text:
Freedom of the seas
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the legal concept. For other uses, see Freedom of the Seas (disambiguation).
hideThis article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (December 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
(Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Freedom of the seas (Latin: mare liberum, lit. "free sea") is a principle in the international law and sea. It stresses freedom to navigate the oceans. It also disapproves of war fought in water. The freedom is to be breached only in a necessary international agreement.
Freedom of the Seas, World War II US poster
This principle was one of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points proposed during the First World War. In his speech to the Congress, the president said:
Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants.
The United States' allies Britain and France were opposed to this point, as France was also a considerable naval power at the time. As with Wilson's other points, freedom of the seas was rejected by the German government.
Today, the concept of "freedom of the seas" can be found in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea under Article 87(1) which states: "the high seas are open to all states, whether coastal or land-locked". Article 87(1) (a) to (f) gives a non-exhaustive list of freedoms including navigation, overflight, the laying of submarine cables, building artificial islands, fishing and scientific research.
Contents
[hide]
1 Historical background
2 High seas and registration
3 Trade opportunities
4 See also
5 References
6 Sources
Historical background[edit]
Between the end of the 15th century up until the 17th century various powers claimed sovereignty over parts of the sea. In 1609, Dutch jurist and philosopher Hugo Grotius wrote what is considered the foundation of international legal doctrine regarding the seas and oceans – Mare Liberum, a Latin title that translates to "freedom of the seas". The Grotian concept of "freedom of the sea" was only accepted after a century long debate between Grotius' ideas and John Selden's.[1]
While it is generally assumed that Grotius first propounded the principle of freedom of the seas, countries in the Indian Ocean and other Asian seas accepted the right of unobstructed navigation long before Grotius wrote his De Jure Praedae (On the Law of Spoils) in the year of 1604. Previously, in the 16th century, Spanish theologian Francisco de Vitoria postulated the idea of freedom of the seas in a more rudimentary fashion under the principles of jus gentium.[2]
During World War II, nations started to expand and claim many resources and water territories all over their surrounding coasts. There were four international treaties meticulously drafted in the late 1950s and onto the 1970s, but the issues were not resolved between nations until 1982 when the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea was introduced.
UNCLOS is a Law of the Sea treaty: an agreement of rights and responsibilities of nations and their use of the world’s ocean with guidelines of trade, environment, and the management of marine and open seas resources. UNCLOS replaced the four international treaties drafted in the late 1950s through 1970s. As of 2013, 165 countries and the European Union have joined the Convention.
High seas and registration[edit]
According to international law, Article 92 of the convention which describes ships shall sail under the flag of one state only and, save in exceptional cases expressly provided for in international treaties or in this Convention, shall be subject to its exclusive jurisdiction on the high seas;[3] however, when a ship is involved in certain criminal acts, such as piracy,[4] any nation can exercise jurisdiction under the doctrine of universal jurisdiction. High seas were defined as any part of the sea that was not either territorial sea or internal waters, territorial waters and exclusive economic zones. Article 88 of the 1982 Convention states that the high seas shall be reserved for peaceful purposes. Many countries engage in military maneuvers and the testing of conventional weapons and nuclear weapons on the high seas.[5][6] In order to deliver the right punishment to the right person or state, ships must be registered to a country to show proof of ownership.[7] The owner of the vessel sometimes prefers to pay the lower registration fees by picking countries such as Panama, Bermuda, Italy, Malta and the Netherlands. According to Cruise Lines International Association, 90% of commercial vessels calling on U.S. ports fly foreign flags.[8] To avoid the high cost with more rules and regulations, ships and tankers sometime prefer lower cost registration with a lower standard of inspection and regulation by picking a country that exercises less control over their registered ships,[9] though many ships are owned by individuals or companies in another country (most commonly Japan and Greece) under a system called "flag of convenience". Registering a ship in Panama means that the ship is governed by the maritime rules of Panama rather than the ship owner's country. Ship owners do this because Panama has low taxes and fewer labor and safety regulations than most other countries. Ship owners can make their staff work longer hours in less safe environments, and therefore maximize their profits. Other countries, including Liberia, Cyprus and the Bahamas also offer flags of convenience, but Panama has the most ships registered under the scheme. Ships registered with the US will cost more, and the employee wages will be even higher.[8] Freedom of the seas allows a ship to move freely on the ocean as long as it follows international law.
Trade opportunities[edit]
From the Vikings to the European, Central Asia, Africa and North and South America, trade has served an important role in history, and has been a key factor of a growing economy. Trade transfers the ownership of goods from one person or entity to another by getting a product or service in exchange from the buyer. When a ship sets sail, there may be many ports waiting for it to bring goods from all over the world for trade and sale. Free trade opening up markets to foreign suppliers increases competition. Without free trade, domestic companies may have enjoyed monopolies or oligopolies that enabled them to keep prices well above marginal costs. Trade liberalization will undermine that market power.[10]
The World Trade Organization states that "The ocean is a big part of the free trade happening around the world. Every day we see silk imported from China, fruits from Mexico, spices from India, chocolate from Africa and many more goods in our home were imported from another country. The ocean made it possible for many countries to put their cargoes on to ships and transfer them across the ocean. Hundreds of nations joined the World Trade Organization. With goods to be traded from one nation to another through the transportation on various size vessels from coast to coast, trade promoted more economic value to goods where goods and services are produced to support the supply and demand of the participants in the organization."[11]
The Merchant Marine Act of 1920, also known as the Jones Act (46 USC § 883) is a maritime law that controls coastal trade within the United States and determines which ships may lawfully engage in that trade and the rules under which they must operate.[12] The act is in place to protect jobs for US citizens and its people working at U.S. ports, and on U.S. vessels. Many vessels around the globe sail under many different flags, and have different crews from different parts of the world where the pay rate is much lower than the U.S.[citation needed] The Jones Act protects the Americans' jobs and restricts coastwise transportation of passengers. 46 USC § 12108 additionally restricts the use of foreign vessels to commercially catch or transport fish in U.S. waters.
See also[edit]
Water portal
Dominium maris baltici
Mare liberum
Passenger Vessel Services Act of 1886, a similar law concerning passenger transportation between US ports.
Seaman status in United States admiralty law
Treaty of Alcáçovas
Treaty of Tordesillas
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Trullio Treves, High Seas, Max Planck Foundation for International Peace and the Rule of Law (2009).
Jump up ^ Arthur Nussbaum (1947). A concise history of the law of nations. Macmillan Co. p. 62.
Jump up ^ UNCLOS article 92(1)
Jump up ^ UNCLOS article 105
Jump up ^ UNCLOS article 88(1)
Jump up ^ See Trinity (nuclear test) and Ivy Mike.
Jump up ^ "A Guide to Ship Registration" (PDF). Maritime New Zealand. 30 September 2010. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Why are cruise ships registered in foreign countries?". Special for USA TODAY. 8 January 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Epps, V. International Law, (2009) pg. 247
Jump up ^ "A short tour of economic theory". A survey of world trade. Retrieved 2014-04-22.
Jump up ^ "The WTO in Brief". WTO. Retrieved 2014-04-22.
Jump up ^ "THE JONES ACT". Mike Vaughn, Attorney at Law. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
Sources[edit]
Freedom_of_the_seas by Hugo Grotius ((in English))
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_seas&oldid=838140535"
Categories:
International relations
Law of the sea
Treaty of Versailles
Presidency of Woodrow Wilson
Hugo Grotius
Legal history of the Dutch Republic
Philosophy and thought in the Dutch Republic
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from May 2014
All articles needing additional references
Articles with limited geographic scope from December 2010
Articles with multiple maintenance issues
Articles containing Latin-language text
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Ελληνικά
日本語
Svenska
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 25 April 2018, at 05:08.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attr: href class title

value:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attr: class role tabindex

attr: href class

value: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

value: Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias

value: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize

value:
mw-collapsible
width:95%; margin: 0.2em 0;

value: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox

value:
/wiki/Latin_language
mw-redirect
Latin language

value:
/wiki/First_World_War
mw-redirect
First World War

value: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

value:
/wiki/Law_of_the_Sea
mw-redirect
Law of the Sea

value: Edit section: High seas and registration

value:
/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zones
mw-redirect
Exclusive economic zones

