text:
Richie Rich (2015 TV series)
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Richie Rich
Genre
Comedy
Based on
Richie Rich by Alfred Harvey & Warren Kremer
Developed by
Brian Robbins
Jeff Hodsden
Starring
Jake Brennan
Brooke Wexler
Kiff VandenHeuvel
Lauren Taylor
Joshua Carlon
Jenna Ortega
Composer(s)
Gary S. Scott
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
2
No. of episodes
21 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Brian Robbins
Jeff Hodsden
Shauna Phelan
Joe Davola
Producer(s)
Don Dunn
Camera setup
Multi-camera
Running time
23 minutes
Production company(s)
AwesomenessTV
(DreamWorks Animation)
Distributor
NBCUniversal Television Distribution
Release
Original network
Netflix
Picture format
1080p (HDTV)
Original release
February 20 (2015-02-20) – May 22, 2015 (2015-05-22)
Richie Rich is an American sitcom series produced by DreamWorks Animation's AwesomenessTV for Netflix.[1] The show is loosely based upon the Harvey Comics character of the same name, with Jake Brennan playing the eponymous character.[2] The first season, consisting of 10 episodes, was released on February 20, 2015.[3] A second season of 11 episodes was released on May 22, 2015.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 Main
2.2 Recurring
3 Production
4 Episodes
4.1 Series overview
4.2 Season 1 (2015)
4.3 Season 2 (2015)
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
Richie Rich is a boy who turned vegetables into a clean energy source. As a result, Rich now has over a trillion dollars. Rich lives with his family in a mansion filled with toys, contraptions, and his best friends Darcy and Murray are always by his side, along with Irona, Rich's robot maid, his dad Cliff, who loves naps and is a bit dense, and his jealous sister Harper. Also, Darcy loves spending money and Murray doesn't want anything out of budget.
Cast[edit]
Main[edit]
Jake Brennan as Richie Rich,[1] after finding a way to harness energy from vegetables, he becomes a child trillionaire.
Brooke Wexler as Irona,[1] Richie's robotic maid.
Kiff VandenHeuvel as Cliff Rich,[1] Richie's and Harper's dad.
Lauren Taylor as Harper Rich,[1] Richie's jealous older sister who wants to get into Harvard.
Joshua Carlon as Murray,[1] Richie's money manager and best friend.
Jenna Ortega as Darcy,[1] Richie's other best friend, who enjoys spending his money.
Recurring[edit]
Ysa Penarejo as Tulip, a friend of Harper.
Nathan Anderson as Tahj[5]
Production[edit]
The series was announced in October 2014 as part of an ongoing partnership between Netflix and DreamWorks Animation, in which DreamWorks will create 300 hours of original programming for the service.[6] Unlike the comics, where the lead character comes from a wealthy family, Richie Rich has a self-made fortune from an innovative green technology. The series follows his adventures with his new wealth. Brian Robbins (co-founder and CEO of DreamWorks Animation-owned AwesomenessTV), Tim Pollock and Jeff Hodsden (The Suite Life of Zack & Cody) are the executive producers and showrunners. Additionally, AwesomenessTV's Shauna Phelan and Joe Davola serve as executive producers on the series.[2]
Episodes[edit]
This article needs improved plot summaries. (August 2016)
Series overview[edit]
Season
Episodes
Originally released
1 10 February 20, 2015 (2015-02-20)
2 11 May 22, 2015 (2015-05-22)
Season 1 (2015)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date
1
1 "Man$ion Warming" Phill Lewis Tim Pollock & Jeff Hodsden February 20, 2015 (2015-02-20)
Richie Rich (Jake Brennan) is happy with his new trillionaire life, but Murray thinks he's spending too much money. When Richie's dad decides on having family game night the same day as Richie's concert, he must burst into two people and go a two places at one time.
2
2 "Royal Flu$h" Joel Zwick Jeny Quine February 20, 2015 (2015-02-20)
Harper tries to finish her science project for Harvard grad school, but her friend, Tulip holds her back. Meanwhile, Richie is given an island and he makes fun out of it after cancelled plans.
3
3 "The $et Up" Joel Zwick Tim Pollock & Jeff Hodsden February 20, 2015 (2015-02-20)
When their dad's smothering level of attention drives them crazy, Richie and Harper set him up with a lady who looked unattractive on the dating website, but turns out to be pretty in person.
4
4 "The Wonderful Thing$ He Doe$" Adam Weissman Tim Pollock & Jeff Hodsden February 20, 2015 (2015-02-20)
Richie tries to get out of doing a book report on The Wizard of Oz by directing a movie starring Darcy, Murray, Irona and neighbor's son Tahj.
5
5 "The Madne$$ of Queen Harper" Adam Weissman Tim Pollock & Jeff Hodsden February 20, 2015 (2015-02-20)
Cliff goes to a Fantasy Football draft, leaving Harper in charge. When Richie is invited to Khalil Wood's birthday party, Harper decides to prevent Richie from going.
6
6 "More or Le$$" Adam Weissman Tim Pollock & Jeff Hodsden February 20, 2015 (2015-02-20)
After Richie is fed up from Darcy and Murray constantly arguing about money, he decides to switch their roles. Meanwhile, Harper introduces Cliff to her date which he doesn't approve because of the lack of fun.
7
7 "$nowball Effect$" Adam Weissman Tim Pollock & Jeff Hodsden February 20, 2015 (2015-02-20)
8
8 "Good Deed$" Phill Lewis Vincent Brown February 20, 2015 (2015-02-20)
9
9 "$pooky $tuff" Adam Weissman Tim Pollock & Jeff Hodsden February 20, 2015 (2015-02-20)
After hearing noises in the night, Richie is convinced that his room is haunted and gets Darcy and Murray to stay with him. Harper attempts to re-create her childhood by hiring a little girl for her college application.
