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Bacterial cell structure
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Bacteria, despite their simplicity, contain a well-developed cell structure which is responsible for some of their unique biological structures and pathogenicity. Many structural features are unique to bacteria and are not found among archaea or eukaryotes. Because of the simplicity of bacteria relative to larger organisms and the ease with which they can be manipulated experimentally, the cell structure of bacteria has been well studied, revealing many biochemical principles that have been subsequently applied to other organisms.
Contents
[hide]
1 Cell morphology
2 Cell wall
2.1 The gram-positive cell wall
2.2 The gram-negative cell wall
3 Plasma membrane
4 Extracellular (external) structures
4.1 Fimbriae and pili
4.2 S-layers
4.3 Glycocalyx
4.4 Flagella
5 Intracellular (internal) structures
5.1 The bacterial DNA and plasmids
5.2 Ribosomes and other multiprotein complexes
5.3 Intracellular membranes
5.4 Cytoskeleton
5.5 Nutrient storage structures
5.5.1 Inclusions
5.5.2 Gas vacuoles
5.5.3 Microcompartments
5.5.3.1 Carboxysomes
5.5.3.2 Magnetosomes
6 Endospores
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Cell morphology[edit]
Bacteria come in a wide variety of shapes
Perhaps the most elemental structural property of bacteria is their morphology (shape). Typical examples include:
coccus (spherical)
bacillus (rod-like)
spiral(DNA-like)
filamentous (elongated)
Cell shape is generally characteristic of a given bacterial species, but can vary depending on growth conditions. Some bacteria have complex life cycles involving the production of stalks and appendages (e.g. Caulobacter) and some produce elaborate structures bearing reproductive spores (e.g. Myxococcus, Streptomyces). Bacteria generally form distinctive cell morphologies when examined by light microscopy and distinct colony morphologies when grown on Petri plates.
Perhaps the most obvious structural characteristic of bacteria is (with some exceptions) their small size. For example, Escherichia coli cells, an "average" sized bacterium, are about 2 µm (micrometres) long and 0.5 µm in diameter, with a cell volume of 0.6–0.7 μm3.[1] This corresponds to a wet mass of about 1 picogram (pg), assuming that the cell consists mostly of water. The dry mass of a single cell can be estimated as 23% of the wet mass, amounting to 0.2 pg. About half of the dry mass of a bacterial cell consists of carbon, and also about half of it can be attributed to proteins. Therefore, a typical fully grown 1-liter culture of Escherichia coli (at an optical density of 1.0, corresponding to c. 109 cells/ml) yields about 1 g wet cell mass.[2] Small size is extremely important because it allows for a large surface area-to-volume ratio which allows for rapid uptake and intracellular distribution of nutrients and excretion of wastes. At low surface area-to-volume ratios the diffusion of nutrients and waste products across the bacterial cell membrane limits the rate at which microbial metabolism can occur, making the cell less evolutionarily fit. The reason for the existence of large cells is unknown, although it is speculated that the increased cell volume is used primarily for storage of excess nutrients.
Cell wall[edit]
The structure of peptidoglycan.
The cell envelope is composed of the plasma membrane and cell wall. As in other organisms, the bacterial cell wall provides structural integrity to the cell. In prokaryotes, the primary function of the cell wall is to protect the cell from internal turgor pressure caused by the much higher concentrations of proteins and other molecules inside the cell compared to its external environment. The bacterial cell wall differs from that of all other organisms by the presence of peptidoglycan which is located immediately outside of the cytoplasmic membrane. Peptidoglycan is made up of a polysaccharide backbone consisting of alternating N-Acetylmuramic acid (NAM) and N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) residues in equal amounts. Peptidoglycan is responsible for the rigidity of the bacterial cell wall and for the determination of cell shape. It is relatively porous and is not considered to be a permeability barrier for small substrates. While all bacterial cell walls (with a few exceptions e.g. extracellular parasites such as Mycoplasma) contain peptidoglycan, not all cell walls have the same overall structures. Since the cell wall is required for bacterial survival, but is absent in some eukaryotes, several antibiotics (notably the penicillins and cephalosporins) stop bacterial infections by interfering with cell wall synthesis, while having no effects on human cells which have no cell wall only a cell membrane. There are two main types of bacterial cell walls, those of gram-positive bacteria and those of gram-negative bacteria, which are differentiated by their Gram staining characteristics. For both these types of bacteria, particles of approximately 2 nm can pass through the peptidoglycan.[3] If the bacterial cell wall is entirely removed, it is called a protoplast while if it's partially removed, it is called a spheroplast. β-Lactam antibiotics such as penicillin inhibit the formation of peptidoglycan cross-links in the bacterial cell wall. The enzyme lysozyme, found in human tears, also digests the cell wall of bacteria and is the body's main defense against eye infections.
The gram-positive cell wall[edit]
Gram-positive cell walls are thick and the peptidoglycan ( also known as murein) layer constitutes almost 95% of the cell wall in some gram-positive bacteria and as little as 5-10% of the cell wall in gram-negative bacteria. The gram-positive bacteria take up the crystal violet dye and are stained purple. The cell wall of some gram-positive bacteria can be completely dissolved by lysozymes which attacks the bonds between GA and MA. In other gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, the walls are resistant to the action of lysozymes. They have O-acetyl groups on carbon-6 of some MA residues. The matrix substances in the walls of gram-positive bacteria may be polysaccharides or teichoic acids. The latter are very widespread, but have been found only in gram-positive bacteria. There are two main types of teichoic acid: ribitol teichoic acids and glycerol teichoic acids. The latter one is more widespread. These acids are polymers of ribitol phosphate and glycerol phosphate, respectively, and only located on the surface of many gram-positive bacteria. However, the exact function of teichoic acid is debated and not fully understood. A major component of the gram-positive cell wall is lipoteichoic acid. One of its purposes is providing an antigenic function. The lipid element is to be found in the membrane where its adhesive properties assist in its anchoring to the membrane.
