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A Christmas Story
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For other uses, see A Christmas Story (disambiguation).
A Christmas Story
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Bob Clark
Produced by
Rene Dupont
Bob Clark
Written by
Jean Shepherd
Leigh Brown
Bob Clark
Based on
In God We Trust: All Others Pay Cash
1966 novel
by Jean Shepherd
Starring
Melinda Dillon
Darren McGavin
Peter Billingsley
Narrated by
Jean Shepherd
Music by
Carl Zittrer
Paul Zaza
Cinematography
Reginald H. Morris
Edited by
Stan Cole
Production
company
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Distributed by
MGM/UA Entertainment Co.
Release date
November 18, 1983 (1983-11-18)
Running time
93 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$3.2 million[1]
Box office
$19.3 million
A Christmas Story is a 1983 American Metrocolor Christmas comedy film directed by Bob Clark, and based on Jean Shepherd's semi-fictional anecdotes in his 1966 book In God We Trust: All Others Pay Cash, with some elements from his 1971 book Wanda Hickey's Night of Golden Memories. Now a Christmas season classic in the United States, it is shown numerous times on television, usually on the networks owned by the Turner Broadcasting System. Since 1997, a marathon of the film titled "24 Hours of A Christmas Story" has aired annually on TNT and/or TBS, comprising twelve consecutive airings of the film on both Christmas Eve and Christmas Day each year.
The film earned director Clark two Genie Awards. In 2012, the film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
1.1 Subplots
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Origin
3.2 Locations
3.3 Red Ryder BB gun
3.4 Dating the story
4 Soundtrack
5 Release and reception
6 Broadcasting and home video release
6.1 Television
6.1.1 24 Hours of A Christmas Story
6.2 Subsequent and earlier works
6.2.1 Stage adaptations
6.3 Home video releases
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
Nine-year-old Ralphie Parker wants only one thing for Christmas: a Red Ryder Carbine Action 200-shot Range Model air rifle with a compass in the stock and "this thing which tells time" (a sundial). Ralphie's desire is rejected by his mother, his teacher Miss Shields, and even a Santa Claus at Higbee's department store, all giving him the same warning: "You'll shoot your eye out, kid."
Christmas morning arrives and Ralphie dives into his presents. Although he does receive some presents he enjoys, Ralphie ultimately is disappointed that he did not receive the one thing he wanted more than anything. After it appears all of the presents have been opened, Ralphie's father, who is referred to throughout the film as "The Old Man," directs Ralphie to look at one last present that he had hidden. Ralphie opens it to reveal the Red Ryder gun he wanted.
Ralphie takes the gun outside and fires it at a target perched on a metal sign in the backyard. However, the BB ricochets back at Ralphie and knocks his glasses off. While searching for them, thinking he has indeed shot his eye out, Ralphie accidentally steps on his glasses and breaks them. In order to cover for the fact that he accidentally broke his glasses, Ralphie tells his mother that a falling icicle was responsible for the accident. His mother, not having seen what actually happened, believes him.
The film ends with Ralphie lying in bed on Christmas night with his gun by his side. A voiceover by an adult Ralphie states that this was the best present he had ever received or would ever receive.
Subplots[edit]
Although Ralphie's BB gun desire is the main plot point of the film, there are several other stories contained in the film. Among them:
Ralphie and Randy's father wins a "major award" in a contest, but does not know what it is until it is delivered to the Parker home. The prize is a lamp in the shape of a woman's leg wearing a fishnet stocking, which was derived from the logo for Nehi (pronounced "knee-high") pop, a popular soft drink of the period.[3] The Old Man is overjoyed by the lamp, but Mrs. Parker does not like it and a feud over it — referred to by adult Ralphie as "The Battle of the Lamp" — develops and results in the lamp's "accidental" destruction.[4]
The Old Man also fights a never-ending battle with the malfunctioning furnace in the Parker home. His frustrations cause him to swear quite often, including one profanity-laden rant that the adult Ralphie says "is still hanging in space over Lake Michigan."[5]
Still another source of frustration for The Old Man is the dogs that belong to the next door neighbors, the Bumpuses. The Bumpuses own "at least 785 smelly hound dogs" that harass The Old Man whenever he comes home from work. On Christmas Day, the dogs ruin the family's Christmas dinner by romping through their kitchen and eating their turkey. This results in the family having dinner at a Chinese restaurant instead.[6]
Ralphie and his friends Flick and Schwartz are tormented by the neighborhood bullies Scut Farkus and Grover Dill. Ralphie eventually snaps and beats up Farkus.[7]
Cast[edit]
Peter Billingsley as Ralphie Parker
Jean Shepherd as adult Ralphie (voice)
Ian Petrella as Randy Parker
Melinda Dillon as Mrs. Parker