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)

value:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

value: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

value: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

value:
/wiki/Mare_liberum
mw-redirect
Mare liberum

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.economist.com/node/605144

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value: Category:Legal history of the Dutch Republic

value: Category:Philosophy and thought in the Dutch Republic

value: Category:Articles needing additional references from May 2014

value: Category:All articles needing additional references

value: Category:Articles with limited geographic scope from December 2010

value: Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues

value: Category:Articles containing Latin-language text

value: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value:
/wiki/Freedom_of_the_seas
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: Ελευθερία θαλασσών – Greek

value: 公海自由原則 – Chinese

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Freedom_of_the_seas rootpage-Freedom_of_the_seas skin-vector action-view


text:
This Is the Way It Goes and Goes and Goes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This Is the Way It Goes & Goes & Goes
Studio album by Juno
Released
March 30, 1999
Recorded
November 1998
Genre
Indie rock
Length
53:50
Label
DeSoto
Producer
Kip Beelman
Juno chronology
This Is the Way It Goes & Goes & Goes
(1999) A Future Lived in Past Tense
(2001)A Future Lived in Past Tense2001
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
Allmusic [1]
PandoMag [2]
Pitchfork Media (8.3/10) [3]
This Is the Way It Goes & Goes & Goes is the debut album by Seattle band Juno, released in 1999 on DeSoto Records.
Track listing[edit]
"The Great Salt Lake/Into the Lavender Crevices of Evening the Otters Have Been Pushed" - 5:31
"Rodeo Programmers" - 2:53
"The Young Influentials" - 4:00
"All Your Friends Are Comedians" - 3:27
"Leave a Clean Camp and a Dead Fire" - 9:51
"January Arms" - 8:33
"Venus on 9th Street" - 3:14
"A Listening Ear" - 7:19
"Are You Still There?" - 0:55
"The Sea Looked Like Lead" - 8:07
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Allmusic review
Jump up ^ PandoMag review
Jump up ^ Pitchfork Media review
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=This_Is_the_Way_It_Goes_and_Goes_and_Goes&oldid=757169453"
Categories:
1999 debut albums
Juno (band) albums
DeSoto Records albums
Hidden categories:
Articles with hAudio microformats
Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters
Articles with album ratings that need to be turned into prose
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Italiano
Edit links
This page was last edited on 29 December 2016, at 05:17.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

tag: div

attr: id class

value: mw-page-base noprint

key: html

type: local

value: mw-head-base noprint

tag: a

tag: i

attr: id class lang

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

tag: th

attr: colspan class style

value: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-style: italic; background-color: lightsteelblue

tag: tr

tag: img

attr: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

tag: td

attr: colspan style

attr: href title

tag: span

value: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em .1em .2em 0

value: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em 0 .2em .1em

value: background: transparent; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse

attr: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value:
/wiki/Pitchfork_Media
mw-redirect
Pitchfork Media

value: float:right;clear:right;width:24.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:center;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;padding:0;border-spacing:0

value:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

value: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

value: Category:Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters

value: Category:Articles with album ratings that need to be turned into prose

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

value: This Is the Way It Goes and Goes and Goes – Italian

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-This_Is_the_Way_It_Goes_and_Goes_and_Goes rootpage-This_Is_the_Way_It_Goes_and_Goes_and_Goes skin-vector action-view