The gram-negative cell wall[edit]
Gram-negative cell walls are thin and unlike the gram-positive cell walls, they contain a thin peptidoglycan layer adjacent to the cytoplasmic membrane. Gram-negative bacteria are stained as pink colour. The chemical structure of the outer membrane's lipopolysaccharide is often unique to specific bacterial sub-species and is responsible for many of the antigenic properties of these strains. Lipopolysaccharides, also called endotoxins, are composed of polysaccharides and lipid A which are responsible for much of the toxicity of gram-negative bacteria.
Plasma membrane[edit]
The plasma membrane or bacterial cytoplasmic membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer and thus has all of the general functions of a cell membrane such as acting as a permeability barrier for most molecules and serving as the location for the transport of molecules into the cell. In addition to these functions, prokaryotic membranes also function in energy conservation as the location about which a proton motive force is generated. Unlike eukaryotes, bacterial membranes (with some exceptions e.g. Mycoplasma and methanotrophs) generally do not contain sterols. However, many microbes do contain structurally related compounds called hopanoids which likely fulfill the same function. Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria can have a wide variety of fatty acids within their membranes. Along with typical saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, bacteria can contain fatty acids with additional methyl, hydroxy or even cyclic groups. The relative proportions of these fatty acids can be modulated by the bacterium to maintain the optimum fluidity of the membrane (e.g. following temperature change).
As a phospholipid bilayer, the lipid portion of the outer membrane is impermeable to charged molecules. However, channels called porins are present in the outer membrane that allow for passive transport of many ions, sugars and amino acids across the outer membrane. These molecules are therefore present in the periplasm, the region between the cytoplasmic and outer membranes. The periplasm contains the peptidoglycan layer and many proteins responsible for substrate binding or hydrolysis and reception of extracellular signals. The periplasm is thought to exist in a gel-like state rather than a liquid due to the high concentration of proteins and peptidoglycan found within it. Because of its location between the cytoplasmic and outer membranes, signals received and substrates bound are available to be transported across the cytoplasmic membrane using transport and signalling proteins imbedded there.
Extracellular (external) structures[edit]
Fimbriae and pili[edit]
Main article: Pilus
Fimbriae (sometimes called "attachment pili") are protein tubes that extend out from the outer membrane in many members of the Proteobacteria. They are generally short in length and present in high numbers about the entire bacterial cell surface. Fimbriae usually function to facilitate the attachment of a bacterium to a surface (e.g. to form a biofilm) or to other cells (e.g. animal cells during pathogenesis). A few organisms (e.g. Myxococcus) use fimbriae for motility to facilitate the assembly of multicellular structures such as fruiting bodies. Pili are similar in structure to fimbriae but are much longer and present on the bacterial cell in low numbers. Pili are involved in the process of bacterial conjugation where they are called conjugation pili or "sex pili". Type IV pili (non-sex pili) also aid bacteria in gripping surfaces. Pili are absent in gram-positive bacteria and present in gram-negative bacteria.
S-layers[edit]
Main article: S-layer
An S-layer (surface layer) is a cell surface protein layer found in many different bacteria and in some archaea, where it serves as the cell wall. All S-layers are made up of a two-dimensional array of proteins and have a crystalline appearance, the symmetry of which differs between species. The exact function of S-layers is unknown, but it has been suggested that they act as a partial permeability barrier for large substrates. For example, an S-layer could conceivably keep extracellular proteins near the cell membrane by preventing their diffusion away from the cell. In some pathogenic species, an S-layer may help to facilitate survival within the host by conferring protection against host defence mechanisms.
Glycocalyx[edit]
Main articles: Glycocalyx § Glycocalyx in Bacteria and Nature, and Glycocalyx
Many bacteria secrete extracellular polymers outside of their cell walls called glycocalyx. These polymers are usually composed of polysaccharides and sometimes protein. Capsules are relatively impermeable structures that cannot be stained with dyes such as India ink. They are structures that help protect bacteria from phagocytosis and desiccation. Slime layer is involved in attachment of bacteria to other cells or inanimate surfaces to form biofilms. Slime layers can also be used as a food reserve for the cell.
A-Monotrichous; B-Lophotrichous; C-Amphitrichous; D-Peritrichous;
Flagella[edit]
Main article: Flagellum
Perhaps the most recognizable extracellular bacterial cell structures are flagella. Flagella are whip-like structures protruding from the bacterial cell wall and are responsible for bacterial motility (i.e. movement). The arrangement of flagella about the bacterial cell is unique to the species observed. Common forms include:
Monotrichous – Single flagellum
Lophotrichous – A tuft of flagella found at one of the cell pole
Amphitrichous – Single flagellum found at each of two opposite poles
Peritrichous – Multiple flagella found at several locations about the cell
The bacterial flagellum consists of three basic components: a whip-like filament, a motor complex, and a hook that connects them. The filament is approximately 20 nm in diameter and consists of several protofilaments, each made up of thousands of flagellin subunits. The bundle is held together by a cap and may or may not be encapsulated. The motor complex consists of a series of rings anchoring the flagellum in the inner and outer membranes, followed by a proton-driven motor that drives rotational movement in the filament.
Intracellular (internal) structures[edit]
Cell structure of a gram positive bacterium
In comparison to eukaryotes, the intracellular features of the bacterial cell are extremely simple. Bacteria do not contain organelles in the same sense as eukaryotes. Instead, the chromosome and perhaps ribosomes are the only easily observable intracellular structures found in all bacteria. There do exist, however, specialized groups of bacteria that contain more complex intracellular structures, some of which are discussed below.