Darren McGavin as Mr. Parker (The Old Man)
Scott Schwartz as Flick
R. D. Robb as Schwartz
Zack Ward as Scut Farkus
Yano Anaya as Grover Dill
Tedde Moore as Miss Shields
Jeff Gillen as Santa Claus
In the DVD commentary, director Bob Clark mentions that Jack Nicholson was considered for the role of the Old Man; Clark expresses gratitude that he ended up with Darren McGavin instead, who later appeared in several other Clark films. He cast Melinda Dillon on the basis of her similar role in Close Encounters of the Third Kind. Peter Billingsley was already a minor star from appearing in many commercials and co-hosting the TV series Real People; Clark initially wanted him for the role of Ralphie, but decided he was "too obvious" a choice and auditioned many other young actors before realizing that Billingsley was the right choice after all. Ian Petrella was cast immediately before filming began. Tedde Moore had previously appeared in Clark's film Murder by Decree and was the only onscreen character from A Christmas Story who was played by the same actor in the sequel, My Summer Story. Jeff Gillen was an old friend of Clark's who had been in one of his earliest films.[8]
The screenplay was written by Jean Shepherd, Leigh Brown, and Bob Clark. Several subplots are incorporated into the body of the film, based on other separate short stories by Shepherd. Shepherd provides the film's narration from the perspective of an adult Ralphie, a narrative style later used in the dramedy television series The Wonder Years. Shepherd, Brown and Clark all have cameo appearances in the film: Shepherd plays the man who directs Ralphie and Randy to the back of the Santa line at the department store; Brown – Shepherd's wife in real life – plays the woman in the Santa line with Shepherd; Clark plays Swede, the neighbor the Old Man talks to outside during the Leg Lamp scene.
Production[edit]
Origin[edit]
The screenplay for A Christmas Story is based on material from author Jean Shepherd's collection of short stories, In God We Trust, All Others Pay Cash. Three of the semi-autobiographical short stories on which the film is based were originally published in Playboy magazine between 1964 and 1966.[9] Shepherd later read "Duel in the Snow, or Red Ryder nails the Cleveland Street Kid" and told the otherwise unpublished story "Flick's Tongue" on his WOR Radio talk show, as can be heard in one of the DVD extras.[10] Bob Clark states on the DVD commentary that he became interested in Shepherd's work when he heard "Flick's Tongue" on the radio in 1968. Additional source material for the film, according to Clark, came from unpublished anecdotes that Shepherd told live audiences "on the college circuit."[8]
Locations[edit]
The front of the Parkers' house where A Christmas Story was filmed, in the Tremont neighborhood of Cleveland's west side. The building has now been restored, reconfigured inside to match the soundstage interiors, and opened to the public as A Christmas Story House.
The film is set in Hohman, Indiana, a fictionalized version of Shepherd's hometown of Hammond, named for Hohman Avenue, which runs through downtown Hammond.[11] Local references in the film include Warren G. Harding Elementary School and Cleveland Street (where Shepherd spent his childhood). Other local references include mention of a person "swallowing a yo-yo" in nearby Griffith,[12] the Old Man being one of the fiercest "furnace fighters in northern Indiana" and that his obscenities were "hanging in space over Lake Michigan," a mention of the Indianapolis 500, and the line to Santa Claus "stretching all the way to Terre Haute, Indiana." The Old Man is also revealed to be a fan of the Bears (whom he jokingly calls the "Chicago Chipmunks") and White Sox, consistent with living in northwest Indiana.
Director Bob Clark reportedly sent scouts to twenty cities before selecting Cleveland for exterior filming. Cleveland was chosen because of Higbee's Department Store in downtown Cleveland. (Since Higbee's was exclusive to northeast Ohio,[13] the department store referenced in Shepherd's book and the film is most likely Goldblatt's, located in downtown Hammond [with the Cam-Lan Chinese Restaurant three doors down on Sibley Ave].) Until they connected with Higbee's, location scouts had been unsuccessful in finding a department store that was willing to be part of the film. Higbee's vice president Bruce Campbell agreed to take part in the project on the condition he be allowed to edit the script for cursing. Ultimately, Higbee's was the stage for three scenes in the film:
The opening scene in which Ralphie first spies the Red Ryder BB Gun in the store's Christmas window display. Higbee's was known for its elaborate, child-centered Christmas themes and decorations, with Santa as the centerpiece.
The parade scene, filmed just outside Higbee’s on Public Square at 3 AM. The parade was filmed at night because during the daytime the 1960s Erieview Tower and Federal Building were visible from the Public Square, as was the BP Tower, which was under construction at the time.
Ralphie and Randy’s visit to see Santa, which was filmed inside Higbee’s. The store kept the Santa slide that was made for the film and used it for several years after the film's release.