text:
Round Table Conferences (India)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about Anglo-Indian round table conferences. For Dutch-Indonesian round table conference, see Dutch-Indonesian Round Table Conference. For other uses, see Round Table (disambiguation).
The three Round Table Conferences of 1930–32 were a series of conferences organized by the British Government to discuss constitutional reforms in India. They were conducted as per the recommendation of Jinnah to Viceroy Lord Irwin and Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald,[1][2] and by the report submitted by the Simon Commission in May 1930. Demands for swaraj, or self-rule, in India had been growing increasingly strong. By the 1930s, many British politicians believed that India needed to move towards dominion status. However, there were significant disagreements between the Indian and the British political parties that the Conferences would not resolve.
Contents
[hide]
1 First Round Table Conference (November 1930 – January 1931)
1.1 Participants
1.2 Proceedings
2 Second Round Table Conference (September – December 1931)
2.1 Participants
2.2 Proceedings
3 Third Round Table Conference (November – December 1932)
3.1 Participants
4 References
5 Further reading
First Round Table Conference (November 1930 – January 1931)[edit]
The Round Table Conference officially inaugurated by His Majesty George V on November 12, 1930 in Royal Gallery House of Lords at London[1] and chaired by the British Prime Minister, Ramsay MacDonald.
The three British political parties were represented by sixteen delegates. There were fifty-eight political leaders from British India and sixteen delegates from the princely states. In total 74 delegates from India attended the Conference. However, the Indian National Congress, along with Indian business leaders, kept away from the conference. Many of them were in jail for their participation in Civil Disobedience Movement.[3]
Participants[edit]
British Representatives:
Labour: Ramsay Macdonald, Lord Sankey, Wedgwood Benn, Arthur Henderson, J. H. Thomas, William Jowitt, Hastings Lees-Smith, Earl Russell
Conservative: Earl Peel, Marquess of Zetland, Samuel Hoare, Oliver Stanley
Liberal: Marquess of Reading, Marquess of Lothian, Sir Robert Hamilton, Isaac Foot
Indian States' Representatives: Maharaja of Alwar, Maharaja of Baroda, Nawab of Bhopal, Maharaja of Bikaner, Rana of Dholpur, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, Maharaja of Nawanagar, Maharaja of Patiala (Chancellor of the Chamber of Princes), Maharaja of Rewa, Chief Sahib of Sangli, Sir Prabhashankar Pattani (Bhavnagar), Manubhai Mehta (Baroda), Sardar Sahibzada Sultan Ahmed Khan (Gwalior), Akbar Hydari (Hyderabad), Mirza Ismail (Mysore), Col. Kailas Narain Haksar (Jammu and Kashmir)
British-Indian Representatives:
Muslim League: Aga Khan III (leader of British-Indian delegation), Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar, Muhammad Shafi, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Muhammad Zafarullah Khan, A. K. Fazlul Huq, Hafiz Ghulam Hussain Hidayat Ullah, Dr. Shafa'at Ahmad Khan, Raja Sher Muhammad Khan of Domeli, A. H. Ghuznavi [4]
Hindus: B. S. Moonje, M. R. Jayakar, Diwan Bahadur Raja Narendra Nath
Liberals: J. N. Basu, Tej Bahadur Sapru, C. Y. Chintamani, V. S. Srinivasa Sastri, Chimanlal Harilal Setalvad
Justice Party: Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar, Bhaskarrao Vithojirao Jadhav, Sir A. P. Patro
Depressed Classes: B. R. Ambedkar, Rettamalai Srinivasan
Sikhs: Sardar Ujjal Singh, Sardar Sampuran Singh
Parsis: Phiroze Sethna, Cowasji Jehangir, Homi Mody
Indian Christians: K. T. Paul
Europeans: Sir Hubert Carr, Sir Oscar de Glanville (Burma), T. F. Gavin Jones, C. E. Wood (Madras)
Anglo-Indians: Henry Gidney
Women: Begum Jahanara Shahnawaz, Radhabai Subbarayan
Landlords: Maharaja Kameshwar Singh of Darbhanga (Bihar), Muhammad Ahmad Said Khan Chhatari (United Provinces), Raja of Parlekhmundi (Orissa), Provash Chandra Mitter
Labour: N. M. Joshi, B. Shiva Rao
Universities: Syed Sultan Ahmed, Bisheshwar Dayal Seth,
Burma: U Aung Thin, Ba U, M. M. Ohn Ghine
Sindh: Shah Nawaz Bhutto, Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah
Other Provinces: Chandradhar Barua (Assam), Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum (NWFP), S. B. Tambe (Central Provinces)
Government of India: Narendra Nath Law, Bhupendra Nath Mitra, C. P. Ramaswami Iyer, M. Ramachandra Rao
Officials attending in consultative capacity: W. M. Hailey, C. A. Innes, A. C. MacWatters, H. G. Haig, L. W. Reynolds
Indian States Delegation Staff:
Hyderabad: Sir Richard Chenevix-Trench, Nawab Mahdi Yar Jung, Ahmed Hussain, Nawab Sir Amin Jung Bahadur, Sir Reginald Glancy
South Indian States: T. Raghavaiah
Baroda: V. T. Krishnamachari
Alwar: Fateh Naseeb Khan
Orissa States: K. C. Neogy
Nominated by the Chamber of Princes Special Organisation: L. F. Rushbrook Williams, Qazi Ali Haidar Abbasi, Jarmani Dass, A. B. Latthe, D. A. Surve
Secretariats: S. K. Brown, V. Dawson, K. S. Fitze, W. H. Lewis, R. J. Stopford, J. Coatman, Marmaduke Pickthall, K. M. Panikkar, N. S. Subba Rao, Geoffrey Corbett, A. Latifi, Girija Shankar Bajpai
Secretariat-General: R. H. A. Carter, Mian Abdul Aziz, W. D. Croft, G. E. J. Gent, B. G. Holdsworth, R. F. Mudie, G. S. Rajadhya
Proceedings[edit]
The conference started with 6 plenary meetings where delegates put forward their issues 9 sub committees were formed to deal with several different matters including federal structure, provincial constitution, province of Sindh and NWFP, defense services and minorities e.t.c.[4] These were followed by discussions on the reports of the sub-committees on Federal Structure, Provincial Constitution, Minorities, Burma, North West Frontier Province, Franchise, Defense services and Sindh. These were followed by 2 more plenary meetings and a final concluding session.[3] It was difficult for progress to be made in the absence of the Indian National Congress but some advances were made.
The idea of an All-India Federation was moved to the centre of discussion by Tej Bahadur Sapru.[5] All the groups attending the conference supported this concept. The princely states agreed to the proposed federation provided that their internal sovereignty was guaranteed. The Muslim League also supported the federation as it had always been opposed to a strong Centre. The British agreed that representative government should be introduced on provincial level.
Other important discussions were the responsibility of the executive to the legislature and a separate electorate for the Untouchables as demanded by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
Second Round Table Conference (September – December 1931)[edit]
The Congress had boycotted the first conference was requested to come to a settlement by Sapru, M. R. Jayakar and V. S. Srinivasa Sastri. A settlement between Mahatma Gandhi and Viceroy Lord Irwin known as the Gandhi–Irwin Pact was reached and Gandhi was appointed as the sole representative of the Congress to the second Round Table Conference. By this time, there was a coalition Government in Britain with a Conservative majority. It was held in London in September 1931. The discussion led to the passing of the Government Of India act of 1935.
Participants[edit]
[6]
British Representatives:
Labour: Ramsay Macdonald, Wedgwood Benn, Arthur Henderson, William Jowitt, Hastings Lees-Smith, F. W.hick-Lawrence, Lord Sankey, Lord Snell, J. H. Thomas
Conservative: Viscount Hailsham, Samuel Hoare, Earl Peel, Oliver Stanley, Marquess of Zetland
Scottish Unionist: Walter Elliot
Liberal: Isaac Foot, Henry Graham White, Robert Hamilton, Marquess of Lothian, Marquess of Reading,
Indian States' Representatives: Maharaja of Alwar, Maharaja of Baroda, Nawab of Bhopal, Maharaja of Bikaner, Maharao of Kutch, Rana of Dholpur, Maharaja of Indore, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, Maharaja of Kapurthala, Maharaja of Nawanagar, Maharaja of Patiala, Maharaja of Rewa, Chief Sahib of Sangli, Raja of Korea, Raja of Sarila, Sir Prabhashankar Pattani (Bhavnagar), Manubhai Mehta (Baroda), Sardar Sahibzada Sultan Ahmed Khan (Gwalior), Sir Muhammad Akbar Hydari (Hyderabad), Mirza Ismail (Mysore), Col. K.N. Haksar (Jammu and Kashmir), T. Raghavaiah (Travancore), Liaqat Hayat Khan (Patiala)
British-Indian Representatives:
Government of India: C. P. Ramaswami Iyer, Narendra Nath Law, M. Ramachandra Rao
Indian National Congress: Mahatma Gandhi (He was the sole representative of the Congress).
Muslims: Aga Khan III, Maulana Shaukat Ali, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, A. K. Fazlul Huq, Muhammad Iqbal, Muhammad Shafi, Muhammad Zafarullah Khan, Syed Ali Imam, Maulvi Muhammad Shafi Daudi, Raja Sher Muhammad Khan of Domeli, A. H. Ghuznavi, Hafiz Hidayat Hussain, Sayed Muhammad Padshah Saheb Bahadur, Dr. Shafa'at Ahmad Khan, Jamal Muhammad, khaja Mian Rowther, Nawab Sahibzada Sayed Muhammad Mehr Shah
Hindus: M. R. Jayakar, B. S. Moonje, Diwan Bahadur Raja Narendra Nath
Liberals: J. N. Basu, C. Y. Chintamani, Tej Bahadur Sapru, V. S. Srinivasa Sastri, Chimanlal Harilal Setalvad
Justice Party: Raja of Bobbili, Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar, Sir A. P. Patro, Bhaskarrao Vithojirao Jadhav
Depressed Classes: B. R. Ambedkar, Rettamalai Srinivasan,
Sikhs: Sardar Ujjal Singh, Sardar Sampuran Singh
Parsis: Cowasji Jehangir, Homi Mody, Phiroze Sethna
Indian Christians: Surendra Kumar Datta, A. T. Pannirselvam