10
10 "Fir$t Love" Phill Lewis Bo Belanger February 20, 2015 (2015-02-20)
Irona starts malfunctioning, resulting her to be taken away to be repaired and being replaced by Urona, a mini-model of Irona. Upon first sight, Richie instantly falls in love with Urona.
Season 2 (2015)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date
11
1 "Rapper'$ Delight" Adam Weissman Tim Pollock & Jeff Hodsden May 22, 2015 (2015-05-22)
12
2 "Briti$h Rich" Phill Lewis Dave Ihlenfeld & David Wright May 22, 2015 (2015-05-22)
13
3 "$uperheroe$" Phill Lewis Tim Pollock & Jeff Hodsden May 22, 2015 (2015-05-22)
14
4 "$tockholm Cowboy" Patrick Maloney Bo Belanger May 22, 2015 (2015-05-22)
15
5 "Plu$ One" Sean Lambert Tim Pollock & Jeff Hodsden May 22, 2015 (2015-05-22)
16
6 "Back to the Pre$ent" Sean Lambert Bo Belanger May 22, 2015 (2015-05-22)
17
7 "Fun and Game$" Sean Lambert Tim Pollock & Jeff Hodsden May 22, 2015 (2015-05-22)
18
8 "Wa$hed Up" Sean Lambert Dave Ihlenfeld & David Wright May 22, 2015 (2015-05-22)
19
9 "Meat the Camper$" Chuck Vinson Jeny Quine May 22, 2015 (2015-05-22)
20
10 "Ladie$ Man" Chuck Vinson Tim Pollock & Jeff Hodsden May 22, 2015 (2015-05-22)
21
11 "Family Tie$" Patrick Maloney Tim Pollock & Jeff Hodsden May 22, 2015 (2015-05-22)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Spangler, Todd (October 29, 2014). "Netflix Picks Up 'Richie Rich' Live-Action Comedy from AwesomenessTV". Variety. Retrieved October 29, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Andreeva, Nellie (October 29, 2014). "'Richie Rich' Comedy Series Picked Up By Netflix For 2015". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved October 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ Fowler, Matt (October 29, 2014). "Richie Rich TV Show Coming to Netflix". IGN. Retrieved October 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ Akhtar, Iyaz (April 22, 2015). "What's coming and going on Netflix for May 2015". CNET.
Jump up ^ "VIDEO: Sneak Peek - Netflix's RICHIE RICH Returns With All-New Episodes Today". Broadwayworld.com. May 22, 2015. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Nededog, Jethro; Bennett, Anita (October 29, 2014). "Netflix orders 'Richie Rich' series from AwesomenessTV". USA Today. Retrieved October 29, 2014.
External links[edit]
Official website at Netflix
Richie Rich on IMDb
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Geraldine Somerville
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (May 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Geraldine Somerville
Born
Geraldine Margaret Agnew-Somerville
(1967-05-19) 19 May 1967 (age 50)
County Meath, Ireland
Alma mater
Guildhall School of Music and Drama
Occupation
Actress
Years active
1989–present
Spouse(s)
William Osbourne-Young (1995 - present)
Children
3
Geraldine Margaret Agnew-Somerville (born 19 May 1967) is an Irish born actress known for her role as Detective Sergeant Jane Penhaligon in Cracker (1993–95), for which she was nominated for the 1995 BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress, and for playing Lily Potter in the Harry Potter film series. Her other film appearances include Gosford Park (2001), My Week with Marilyn (2011) and Grace of Monaco (2014).
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Filmography
4 References
5 External links
Early life[edit]
Geraldine Agnew-Somerville was born in County Meath, Ireland, the daughter of Sir Quentin Charles Agnew-Somerville, 2nd Baronet, and Margaret April Irene, Lady Agnew-Somerville (née Drummond), an antiques dealer, but was brought up on the Isle of Man. Her mother is a daughter of John Drummond, 15th Baron Strange, and sister of the late Cherry Drummond, 16th Baroness Strange.[1]
She has an elder sister, Amelia Rachel (who owns and works in a restaurant with her husband in the Australian rainforest), and a younger brother, James Lockett Charles Agnew-Somerville, who worked in Hong Kong and writes poetry. Somerville attended dance classes from the age of six, and at eight was sent to the Arts Educational School, a boarding school in Tring, Hertfordshire, where she was taught ballet, music and drama. She left at sixteen, but continued her studies in London.
Career[edit]
Somerville trained at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama and graduated in 1989. She did stage work and appeared on TV in episodes of Agatha Christie's Poirot and Casualty (1993) before landing the role of Penhaligon in Cracker, which she held from the show's inception in 1993 until its demise in 1995 and became one of the most memorable characters of the series.[2]
Somerville played Lady Stockbridge in Julian Fellowes's Gosford Park and Harry Potter's mother Lily in all the Potter movies. In May 2007, she played author Daphne du Maurier in the BBC TV drama Daphne. She plays a leading role as fictional Louisa, Countess of Manton in the 2012 ITV mini-series Titanic.