The bacterial DNA and plasmids[edit]
Main article: Plasmid
Unlike eukaryotes, the bacterial DNA is not enclosed inside of a membrane-bound nucleus but instead resides inside the bacterial cytoplasm. This means that the transfer of cellular information through the processes of translation, transcription and DNA replication all occur within the same compartment and can interact with other cytoplasmic structures, most notably ribosomes. The bacterial DNA is not packaged using histones to form chromatin as in eukaryotes but instead exists as a highly compact supercoiled structure, the precise nature of which remains unclear.[4] Most bacterial chromosomes are circular although some examples of linear DNA exist (e.g. Borrelia burgdorferi). Along with chromosomal DNA, most bacteria also contain small independent pieces of DNA called plasmids that often encode for traits that are advantageous but not essential to their bacterial host. Plasmids can be easily gained or lost by a bacterium and can be transferred between bacteria as a form of horizontal gene transfer. So plasmids can be described as an extra chromosomal DNA in a bacterial cell.
Ribosomes and other multiprotein complexes[edit]
Main article: Ribosome
In most bacteria the most numerous intracellular structure is the ribosome, the site of protein synthesis in all living organisms. All prokaryotes have 70S (where S=Svedberg units) ribosomes while eukaryotes contain larger 80S ribosomes in their cytosol. The 70S ribosome is made up of a 50S and 30S subunits. The 50S subunit contains the 23S and 5S rRNA while the 30S subunit contains the 16S rRNA. These rRNA molecules differ in size in eukaryotes and are complexed with a large number of ribosomal proteins, the number and type of which can vary slightly between organisms. While the ribosome is the most commonly observed intracellular multiprotein complex in bacteria other large complexes do occur and can sometimes be seen using microscopy.
Intracellular membranes[edit]
While not typical of all bacteria some microbes contain intracellular membranes in addition to (or as extensions of) their cytoplasmic membranes. An early idea was that bacteria might contain membrane folds termed mesosomes, but these were later shown to be artifacts produced by the chemicals used to prepare the cells for electron microscopy.[5] Examples of bacteria containing intracellular membranes are phototrophs, nitrifying bacteria and methane-oxidising bacteria. Intracellular membranes are also found in bacteria belonging to the poorly studied Planctomycetes group, although these membranes more closely resemble organellar membranes in eukaryotes and are currently of unknown function.[6] Chromatophores are intracellular membranes found in phototrophic bacteria. Used primarily for photosynthesis, they contain bacteriochlorophyll pigments and carotenoids.
Cytoskeleton[edit]
Main article: Prokaryotic cytoskeleton
The prokaryotic cytoskeleton is the collective name for all structural filaments in prokaryotes. It was once thought that prokaryotic cells did not possess cytoskeletons, but recent advances in visualization technology and structure determination have shown that filaments indeed exist in these cells.[7] In fact, homologues for all major cytoskeletal proteins in eukaryotes have been found in prokaryotes. Cytoskeletal elements play essential roles in cell division, protection, shape determination, and polarity determination in various prokaryotes.[8]
Nutrient storage structures[edit]
Most bacteria do not live in environments that contain large amounts of nutrients at all times. To accommodate these transient levels of nutrients bacteria contain several different methods of nutrient storage in times of plenty for use in times of want. For example, many bacteria store excess carbon in the form of polyhydroxyalkanoates or glycogen. Some microbes store soluble nutrients such as nitrate in vacuoles. Sulfur is most often stored as elemental (S0) granules which can be deposited either intra- or extracellularly. Sulfur granules are especially common in bacteria that use hydrogen sulfide as an electron source. Most of the above-mentioned examples can be viewed using a microscope and are surrounded by a thin nonunit membrane to separate them from the cytoplasm.
Inclusions[edit]
Inclusions are considered to be nonliving components of the cell that do not possess metabolic activity and are not bounded by membranes. The most common inclusions are glycogen, lipid droplets, crystals, and pigments. Volutin granules are cytoplasmic inclusions of complexed inorganic polyphosphate. These granules are called metachromatic granules due to their displaying the metachromatic effect; they appear red or blue when stained with the blue dyes methylene blue or toluidine blue.
Gas vacuoles[edit]
Main article: Gas vesicle
Gas vacuoles are membrane-bound, spindle-shaped vesicles, found in some planktonic bacteria and Cyanobacteria, that provides buoyancy to these cells by decreasing their overall cell density. Positive buoyancy is needed to keep the cells in the upper reaches of the water column, so that they can continue to perform photosynthesis. They are made up of a shell of protein that has a highly hydrophobic inner surface, making it impermeable to water (and stopping water vapour from condensing inside) but permeable to most gases. Because the gas vesicle is a hollow cylinder, it is liable to collapse when the surrounding pressure increases. Natural selection has fine tuned the structure of the gas vesicle to maximise its resistance to buckling, including an external strengthening protein, GvpC, rather like the green thread in a braided hosepipe. There is a simple relationship between the diameter of the gas vesicle and pressure at which it will collapse - the wider the gas vesicle the weaker it becomes. However, wider gas vesicles are more efficient, providing more buoyancy per unit of protein than narrow gas vesicles. Different species produce gas vesicle of different diameter, allowing them to colonise different depths of the water column (fast growing, highly competitive species with wide gas vesicles in the top most layers; slow growing, dark-adapted, species with strong narrow gas vesicles in the deeper layers). The diameter of the gas vesicle will also help determine which species survive in different bodies of water. Deep lakes that experience winter mixing expose the cells to the hydrostatic pressure generated by the full water column. This will select for species with narrower, stronger gas vesicles.
The cell achieves its height in the water column by synthesising gas vesicles. As the cell rises up, it is able to increase its carbohydrate load through increased photosynthesis. Too high and the cell will suffer photobleaching and possible death, however, the carbohydrate produced during photosynthesis increases the cell's density, causing it to sink. The daily cycle of carbohydrate build-up from photosynthesis and carbohydrate catabolism during dark hours is enough to fine-tune the cell's position in the water column, bring it up toward the surface when its carbohydrate levels are low and it needs to photosynthesis, and allowing it to sink away from the harmful UV radiation when the cell's carbohydrate levels have been replenished. An extreme excess of carbohydrate causes a significant change in the internal pressure of the cell, which causes the gas vesicles to buckle and collapse and the cell to sink out.
