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San Siro
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For other uses, see San Siro (disambiguation).
Stadio Giuseppe Meazza
San Siro
UEFA
Location
Via Piccolomini 5, 20151
Milan, Italy
Coordinates
45°28′41″N 9°07′26″E / 45.478080°N 9.12400°E / 45.478080; 9.12400Coordinates: 45°28′41″N 9°07′26″E / 45.478080°N 9.12400°E / 45.478080; 9.12400
Public transit
San Siro Stadio
San Siro Ippodromo
Owner
Municipality of Milan
Executive suites
30[1]
Capacity
80,018[2]
Field size
105m × 68m
Surface
GrassMaster hybrid grass
Scoreboard
Tecnovision
Construction
Broke ground
December 1925
Opened
19 September 1926 (1926-09-19)
Renovated
1935, 1955, 1990, 2015–16
Architect
Alberto Cugini
Ulisse Stacchini
Tenants
Milan (1926–present)
Inter (1947–present)
The Stadio Giuseppe Meazza (Italian pronunciation: [dʒuˈzɛppe meˈattsa]), commonly known as San Siro, is a football stadium in the San Siro district of Milan, Italy, which is the home of A.C. Milan and Inter. It has a seating capacity of 80,018, making it one of the largest stadiums in Europe, and the largest in Italy.
On 3 March 1980, the stadium was named in honour of Giuseppe Meazza, the two-time World Cup winner (1934, 1938) who played for Inter and briefly for Milan in the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s.[3]
The San Siro is a UEFA category four stadium. It hosted six games at the 1990 FIFA World Cup and four European Cup finals, in 1965, 1970, 2001 and 2016.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 International football matches
2.1 1934 FIFA World Cup
2.2 UEFA Euro 1980
2.3 1990 FIFA World Cup
3 Other sports
3.1 Boxing
3.2 Rugby union
4 Concerts
5 Transport connections
6 Gallery
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Construction of the stadium commenced in 1925 in the district of Milan named San Siro, with the new stadium originally named Nuovo Stadio Calcistico San Siro (San Siro New Football Stadium).[5] The idea to build a stadium in the same district as the horse racing track belonging to the man who at that time was the president of A.C. Milan, Piero Pirelli. The architects designed a private stadium only for football, without the athletics tracks which characterized Italian stadiums built with public funds.[6] The inauguration was on 19 September 1926, when 35,000 spectators saw Inter defeat Milan 6–3. Originally, the ground was home and property of A.C. Milan. Finally, in 1947, Inter, who used to play in the Arena Civica downtown,[7] became tenants and the two have shared the ground ever since.
From 1948 to 1955, engineers Armando Ronca and Ferruccio Calzolari developed the project for the second extension of the stadium, which capacity was meant to increase from 50,000 to 150,000 visitors. Calzolari and Ronca proposed three additional, vertically arranged, rings of spectator rows. Nineteen spiralling ramps – each 200-meter-long – allow to access the upper ranks. In the course of the execution, the realisation of the highest of the three rings was abandoned and the number of visitors limited to 100,000.[8]
On 2 March 1980 the stadium was named for Giuseppe Meazza (1910–1979), one of the most famous Milanese footballers.
Two Milan derby Champions League knockout ties, with all matches taking place at San Siro, occurred in 2003 and 2005; A.C. Milan won both, and the reaction of Inter's fans to impending defeat in the latter (throwing flares and other objects at Milan players and forcing the match to be abandoned)[9] earned the club a large fine and a four-game ban on spectators attending European fixtures there the following season.[10][11][12]
Apart from being used by Milan and Inter, the Italian national team also plays occasional games there.[13] It has also been used for the European Cup finals of 1965 (won by Inter) and 1970 (won by Feyenoord), and the UEFA Champions League finals of 2001 (won by FC Bayern Munich) and 2016 (won by Real Madrid).[4][14]
The stadium was also used for the home leg of three UEFA Cup finals in which Inter was competing (1991, 1994, 1997) when these were played over two legs, and was also used by Juventus for their 'home' leg in 1995 as they decided against playing their biggest matches at their own Stadio delle Alpi at the time.[15][16] On each occasion apart from 1991, the second leg was played at San Siro and the winners lifted the trophy there. However, the stadium has never been selected as the host stadium since the competition changed to a single-match final format in 1997–98.
San Siro did not host any final of the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, but was the host stadium for the 1951 Latin Cup, a four-team event won by A.C. Milan. The city was also the venue for the 1956 edition of the Latin Cup (also won by Milan), but those matches were played at Arena Civica.
The stadium underwent further renovations for the 1990 World Cup with $60 million being spent, bringing the stadium up to UEFA category four standard. As part of the renovations, the stadium became all seated, with an extra tier being added to three sides of the stadium. This entailed the building of 11 concrete towers around the outside of the stadium. Four of these concrete towers were located at the corners to support a new roof, which has distinctive protruding red girders.
In 1996 inside the stadium was opened a museum about A.C. Milan and Inter's story with historical shirts, cups and trophies, shoes, art objects and souvenirs of all kinds.
