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Parliament of England
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For the current debate on a devolved English legislature, see Devolved English parliament.
Parliament of England
Royal coat of arms of England, 1558–1603
Type
Type
Unicameral
(1215–1341 / 1649–1657)
Bicameral
(1341–1649 / 1657–1707)1
Houses
Upper house:
House of Lords
(1341–1649 / 1660–1707)
House of Peers
(1657–1660)
Lower house:
House of Commons
(1341–1707)
History
Established
15 June 1215
(Lords only)
20 January 1265
(Lords and elected Commons)
Disbanded
1 May 1707
Preceded by
Curia Regis
Succeeded by
Parliament of Great Britain
Leadership
Lord Keeper of the Great Seal
William Cowper1
Since 1705
Speaker of the House of Commons
John Smith1
Since 1705
Elections
House of Lords voting system
Ennoblement by the Sovereign or inheritance of an English peerage
House of Commons voting system
First past the post with limited suffrage1
Meeting place
Palace of Westminster, Westminster, London
Footnotes
1Reflecting Parliament as it stood in 1707.
See also: Parliament of Scotland,
Parliament of Ireland
The Parliament of England was the legislature of the Kingdom of England, existing from the early 13th century until 1707, when it became the Parliament of Great Britain after the political union of England and Scotland created the Kingdom of Great Britain.
In 1066, William of Normandy introduced what, in later centuries, became referred to as a feudal system, by which he sought the advice of a council of tenants-in-chief (a person who held land) and ecclesiastics before making laws. In 1215, the tenants-in-chief secured Magna Carta from King John, which established that the king may not levy or collect any taxes (except the feudal taxes to which they were hitherto accustomed), save with the consent of his royal council, which gradually developed into a parliament.
Over the centuries, the English Parliament progressively limited the power of the English monarchy which arguably culminated in the English Civil War and the trial and execution of Charles I in 1649. After the restoration of the monarchy under Charles II, and the subsequent Glorious Revolution of 1688, the supremacy of Parliament was a settled principle and all future English and later British sovereigns were restricted to the role of constitutional monarchs with limited executive authority. The Act of Union 1707 merged the English Parliament with the Parliament of Scotland to form the Parliament of Great Britain. When the Parliament of Ireland was abolished in 1801, its former members were merged into what was now called the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Parliament in the reign of Henry III
1.2 The emergence of parliament as an institution
1.3 King, Lords and Commons
1.4 Rebellion and revolution
1.5 Parliament from the Restoration to the Act of Settlement
1.6 Union: the Parliament of Great Britain
2 Places where Parliament has been held other than London
3 Representation on the English Parliament outside the British Isles
4 See also
5 References
6 Sources
7 External links
History[edit]
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Under a monarchical system of government, monarchs usually must consult and seek a measure of acceptance for their policies if they are to enjoy the broad cooperation of their subjects. Early kings of England had no standing army or police, and so depended on the support of powerful subjects. The monarchy had agents in every part of the country. However, under the feudal system that evolved in England following the Norman Conquest of 1066, the laws of the Crown could not have been upheld without the support of the nobility and the clergy. The former had economic and military power bases of their own through major ownership of land and the feudal obligations of their tenants (some of whom held lands on condition of military service). The Church was virtually a law unto itself in this period as it had its own system of religious law courts.
In order to seek consultation and consent from the nobility and the senior clergy on major decisions, post-Norman Conquest English monarchs called Great Councils. A typical Great Council would consist of archbishops, bishops, abbots, barons and earls, the pillars of the feudal system.
When this system of consultation and consent broke down, it often became impossible for government to function effectively. The most prominent instances of this prior to the reign of Henry III are the disagreements between Thomas Becket and Henry II and between King John and the barons.
Becket, who served as Archbishop of Canterbury between 1162 and 1170, was murdered following a long running dispute with Henry II over the jurisdiction of the Church. John, who was king from 1199 to 1216, aroused such hostility from many leading noblemen that they forced him to agree to Magna Carta in 1215. John's refusal to adhere to this charter led to civil war (see First Barons' War).
The Great Council evolved into the Parliament of England. The term itself came into use during the early 13th century, deriving from the Latin and French words for discussion and speaking. The word first appears in official documents in the 1230s. As a result of the work by historians G. O. Sayles and H. G. Richardson, it is widely believed that the early parliaments had a judicial as well as a legislative function.
During the 13th and 14th centuries, the kings began to call Knights of the Shire to meet when the monarch saw it as necessary. A notable example of this was in 1254 when sheriffs of counties were instructed to send Knights of the Shire to parliament to advise the king on finance.[1]
Initially, parliaments were mostly summoned when the king needed to raise money through taxes. Following the Magna Carta this became a convention. This was due in no small part to the fact that King John died in 1216 and was succeeded by his young son Henry III. Leading peers and clergy governed on Henry's behalf until he came of age, giving them a taste for power that they would prove unwilling to relinquish. Among other things, they made sure that Magna Carta would be reaffirmed by the young king.
Parliament in the reign of Henry III[edit]
Once the minority of Henry III ended and he took full control of the government, leading peers became increasingly concerned with his style of government, specifically his unwillingness to consult them on decisions he took, and his seeming patronisation of his foreign relatives over his native subjects. Henry's support of a disastrous papal invasion of Sicily was the last straw. In 1258, seven leading barons forced Henry to swear to uphold the Provisions of Oxford, superseded, the following year, by the Provisions of Westminster. This effectively abolished the absolutist Anglo-Norman monarchy, giving power to a council of fifteen barons, and providing for a thrice-yearly meeting of parliament to monitor their performance. Parliament assembled six times between June 1258 and April 1262, most notably at Oxford in 1258.
The French-born nobleman Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, emerged as the leader of this characteristically English rebellion. In the following years, those supporting Montfort and those supporting the king grew more hostile to each other. Henry obtained a papal bull in 1263 exempting him from his oath and both sides began to raise armies. At the Battle of Lewes on 14 May 1264, Henry was defeated and taken prisoner by Montfort's army. However, many of the peers who had initially supported Montfort began to suspect that he had gone too far with his reforming zeal. His support amongst the nobility rapidly declined. So in 1264, Montfort summoned the first parliament in English history without any prior royal authorisation. The archbishops, bishops, abbots, earls and barons were summoned, as were two knights from each shire and two burgesses from each borough. Knights had been summoned to previous councils, but the representation of the boroughs was unprecedented. This was purely a move to consolidate Montfort's position as the legitimate governor of the kingdom, since he had captured Henry and his son Prince Edward (later Edward I) at the Battle of Lewes.
A parliament consisting of representatives of the realm was the logical way for Montfort to establish his authority. In calling this parliament, in a bid to gain popular support, he summoned knights and burgesses from the emerging gentry class, thus turning to his advantage the fact that most of the nobility had abandoned his movement. This parliament was summoned on 14 December 1264. It first met on 20 January 1265 in Westminster Hall[1] and was dissolved on 15 February 1265. It is not certain who actually attended this parliament. Nonetheless, Montfort's scheme was formally adopted by Edward I in the so-called "Model Parliament" of 1295. The attendance at parliament of knights and burgesses historically became known as the summoning of "the Commons", a term derived from the Norman French word "commune", literally translated as the "community of the realm".