Europeans: E. C. Benthall, Sir Hubert Carr, T. F. Gavin Jones, C. E. Wood (Madras)
Anglo-Indians: Henry Gidney
Women: Sarojini Naidu, Begum Jahanara Shahnawaz, Radhabai Subbarayan
Landlords: Muhammad Ahmad Said Khan Chhatari (United Provinces), Kameshwar Singh of Darbhanga (Bihar), Raja of Parlakimedi (Orissa), Sir Provash Chandra Mitter
Industry: Ghanshyam Das Birla, Sir Purshottamdas Thakurdas, Maneckji Dadabhoy
Labour: N. M. Joshi, B. Shiva Rao, V. V. Giri
Universities: Syed Sultan Ahmed, Bisheshwar Dayal Seth
Burma: Sir Padamji Ginwala
Sindh: Shah Nawaz Bhutto, Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah
Other Provinces: Chandradhar Barua (Assam), Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum (NWFP), S. B. Tambe (Central Provinces)
Indian States Delegation Staff: V. T. Krishnamachari (Baroda), Richard Chenevix-Trench (Hyderabad), Nawab Mahdi Yar Jung (Hyderabad), S. M. Bapna (Indore), Amar Nath Atal (Jaipur), J. W. Young (Jodhpur), Ram Chandra Kak (Jammu and Kashmir), Sahibzada Abdus Samad Khan (Rampur), K. C. Neogy (Orissa states), L. F. Rushbrook Williams, Jarmani Dass, Muhammad Saleh Akbar Hydari, K. M. Panikkar, N. Madhava Rao
British Delegation Staff: H. G. Haig, V. Dawson, K. S. Fitze, J. G. Laithwaite, W. H. Lewis, P. J. Patrick, J. Coatman, G. T. Garratt, R. J. Stopford
British Indian Delegation Staff: Geoffrey Corbett, A. Latifi, Girija Shankar Bajpai, Benegal Rama Rau, Syed Amjad Ali, Prince Aly Khan, A. M. Chaudhury, Mahadev Desai, Govind Malaviya, K. T. Shah, P. Sinha
Secretariat-General: R. H. A. Carter, K. Anderson, C. D. Deshmukh, J. M. Sladen, Hugh MacGregor, G. F. Steward, A. H. Joyce, Syed Amjad Ali, Ram Babu Saksena
Proceedings[edit]
The second session opened on September 7, 1931. There were three major differences between the first and second Round Table Conferences. By the second:
The Second Round Table Conference (September 7, 1931)
Congress Representation — The Gandhi-Irwin Pact opened the way for Congress participation in this conference. Mahatma Gandhi was invited from India and attended as the sole official Congress representative accompanied by Sarojini Naidu and also Madan Mohan Malaviya, Ghanshyam Das Birla, Muhammad Iqbal, Sir Mirza Ismail (Diwan of Mysore), S.K. Dutta and Sir Syed Ali Imam. Gandhi claimed that the Congress alone represented political India; that the Untouchables were Hindus and should not be treated as a “minority”; and that there should be no separate electorates or special safeguards for Muslims or other minorities. These claims were rejected by the other Indian participants. According to this pact, Gandhi was asked to call off the Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM) and if he did so the prisoners of the British government would be freed except the criminal prisoners, i.e. those who had killed British officials. He returned to India, disappointed with the results and empty-handed.
National Government — two weeks earlier the Labour government in London had fallen. Ramsay MacDonald now headed a National Government dominated by the Conservative Party.
Financial Crisis – During the conference, Britain went off the Gold Standard further distracting the National Government.
During the Conference, Gandhi could not reach agreement with the Muslims on Muslim representation and safeguards. At the end of the conference Ramsay MacDonald undertook to produce a Communal Award for minority representation, with the provision that any free agreement between the parties could be substituted for his award[citation needed].
Gandhi took particular exception to the treatment of untouchables as a minority separate from the rest of the Hindu community. He clashed with the leader of depressed classes, Dr.B. R. Ambedkar, over this issue: the two eventually resolved the situation with the Poona Pact of 1932.
Third Round Table Conference (November – December 1932)[edit]
The third and last session assembled on November 17, 1932. Only forty-six delegates attended since most of the main political figures of India were not present. The Labour Party from Britain and the Indian National Congress refused to attend.
From September 1931 until March 1933, under the supervision of the Secretary of State for India, Sir Samuel Hoare, the proposed reforms took the form reflected in the Government of India Act 1935.
Participants[edit]
[7]
Indian States' Representatives: Akbar Hydari (Dewan of Hyderabad), Mirza Ismail (Dewan of Mysore), V. T. Krishnamachari (Dewan of Baroda), Wajahat Hussain (Jammu and Kashmir), Sir Sukhdeo Prasad (Udaipur, Jaipur, Jodhpur), J. A. Surve (Kolhapur), Raja Oudh Narain Bisarya (Bhopal), Manubhai Mehta (Bikaner), Nawab Liaqat Hayat Khan (Patiala), Fateh Naseeb Khan (Alwar State), L. F. Rushbrook Williams (Nawanagar), Raja of Sarila (small states)
British-Indian Representatives: Aga Khan III, B. R. Ambedkar (Depressed Classes), Ramakrishna Ranga Rao of Bobbili, Sir Hubert Carr (Europeans), Nanak Chand Pandit, A. H. Ghuznavi, Henry Gidney (Anglo-Indians), Hafiz Hidayat Hussain, Muhammad Iqbal, M. R. Jayakar, Cowasji Jehangir, N. M. Joshi (Labour), Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar, Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar, Begum Jahanara Shahnawaz (Women), A. P. Patro, Tej Bahadur Sapru, Dr. Shafa'at Ahmad Khan, Sir Shadi Lal, Tara Singh Malhotra, Sir Nripendra Nath Sircar, Sir Purshottamdas Thakurdas, Muhammad Zafarullah Khan
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Wolpert, Stanley (2013). Jinnah of Pakistan (15 ed.). Karachi, Pakistan: University Press. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-19-577389-7.
Jump up ^ Wolpert, Stanley (2012). Shameful Flight (1st ed.). Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-19-906606-3.
^ Jump up to: a b Indian Round Table Conference Proceedings. Government of India. 1931.
^ Jump up to: a b Prof M. Ikram, Rabbani. Pakistan studies (2nd ed.). Lahore, Pakistan: Caravan book house. pp. 100–101. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Menon, V.P. (1957). Transfer of Power in India. Orient Longman Limited. p. 44. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Indian Round Table Conference (Second Session) Proceedings of the Plenary Sessions (PDF). 1932.
Jump up ^ http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1932/oct/31/round-table-conference-delegates
Further reading[edit]
Beatty, Michael J., Ralph R. Behnke, and Barbara Jane Banks. Elements of dialogic communication in Gandhi's second round table conference address(1979) : 386-398.
Menon, V. P. (1995). "Integration of the Indian States",'Orient Longman Ltd'
Essay on Indian Constitutional Round Table Conferences, London 1931–1933[dubious – discuss]
[show]
v
t
e
Mahatma Gandhi
Life events
and movements
Indian Ambulance Corps
Bardoli Satyagraha
Champaran Satyagraha
Kheda Satyagraha
Indian independence movement
Non-cooperation Movement
Chauri Chaura incident
Purna Swaraj
flag
Salt March
Dharasana Satyagraha
Vaikom Satyagraha
Aundh Experiment
Gandhi–Irwin Pact
Second Round Table Conference
Padayatra
Poona Pact
Natal Indian Congress
Quit India
speech
Gujarat Vidyapith University
Harijan Sevak Sangh
Ashrams (Kochrab
Tolstoy Farm
Sabarmati
Sevagram)
List of fasts
Assassination
Philosophy
Gandhism
Economics
trusteeship
Education
Sarvodaya
Satyagraha
Swadeshi
Swaraj
Gandhi cap
Publications
Harijan
Hind Swaraj (Indian Home Rule)
Indian Opinion
The Story of My Experiments with Truth
Young India
Seven Social Sins
(Gandhi Heritage Portal)
Influences
A Letter to a Hindu
Ahimsa
nonviolence
Bhagavad Gita
Henry David Thoreau
Civil Disobedience (essay)
Civil disobedience
Fasting
Harishchandra
Hinduism
Khadi
John Ruskin
Parsee Rustomjee
Leo Tolstoy
The Kingdom of God Is Within You
The Masque of Anarchy
Muhammad
Narmad
Pacifism
Sermon on the Mount
Shravan
Shrimad Rajchandra
Henry Stephens Salt
Tirukkuṛaḷ
Unto This Last
Gandhi's translation
"Raghupati Raghav Raja Ram"
"Ekla Chalo Re"
"Hari Tuma Haro"
"Vaishnava Jana To"
Vegetarianism
Associates
Swami Anand
C. F. Andrews
Jamnalal Bajaj
Shankarlal Banker
Sarla Behn
Vinoba Bhave
Brij Krishna Chandiwala
Sudhakar Chaturvedi
Jugatram Dave
Mahadev Desai
Dada Dharmadhikari
Kanu Gandhi
Shiv Prasad Gupta
Umar Hajee Ahmed Jhaveri
J. C. Kumarappa
Hermann Kallenbach
Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
Acharya Kripalani
Mirabehn
Mohanlal Pandya
Vallabhbhai Patel
Narhari Parikh
Mithuben Petit
Chakravarti Rajagopalachari
Bibi Amtus Salam
Sonja Schlesin
Anugrah Narayan Sinha
Shri Krishna Singh
Rettamalai Srinivasan
V. A. Sundaram
Abbas Tyabji
Ravishankar Vyas
Legacy
Artistic depictions
Gandhigiri
Gandhi Peace Award
Gandhi Peace Prize
Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith
Indian currency
Family
Karamchand Gandhi (father)
Kasturba (wife)
Harilal (son)
Manilal (son)
Ramdas (son)
Devdas (son)
Maganlal (cousin)
Samaldas (nephew)
Arun (grandson)
Ela (granddaughter)
Rajmohan (grandson)
Gopalkrishna (grandson)
Ramchandra (grandson)
Kanu (grandson)
Kanu (grandnephew)
Tushar (great-grandson)
Leela (great-granddaughter)
Influenced
James Bevel
Steve Biko
14th Dalai Lama
Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai
Morarji Desai
Eknath Easwaran
Maria Lacerda de Moura
James Lawson
Martin Luther King Jr.
Nelson Mandela
Brajkishore Prasad
Rajendra Prasad
Ramjee Singh
Aung San Suu Kyi
Lanza del Vasto
Abhay Bang
Sane Guruji
Memorials
Statues
Houston
Johannesburg
London (Parliament Square)
New York
Patna
Pietermaritzburg
Washington
Observances
Gandhi Jayanti
