text:
List of family members and friends in ER
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This partial list of fictional characters in the medical drama ER encompasses the notable family members and friends of the main characters of the series.
Contents
[hide]
1 Family and friends of Peter Benton
1.1 Jackie Robbins
2 Family and friends of Susan Lewis
2.1 Chloe Lewis
3 Family and friends of Abby Lockhart
3.1 Maggie Wyczenski
4 References
Family and friends of Peter Benton[edit]
Jackie Robbins[edit]
Jackie Robbins
First appearance
January 5, 1995 (Season 1: "Happy New Year")
Last appearance
December 13, 2001 (Season 8: "I'll Be Home for Christmas")
Portrayed by
Khandi Alexander
Information
Gender
Female
Spouse(s)
Walt Robbins
Children
Joanie Robbins
Steven Robbins
Jesse Robbins
Relatives
Peter Benton (brother)
Cleo Finch (sister-in-law)
Reese Benton (nephew)
Mae Benton (mother)
Jackie Robbins (née Benton), portrayed by Khandi Alexander, is the daughter of Mae Benton. Her husband Walt Robbins (portrayed by Ving Rhames) is a mechanic.
In Season 1, Jackie and Peter are shown to have a good relationship but also to be deeply at odds over how to treat Mae, who is no longer able to take care of herself and needs constant care; Jackie insists Mae should be in a nursing home, and Peter finally agrees to this after she is badly injured while he's supposed to be watching her (he had fallen asleep after working a double shift at the hospital). In season 3, Peter reunites with his old girlfriend, Carla Reese, at a barbecue at Jackie's house. Their ill-fated relationship leads to the birth of Reese Benton. Jackie is often seen over the next several seasons as helping her brother look after Reese and in supporting him in his various conflicts with Carla, going from pushing him to take responsibility for his child to being furiously on his side when Carla tells them that Peter may not even be Reese's biological father (it's later proven that Carla, by then deceased, did conceive Reese with an unidentified stranger). In the season 7 episode "Benton Backwards", Jackie's son Jesse gets in a fight and is brought in by her to the ER. He is having problems at school and at home which causes Jackie to ask Peter to talk to him. Jessie, however, continues to be involved with the wrong crowd and ultimately gets shot and brought into the ER where he dies. Peter hears Malucci refer to his late nephew as a "banger" and Benton beats him up. Jackie falls into a long depression over Jesse's death and only comes out this around the same time Peter left the ER to work at another hospital. She was not seen again after Season 8.
Family and friends of Susan Lewis[edit]
Chloe Lewis[edit]
Chloe Lewis
First appearance
October 20, 1994 (Season 1: "Chicago Heat")
Last appearance
April 25, 2002 (Season 8: "Brothers and Sisters")
Portrayed by
Kathleen Wilhoite
Information
Gender
Female
Family
Henry Lewis (father)
Cookie Lewis (mother)
Susan Lewis (younger sister)
Spouse(s)
Joe (fiance)
Children
Susan Lewis (a.k.a. "Little Suzy"; named after her aunt)
Chloe Lewis, portrayed by Kathleen Wilhoite, is the older sister of ER physician Susan Lewis. She first appears in Episode 6 where it is revealed that she has had consistent personal problems over a number of years with substance abuse, inappropriate relationships with men, and the inability to maintain a steady job or support herself. Broke and homeless, Chloe is invited to stay with Susan at her apartment with great reluctance. Later, Susan is not surprised to find Chloe gone and her TV and VCR stolen when she returns home.
In the following episode, "Another Perfect Day", Chloe makes another unexpected entrance into Susan's life by showing up at the ER drunk on her birthday with a bunch of her wild friends. The sisters get into an argument which results in Chloe injuring herself when she smashes her hand and arm through a glass window. This ruins Susan's dinner plans with her boyfriend, psychiatrist Dr. Div Cvetic. Div, with some reluctance, evaluates Chloe per Susan's request.
In Episode 9, "ER Confidential", Susan, exasperated with her sister but also compassionate, tries to outreach to Chloe by inviting her and her boyfriend to Thanksgiving dinner at her apartment. Div, who is suffering from depression, skips out on the meal which leaves Susan alone with Chloe and her boyfriend. To make matters worse, Chloe has undercooked the turkey.
In Episode 11, "The Gift" Chloe announces to Susan that she is pregnant. Susan is understandably highly skeptical about Chloe's ability to look after a child and urges her to have an abortion. Chloe, however, is convinced that she can not only be a great mother but that having the child will be a strong motivation for her to get her life together. In the following episode, Chloe informs Susan that she is moving to Texas with her boyfriend. Susan, urges her to stay, but Chloe leaves after Susan gives her some money and her winter coat. Susan later admits to Mark Greene that she thinks Chloe left because she urged her to have an abortion.
Chloe once again pops back into Susan's life at the end of Episode 19 "House of Cards", looking like she has been homeless and is in the late stages of pregnancy. Susan lets her in only after Chloe promises to do what Susan tells her to this time. In the following episode, Susan is seen taking over all the responsibilities of preparing for the coming baby, including making sure Chloe and the baby are healthy. Chloe sees an OB, Dr. Janet Coburn, and we learn that the baby is going to be a girl. She tells Chloe that she needs to watch her diet and Susan tells her that she needs to quit smoking. Chloe tells Susan that she knew she was going to have a girl and that she is going to name her Susan. Susan buys lots of supplies and even contacts her mother, Cookie Lewis, about helping out financially.
In Episode 23 "Love Among the Ruins", Susan catches Chloe smoking in her apartment after she had promised she would quit. Angry that Chloe is not holding up to her end of the bargain and that she could do something that she knows can hurt the baby, Susan tells Chloe that she is going to have to move out. Chloe doesn't know where she can go and Susan reluctantly lets her stay.
In Episode 24 "Motherhood" Chloe wakes Susan up and tells her that it is time for the baby; her contractions are only 2 minutes apart. Chloe wants Susan to put on "Blackbird" while she is in labor. It is 4:30 am and Susan calls Dr. Colburn to come, but Susan ends up delivering the baby herself. A nurse named Chuny Marquez assists her. Chloe names the baby Suzy after Susan. Cookie, Susan and Chloe's mom, arrives to see the baby. Susan had initially assumed that her mother would help Chloe raise her niece, but Cookie tells Susan that she has already raised her girls and does not want to raise another one. Susan now realizes that she is going to have to take care of Chloe and little Suzy herself.