In 2014 she played Princess Antoinette of Monaco in the film Grace of Monaco. In 2014, Somerville played Sarah Griffin in the BBC One mini-series Quirke.[3]
Filmography[edit]
Year
Film
Role
Notes
1990 Casualty Ruth TV series (1 episode: "All's Fair")
1991 The Black Velvet Gown Biddy Millican TV movie
Close My Eyes Natalie's Boss
1993 Agatha Christie's Poirot Pauline Wetherby TV series (1 episode: "The Yellow Iris")
The Bill TV series (1 episode: "Playing Away")
Cracker DS Jane Penhaligon TV series (23 episodes: 1993–1995)
Nominated — BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress
1994 Romeo & Juliet Juliet TV movie
A Business Affair Saleswoman
Performance Ann Welch/Miss Julie TV series (2 episodes: 1994–1995)
1996 True Blue Ruth McDonald
1998 Heaven on Earth Deborah Bennett TV movie
Jilting Joe Olivia
The Canterbury Tales Dorigen/Pertelote TV series (1 episode: "Leaving London")
1999 Aristocrats Lady Emily Lennox TV series (5 episodes)
Daylight Robbery Val McArdle TV mini-series
2001 Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone Lily Potter
Gosford Park Louisa, Lady Stockbridge Critics Choice Award for Best Acting Ensemble
Florida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Cast
Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Ensemble
Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by the Cast of a Theatrical Motion Picture
2002 Murder in Mind Angela Coates TV series (1 episode: "Disposal")
Re-inventing Eddie Jeanie Harris
The Safe House Dr. Sam Graham TV movie
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Lily Potter uncredited
2004 Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Lily Potter
2005 Jericho Fiona Hewitt TV series (1 episode: "To Murder and Create")
Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Lily Potter
2006 Sixty Six Alice Barrie
2007 Daphne Daphne du Maurier TV movie
The Inspector Lynley Mysteries DS Michelle Tate TV series (1 episode: "Limbo")
Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Lily Potter
2008 The Children Sue TV series (2 episodes)
2009 Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince Lily Potter
2010 Survivors Fiona Douglas TV series (3 episodes)
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 Lily Potter
2011 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 2 Lily Potter
My Week with Marilyn Lady Jane Clark
2012 Titanic Louisa, Countess of Manton TV series (4 episodes)
Inspector George Gently Alethea Blackstone TV series (1 episode: "Gently With Class")
2014 Quirke Sarah TV series
Kids in Love Linda
Grace of Monaco Princess Antoinette of Monaco
2015 New Tricks Asst. Commissioner Cynthia Kline 2 episodes ("Life Expectancy", "The Crazy Gang")
2016 Silent Witness Lydia Hamilton TV series (1 episode: "After The Fall")
2017 Prime Suspect 1973 Joyce Tennison TV series
2017 The Hippopotamus Rebecca Logan
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Hon. Margaret April Irene Drummond1" The Peerage.com
Jump up ^ Crackertv.co.uk
Jump up ^ "BBC One-Qurike-Character Guide". bbc.co.uk. BBC. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
External links[edit]
Geraldine Somerville on IMDb
[show]
v
t
e
Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Acting Ensemble
(2001–2009)
Gosford Park (2001): Eileen Atkins, Bob Balaban, Alan Bates, Charles Dance, Stephen Fry, Michael Gambon, Richard E. Grant, Tom Hollander, Derek Jacobi, Kelly Macdonald, Helen Mirren, Jeremy Northam, Clive Owen, Ryan Phillippe, Maggie Smith, Geraldine Somerville, Kristin Scott Thomas, Sophie Thompson, Emily Watson, James Wilby
Chicago (2002): Christine Baranski, Ekaterina Shchelkanova, Taye Diggs, Denise Faye, Colm Feore, Richard Gere, Deidre Goodwin, Queen Latifah, Lucy Liu, Susan Misner, Mýa, John C. Reilly, Dominic West, Renée Zellweger, Catherine Zeta-Jones
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003): Sean Astin, Sean Bean, Cate Blanchett, Orlando Bloom, Billy Boyd, Bernard Hill, Ian Holm, Ian McKellen, Dominic Monaghan, Viggo Mortensen, John Noble, Miranda Otto, John Rhys-Davies, Andy Serkis, Liv Tyler, Karl Urban, Hugo Weaving, David Wenham, Elijah Wood
Sideways (2004): Thomas Haden Church, Paul Giamatti, Virginia Madsen, Sandra Oh
Crash (2005): Christopher "Ludacris" Bridges, Sandra Bullock, Don Cheadle, Matt Dillon, Jennifer Esposito, William Fichtner, Brendan Fraser, Terrence Howard, Thandie Newton, Ryan Phillippe, Larenz Tate
Little Miss Sunshine (2006): Alan Arkin, Abigail Breslin, Steve Carell, Toni Collette, Paul Dano, Greg Kinnear
Hairspray (2007): Nikki Blonsky, Amanda Bynes, Paul Dooley, Zac Efron, Allison Janney, Elijah Kelley, Queen Latifah, James Marsden, Michelle Pfeiffer, Brittany Snow, Jerry Stiller, John Travolta, Christopher Walken
Milk (2008): Josh Brolin, Joseph Cross, James Franco, Victor Garber, Emile Hirsch, Diego Luna, Denis O'Hare, Sean Penn, Alison Pill
Inglourious Basterds (2009): Daniel Brühl, August Diehl, Julie Dreyfus, Michael Fassbender, Sylvester Groth, Jacky Ido, Diane Kruger, Mélanie Laurent, Denis Ménochet, Mike Myers, Brad Pitt, Eli Roth, Til Schweiger, Rod Taylor, Christoph Waltz, Martin Wuttke
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Histogram equalization
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Histogram equalization is a method in image processing of contrast adjustment using the image's histogram.
Histograms of an image before and after equalization.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
1.1 Back projection
2 Implementation
3 Histogram equalization of color images
4 Examples
4.1 Small image
4.2 Full-sized image
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Overview[edit]
This method usually increases the global contrast of many images, especially when the usable data of the image is represented by close contrast values. Through this adjustment, the intensities can be better distributed on the histogram. This allows for areas of lower local contrast to gain a higher contrast. Histogram equalization accomplishes this by effectively spreading out the most frequent intensity values.
The method is useful in images with backgrounds and foregrounds that are both bright or both dark. In particular, the method can lead to better views of bone structure in x-ray images, and to better detail in photographs that are over or under-exposed. A key advantage of the method is that it is a fairly straightforward technique and an invertible operator. So in theory, if the histogram equalization function is known, then the original histogram can be recovered. The calculation is not computationally intensive. A disadvantage of the method is that it is indiscriminate. It may increase the contrast of background noise, while decreasing the usable signal.
In scientific imaging where spatial correlation is more important than intensity of signal (such as separating DNA fragments of quantized length), the small signal to noise ratio usually hampers visual detection.