International football matches[edit]
1934 FIFA World Cup[edit]
The stadium was one of the biggest venues of the 1934 FIFA World Cup and held three matches.
Date
Team #1
Result
Team #2
Round
27 May 1934 Switzerland 3–2 Netherlands First Round
31 May 1934 Germany 2–1 Sweden Quarter-finals
3 June 1934 Italy 1–0 Austria Semi-finals
UEFA Euro 1980[edit]
The stadium was one of the four selected to host the matches during the UEFA Euro 1980.
Date
Team #1
Result
Team #2
Round
12 June 1980 Spain 0–0 Italy Group B
15 June 1980 Belgium 2–1 Spain Group B
17 June 1980 Netherlands 1–1 Czechoslovakia Group A
1990 FIFA World Cup[edit]
The stadium was one of the venues of the 1990 FIFA World Cup and held six matches.
Date
Team #1
Result
Team #2
Round
8 June 1990 Argentina 0–1 Cameroon Group B
10 June 1990 West Germany 4–1 Yugoslavia Group D
15 June 1990 West Germany 5–1 United Arab Emirates Group D
19 June 1990 West Germany 1–1 Colombia Group D
24 June 1990 West Germany 2–1 Netherlands Round of 16
1 July 1990 Czechoslovakia 0–1 West Germany Quarter final
Other sports[edit]
Boxing[edit]
San Siro was the venue for the boxing match between Duilio Loi vs. Carlos Ortiz for the Junior Welterweight title in 1960.
Rugby union[edit]
The first and only top level rugby union match was a test match between Italy and New Zealand in November 2009. A crowd of 80,000 watched the event, a record for Italian rugby.
Year
Date
Match
Country
Score
Country
Attendance
2009 14 November non-cap Italy 6–20 New Zealand 80,000
Concerts[edit]
Besides football, San Siro can be configured to hold many other events, particularly major concerts.
Concert of Vasco Rossi in 2007.
Date
Performer(s)
Opening act(s)
Tour/Event
Attendance
Notes
27 June 1980 Bob Marley & The Wailers Pino Daniele Uprising Tour
15 July 1980 Various artists La Carovana del Mediterraneo
19 July 1980 Edoardo Bennato Sono Solo Canzonette
29 June 1984 Bob Dylan Santana, Pino Daniele Bob Dylan 1984 European Tour
21 June 1985 Bruce Springsteen Born in the U.S.A. Tour 65,000
13 July 1986 Various artists Milano Suono Festival 1986
16 July 1986
17 July 1986
18 July 1986
19 July 1986
20 June 1986
15 May 1987 Genesis Paul Young Invisible Touch Tour
5 June 1987 Duran Duran Strange Behaviour Tour
10 June 1987 David Bowie Glass Spider Tour 70,000
10 July 1990 Vasco Rossi Ladri di Biciclette, Casino Royale Fronte del Palco Tour 1990
28 May 1992 Antonello Venditti
4 July 1994 Al Bano & Romina Power
7 July 1995 Vasco Rossi Rock Sotto Assedio
8 July 1995
15 June 1996 Nessun Pericolo Per Te Tour
18 June 1997 Michael Jackson B-Nario, Paola e Chiara HIStory World Tour
28 June 1997 Ligabue Il Bar Mario è Aperto
29 June 1997
22 May 1998 Eros Ramazzotti
5 July 2002 Ligabue Fuori Come Va Tour
6 July 2002
10 June 2003 The Cranberries
28 June 2003 Bruce Springsteen The Rising Tour
1 July 2003 Claudio Baglioni
4 July 2003 Vasco Rossi Vasco a San Siro '03
5 July 2003 Irene Grandi
8 July 2003 Anouk
8 June 2004 Red Hot Chili Peppers The Roots Roll on the Red Tour
12 June 2004 Vasco Rossi Simone Tomassini Buoni o Cattivi Tour 2004
13 June 2004
20 July 2005 U2 Ash, Feeder Vertigo Tour 137,427 Parts of the concerts were filmed and recorded for the group's live album and concert film U2.COMmunication and Vertigo 05: Live from Milan respectively.
21 July 2005
27 May 2006 Ligabue Nome e Cognome Tour
11 July 2006 The Rolling Stones Bo Diddley, Feeder A Bigger Bang 56,175
22 July 2006 Robbie Williams Close Encounters Tour
2 June 2007 Laura Pausini
21 June 2007 Vasco Rossi Vasco Live 2007
22 June 2007
30 June 2007 Biagio Antonacci Nomadi Vicky Love Tour
31 May 2008 Negramaro La Finestra Tour
6 June 2008 Vasco Rossi Il Mondo Che Vorrei Live Tour 2008
7 June 2008
14 June 2008 Zucchero All the Best
25 June 2008 Bruce Springsteen Magic Tour 59,821
4 July 2008 Ligabue Elle-Elle Live 2008
5 July 2008
18 June 2009 Depeche Mode Dolcenera, M83 Tour of the Universe 57,544 The concert was recorded for the group's live album project Recording the Universe.