Higbee's became Dillard's in 1992 and closed for good in 2002.[14]
In addition to the scenes involving Higbee's, the exterior shots (and select interior shots where Ralphie lived, including the opening of the leg lamp) of the house and neighborhood, were filmed in the Tremont section of Cleveland's West Side. The house used as the Parker home in these scenes has been restored, reconfigured inside to match the soundstage interiors, and opened to the public as "A Christmas Story House". Appropriately, the fictional boyhood home of Ralphie Parker is on Cleveland Street, the name of the actual street where Shepherd grew up.
However, Cleveland was only one of several locations used. The school scenes were shot at the Victoria School in St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada.[15] The Christmas tree-purchasing scene was filmed in Toronto, Ontario, as was the sound stage filming of interior shots of the Parker home.[16] The "...only I didn't say fudge" scene was filmed at the foot of Cherry Street in Toronto; several lake freighters are visible in the background spending the winter at Toronto's port, which lends authenticity to the time of year when the film was produced.
In 2008, two fans from Canada released a documentary that visits every location used in the film. Their film, Road Trip for Ralphie, was shot over two years and includes footage of the filmmakers saving Miss Shields' blackboard from the garbage bin on the day the old Victoria School was gutted for renovation, discovering the antique fire truck that saved Flick, locating all the original costumes from the film, and tracking down the real-life location of the film's Chop Suey Palace in Toronto.[17]
Red Ryder BB gun[edit]
Main article: Red Ryder BB Gun
The Red Ryder BB gun was available beginning in 1938 and remains available today, but never in the exact configuration mentioned in the film. The Daisy "Buck Jones" model did have a compass and a sundial in the stock, but these features were not included in the Red Ryder model.[18] The compass and sundial were placed on Ralphie's BB gun, but on the opposite side of the stock due to Peter Billingsley being left-handed.[19]
Dating the story[edit]
Director Bob Clark stated in the film's DVD commentary that he and author Shepherd wished for the film to be seen as "amorphously late-'30s, early-'40s".[20] A specific year is never mentioned in the film; however, numerous sources including The New York Times and CBS News have dated the film variously at 1940 to the early 1940s.[21][22][23][24]
Soundtrack[edit]
A Christmas Story
Soundtrack album by Various artists
Released
November 10, 2009
Recorded
1983
Genre
Instrumental, holiday
Label
Rhino Records
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
Allmusic [25]
Release and reception[edit]
Initially overlooked as a sleeper film,[26] A Christmas Story was released a week before Thanksgiving 1983 to moderate success, earning about $2 million in its first weekend.[27] Vincent Canby's mostly negative New York Times review[28] echoed the more common response.[citation needed] Roger Ebert suggested the film had only modest success because holiday-themed films were not popular at the time.[29] The film would go on to win two Genie Awards, for Bob Clark's screenplay and direction.[30]
By Christmas 1983 the film was no longer playing at most venues, but remained in about a hundred theaters until January 1984.[8] Gross earnings were just over $19.2 million.[27] In the years since, due to television airings and home video release, A Christmas Story has become widely popular and is now an annual Christmas special. The film was produced and released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The rights to the film were acquired by Turner Entertainment Co. after Ted Turner's purchase of MGM's pre-1986 film library. Subsequently, Time Warner purchased Turner Entertainment, and currently holds rights to the film.