Histogram equalization often produces unrealistic effects in photographs; however it is very useful for scientific images like thermal, satellite or x-ray images, often the same class of images to which one would apply false-color. Also histogram equalization can produce undesirable effects (like visible image gradient) when applied to images with low color depth. For example, if applied to 8-bit image displayed with 8-bit gray-scale palette it will further reduce color depth (number of unique shades of gray) of the image. Histogram equalization will work the best when applied to images with much higher color depth than palette size, like continuous data or 16-bit gray-scale images.
There are two ways to think about and implement histogram equalization, either as image change or as palette change. The operation can be expressed as P(M(I)) where I is the original image, M is histogram equalization mapping operation and P is a palette. If we define a new palette as P'=P(M) and leave image I unchanged then histogram equalization is implemented as palette change. On the other hand, if palette P remains unchanged and image is modified to I'=M(I) then the implementation is by image change. In most cases palette change is better as it preserves the original data.
Modifications of this method use multiple histograms, called subhistograms, to emphasize local contrast, rather than overall contrast. Examples of such methods include adaptive histogram equalization, contrast limiting adaptive histogram equalization or CLAHE, multipeak histogram equalization (MPHE), and multipurpose beta optimized bihistogram equalization (MBOBHE). The goal of these methods, especially MBOBHE, is to improve the contrast without producing brightness mean-shift and detail loss artifacts by modifying the HE algorithm.[1]
A signal transform equivalent to histogram equalization also seems to happen in biological neural networks so as to maximize the output firing rate of the neuron as a function of the input statistics. This has been proved in particular in the fly retina.[2]
Histogram equalization is a specific case of the more general class of histogram remapping methods. These methods seek to adjust the image to make it easier to analyze or improve visual quality (e.g., retinex)
Back projection[edit]
The back projection (or "project") of a histogrammed image is the re-application of the modified histogram to the original image, functioning as a look-up table for pixel brightness values.
For each group of pixels taken from the same position from all input single-channel images, the function puts the histogram bin value to the destination image, where the coordinates of the bin are determined by the values of pixels in this input group. In terms of statistics, the value of each output image pixel characterizes the probability that the corresponding input pixel group belongs to the object whose histogram is used.[3]
Implementation[edit]
Consider a discrete grayscale image {x} and let ni be the number of occurrences of gray level i. The probability of an occurrence of a pixel of level i in the image is
p x ( i ) = p ( x = i ) = n i n , 0 ≤ i < L {\displaystyle \ p_{x}(i)=p(x=i)={\frac {n_{i}}{n}},\quad 0\leq i<L}
L being the total number of gray levels in the image (typically 256), n being the total number of pixels in the image, and p x ( i ) {\displaystyle p_{x}(i)} being in fact the image's histogram for pixel value i, normalized to [0,1].
Let us also define the cumulative distribution function corresponding to px as
c d f x ( i ) = ∑ j = 0 i p x ( j ) {\displaystyle \ cdf_{x}(i)=\sum _{j=0}^{i}p_{x}(j)} ,
which is also the image's accumulated normalized histogram.
We would like to create a transformation of the form y = T(x) to produce a new image {y}, with a flat histogram. Such an image would have a linearized cumulative distribution function (CDF) across the value range, i.e.
c d f y ( i ) = i K {\displaystyle \ cdf_{y}(i)=iK}
for some constant K. The properties of the CDF allow us to perform such a transform (see Inverse distribution function); it is defined as
c d f y ( y ′ ) = c d f y ( T ( k ) ) = c d f x ( k ) {\displaystyle \ cdf_{y}(y^{\prime })=cdf_{y}(T(k))=cdf_{x}(k)}
where k is in the range [0,L]). Notice that T maps the levels into the range [0,1], since we used a normalized histogram of {x}. In order to map the values back into their original range, the following simple transformation needs to be applied on the result:
y ′ = y ⋅ ( max { x } − min { x } ) + min { x } {\displaystyle \ y^{\prime }=y\cdot (\max\{x\}-\min\{x\})+\min\{x\}}
A more detailed derivation is provided here.
Histogram equalization of color images[edit]
The above describes histogram equalization on a grayscale image. However it can also be used on color images by applying the same method separately to the Red, Green and Blue components of the RGB color values of the image. However, applying the same method on the Red, Green, and Blue components of an RGB image may yield dramatic changes in the image's color balance since the relative distributions of the color channels change as a result of applying the algorithm. However, if the image is first converted to another color space, Lab color space, or HSL/HSV color space in particular, then the algorithm can be applied to the luminance or value channel without resulting in changes to the hue and saturation of the image.[4] There are several histogram equalization methods in 3D space. Trahanias and Venetsanopoulos applied histogram equalization in 3D color space[5] However, it results in "whitening" where the probability of bright pixels are higher than that of dark ones.[6] Han et al. proposed to use a new cdf defined by the iso-luminance plane, which results in uniform gray distribution.[7]
Examples[edit]
For consistency with statistical usage, "CDF" (i.e. Cumulative distribution function) should be replaced by "cumulative histogram", especially since the article links to cumulative distribution function which is derived by dividing values in the cumulative histogram by the overall amount of pixels. The equalized CDF is defined in terms of rank as r a n k / p i x e l c o u n t {\displaystyle rank/pixelcount} .
Small image[edit]
The 8×8 sub-image shown in 8-bit grayscale
The 8-bit grayscale image shown has the following values:
[ 52 55 61 59 70 61 76 61 62 59 55 104 94 85 59 71 63 65 66 113 144 104 63 72 64 70 70 126 154 109 71 69 67 73 68 106 122 88 68 68 68 79 60 79 77 66 58 75 69 85 64 58 55 61 65 83 70 87 69 68 65 73 78 90 ] {\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}52&55&61&59&70&61&76&61\\62&59&55&104&94&85&59&71\\63&65&66&113&144&104&63&72\\64&70&70&126&154&109&71&69\\67&73&68&106&122&88&68&68\\68&79&60&79&77&66&58&75\\69&85&64&58&55&61&65&83\\70&87&69&68&65&73&78&90\end{bmatrix}}}
The histogram for this image is shown in the following table. Pixel values that have a zero count are excluded for the sake of brevity.