At the beginning of Season 2 Chloe and the baby are living with Susan. Susan is intent on getting Chloe to get a steady job to help with finances. Things appear to be going well when Chloe starts attending school; although Chloe's school schedule now requires that Susan look after the baby herself more. Fortunately, County General's day care allows Suzy to join. Later, Chloe leaves her daughter with Susan at the apartment because she is running late for class; throwing a kink in Susan's own work day. Susan later finds out that Chloe has been skipping classes and has dropped out. This causes further friction between the sisters. In Episode 028 "Do One, Teach One, Kill One", Chloe, evidently high again with a strange man, informs Susan that she is leaving to go out of state to work at a flea market. Susan begs her not to leave her with the baby, but Chloe drives off. Susan wants to take care of Suzy herself but after Cookie's usual passive-aggressive bullshit (she is shocked that Susan would give up her niece for adoption but provides no better ideas or support) she strongly considers giving Suzy up, later reconsidering and being pleasantly surprised by her family for once when her dad defies Cookie and shows up at her house, saying he will watch Suzy on nights when Susan has to work because he feels "it's about time" he did something unselfish for his daughter.
After not hearing anything from Chloe in several months, Susan receives a money package of thirty 100 dollar bills from her. At this point Susan is in the midst of attempting to adopt Little Suzy as her own child. A few months later, in Episode 041 "The Healers", Chloe returns greatly altered. Over the next few episodes it is revealed that she has been clean of drugs for five months, has maintained a great job for several months, and has a fiance, Joe, a cop and excellent man whom she met while she was in rehab. It appears that Chloe has finally gotten her life together. Chloe informs Susan that she wants to be a mother to her daughter. Susan, still skeptical and in love with little Suzy, tells her that is too bad. Chloe contests Susan's adoption plan, and the court-appointed mediator tells her that if she pursues custody she will lose because Chloe has turned her life around and is now stable and would not lose custody as the biological parent. Chloe, Joe and Little Suzy move away to Arizona. Susan eventually moves there as well in Season 3.
In the Season 8 episode 176 "Brothers and Sisters", Susan receives a frightening phone message from Suzy in which she says that her mom is really sick and she can't get her to wake up. Suzy says that they are in a hotel but doesn't say where. Susan calls the police and learns that Suzy's call came from a cell phone in New York City. Susan catches an 11:30 flight out to New York intent on finding them. Chloe is found, strung out on drugs, with the help of the Third Watch officers. Suzy is unharmed, but Susan is concerned for her safety if she continues to live with Chloe. As it turns out, Joe had wanted to leave Chloe, who discovered he was having an affair. Chloe's reaction led to her relapse and little Suzy's kidnap by a man posing as a member of neighborhood watch. After she's found by the NYPD, Chloe takes Suzie and leaves the hospital without saying anything but a post-note goodbye to Susan via a clerk, and she was never seen again.
In the episode after,The Letter, it was explained by Susan that Chloe and Suzy were staying in a hotel in uptown New York having learned the information from Joe because he was charged with the bill for the hotel room suggesting that Chloe has his credit card in her possession. Later in the episode Susan receives a call from Chloe revealing that Joe took her back and that she is in an out patient program for drug addiction and Suzy will stay with Joe in the meantime.
Family and friends of Abby Lockhart[edit]
Maggie Wyczenski[edit]
Maggie Wyczenski
First appearance
November 16, 2000 (Episode: The Visit)
Last appearance
September 28, 2006 (Episode: Graduation Day)
Portrayed by
Sally Field
Information
Gender
Female
Occupation
Doctor
Spouse(s)
Eddie Wyczenski
(ex-husband)
Children
Abby Lockhart,
Eric Wyczenski
Relatives
Luka Kovač (son-in-law)
Josip "Joe" Kovac (grandson)
Maggie Wyczenski is the mother of Dr Abby Lockhart. Maggie suffers from bipolar disorder, and her uncontrolled mental illness had a negative impact on her ability to parent Abby and her younger brother, Eric, who is also bipolar. Abby did much of the parenting of her brother and has also taken care of Maggie herself-she recalled one incident where Maggie went into a rage and chased her through the house with a knife. Because of this, Abby is extremely cynical towards all efforts to rein in or improve her mother's condition, as she believes Maggie will inevitably suffer a breakdown, leave and eventually return. Abby had an abortion while married to Richard because she feared that the baby would inherit Maggie's disease; she hid this from everyone until she told Maggie about it in the 7th season and cited it as the point her and Richard's marriage began to disintegrate because they hid everything and began lying constantly to each other. When Abby became pregnant a second time after resuming her relationship with Dr Luka Kovač, she considered abortion again, but decided to keep the baby with Luka and eventually informed her mother when she was about three months along.
Maggie made her first appearance during the sixth episode of season 7. She is first found in the doctors' lounge by Kerry Weaver, who told her that patients are not allowed in the lounge. Maggie replied that she was not a patient, but that a member of the staff is her daughter. After realizing that her mother had unexpectedly arrived to the County General Hospital, Abby first denied that Maggie was her mother, thus Kerry told Frank to call psych. When Kerry told Maggie that Abby said she was not her mother, Maggie became extremely agitated and began shouting for Abby all around the ER until Abby herself appeared and calmed Maggie down. During a long time, Maggie had not been taking her medication and Kim Legaspi told her to take some new medications and Maggie finally agrees. Later, Abby gave Maggie some money so that she could go home but Maggie told her she had no place to go as Eric did not want to see her again. Maggie applied for a job interview in a store but did not last long and the owner wanted Maggie to be arrested after causing an accident. Back in the ER, Maggie argues again with Abby and is threatened with an injection of Haldol. After being examined by Dr Legaspi again, Maggie ran away. Maggie returned to cause more problems for Abby and left her daughter in tears over her insane actions.
Several months later, Richard told Abby that Maggie was holed up in a motel room in Oklahoma (he found out because a credit card still had an account in both their names that they hadn't cancelled post-divorce and he received statements showing where Maggie was) and gave Abby a phone number to call her. Abby and Carter looked for Maggie and found her in a bad state. Abby gave her a bath and some food, and returned with her to Chicago. During the way back to Chicago, Maggie takes an entire box of sleeping pills and falls unconscious; she is rushed to the ER barely breathing and is treated by Luka, Carter and Abby. She seizes on the trauma table and a devastated Abby is forced to watch. For attempting to kill herself with the pills, which she stole from a gas station, Maggie was due in court for a competency hearing, but in the end made her way out of being committed. But after Abby tearfully recounts how she was sure she was watching her own mother die, and later stating that Maggie had power over her to constantly put her through this before sobbing out "I love you, Mom", Maggie for the first time seems aware that her selfish actions are devastating Abby and looks ashamed (she had also blatantly lied to get out of being committed and gotten away with it). Towards the end of the season, Maggie had had some sessions with Dr Lesgaspi and appeared to be better off. Finally, Maggie decided to return to her original home in Minnesota. Abby had a more heart-to-heart conversation with Maggie before her departure, with Maggie encouraging her to embrace her own life and stop coming to Maggie's rescue; she was going to try harder to make it on her own.