Following Edward's escape from captivity, Montfort was defeated and killed at the Battle of Evesham in 1265. Henry's authority was restored and the Provisions of Oxford were forgotten, but this was nonetheless a turning point in the history of the Parliament of England. Although he was not obliged by statute to do so, Henry summoned the Commons to parliament three times between September 1268 and April 1270. However, this was not a significant turning point in the history of parliamentary democracy. Subsequently, very little is known about how representatives were selected because, at this time, being sent to parliament was not a prestigious undertaking. But Montfort's decision to summon knights of the shires and burgesses to his parliament did mark the irreversible emergence of the landed gentry as a force in politics. From then on, monarchs could not ignore them, which explains Henry's decision to summon the Commons to several of his post-1265 parliaments.
Even though many peers who had supported the Provisions of Oxford remained active in English public life throughout Henry's reign, the conditions they had laid down for regular parliaments were largely forgotten, as if to symbolise the historical development of the English Parliament via convention rather than statutes and written constitutions.
The emergence of parliament as an institution[edit]
A 16th-century depiction of Edward's parliament
During the reign of Edward I, which began in 1272, the role of Parliament in the government of the English kingdom increased due to Edward's determination to unite England, Wales and Scotland under his rule by force. He was also keen to unite his subjects in order to restore his authority and not face rebellion as was his father's fate. Edward therefore encouraged all sectors of society to submit petitions to parliament detailing their grievances in order for them to be resolved. This seemingly gave all of Edward's subjects a potential role in government and this helped Edward assert his authority. Both the Statute of Westminster 1275 and Statute of Westminster 1285, with the assistance of Robert Burnell, codified the existing law in England.
As the number of petitions being submitted to parliament increased, they came to be dealt with, and often ignored, more and more by ministers of the Crown so as not to block the passage of government business through parliament. However the emergence of petitioning is significant because it is some of the earliest evidence of parliament being used as a forum to address the general grievances of ordinary people. Submitting a petition to parliament is a tradition that continues to this day in the Parliament of the United Kingdom and in most Commonwealth realms.
These developments symbolise the fact that parliament and government were by no means the same thing by this point. If monarchs were going to impose their will on their kingdom, they would have to control parliament rather than be subservient to it.
From Edward's reign onwards, the authority of the English Parliament would depend on the strength or weakness of the incumbent monarch. When the king or queen was strong he or she would wield enough influence to pass their legislation through parliament without much trouble. Some strong monarchs even bypassed it completely, although this was not often possible in the case of financial legislation due to the post-Magna Carta convention of parliament granting taxes. When weak monarchs governed, parliament often became the centre of opposition against them. Subsequently, the composition of parliaments in this period varied depending on the decisions that needed to be taken in them. The nobility and senior clergy were always summoned. From 1265 onwards, when the monarch needed to raise money through taxes, it was usual for knights and burgesses to be summoned too. However, when the king was merely seeking advice, he often only summoned the nobility and the clergy, sometimes with and sometimes without the knights of the shires. On some occasions the Commons were summoned and sent home again once the monarch was finished with them, allowing parliament to continue without them. It was not until the mid-14th century that summoning representatives of the shires and the boroughs became the norm for all parliaments.
One of the moments that marked the emergence of parliament as a true institution in England was the deposition of Edward II. Even though it is debatable whether Edward II was deposed in parliament or by parliament, this remarkable sequence of events consolidated the importance of parliament in the English unwritten constitution. Parliament was also crucial in establishing the legitimacy of the king who replaced Edward II: his son Edward III.
In 1341 the Commons met separately from the nobility and clergy for the first time, creating what was effectively an Upper Chamber and a Lower Chamber, with the knights and burgesses sitting in the latter. This Upper Chamber became known as the House of Lords from 1544 onward, and the Lower Chamber became known as the House of Commons, collectively known as the Houses of Parliament.
The authority of parliament grew under Edward III; it was established that no law could be made, nor any tax levied, without the consent of both Houses and the Sovereign. This development occurred during the reign of Edward III because he was involved in the Hundred Years' War and needed finances. During his conduct of the war, Edward tried to circumvent parliament as much as possible, which caused this edict to be passed.
The Commons came to act with increasing boldness during this period. During the Good Parliament (1376), the Presiding Officer of the lower chamber, Sir Peter de la Mare, complained of heavy taxes, demanded an accounting of the royal expenditures, and criticised the king's management of the military. The Commons even proceeded to impeach some of the king's ministers. The bold Speaker was imprisoned, but was soon released after the death of Edward III. During the reign of the next monarch, Richard II, the Commons once again began to impeach errant ministers of the Crown. They insisted that they could not only control taxation, but also public expenditure. Despite such gains in authority, however, the Commons still remained much less powerful than the House of Lords and the Crown.
This period also saw the introduction of a franchise which limited the number of people who could vote in elections for the House of Commons. From 1430 onwards, the franchise was limited to Forty Shilling Freeholders, that is men who owned freehold property worth forty shillings or more. The Parliament of England legislated the new uniform county franchise, in the statute 8 Hen. 6, c. 7. The Chronological Table of the Statutes does not mention such a 1430 law, as it was included in the Consolidated Statutes as a recital in the Electors of Knights of the Shire Act 1432 (10 Hen. 6, c. 2), which amended and re-enacted the 1430 law to make clear that the resident of a county had to have a forty shilling freehold in that county to be a voter there.
King, Lords and Commons[edit]
During the reign of the Tudor monarchs the modern structure of the English Parliament began to be created. The Tudor monarchy was powerful, and there were often periods of several years when parliament did not sit at all. However the Tudor monarchs were astute enough to realise that they needed parliament to legitimise many of their decisions, mostly out of a need to raise money through taxation legitimately without causing discontent. Thus they consolidated the state of affairs whereby monarchs would call and close parliament as and when they needed it.
By the time Henry Tudor (Henry VII) came to the throne in 1485 the monarch was not a member of either the Upper Chamber or the Lower Chamber. Consequently, the monarch would have to make his or her feelings known to Parliament through his or her supporters in both houses. Proceedings were regulated by the presiding officer in either chamber. From the 1540s the presiding officer in the House of Commons became formally known as the "Speaker", having previously been referred to as the "prolocutor" or "parlour" (a semi-official position, often nominated by the monarch, that had existed ever since Peter de Montfort had acted as the presiding officer of the Oxford Parliament of 1258). This was not an enviable job. When the House of Commons was unhappy it was the Speaker who had to deliver this news to the monarch. This began the tradition whereby the Speaker of the House of Commons is dragged to the Speaker's Chair by other members once elected.