Over the years, the film's critical reputation has grown considerably and it is considered by some to be one of the best films of 1983.[31] Based on 52 reviews on Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an overall approval rating from critics of 89%, with an average score of 8.5/10. The site's consensus reads: "Both warmly nostalgic and darkly humorous, A Christmas Story deserves its status as a holiday perennial."[32] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 77 out of 100, based on 8 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[33] In his movie guide, Leonard Maltin awarded the film a rare[citation needed] four-star rating, calling the film "Delightful" and "Truly funny for kids and grown-ups alike" with "Wonderful period flavor."[34]
On December 24, 2007, AOL ranked the film their #1 Christmas film of all time.[35] IGN ranked the film the top holiday-themed film of all time.[36] In 2012, a Marist Poll named the film the favorite holiday film in the U.S.[37]
American Film Institute lists
AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs – Nominated[38]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:
"You'll shoot your eye out." – Nominated[39]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – Nominated[40]
Broadcasting and home video release[edit]
Television[edit]
The film first aired on television on HBO in 1985, and quickly attracted a growing following. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the film began airing quietly on SuperStation WTBS and Superstation WGN.[41] In 1988, then-fledgling Fox aired the film the night after Thanksgiving.[41] In 1989–1990, TBS showed it Thanksgiving night, while in 1991–1992, they aired it the night after.[41]
24 Hours of A Christmas Story[edit]
Turner Broadcasting has maintained ownership of the broadcast rights, and since the mid-1990s, aired the film increasingly on TBS, TNT, and TCM. By 1995, it was aired on those networks a combined six times on December 24–26,[41] and in 1996, it was aired eight times over those three days.[41]
Due to the increasing popularity of the film, in 1997, TNT began airing a 24-hour marathon dubbed "24 Hours of A Christmas Story," consisting of the film shown twelve consecutive times beginning at 7 or 8 p.m. on Christmas Eve and ending Christmas Day.[41] This was in addition to various other airings earlier in the month of December. In 2004, after TNT switched to a predominantly drama format, sister network TBS, under its comedy-based "Very Funny" moniker, took over the marathon. Clark stated that, in 2002, an estimated 38.4 million people tuned into the marathon at one point or another, nearly one sixth of the country.[8] TBS reported 45.4 million viewers in 2005,[42] and 45.5 million in 2006.[43] In 2007, new all-time ratings records were set,[44] with the highest single showing (8 p.m. Christmas Eve) drawing 4.4 million viewers.[44] Viewership increased again in 2008, with 8 p.m. Christmas Eve drawing 4.5 million viewers, and 10 p.m. drawing 4.3 million,[45] and 54.4 million total.[46] As of 2009, the film had been shown 250 times on the Turner family of networks.[46]
In 2007, the marathon continued, and the original tradition was revived. TNT also aired the film twice the Sunday of Thanksgiving weekend (November 25). In 2009, the 24-hour marathon continued on TBS, for the 13th overall year, starting at 8 p.m. eastern on Christmas Eve.[47]
In 2009, the film aired on TBS during a 24-hour marathon on Christmas Eve. The first viewing at 8 p.m. Eastern on December 24 earned a 1.6 rating (18–49) and beat the major broadcast networks (NBC, ABC, CBS, and Fox).[48] In 2010, the marathon averaged 3 million viewers, up 2% from the previous year, ranking TBS as the top cable network for the 24-hour period. The 10 a.m. airing on December 25 was seen by 4.4 million viewers, and the 8 p.m. airing on December 24 was close behind with 4.3 million viewers.[49] The marathons in 2011[50] and 2012 [51] continued to see increases in ratings.
For the 2014 and 2015 editions of the marathon, Turner Broadcasting elected to simulcast it on both TNT and TBS, marking the first time since 2003 that TNT aired it as well as the first time the marathon is being carried by multiple stations; the two networks set their airings one hour apart (so that the TNT airings began while TBS was at the middle of the film).[52][53]
Subsequent and earlier works[edit]
A sequel involving Ralphie and his family, titled My Summer Story (originally released as It Runs in the Family), was made in 1994. With the exceptions of Tedde Moore as Ralphie's teacher (Miss Shields) and Jean Shepherd as the narrator (the voice of the adult Ralphie), it features an entirely different cast. A series of television films involving the Parker family, also from Shepherd stories, were made by PBS, including Ollie Hopnoodle's Haven of Bliss (1988), The Star-Crossed Romance of Josephine Cosnowski (1985), The Great American Fourth of July and Other Disasters (1982), and The Phantom of the Open Hearth (1976).
Another sequel, A Christmas Story 2, a direct sequel to the original film and ignores the references and events of My Summer Story. The film was released direct-to-video in 2012[54] and directed by Brian Levant. It was filmed in New Westminster, British Columbia, Canada.[55]
Stage adaptations[edit]
In 2000, a stage play adaptation of A Christmas Story was written by Philip Grecian.[56]
In November 2012, A Christmas Story: The Musical, based on the film, opened on Broadway. Written by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul (music and lyrics) and Joseph Robinette (book), the musical opened to positive reviews.[57] The run ended December 30, 2012.[58] The musical was directed by John Rando with choreography by Warren Carlyle and featured Dan Lauria as Jean Shepherd.[59] The musical received Tony Award nominations for Best Musical, Best Book of a Musical (Robinette), and Best Original Score (Music and/or Lyrics) Written for the Theatre.[60]
Home video releases[edit]
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Betamax (1985)
VHS (1984, 1985, 1993, 1994, 1999, 2000)
LaserDisc (1985): pan and scan
LaserDisc (1993): deluxe letterbox edition
DVD (1997, reissued by Warner Home Video in 1999): fullscreen, includes original theatrical trailer
DVD (2003) 20th Anniversary 2-Disc Special Edition DVD (2003): Widescreen & Fullscreen; includes cast interviews, audio commentary, and featurettes.