21 June 2009 Various artists Amiche per l'Abruzzo
7 July 2009 U2 Snow Patrol U2 360° Tour 153,806
8 July 2009 The performances of Breathe and Electrical Storm were recorded for the group's live album From the Ground Up: Edge's Picks from U2360°.
14 July 2009 Madonna Sticky & Sweet Tour 55,338
8 June 2010 Muse Calibro 35, Friendly Fires, Kasabian The Resistance Tour 60,000
16 July 2010 Ligabue Margot Arrivederci Mostro
17 July 2010
16 June 2011 Vasco Rossi Vasco Live Kom '011
17 June 2011
21 June 2011
22 June 2011
12 July 2011 Take That Pet Shop Boys Progress Live
7 June 2012 Bruce Springsteen Wrecking Ball World Tour 57,149
14 June 2012 Madonna Martin Solveig The MDNA Tour 53,244
3 June 2013 Bruce Springsteen Wrecking Ball World Tour 56,670
19 June 2013 Jovanotti Backup Tour
20 June 2013
29 June 2013 Bon Jovi Because We Can 51,531
13 July 2013 Negramaro
18 July 2013 Depeche Mode Motel Connection, Chvrches The Delta Machine Tour 57,919
31 July 2013 Robbie Williams Olly Murs Take The Crown Stadium Tour
31 May 2014 Biagio Antonacci Palco Antonacci 2014
6 June 2014 Ligabue Mondovisione Tour: Stadi 2014
7 June 2014
20 June 2014 Pearl Jam Lightning Bolt Tour
28 June 2014 One Direction 5 Seconds of Summer Where We Are Tour 115,931 The concerts were recorded for the group's concert film One Direction: Where We Are - The Concert Film.
29 June 2014
4 July 2014 Vasco Rossi Vasco Live Kom '014
5 July 2014
9 July 2014
10 July 2014
19 July 2014 Modà
17 June 2015 Vasco Rossi Vasco Live Kom '015
18 June 2015
25 June 2015 Jovanotti Lorenzo Negli Stadi 2015
26 June 2015
27 June 2015
4 July 2015 Tiziano Ferro Lo stadio Tour 2015
5 July 2015
4 June 2016 Laura Pausini Simili Tour 100,388
5 June 2016
10 June 2016 Pooh
18 June 2016 Modà
19 June 2016
3 July 2016 Bruce Springsteen The River Tour 2016 104,646
5 July 2016
13 July 2016 Rihanna Big Sean, DJ Mustard Anti World Tour
18 July 2016 Beyoncé Chloe x Halle, Sophie Beem The Formation World Tour 54,313
9 June 2017 Davide Van De Sfroos
16 June 2017 Tiziano Ferro Il Mestiere della Vita Tour
17 June 2017
19 June 2017
27 June 2017 Depeche Mode Algiers Global Spirit Tour 54,488
3 July 2017 Coldplay Lyves, Tove Lo A Head Full of Dreams Tour 117,307
4 July 2017 Tove Lo
6 July 2018 Beyoncé and Jay-Z OTR II Tour
Transport connections[edit]
The stadium is located in the northwestern part of Milan and can be reached by underground via the dedicated San Siro metro station (at the end of the "lilac" line 5), located just in front of the stadium,[17] or by tram, with line 16 ending right in front. The Lotto metro station (line 1, the "red line", and line 5) is about 15 minutes walk away from San Siro.
Stations near by:
Service
Station
Line
Milan Metro San Siro Stadio
San Siro Ippodromo
Lotto
Gallery[edit]
Panorama of the stadium.
Milan ultras crowd in Curva Sud.
Milan ultras crowd in Curva Sud.
Inter ultras crowd in Curva Nord.
Inter ultras crowd in Curva Nord.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ http://www.sansiro.net/?page_id=195
Jump up ^ The history of the San Siro stadium. AC Milan.com. (accessed 18 October 2011)
^ Jump up to: a b "Milan to host 2016 UEFA Champions League final". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 18 September 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Almanacco Illustrato del Milan", Panini, Modena (it.)
Jump up ^ The architectural structure of San Siro was shared in Italy with Marassi which, due to being the private home ground of Genoa CFC, also had no athletics track.
Jump up ^ http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2006/settembre/16/San_Siro_calcio_ottant_anni_co_7_060916003.shtml
Jump up ^ Werner, Feiersinger,. Armando Ronca Architektur der Moderne in Südtirol 1935–1970. Kunst Meran, Kunst, Kofler, Andreas, Schmidt, Magdalene, Stabenow, Jörg, Kofler, Andreas, Martignoni, Massimo. Zürich. ISBN 9783038600619. OCLC 988179618.
Jump up ^ "Milan move into last four". UEFA. 13 April 2005. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Inter handed stadium ban and fine". BBC Sport. 15 April 2005. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pari senza emozioni nello stadio vuoto ma l'Inter conquista la Champions" [Passionless draw in the empty stadium but Inter achieves the Champions] (in Italian). La Repubblica. 24 August 2005. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Inter Milan 1—0 Rangers". BBC Sport. 28 September 2005. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Italy 2—0 Scotland". BBC News. 26 March 2005. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "San Siro's previous four European Cup finals". UEFA. 20 January 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Will a Spoonful of Sugar Make a Bad Boy Nice?". The New York Times. 5 April 1995. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Il passato e' oggi: a San Siro Juventus-Borussia" [Today in the past: Juventus-Borussia at San Siro] (in Italian). Mediaset. 4 April 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
Jump up ^ http://footballtripper.com/san-siro-stadium-guide
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stadio Giuseppe Meazza.