A member of either chamber could present a "bill" to parliament. Bills supported by the monarch were often proposed by members of the Privy Council who sat in parliament. In order for a bill to become law it would have to be approved by a majority of both Houses of Parliament before it passed to the monarch for royal assent or veto. The royal veto was applied several times during the 16th and 17th centuries and it is still the right of the monarch of the United Kingdom and Commonwealth realms to veto legislation today, although it has not been exercised since 1707 (today such exercise would presumably precipitate a constitutional crisis).
When a bill was enacted into law, this process gave it the approval of each estate of the realm: the King, Lords, and Commons. In reality, this was not a democratic process. The Parliament of England was far from being a democratically representative institution in this period. It was possible to assemble the entire peerage and senior clergy of the realm in one place to form the estate of the Upper Chamber. However, the voting franchise for the House of Commons was small; some historians estimate that it was as little as three per cent of the adult male population; and there was no secret ballot. This meant that elections could be controlled by local grandees, because in many boroughs a majority of voters were in some way dependent on a powerful individual, or else could be bought by money or concessions. If these grandees were supporters of the incumbent monarch, this gave the Crown and its ministers considerable influence over the business of parliament. Many of the men elected to parliament did not relish the prospect of having to act in the interests of others. So a law was enacted, still on the statute book today, whereby it became unlawful for members of the House of Commons to resign their seat unless they were granted a position directly within the patronage of the monarchy (today this latter restriction leads to a legal fiction allowing de facto resignation despite the prohibition, but nevertheless it is a resignation which needs the permission of the Crown). However, it must be emphasised that while several elections to parliament in this period were in some way corrupt by modern standards, many elections involved genuine contests between rival candidates, even though the ballot was not secret.
It was in this period that the Palace of Westminster was established as the seat of the English Parliament. In 1548, the House of Commons was granted a regular meeting place by the Crown, St Stephen's Chapel. This had been a royal chapel. It was made into a debating chamber after Henry VIII became the last monarch to use the Palace of Westminster as a place of residence and following the suppression of the college there. This room became the home of the House of Commons until it was destroyed by fire in 1834, although the interior was altered several times up until then. The structure of this room was pivotal in the development of the Parliament of England. While most modern legislatures sit in a circular chamber, the benches of the British Houses of Parliament are laid out in the form of choir stalls in a chapel, simply because this is the part of the original room that the members of the House of Commons utilised when they were granted use of St Stephen's Chapel. This structure took on a new significance with the emergence of political parties in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, as the tradition began whereby the members of the governing party would sit on the benches to the right of the Speaker and the opposition members on the benches to the left. It is said that the Speaker's chair was placed in front of the chapel's altar. As Members came and went they observed the custom of bowing to the altar and continued to do so, even when it had been taken away, thus then bowing to the Chair, as is still the custom today.[citation needed]
The numbers of the Lords Spiritual diminished under Henry VIII, who commanded the Dissolution of the Monasteries, thereby depriving the abbots and priors of their seats in the Upper House. For the first time, the Lords Temporal were more numerous than the Lords Spiritual. Currently, the Lords Spiritual consist of the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, the Bishops of London, Durham and Winchester, and twenty-one other English diocesan bishops in seniority of appointment to a diocese.
The Laws in Wales Acts of 1535–42 annexed Wales as part of England and this brought Welsh representatives into the Parliament of England, first elected in 1542.
Rebellion and revolution[edit]
Parliaments of England
1604–1705
Parliament
Date
Blessed Parliament 1604
Addled Parliament 1614
3rd Parliament of King James I 1621
Happy Parliament 1624
Useless Parliament 1625
2nd Parliament of King Charles I 1626
3rd Parliament of King Charles I 1628
Short Parliament 1640 Apr
Long Parliament (1) 1640 Nov
Oxford Parliament 1644
Long Parliament (2) 1645
Rump Parliament (1) 1648
Barebone's Parliament 1653
First Protectorate Parliament 1654
Second Protectorate Parliament 1656
Third Protectorate Parliament 1659
Rump Parliament (2) 1659
Long Parliament (3) 1660
Convention Parliament 1660
Cavalier Parliament 1661
Habeas Corpus Parliament 1679
Exclusion Bill Parliament 1680
Oxford Parliament 1681
Loyal Parliament 1685
Convention Parliament 1689
2nd Parliament of William and Mary 1690
3rd Parliament of King William III 1695
4th Parliament of King William III 1698
5th Parliament of King William III 1701
6th Parliament of King William III 1701 Dec
1st Parliament of Queen Anne 1702
2nd Parliament of Queen Anne 1705
List of Parliaments of England
v
t
e
Parliament had not always submitted to the wishes of the Tudor monarchs. But parliamentary criticism of the monarchy reached new levels in the 17th century. When the last Tudor monarch, Elizabeth I, died in 1603, King James VI of Scotland came to power as King James I, founding the Stuart monarchy.
In 1628, alarmed by the arbitrary exercise of royal power, the House of Commons submitted to Charles I the Petition of Right, demanding the restoration of their liberties. Though he accepted the petition, Charles later dissolved parliament and ruled without them for eleven years. It was only after the financial disaster of the Scottish Bishops' Wars (1639–1640) that he was forced to recall Parliament so that they could authorise new taxes. This resulted in the calling of the assemblies known historically as the Short Parliament of 1640 and the Long Parliament, which sat with several breaks and in various forms between 1640 and 1660.
The Long Parliament was characterised by the growing number of critics of the king who sat in it. The most prominent of these critics in the House of Commons was John Pym. Tensions between the king and his parliament reached boiling point in January 1642 when Charles entered the House of Commons and tried, unsuccessfully, to arrest Pym and four other members for their alleged treason. The five members had been tipped off about this, and by the time Charles came into the chamber with a group of soldiers they had disappeared. Charles was further humiliated when he asked the Speaker, William Lenthall, to give their whereabouts, which Lenthall famously refused to do.
From then on relations between the king and his parliament deteriorated further. When trouble started to brew in Ireland, both Charles and his parliament raised armies to quell the uprisings by native Catholics there. It was not long before it was clear that these forces would end up fighting each other, leading to the English Civil War which began with the Battle of Edgehill in October 1642: those supporting the cause of parliament were called Parliamentarians (or Roundheads).
Battles between Crown and Parliament would continue throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, but parliament was no longer subservient to the English monarchy. This change was symbolised in the execution of Charles I in January 1649. It is somewhat ironic that this event was not instigated by the elected representatives of the realm. In Pride's Purge of December 1648, the New Model Army (which by then had emerged as the leading force in the parliamentary alliance) purged Parliament of members that did not support them. The remaining "Rump Parliament", as it was later referred to by critics, enacted legislation to put the king on trial for treason. This trial, the outcome of which was a foregone conclusion, led to the execution of the king and the start of an 11-year republic. The House of Lords was abolished and the purged House of Commons governed England until April 1653, when army chief Oliver Cromwell dissolved it following disagreements over religious policy and how to carry out elections to parliament. Cromwell later convened a parliament of religious radicals in 1653, commonly known as Barebone's Parliament, followed by the unicameral First Protectorate Parliament that sat from September 1654 to January 1655 and the Second Protectorate Parliament that sat in two sessions between 1656 and 1658, the first session was unicameral and the second session was bicameral.