In recent years, Maggie's illness was better controlled with medication. Maggie and Abby found in each other some support after Eric's crisis during Season 9, after Abby was initially angry and jealous that Eric turned to Maggie instead of her for help, before Maggie explained that Eric reached out to be her BECAUSE of her mental condition to try and make sense of it. After Abby informed her mother she was pregnant in Season 12, Maggie sent her a Bible given to her by her own mother with a message on the inside cover: "Dear Abby, you will love your child like nothing else. Love, Maggie" At the start of Season 13, she was also responsible for saving the life of Abby and Luka's premature baby Joe, as she took control of the situation while Luka and Abby were struggling with their own problems after the rampage. Maggie, knitting beside her grandson's isolette, demanded that the neonatal nurse summon a doctor when monitors began to beep. Abby thought that Joe would not make it, but it was Maggie's support that made her change her mind. When it came time for Joe to leave the hospital with his parents, for once Abby was reluctant to see her mother go home- indicating that she has forgiven Maggie.
Sally Field has portrayed Maggie in several guest appearances. In 2000, Field was nominated for Outstanding Actress in the Screen Actors Guild awards.
References[edit]
[hide]
v
t
e
ER
Characters
Main
John Carter
Kerry Weaver
Abby Lockhart
Luka Kovač
Mark Greene
Peter Benton
Elizabeth Corday
Susan Lewis
Greg Pratt
Carol Hathaway
Neela Rasgotra
Samantha Taggart
Jing-Mei Chen
Archie Morris
Doug Ross
Jeanie Boulet
Tony Gates
Cleo Finch
Dave Malucci
Lucy Knight
Anna Del Amico
Catherine Banfield
Supporting
Doctors
Nurses
Non-medical staff
Family members and friends
Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Episodes
"Love's Labor Lost"
"On the Beach"
"The Show Must Go On"
"Strange Bedfellows"
"No Place to Hide"
"There Are No Angels Here"
"The Gallant Hero and the Tragic Victor"
"Twenty-One Guns"
"And in the End..."
Related
Cast
Awards and nominations
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IEEE 802.1X
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts, without removing the technical details. (September 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
IEEE 802.1X is an IEEE Standard for port-based Network Access Control (PNAC). It is part of the IEEE 802.1 group of networking protocols. It provides an authentication mechanism to devices wishing to attach to a LAN or WLAN.
IEEE 802.1X defines the encapsulation of the Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) over IEEE 802,[1][2] which is known as "EAP over LAN" or EAPOL.[3] EAPOL was originally designed for IEEE 802.3 Ethernet in 802.1X-2001, but was clarified to suit other IEEE 802 LAN technologies such as IEEE 802.11 wireless and Fiber Distributed Data Interface (ISO 9314-2) in 802.1X-2004.[4] The EAPOL protocol was also modified for use with IEEE 802.1AE (“MACsec”) and IEEE 802.1AR (Secure Device Identity, DevID) in 802.1X-2010[5][6] to support service identification and optional point to point encryption over the local LAN segment.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Protocol operation
2.1 Port entities
2.2 Typical authentication progression
3 Implementations
3.1 Supplicants
3.1.1 Windows
3.1.2 Windows XP
3.1.3 Windows Vista
3.1.4 Windows 7
3.1.5 Windows PE
3.1.6 OS X Yosemite[22]
3.1.7 GNU/Linux
3.2 Federations
4 Proprietary extensions
4.1 MAB (MAC Authentication Bypass)
5 Vulnerabilities in 802.1X-2001 and 802.1X-2004
5.1 Shared media
6 Alternatives
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Overview[edit]
EAP data is first encapsulated in EAPOL frames between the Supplicant and Authenticator, then re-encapsulated between the Authenticator and the Authentication server using RADIUS or Diameter.
802.1X authentication involves three parties: a supplicant, an authenticator, and an authentication server. The supplicant is a client device (such as a laptop) that wishes to attach to the LAN/WLAN. The term 'supplicant' is also used interchangeably to refer to the software running on the client that provides credentials to the authenticator. The authenticator is a network device, such as an Ethernet switch or wireless access point; and the authentication server is typically a host running software supporting the RADIUS and EAP protocols. In some cases, the authentication server software may be running on the authenticator hardware.
The authenticator acts like a security guard to a protected network. The supplicant (i.e., client device) is not allowed access through the authenticator to the protected side of the network until the supplicant’s identity has been validated and authorized. With 802.1X port-based authentication, the supplicant provides credentials, such as user name/password or digital certificate, to the authenticator, and the authenticator forwards the credentials to the authentication server for verification. If the authentication server determines the credentials are valid, the supplicant (client device) is allowed to access resources located on the protected side of the network.[7]
Protocol operation[edit]
EAPOL operates at the network layer on top of the data link layer, and in Ethernet II framing protocol has an EtherType value of 0x888E.
Port entities[edit]
802.1X-2001 defines two logical port entities for an authenticated port—the "controlled port" and the "uncontrolled port". The controlled port is manipulated by the 802.1X PAE (Port Access Entity) to allow (in the authorized state) or prevent (in the unauthorized state) network traffic ingressing and egressing to/from the controlled port. The uncontrolled port is used by the 802.1X PAE to transmit and receive EAPOL frames.
802.1X-2004 defines the equivalent port entities for the supplicant; so a supplicant implementing 802.1X-2004 may prevent higher level protocols being used if it is not content that authentication has successfully completed. This is particularly useful when an EAP method providing mutual authentication is used, as the supplicant can prevent data leakage when connected to an unauthorized network.
Typical authentication progression[edit]
The typical authentication procedure consists of:
Sequence diagram of the 802.1X progression
Initialization On detection of a new supplicant, the port on the switch (authenticator) is enabled and set to the "unauthorized" state. In this state, only 802.1X traffic is allowed; other traffic, such as the Internet Protocol (and with that TCP and UDP), is dropped.
Initiation To initiate authentication the authenticator will periodically transmit EAP-Request Identity frames to a special Layer 2 address (01:80:C2:00:00:03) on the local network segment. The supplicant listens on this address, and on receipt of the EAP-Request Identity frame it responds with an EAP-Response Identity frame containing an identifier for the supplicant such as a User ID. The authenticator then encapsulates this Identity response in a RADIUS Access-Request packet and forwards it on to the authentication server. The supplicant may also initiate or restart authentication by sending an EAPOL-Start frame to the authenticator, which will then reply with an EAP-Request Identity frame.
Negotiation (Technically EAP negotiation) The authentication server sends a reply (encapsulated in a RADIUS Access-Challenge packet) to the authenticator, containing an EAP Request specifying the EAP Method (The type of EAP based authentication it wishes the supplicant to perform). The authenticator encapsulates the EAP Request in an EAPOL frame and transmits it to the supplicant. At this point the supplicant can start using the requested EAP Method, or do an NAK ("Negative Acknowledgement") and respond with the EAP Methods it is willing to perform.
Authentication If the authentication server and supplicant agree on an EAP Method, EAP Requests and Responses are sent between the supplicant and the authentication server (translated by the authenticator) until the authentication server responds with either an EAP-Success message (encapsulated in a RADIUS Access-Accept packet), or an EAP-Failure message (encapsulated in a RADIUS Access-Reject packet). If authentication is successful, the authenticator sets the port to the "authorized" state and normal traffic is allowed, if it is unsuccessful the port remains in the "unauthorized" state. When the supplicant logs off, it sends an EAPOL-logoff message to the authenticator, the authenticator then sets the port to the "unauthorized" state, once again blocking all non-EAP traffic.