Microcompartments[edit]
Bacterial microcompartments are widespread, membrane-bound organelles that are made of a protein shell that surrounds and encloses various enzymes. provide a further level of organization; they are compartments within bacteria that are surrounded by polyhedral protein shells, rather than by lipid membranes. These "polyhedral organelles" localize and compartmentalize bacterial metabolism, a function performed by the membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotes.
Carboxysomes[edit]
Main article: Carboxysome
Carboxysomes are bacterial microcompartments found in many autotrophic bacteria such as Cyanobacteria, Knallgasbacteria, Nitroso- and Nitrobacteria.[9] They are proteinaceous structures resembling phage heads in their morphology and contain the enzymes of carbon dioxide fixation in these organisms (especially ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, RuBisCO, and carbonic anhydrase). It is thought that the high local concentration of the enzymes along with the fast conversion of bicarbonate to carbon dioxide by carbonic anhydrase allows faster and more efficient carbon dioxide fixation than possible inside the cytoplasm.[10] Similar structures are known to harbor the coenzyme B12-containing glycerol dehydratase, the key enzyme of glycerol fermentation to 1,3-propanediol, in some Enterobacteriaceae (e. g. Salmonella).
Magnetosomes[edit]
Main article: Magnetosome
Magnetosomes are bacterial microcompartments found in magnetotactic bacteria that allow them to sense and align themselves along a magnetic field (magnetotaxis). The ecological role of magnetotaxis is unknown but is thought to be involved in the determination of optimal oxygen concentrations. Magnetosomes are composed of the mineral magnetite or greigite and are surrounded by a lipid bilayer membrane. The morphology of magnetosomes is species-specific.[citation needed]
Endospores[edit]
Main article: Endospore
Perhaps the best known bacterial adaptation to stress is the formation of endospores. Endospores are bacterial survival structures that are highly resistant to many different types of chemical and environmental stresses and therefore enable the survival of bacteria in environments that would be lethal for these cells in their normal vegetative form. It has been proposed that endospore formation has allowed for the survival of some bacteria for hundreds of millions of years (e.g. in salt crystals)[11][12] although these publications have been questioned.[13][14] Endospore formation is limited to several genera of gram-positive bacteria such as Bacillus and Clostridium. It differs from reproductive spores in that only one spore is formed per cell resulting in no net gain in cell number upon endospore germination. The location of an endospore within a cell is species-specific and can be used to determine the identity of a bacterium. Dipicolinic acid is a chemical compound which composes 5% to 15% of the dry weight of bacterial spores and is implicated in being responsible for the heat resistance of endospores. Archaeologists have found viable endospores taken from the intestines of Egyptian mummies and also from sediment of over seven thousand years old taken from Minnesota's Elk Lake.[citation needed]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kubitschek HE (1 January 1993). "Cell volume increase in Escherichia coli after shifts to richer media". J. Bacteriol. 172 (1): 94–101. PMC 208405  . PMID 2403552.
Jump up ^ Capaldo-Kimball F (1 April 1971). "Involvement of Recombination Genes in Growth and Viability of Escherichia coli K-12". J. Bacteriol. 106 (1): 204–212. PMC 248663  . PMID 4928007.
Jump up ^ Demchick, P; Koch, AL (1 February 1996). "The permeability of the wall fabric of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis". J. Bacteriol. 178 (3): 768–73. PMC 177723  . PMID 8550511.
Jump up ^ Goldstein E, Drlica K (1984). "Regulation of bacterial DNA supercoiling: plasmid linking numbers very with growth temperature" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 81: 4046–4050. doi:10.1073/pnas.81.13.4046. PMC 345365  . PMID 6377307.
Jump up ^ Ryter A (1988). "Contribution of new cryomethods to a better knowledge of bacterial anatomy". Ann. Inst. Pasteur Microbiol. 139 (1): 33–44. doi:10.1016/0769-2609(88)90095-6. PMID 3289587.
Jump up ^ Fuerst J (2005). "Intracellular compartmentation in planctomycetes". Annu Rev Microbiol. 59: 299–328. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.59.030804.121258. PMID 15910279.
Jump up ^ Gitai Z (2005). "The new bacterial cell biology: moving parts and subcellular architecture". Cell. 120 (5): 577–86. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.02.026. PMID 15766522.
Jump up ^ Shih YL, Rothfield L (2006). "The bacterial cytoskeleton". Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 70 (3): 729–54. doi:10.1128/MMBR.00017-06. PMC 1594594  . PMID 16959967.
Jump up ^ Cannon GC, Bradburne CE, Aldrich HC, Baker SH, Heinhorst S, Shively JM (2001). "Microcompartments in prokaryotes: carboxysomes and related polyhedra". Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67 (12): 5351–61. doi:10.1128/AEM.67.12.5351-5361.2001. PMC 93316  . PMID 11722879.
Jump up ^ Badger MR, Price GD (February 2003). "CO2 concentrating mechanisms in cyanobacteria: molecular components, their diversity and evolution". J. Exp. Bot. 54 (383): 609–22. doi:10.1093/jxb/erg076. PMID 12554704.
Jump up ^ Vreeland RH, Rosenzweig WD, Powers DW (October 2000). "Isolation of a 250 million-year-old halotolerant bacterium from a primary salt crystal". Nature. 407 (6806): 897–900. doi:10.1038/35038060. PMID 11057666.
Jump up ^ Cano RJ, Borucki MK (May 1995). "Revival and identification of bacterial spores in 25- to 40-million-year-old Dominican amber". Science. 268 (5213): 1060–4. doi:10.1126/science.7538699. PMID 7538699.