Value
Count
Value
Count
Value
Count
Value
Count
Value
Count
52 1 64 2 72 1 85 2 113 1
55 3 65 3 73 2 87 1 122 1
58 2 66 2 75 1 88 1 126 1
59 3 67 1 76 1 90 1 144 1
60 1 68 5 77 1 94 1 154 1
61 4 69 3 78 1 104 2
62 1 70 4 79 2 106 1
63 2 71 2 83 1 109 1
The cumulative distribution function (cdf) is shown below. Again, pixel values that do not contribute to an increase in the cdf are excluded for brevity.
v, Pixel Intensity
cdf(v)
h(v), Equalized v
52 1 0
55 4 12
58 6 20
59 9 32
60 10 36
61 14 53
62 15 57
63 17 65
64 19 73
65 22 85
66 24 93
67 25 97
68 30 117
69 33 130
70 37 146
71 39 154
72 40 158
73 42 166
75 43 170
76 44 174
77 45 178
78 46 182
79 48 190
83 49 194
85 51 202
87 52 206
88 53 210
90 54 215
94 55 219
104 57 227
106 58 231
109 59 235
113 60 239
122 61 243
126 62 247
144 63 251
154 64 255
This cdf shows that the minimum value in the subimage is 52 and the maximum value is 154. The cdf of 64 for value 154 coincides with the number of pixels in the image. The cdf must be normalized to [ 0 , 255 ] {\displaystyle [0,255]} . The general histogram equalization formula is:
h ( v ) = r o u n d ( c d f ( v ) − c d f m i n ( M × N ) − 1 × ( L − 1 ) ) {\displaystyle h(v)=\mathrm {round} \left({\frac {cdf(v)-cdf_{min}}{(M\times N)-1}}\times (L-1)\right)}
where cdfmin is the minimum non-zero value of the cumulative distribution function (in this case 1), M × N gives the image's number of pixels (for the example above 64, where M is width and N the height) and L is the number of grey levels used (in most cases, like this one, 256).
Note that to scale values in the original data that are above 0 to the range 1 to L-1, inclusive, the above equation would instead be:
h ( v ) = r o u n d ( c d f ( v ) − c d f m i n ( M × N ) − 1 × ( L − 2 ) ) + 1 {\displaystyle h(v)=\mathrm {round} \left({\frac {cdf(v)-cdf_{min}}{(M\times N)-1}}\times (L-2)\right)+1}
where cdf(v) > 0. Scaling from 1 to 255 preserves the non-zero-ness of the minimum value.
The equalization formula for the example scaling data from 0 to 255, inclusive, is:
h ( v ) = r o u n d ( c d f ( v ) − 1 63 × 255 ) {\displaystyle h(v)=\mathrm {round} \left({\frac {cdf(v)-1}{63}}\times 255\right)}
For example, the cdf of 78 is 46. (The value of 78 is used in the bottom row of the 7th column.) The normalized value becomes
h ( 78 ) = r o u n d ( 46 − 1 63 × 255 ) = r o u n d ( 0.714286 × 255 ) = 182 {\displaystyle h(78)=\mathrm {round} \left({\frac {46-1}{63}}\times 255\right)=\mathrm {round} \left(0.714286\times 255\right)=182}
Once this is done then the values of the equalized image are directly taken from the normalized cdf to yield the equalized values:
[ 0 12 53 32 146 53 174 53 57 32 12 227 219 202 32 154 65 85 93 239 251 227 65 158 73 146 146 247 255 235 154 130 97 166 117 231 243 210 117 117 117 190 36 190 178 93 20 170 130 202 73 20 12 53 85 194 146 206 130 117 85 166 182 215 ] {\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}0&12&53&32&146&53&174&53\\57&32&12&227&219&202&32&154\\65&85&93&239&251&227&65&158\\73&146&146&247&255&235&154&130\\97&166&117&231&243&210&117&117\\117&190&36&190&178&93&20&170\\130&202&73&20&12&53&85&194\\146&206&130&117&85&166&182&215\end{bmatrix}}}
Notice that the minimum value (52) is now 0 and the maximum value (154) is now 255.
Original Equalized
Histogram of Original image Histogram of Equalized image
Full-sized image[edit]
Before Histogram Equalization
Corresponding histogram (red) and cumulative histogram (black)
After Histogram Equalization
Corresponding histogram (red) and cumulative histogram (black)
See also[edit]
Histogram matching
Adaptive histogram equalization
Normalization (image processing)
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Hum, Yan Chai; Lai, Khin Wee; Mohamad Salim, Maheza Irna (11 October 2014). "Multiobjectives bihistogram equalization for image contrast enhancement". Complexity. 20 (2): 22–36. doi:10.1002/cplx.21499.
Jump up ^ Laughlin, S.B (1981). "A simple coding procedure enhances a neuron's information capacity". Z. Naturforsch. 9–10(36):910–2.
Jump up ^ Intel Corporation (2001). "Open Source Computer Vision Library Reference Manual" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-01-11.
Jump up ^ S. Naik and C. Murthy, "Hue-preserving color image enhancement without gamut problem," IEEE Trans. Image Processing, vol. 12, no. 12, pp. 1591–1598, Dec. 2003
Jump up ^ P. E. Trahanias and A. N. Venetsanopoulos, "Color image enhancement through 3-D histogram equalization," in Proc. 15th IAPR Int. Conf. Pattern Recognition, vol. 1, pp. 545–548, Aug.-Sep. 1992.