Implementations[edit]
Supplicants[edit]
Main article: Supplicant (computer)
Windows XP, Windows Vista and Windows 7 support 802.1X for all network connections by default. Windows 2000 has support in the latest service pack (SP4) for wired connections. Windows Mobile 2003 and later operating systems also come with a native 802.1X client.
An open source project known as Open1X produces a client, Xsupplicant. This client is currently available for both Linux and Windows. The main drawbacks of the Open1X client are that it does not provide comprehensible and extensive user documentation and the fact that most Linux vendors do not provide a package for it. The more general wpa_supplicant can be used for 802.11 wireless networks and wired networks. Both support a very wide range of EAP types.[8]
The iPhone and iPod Touch support 802.1X as of the release of iOS 2.0. Android has support for 802.1X since the release of 1.6 Donut. Chrome OS has supported 802.1X since mid-2011.[9]
Mac OS X has offered native support since 10.3.[10]
Avenda Systems provides a supplicant for Windows, Linux and Mac OS X. They also have a plugin for the Microsoft NAP framework.[11] Avenda also offers health checking agents.
Windows[edit]
Windows defaults to not responding to 802.1X authentication requests for 20 minutes after a failed authentication. This can cause significant disruption to clients.
The block period can be configured using the BlockTime value in the registry. A hotfix is required for Windows XP SP3 and Windows Vista SP2 to make the period configurable.[12]
Wildcard server certificates are not supported by EAPHost, the Windows component that provides EAP support in the operating system.[13] The implication of this is that when using a commercial certification authority, individual certificates must be purchased.
Windows XP[edit]
Windows XP has major issues with its handling of IP address changes that result from user-based 802.1X authentication that changes the VLAN and thus subnet of clients.[14] Microsoft has stated that it will not back port the SSO feature from Vista that resolves these issues.[15]
If users are not logging in with roaming profiles, a hotfix must be downloaded and installed if authenticating via PEAP with PEAP-MSCHAPv2.[16]
Windows Vista[edit]
Windows Vista based computers that are connected via an IP phone may not authenticate as expected and, as a result, the client can be placed into the wrong VLAN. A hotfix is available to correct this.[17]
Windows 7[edit]
Windows 7 based computers that are connected via an IP phone may not authenticate as expected and, as a result, the client can be placed into the wrong VLAN. A hotfix is available to correct this.[17]
Windows 7 does not respond to 802.1X authentication requests after initial 802.1X authentication fails. This can cause significant disruption to clients. A hotfix is available to correct this.[18]
Windows PE[edit]
For most enterprises deploying and rolling out operating systems remotely, it is worth noting that Windows PE does not have native support for 802.1X. However, support can be added to WinPE 2.1[19] and WinPE 3.0[20] through hotfixes that are available from Microsoft. Although full documentation is not yet available, preliminary documentation for the use of these hotfixes is available via a Microsoft blog.[21]
OS X Yosemite[22][edit]
GNU/Linux[edit]
Most Linux distributions support 802.1x via wpa_supplicant and desktop integration like NetworkManager.
Federations[edit]
eduroam (the international roaming service), mandates the use of 802.1X authentication when providing network access to guests visiting from other eduroam enabled institutions.[23]
BT (British Telecom, PLC) employs Identity Federation for authentication in services delivered to a wide variety of industries and governments.[24]
Proprietary extensions[edit]
MAB (MAC Authentication Bypass)[edit]
Not all devices support 802.1X authentication. Examples include network printers, Ethernet-based electronics like environmental sensors, cameras, and wireless phones. For those devices to be used in a protected network environment, alternative mechanisms must be provided to authenticate them.
One option would be to disable 802.1X on that port, but that leaves that port unprotected and open for abuse. Another, slightly more reliable option is to use the MAB option. When MAB is configured on a port, that port will first try to check if the connected device is 802.1X compliant, and if no reaction is received from the connected device, it will try to authenticate with the AAA server using the connected device's MAC address as username and password. The network administrator then must make provisions on the RADIUS server to authenticate those MAC-addresses, either by adding them as regular users, or implementing additional logic to resolve them in a network inventory database.
Many managed Ethernet switches[25][26] offer options for this.
Vulnerabilities in 802.1X-2001 and 802.1X-2004[edit]
Shared media[edit]
In the summer of 2005, Microsoft's Steve Riley posted an article detailing a serious vulnerability in the 802.1X protocol, involving a man in the middle attack. In summary, the flaw stems from the fact that 802.1X authenticates only at the beginning of the connection, but after that authentication, it's possible for an attacker to use the authenticated port if he has the ability to physically insert himself (perhaps using a workgroup hub) between the authenticated computer and the port. Riley suggests that for wired networks the use of IPsec or a combination of IPsec and 802.1X would be more secure.[27]
EAPOL-Logoff frames transmitted by the 802.1X supplicant are sent in the clear and contain no data derived from the credential exchange that initially authenticated the client.[28] They are therefore trivially easy to spoof on shared media, and can be used as part of a targeted DoS on both wired and wireless LANs. In an EAPOL-Logoff attack a malicious third party with access to the medium the authenticator is attached to, repeatedly sends forged EAPOL-Logoff frames from the target device's MAC Address. The authenticator (believing that the targeted device wishes to end its authentication session) closes the target's authentication session, blocking traffic ingressing from the target, denying it access to the network.
The 802.1X-2010 specification, which began as 802.1af, addresses vulnerabilities in previous 802.1X specifications, by using MACSec IEEE 802.1AE to encrypt data between logical ports (running on top of a physical port) and IEEE 802.1AR (Secure Device Identity / DevID) authenticated devices.[5][6][29][30]
As a stopgap until these enhancements are widely implemented, some vendors have extended the 802.1X-2001 and 802.1X-2004 protocol, allowing multiple concurrent authentication sessions to occur on a single port. While this prevents traffic from devices with unauthenticated MAC addresses ingressing on an 802.1X authenticated port, it will not stop a malicious device snooping on traffic from an authenticated device and provides no protection against MAC spoofing, or EAPOL-Logoff attacks.
Alternatives[edit]
The IETF-backed alternative is the Protocol for Carrying Authentication for Network Access (PANA), which also carries EAP, although it works at layer 3, using UDP, thus not being tied to the 802 infrastructure.[31]
See also[edit]
AEGIS SecureConnect
EAP
IEEE 802.11i-2004
RADIUS
References[edit]
Jump up ^ RFC 3748, § 3.3
Jump up ^ RFC 3748, § 7.12
Jump up ^ IEEE 802.1X-2001, § 7
Jump up ^ IEEE 802.1X-2004, § 3.2.2
^ Jump up to: a b IEEE 802.1X-2010, page iv
^ Jump up to: a b IEEE 802.1X-2010, § 5
Jump up ^ "802.1X Port-Based Authentication Concepts". Retrieved 2008-07-30.