Jump up ^ Fischman J (May 1995). "Have 25-million-year-old bacteria returned to life?". Science. 268 (5213): 977. doi:10.1126/science.7754393. PMID 7754393.
Jump up ^ Parkes RJ (October 2000). "A case of bacterial immortality?". Nature. 407 (6806): 844–5. doi:10.1038/35038181. PMID 11057647.
Further reading[edit]
Cell Structure and Organization
Madigan, Michael T.; Martinko, John M.; Brock, Thomas D. (2005). Brock biology of microorganisms (11th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-196893-9.
External links[edit]
Animated guide to bacterial cell structure.
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Mark of the Year
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Official logo for the Mark of the Year competition
An Australian rules football. It must be caught successfully during an AFL match to qualify the mark for the competition.
The annual Australian Football League Mark of the Year competition (currently also known as the Weet Bix AFL Mark of the Year) is a sporting award that celebrates each season's best mark. A mark is the action of a player cleanly catching a kicked ball that has travelled more than 15 metres (49 ft) without the ball hitting the ground.
Originally known as the "VFL Mark of the Year" and selected by a panel of football experts on Network Seven's World of Sport program, the contest was renamed the "AFL Mark of the Year" following the competition's renaming in 1990. Since 2001 it has been run by the AFL. It is open only to players within the AFL and applies to marks taken during official AFL season matches. Several other Australian rules football leagues followed with their own "Mark of the Year" competitions.
A famous VFL footballer, Alex Jesaulenko, unofficially won the first award for a "spectacular mark" during the 1970 VFL Grand Final, a mark that has been frequently called "The Mark of the Century".
Thirty-two players have won the competition; of those, five have won multiple times and six are still active in the AFL. Peter Knights (Hawthorn) and Tony Modra (Adelaide/Fremantle) have won the most Mark of the Year awards, with three each.
The competition is run in conjunction with the Goal of the Year contest, which recognizes the best goal kicked during an AFL season. Two players have managed to win both the "Mark of the Year" and "Goal of the Year" awards in the same season: Michael Mitchell and Peter Bosustow.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 History
3 Selection process
4 Annual winners
5 References
Background[edit]
Currently also known by its sponsorship name as the "Weet Bix AFL Mark of the Year",[1][2] the competition is open to players in the AFL (Australian rules football's highest league).[3][4] Winners receive an assortment of prizes, including $5,000 for their grassroots (junior) club, the use of a Toyota Kluger for 12 months and the Alex Jesaulenko Medal.[2][3][5][6]
The current Victorian Football League (formerly known as the Victorian Football Association) runs a similar competition; however, the winners are selected only from the few games that are televised. Many other amateur Australian rules football leagues also run an equivalent competition, but they often rely on less comprehensive television footage; some amateur leagues rely on spectators who submit photos and amateur video recordings to the league[7] or to television shows such as the AFL Footy Show.[8][9]
Chris Tarrant's mark in round 11, 2001 has been used as the basis of the silhouette for the Mark of the Year logo, despite its losing the Mark of the Year to Gary Moorcroft's round 14 mark.[2] Many of the best marks in the VFL/AFL were featured in a VHS/DVD named Miracle Marks.[10]
History[edit]
The competition was initiated following Alex Jesaulenko's mark over Graeme "Jerker" Jenkin in the 1970 (Victorian Football League) Grand Final and later recognised officially as the Mark of the Year; the medal awarded to the winner now bears his name.[3][4][11] During the 1970s and early 1980s, the award was decided by a panel of football experts on Network Seven's "World of Sport" program and during the 1980s and 1990s, the winning mark was determined by selected football journalists and experts.[3] With minor modifications, the current selection process was first used in the 1998 season.[7][12] In 1990, the competition (originally known as the VFL Mark of the Year) was renamed the AFL Mark of the Year, following the inception of the AFL.[3][13][14]
Selection process[edit]
After each round of the regular AFL season, three "mark of the week" nominations are determined by a panel of football experts. The general public can then vote for a weekly winner on the AFL website.[1][6]
After the regular season's end, the title is given to a single mark, which is chosen by the All-Australian selection committee; the public is not given a say in the final outcome. The selection committee is not restricted to choosing a winner from the mark of the week winners; indeed, in 2010, the two favourites both came in round 21, and although the public voted Brendon Goddard as mark of the week, the selection panel named Jurrah as Mark of the Year. The winner is announced during grand final week.[6]
Annual winners[edit]
Alex Jesaulenko's mark over Graeme "Jerker" Jenkin in the 1970 Grand Final
Gary Moorcroft's famous 2001 mark of the year
AFL Mark of the Year Winners
Key
* Player is still active in the AFL
# Player also won Goal of the year for the same year
^ Player has won Mark of the Year multiple times
Year
Winner
Team
Match, round, ground
Note
1970 Jesaulenko, AlexAlex Jesaulenko Carlton Carlton vs. Collingwood, grand final day, Melbourne Cricket Ground Spectacular mark over Graeme Jenkin during 1970 Grand Final.[5][11][15]
1971 Ruscuklic, AlexAlex Ruscuklic Fitzroy Fitzroy vs. Carlton, round 10, Princes Park "High flyer" by centre-half forward Alex Ruscuklic.[3]
1972 Knights, PeterPeter Knights^ Hawthorn Hawthorn vs. Collingwood, round 17, Glenferrie Oval Half-back Peter Knights threw a screamer against Collingwood.[3]
1973 Atkinson, AlanAlan Atkinson Collingwood Collingwood vs. Hawthorn, round 21, Waverley Park Atkinson took "Mark of the Year" over Leon Rice on the wing.[3]
1974 Picken, BillyBilly Picken^ Collingwood Collingwood vs. Richmond, round 9, Melbourne Cricket Ground Billy Picken took a screamer during the John Greening comeback game.