Jump up ^ N. Bassiou and C. Kotropoulos, "Color image histogram equalization by absolute discounting back-off," Computer Vision and Image Understanding, vol. 107, no. 1-2, pp.108-122, Jul.-Aug. 2007
Jump up ^ Ji-Hee Han, Sejung Yang, Byung-Uk Lee, "A Novel 3-D Color Histogram Equalization Method with Uniform 1-D Gray Scale Histogram", IEEE Trans. on Image Processing, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 506-512, Feb. 2011
References[edit]
Acharya and Ray, Image Processing: Principles and Applications, Wiley-Interscience 2005 ISBN 0-471-71998-6
Russ, The Image Processing Handbook: Fourth Edition, CRC 2002 ISBN 0-8493-2532-3
External links[edit]
Page by Ruye Wang with good explanation and pseudo-code
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Histogram_equalization&oldid=808083821"
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text:
Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon"
Single by Neil Diamond
from the album Just for You
B-side
"You'll Forget" (US, UK)
"New Orleans" (continental Europe)
Released
March 1967
Format
7"
Genre
Pop
Length
2:48
Label
Bang
Songwriter(s)
Neil Diamond
Producer(s)
Jeff Barry, Ellie Greenwich
Neil Diamond singles chronology
"You Got to Me"
(1967) "Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon"
(1967) "I Thank the Lord for the Night Time"
(1967)
"You Got to Me"
(1967) "Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon"
(1967) "I Thank the Lord for the Night Time"
(1967)
"Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon" is a song written by American musician Neil Diamond, whose recording of it on Bang Records reached number 10 on the US pop singles chart in 1967. The song enjoyed a second life when it appeared on the 1994 Pulp Fiction soundtrack, performed by rock band Urge Overkill. Other versions have been recorded by Cliff Richard (1968), Jackie Edwards (1968),[1] the Biddu Orchestra (1978), and 16 Volt (1998).
Contents
[hide]
1 Neil Diamond version
1.1 Track listings
1.2 Charts
2 Cliff Richard version
2.1 Track listings
2.2 Charts
3 Urge Overkill version
3.1 Track listings
3.2 Charts
4 References
Neil Diamond version[edit]
The song first appeared on Diamond's album Just for You. The mono and stereo versions of this song differ slightly. On the mono "Just For You" LP as well as on the 45, the strings do not come in until the second verse. It also has a slightly longer fade. The stereo "Just For You" LP version has a shorter fade and the strings come in on the first chorus.
Track listings[edit]
7" single
"Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon"
"You'll Forget"
Charts[edit]
Chart (1967)
Peak
position
US Billboard Pop Singles[2] 10
Chart (1971)
Peak
position
Dutch Mega Top 100[3] 27
Cliff Richard version[edit]
"Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon"
Single by Cliff Richard
A-side
"I'll Love You Forever Today"
Released
June 21, 1968
Format
7"
Genre
Pop
Length
3:04
Label
Columbia
Songwriter(s)
Neil Diamond
Producer(s)
Norrie Paramor
Cliff Richard singles chronology
"Congratulations"
(1968) "Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon"
(1968) "Marianne"
(1968)
"Congratulations"
(1968) "Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon"
(1968) "Marianne"
(1968)
Cliff Richard covered the song as the B-side to his 1968 single I'll Love You Forever Today, which featured in the movie Two a Penny.[4]
Track listings[edit]
7" single
"I'll Love You Forever Today" – 3:06
"Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon" – 3:04
Charts[edit]
Chart (1968)
Peak
position
UK Singles Chart 27[5]
Urge Overkill version[edit]
"Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon"
Single by Urge Overkill
from the album Pulp Fiction
B-side
"Bustin' Surfboards"
Released
1994
Format
CD single
Genre
Alternative rock
Length
3:10
Label
MCA
Songwriter(s)
Neil Diamond
Urge Overkill singles chronology
"Positive Bleeding"
(1993) "Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon"
(1994) "The Break"
(1995)
"Positive Bleeding"
(1993) "Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon"
(1994) "The Break"
(1995)
In 1992, the alternative rock band Urge Overkill recorded a cover of the song for their EP Stull. This version would later be featured in Quentin Tarantino's 1994 film Pulp Fiction. Re-issued as a single, this version achieved chart success both domestically and internationally.
Track listings[edit]
CD single
"Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon" – 3:10
"Bustin' Surfboards" by The Tornadoes – 2:27
"Bullwinkle Part II" by The Centurions – 2:18
Charts[edit]
Chart (1994/95)
Peak
position
Australian ARIA Singles Chart[6] 21
Austrian Singles Chart[6] 22
Belgian (Wallonia) Singles Chart[6] 29
French SNEP Singles Chart[6] 10
New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart[6] 19
UK Singles Chart[7] 37
US Billboard Hot 100[8] 59
US Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks[8] 11
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Jackie Edwards - Put Your Tears Away (Vinyl, LP, Album)". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
Jump up ^ Billboard allmusic.com (Retrieved March 27, 2009)
Jump up ^ "Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon" (original version), in various singles charts Dutchcharts.nl (Retrieved March 28, 2009)
Jump up ^ Dave Thompson. "Two a Penny - Cliff Richard | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 50 | Official Charts Company". Officialcharts.com. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon" (by Urge Overkill), in various singles charts Lescharts.com (Retrieved March 28, 2009)
Jump up ^ "Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon" (by Urge Overkill), UK Singles Chart Chartstats.com (Retrieved March 28, 2009)
^ Jump up to: a b Billboard allmusic.com (Retrieved March 28, 2009)
[show]
v
t
e
Neil Diamond singles discography
Singles 1960s
1962
"You Are My Love at Last"
"I'm Afraid"
1963
"At Night"
1966
"Solitary Man"
"Cherry, Cherry"
"I Got the Feelin' (Oh No No)"
1967
"Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon"
"Thank the Lord for the Night Time"
"Kentucky Woman"
"Some Day Baby"
1968
"New Orleans"
"Red Red Wine"
"Brooklyn Roads"
"Two-Bit Manchild"
"Shilo"
"Sunday Sun"
1969
"Brother Love's Travelling Salvation Show"
"Sweet Caroline"
"Holly Holy"
Singles 1970s
1970
"Shilo"
"Until It's Time for You to Go"
"Soolaimon"
"And The Grass Won't Pay No Mind"
"Solitary Man"
"Cracklin' Rosie"
"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother"
"Do It"
1971
"I Am... I Said"