Official website (in Italian) (in English)
A.C. Milan website
Inter Milan website
San Siro on Facebook
Stadium Guide Article
Preceded by
Praterstadion
Vienna European Cup
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1965 Succeeded by
Heysel Stadium
Brussels
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Santiago Bernabéu
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1970 Succeeded by
Wembley Stadium
London
Preceded by
Estadio Azteca
Mexico City FIFA World Cup
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1990 Succeeded by
Soldier Field
Chicago
Preceded by
Stade de France
St-Denis UEFA Champions League
Final Venue
2001 Succeeded by
Hampden Park
Glasgow
Preceded by
Olympiastadion
Berlin UEFA Champions League
Final venue
2016 Succeeded by
Millennium Stadium
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Thomas J. Watson
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For his son, see Thomas Watson Jr.
For other people named Thomas Watson, see Thomas Watson (disambiguation).
Thomas J. Watson
Born
Thomas John Watson
(1874-02-17)February 17, 1874
Campbell, New York, U.S.
Died
June 19, 1956(1956-06-19) (aged 82)
Manhattan, New York City, U.S.
Occupation
Chairman and CEO of IBM 1914–1956
Spouse(s)
Jeanette M. Kittredge (1883-1966) (m. 1913; his death 1956)
Children
4, including Thomas Watson Jr. and Arthur K. Watson
Thomas John Watson Sr. (February 17, 1874 – June 19, 1956) was an American businessman. He served as the chairman and CEO of International Business Machines (IBM)[1][2] He oversaw the company's growth into an international force from 1914 to 1956. Watson developed IBM's management style and corporate culture from John Henry Patterson's training at NCR.[3] He turned the company into a highly-effective selling organization, based largely on punched card tabulating machines. A leading self-made industrialist,[4] he was one of the richest men of his time and was called the world's greatest salesman when he died in 1956.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life and career
2 NCR
3 Head of IBM
4 Personal Life
5 Famous attribution
6 Famous motto
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Early life and career[edit]
Thomas J. Watson was born in Campbell, New York, the fifth child and only son of Thomas and Jane Fulton White Watson.[5] His four older siblings were all girls —Jennie, Effie, Loua, and Emma. His father farmed and owned a modest lumber business located near Painted Post, a few miles west of Elmira, in the Southern Tier region of New York.[6] Thomas worked on the family farm in East Campbell, New York and attended the District School Number Five in the late 1870s.[7] As Watson entered his teen years he attended Addison Academy In Addison, New York.[6]
Having given up his first job—teaching—after just one day, Watson took a year's course in accounting and business at the Miller School of Commerce in Elmira. He left the school in 1891, taking a job at $6 a week as bookkeeper for Clarence Risley's Market in Painted Post. One year later he joined a traveling salesman, George Cornwell, peddling organs and pianos around the farms for William Bronson's local hardware store, Watson's first sales job. When Cornwell left, Watson continued alone, earning $10 per week. After two years of this life, he realized he would be earning $70 per week if he were on a commission. His indignation on making this discovery was such that he quit and moved from his familiar surroundings to the relative metropolis of Buffalo.[6]
Watson then spent a very brief period selling sewing machines for Wheeler and Wilcox. According to Tom Watson, Jr., in his autobiography:
One day my dad went into a roadside saloon to celebrate a sale and had too much to drink. When the bar closed, he found that his entire rig—horse, buggy, and samples—had been stolen. Wheeler and Wilcox fired him and dunned him for the lost property. Word got around, of course, and it took Dad more than a year to find another steady job.[8]
Watson would later enforce strict rules at IBM against alcohol consumption, even off the job. According to Tom Jr.:
This anecdote never made it into IBM lore, which is too bad, because it would have helped explain Father to the tens of thousands of people who had to follow his rules.[8]
Watson's next job was peddling shares of the Buffalo Building and Loan Company for a huckster named C. B. Barron, a showman renowned for his disreputable conduct, which Watson, as a lifelong Methodist, deplored. Barron absconded with the commission and the loan funds. Next Watson opened a butcher shop in Buffalo, which soon failed, leaving Watson with no money, no investment, and no job.[4]
NCR[edit]
Watson had a newly acquired NCR cash register in his butcher shop, for which he had to arrange transfer of the installment payments to the new owner of the butcher shop. On visiting NCR, he met John J. Range and asked him for a job. Determined to join the company, he repeatedly called on Range until, after a number of abortive attempts, he finally was hired in November, 1896, as sales apprentice to Range.[6]
Led by John Patterson, NCR was then one of the leading selling organizations, and John J. Range, its Buffalo branch manager, became almost a father figure for Watson and was a model for his sales and management style. Certainly in later years, in a 1952 interview, he claimed he learned more from Range than anyone else. But at first, he was a poor salesman, until Range took him personally in hand. Then he became the most successful salesman in the East, earning $100 per week.