Although it is easy to dismiss the English Republic of 1649-60 as nothing more than a Cromwellian military dictatorship, the events that took place in this decade were hugely important in determining the future of parliament. First, it was during the sitting of the first Rump Parliament that members of the House of Commons became known as "MPs" (Members of Parliament). Second, Cromwell gave a huge degree of freedom to his parliaments, although royalists were barred from sitting in all but a handful of cases. His vision of parliament appears to have been largely based on the example of the Elizabethan parliaments. However, he underestimated the extent to which Elizabeth I and her ministers had directly and indirectly influenced the decision-making process of her parliaments. He was thus always surprised when they became troublesome. He ended up dissolving each parliament that he convened. Yet it is worth noting that the structure of the second session of the Second Protectorate Parliament of 1658 was almost identical to the parliamentary structure consolidated in the Glorious Revolution Settlement of 1689.
In 1653 Cromwell had been made head of state with the title Lord Protector of the Realm. The Second Protectorate Parliament offered him the crown. Cromwell rejected this offer, but the governmental structure embodied in the final version of the Humble Petition and Advice was a basis for all future parliaments. It proposed an elected House of Commons as the Lower Chamber, a House of Lords containing peers of the realm as the Upper Chamber, and a constitutional monarchy, subservient to parliament and the laws of the nation, as the executive arm of the state at the top of the tree, assisted in carrying out their duties by a Privy Council. Oliver Cromwell had thus inadvertently presided over the creation of a basis for the future parliamentary government of England. In 1657 he had the Parliament of Scotland unified with the English Parliament.
In terms of the evolution of parliament as an institution, by far the most important development during the republic was the sitting of the Rump Parliament between 1649 and 1653. This proved that parliament could survive without a monarchy and a House of Lords if it wanted to. Future English monarchs would never forget this. Charles I was the last English monarch ever to enter the House of Commons. Even to this day, a Member of the Parliament of the United Kingdom is sent to Buckingham Palace as a ceremonial hostage during the State Opening of Parliament, in order to ensure the safe return of the sovereign from a potentially hostile parliament. During the ceremony the monarch sits on the throne in the House of Lords and signals for the Lord Great Chamberlain to summon the House of Commons to the Lords Chamber. The Lord Great Chamberlain then raises his wand of office to signal to the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod, who has been waiting in the central lobby. Black Rod turns and, escorted by the doorkeeper of the House of Lords and an inspector of police, approaches the doors to the chamber of the Commons. The doors are slammed in his face – symbolising the right of the Commons to debate without the presence of the Queen's representative. He then strikes three times with his staff (the Black Rod), and he is admitted.
Parliament from the Restoration to the Act of Settlement[edit]
The revolutionary events that occurred between 1620 and 1689 all took place in the name of parliament. The new status of parliament as the central governmental organ of the English state was consolidated during the events surrounding the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660. Following the death of Oliver Cromwell in September 1658, his son Richard Cromwell succeeded him as Lord Protector, summoning the Third Protectorate Parliament in the process. When this parliament was dissolved following pressure from the army in April 1659, the Rump Parliament was recalled at the insistence of the surviving army grandees. This in turn was dissolved in a coup led by army general John Lambert, leading to the formation of the Committee of Safety, dominated by Lambert and his supporters. When the breakaway forces of George Monck invaded England from Scotland where they had been stationed—without Lambert's supporters putting up a fight—Monck temporarily recalled the Rump Parliament and reversed Pride's Purge by recalling the entirety of the Long Parliament. They then voted to dissolve themselves and call new elections, which were arguably the most democratic for 20 years although the franchise was still very small. This led to the calling of the Convention Parliament which was dominated by royalists. This parliament voted to reinstate the monarchy and the House of Lords. Charles II returned to England as king in May 1660. The Anglo-Scottish parliamentary union that Cromwell had established was dissolved in 1661 when the Scottish Parliament resumed its separate meeting place in Edinburgh.
The Restoration began the tradition whereby all governments looked to parliament for legitimacy. In 1681 Charles II dissolved parliament and ruled without them for the last four years of his reign. This followed bitter disagreements between the king and parliament that had occurred between 1679 and 1681. Charles took a big gamble by doing this. He risked the possibility of a military showdown akin to that of 1642. However he rightly predicted that the nation did not want another civil war. Parliament disbanded without a fight. Events that followed ensured that this would be nothing but a temporary blip.
Charles II died in 1685 and he was succeeded by his brother James II. During his lifetime Charles had always pledged loyalty to the Protestant Church of England, despite his private Catholic sympathies. James was openly Catholic. He attempted to lift restrictions on Catholics taking up public offices. This was bitterly opposed by Protestants in his kingdom. They invited William of Orange,[2] a Protestant who had married Mary, daughter of James II and Anne Hyde to invade England and claim the throne. William assembled an army estimated at 15,000 soldiers (11,000 foot and 4000 horse)[3] and landed at Brixham in southwest England in November, 1688. When many Protestant officers, including James's close adviser, John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, defected from the English army to William's invasion force, James fled the country. Parliament then offered the Crown to his Protestant daughter Mary, instead of his son (James Francis Edward Stuart). Mary refused the offer, and instead William and Mary ruled jointly, with both having the right to rule alone on the other's death. As part of the compromise in allowing William to be King—called the Glorious Revolution—Parliament was able to have the 1689 Bill of Rights enacted. Later the 1701 Act of Settlement was approved. These were statutes that lawfully upheld the prominence of parliament for the first time in English history. These events marked the beginning of the English constitutional monarchy and its role as one of the three elements of parliament.
Union: the Parliament of Great Britain[edit]
Main article: Parliament of Great Britain
Following the Treaty of Union in 1707, Acts of Parliament passed in the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland created a new Kingdom of Great Britain and dissolved both parliaments, replacing them with a new Parliament of Great Britain based in the former home of the English parliament. The Parliament of Great Britain later became the Parliament of the United Kingdom in 1801 when the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was formed through the Act of Union 1800.
Places where Parliament has been held other than London[edit]
York, various
Lincoln, various
Oxford, 1258 (Mad Parliament), 1681
Kenilworth, 1266
Acton Burnell Castle, 1283[4]
Shrewsbury, 1283 (trial of Dafydd ap Gruffydd), 1397 ('Great' Parliament)
Lincoln, 1301
Carlisle, 1307
Northampton 1328
New Sarum (Salisbury), 1330
Winchester, 1332, 1449
Leicester, 1414 (Fire and Faggot Parliament), 1426 (Parliament of Bats)
Reading Abbey, 1453
Coventry, 1459 (Parliament of Devils)
Representation on the English Parliament outside the British Isles[edit]
Two European cities, both annexed from and later ceded to the Kingdom of France were represented in the Parliament as borough constituencies while they were English possessions:
Calais, between 1372 and 1558.
Tournai between 1513 and 1519. (Now in Belgium.)