HD DVD (2006)[61]
Blu-ray (2006)[62]
DVD (2008) Ultimate Collector's Edition: Metal tin case features the same 2003 two-disc special edition, but includes special memorabilia.[63]
Blu-ray (2008) Ultimate Collector's Edition: Metal tin which features the same 2006 Blu-ray disc, but also includes a strand of Leg Lamp Christmas lights.[64]
Blu-ray (2013) 30th Anniversary Edition: Steelbook with Blu-ray in 1080p (like the previous Blu-ray and HD-DVD) with a DTS-HD Master Audio mono track (whereas the previous releases had Dolby Digital mono), and more special features than the previous Blu-ray and HD-DVD.
See also[edit]
Film portal
Christmas portal
1980s portal
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: A Christmas Story
Official DVD site
TBS.com's A Christmas Story website
A Christmas Story on IMDb
A Christmas Story at AllMovie
A Christmas Story at the TCM Movie Database
A Christmas Story at the American Film Institute Catalog
A Christmas Story at Box Office Mojo
A Christmas Story at Rotten Tomatoes
"The Man Who Told A Christmas Story: What I learned from Jean Shepherd" by Donald Fagen – Slate
[show]
Links to related articles
[show]
v
t
e
A Christmas Story
Films
A Christmas Story (1983)
My Summer Story / It Runs in the Family (1994)
A Christmas Story 2 (2012)
Related works
In God We Trust: All Others Pay Cash
Ollie Hopnoodle's Haven of Bliss
A Christmas Story: The Musical
A Christmas Story Live!
Related articles
Jean Shepherd
A Christmas Story House
Red Ryder BB Gun
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Bob Clark
The Emperor's New Clothes (1966)
She-Man (1967)
Children Shouldn't Play with Dead Things (1972)
Deathdream (1972)
Black Christmas (1974)
Breaking Point (1976)
Murder by Decree (1979)
Tribute (1980)
Porky's (1982)
Porky's II: The Next Day (1983)
A Christmas Story (1983)
Rhinestone (1984)
Turk 182 (1985)
From the Hip (1987)
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List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Map of the United States with names and borders of states
The order in which the original 13 states ratified the 1787 Constitution, then the order in which the others were admitted to the union
A state of the United States of America is one of the 50 constituent entities that shares its sovereignty with the federal government. Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside, due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the federal government.[1] Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names.
States are the primary subdivisions of the United States and possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, such as regulating intrastate commerce, running elections, creating local governments, and ratifying constitutional amendments. Each state has its own constitution grounded in republican principles, and government consisting of executive, legislative, and judicial branches.[2]
All states and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a bicameral legislature consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Each state is represented by two Senators, while Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census.[3] Additionally, each state is entitled to select a number of electors to vote in the Electoral College, the body that elects the President of the United States, equal to the total of Representatives and Senators in Congress from that state.[4]
Article IV, Section 3, Clause 1 of the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50. Each new state has been admitted on an equal footing with the existing states.[5]
The following table is a list of all 50 states and their respective dates of statehood. The first 13 became states in July 1776 upon agreeing to the United States Declaration of Independence, and each joined the first Union of states between 1777 and 1781, upon ratifying the Articles of Confederation, its first constitution.[6] (A separate table is included below showing AoC ratification dates.) These states are presented in the order in which each ratified the 1787 Constitution, thus joining the present federal Union of states. The date of admission listed for each subsequent state is the official date set by Act of Congress.[a]
Contents
[hide]
1 List of U.S. states
2 Articles of Confederation ratification dates
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
List of U.S. states[edit]
State
Date
(admitted or ratified)
Formed from
1 Delaware 000000001787-12-07-0000December 7, 1787[8]