Four years later, NCR assigned Watson to run the struggling NCR agency in Rochester, New York. As an agent, he got 35% commission and reported directly to Hugh Chalmers, the second-in-command at NCR. In four years Watson made Rochester effectively an NCR monopoly by using the technique of knocking the main competitor, Hallwood, out of business, sometimes resorting to sabotage of the competitor's machines.[6] As a reward he was called to the NCR head office in Dayton, Ohio.[4]
In 1912, the company was found guilty of violating the Sherman Antitrust Act. Patterson, Watson, and 26 other NCR executives and managers were convicted for illegal anti-competitive sales practices and were sentenced to one year of imprisonment. Their convictions were unpopular with the public because of the efforts of Patterson and Watson to help those affected by the Dayton, Ohio floods of 1913, but efforts to have them pardoned by President Woodrow Wilson were unsuccessful. However, their convictions were overturned on appeal in 1915 on the grounds that important defense evidence should have been admitted.
Head of IBM[edit]
Charles Ranlett Flint who had engineered the amalgamation (via stock acquisition) forming the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR) found it difficult to manage the five companies. He hired Watson as general manager on May 1, 1914 when the five companies had about 1,300 employees. Eleven months later he was made president when court cases relating to his time at NCR were resolved.[9] Within four years revenues had been doubled to $9 million.[10] In 1924, he renamed CTR to International Business Machines. Watson built IBM into such a dominant company that the federal government filed a civil antitrust suit against it in 1952. IBM owned and leased to its customers more than 90 percent of all tabulating machines in the United States at the time. When Watson died in 1956, IBM's revenues were $897 million, and the company had 72,500 employees.[11]
Throughout his life, Watson maintained a deep interest in international relations, from both a diplomatic and a business perspective. He was known as President Roosevelt's unofficial ambassador in New York and often entertained foreign statesmen. In 2001, a book called IBM and the Holocaust described how Mr. Watson provided the tabulating equipment Hitler used to round up the Jews. His Hollerith punch-card machines are in the Holocaust Museum today. The book describes IBM's punch cards as "a card with standardized holes", each representing a different trait of the individual. The card was fed into a "reader" and sorted. Punch cards identified Jews by name. Each one served as "a nineteenth-century bar code for human beings". In 1937, he was elected president of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) and at that year's biennial congress in Berlin stated the conference keynote to be "World Peace Through World Trade".[12] That phrase became the slogan of both the ICC and IBM.[13]
Watson's merger of diplomacy and business was not always lauded. During the 1930s, IBM's German subsidiary was its most profitable foreign operation, and a 2001 book by Edwin Black, IBM and the Holocaust, argues that Watson's pursuit of profit led him to personally approve and spearhead IBM's strategic technological relationship with Nazi Germany.[14] In particular, critics point to the coveted Order of the German Eagle medal that Watson received at the Berlin ICC meeting in 1937, as evidence that he was being honored for the help that IBM's German subsidiary Dehomag (Deutsche Hollerith-Maschinen Gesellschaft mbH) and its punch card machines provided the Nazi regime, particularly in the tabulation of census data (i.e. location of Jews). Another study argues that Watson believed, perhaps naively, that the medal was in recognition of his years of labor on behalf of global commerce and international peace.[6] Within a year of the Berlin congress though, where Watson's hopes had run high, he found himself strongly protesting the German policy toward the Jews.
Because of his strong feelings about the issue, Watson wanted to return his German citation shortly after receiving it. When Secretary of State Hull advised him against that course of action, he gave up the idea until the spring of 1940. Then Hull refused advice, and Watson sent the medal back in June 1940.[15] Dehomag's management disapproved of Watson's action and considered separating from IBM. This occurred when Germany declared war on the United States in December 1941, and the German shareholders took custody of the Dehomag operation.[6] But during World War II, IBM subsidiaries in occupied Europe never stopped delivery of punch cards to Dehomag, and documents uncovered show that senior executives at IBM world headquarters in New York took great pains to maintain legal authority over Dehomag's operations and assets through the personal intervention of IBM managers in neutral Switzerland, directed via personal communications and private letters.[14]
During this same period, IBM became more deeply involved in the war effort for the U.S., focusing on producing large quantities of data processing equipment for the military and experimenting with analog computers. Watson, Sr. also developed the "1% doctrine" for war profits which mandated that IBM receive no more than 1% profit from the sales of military equipment to U.S. Government.[16] Watson was one of the few CEOs to develop such a policy.
In 1941, Watson received the third highest salary and compensation package in the U.S., $517,221, on which he paid 69% in tax.[17]
Watson had a personal interest in the progress of the war. His eldest son, Thomas J. Watson Jr., joined the United States Army Air Corps where he became a bomber pilot. He was soon hand-picked to become the assistant and personal pilot for General Follet Bradley, who was in charge of all Lend-Lease equipment supplied to the Soviet Union from the United States. Watson, Sr.'s youngest son, Arthur K. Watson, also joined the military during the conflict.