See also[edit]
History of democracy
History of local government in England
List of Parliaments of England
List of Acts of the Parliament of England to 1483
List of Acts of the Parliament of England, 1485–1601
List of Acts of the Parliament of England, 1603–1641
Witenagemot
Magnum Concilium
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "A Brief Chronology of the House of Commons", Factsheet G3, General Series, August 2010, House of Commons Information Office
Jump up ^ Wouter Troost, William III the Stadholder-King: A Political Biography (2004) ISBN 0-7546-5071-5 p 191
Jump up ^ Troost, pp 204–205
Jump up ^ Virtual Shropshire Archived 30 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
Sources[edit]
Blackstone, Sir William. (1765). Commentaries on the Laws of England. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Davies, M. (2003). Companion to the Standing Orders and guide to the Proceedings of the House of Lords, 19th ed.
Farnborough, Thomas Erskine, 1st Baron. (1896). Constitutional History of England since the Accession of George the Third, 11th ed. vol 1 online; vol 2 online
Maddicott, John. The Origins of the English Parliament, 924-1327. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2010. ISBN 0-19-958550-4.
Paul Brand. "Review of Maddicott, John Robert, _The Origins of the English Parliament, 924-1327_." in H-Albion, H-Net Reviews. September, 2011. online
Sayles, G. O. The King's Parliament of England (1974), brief survey
"Parliament." (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed. London: Cambridge University Press.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Parliament of England.
Birth of the English Parliament. UK Parliament
Parliament and People. British Library
Origins and growth of Parliament. National Archives
Parliament of England
Preceded by
Curia Regis
1066–c. 1215 Parliament of England
c. 1215–1707 Succeeded by
Parliament of Great Britain
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text:
Bromophenol blue
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Bromophenol blue
Names
IUPAC name
4,4′-(1,1-dioxido-3H-2,1-benzoxathiole-3,3-diyl)bis(2,6-dibromophenol)
Identifiers
CAS Number
115-39-9 Y
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
ChEBI
CHEBI:59424 Y
ChEMBL
ChEMBL2103765 N
ChemSpider
7973 Y
ECHA InfoCard 100.003.715
PubChem CID
8272
InChI[show]
InChI=1S/C19H10Br4O5S/c20-12-5-9(6-13(21)17(12)24)19(10-7-14(22)18(25)15(23)8-10)11-3-1-2-4-16(11)29(26,27)28-19/h1-8,24-25H Y
Key: UDSAIICHUKSCKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
InChI=1/C19H10Br4O5S/c20-12-5-9(6-13(21)17(12)24)19(10-7-14(22)18(25)15(23)8-10)11-3-1-2-4-16(11)29(26,27)28-19/h1-8,24-25H
Key: UDSAIICHUKSCKT-UHFFFAOYAE
SMILES[show]
Brc1cc(cc(Br)c1O)C3(OS(=O)(=O)c2ccccc23)c4cc(Br)c(O)c(Br)c4
Properties
Chemical formula
C19H10Br4O5S
Molar mass 669.96 g·mol−1
Odor odorless
Density 2.2 g/mL[1]
Melting point 273 °C (523 °F; 546 K)
Boiling point 279 °C (534 °F; 552 K)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
N verify (what is Y N ?)
Infobox references
Bromophenol blue (3′,3″,5′,5″-tetrabromophenolsulfonphthalein, BPB,[2] albutest[3]) is used as a pH indicator, a color marker, and a dye. It can be prepared by slowly adding excess bromine to a hot solution of phenolsulfonphthalein in glacial acetic acid.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Acid–base indicator
2 Color marker
3 Dye
4 External links
5 References
Acid–base indicator[edit]
Bromophenol blue (pH indicator)
below pH 3.0 above pH 4.6
3.0 ⇌ 4.6
As an acid–base indicator, its useful range lies between pH 3.0 and 4.6. It changes from yellow at pH 3.0 to blue at pH 4.6; this reaction is reversible.[5] Bromophenol blue is structurally related to phenolphthalein (a popular indicator).
Color marker[edit]
Bromophenol blue is also used as a color marker to monitor the process of agarose gel electrophoresis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Since bromophenol blue carries a slight negative charge at moderate pH, it will migrate in the same direction as DNA or protein in a gel; the rate at which it migrates varies according to gel density and buffer composition, but in a typical 1% agarose gel in a 1X TAE buffer or TBE buffer, bromophenol blue migrates at the same rate as a DNA fragment of about 300 base pairs, in 2% agarose as 150 bp. Xylene cyanol and orange G may also be used for this purpose.[6]
Dye[edit]
Bromophenol blue is also used as a dye. At neutral pH, the dye absorbs red light most strongly and transmits blue light. Solutions of the dye, therefore, are blue. At low pH, the dye absorbs ultraviolet and blue light most strongly and appears yellow in solution. In solution at pH 3.6 (in the middle of the transition range of this pH indicator) obtained by dissolution in water without any pH adjustment, bromophenol blue has a characteristic green red color, where the apparent color shifts depending on the concentration and/or path length through which the solution is observed. This phenomenon is called dichromatic color.[7] Bromophenol blue is the substance with the highest known value of Kreft's dichromaticity index.[8] This means it has the largest change in color hue, when the thickness or concentration of observed sample increases or decreases.
External links[edit]
Bromophenol blue at OpenWetWare
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. Bromophenol Blue (CAS 115-39-9) Properties. https://www.scbt.com/scbt/product/bromophenol-blue-115-39-9
Jump up ^ Reaxys. Bromophenol blue (115-39-9) Chemical Names and Synonyms.
Jump up ^ PubChem Compound. Bromphenol Blue - Compound Summary. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=8272&loc=ec_rcs
Jump up ^ PubChem Compound. Bromphenol Blue - Use and Manufacturing. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=8272&loc=ec_rcs
Jump up ^ http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/Graphics/COfAInfo/SigmaSAPQM/SPEC/B0/B0126/B0126-BULK________SIAL_____.pdf
Jump up ^ "Agarose gel electrophoresis (basic method)". Retrieved 2008-04-07.
Jump up ^ Kreft S, Kreft M (2007). "Physicochemical and physiological basis of dichromatic colour". Naturwissenschaften. 94 (11): 935–9. Bibcode:2007NW.....94..935K. doi:10.1007/s00114-007-0272-9. PMID 17534588.
Jump up ^ Kreft S, Kreft M. (2009). "Quantification of dichromatism: a characteristic of color in transparent materials". Journal of the Optical Society of America A. 26 (7): 1576–1581. Bibcode:2009JOSAA..26.1576K. doi:10.1364/JOSAA.26.001576. PMID 19568292.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bromophenol_blue&oldid=825670207"
Categories:
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Triarylmethane dyes
Phenol dyes
Bromoarenes
Benzoxathioles
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Where Do We Go from Here (Vanessa Williams song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Where Do We Go from Here?"