(ratified) Crown Colony of Delaware[b]
2 Pennsylvania 000000001787-12-12-0000December 12, 1787[10]
(ratified) Crown Colony of Pennsylvania
3 New Jersey 000000001787-12-18-0000December 18, 1787[11]
(ratified) Crown Colony of New Jersey
4 Georgia 000000001788-01-02-0000January 2, 1788[8]
(ratified) Crown Colony of Georgia
5 Connecticut 000000001788-01-09-0000January 9, 1788[12]
(ratified) Crown Colony of Connecticut
6 Massachusetts 000000001788-02-06-0000February 6, 1788[8]
(ratified) Crown Colony of Massachusetts Bay
7 Maryland 000000001788-04-28-0000April 28, 1788[8]
(ratified) Crown Colony of Maryland
8 South Carolina 000000001788-05-23-0000May 23, 1788[8]
(ratified) Crown Colony of South Carolina
9 New Hampshire 000000001788-06-21-0000June 21, 1788[8]
(ratified) Crown Colony of New Hampshire
10 Virginia 000000001788-06-25-0000June 25, 1788[8]
(ratified) Crown Colony of Virginia
11 New York 000000001788-07-26-0000July 26, 1788[13]
(ratified) Crown Colony of New York
12 North Carolina 000000001789-11-21-0000November 21, 1789[14]
(ratified) Crown Colony of North Carolina
13 Rhode Island 000000001790-05-29-0000May 29, 1790[8]
(ratified) Crown Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations
14 Vermont 000000001791-03-04-0000March 4, 1791[15]
(admitted) Vermont !Vermont Republic[c]
15 Kentucky 000000001792-06-01-0000June 1, 1792[16]
(admitted) Virginia (District of Kentucky: Fayette, Jefferson, and Lincoln counties[d])
16 Tennessee 000000001796-06-01-0000June 1, 1796[18]
(admitted) Southwest Territory
17 Ohio 000000001803-03-01-0000March 1, 1803[19][e]
(admitted) Northwest Territory (part)
18 Louisiana 000000001812-04-30-0000April 30, 1812[21]
(admitted) Orleans !Territory of Orleans
19 Indiana 000000001816-12-11-0000December 11, 1816
(admitted) Indiana Territory
20 Mississippi 000000001817-12-10-0000December 10, 1817[22]
(admitted) Mississippi Territory
21 Illinois 000000001818-12-03-0000December 3, 1818[23]
(admitted) Illinois Territory (part)
22 Alabama 000000001819-12-14-0000December 14, 1819[24]
(admitted) Alabama Territory
23 Maine 000000001820-03-15-0000March 15, 1820[25]
(admitted) Massachusetts (District of Maine[f])
24 Missouri 000000001821-08-10-0000August 10, 1821[26]
(admitted) Missouri Territory (part)
25 Arkansas 000000001836-06-15-0000June 15, 1836[27]
(admitted) Arkansas Territory
26 Michigan 000000001837-01-26-0000January 26, 1837[28]
(admitted) Michigan Territory
27 Florida 000000001845-03-03-0000March 3, 1845
(admitted) Florida Territory
28 Texas 000000001845-12-29-0000December 29, 1845
(admitted) Texas !Republic of Texas
29 Iowa 000000001846-12-28-0000December 28, 1846
(admitted) Iowa Territory (part)
30 Wisconsin 000000001848-05-29-0000May 29, 1848[29]
(admitted) Wisconsin Territory (part)
31 California 000000001850-09-09-0000September 9, 1850[30]
(admitted) Unorganized !unorganized territory (part)
32 Minnesota 000000001858-05-11-0000May 11, 1858[31]
(admitted) Minnesota Territory (part)
33 Oregon 000000001859-02-14-0000February 14, 1859
(admitted) Oregon Territory (part)
34 Kansas 000000001861-01-29-0000January 29, 1861[32]
(admitted) Kansas Territory (part)
35 West Virginia 000000001863-06-20-0000June 20, 1863[33]
(admitted) Virginia (Trans-Allegheny region counties[g])
36 Nevada 000000001864-10-31-0000October 31, 1864
(admitted) Nevada Territory
37 Nebraska 000000001867-03-01-0000March 1, 1867
(admitted) Nebraska Territory
38 Colorado 000000001876-08-01-0000August 1, 1876[36]
(admitted) Colorado Territory
39[h] North Dakota 000000001889-11-02-0000November 2, 1889[38][i]
(admitted) Dakota Territory (part)
40 South Dakota 000000001889-11-02-0000November 2, 1889[38][i]
(admitted) Dakota Territory (part)
41 Montana 000000001889-11-08-0000November 8, 1889[39]
(admitted) Montana Territory
42 Washington 000000001889-11-11-0000November 11, 1889[40]
(admitted) Washington Territory
43 Idaho 000000001890-07-03-0000July 3, 1890
(admitted) Idaho Territory
44 Wyoming 000000001890-07-10-0000July 10, 1890
(admitted) Wyoming Territory
45 Utah 000000001896-01-04-0000January 4, 1896[41]
(admitted) Utah Territory
46 Oklahoma 000000001907-11-16-0000November 16, 1907[42]
(admitted) Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory
47 New Mexico 000000001912-01-06-0000January 6, 1912
(admitted) New Mexico Territory
48 Arizona 000000001912-02-14-0000February 14, 1912
(admitted) Arizona Territory
49 Alaska 000000001959-01-03-0000January 3, 1959
(admitted) Alaska !Territory of Alaska
