76)
New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.
Occupation
Actress
Years active
1978–present
Grace Zabriskie (born Grace Caplinger; May 17, 1941) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Sarah Palmer in Twin Peaks (1990–1991; 2017) and its film prequel Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me (1992), as well as in cult films such as two of David Lynch's films: Juana Durango in Wild at Heart (1990) and Visitor #1 in Inland Empire (2006). Other film roles include Nickel Mountain (1984), Child's Play 2 (1990), and The Grudge (2004).
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Filmography
4 References
5 External links
Early life[edit]
Zabriskie was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, the daughter of Marion Grace (Zabriskie) of Wyckoff, New Jersey, and Roger Thomas "Tom" Caplinger.[2] Her mother had distant Polish ancestry,[3] and was a relative of James Zabriskie, a 19th-century railroad industrialist and early pioneer of California.[4] Zabriskie has said that her family was visited by Tennessee Williams, Gore Vidal and Truman Capote during her childhood.[5] Her father owned the famous French quarter gay bar, Cafe Lafitte in Exile.[1]
In the early 1960s, Zabriskie was among a circle of Kerry Thornley's New Orleans friends. At one point, Thornley began work on a novel about her called Can Grace Come Out and Play?[1] Thornley later claimed to have had an "eight-year-long, off-again-on-again, affair/friendship/rivalry/ego-game/karmic unraveling" with her, though Zabriskie described it as "four and a half minutes in bed".[6]
Her sister Jane Caplinger worked as a typist in New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison’s office. Caplinger is reputed to have covertly produced all five copies of the first edition of the Principia Discordia in 1965.[7]
Career[edit]
After making her major film debut in 1979's Norma Rae, Zabriskie went on to appear in dozens of other works, including the 1981 Roger Corman horror film Galaxy of Terror, and the 1981 miniseries adaptation of John Steinbeck's East of Eden. She played the nanny in 1980's The Private Eyes, Debra Winger's mother in An Officer and a Gentleman, Heather Langenkamp's mother in Nickel Mountain, and Paul Le Mat's mother in 1984's The Burning Bed (starring Farrah Fawcett). She also appeared in 1989's Drugstore Cowboy and as the ill-fated orphanage owner Grace Poole in Child's Play 2. Other movies include the 1991 film adaptation Fried Green Tomatoes and Philip Ridley's 1995 film The Passion of Darkly Noon.
Zabriskie is perhaps most familiar for her television work. After a recurring role on the soap opera Santa Barbara, she played a major role on the David Lynch series Twin Peaks and its spin-off film, Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me as Sarah Palmer, the eerily psychic mother of the doomed Laura Palmer. Zabriskie also appeared in Lynch's Wild at Heart — notably as the twin sister of a character played by Isabella Rossellini, an actress eleven years her junior. David Lynch later cast her as a sinister Polish neighbor in Inland Empire in 2006.
Zabriskie may best be remembered as Mrs. Ross, a recurring character on the sitcom Seinfeld. She played the mother of another doomed daughter, Susan Ross — George Costanza's fiancée — who died after licking cheap envelope adhesive when mailing out her wedding invitations. Zabriskie's character's husband on the series, who also appeared in a recurring role, was played by her former Twin Peaks co-star, Warren Frost.
She also made a brief but memorable appearance in the episode "S'ain't Valentine's" on the CBS sitcom The King of Queens, as the emotionally disturbed and alcoholic mother of Spence Olchin (played by Patton Oswalt). While the character Veronica Olchin would reappear throughout the series, Zabriskie would not portray her again, having been replaced by Anne Meara. She also stars as Lois Henrickson in Big Love, an HBO drama series that seriously explores the issue of polygamy, and appeared in several episodes of Aaron Spelling's series Charmed as The Crone.
She has worked in radio, collaborating with radio dramatist/monologist Joe Frank several times. In one episode of Frank's show, "Home (Original)", she talks at length about her childhood in New Orleans, with a focus on her father. Zabriskie recently appeared in the American remake of The Grudge, in which she played a senile elderly woman sensitive to the paranormal occurrences in her home.