Watson worked with local leaders to create a college in the Binghamton area, where IBM was founded and had major plants. In 1946, IBM provided land and funding for Triple Cities College, an extension of Syracuse University. Later it became known as Harpur College, and eventually evolved into Binghamton University. Its School of Engineering and Applied Sciences is named the Thomas J. Watson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences. The IBM plant in the neighboring city of Endicott has since downsized drastically, however.
After World War II, Watson began work to further the extent of IBM's influence abroad and in 1949, he created the IBM World Trade Corporation in order to oversee IBM's foreign business.[18]
On May 8, 1956 Watson retired and his oldest son, Thomas J. Watson, Jr assumed the position of CEO.[19] He died on June 19, 1956 in Manhattan, New York City.[1] He was interred in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, New York.
Personal Life[edit]
Watson married Jeanette Kittredge, from a prominent Dayton, Ohio railroad family, on April 17, 1913. They had two sons and two daughters.
Thomas Watson, Jr. succeeded his father as IBM chairman and later served as ambassador to the Soviet Union under Jimmy Carter
Jeanette Watson Irwin married businessman John N. Irwin II, later ambassador to France
Helen Watson Buckner became an important philanthropist in New York City
Arthur K. Watson served as president of IBM World Trade Corporation and later, as ambassador to France
As a Democrat (after his criminal indictment by the Taft Administration), Watson was an ardent supporter of Roosevelt. He was one of the most prominent businessmen in the Democratic Party. He was considered Roosevelt's strongest supporter in the business community.[citation needed]
The gravesite of Thomas J. Watson, Sr.
In 1936 the U.S. Supreme Court upheld a lower court decision that IBM, together with Remington Rand, should cease its practice of requiring its customers to buy their punch cards from it alone. The ruling made little difference because IBM was the only effective supplier to the market, and profits continued undiminished.[4]
Watson served as a powerful trustee of Columbia University from June 6, 1933 until his death. He engineered the selection of Dwight D. Eisenhower as its president and played the central role in convincing Eisenhower to become president of the university. Additionally, he served as a trustee of Lafayette College and is the namesake of Watson Hall, a campus residence hall.[20]
In 1939, he received an honorary degree in Doctor of Commercial Science from Oglethorpe University.[21]
In the 1940s, Watson was on the national executive board of the Boy Scouts of America and served for a time as international Scout commissioner. E. Urner Goodman recounts that the elderly Watson attended an international Scout commissioners' meeting in Switzerland, where the IBM founder asked not to be put on a pedestal. Before the conference was over, Goodman relates, Watson "... sat by that campfire, in Scout uniform, 'chewing the fat' like the rest of the boys".[22] He received the Silver Buffalo Award in 1944. His son, Thomas Jr., later served as National president of the Boy Scouts of America from 1964 to 1968.
Watson was chairman of the Elmira College centennial committee in 1955 and donated Watson Hall, primarily a music and mathematics academic building.
He was posthumously inducted into the Junior Achievement U.S. Business Hall of Fame in 1990.[23]
Famous attribution[edit]
Although Watson is well known for his alleged 1943 statement, "I think there is a world market for maybe five computers," there is scant evidence he said it. Author Kevin Maney tried to find the origin of the quote, but has been unable to locate any speeches or documents of Watson's that contain this, nor are the words present in any contemporary articles about IBM. One of the very first attributions may be found in The Experts Speak, a book written by Christopher Cerf and Victor S. Navasky in 1984, however Cerf and Navasky just quote from a book written by Morgan and Langford, Facts and Fallacies. Another early article source (May 15, 1985) is a column by Neil Morgan, a San Diego Evening Tribune writer who wrote: "Forrest Shumway, chairman of The Signal Cos., doesn't make predictions. His role model is Tom Watson, then IBM chairman, who said in 1958: 'I think there is a world market for about five computers.'" The earliest known citation on the Internet is from 1986 on Usenet in the signature of a poster from Convex Computer Corporation as "'I think there is a world market for about five computers' —Remark attributed to Thomas J. Watson (Chairman of the Board of International Business Machines), 1943". All these early quotes are questioned by Eric Weiss, an editor of the Annals of the History of Computing in ACS letters in 1985.[24][full citation needed]
There are documented versions of similar quotes by other people in the early history of the computer. In 1946 Sir Charles Darwin (grandson of the famous naturalist), head of Britain's NPL (National Physical Laboratory), where research into computers was taking place, wrote:
it is very possible that ... one machine would suffice to solve all the problems that are demanded of it from the whole country.[25]
In 1985 the story was discussed on Usenet (in net.misc), without Watson's name being attached. The original discussion has not survived, but an explanation has; it attributes a very similar quote to the Cambridge mathematician Professor Douglas Hartree, around 1951:
I went to see Professor Douglas Hartree, who had built the first differential analyzers in England and had more experience in using these very specialized computers than anyone else. He told me that, in his opinion, all the calculations that would ever be needed in this country could be done on the three digital computers which were then being built—one in Cambridge, one in Teddington, and one in Manchester. No one else, he said, would ever need machines of their own, or would be able to afford to buy them.[26][27]
Howard H. Aiken made a similar statement in 1952:
Originally one thought that if there were a half dozen large computers in this country, hidden away in research laboratories, this would take care of all requirements we had throughout the country.[28][29]
The story already had been described as a myth in 1973; the Economist quoted a Mr. Maney as "revealing that Watson never made his oft-quoted prediction that there was 'a world market for maybe five computers.'"[30]
Since the attribution typically is used to demonstrate the fallacy of predictions, if Watson had made such a prediction in 1943, then, as Gordon Bell pointed out in his ACM 50 years celebration keynote, it would have held true for some ten years.[31]
The IBM archives of Frequently Asked Questions[32] notes an inquiry about whether he said in the 1950s that he foresaw a market potential for only five electronic computers. The document says no, but quotes his son and then IBM President Thomas J. Watson, Jr., at the annual IBM stockholders meeting, April 28, 1953, as speaking about the IBM 701 Electronic Data Processing Machine, which it identifies as "the company's first production computer designed for scientific calculations". He said that "IBM had developed a paper plan for such a machine and took this paper plan across the country to some 20 concerns that we thought could use such a machine. I would like to tell you that the machine rents for between $12,000 and $18,000 a month, so it was not the type of thing that could be sold from place to place. But, as a result of our trip, on which we expected to get orders for five machines, we came home with orders for 18." Watson, Jr., later gave a slightly different version of the story in his autobiography, where he said the initial market sampling indicated 11 firm takers and 10 more prospective orders.[8]
Famous motto[edit]
"THINK" - Watson began using "THINK" to motivate, or inspire, staff while at NCR and continued to use it at CTR. International Business Machines's first U.S. trademark was for the name "THINK" filed as a U.S. trademark on June 6, 1935, with the description "periodical publications". This trademark was filed fourteen years before the company filed for a U.S. trademark on the name IBM. A biographical article in 1940 noted that "This word is on the most conspicuous wall of every room in every IBM building. Each employee carries a THINK notebook in which to record inspirations. The company stationery, matches, scratch pads all bear the inscription, THINK. A monthly magazine called 'Think' is distributed to the employees."[33] THINK remains a part of IBM's corporate culture; it was the inspiration behind naming IBM's successful line of notebook computers, IBM ThinkPad.[34] In 2007, IBM Mid America Employees Federal Credit Union changed its name to Think Mutual Bank.
See also[edit]
Jeannette K. Watson Fellowship
Thomas J. Watson Fellowship
Thomas J. Watson Research Center
Thomas J. Watson School of Engineering and Applied Science
Watson (computer), named in honor of Thomas J. Watson
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Thomas J. Watson Sr. Is Dead. I.B.M. Board Chairman Was 82". New York Times. June 20, 1956.
Jump up ^ "Early Ambitions". IBM. Retrieved January 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ Belden (1962) p.105-106
^ Jump up to: a b c d ""Founding IBM"". Archived from the original on October 3, 2006. Retrieved 2012-07-01.
Jump up ^ Rodgers, William (1969) THINK, Stein and Day, p.18
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Maney, Kevin (2003). The Maverick and His Machine: Thomas Watson, Sr. and the Making of IBM. John Wiley and Sons.
Jump up ^ William E. Krattinger (November 2000). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: District School Number Five". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Archived from the original on September 18, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c Watson Jr., Thomas J.; Petre, Peter (1990). Father, Son & Co.: My Life at IBM and Beyond. Bantam Books.
Jump up ^ NCR Corporation#Expansion
Jump up ^ "IBM Archives: 1910s". IBM. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "IBM Archives: 1956". IBM. Retrieved September 8, 2009.
Jump up ^ Ridgeway, George L. (1938). Merchants of Peace: Twenty Years of Business Diplomacy Through the International Chamber of Commerce 1919-1938. Columbia University Press.
Jump up ^ Belden, Thomas; Belden, Marva (1962). The Lengthening Shadow: The Life of Thomas J. Watson. Little, Brown and Company.
^ Jump up to: a b Black, Edwin (2001). IBM and the Holocaust. Crown Publishers.
Jump up ^ Belden, Thomas and Marva (1962). The Lengthening Shadow: The Life of Thomas J. Watson (1st ed.). United States of America and Canada: Little, Brown and Company, Inc. p. 207. LCCN 61-8065.
Jump up ^ "IBM Archives: 1940s". IBM. Retrieved July 30, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Compensation and the I.R.S.: It's not the 'Good' Old Days". New York Times. Business Day. 2010-12-01. Retrieved 2014-01-21.
Jump up ^ "The Creation of the World Trade Corporation". IBM. Retrieved January 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Watson Yields I.B.M. Helm at 82. Son, 42, Is Elected Chief Executive of Company". New York Times. May 9, 1956.
Jump up ^ "Lafayette Honors Foremost Benefactors". Retrieved 2016-10-04.