50 Hawaii 000000001959-08-21-0000August 21, 1959
(admitted) Hawaii !Territory of Hawaii
Articles of Confederation ratification dates[edit]
The Second Continental Congress approved the Articles of Confederation for ratification by the individual states on November 15, 1777. The Articles of Confederation came into force on March 1, 1781, after being ratified by all 13 states. On March 4, 1789, the general government under the Articles was replaced with the federal government under the present Constitution.[43]
State
Date
13 !1 Virginia 000000001777-12-16-0000December 16, 1777
12 !2 South Carolina 000000001778-02-05-0000February 5, 1778
08 !3 New York 000000001778-02-06-0000February 6, 1778
11 !4 Rhode Island 000000001778-02-09-0000February 9, 1778
01 !5 Connecticut 000000001778-02-12-0000February 12, 1778
03 !6 Georgia 000000001778-02-26-0000February 26, 1778
06 !7 New Hampshire 000000001778-03-04-0000March 4, 1778
10 !8 Pennsylvania 000000001778-03-05-0000March 5, 1778
05 !9 Massachusetts 000000001778-03-10-0000March 10, 1778
09 !10 North Carolina 000000001778-04-05-0000April 5, 1778
07 !11 New Jersey 000000001778-11-19-0000November 19, 1778
02 !12 Delaware 000000001779-02-01-0000February 1, 1779
04 !13 Maryland 000000001781-02-02-0000February 2, 1781
See also[edit]
North America portal
United States portal
Enabling Act of 1802, authorizing residents of the eastern portion of the Northwest Territory to form the state of Ohio
Missouri Compromise, 1820 federal statute enabling the admission of Missouri (a slave state) and Maine (a free state) into the Union
Toledo War, 1835–36 boundary dispute between Ohio and the adjoining Michigan Territory, which delayed Michigan's admission to the Union
Texas annexation, the 1845 incorporation of the Republic of Texas into the United States as a state in the Union
Legal status of Texas
Compromise of 1850, a package of congressional acts, one of which provided for the admission of California to the Union
Bleeding Kansas, a series of violent conflicts in Kansas Territory involving anti-slavery and pro-slavery factions in the years preceding Kansas statehood, 1854–61
Enabling Act of 1889, authorizing residents of Dakota, Montana, and Washington territories to form state governments (Dakota to be divided into two states) and to gain admission to the Union
Enabling Act of 1906 authorizing residents of Oklahoma, Indian, New Mexico, and Arizona territories to form state governments (Indian and Oklahoma territories to be combined into one state) and to gain admission to the Union
Alaska Statehood Act, admitting Alaska as a state in the Union as of January 3, 1959
Legal status of Alaska
Hawaii Admission Act, admitting Hawaii as a state in the Union as of August 21, 1959
Legal status of Hawaii
List of states and territories of the United States
Federalism in the United States
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ This list does not account for the secession of 11 states (Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas) during the Civil War to form the Confederate States of America, nor for the subsequent restoration of those states to the Union, or each state's "readmission to representation in Congress" after the war, as the federal government does not give legal recognition to their having left the Union. Also, the Constitution is silent on the question of whether states have the power to secede from the Union, but the Supreme Court held that a state cannot unilaterally do so in Texas v. White (1869).[7]
Jump up ^ Also known as the "Three Lower Counties Upon Delaware". Delaware became a state on June 15, 1776, when the Delaware Assembly formally adopted a resolution declaring an end to Delaware's status as a colony of Great Britain and establishing the three counties as an independent state under the authority of "the Government of the Counties of New Castle, Kent and Sussex Upon Delaware".[9]
Jump up ^ Between 1749 and 1764 the provincial governor of New Hampshire, Benning Wentworth, issued approximately 135 grants for unoccupied land claimed by New Hampshire west of the Connecticut River (in what is today southern Vermont), territory that was also claimed by New York. The resulting "New Hampshire Grants" dispute led to the rise of the Green Mountain Boys, and the later establishment of the Vermont Republic. New Hampshire's claim upon the land was extinguished in 1764 by royal order of George III, and in 1790 the State of New York ceded its land claim to Vermont for 30,000 dollars.