"Done Too Soon"
"I'm a Believer"
"Stones"
1972
"Song Sung Blue"
"Play Me"
"Walk on Water"
1973
"Cherry, Cherry"
"The Long Way Home"
"The Last Thing on My Mind"
"Be"
1974
"Skybird"
"Longfellow Serenade"
1975
"Morningside"
"I've Been This Way Before"
"The Last Picasso"
1976
"If You Know What I Mean"
"Don't Think... Feel"
"Beautiful Noise"
1977
"Stargazer"
"Lady-Oh"
"Desiree"
1978
"God Only Knows"
"Let Me Take You In My Arms Again"
"I'm Glad You're Here With Me Tonight"
"You Don't Bring Me Flowers"
"The Dancing Bumble Bee / Bumble Boogie"
1979
"Forever in Blue Jeans"
"Say Maybe"
"The American Popular Song"
"September Morn"
Singles 1980s
1980
"That Kind"
"The Good Lord Loves You"
"Dancing in the Street"
"Love on the Rocks"
1981
"Hello Again"
"America"
"Yesterday's Songs"
1982
"On the Way to the Sky"
"Be Mine Tonight"
"Rainy Day Song"
"Heartlight"
1983
"I'm Alive"
"Turn Around"
[show]
v
t
e
Urge Overkill
Nash Kato
Eddie "King" Roeser
Mike Hodgkiss
Brian "Bonn" Quast
Johnny "Blackie Onassis" Rowan
Nils St. Cyr
Chris Frantisak
Nate Arling
Patrick Byrne
Kriss Bataille
Jack "The Jaguar" Watt
Studio albums
Jesus Urge Superstar (1989)
Americruiser (1990)
The Supersonic Storybook (1991)
Saturation (1993)
Exit the Dragon (1995)
Rock & Roll Submarine (2011)
Extended plays
Stull (1992)
Songs
"Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Girl,_You%27ll_Be_a_Woman_Soon&oldid=819645626"
Categories:
1967 singles
1994 singles
1995 singles
Cliff Richard songs
Neil Diamond songs
Urge Overkill songs
Songs about women
Songs written by Neil Diamond
Songs written for films
Bang Records singles
1967 songs
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text:
Roadrunner
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the bird. For other uses, see Roadrunner (disambiguation).
Roadrunner
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Cuculiformes
Family: Cuculidae
Genus: Geococcyx
Wagler, 1831
Species
G. californianus
G. velox
The roadrunners (genus Geococcyx), also known as chaparral birds or chaparral cocks, are two species of fast-running ground cuckoos with long tails and crests. They are found in the southwestern United States and Mexico,[1][2] usually in the desert. Some have been clocked at 20 miles per hour (32 km/h).
Contents
[hide]
1 Species
2 Morphology
2.1 Vocalization
3 Geographic range
4 Food and foraging habits
5 Behavior and breeding
6 Thermoregulation
7 Native American lore
8 Notes
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Species[edit]
The subfamily Neomorphinae, the New World ground cuckoos, includes 11 species of birds,[3] while the genus Geococcyx has just two,[4]
Image
Scientific name
Common Name
Distribution
G. californianus greater roadrunner Mexico and the southwestern United States[5]
G. velox lesser roadrunner Mexico and Central America [6]
Morphology[edit]
The roadrunner generally ranges in size from 22 to 24 in (56 to 61 cm) from tail to beak. The average weight is about 8–15 oz (230–430 g).[7] The roadrunner is a large, slender, black-brown and white-streaked ground bird with a distinctive head crest. It has long legs, strong feet, and an oversized dark bill. The tail is broad with white tips on the three outer tail feathers. The bird has a bare patch of skin behind each eye; this patch is shaded blue anterior to red posterior. The lesser roadrunner is slightly smaller, not as streaky, and has a smaller bill. Both the lesser roadrunner and the greater roadrunner leave behind very distinct "X" track marks appearing as if they are travelling in both directions.
Roadrunners and other members of the cuckoo family have zygodactyl feet. The roadrunner can run at speeds of up to 20 miles per hour (32 km/h)[8] and generally prefer sprinting to flying, though it will fly to escape predators. During flight, the short, rounded wings reveal a white crescent in the primary feathers.
Vocalization[edit]
The roadrunner has a slow and descending dove-like "coo". It also makes a rapid, vocalized clattering sound with its beak.[9]
Geographic range[edit]
Greater roadrunner with a lizard
Roadrunners inhabit the deserts of the southwestern United States, Mexico, and Central America. They live in arid lowland or mountainous shrubland, widely dispersed in dry open country with scattered brush. They are non-migratory, staying in their breeding area year-round.[10] The greater roadrunner is not currently considered threatened in the US, but is habitat-limited.[11]
Food and foraging habits[edit]
The roadrunner is an opportunistic omnivore. Its diet normally consists of insects (such as grasshoppers, crickets, caterpillars, and beetles), small reptiles (such as lizards, collared lizards, and snakes, including rattlesnakes),[12] rodents and other small mammals, spiders (including tarantulas), scorpions, centipedes, snails, small birds (and nestlings), eggs, and fruits and seeds like those from prickly pear cactuses and sumacs. The lesser roadrunner eats mainly insects. The roadrunner forages on the ground and, when hunting, usually runs after prey from under cover. It may leap to catch insects, and commonly batters certain prey against the ground. Because of its quickness, the roadrunner is one of the few animals that preys upon rattlesnakes;[13] it is also the only real predator of tarantula hawk wasps.[10]
Behavior and breeding[edit]
The roadrunner usually lives alone or in pairs. Breeding pairs are monogamous and mate for life,[14] and pairs may hold a territory all year. During the courtship display, the male bows, alternately lifting and dropping his wings and spreading his tail. He parades in front of the female with his head high and his tail and wings drooped, and may bring an offering of food. The reproductive season is spring to mid-summer (depending on geographic location and species).[10]
The roadrunner's nest is often composed of sticks, and may sometimes contain leaves, feathers, snakeskins, or dung.[15] It is commonly placed 1–3 meters above ground level[16] in a low tree, bush, or cactus. Roadrunner eggs are generally white. The greater roadrunner generally lays 2–6 eggs per clutch, but the lesser roadrunner's clutches are typically smaller. Hatching is asynchronous. Both sexes incubate the nest (with males incubating the nest at night) and feed the hatchlings. For the first one to two weeks after the young hatch, one parent remains at the nest. The young leave the nest at two to three weeks old, foraging with parents for a few days after.[10]
Greater roadrunners often become habituated to the presence of people.