International Day of Non-Violence
Martyrs' Day
Season for Nonviolence
Other
Aga Khan Palace
Gandhi Bhawan
Gandhi Mandapam
Gandhi Market
Bookstores
Gandhi Promenade
Gandhi Smriti
Gandhi Memorial
Gandhi Memorial Museum, Madurai
Kaba Gandhi No Delo
Kirti Mandir
Mahatma Gandhi College
Mohandas Gandhi High School
National Gandhi Museum
Raj Ghat
Sabarmati Ashram
Satyagraha House
Gandhi Teerth
Roads named after Gandhi
Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Centre, Matale
[show]
v
t
e
Indian Independence Movement
History
Colonisation
Porto Grande de Bengala
Dutch Bengal
East India Company
British Raj
French India
Portuguese India
Battle of Plassey
Battle of Buxar
Anglo-Mysore Wars
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Anglo-Maratha Wars
First
Second
Third
Polygar Wars
Vellore Mutiny
First Anglo-Sikh War
Second Anglo-Sikh War
Sannyasi Rebellion
Rebellion of 1857
Radcliffe Line
more
Philosophies
and ideologies
Ambedkarism
Gandhism
Hindu nationalism
Indian nationalism
Khilafat Movement
Muslim nationalism in South Asia
Satyagraha
Socialism
Swadeshi movement
Swaraj
Events and
movements
Partition of Bengal (1905)
Partition of Bengal (1947)
Revolutionaries
Direct Action Day
Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy
The Indian Sociologist
Singapore Mutiny
Hindu–German Conspiracy
Champaran Satyagraha
Kheda Satyagraha
Rowlatt Committee
Rowlatt Bills
Jallianwala Bagh massacre
Noakhali riots
Non-Cooperation Movement
Christmas Day Plot
Coolie-Begar Movement
Chauri Chaura incident, 1922
Kakori conspiracy
Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre
Flag Satyagraha
Bardoli
1928 Protests
Nehru Report
Fourteen Points of Jinnah
Purna Swaraj
Salt March
Dharasana Satyagraha
Vedaranyam March
Chittagong armoury raid
Gandhi–Irwin Pact
Round table conferences
Act of 1935
Aundh Experiment
Indische Legion
Cripps' mission
Quit India
Bombay Mutiny
Coup d'état of Yanaon
Provisional Government of India
Independence Day
Praja Mandala movement
Organisations
All India Kisan Sabha
All-India Muslim League
Anushilan Samiti
Arya Samaj
Azad Hind
Berlin Committee
Ghadar Party
Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
Indian National Congress
India House
Indian Home Rule movement
Indian Independence League
Indian National Army
Jugantar
Khaksar Tehrik
Khudai Khidmatgar
Swaraj Party
more
Social
reformers
A. Vaidyanatha Iyer
Ayya Vaikundar
Ayyankali
B. R. Ambedkar
Baba Amte
Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Dayananda Saraswati
Dhondo Keshav Karve
G. Subramania Iyer
Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty
Gopal Ganesh Agarkar
Gopal Hari Deshmukh
Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
J. B. Kripalani
Jyotirao Phule
Kandukuri Veeresalingam
Mahadev Govind Ranade
Mahatma Gandhi
Muthulakshmi Reddi
Narayana Guru
Niralamba Swami
Pandita Ramabai
Periyar E. V. Ramasamy
Ram Mohan Roy
Rettamalai Srinivasan
Sahajanand Saraswati
Savitribai Phule
Shahu
Sister Nivedita
Sri Aurobindo
Syed Ahmad Khan
Vakkom Moulavi
Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
Vinoba Bhave
Vitthal Ramji Shinde
Vivekananda
Independence
activists
Abul Kalam Azad
Accamma Cherian
Achyut Patwardhan
A. K. Fazlul Huq
Alluri Sitarama Raju
Annapurna Maharana
Annie Besant
Ashfaqulla Khan
Babu Kunwar Singh
Bagha Jatin
Bahadur Shah II
Bakht Khan
Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Basawon Singh
Begum Hazrat Mahal
Bhagat Singh
Bharathidasan
Bhavabhushan Mitra
Bhikaiji Cama
Bhupendra Kumar Datta
Bidhan Chandra Roy
Bipin Chandra Pal
C. Rajagopalachari
Chandra Shekhar Azad
Chetram Jatav
Chittaranjan Das
Dadabhai Naoroji
Dayananda Saraswati
Dhan Singh
Dukkipati Nageswara Rao
Gopal Krishna Gokhale
Govind Ballabh Pant
Har Dayal
Hemu Kalani
Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi
Jatindra Mohan Sengupta
Jatindra Nath Das
Jawaharlal Nehru
K. Kamaraj
Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi
Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
Khudiram Bose
Shri Krishna Singh
Lala Lajpat Rai
M. Bhaktavatsalam
M. N. Roy
Mahadaji Shinde
Mahatma Gandhi
Mangal Pandey
Mir Qasim
Mithuben Petit
Muhammad Ali Jauhar
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari
Nagnath Naikwadi
Nana Fadnavis
Nana Sahib
P. Kakkan
Prafulla Chaki
Pritilata Waddedar
Pritilata Waddedar
Purushottam Das Tandon
R. Venkataraman
Rahul Sankrityayan
Rajendra Prasad
Ram Prasad Bismil
Rani Lakshmibai
Rash Behari Bose
Sahajanand Saraswati
Sangolli Rayanna
Sarojini Naidu
Satyapal Dang
Shuja-ud-Daula
Shyamji Krishna Varma
Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi
Siraj ud-Daulah
Subhas Chandra Bose
Subramania Bharati
Subramaniya Siva
Surya Sen
Syama Prasad Mukherjee
Tara Rani Srivastava
Tarak Nath Das
Tatya Tope
Tiruppur Kumaran
Ubaidullah Sindhi
V O Chidamabaram
V. K. Krishna Menon
Vallabhbhai Patel
Vanchinathan
Veeran Sundaralingam
Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
Virendranath Chattopadhyaya
Yashwantrao Holkar
Yogendra Shukla
more
British leaders
Wavell
Canning
Cornwallis
Irwin
Chelmsford
Curzon
Ripon
Minto
Dalhousie
Bentinck
Mountbatten
Wellesley
Lytton
Clive
Outram
Cripps
Linlithgow
Hastings
Independence
Cabinet Mission
Annexation of French colonies in India
Constitution
Republic of India
Indian annexation of Goa
Indian Independence Act
Partition of India
Political integration
Simla Conference
[show]
v
t
e
Pakistan Movement
History of Pakistan (timeline: 1947–present)
History
East India Company
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Aligarh Movement
Urdu movement
Partition of Bengal
Lucknow Pact
Khilafat Movement
Shuddhi Movement
Nehru Report
Fourteen Points of Jinnah
Allahabad Address
Now or Never pamphlet
World War II
Two nation theory
Round Table Conferences
Lahore Resolution
Direct Action Day
Muslim nationalism in South Asia
Cabinet Mission
Indian Independence Act
Partition of India
Radcliffe Line
Durand Line
Pakistan
Osmanistan
Enlightened Moderation
Objectives Resolution
Independence
Republic Day
Kashmir conflict
National symbols
Constitution of Pakistan
British heritage
Organisations
Muslim League
Punjab Branch
Bengal Branch
Unionist
Student Federations
Khaksars
Renaissance Society
Philosophical Congress
Dawn
Daily War
Leaders
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
Allama Muhammad Iqbal
Aga Khan III
Nawab Salimullah
Mian Muhammad Shafi
Syed Ameer Ali
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Fatima Jinnah
Liaquat Ali Khan
Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman
Muhammad Zafarullah Khan
Bahadur Yar Jung
Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk Kamboh
Mohsin-ul-Mulk
Hasrat Mohani
Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani
Baba-e-Urdu Maulvi Abdul Haq
G. M. Syed
Abdur Rab Nishtar
Qazi Muhammad Essa
Choudhary Rahmat Ali
Muhammad Ali Jouhar
Maulana Shaukat Ali
A. K. Fazlul Huq
K. H. Khurshid
Sikandar Hayat Khan
Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan
Maulana Zafar Ali Khan
Khawaja Nazimuddin
Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan
Ghulam Bhik Nairang
Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy
Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan
Jogendra Nath Mandal
more
Activists
Hameed Nizami
Abdullah Haroon
Yusuf Haroon
Altaf Husain (journalist)
Adamjee Haji Dawood
Mufti Muhammad Shafi
Maulana Ahmed Ali Lahori
Malik Barkat Ali
Yusuf Khattak
Mian Iftikharuddin
Iftikhar Hussain Khan Mamdot
Shaukat Hayat Khan
Muhammad Asad
Ziauddin Ahmad
A. B. A. Haleem
Maulana Ghulam Rasool Mehr
Hakeem Mohammad Saeed
Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas
Sardar Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan
Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan
Fida Mohammad Khan
Sheikh Sir Abdul Qadir
Professor M. M. Sharif
J. A. Rahim of PPP
Z. A. Suleri
G. Allana
Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi
more
Literature
Idea of Pakistan
Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence
Notes on Afghanistan and Baluchistan
A Short History of Pakistan
Pakistan: A Personal History
The Myth of Independence
Pakistan: A Hard Country
Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?
Causes of Indian Mutiny of 1857
Architecture
Minar-e-Pakistan
Bab-e-Pakistan
The Monument
Mazar-e-Quaid
Ziarat Residency
Iqbal's Tomb
Wazir Mansion
National Library
Deena Public Hall
Bab-e-Khyber
Jinnah Terminal
In Memory
Youm-e-Pakistan (23 March)
Youm-e-Dastur (10 April)
Youm-e-Takbir (28 May)
Youm-e-Azadi (14 August)
Youm-e-Difah (6 September)
Youm-e-Tasees (24 October)
Youm-e-Iqbal (9 November)
Youm-e-Viladat (25 December)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Round_Table_Conferences_(India)&oldid=837863360"
Categories:
1931 in British India
Pakistan Movement
1930 in India
1931 in India
1932 in India
Indian independence movement
Conferences in London
1930 conferences
1931 conferences
1932 conferences
1932 in British India
1930 in British India
20th century in the City of Westminster
Hidden categories:
Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018
All accuracy disputes
Articles with disputed statements from January 2013
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
বাংলা
Deutsch
Français
गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni
हिन्दी
Bahasa Indonesia
ಕನ್ನಡ
मराठी
Norsk
தமிழ்
తెలుగు
اردو
5 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 23 April 2018, at 14:02.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value:
/wiki/Round_Table_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Round Table (disambiguation)