Jump up ^ The Virginia General Assembly adopted legislation on December 18, 1789 separating its "District of Kentucky" from the rest of the State and approving its statehood.[17]
Jump up ^ The exact date upon which Ohio became a state is unclear. On April 30, 1802 the 7th Congress had passed an act "authorizing the inhabitants of Ohio to form a Constitution and state government, and admission of Ohio into the Union" (Sess. 1, ch. 40, 2 Stat. 173). On February 19, 1803 the same Congress passed an act "providing for the execution of the laws of the United States in the State of Ohio" (Sess. 2, ch. 7, 2 Stat. 201). Neither act, however, set a formal date of statehood. An official statehood date for Ohio was not set until 1953, when the 83rd Congress passed a Joint resolution "for admitting the State of Ohio into the Union", (Pub.L. 83–204, 67 Stat. 407, enacted August 7, 1953) which designated March 1, 1803, as that date.[20]
Jump up ^ The Massachusetts General Court passed enabling legislation on June 19, 1819 separating the "District of Maine" from the rest of the State (an action approved by the voters in Maine on July 19, 1819 by 17,001 to 7,132); then, on February 25, 1820, passed a follow-up measure officially accepting the fact of Maine's imminent statehood.[17]
Jump up ^ On May 13, 1862, the General Assembly of the Restored Government of Virginia passed an act granting permission for creation of West Virginia.[34] Later, by its ruling in Virginia v. West Virginia (1871), the Supreme Court implicitly affirmed that the breakaway Virginia counties did have the proper consents necessary to become a separate state.[35]
Jump up ^ When President Benjamin Harrison signed the statehood proclamations for North and South Dakota he shuffled the papers on his desk and covered up all but the signature line of the documents. No one knows which state he signed into existence first. North Dakota's proclamation was published first in the Statutes at Large, as it is first in alphabetical order.[37]
^ Jump up to: a b Brought into existence within moments of each other on the same day, North and South Dakota are the nation's only twin-born states.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Erler, Edward. "Essays on Amendment XIV: Citizenship". The Heritage Foundation.
Jump up ^ "Frequently Asked Questions About the Minnesota Legislature". Minnesota State Legislature.
Jump up ^ Kristin D. Burnett. "Congressional Apportionment (2010 Census Briefs C2010BR-08)" (PDF). U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration.
Jump up ^ Elhauge, Einer R. "Essays on Article II: Presidential Electors". The Heritage Foundation.
Jump up ^ "Doctrine of the Equality of States". Justia.com.
Jump up ^ Jensen, Merrill (1959). The Articles of Confederation: An Interpretation of the Social-Constitutional History of the American Revolution, 1774–1781. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. xi, 184. ISBN 978-0-299-00204-6.
Jump up ^ "Texas v. White 74 U.S. 700 (1868)". Justia.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Vile, John R. (2005). The Constitutional Convention of 1787: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America's Founding (Volume 1: A-M). ABC-CLIO. p. 658. ISBN 1-85109-669-8.
Jump up ^ "Delaware Government". Delaware.gov. Government Information Center, Delaware Department of State.
Jump up ^ "Overview of Pennsylvania History - 1776-1861: Independence to the Civil War". PA.gov. Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission.
Jump up ^ "1787 Convention Minutes". NJ.gov. New Jersey Department of State.
Jump up ^ "Today in History: January 9". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ "Today in History: July 26". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ "Today in History: November 21". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ "The 14th State". Vermont History Explorer. Vermont Historical Society.
Jump up ^ "Constitution Square Historic Site". Danville/Boyle County Convention and Visitors Bureau. [permanent dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b "Official Name and Status History of the several States and U.S. Territories". TheGreenPapers.com.
Jump up ^ "State History Timeline". TN.gov. Tennessee Department of State. Archived from the original on April 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ Blue, Frederick J. (Autumn 2002). "The Date of Ohio Statehood". Ohio Academy of History Newsletter. Archived from the original on September 11, 2010.
Jump up ^ Clearing up the Confusion surrounding Ohio's Admission to Statehood
Jump up ^ "About Louisiana: quick facts". louisiana.gov. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Welcome from the Mississippi Bicentennial Celebration Commission". Mississippi Bicentennial Celebration Commission. Retrieved February 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Today in History: December 3". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ "Alabama History Timeline: 1800-1860". alabama.gov. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Today in History: March 15". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ "Today in History: August 10". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ "Today in History: June 15". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ "Today in History: January 26". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ "Today in History: May 29". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ "California Admission Day September 9, 1850". CA.gov. California Department of Parks and Recreation.
Jump up ^ "Today in History: May 11". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ "Today in History: January 29". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ "Today in History: June 20". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ "A State of Convenience: The Creation of West Virginia, Chapter Twelve, Reorganized Government of Virginia Approves Separation". Wvculture.org. West Virginia Division of Culture and History.
Jump up ^ "Virginia v. West Virginia 78 U.S. 39 (1870)". Justia.com.
Jump up ^ "Today in History: August 1". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ MacPherson, James; Burbach, Kevin (November 2, 2014). "At 125 years of Dakotas statehood, rivalry remains". Bismarck Tribune.
^ Jump up to: a b "Today in History: November 2". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ Wishart, David J. (ed.). "Montana". Encyclopedia of the Great Plains. University of Nebraska–Lincoln. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Today in History: November 11". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ Thatcher, Linda Thatcher (2016). "Struggle For Statehood Chronology". historytogo.utah.gov. State of Utah.
Jump up ^ "Today in History: November 16". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ Rodgers, Paul (2011). United States Constitutional Law: An Introduction. McFarland. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-7864-6017-5.
External links[edit]
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"U.S. States Videos". History.com.
"Dates of statehood". 50states.com.
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