Jump up ^ "eap_testing.txt from wpa_supplicant". Retrieved 2010-02-10.
Jump up ^ "The computer that keeps getting better". Retrieved 2013-11-27.
Jump up ^ "Apple — iPhone — Enterprise". Retrieved 2008-07-31.
Jump up ^ "NAP clients for Linux and Macintosh are available". 2008-12-16.
Jump up ^ "A Windows XP-based, Windows Vista-based or Windows Server 2008-based computer does not respond to 802.1X authentication requests for 20 minutes after a failed authentication". Support.microsoft.com. 2009-09-17. Retrieved 2010-03-23.
Jump up ^ "EAPHost in Windows Vista and Longhorn (January 18, 2006)". Technet.microsoft.com. 2007-01-18. Retrieved 2010-03-24.
Jump up ^ "Problems when obtaining Group Policy objects, roaming profiles and logon scripts from a Windows Server 2003-based domain controller". Support.microsoft.com. 2007-09-14. Retrieved 2010-02-10.
Jump up ^ "802.1X with dynamic VLAN switching — Problems with Roaming Profiles". Forums.technet.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2010-02-10.
Jump up ^ "A Windows XP Service Pack 3-based client computer cannot use the IEEE 802.1X authentication when you use PEAP with PEAP-MSCHAPv2 in a domain". Support.microsoft.com. 2009-04-23. Retrieved 2010-03-23.
^ Jump up to: a b "A computer that is connected to an IEEE 802.1X authenticated network through a VOIP phone does not connect to the correct network after you resume it from Hibernate mode or Sleep mode". Support.microsoft.com. 2010-02-08. Retrieved 2010-03-23.
Jump up ^ "Windows 7 or Windows Server 2008 R2 does not respond to 802.1X authentication requests after the authentication fails". Support.microsoft.com. 2010-03-08. Retrieved 2010-03-23.
Jump up ^ "Windows PE 2.1 does not support the IEEE 802.1X authentication protocol". Support.microsoft.com. 2009-12-08. Retrieved 2010-02-10.
Jump up ^ "The IEEE 802.1X authentication protocol is not supported in Windows Preinstall Environment (PE) 3.0". Support.microsoft.com. 2009-12-08. Retrieved 2010-02-10.
Jump up ^ "Adding Support for 802.1X to WinPE". Blogs.technet.com. 2010-03-02. Retrieved 2010-03-03.
Jump up ^ "OS X Yosemite: Connect to a network that requires 802.1X authentication". support.apple.com. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
Jump up ^ "Eduroam — About". Retrieved 2009-11-29.
Jump up ^ "BT Identity and Access Management" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-08-17.
Jump up ^ MAC Authentication Bypass Deployment Guide, May 2011. Retrieved: 26 January, 2012
Jump up ^ Dell PowerConnect 6200 series CLI Guide Archived 2012-11-18 at the Wayback Machine., page: 622, Revision: A06-March 2011. Retrieved: 26 Januari, 2013
Jump up ^ "Steve Riley's article on the 802.1X vulnerabilities". Microsoft.com. 2005-08-09. Retrieved 2010-02-10.
Jump up ^ IEEE 802.1X-2001, § 7.1
Jump up ^ "2 February 2010 Early Consideration Approvals". Standards.ieee.org. Retrieved 2010-02-10.
Jump up ^ "IEEE 802.1: 802.1X-2010 - Revision of 802.1X-2004". Ieee802.org. 2010-01-21. Retrieved 2010-02-10.
Jump up ^ Philip Golden; Hervé Dedieu; Krista S. Jacobsen (2007). Implementation and Applications of DSL Technology. Taylor & Francis. pp. 483–484. ISBN 978-1-4200-1307-8.
External links[edit]
IEEE page on 802.1X
GetIEEE802 Download 802.1X-2010
GetIEEE802 Download 802.1X-2004
GetIEEE802 Download 802.1X-2001
Ultimate wireless security guide: Self-signed certificates for your RADIUS server
WIRE1x
Wired Networking with 802.1X Authentication on Microsoft TechNet
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Back in Black
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the album by AC/DC. For the title track from the album, see Back in Black (song). For other uses, see Back in Black (disambiguation).
Back in Black
Studio album by AC/DC
Released
25 July 1980 (1980-07-25)
Recorded
April–May 1980
Studio
Compass Point Studios
(Nassau, Bahamas)
Genre
Hard rock[1]
Length
42:11
Label
Albert/Atlantic
Producer
Robert John "Mutt" Lange
AC/DC chronology
Highway to Hell
(1979) Back in Black
(1980) For Those About to Rock We Salute You
(1981)
Singles from Back in Black
"You Shook Me All Night Long"
Released: 19 August 1980
"Hells Bells"
Released: 31 October 1980
"Back in Black"
Released: 21 December 1980
"Rock and Roll Ain't Noise Pollution"
Released: 15 March 1981
Back in Black is the seventh studio album by Australian rock band AC/DC. Produced by Robert John "Mutt" Lange, the album was released on July 25, 1980 via Albert Productions and Atlantic Records. By the late-1970s, AC/DC began achieving significant popularity outside their native Australia, with high-energy live performances and a series of successful albums. In 1978, they paired with producer Lange and recorded their international breakthrough hit Highway to Hell. This was also the band's first album featuring vocalist Brian Johnson, who replaced Bon Scott after the latter had died back in February of that same year, shortly before the band actually started recording the album. So, instead of disbanding, the group decided to continue on with Johnson.
Back in Black was recorded over seven weeks in the Bahamas between April and May of 1980. Because the area was hit by tropical storms at the time, recording sessions become difficult some occasions. Composed by Johnson, Angus and Malcolm Young, its musical content consists of hard rock-styled numbers. Lange demanded perfection in the band's recordings, particularly on Johnson's vocals. Following its completion, the group mixed Back in Black at Electric Lady Studios in New York City. The album's all-black cover was designed as a "sign of mourning" for Scott.
As their sixth international studio release, Back in Black was an unprecedented success. It has sold an estimated 50 million copies worldwide.[2][3][4][5] Its enormous sales figures have made it one of the best-selling albums in music history. The band supported the album with a yearlong world tour, cementing them among the most popular music acts of the early-1980s. The album also received positive critical reception during its initial release, and it has since been included on numerous lists of "greatest" albums. Since its original release, the album has been reissued and remastered multiple times, most recently for digital distribution.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Recording and production
3 Reception
4 Legacy
5 Commercial performance
6 Music videos
6.1 DualDisc versions
7 Track listing
8 Personnel
8.1 Production
9 Charts and certifications
9.1 Weekly charts
9.2 Year-end charts
9.3 Sales and certifications
10 See also
11 References
11.1 Bibliography
Background[edit]
Bon Scott, the band's former vocalist in December 1979.