Filmography[edit]
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1978 They Went That-A-Way & That-A-Way Lem's Wife
1979 Norma Rae Linette Odum
1980 The Private Eyes Nanny
1981 Galaxy of Terror Captain Trantor
1982 An Officer and a Gentleman Esther Pokrifiki
1984 Nickel Mountain Ellie Wells
1984 Body Rock Chilly's Mother
1986 Big Easy, TheThe Big Easy Mama
1987 Rampage Naomi Reece
1987 Leonard Part 6 Jefferson
1988 Boost, TheThe Boost Sheryl
1989 Drugstore Cowboy Bob's Mother
1990 Megaville Mrs. Jessica Palinov
1990 Wild at Heart Juana Durango
1990 Child's Play 2 Grace Poole
1991 Ambition Mrs. Wendy Merrick
1991 Servants of Twilight Grace Spivey
1991 My Own Private Idaho Alena
1991 Fried Green Tomatoes Eva Bates
1992 Waterdance, TheThe Waterdance Pat
1992 FernGully: The Last Rainforest Magi Lune (voice)
1992 Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me Sarah Palmer
1992 Chain of Desire Linda Bailey
1993 Stone Soup Olympia
1993 Even Cowgirls Get the Blues Mrs. Maria Hankshaw
1994 Last Laugh, TheThe Last Laugh Louise Short film
1994 Crew, TheThe Crew Gloria Pierce
1994 Drop Zone Winona
1995 Desert Winds Jackie's Mother
1995 Passion of Darkly Noon, TheThe Passion of Darkly Noon Roxy
1996 Family Thing, AA Family Thing Ruby
1996 Bastard Out of Carolina Granny
1997 Seed Mother's Voice Short film
1997 Psycho Sushi Great Aunt
1997 George B. The Mother
1997 Dead Men Can't Dance Brig. Gen. Burke
1997 Annie's Garden Mrs. Felicity Barnes
1997 Sparkler Sherri
1998 Armageddon Dottie
1998 Dante's View Geraldine
1999 Trash Mrs. Wendy DeMarie
1999 Texas Funeral, AA Texas Funeral Murtis
1999 Me and Will Edith
2000 Home the Horror Story Grace Parkinson
2000 Fate Foretold, AA Fate Foretold Olga Short film
2000 Puppy Love Jeanette Foley Short film
2000 Gone in 60 Seconds Helen Raines
2001 They Crawl Mrs. Gage
2002 R.S.V.P. Mary Franklin
2002 No Good Deed Mrs. Karen Quarre
2003 Wind Effect, TheThe Wind Effect Allison Short film
2004 Last Letter, TheThe Last Letter Mrs. Stella Allison
2004 Chrystal Gladys
2004 Grudge, TheThe Grudge Emma
2004 Sabine and the Two-Headed Baby Sabine Short film
2006 Inland Empire Visitor #1
2007 Careless Adrienne
2007 License to Wed Grandma Jones
2007 Alternate Endings Mom Short film
2008 Brothel, TheThe Brothel Madam
2009 Bob Funk Mrs. June Funk
2009 My Son, My Son, What Have Ye Done? Mrs. Joan McCullum
2013 Wrong Cops Donna
2013 Trancers: City of Lost Angels The Warden Short film
2014 Blind Malice Nanna
2014 The Judge Mrs. Anita Blackwell
2014 The Makings of You Margaret Also producer
2015 Only Child Delores
2015 Rosemont Josephine
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1978 Million Dollar Dixie Deliverance, TheThe Million Dollar Dixie Deliverance Widow Cummins TV movie
1979 Concrete Cowboys Mrs. Kate Barnaby Episode: "Concrete Cowboys"
1979 Freedom Road Ruth Lait TV movie
1980 CBS Afternoon Playhouse Episode: "Lost in Death Valley"
1980 Blinded by the Light TV movie
1981 East of Eden Mrs. Catherine Ames TV miniseries
1981 Hart to Hart Ethyl Episode: "A Couple of Harts"
1982 Executioner's Song, TheThe Executioner's Song Kathryne Baker TV movie
1983 Tales of the Gold Monkey Dr. Clouet Episode: "Last Chance Louie"
1983 M.A.D.D.: Mothers Against Drunk Drivers Silvie Alice Kohler TV movie
1983 Cagney & Lacey Adele Episode: "Affirmative Action"
1984 My Mother's Secret Life Maggie Ryan TV movie
1984 Knots Landing Chambermaid Episode: "Negotiations"
1984 Burning Bed, TheThe Burning Bed Flossie Hughes TV movie
1984 Paper Dolls Cathy Episode: "1.8"
1985 ABC Afterschool Special Mrs. Linton Episode: "One Too Many"
1985 Santa Barbara Theda Bassett 17 episodes
1985 North Beach and Rawhide Hearings Officer TV movie
1985 Shadow Chasers Mary Komatar Episode: "Shadow Chasers: Part 1"
1986 Hill Street Blues Terry Sylvestri Episode: "Das Blues"
Episode: "Scales of Justice"
1986 Cagney & Lacey Eva Sikorski Episode: "Model Citizens"
1987 Falcon Crest Mabel Burton Episode: "When the Bough Breaks"
Episode: "The Cradle Will Fall"
1987 Mistress Deanie TV movie
1988 Bronx Zoo, TheThe Bronx Zoo Mrs. Barris Episode: "Ties That Bind"
1988 My Father, My Son Mouza TV movie