attr: role class

value:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

tag: b

value: /wiki/Jinnah mw-redirect Jinnah

value:
/wiki/Viceroy_of_India
mw-redirect
Viceroy of India

value:
/wiki/Lord_Irwin
mw-redirect
Lord Irwin

value:
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Great_Britain
mw-redirect
Prime Minister of Great Britain

tag: sup

value:
/wiki/Dominion_status
mw-redirect
Dominion status

value: Edit section: First Round Table Conference (November 1930 – January 1931)

value:
/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_Movement
mw-redirect
Civil Disobedience Movement

value:
/wiki/Ramsay_Macdonald
mw-redirect
Ramsay Macdonald

value: William Wedgwood Benn, 1st Viscount Stansgate

value:
/wiki/James_Henry_Thomas
mw-redirect
James Henry Thomas

value: Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland

value:
/wiki/Robert_William_Hamilton
mw-redirect
Robert William Hamilton

value:
/wiki/Sardar_Ujjal_Singh
mw-redirect
Sardar Ujjal Singh

value:
/wiki/Cowasji_Jehangir
mw-redirect
Cowasji Jehangir

value:
/wiki/Begum_Jahanara_Shahnawaz
mw-redirect
Begum Jahanara Shahnawaz

value:
/wiki/Darbhanga_Raj
mw-redirect
Darbhanga Raj

value:
/wiki/N._M._Joshi
mw-redirect
N. M. Joshi

value: Ahmed Hussain, Nawab Sir Amin Jung Bahadur

value:
/wiki/K._C._Neogy
mw-redirect
K. C. Neogy

value:
/wiki/Kavalam_Madhava_Panikkar
mw-redirect
Kavalam Madhava Panikkar

value: North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)

value:
/wiki/B.R._Ambedkar
mw-redirect
B.R. Ambedkar

value: Edit section: Second Round Table Conference (September – December 1931)

value: Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence

value:
/wiki/Henry_Graham_White
mw-redirect
Henry Graham White

value:
/wiki/Yeshwantrao_Holkar_II
mw-redirect
Yeshwantrao Holkar II

value:
/wiki/Maulana_Shaukat_Ali
mw-redirect
Maulana Shaukat Ali

value:
/wiki/Ghanshyam_Das_Birla
mw-redirect
Ghanshyam Das Birla

value: Sir Purshottamdas Thakurdas (page does not exist)

attr: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value:
/wiki/Gandhi-Irwin_Pact
mw-redirect
Gandhi-Irwin Pact

value:
/wiki/Sir_Mirza_Ismail
mw-redirect
Sir Mirza Ismail

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)

value:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

value: Edit section: Third Round Table Conference (November – December 1932)

value:
/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935
mw-redirect
Government of India Act 1935

value:
/wiki/Tara_Singh_Malhotra
mw-redirect
Tara Singh Malhotra

value: Purshottamdas Thakurdas (page does not exist)

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.irps.in/rtc1931.pdf

value: The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (January 2013)

value: List of fasts undertaken by Mahatma Gandhi

value:
/wiki/Raghupati_Raghav_Raja_Ram
mw-redirect
Raghupati Raghav Raja Ram

value: List of artistic depictions of Mahatma Gandhi

value: Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Parliament Square

value: Mahatma Gandhi Memorial (Washington, D.C.)

value:
/wiki/Gandhi_Promenade
mw-redirect
Gandhi Promenade

value: List of roads named after Mahatma Gandhi

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

value: Template talk:Indian Independence Movement

value:
/wiki/Vellore_Mutiny
mw-redirect
Vellore Mutiny

value:
/wiki/Sannyasi_Rebellion
mw-redirect
Sannyasi Rebellion

value: Revolutionary movement for Indian independence

value:
/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha
mw-redirect
Kheda Satyagraha

value:
/wiki/Indische_Legion
mw-redirect
Indische Legion

value: Hindustan Socialist Republican Association

value:
/wiki/Babu_Kunwar_Singh
mw-redirect
Babu Kunwar Singh

value:
/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_II
mw-redirect
Bahadur Shah II

value:
/wiki/Khan_Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan
mw-redirect
Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan

value:
/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jauhar
mw-redirect
Muhammad Ali Jauhar

value:
/wiki/Rani_Lakshmibai
mw-redirect
Rani Lakshmibai

value:
/wiki/V_O_Chidambaram_Pillai
mw-redirect
V O Chidambaram Pillai

value: Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis

value: Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford

value: George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston

value: Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto

value: James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie

value: Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma

value: Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley

value: Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton

value: Causes for liberation of French colonies in India

value:
/wiki/Indian_annexation_of_Goa
mw-redirect
Indian annexation of Goa

value: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

value: Timeline of Pakistani history (1947–present)

value:
/wiki/Two_nation_theory
mw-redirect
Two nation theory

value:
/wiki/Republic_Day_(Pakistan)
mw-redirect
Republic Day (Pakistan)

value:
/wiki/National_symbols_of_Pakistan
mw-redirect
National symbols of Pakistan

value: The leaders of the Muslim League, 1940. Jinnah is seated at centre.

value:
/wiki/File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg
image
Flag of Pakistan

value:
/wiki/File:State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg
image
Emblem of Pakistan

value:
navbox-image
7
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

value:
/wiki/All_India_Muslim_League
mw-redirect
All India Muslim League

value:
/wiki/Unionist_Muslim_League
mw-redirect
Unionist Muslim League

value: Category:Leaders of the Pakistan Movement

value:
/wiki/Nawab_Salimullah
mw-redirect
Nawab Salimullah

value:
/wiki/Choudhary_Rahmat_Ali
mw-redirect
Choudhary Rahmat Ali

value:
/wiki/Maulana_Mohammad_Ali
mw-redirect
Maulana Mohammad Ali

value:
/wiki/K._H._Khurshid
mw-redirect
K. H. Khurshid

value: Sikandar Hayat Khan (Punjabi politician)

value:
/wiki/Mufti_Muhammad_Shafi
mw-redirect
Mufti Muhammad Shafi

value:
/wiki/A._B._A._Haleem
mw-redirect
A. B. A. Haleem

value:
/wiki/J._A._Rahim
mw-redirect
J. A. Rahim

value:
/wiki/Idea_of_Pakistan
mw-redirect
Idea of Pakistan

value: Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?