By 1979, AC/DC were poised to receive a significant level of success with their sixth studio album, Highway to Hell. Robert John "Mutt" Lange produced the record, making the band's sound more catchy and accessible to international audiences, and it became their first platinum album in the United States, selling over one million copies, while also peaking at number 17 on that country's pop charts and number eight in the United Kingdom.[6] AC/DC, formed in 1973, first broke into international markets in 1977 with their fourth record, Let There Be Rock. They were notable for their high-energy live performances, in which lead guitarist Angus Young would don a schoolboy outfit, and for singer Bon Scott's distinctive raspy voice.[6]
As the new decade approached, the group set off for the UK and France for the final tour dates of their breakthrough release.[7] They planned to begin recording a follow-up shortly after its completion. On 19 February 1980, Scott went on a drinking binge in a London pub that caused him to lose consciousness, so a friend let him rest in the back of his Renault 5 overnight. The next morning, Scott was found unresponsive and rushed to King's College Hospital where medical personnel pronounced him dead on arrival. The coroner ruled that pulmonary aspiration of vomit was the cause of Scott's death, but the official cause was listed on the death certificate as "acute alcoholic poisoning" and classified as "death by misadventure". Scott was cremated and his ashes were interred by his family at Fremantle Cemetery in Fremantle, Western Australia.[8] The loss devastated the band, who considered breaking up. However, friends and family persuaded them to carry on.[9]
After Bon Scott's funeral, the band immediately began auditions for a replacement frontman. Among the applicants were Gary Pickford-Hopkins and Allan Fryer of Fat Lip,[10] who, like Stevie Wright of the Easybeats, were touted by the press as most-certain replacements.[11] At the advice of Lange, the group brought in Geordie singer Brian Johnson, who impressed the group.[12] After the band begrudgingly worked through the rest of the list of applicants in the following days, Johnson returned for a second rehearsal.[13] On 29 March, Malcolm Young called the singer to offer him the job, to his surprise. Out of respect for Bon Scott, the band wanted a frontman who would not be a mere imitator of him. In addition to his distinctive voice, demeanor and love of classic soul and blues music, the group liked Johnson's engaging personality.[14] Johnson was officially announced as the new lead singer of AC/DC on 8 April 1980.
Recording and production[edit]
Brian Johnson replaced Bon Scott as vocalist.
Rehearsals for Back in Black were scheduled over three weeks at London’s E-Zee Hire Studios, but it was cut to one week when an opening came up at Compass Point Studios in Nassau, in the Bahamas. Although they preferred to record their next effort in the UK, there were no studios available, and the Bahamas presented a nice tax advantage.[15]
Back in Black was recorded from mid-April to May 1980 at Compass Point with producer "Mutt" Lange. Upon their arrival, the area was being hit by several tropical storms, wreaking havoc on the studio's electricity. In addition, their equipment was initially held up by customs, and other gear was slowly freighted over from the UK.[16] Johnson felt pressure during the process, having never recorded with the group. None of Scott's writings were used for the album's lyrics, as the group felt it would seemingly profit from his passing. Johnson reported having trouble adjusting to the environment, and even referenced the bad weather on the opening lines of "Hells Bells" ("I'm rolling thunder, pourin' rain. I'm comin' on like a hurricane. My lightning's flashing across the sky. You're only young but you're gonna die.").[17]
Back in Black was recorded in Nassau, the capital of The Bahamas.
The general attitude in the studio was optimistic. Engineer Tony Platt was dismayed, however, to find the studio's rooms were not sonically complimentary to the group's sound, which was designed to be very dry and compact.[18] A humorous anecdote from the sessions involved a recording being interrupted by random crab shuffling across the studio's wooden floor.[19] Angus Young's particular guitar sound was achieved in part by a wireless guitar device, the Schaffer-Vega Diversity System, a Ken Schaffer design which provided a signal boost and was reissued as a separate guitar effect in 2014.[20][21]
Lange focused particular attention on Johnson's vocals, demanding perfection out of each take.[22] Near the end of the process, the band phoned manager Ian Jeffery in search of a bell to include on the album.[23] Jeffery located a foundry to produce the bell, but with seven weeks having already gone by, he suggested Platt record a nearby church's bells.[24] These recordings did not suffice due to the sound of a flurry of birds flying away at each bell hit. The foundry brought forward production on the bell, which turned out perfectly tuned, and it was recorded with Ronnie Lane's Mobile Studio.[24] Following the recording's completion, the group mixed Back in Black at Electric Lady Studios in New York City.[25]
According to Angus Young, the album's all-black cover was a "sign of mourning" for Scott. Atlantic Records disagreed with the cover, but accepted if the band put a grey outline around the AC/DC logo.[17]
Reception[edit]
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
AllMusic [26]
Blender [27]
Robert Christgau B–[28]
Rolling Stone (1980) favourable[29]
Rolling Stone (2002) [1]
Rolling Stone (2005) [30]
Smash Hits 8/10[31]
Back in Black was released on 25 July 1980, less than half a year after Scott's death. AC/DC were nervous about the future, with Angus saying they were a "bit jittery" during recording.[32] However, the album proved to ease the band's worries, as it became their best selling, most popular and critically respected album. Not only did it go to no. 1 on the UK Albums Chart, its success meant AC/DC were the first band since The Beatles to have four albums in the British Top 100 simultaneously, as Highway to Hell, If You Want Blood You've Got It, and Let There Be Rock all re-entered the charts right after Back in Black was released.[33] In the US, the single "You Shook Me All Night Long"/"Have a Drink on Me" became AC/DC's first Top 40 hit in the country, peaking at no. 35.[33] The title track, along with "Hells Bells", "Shoot to Thrill", "You Shook Me All Night Long", and "Rock and Roll Ain't Noise Pollution" all became fan favorites and staples of the band's live performances. The other songs on Back in Black were largely ignored after the mid-1980s although "What Do You Do for Money Honey" was revived during the 2001 tour. The 2015 tour brought back "Have a Drink on Me" and "Given the Dog a Bone".
Despite its success, Robert Christgau wrote that, "Angus Young does come up with killer riffs, though not as consistently as a refined person like myself might hope, and lead singer Brian Johnson sings like there's a cattle prod at his scrotum, just the thing for fans who can't decide whether their newfound testosterone is agony or ecstasy." Christgau gave the album a B–.[28]
Legacy[edit]
"Back in Black"
A sample of AC/DC's "Back in Black" from Back in Black
Problems playing this file? See media help.