1975 Knights, PeterPeter Knights^ Hawthorn Hawthorn vs. Carlton, round 17, Princes Park Juggled mark before Carlton player swung his leg, causing Knights to fall onto his chest.[3]
1976 Picken, BillyBilly Picken^ Collingwood Collingwood vs. St Kilda, round 16, Victoria Park Overhead mark by Billy Picken against St Kilda.
1977 Knights, PeterPeter Knights^ Hawthorn Collingwood vs. Hawthorn, round 9, Princes Park Chest mark over the pack.
1978 Baker, PhilPhil Baker North Melbourne Hawthorn vs. North Melbourne, grand final day, Melbourne Cricket Ground High mark above Hawks defenders, Kelvin Moore and Ian Paton, in the 1978 Grand final.[16]
1979 Roach, MichaelMichael Roach Richmond Richmond vs. Hawthorn, round 5, Melbourne Cricket Ground Chest mark over Kelvin Moore, Terry Moore and Ian Paton.
1980 Teasdale, GrahamGraham Teasdale South Melbourne South Melbourne vs. Collingwood, round 7, Lake Oval[17] Graham Teasdale took a "marvellous mark" over Collingwood's Billy Picken.[3]
1981 Bosustow, PeterPeter Bosustow# Carlton Carlton vs. Geelong, round 18, Princes Park Chest mark over the pack.
1982 Raines, GeoffGeoff Raines Richmond Richmond vs. Fitzroy, round 2, Waverley Park Leapt high above his Fitzroy opponent before falling forward with the ball firmly in his grasp.[3][18]
1983 Hunter, KenKen Hunter Carlton Carlton vs. Richmond, round 1, Princes Park Overhead mark ran into a pack.
1984 Banks, DenisDenis Banks Collingwood Footscray vs. Collingwood, round 10, Western Oval Mark ran with the flight of the ball.
1985 Ablett, Sr., GaryGary Ablett, Sr.^ Geelong Geelong vs. North Melbourne, round 5, Kardinia Park Specky over the pack.
1986 Ezard, AlanAlan Ezard Essendon Essendon vs. Carlton, round 5, Waverley Park[19] A towering chest mark over 6 ft 9 Justin Madden.[3]
1987 Capper, WarwickWarwick Capper Sydney Sydney vs. Hawthorn, qualifying final, Waverley Park[20] Used Chris Langford as a stepladder to take the ball while lying on his side.[21]
1988 Silvagni, StephenStephen Silvagni Carlton Collingwood vs. Carlton, round 14, Melbourne Cricket Ground Chest mark with long hang-time over Craig Starcevich.
1989 Lynch, AlastairAlastair Lynch Fitzroy Fitzroy vs. North Melbourne, round 16, Melbourne Cricket Ground Juggling mark over the pack.
1990 Mitchell, MichaelMichael Mitchell# Richmond Richmond vs. Fitzroy, round 5, Melbourne Cricket Ground A juggled mark against his Fitzroy opponent.
1991 Allison, BrettBrett Allison North Melbourne North Melbourne vs. Collingwood, round 11, Melbourne Cricket Ground Specky over Gavin Crosisca.
1992 Winmar, NickyNicky Winmar St Kilda Essendon vs. St Kilda, round 16, Melbourne Cricket Ground A "breathtaking" mark at the Melbourne Cricket Ground.[22]
1993 Modra, TonyTony Modra^ Adelaide Adelaide vs. North Melbourne, rRound 8, Football Park Spectacular mark over Ian Fairley and Glenn Archer of North Melbourne. Adelaide came from behind to record a two-point win.[23]
1994 Ablett, Sr., GaryGary Ablett, Sr.^ Geelong Collingwood vs. Geelong, round 7, Melbourne Cricket Ground Took a magnificent leap, basically sitting in Magpie Gary Pert's arms and took a one-handed juggling mark.
1995 Smith, ShaunShaun Smith Melbourne Brisbane vs. Melbourne, round 22, Brisbane Cricket Ground "High leap" over teammate Garry Lyon.
1996 Hart, BenBen Hart Adelaide Adelaide vs. St Kilda, round 8, Football Park Intercepted Peter Everitt's inside-50 entry by jumping and lying on his back three metres into the air, at the northern end of Football Park against St Kilda.[24]
1997 Modra, TonyTony Modra^ Adelaide Adelaide vs. North Melbourne, round 17, Football Park Against North Melbourne, Modra rode high on Mick Martyn's shoulders facing towards the crowd with the ball coming in from behind. Turned in midair and grabbed the ball.[23]
1998 Abraham, WinstonWinston Abraham North Melbourne North Melbourne vs. Port Adelaide, round 18, Manuka Oval An overhead mark over Port's Brendon Lade.[25]
1999 Lappin, MatthewMatthew Lappin Carlton Carlton vs. Essendon, round 1, Melbourne Cricket Ground A courageous overhead mark over the pack in the opening match of the season over Judd Lalich.[25]
2000 Modra, TonyTony Modra^ Fremantle Fremantle vs. Geelong, round 1, Subiaco Oval From within a pack, Tony Modra rose on the back of his opponent to take a spectacular, from the kick by team mate Ashley Prescott.[25]
2001 Moorcroft, GaryGary Moorcroft Essendon Essendon vs. Western Bulldogs, round 14, Telstra Dome An overhead mark at full stretch after leaping onto and then springing a further metre into the air off the Western Bulldogs player, Brad Johnson.[26]
2002 Brown, JonathanJonathan Brown Brisbane Hawthorn vs. Brisbane, round 17, Melbourne Cricket Ground A courageous chest mark running with the flight of the ball, launching into the oncoming Jade Rawlings.[27]
2003 Tarrant, ChrisChris Tarrant Collingwood Collingwood vs. Geelong, round 18, Telstra Dome A towering chest mark over Geelong defenders, Matthew Scarlett and Max Rooke.[28]
2004 Sampi, AshleyAshley Sampi West Coast West Coast vs. Melbourne, round 7, Melbourne Cricket Ground Rose high with a chest mark over Paul Wheatley and Adem Yze, landing catlike on his feet.[29]
2005 McPharlin, LukeLuke McPharlin Fremantle Fremantle vs. West Coast, round 3, Subiaco Oval A chest mark at knee height on the shoulders of an opponent in a pack of players.