Single by Vanessa Williams
from the album 'Greatest Hits: The First Ten Years'
Released
January 17, 1996
Recorded
1995
Genre
R&B
soul
orchestral pop
Length
5:12
Label
Mercury Records
Songwriter(s)
David Foster, Evan Kopelson, Douglas Pashley, Linda Thompson-Jenner
Producer(s)
David Foster
Vanessa Williams singles chronology
"You Can't Run"
(1995) "Where Do We Go from Here?"
(1996) "Do You Hear What I Hear?"
(1996)
"You Can't Run"
(1995) "Where Do We Go from Here? "
(1996) "Do You Hear What I Hear?"
(1996)
"Where Do We Go from Here?" is a song by American actress-singer Vanessa Williams. Produced by David Foster,[citation needed] it was featured in the 1996 film Eraser—in which Williams co-stars with Arnold Schwarzenegger—, though not included on its soundtrack album. The song would later appear on Williams' 1998 greatest hits album Greatest Hits: The First Ten Years.
In the U.S., the single peaked at number 71 on the Billboard Hot 100 and climbed to number five on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart.
Music video[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2015)
The official music video for the song was directed by Andy Morahan.[1]
Charts[edit]
Chart (1996)
Peak
position
German singles' charts 87[2]
Swedish singles' charts 30[3]
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 71[4]
U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs 90[4]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Vanessa Williams - "Where do we go from here?"". MVDBase.com (video). ASG. 1998–2017. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Vanessa Williams, Single-Chartverfolgung (in German)". Musicline.de. Retrieved 2011-12-27.
Jump up ^ "Vanessa Williams - Where Do We Go From Here? (song)". SwedishCharts.com. Retrieved 2011-12-27.
^ Jump up to: a b "Where Do We Go from Here? - Vanessa Williams". Billboard.com. Retrieved 2011-12-27.
[hide]
v
t
e
Vanessa Williams
Discography
Awards and nominations
Studio albums
The Right Stuff
The Comfort Zone
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Next
Silver & Gold
Everlasting Love
The Real Thing
Compilations
Greatest Hits: The First Ten Years
Love Songs
Singles
"The Right Stuff"
"(He's Got) the Look"
"Dreamin'"
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"Save the Best for Last"
"Work to Do"
"Just for Tonight"
"Love Is"
"The Sweetest Days"
"The Way That You Love"
"Colors of the Wind"
"Where Do We Go from Here"
"Do You Hear What I Hear / The Little Drummer Boy"
"Happiness"
"Oh How the Years Go By"
"Merry Christmas Darling"
"You Are Everything"
"The Real Thing"
Relatives
William A. Feilds
Chris Williams
Jillian Hervey
Related topics
Teri Joseph
Wilhelmina Slater
Renee Perry
Vanessa Williams and Miss America
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Where_Do_We_Go_from_Here_(Vanessa_Williams_song)&oldid=835895373"
Categories:
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Vanessa Williams songs
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text:
I Love You, Man
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
I Love You, Man
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
John Hamburg
Produced by
Donald De Line
John Hamburg
Screenplay by
John Hamburg
Larry Levin
Story by
Larry Levin
Starring
Paul Rudd
Jason Segel
Rashida Jones
Andy Samberg
J. K. Simmons
Jane Curtin
Jon Favreau
Jaime Pressly
Music by
Theodore Shapiro
Cinematography
Lawrence Sher
Edited by
William Kerr
Production
companies
De Line Pictures
Bernard Gayle Productions
The Montecito Picture Company
Distributed by
DreamWorks Pictures
Release date
March 20, 2009 (2009-03-20)
Running time
105 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$40 million
Box office
$91.6 million[2]
I Love You, Man (originally titled Let's Be Friends) is a 2009 American romantic comedy film directed by John Hamburg and written by Hamburg, based on a script previously by Larry Levin. The film stars Paul Rudd as a friendless man looking for a best man for his upcoming wedding. However, his new friend (Jason Segel) is straining his relationship with his bride.
The film was released theatrically in North America on March 20, 2009, to mostly positive reviews.[3] It opened second at the box office next to Knowing, and was a modest hit, grossing $91 million on a $40 million budget. This movie marks the third collaboration between Jason Segel and Paul Rudd, who had worked together on Knocked Up and Forgetting Sarah Marshall previously.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Casting
3.2 Anwar Sadat
3.3 Rush
4 Release
4.1 Critical reception
4.2 Box office
4.3 Home media
4.4 Awards
5 Soundtrack
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
Peter Klaven (Paul Rudd), a Los Angeles real estate agent, proposes to his girlfriend Zooey Rice (Rashida Jones), and she accepts. Peter seems to not have any close friends to share the good news with, only family and mainly female acquaintances. After overhearing Zooey's friends voicing their concerns over his lack of close male friends, Peter decides that he needs to find male friends in order to have a best man for the upcoming wedding.
Peter turns to his gay younger brother, Robbie (Andy Samberg), for advice on dealing with men. He makes a series of overtures toward various men, including Barry (Jon Favreau), the persistently hot-headed husband of Zooey's friend Denise (Jaime Pressly) who doesn't really like Peter all that much to begin with...a problem that only escalates when Peter inadvertently projectile-vomits on Barry after winning a beer-drinking contest and is kicked out of Barry's house.
Feeling rejected, Peter is about to give up, when during an open house at Lou Ferrigno's mansion which Peter is trying to sell, he meets Sydney Fife (Jason Segel), an investor who is attending the showing simply to pick up divorced women and take advantage of the free food. The two quickly become friends, especially bonding over their mutual adoration of the progressive rock band Rush. Peter introduces Sydney to Zooey at their engagement party, but the meeting takes an unfortunate turn when a nervous Sydney makes a very awkward toast.
The next night, Peter agrees to attend a Rush concert with Sydney, on the condition that he can bring Zooey. During the concert, Zooey is left feeling ignored by Peter and Sydney. The next day, while shopping for tuxedos, Sydney asks Peter why he is marrying Zooey, and also asks for an $8,000 loan. After some thought, Peter decides to lend Sydney the money, and later grants him the honor of being best man at his wedding. Zooey, meanwhile, has become suspicious of Sydney. Peter tells Zooey that he lent Sydney money and asks her if she knows why they are getting married, since he had no answer to Sydney's question. Hurt and angry, Zooey leaves.
Peter leaves for work the next morning only to discover that Sydney has used the $8,000 loan to purchase several ridiculous billboard advertisements promoting Peter's real estate business (using pictures of Peter he took of him on his iPhone). Still upset over his fight with Zooey, Peter confronts Sydney and decides to end their friendship. Peter then patches things up with Zooey, explaining to her that while he is nervous, he is ready to get married. While Zooey and Peter prepare for the wedding, Sydney finds himself alone and desperate to hang with someone.
At work, Peter discovers that Sydney's billboard advertising campaign was successful. Feeling encouraged, Peter finally stands up to his insufferable colleague, Tevin Downey (Rob Huebel), who had been badgering Peter for half the selling rights to the lucrative Ferrigno property. When Tevin makes one final attempt to get a piece of the Ferrigno listing, Peter slaps him across his face and tells him to stay away from it.