The album is featured on many "best of" lists. In 1989, it was ranked #26 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 100 Best Albums of the Eighties. The title track was ranked no. 190 on the same magazine's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.[34] In 2001, VH1 ranked Back in Black #82 on its list of the Top 100 Albums.[35] VH1 also placed the title track at #2 on its list of the 100 Greatest Hard Rock Songs. In 2003, the album was ranked #77 on Rolling Stone's list of "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time".[36] In 2006, Q magazine placed the album at #9 in its list of the 40 Best Albums of the '80s.[37] It was listed at #2 in the book, 100 Best Australian Albums, in October 2010,[38] and included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die in 2005.[39]
Back in Black is also praised for its sound quality. In the years after its release, studios in Nashville, Tennessee (nicknamed "Music City") would use it to check the acoustics of a room, while Motörhead would use it to tune their sound system.[40]
American death metal group Six Feet Under recorded a cover of the entire album under the title Graveyard Classics 2.[41]
Commercial performance[edit]
Worldwide, Back in Black is the second best-selling album of all time, behind only Michael Jackson's Thriller. It is the best-selling hard rock album of all-time, and the best-selling album ever released by an Australian musical act. Despite never reaching no. 1 on the US Billboard 200, it was certified 22× multi-platinum on 13 December 2007 by the RIAA, denoting 22 million albums sold.[42] This currently places it sixth in the list of best-selling albums in the US.[43]
Back in Black stayed on the Billboard chart for 131 weeks, never reaching no. 1; however, it did reach no. 1 in Australia and the UK. In April 2010, it re-entered the Billboard charts at no. 181.
In 2014, Back in Black re-entered the Billboard charts at no. 73.
The album has also sold one million or more copies in Canada, Germany and France.[44] The album has sold 50 million copies worldwide.
Music videos[edit]
AC/DC recorded six music videos for the album which were recorded in Breda, in the Netherlands. The songs they used for the videos were "Back in Black", "Hells Bells", "What Do You Do for Money Honey", "You Shook Me All Night Long", "Let Me Put My Love into You", and "Rock and Roll Ain't Noise Pollution", and were basic performance videos. Most of these remained officially unreleased until "Back in Black", "Hells Bells", "What Do You Do for Money Honey", and "Rock and Roll Ain't Noise Pollution", as well as the 1986 video for "You Shook Me All Night Long" which was filmed for the Who Made Who album, were released on the Family Jewels DVD. The original video for "You Shook Me All Night Long" was later released on the promo DVD Back in Black: The Videos and on the Backtracks box sets. One thing to note about both videos is the original 1980 video features drummer Phil Rudd, who appears on the actual track, while the 1986 video features Simon Wright who replaced Rudd in 1983. However, Rudd would return in 1994. This is not the first time Wright appeared in an AC/DC video for a track originally recorded with Rudd. Rudd appeared on Flick of the Switch (1983) while Wright appeared on the tour and videos for that album. "Let Me Put My Love into You" still remains unreleased but can be viewed on YouTube. A video for "Shoot to Thrill", combining 2009 live footage of the group and scenes from Iron Man 2, was released in 2009.
DualDisc versions[edit]
Back in Black was included among a group of fifteen DualDisc releases that were test marketed in two cities in the US: Boston and Seattle. The DualDisc has the standard album on one side, and bonus material on the second side.
The DualDisc version was subsequently reissued in a commercial version that is somewhat different than the rare test market version.
Track listing[edit]
All tracks written by Angus Young, Malcolm Young and Brian Johnson.
Side one
No.
Title
Length
1. "Hells Bells" 5:10
2. "Shoot to Thrill" 5:17
3. "What Do You Do for Money Honey" 3:33
4. "Given the Dog a Bone" 3:30
5. "Let Me Put My Love into You" 4:16
Side two
No.
Title
Length
6. "Back in Black" 4:14
7. "You Shook Me All Night Long" 3:30
8. "Have a Drink on Me" 3:57
9. "Shake a Leg" 4:06
10. "Rock and Roll Ain't Noise Pollution" 4:15
According to the official AC/DC website and most worldwide releases, track four is "Given the Dog a Bone".[45][46] On some albums, particularly Australian releases, it is sometimes shown as either "Givin' the Dog a Bone" or "Giving the Dog a Bone".[47]
Personnel[edit]
Brian Johnson – lead vocals
Angus Young – lead guitar
Malcolm Young – rhythm guitar, backing vocals
Cliff Williams – bass guitar, backing vocals
Phil Rudd – drums
Production[edit]
Robert John "Mutt" Lange – production
Tony Platt – assistant engineering
Benji Armbrister – assistant engineering
Jack Newber – assistant engineering
Brad Samuelsohn – mixing
Bob Ludwig – mastering (original LP)
Barry Diament – mastering (original CD releases)
Ted Jensen – remastering (EMI/Atco reissue)
George Marino – remastering (Epic reissue)
Bob Defrin – art direction
Robert Ellis – photography
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Year
Chart
Peak
position
1980 Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[48] 6
France (IFOP)[49] 1
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[50] 3
Dutch Albums (MegaCharts)[51] 27
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[52] 43
Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)[53] 18
Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[54] 12
UK Albums (OCC)[55] 1
US Billboard 200[56] 4
1981 Australia (Kent Music Report)[57] 1
Canada Top Albums/CDs (RPM)[58] 1
Italy (FIMI)[59] 17
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[52] 25
1982 New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[52] 24
1991 New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[52] 31
2001 Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)[53] 39
2002 Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)[53] 29
2003 France (IFOP)[60] 1
Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)[53] 27
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[61] 53
2004 Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)[53] 33
2005 Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)[53] 8
Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)[62] 33
2007 Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)[63] 21
Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)[53] 19
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[61] 50
2008 Danish Albums (Hitlisten)[64] 31
Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)[53] 33
Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[54] 43
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[61] 36
2009 Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[48] 37
Danish Albums (Hitlisten)[64] 27
Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)[63] 9
Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[54] 26
2010 Australian Albums (ARIA)[65] 44
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[61] 82
US Billboard Top Pop Catalog[56] 1
2011 French Albums (SNEP)[66] 160
2012 French Albums (SNEP)[66] 126
Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)[53] 38
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[61] 88
US Billboard 200[56] 4
US Billboard Top Digital Albums[56] 18
US Billboard Top Pop Catalog[56] 1
2013 US Billboard 200[56] 4
US Billboard Top Pop Catalog[56] 1
2014 Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[48] 61
Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)[63] 33
French Albums (SNEP)[66] 160
US Billboard 200[56] 4
US Billboard Top Pop Catalog[56] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1980)
Position
Canada Top Albums/CDs (RPM)[67] 47
France (IFOP)[49] 2
Chart (1981)
Position
Canada Top Albums/CDs (RPM)[68] 9
Italy (FIMI)[59] 48
Sales and certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Argentina (CAPIF)[69]
Platinum 60,000^
Australia (ARIA)[70]
12× Platinum 840,000^
Austria (IFPI Austria)[71]
Platinum 50,000*
Canada (Music Canada)[72]
Diamond 1,000,000^
France (SNEP)[73]
2× Platinum 1,394,900[44]
Germany (BVMI)[74]
2× Platinum 1,000,000^
Italy (FIMI)[75]
2× Platinum 200,000*
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[76]
Gold 50,000^
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)[77]
2× Platinum 100,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[78]
Platinum 300,000^
United States (RIAA)[79]
22× Platinum 22,000,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
See also[edit]
Back in Black Tour
List of best-selling albums
List of best-selling albums in Australia
List of best-selling albums in France
List of best-selling albums in the United States
List of diamond-certified albums in Canada
List of number-one albums in Australia during the 1980s
List of Top 25 albums for 1980 in Australia
List of Canadian number-one albums of 1981
List of UK Albums Chart number ones of the 1980s
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Walterds, Barry (27 September 2002). "AC/DC – Back In Black". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Ma, Kai (6 June 2011). "Heavy Metal Under the Sea: Sharks Act Calmer When Listening to AC/DC". Time. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Sutcliffe, Phil (2010). AC/DC: High-Voltage Rock 'n' Roll: The Ultimate Illustrated History. Voyageur Press.