2006 Ottens, BradBrad Ottens Geelong Geelong vs. Sydney, round 5, Telstra Stadium A high flying mark in a pack over Darren Jolly who cushioned Ottens' fall causing additional 'hang-time'.[30]
2007 Newton, MichaelMichael Newton Melbourne Melbourne vs. Kangaroos, round 17, Telstra Dome High leap in Melbourne's forward fifty over David Neitz and Kangaroos defenders, Glenn Archer and Leigh Brown.[31]
2008 Lloyd, MatthewMatthew Lloyd Essendon Essendon vs. Melbourne, round 18, Melbourne Cricket Ground A screamer over a pack of five players late in the third quarter.[32]
2009 Burton, BrettBrett Burton Adelaide Carlton vs. Adelaide, round 22, Etihad Stadium Jumped early on a pack consisting of team mate Kurt Tippett and Carlton's Ruckman, Matthew Kreuzer, and received an extra lift off of Carlton backman Bret Thornton to take the mark on his chest. Commentator Dwayne Russell dubbed it one of the marks of the century.[33]
2010 Jurrah, LiamLiam Jurrah Melbourne Port Adelaide vs. Melbourne, round 21, AAMI Stadium Huge leap over a contest between Melbourne's Jack Watts and Port Adelaide's, Nick Salter.[34]
2011 Krakouer, AndrewAndrew Krakouer Collingwood Collingwood vs. Adelaide, round 9, Etihad Stadium Very high leap on the shoulders of Adelaide's Luke Thompson.[35][36] The decision created outrage the football community, as the unanimous view of players, fans, the media, and even Krakouer himself was that Andrew Walker of the Carlton Football Club was robbed of the award and deserved to win for his mark in round 18 against Essendon, which received international media attention.[37]
[38][39][40]
2012 Howe, JeremyJeremy Howe* Melbourne Melbourne vs. Sydney, round 8, SCG Huge screamer over Heath Grundy. One of Howe's many high marks throughout the 2012 season. Howe taking a contender for mark of the year was almost a weekly occurrence.[41]
2013 Elliott, JamieJamie Elliott* Collingwood Collingwood vs. Port Adelaide, round 14, AAMI Stadium Jumped through a pack of several players to take a spectacular chest mark.[42]
2014 Wingard, ChadChad Wingard* Port Adelaide Port Adelaide vs. St Kilda, round 12, Adelaide Oval Jumped high above Sean Dempster, falling backwards as he took the mark above his head.[43]
2015 Naitanui, NicNic Naitanui* West Coast West Coast vs. Geelong, round 9, Patersons Stadium Jumped high in a pack with Mark Blicavs, Jared Rivers and teammate Callum Sinclair.[44]
2016 Daw, MajakMajak Daw* North Melbourne Collingwood vs. North Melbourne, round 18, Etihad Stadium Used Collingwood's, Jonathan Marsh as a springboard to take the ball over his head.[45][46]
2017 Daniher, JoeJoe Daniher* Essendon St. Kilda vs. Essendon, round 17, Etihad Stadium Used St Kilda's Jake Carlisle as a springboard and took a large pack mark over his head in the forward pocket.[47]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "AFL Mark of the year". droppunt.com.au. Archived from the original on 12 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-15.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Hungry Jack's Mark of the year". afl.com.au. Archived from the original on 6 September 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-14.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Childs, Kevin; Weiniger, Peter; Dunn, Roger; Hutchinson, Alex; Cash, Damien; Duhengoh, Ron (1996). editors: John Ross, Garrie Hutchinson, ed. 100 Years of Australian Football 1897 - 1996 (1st ed.). Ringwood, Victoria, Australia: Penguin Books Australia Ltd - The Viking Press. p. 383. ISBN 978-1854714343. CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Harding, Mike (3 May 1995). "Bare, Bald and Blue". Sports Weekly.
^ Jump up to: a b "AFL Mark of the year". droppunt.com. Archived from the original on 10 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-11.
^ Jump up to: a b c "About Mark of the Year". afl.com.au. Archived from the original on 22 July 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-11.
^ Jump up to: a b McLeod, Andrew; Jaques, Trevor D. (2006). Australian Football: Steps to Success. Human Kinetics. p. 192 pages. ISBN 0-7360-6005-7.
Jump up ^ "WWOS - Footy Show Section, Almost Football Legends". ninemsn network. Archived from the original on 20 August 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-02.
Jump up ^ "Almost Football Legends" (PDF). Nine Network Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 December 2009. Retrieved 2008-11-14.
Jump up ^ "AFL-Miracle Marks (2000)". michaeldvd.com. Retrieved 2008-09-22.
^ Jump up to: a b Broad, Ben (8 May 2008). "You beauty! Jezza made an AFL legend". AFL.com.au. Archived from the original on 25 July 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-27.
Jump up ^ "Toyota AFL Mark and Goal of the Year". afl.com.au. Archived from the original on 18 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-11.
Jump up ^ Sayer, Max. "The AFL and The History Of Australian Football". Full Points Publications. Archived from the original on 18 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
Jump up ^ "Berlin Crocodiles - AU football Club". Berlin Australian Football Club e.V. (BAFC). Archived from the original on 12 May 2009. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
Jump up ^ Main, Jim; Ryan, Peter (5 July 2007). "Look back in wonder". BigPond and AFL. Archived from the original on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 2008-11-14.