Peter feels bad about fighting with Sydney but does not re-invite him to the wedding. Instead, he assembles an array of random groomsmen that includes Robbie, father Oswald (J. K. Simmons), and Ferrigno. Before the wedding, Zooey sees Peter looking forlorn, clearly missing his friend Sydney. She calls and invites Sydney, who is, unbeknownst to them, already en route to the wedding. Just before the vows are to be taken, Sydney makes a dramatic entrance via moped. He informs Peter and Zooey that he is, in fact, a successful investor and returns the money he borrowed from Peter, stating that the billboards were the couple's wedding present. Peter and Zooey declare their love to each other, Sydney assumes the role of best man, and the wedding commences.
As the end credits begin to roll, we see the wedding reception, where Peter and Sydney join the hired band (played by OK Go) in a rendition of the Rush song "Limelight" pulling Zooey on stage to join them. After the song ends, Sydney attempts to toast the newlyweds and Peter runs to frantically stop him as the screen cuts out (still remembering Sydney's ill-advised toast at the engagement dinner.)
Cast[edit]
Jon Favreau, Jaime Pressly, Jason Segel, John Hamburg, Larry Levin, Rashida Jones, and Paul Rudd at the premiere in Austin, Texas in March 2009.
Paul Rudd as Peter Klaven
Jason Segel as Sydney Fife
Rashida Jones as Zooey Rice
Andy Samberg as Robbie Klaven
Josh Cooke as Alan, Robbie's boyfriend
J. K. Simmons as Oswald Klaven
Jane Curtin as Joyce Klaven
Jaime Pressly as Denise McLean
Jon Favreau as Barry McLean
Sarah Burns as Hailey
Lou Ferrigno as Himself
Rob Huebel as Tevin Downey
Aziz Ansari as Eugene
Nick Kroll as Larry
Mather Zickel as Gil
Thomas Lennon as Doug Evans
Murray Gershenz as Mel
Joe Lo Truglio as Lonnie
Jay Chandrasekhar as Barry's friend
David Krumholtz as Sydney's friend
Carla Gallo as Zooey's friend
Larry Wilmore as Minister
Rush (Geddy Lee, Alex Lifeson, and Neil Peart) as themselves
OK Go as The Wedding Band "Tastes Like Chicken"
Production[edit]
"I really wrote my own version of the script, so my version was always going to be R-rated. I wanted to discuss sex, I wanted to discuss - there were blowjobs in the movie, there was Sydney Fife's character who's no way he could live in a PG-13 universe. It wasn't like trying to be raunchy or gratuitous, it was just like, I think most people live in an R-rated world."" — John Hamburg, Director/Co-Writer/Producer[4]
The script, Let's Be Friends, was originally written by Larry Levin.[5] It was purchased but went unused for about 11 years before the film was made.[6] Hamburg was offered the script and kept turning it down, but after his friends moved to Los Angeles he was inspired by the experience of trying to meet more friends to give it a shot. When Hamburg finally took the script he rewrote it to make it as real as possible.[4] The film was originally announced in December 2007, with production originally scheduled for March 2008.[7] In March 2008, Variety revealed that producer Ivan Reitman's Montecito Pictures officially began production on I Love You, Man during the week of March 31, 2008.[8]
Casting[edit]
I Love You, Man is the third collaboration between Paul Rudd and Jason Segel, following the Judd Apatow projects Knocked Up and Forgetting Sarah Marshall, while writer/director John Hamburg previously worked with Segel on Apatow's Undeclared television series.[9] It only took one lunch to get Segel and Rudd to sign on to do the film and this set the stage for other actors to sign on.[10] On February 13, 2008 it was announced that Rashida Jones would be in the female lead opposite Rudd.[11] Later, in an interview with FirstShowing.net, Jones revealed that because Segel and Rudd were already attached to the project she "knew immediately that it was gonna be even funnier than I would think."[12] At the beginning of the March 31, 2008 week, The Hollywood Reporter announced that Jaime Pressly had joined the film's cast, playing the best friend of Rashida Jones' character.[13] Hamburg comically stated that he was lucky in casting J.K. Simmons because his contract states "he has to be in one out of every four movies made."[14] Jon Favreau started working on the film the same week Iron Man came out, a film which he directed. He said he "probably wouldn't have agreed to have done it had I known my life was going to be that shape", but Iron Man star Robert Downey, Jr. told him that "It is the best thing you could do" – he said 'chop wood, carry water,' which is what they do in the Kung Fu movies to keep you humble."[15]
Anwar Sadat[edit]
One of late President of Egypt Anwar Sadat's daughters filed a lawsuit against the filmmakers because, in the film, Sydney's dog is named after her father. He tells Peter that he thinks "they look exactly alike." Samir Sabri, the lawyer in the case, asked the US embassy to apologize. Complaints have been raised by Egyptian bloggers as well.[16] In the Arab world, "dog" is often used as an insult, and, in the more specific context of Islam, dogs have historically been seen as unclean.
Rush[edit]
Rush were approached by Hamburg, a fan of the band, to appear in the film. The filming schedule was tight because there was a one-day window between two of their concerts on tour. The band later said that they enjoyed the experience.[17] Hamburg felt that "once Rush got that I wasn't poking fun at them, that I'm genuinely a fan and the main characters of the movie are fans and it's kind of a loving tribute to them, I think that's when they came on board."[18] Subsequently, both Rudd and Segel appeared in character as Peter and Sydney alongside the members of Rush in a short video played at the end of concerts during the band's 2010-11 Time Machine Tour.[19] In August 2013, Rudd reprised his character at the final show of Rush's Clockwork Angels Tour, conducting the Clockwork Angels Orchestra (a string section which accompanied the band) during the song "YYZ."[20] In 2015, on Rush's R40 Live Tour, Rudd and Segel were again featured among a number of celebrities in an accompanying rear-screen video lip-synching the rap section to the song "Roll the Bones".[citation needed]
Release[edit]
Critical reception[edit]
Sign at Paramount Theatre in Austin, Texas advertising the premiere of the film
I Love You, Man received largely positive reviews, with critics mainly praising the chemistry between Rudd and Segel, as well as the supporting performances.