value:
/wiki/Ziarat_Residency
mw-redirect
Ziarat Residency

value:
/wiki/Tomb_of_Muhammad_Iqbal
mw-redirect
Tomb of Muhammad Iqbal

value:
/wiki/Jinnah_Terminal
mw-redirect
Jinnah Terminal

value:
/wiki/Defence_Day
mw-redirect
Defence Day

value: Category:20th century in the City of Westminster

value: Category:Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL

value: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018

value: Category:Articles with disputed statements from January 2013

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value:
/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: গোল টেবিল বৈঠক (ভারত) – Bangla

value: Britisch-Indische Round-Table-Konferenzen in London – German

value: गोलमेज परिशद – Goan Konkani

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gom
display: none;

value: गोलमेज सम्मेलन (भारत) – Hindi

value: Konferensi Meja Bundar (India) – Indonesian

value: ದುಂಡು ಮೇಜಿನ ಸಭೆ(ಭಾರತ) – Kannada

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

value: गोलमेज परिषद – Marathi

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

value: Rundebordskonferansene om India – Norwegian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

value: இந்திய வட்டமேசை மாநாடுகள் – Tamil

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

value: రౌండు టేబులు సమావేశాలు – Telugu

value: گول میز کانفرنس – Urdu

value: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Round_Table_Conferences_India rootpage-Round_Table_Conferences_India skin-vector action-view


text:
Valley of the Dolls
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Valley of the Dolls (disambiguation).
Valley of the Dolls
First Hardcover Edition
Author
Jacqueline Susann
Country
United States
Language
English
Published
1966 (Bernard Geis Associates)
Media type
Print (Hardback & Paperback)
Pages
442 pp (hardcover edition)
ISBN
978-0802135193
Preceded by
Every Night, Josephine!
Followed by
The Love Machine
Valley of the Dolls is the first novel by American writer Jacqueline Susann. Published in 1966, the book was the biggest selling novel of its year.[1] To date, it has sold more than 31 million copies,[2] making it one of the best-selling works in publishing history.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot summary
2 Background
3 Reception
4 Adaptations
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
Plot summary[edit]
The novel tells the story of three young women who become fast friends in the turbulent post-war worlds of Broadway and Hollywood: Anne Welles, a reserved New England beauty who sees New York as the romantic city of her dreams; Neely O'Hara, an ebullient vaudevillian with a talent she doesn't fully understand; and Jennifer North, a sweet-natured showgirl who wants only to be loved. As life becomes difficult, each woman grows increasingly dependent on "dolls," the amphetamines and barbiturates which, for a time, seem to help.
Crossing their paths are such people as Helen Lawson, a brilliant but ruthless Broadway legend; Lyon Burke, a magnetic but self-centered theatrical attorney; Tony Polar, a child-like but sexually aggressive pop singer; Kevin Gillmore, a powerful but lovesick cosmetics tycoon; and Ted Casablaca, a potent but opportunistic fashion designer.
Over the course of twenty eventful years (1945–1965), each of the women strives to ascend the Mount Everest of her dreams, only to find herself back in the valley of the dolls.
Background[edit]
Susann had apparently been thinking about the novel for some time. Some years earlier, she had begun a show business novel, Underneath the Pancake, with her friend, actress Beatrice Cole (c. 1910–1999).[4] Later, she considered writing a novel about drug usage in show business to be called The Pink Dolls.[5]
Valley of the Dolls is widely considered to be a roman a clef, with its characters based on such famous figures as Judy Garland, Carole Landis, Dean Martin, and Ethel Merman.[6] In 1973, after publication of her third novel, Susann said, "They can keep calling it that [roman a clef]. It'll only make my books sell, I don't care."[7] Susann insisted that she began each book with a theme: "Then I start asking, what kind of a personality? And because I have a good ear, I unconsciously pick up certain people."[7]
Susann dedicated the book to her poodle, Josephine, and to her husband, Irving Mansfield.[8]
Reception[edit]
The book was published by Bernard Geis Associates on February 10, 1966, and "took off like a Cape Canaveral space shot." [9]
Although Publishers Weekly, in an advance review, called the novel "big, brilliant and sensational" (if "poorly written"),[10] the book received largely negative reviews. Gloria Steinem panned the book in The New York Herald Tribune [11] as did the reviewer in The New York Times.[12] Time magazine called it the "Dirty Book of the Month," and said, "it might more accurately be described as a highly effective sedative, a living doll."[13]
Despite the poor reviews, the book was a commercial juggernaut. On May 8, 1966, in its ninth week on the list, the book reached #1 on the New York Times Best Seller List, where it remained for 28 consecutive weeks.[14] With a total of 65 weeks on the list, the book became the best selling novel of 1966.[1] By the time of Susann's death in 1974, it had entered the Guinness Book of World Records as the best selling novel in publishing history, with more than 17 million copies sold.[15] By 2016, the book had sold more than 31 million copies.[2]
Adaptations[edit]
In 1967 the book was adapted into a film of the same name, directed by Mark Robson (Peyton Place), and starring Barbara Parkins (as Anne), Patty Duke (Neely), Paul Burke (Lyon), Sharon Tate (Jennifer), and Susan Hayward (Helen). The movie was written by Helen Deutsch (National Velvet) and Dorothy Kingsley (Seven Brides for Seven Brothers), and produced by Robson and David Weisbart. Reviews were scathing,[16] but the film was an enormous box-office hit, becoming the sixth most popular of the year with $44 million at the domestic box office.[17] Susann, who had a cameo as a news reporter, hated the film, reportedly telling director Robson that it was "a piece of shit."[18]
The novel was adapted for television in 1981 as Jacqueline Susann's Valley of the Dolls, a mini-series executive-produced by Susann's widower Irving Mansfield and directed by Walter Grauman. This version stars Catherine Hicks, Lisa Hartman, and Veronica Hamel. In 1994 a late-night, syndicated television soap opera, Valley of the Dolls, ran for one season and 65 episodes. The premise was a loose adaptation of the novel.[19] BBC Radio 4 broadcast a 15-episode dramatisation scripted by Yvonne Antrobus over three weeks in August and September 2005. It was part of the Woman's Hour programme's ongoing fifteen-minute daily drama slot,[20] and has been rebroadcast several times on BBC Radio 4 Extra in three 70-minute omnibus episodes.[21]
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b The 20th-Century American Bestsellers Database: 1960s. University of Virginia, via Publishers Weekly, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Symonds, Alexandria. 'Valley of the Dolls,' by the numbers. T: The New York Times Style Magazine. February 9, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Best Seller. Encyclopedia Britannica. February 23, 2011. Retrieved January 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Seaman, Barbara. Lovely Me: The Life of Jacqueline Susann. 2nd ed. (New York: Seven Stories Press, 1996), p. 197.
Jump up ^ Seaman. Lovely Me, p. 251-252.
Jump up ^ Collins, Amy Fine. Once Was Never Enough. Vanity Fair, January 2000. Retrieved January 5, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Kasindorf, Martin. Jackie Susann Picks Up the Marbles. The New York Times, August 12, 1973. Retrieved January 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Susann, Jacqueline. Valley of the Dolls. (New York: Bernard Geis Associates, 1966).
Jump up ^ Daniels, Mary. Susann's Best Love Story a Private Affair. Chicago Tribune. August 15, 1976. Retrieved January 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mansfield, Irving and Jean Libman Block. Life with Jackie. (New York: Bantam Books, 1983), p. 132.
Jump up ^ Seaman, Lovely Me, p. 314.
Jump up ^ Fremont-Smith, Eliot. Thank You, Franz Kafka! The New York Times. February 4, 1966. Retrieved January 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Books: Dirty Book of the Month. Time. April 22, 1966. Retrieved January 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Adult New York Times Best Seller Lists for 1966. Hawes Publications. [n.d.] Retrieved January 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Johnston, Laurie. Jacqueline Susann Dead at 53; Novelist Wrote 'Valley of Dolls'. The New York Times. September 23, 1974. Retrieved January 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Seaman. Lovely Me, p. 349.
Jump up ^ Top Grossing Films of 1967. Listal. June 24, 2012. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Green, David B. This Day in Jewish History 1974: Jacqueline Susann, Who Knew What You Really Want to Read, Dies. Haaretz. September 21, 2016. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gardner, Eriq (March 16, 2012). "Lawsuit Threatens Lee Daniels' 'Valley of the Dolls' TV Series". The Hollywood Reporter.
Jump up ^ Radio Listings
Jump up ^ BBC Radio omnibus edition catalogue entry
External links[edit]
Valley of the Dolls The official website, run by the estate of Jacqueline Susann.
[hide]
v
t
e
Jacqueline Susann
Books
Every Night, Josephine! (1963)
Valley of the Dolls (1966)
The Love Machine (1969)
Once Is Not Enough (1973)
Dolores (1976)
Yargo (1979)
Adaptations
Valley of the Dolls (1967)
The Love Machine (1971)
Once Is Not Enough (1975)
Valley of the Dolls (TV series, 1994)
Related articles
Isn't She Great
Jacqueline Susann's Open Door
Just This Once
Irving Mansfield
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valley_of_the_Dolls&oldid=799961415"
Categories:
1966 American novels
American LGBT novels
American novels adapted into films
Debut novels
Feminist literature
Hollywood novels
Novels about actors
Novels by Jacqueline Susann
Hidden categories:
Pages to import images to Wikidata
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Italiano
Русский
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Svenska
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 10 September 2017, at 21:13.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