Jump up ^ Anderson, Jon (24 September 2008). "1978 VFL Grand Final: A lesson in positive thinking". The Herald Sun. Retrieved 2008-11-17.
Jump up ^ "1980 Season Scores and Results". rleague.com. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 2008-11-16.
Jump up ^ "Geoff Raines - that was then". Geocities - Yahoo. Retrieved 2008-11-17. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "1986 Season Scores and Results". rleague.com. Retrieved 2008-11-16.
Jump up ^ "1987 Season Scores and Results". rleague.com. Retrieved 2008-11-16.
Jump up ^ "Fitzroy's Last Hurrah". www.fullpointsfooty.net. Archived from the original on 7 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-28.
Jump up ^ "Nicky Winmar - Saints hall of fame". St.Kilda Football Club - saints.com.au - Official Website of the St Kilda AFL Football Club. Archived from the original on 12 September 2009. Retrieved 2008-09-11.
^ Jump up to: a b "Tony Modra - footystamps.com". www.footystamps.com. 2006-09-24. Retrieved 2008-09-28.
Jump up ^ "Ben Hart of the Adelaide Crows Player Profile and AFL stats". ProWess Sports. Retrieved 2008-09-28.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Past Marks' of the year". droppunt.com. Archived from the original on 24 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-11.
Jump up ^ "2001 AFL MARK OF THE YEAR". droppunt.com. Archived from the original on 7 August 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-28.
Jump up ^ Walsh, Courtney (24 June 2014). "Over the top courage the mark of Brisbane Lions' Jonathan Brown".
Jump up ^ "Mark of the Year 2003". Archived from the original on 24 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-11.
Jump up ^ AAP (7 September 2004). "New faces dominate All-Australian team". Melbourne: the age. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
Jump up ^ AAP (1 October 2006). "Betts' goal provides Blues' bright spot". Melbourne: the age. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
Jump up ^ "Newton wins 2007 Toyota AFL Mark of the Year". AFL.COM.AU. 26 September 2007. Archived from the original on 8 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-11.
Jump up ^ "Lloyd, Davis claim honours". The Herald Sun. 2008-10-08. Retrieved 2008-10-10.
Jump up ^ "Burton, Rioli win mark and goal of the year". AFL BigPond Network. 28 September 2009. Archived from the original on 29 September 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-28.
Jump up ^ "Jurrah and Franklin scoop mark, goal honours". AFL BigPond Network. 13 September 2010. Archived from the original on 16 September 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-13.
Jump up ^ Krakouer best in year of the screamer
Jump up ^ Substitution rule makes its mark
Jump up ^ http://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/entry/andrew-walker-rugby-mark-catch_n_908861
Jump up ^ http://www.foxsports.com.au/afl/andrew-walker-robbed-of-2011-afl-mark-of-the-year-award-foxsportscomau-users-believe/story-e6frf3e3-1226141732555
Jump up ^ http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/afl/andrew-walkers-soar-point-on-taking-seventh-best-speccie-of-all-time/story-fnfbpfgn-1226459660634
Jump up ^ http://www.deadlyvibe.com.au/2011/09/walker-brothers-keep-it-in-the-family/
Jump up ^ Howe wins Mark of the Year - Official AFL Website of the Melbourne Football Club
Jump up ^ Macgugan, Mark (28 September 2013). "Buddy's bonus: Watch the 2013 mark and goal of the year". AFL.com.au. BigPond.
Jump up ^ Rucci, Michelangelo (22 September 2014). "Port Adelaide duo Chad Wingard and Matt White win Mark and Goal of the Year at Brownlow presentation". The Advertiser.
Jump up ^ =https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bL5z3e15xH8
Jump up ^ =https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7gl3deI6zus
Jump up ^ Gaskin, Lee (26 September 2016). "Daw soars and Eddie electrifies to claim Mark and Goal of the Year". AFL.com.au.
Jump up ^ Navaratnam, Dinny (25 September 2017). "Revealed: 2017 mark and goal of the year". AFL.com.au. Bigpond. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Australian rules football.
[show]
v
t
e
Alex Jesaulenko Medal · Mark of the Year
1970: Jesaulenko
1971: Ruscuklic
1972: Knights
1973: Atkinson
1974: Picken
1975: Knights
1976: Picken
1977: Knights
1978: Baker
1979: Roach
1980: Teasdale
1981: Bosustow
1982: Raines
1983: Hunter
1984: Banks
1985: Ablett
1986: Buckenara
1987: Capper
1988: Silvagni
1989: Lynch
1990: Mitchell
1991: Allison
1992: Winmar
1993: Modra
1994: Ablett
1995: Smith
1996: Hart
1997: Modra
1998: Abraham
1999: Lappin
2000: Modra
2001: Moorcroft
2002: Brown
2003: Tarrant
2004: Sampi
2005: McPharlin
2006: Ottens
2007: Newton
2008: Lloyd
2009: Burton
2010: Jurrah
2011: Krakouer
2012: Howe
2013: Elliott
2014: Wingard
2015: Naitanui
2016: Daw
2017: Daniher
[show]
v
t
e
Awards in the Australian Football League
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Brownlow Medal (Winners)
Coleman Medal
Goal of the Year
Mark of the Year
Michael Tuck Medal
Norm Smith Medal
AFL Players Association awards
Leigh Matthews Trophy
Other awards
Australian Football Media Association Player of the Year
Geoff Christian Medal
Herald Sun Player of the Year
Lou Richards Medal
Merv Agars Medal
AFL Coaches Association awards
[show]
v
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e
Australian rules football terminology
Skills
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Handball
Kick (after the siren, checkside punt, drop kick, drop punt, grubber, place kick, punt, set shot, snap, up and under, torpedo punt)
Kick-in
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One percenter
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Free kicks
50-metre penalty
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Names
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_of_the_Year&oldid=819112693"
Categories:
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