Thermoregulation[edit]
During the cold desert night, the roadrunner lowers its body temperature slightly, going into a slight torpor to conserve energy. To warm itself during the day, the roadrunner exposes dark patches of skin on its back to the sun.[10]
Play media
Greater roadrunner warming itself in the sun, exposing the dark skin and feathers on its back.
Native American lore[edit]
The Hopi and other Pueblo tribes believed that roadrunners were medicine birds and could protect against evil spirits. Their unusual X-shaped footprints are used as sacred symbols to ward off evil in many Pueblo tribes—partially because they invoke the protective power of the roadrunners themselves, and partially because the X shape of the tracks conceals which direction the bird is headed (thus throwing malignant spirits off track.) Stylized roadrunner tracks have been found in the rock art of ancestral Southwestern tribes like the Anasazi and Mogollon cultures, as well. Roadrunner feathers were traditionally used to decorate Pueblo cradleboards as spiritual protection for the baby. In Mexican Indian and American Indian tribes, such as the Pima, it is considered good luck to see a roadrunner. In some Mexican tribes, the bird was considered sacred and never killed, but most Mexican Indians used the meat of the roadrunner as a folk remedy to cure illness or to boost stamina and strength.[17]
The word for roadrunner in O'odham language is Tadai and is still used throughout Tucson, Arizona[18][19]
Three views of the same specimen
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "roadrunner". The Free Dictionary. Farlex. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "roadrunner". Merriam Webster. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Myers, P. R.; Parr, C. S.; Jones, T.; Hammond, G. S.; Dewey, T. A. "Neomorphinae (New World ground cuckoos)". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved 2009-08-12.
Jump up ^ Avian Web. "Roadrunners". Retrieved 3 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Greater Roadrunners". Avian Web. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Lesser Roadrunners". Avian Web. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Roadrunner". Desert Animals. The Animal Spot. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Lockwood, Mark. Basic Texas birds: a field guide. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 168–169. ISBN 978-0-292-71349-9.
Jump up ^ "Bird Sounds".
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Roadrunners". Avian Web. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Famolaro, Pete. "Greater Roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus)". California Partners in Flight Coastal Scrub and Chaparral Bird Conservation Plan. Point Blue. Archived from the original on 5 November 2004. Retrieved 21 Aug 2015. No federal or state [management] status. No other special status. Unitt (1984) indicates that roadrunners are habitat limited and have experienced a reduction in numbers due to urbanization.
Jump up ^ "roadrunner vs rattlesnake".
Jump up ^ "The Roadrunner". Desert USA. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "With the exception of breeding pairs, roadrunners are solitary (Hughes 1996). Pairs mate for life (Terres 1980)."
Jump up ^ "Information on the Roadrunner | The Nature Conservancy". Nature.org. 2016-07-15. Retrieved 2016-09-14.
Jump up ^ "Usually 1-3 meters above ground; infrequently higher than 3 meters (Hughes 1996)."
Jump up ^ "Native American Indian Roadrunner Legends, Meaning and Symbolism from the Myths of Many Tribes". www.native-languages.org. Retrieved 2017-06-26.
Jump up ^ "TOHONO 'O'ODHAM-ENGLISH DICTIONARY" (PDF). University at Buffalo.
Jump up ^ "Tohono Tadai Transit Center - Transit.Wiki". www.transit.wiki. Retrieved 2017-06-26.
References[edit]
Alsop III, Fred J. (2002). Birds of North America (1st American ed.). New York: DK. ISBN 0-7894-8001-8.
del Hoyo, Josep; Baptista, Luis, eds. (1997). Sandgrouse to cuckoos. Barcelona: Lynx Ed. ISBN 84-87334-22-9.
Harrison, George (2005). "Comical Cuckoo". Birder's World. 19: 56–58.
Hutchins, Michael, ed. (2003). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia (2nd ed.). Detroit: Gale. ISBN 0-7876-5785-9.
Meinzer, Wyman (1993). "Beep! Beep! Better pull over, folks – it's the roadrunner". Smithsonian. 23: 58.
Perrins, Christopher M., ed. (1990). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Birds: The Definitive Reference to Birds of The World (1st Prentice Hall Press ed.). New York: Prentice Hall Editions. ISBN 0-13-083635-4.
National Geographic Society (2002). Field Guide to the Birds of North America (4th ed.). Washington D.C.: National Geographic. p. 244. ISBN 0792268776.
Wetmore, Alexander; Kellog, Peter Paul (1965). Water, Prey, and Game Birds of Morth America. Washington D.C.: National Geographic Society.
Further reading[edit]
Whitson, Martha A. (May 1983). "The Roadrunner: Clown of the Desert". National Geographic. Vol. 163 no. 5. pp. 694–702. ISSN 0027-9358. OCLC 643483454.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Roadrunner.
Distribution map of the Greater Roadrunner
Greater Roadrunner sounds
Video clips of roadrunners in action
Taxon identifiers
Wd: Q1452250
ADW: Geococcyx
EoL: 92646
EPPO: 1GECXG
GBIF: 2496458
iNaturalist: 1985
IRMNG: 1012334
ITIS: 177835
NCBI: 8946
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roadrunner&oldid=837267083"
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