1988 Shooter Sister Marie TV movie
1988 Empty Nest Eva Barrett Episode: "Pilot"
1989 The Ryan White Story Gloria White TV movie
1989 Unsub Alma Episode: "White Bone Demon"
1989 Deadly Silence, AA Deadly Silence Psychologist TV movie
1989 Moonlighting (uncredited) Episode: "In 'N Outlaws"
1990 Tales from the Crypt Mrs. Colbert Episode: "The Secret"
1990 Hometown Boy Makes Good Helen Geary TV movie
1990–1991 Twin Peaks Sarah Palmer 13 episodes
1991 Prison Stories: Women on the Inside Genevieve TV movie
1991 Blood Ties The Woman TV movie
1991 Intimate Stranger Dana P. Ashley TV movie
1992 Freshman Dorm Episode: "Pilot"
1992 House of Secrets and Lies, AA House of Secrets and Lies Ruby TV movie
1992 Seinfeld Mrs. Ross Episode: "The Cheever Letters"
1993 Bonds of Love Emma TV movie
1993 Miracle Child Adeleine Newberry TV movie
1993 Black Widow Murders: The Blanche Taylor Moore Story Ethel TV movie
1993 Banner Times Momma TV movie
1993 Double Deception TV movie
1993 Sirens Female Store Owner Episode: "Keeping the Peace"
1993 Angel Falls Cuema 1 episode
1994 Lifestories: Families in Crisis Sandy Henry Episode: "A Body to Die For: The Aaron Henry Story"
1995 Crazy for a Kiss Pearl Kinross TV movie
1995 Children of the Dust Rose TV movie
1995 Under Suspicion Lily Cassins Episode: "Hostage Standoff"
Episode: "Wrongful Shooting"
1995 Empty Nest Scarlett Episode: "Life Goes On: Part 1"
Episode: "Life Goes On: Part 2"
1995 Fallen Angels Virna Episode: "The Black Bargain"
1995 NYPD Blue Wanda Padzik Episode: "The Bookie and the Kooky Cookie"
1996 Promise to Carolyn, AA Promise to Carolyn Francie Harper TV movie
1996 Second Noah Mrs. Cheval Episode: "Stormy Weather"
1996 Murder at My Door Grandma TV movie
1996 Burning Zone, TheThe Burning Zone Retired CIA Agent Episode: "Touch of the Dead"
1996-1998 Seinfeld Mrs. Ross 4 episodes
1997 NYPD Blue Millie Banks Episode: "A Remington Original"
1997 High Incident Episode: "Remote Control"
1997 Over the Top Dolly Episode: "The Southern Story"
1997 Devil's Child, TheThe Devil's Child Rose DeMarco TV movie
1998 Dharma & Greg Naomi Episode: "It Takes a Village"
1998 Houdini Mrs. Weiss TV movie
1998 Profiler Mrs. Boudreaux Episode: "The Sum of Her Parts"
1999 King of Queens, TheThe King of Queens Veronica Episode: "S'ain't Valentine's"
2000 Jesse Grandma Rose Episode: "Jesse Gives Birth"
2000 West Wing, TheThe West Wing Isabel Episode: "In the Shadow of Two Gunmen: Part II"
2002 Guardian, TheThe Guardian Judith Episode: "The Dead"
2002 Glow, TheThe Glow Sylvia Goodstein TV movie
2002–2003 John Doe Yellow Teeth 6 episodes
2003 Charmed The Crone Episode: "Baby's First Demon"
Episode: "Sense and Sense Ability"
2005 Medium Connie Buckley Episode: "The Other Side of the Tracks"
2006–2011 Big Love Lois Henrickson 52 episodes
2013 The Killing Mama Dips 3 episodes
2015 Ray Donovan Miss Monassian 6 episodes
2016 Outcast Mildred 4 episodes
2017 Santa Clarita Diet Mrs. Baković 2 episodes
2017 Twin Peaks Sarah Palmer 6 episodes
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Gorightly, Adam (2003). The Prankster and the Conspiracy. New York: Paraview Press. p. 265. ISBN 1-931044-66-X.
Jump up ^ HBO. "New Orleans native Grace Zabriskie concludes a long goodbye to 'Big Love's' Lois". NOLA.com. Retrieved 2018-01-21.
Jump up ^ http://polishamericancenter.org/PANews/April12/page10.pdf
Jump up ^ Wanda Tomczykowska. The Silent Heroes: Polish Contributions to California. Polish Arts and Culture Foundation, 1994
Jump up ^ HBO: Big Love - Interviews - Grace Zabriskie[dead link]
Jump up ^ Gorightly, Adam (3 October 2014). "Kerry Thornley's Paranoid Flash". Historia Discordia. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Gorightly, Adam (2014). Historia Discordia The Origins of the Discordian Society. New York: RVP Press. p. 221. ISBN 978-1-61861-321-9.
External links[edit]
Grace Zabriskie on IMDb
Official website
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 61083142
LCCN: no00014573
GND: 1062333721
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grace_Zabriskie&oldid=821563195"
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