Jump up ^ "Honorary Degrees Awarded by Oglethorpe University". Oglethorpe University. Archived from the original on 2015-03-19. Retrieved 2015-03-22.
Jump up ^ Goodman, E. Urner (1965). The Building of a Life. St. Augustine, FL: Standard Printing.
Jump up ^ "Laureates Inducted in 1990". U.S. Business Hall of Fame. Junior Achievement USA. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved January 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Authors". Doi.acm.org. doi:10.1145/2465.314899. Retrieved 2013-06-17.
Jump up ^ Copeland, Jack (2006). Colossus: The Secrets of Bletchley Park's Codebreaking Computers. Oxford University Press. p.109
Jump up ^ Brader, Mark (July 10, 1985). "Only 3 computers will be needed..." (Forum post). net.misc. Citing Lord Bowden (1970). American Scientist. 58: 43–53)
Jump up ^ The Language of Computers a transcript of a talk given by Lord Bowden of Chesterfield, at Brighton College of Technology. the first Richard Goodman Memorial Lecture
Jump up ^ Cohen, I. Bernard (1999). Howard Aiken: Portrait of a Computer Pioneer. MIT Press. p.292
Jump up ^ Cohen, I. Bernard (1998). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 20.3 pp. 27-33
Jump up ^ The Economist, 367(8322-8326): 201
Jump up ^ Bell, Gordon (1999). Denning, Peter J., ed. The Folly of Prediction (PDF). Talking Back to the Machine. New York: Copernicus. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-387-98413-1. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ "IBM Frequently Asked Questions". p. 26
Jump up ^ Current Biography 1940, p. 846
Jump up ^ Dell, Deborah; Purdy, J. Gerry. "ThinkPad: A Different Shade of Blue". Sams ISBN 0-672-31756-7 ISBN 978-0672317569
Further reading[edit]
Belden, Thomas Graham; Belden, Marva Robins (1962). The Lengthening Shadow: The Life of Thomas J. Watson. Boston: Little, Brown and Co. 332 pp. OCLC 237220
Greulich, Peter E. (2011) The World's Greatest Salesman: An IBM Caretaker's Perspective: Looking Back. Austin, TX: MBI Concepts. ISBN 978-0-9833734-0-7. The bulk of the book consists of abridged texts from Watson's Men—Minutes—Money.
Greulich, Peter E. (2012) Tom Watson Sr. Essays on Leadership: Volume 1, Democracy in Business. Austin, TX: MBI Concepts. ISBN 978-0-9833734-3-8 (electronic version only)
Greulich, Peter E. (2012) Tom Watson Sr. Essays on Leadership: Volume 2, We Are All Assistants. Austin, TX: MBI Concepts. ISBN 978-0-9833734-4-5 (electronic version only)
Greulich, Peter E. (2012) Tom Watson Sr. Essays on Leadership: Volume 3, We Forgive Thoughtful Mistakes. Austin, TX: MBI Concepts. ISBN 978-0-9833734-5-2 (electronic version only)
Maney, Kevin (2003). The Maverick and His Machine: Thomas Watson, Sr. and the Making of IBM. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-41463-6
Ridgeway, George L. (1938) Merchants of Peace: Twenty Years of Business Diplomacy Through the International Chamber of Commerce 1919-1938, Columbia University Press, 419pp. There is a 1959 revised edition.
Rodgers, William H. (1969) THINK: A Biography of the Watsons and IBM. New York: Stein and Day. ISBN 978-0-8128-1226-8
Sobel, Robert (2000). Thomas Watson, Sr.: IBM and the Computer Revolution. Washington: BeardBooks. ISBN 978-1-893122-82-6
Tedlow, Richard S. (2003). The Watson Dynasty: The Fiery Reign and Troubled Legacy of IBM's Founding Father and Son. New York: HarperBusiness. ISBN 978-0-06-001405-6
Watson, Thomas J. (1934) [1930]. Men—Minutes—Money: A Collection of Excerpts from Talks and Messages Delivered and Written at Various Times. IBM. OCLC 391485.
Watson, Thomas J. (1948). World Peace through the United Nations. Newcomen Society. p. 24.
Watson, Thomas J. (1949). Human Relations. IBM. p. 654.
Watson, Thomas J. (1954). "As a Man Thinks ...": Thomas J. Watson, the Man and His Philosophy of Life as Expressed in His Editorials. IBM. OCLC 2478365.
Watson, Thomas J., Jr.; Petre, Peter (2000) [1990]. Father, Son & Co.: My Life at IBM and Beyond. Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0-553-38083-5.
Wilson, John S. (1959). Scouting Round the World. Blandford Press. pp. 186–272. OCLC 58863729
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Thomas J. Watson
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thomas J. Watson.
Oral history interview with Thomas J. Watson, Jr., April 25, 1985, Armonk, New York, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.
Audio recordings of Thomas J. Watson speaking at The Metropolitan Museum of Art
"Thomas J. Watson Sr. Is Dead; I.B.M. Board Chairman Was 82". The New York Times. June 20, 1956.
Thomas J. Watson at Find a Grave
The IBM Songbook.
First Usenet Posting of the misquote
IBM biography of Watson
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