Film review website Rotten Tomatoes gives it an overall approval rating of 83% based on 205 reviews, with an average rating of 6.9/10. The website's critical consensus states, "I Love You, Man makes the most of its simple premise due to the heartfelt and hilarious performances of Paul Rudd and Jason Segel."[21] Metacritic gives it a weighted average score of 70% based on reviews from 34 critics.[22]
Giving the film three out of four stars, Peter Travers with Rolling Stone said that despite the formulaic plot, "It's the variations that Rudd and Segel spin on this theme that make the movie hugely enjoyable." He also praised the supporting cast.[23] Entertainment Weekly gave the film an A, and said that "Paul Rudd gives a startlingly funny and original performance."[24] USA Today gave the film a glowing review, stating "the movie works because everything hinges on the camaraderie and undeniable chemistry between Rudd and Segel."[25] More conservatively, People magazine said the movie "sails along on goodwill and blush-worthy bawdiness," but concluded that "like instant chocolate pudding, it goes down easy — even if it isn't especially good for you."[26]
The film was not without its critics. Peter Rainer of The Christian Science Monitor was not impressed with the film, and after noting that the character Sydney seemed to be written for Owen Wilson, Rainer remarked, "Maybe Wilson was busy. Lucky him."[27] The Colorado Daily described the relationship between the male leads as a "watered-down false bromance", noting that the pace of their relationship seemed "rushed", and that Peter was looking out for his wife rather than his best friend.[28]
Box office[edit]
Segel (left), Jones, and Rudd (right) at the film's Austin premiere
In its U.S. opening weekend, the film made $17,810,270 in 2,711 theaters, ranking number two at the box office. The film grossed $71,440,011 domestically and $20,196,975 internationally making $91,636,986 worldwide. I Love You, Man was able to stay in the box office top ten for five weeks. This places it at number 27 of films released in 2009.[2]
Home media[edit]
The film was released on Blu-ray and DVD by Paramount Home Entertainment instead of DreamWorks Home Entertainment on August 11, 2009 in the US and August 24, 2009 in Europe and as of November 2009 generated more than $22 million in DVD sales. I Love You, Man was ranked number two in sales during its opening week and declined from there.[29] The DVD extras contains an hour and a half of content including a full performance of "Limelight".[30]
Awards[edit]
The film has been nominated for Best Kiss for the 2009 MTV Movie Awards for the smooch between Thomas Lennon's character Doug and Rudd's Peter, but lost to Twilight.[31] It was also nominated for a GLAAD Media Award for "Outstanding Film - Wide Release" during the 21st GLAAD Media Awards.[32]
Soundtrack[edit]
I Love You, Man
Soundtrack album by Various Artists
Released
March 17, 2009 (2009-03-17)
Length
49:11
Label
Lakeshore Records
Producer
Theodore Shapiro
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
Allmusic [33]
SoundtrackNet [34]
Track #
Title
Performer
Length
1 "Good Times" Latch Key Kid 2:30
2 "Oxford Comma" Vampire Weekend 3:15
3 "Tom Sawyer" Rush 4:35
4 "Set You Free" The Black Keys 2:45
5 "Lights Out" Santigold 3:12
6 "Soul of a Man" Beck 2:37
7 "Limelight" Rush 4:20
8 "Good Times Roll" The Cars 3:47
9 "Campus" Vampire Weekend 2:56
10 "Mr. Pitiful" Matt Costa 2:55
11 "Dancing With Myself" The Donnas 3:28
12 "Waterslide" The Bonedaddys 3:54
13 "Limelight" Paul Rudd & Jason Segel 4:22
14 "Ain't That a Kick in the Head?" Dean Martin 2:26
15 "Peter and Zooey" Teddy Shapiro 2:17
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "I Love You, Man (15)". British Board of Film Classification. February 23, 2009. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "I Love You, Man (2009)". Box Office Mojo. IMDB. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Vilkomerson, Sara (March 10, 2009). "A Romantic Comedy About Two Straight Men: John Hamburg's I Love You, Man Might Be the First Dude Flick With a Heart". The New York Observer. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Douglass, Edward (March 12, 2009). "John Hamburg Says I Love You, Man". ComingSoon.net. CraveOnline Media. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Melissa (March 20, 2009). "SXSW Panel: I Love You, Man: Are You Man Enough to Say It?". SXSW '09 (Press release). SXSW. Archived from the original on March 24, 2009. Retrieved August 28, 2009.
Jump up ^ Morefoot, Addie (March 10, 2009). "'Man' love in New York". Variety. Penske Business Media. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Siegel, Tatiana (December 10, 2007). "Paul Rudd to star in 'I Love You'". Variety. Penske Business Media. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (March 26, 2008). "Montecito acquires 'Underage' spec". Variety. Penske Business Media. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "I Love You, Man (2009)". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Retrieved 2008-12-04.
Jump up ^ Guerrasio, Jason (March 23, 2009). "Catching Up With... I Love You, Man's Jason Segel". Paste. Paste Media Group. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Siegel, Tatiana (February 13, 2008). "Rashida Jones set to 'Love' Rudd". Variety. Penske Business Media. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Billington, Alex (March 20, 2009). "Interview: I Love You, Man's Lead Actress Rashida Jones". FirstShowing.net. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys. "Jaime Pressly cast in 'I Love You, Man'". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on April 15, 2008. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Capone (March 23, 2009). "Capone Talks about Guy Stuff with I Love You, Man writer-director John Hamburg!!!". Ain't It Cool News. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ metrowebukmetro (April 16, 2009). "Jon gets film advice from Downey Jr". Metro. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Egypt anger over Sadat film dog". BBC News. BBC. August 5, 2009. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Brunner, Rob (March 17, 2009). "Rush's Geddy Lee talks about 'I Love You, Man,' 'Colbert,' and their new compilation". Entertainment Weekly. Time. Retrieved 2009-08-25.
Jump up ^ Douglas, Edward (August 10, 2009). "EXCL: John Hamburg Says I Love You, Man... Again!". ComingSoon.net. CraveOnline Media. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ -Jones Beach- Closing Movie (I Love You Man Rush Tribute) Slappin Da Bass Video on YouTube
Jump up ^ Wright, Shauna. "Actor Paul Rudd Joins Rush Onstage at Tour Finale". Ultimate Classic Rock. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "I Love You, Man (2009)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "I Love You, Man Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Travers, Peter (April 2, 2009). "True Bromance". Rolling Stone. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Gleiberman, Owen (March 27, 2009). "I Love You, Man". Entertainment Weekly. Time. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Puig, Claudia (March 20, 2009). "'Man,' this is one bromantic joy ride". USA Today. Gannett Co. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Rozen, Leah; Perry, Simon (April 13, 2009). "Picks and Pans Review: I Love You, Man". People. Time. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Rainer, Peter (March 20, 2009). "'I Love You, Man". The Christian Science Monitor. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Colorado Daily staff (May 14, 2009). "Kirk and Spock: Tip of the bromance iceberg". Colorado Daily. Digital First Media. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "I Love You, Man". The Numbers. Nash Information Services. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hoffman, Jordon (August 6, 2009). "I Love You, Man - John Hamburg Interview". UGO. IGN Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-11-16.
Jump up ^ "2009 MTV Movie Awards: Kristen Stewart, Robert Pattinson Win Best Kiss". MTV. Retrieved November 16, 2009. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "21st Annual GLAAD Media Awards - English Language Nominees". Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. 2010. Retrieved February 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ link
Jump up ^ link
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Wikiquote has quotations related to: I Love You, Man
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John Hamburg
Writer/Director
Safe Men (1998)
Along Came Polly (2004)
I Love You, Man (2009)
Why Him? (2016)
Screenwriter
Meet the Parents (2000)
Zoolander (2001)
Meet the Fockers (2004)
Little Fockers (2010)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Love_You,_Man&oldid=837080260"
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2009 films
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