Jump up ^ McNamee, Gregory (24 August 2010). "AC/DC, "Back in Black" (Great Moments in Pop Music History)". Archived from the original on 21 August 2014. . Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Jump up ^ Mierendorf, Mike (2 August 2012). "Cultural Impact: AC/DC – 'Back In Black'". Archived from the original on 24 January 2013. . Cultural Transmogrifier Magazine.
^ Jump up to: a b "AC/DC – Artist Biography". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Engleheart & Durieux 2008, p. 287.
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Jump up ^ Engleheart & Durieux 2008, p. 318.
Jump up ^ Engleheart & Durieux 2008, p. 308.
Jump up ^ Engleheart & Durieux 2008, p. 309.
Jump up ^ Engleheart & Durieux 2008, p. 317–18.
Jump up ^ Engleheart & Durieux 2008, p. 319–20.
Jump up ^ Engleheart & Durieux 2008, p. 324.
Jump up ^ Engleheart & Durieux 2008, p. 325.
^ Jump up to: a b "Back in Black 30th Anniversary". Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. . Fanclub.acdc.com.
Jump up ^ Engleheart & Durieux 2008, p. 327.
Jump up ^ Engleheart & Durieux 2008, p. 330.
Jump up ^ Molenda, Michael (June 2015). "The Schaffer Replica Pedal". Vintage Guitar. p. 124.
Jump up ^ Molenda, Michael (May 2015). "Solving the Mystery of Angus Young's Classic Back in Black Tone". Vintage Guitar. pp. 50–51.
Jump up ^ Engleheart & Durieux 2008, p. 329.
Jump up ^ Engleheart & Durieux 2008, p. 331.
^ Jump up to: a b Engleheart & Durieux 2008, p. 332.
Jump up ^ Back in Black (liner notes). AC/DC. US: Atlantic Records. 1980. SD 16018.
Jump up ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "AC/DC – Back in Black". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "AC/DC – Back in Black". Archived from the original on 9 April 2007. . Blender.
^ Jump up to: a b Christgau, Robert. "AC/DC". Retrieved 20 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Fricke, David (27 November 1980). "AC/DC – Back In Black". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Hoard, Christian (10 February 2005). "AC/DC – Back In Black". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Starr, Red. "Albums". Smash Hits. No. 21 August – 3 September 1980. p. 30.
Jump up ^ "26: AC/DC, 'Back in Black'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Engleheart, Murray; Durieux, Arnaud (2006). AC/DC: Maximum Rock & Roll. HarperCollins. p. 339. ISBN 0-7322-8383-3.
Jump up ^ "500 Greatest Songs of All Time – 190: AC/DC, 'Back in Black'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Top 100 Albums by VH1 (2001)". VH1. Best Ever Albums. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "500 Greatest Albums of All Time 77 – AC/DC, 'Back in Black'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Q August 2006, Issue 241
Jump up ^ O'Donnell, John; Creswell, Toby; Mathieson, Craig (October 2010). 100 Best Australian Albums. Prahran, Vic: Hardie Grant Books. ISBN 978-1-74066-955-9.
Jump up ^ "1001 Albums You Must Hear – 2008 Edition". Rocklist.net. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Engleheart, Murray; Durieux, Arnaud (2006). AC/DC: Maximum Rock & Roll. p. 337. ISBN 0-7322-8383-3.
Jump up ^ Kergan, Wade. "Six Feet Under – Graveyard Classics, Vol. 2". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "RIAA – Gold & Platinum Searchable Database – Back in Black". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "RIAA – Top 100 Albums". RIAA. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Les Meilleures Ventes de CD / Albums "Tout Temps"" (in French). InfoDisc. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Back in Black – Track Listings". Archived from the original on 31 January 2013. . Acdc.com.
Jump up ^ "US CD version of Back in Black". Acdc-discography.com.
Jump up ^ "Australian CD version of Back in Black". Acdc-discography.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Austriancharts.at – AC/DC – Back In Black" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Les Albums (CD) de 1980 par InfoDisc". Archived from the original on 9 January 2016. . InfoDisc.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – AC/DC – Back In Black" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – AC/DC – Back In Black" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Charts.org.nz – AC/DC – Back In Black". Hung Medien. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "Norwegiancharts.com – AC/DC – Back In Black". Hung Medien. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Swedishcharts.com – AC/DC – Back In Black". Hung Medien. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "Back in Black – Awards". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Albums: Issue 0298". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Gli album più venduti del 1981" (in Italian). Hit Parade Italia. Creative Commons. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Le Détail des Albums de chaque Artiste" (in French). InfoDisc. Select "AC/DC" from the artist drop-down menu. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Swisscharts.com – AC/DC – Back In Black". Hung Medien. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Spanishcharts.com – AC/DC – Back In Black". Hung Medien. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "AC/DC: Back In Black" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Danishcharts.com – AC/DC – Back In Black". Hung Medien. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Australiancharts.com – AC/DC – Back In Black". Hung Medien. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Lescharts.com – AC/DC – Back In Black". Hung Medien. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Albums". RPM. Vol. 34 no. 6. 20 December 1980. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Albums of 1981". RPM. Vol. 35 no. 22. 26 December 1981. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Argentinian album certifications – AC/DC – Back in Black". Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2013 Albums". Australian Recording Industry Association.
Jump up ^ "Austrian album certifications – AC/DC – Back in Black" (in German). IFPI Austria. Enter AC/DC in the field Interpret. Enter Back in Black in the field Titel. Select album in the field Format. Click Suchen
Jump up ^ "Canadian album certifications – AC/DC – Back in Black". Music Canada.
Jump up ^ (in French) "Certifications Albums Double Platine – année 2001". Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. . SNEP. Disque en France.
Jump up ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (AC/DC; 'Back in Black')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie.
Jump up ^ "Italian album certifications – AC/DC – Back in Black" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana.
Jump up ^ Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.
Jump up ^ "The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards (AC/DC; 'Back in Black')". IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien.
Jump up ^ "British album certifications – AC/DC – Back in Black". British Phonographic Industry. Enter Back in Black in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American album certifications – AC/DC – Back in Black". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH
Bibliography[edit]
Engleheart, Murray; Durieux, Arnaud (2008). AC/DC: Maximum Rock & Roll. Harper Entertainment. ISBN 0-06-113391-4.
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