tag: caption

value: Valley of the dolls novel first edition 1966.jpg

value:
/wiki/Roman_a_clef
mw-redirect
Roman a clef

value:
/wiki/The_New_York_Herald_Tribune
mw-redirect
The New York Herald Tribune

value:
/wiki/Lisa_Hartman
mw-redirect
Lisa Hartman

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.hawes.com/1966/1966.htm

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value: Jacqueline Susann's Once Is Not Enough (film)

value: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: Category:American novels adapted into films

value: Category:Pages to import images to Wikidata

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Valley_of_the_Dolls
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

value: La valle delle bambole (romanzo) – Italian

value: Долина кукол – Russian

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Valley_of_the_Dolls rootpage-Valley_of_the_Dolls vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Widget (beer)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Guinness floating widget
Guinness beer bottle widget
A widget is a device placed in a container of beer to manage the characteristics of the beer's head. The original widget was patented in Ireland by Guinness. The "floating widget" is found in cans of beer as a hollow plastic sphere, approximately 3 cm in diameter (similar in appearance to table tennis ball, but smaller) with at least one small hole and a seam. The "rocket widget" is found in bottles, 7 cm in length with the small hole at the bottom.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Method
3 Development
4 Beer glass widget
5 References
6 Bibliography
Background[edit]
Draught Guinness, as it is known today, was first produced in 1964. With Guinness keen to produce draught beer packaged for consumers to drink at home, Bottled Draught Guinness was formulated in 1978 and launched into the Irish market in 1979. It was never actively marketed internationally as it required an "initiator" device, which looked rather like a syringe, to make it work.
Method[edit]
Some canned beers are pressurized by adding liquid nitrogen, which vaporises and expands in volume after the can is sealed, forcing gas and beer into the widget's hollow interior through a tiny hole—the less beer the better for subsequent head quality. In addition, some nitrogen dissolves in the beer which also contains dissolved carbon dioxide. Oxygen is generally excluded as its presence can cause flavour deterioration.
The presence of dissolved nitrogen allows smaller bubbles to be formed, which increases the creaminess of the head. This is because the smaller bubbles need a higher internal pressure to balance the greater surface tension, which is inversely proportional to the radius of the bubbles. Achieving this higher pressure would not be possible with just dissolved carbon dioxide, as the greater solubility of this gas compared to nitrogen would create an unacceptably large head.
When the can is opened, the pressure in the can quickly drops, causing the pressurised gas and beer inside the widget to jet out from the hole. This agitation on the surrounding beer causes a chain reaction of bubble formation throughout the beer. The result, when the can is then poured out, is a surging mixture in the glass of very small gas bubbles and liquid.
This is the case with certain types of draught beer such as draught stouts. In the case of these draught beers, which before dispensing also contain a mixture of dissolved nitrogen and carbon dioxide, the agitation is caused by forcing the beer under pressure through small holes in a restrictor in the tap. The surging mixture gradually settles to produce a very creamy head.
Development[edit]
Expired British Patent No 1266351, filed 27 January 1969
Diagram of Acorn Can
In 1969 two Guinness brewers at Guinness's St James's Gate brewery in Dublin, Tony Carey and Sammy Hildebrand, developed a system for producing draught type Guinness from cans or bottles through the discharge of gas from an internal compartment. It was patented in British Patent No 1266351, filed 27 January 1969, with a complete specification published 8 March 1972.
Development work on a can system under Project ACORN (Advanced Cans Of Rich Nectar) focused on an arrangement whereby a false lid underneath the main lid formed the gas chamber (see diagram below right).
Technical difficulties led to this approach being put on hold, and Guinness instead concentrated on bottles using external initiators. Subsequently, Guinness allowed this patent to lapse and it was not until Ernest Saunders centralised the company's research and development in 1984 that work restarted on this invention, under the direction of Alan Forage.
Development sequence for canned draught Guinness
Development sequence for bottled draught Guinness
The design of an internal compartment that could be readily inserted during the canning process was devised by Alan Forage and William Byrne, and work started on the widget during the period 1984–85. The plan was to introduce a plastic capsule into the can, pressurise it during the filling process and then allow it to release this pressure in a controlled manner when the can was opened. This would be sufficient to initiate the product and give it the characteristic creamy head. However, Tony Carey observed that this resulted in beer being forced into the widget during pressurisation, which reduced the quality of the head. He suggested overcoming this by rapidly inverting the can after the lid was seamed on. This extra innovation proved successful.
The first samples sent to Dublin were labelled "Project Dynamite", which caused some delay before customs and excise would release the samples.[citation needed] Because of this the name was changed to Oaktree in recognition of the earlier ACORN project. Another name that changed was "inserts"; the operators called them "widgets" almost immediately after they arrived on site, a name that has now stuck with the industry.[citation needed]
The development of ideas continued and more than one hundred alternatives were considered. The blow-moulded widget was to be pierced with a laser and a blower was then necessary to blow away the plume created by the laser burning through the polypropylene. This was abandoned and instead it was decided to gas-exchange air for nitrogen on the filler,[2] and produce the inserts with a hole in place using straightforward and cheaper injection-moulding techniques.
Commissioning began January 1988, with a national launch date of March 1989. This first-generation widget was a plastic disc held in place by friction in the bottom of the can. This method worked fine if the beer was served cold; when served warm the can would overflow when opened. The floating widget, which Guinness calls the "Smoothifier", was launched in 1997 and does not have this problem.
The diagrams on the left show the development sequences for canned and bottled draught Guinness from 1969 to 1988.
The idea for the widget soon became popular. John Smith's started to include widgets in their cans in 1994 and many beer brands in the UK now use widgets, often alongside regular carbonated products.
Although patented by Guinness, the widget was actually invented by John Lunn, MD of Mclennons of Birmingham, who went on to invent a second for Whitbread and Heineken, so that Whitbread could launch Draught Boddingtons in a can and Murphy's. Lunn then later invented a third widget, the floating one, with two one-way valves, which is the widget that all brewers use now.
Beer glass widget[edit]
Circular widget etched in the base of a standard pint glass
Comparison of bubbles formed in a glass containing a widget (left) and one with a smooth base (right).
The term widget glass can be used to refer to a laser-etched pattern at the bottom of a beer glass which aids the release of carbon dioxide bubbles.[3] The pattern of the etching can be anything from a simple circular or chequered design to a logo or text.
The widget in the base of a beer glass works by creating a nucleation point, allowing the CO2 to be released from the liquid which comes into contact with it, thus assisting in maintaining head on the beer. This has become increasingly popular with Fosters, Estrella and others using them in public houses in the UK.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Daithí Ó hAnluain (17 December 2001). "Foaming Over Guinness in a Bottle". Wired. Cork, Ireland. Archived from the original on 29 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick, Nicholas; John Kuzniarski (3 August 1993). "CA Patent 1320934 - Gas Dissolving Method". Retrieved 2009-11-15.
Jump up ^ "Widget Glass". www.probertencyclopaedia.com. Retrieved 2009-08-28.
Bibliography[edit]
Carey & Hildebrand,Improved method of and means for dispensing carbonated liquids from containers, UK Patent 1266351, published 8 March 1972 — the original invention behind the modern widget.
Forage, et al., "Beverage package and a method of packaging a beverage containing gas in solution". United States Patent 4,832,968. 23 May 1989.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Widget_(beer)&oldid=811290957"
Categories:
Beer vessels and serving
Industrial gases
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from September 2010
All articles needing additional references
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Deutsch
Nederlands
Polski
Русский
Edit links
This page was last edited on 20 November 2017, at 18:23.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attr: class href

value: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

tag: small

tag: tbody

value: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

value:
/wiki/Inversely_proportional
mw-redirect
Inversely proportional

value:
/wiki/St_James%27s_Gate
mw-redirect
St James's Gate

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2010)

value:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

value:
/wiki/Etching_(glass)
mw-redirect
Etching (glass)

value:
/wiki/Nucleation_point
mw-redirect
Nucleation point

value:
/wiki/Public_houses
mw-redirect
Public houses

value:
/wiki/Wired_(website)
mw-redirect
Wired (website)

value:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.google.com/patents/US4832968

value: Category:Articles needing additional references from September 2010

value: Category:All articles needing additional references

value: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Widget_(beer)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: Азотная капсула (виджет) – Russian

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Widget_beer rootpage-Widget_beer skin-vector action-view